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= Criminal damage in English law =
In English law , causing criminal damage was originally a common law offence . The offence was largely concerned with the protection of dwellings and the food supply , and few sanctions were imposed for damaging personal property . Liability was originally restricted to the payment of damages by way of compensation .
As time passed , specific laws were introduced to deal with particular situations as they were judged to require intervention , most particularly alongside the rise of mechanisation and urbanisation during the Industrial Revolution .
The modern law of criminal damage is mostly contained in the Criminal Damage Act 1971 , which redefines or creates several offences protecting property rights . The Act provides a comprehensive structure covering merely preparatory acts to the most serious offences of arson and causing damage with intent to endanger life . As such , punishments vary from a fixed penalty to life imprisonment , and the court may order payment of compensation to a victim .
= = History = =
= = = Common law = = =
The common law generally treated damage to another 's chattels as a civil matter leading only to a right to damages in trespass or nuisance ; in the 18th century , Blackstone stated : " The rights of personal property in possession are liable to two species of injuries : the amotion [ carrying away ] or deprivation of that possession ; and the abuse or damage of the chattels , while the possession continues in the legal owner . " Blackstone clearly labelled these as " Private Wrongs " in his commentaries , emphasising that property rights were enforced inter partes , and that the State was not necessarily one of the involved parties . In fact , the criminal law only intervened in the case of arson , defining it as " the malicious and wilful burning of the house or outhouses of another man " . This protection extended to barns and even " stacks of corn " . Arson traditionally attracted the death penalty , and had done so in Roman law .
= = = Early legislation = = =
Whereas the common law protected habitation and sources of wealth and food in a largely agricultural society , the Industrial Revolution , especially the Luddism resulting from workers ' perceived threats to their livelihood , required new legislation to match the circumstances . The reaction of Parliament to Luddism was to criminalise machine @-@ breaking – the destruction of textile @-@ making machinery – as early as 1721 . Initially the punishment was transportation to the Colonies but as a result of continued opposition to mechanisation the Frame @-@ Breaking Act of 1812 made the death penalty available .
= = = Consolidation = = =
A number of statutory provisions creating offences of damaging specific types of property were consolidated by 7 & 8 Geo.4 c.30 ( 1827 ) ( Malicious injuries to property ) which was one of Peel 's Acts . This Act and a number of subsequent statutes were consolidated by the Malicious Damage Act 1861 .
= = Malicious Damage Act 1861 = =
The Malicious Damage Act 1861 was a Victorian consolidation statute which set out detailed protections of property , most of which have now been superseded by the Criminal Damage Act 1971 . The remaining provisions applicable in England and Wales are :
Section 35 - Placing wood , & c. on railway , with intent to obstruct or overthrow any engine , & c .
Section 36 - Obstructing engines or carriages on railways
Section 58 - Malice against owner of property unnecessary
Section 72 - Offences committed within the jurisdiction of the Admiralty
= = Criminal Damage Act 1971 = =
= = = Definition = = =
Whereas the 1861 Act protected in detail many different types of property , the Criminal Damage Act 1971 provided a definition wide enough to apply to any tangible property . By section 1 ( 1 ) of the Act :
A person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property belonging to another intending to destroy or damage any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be destroyed or damaged shall be guilty of an offence .
= = = = " Without lawful excuse " = = = =
Apart from the general self @-@ defence excuse applicable to any offence involving violent acts , section 5 of the Act sets out specific provisions in relation to criminal damage : a defendant will have " lawful excuse " if
( a ) at the time ... he believed that the person ... believed to be entitled to consent to the destruction or damage ... had so consented , or would have consented had they known ... , or
( b ) he destroyed or damaged ... the property in question ... in order to protect property ... and at the time ... he believed —
( i ) that the property ... was in immediate need of protection ; and
( ii ) that the means of protection ... were ... reasonable having regard to all the circumstances .
Section 5 ( 3 ) of the Act states that it is immaterial whether the defendant 's belief is justified as long as it is an honest belief , and therefore creates a subjective test to be assessed by the court or jury . In Chamberlain v. Lindon ( 1998 ) , Lindon demolished a wall to protect a right of way , honestly believing that it was a reasonable means of avoiding litigation . It was said that :
In the criminal context the question is not whether the means of protection adopted by the respondent were objectively reasonable , having regard to all the circumstances , but whether the respondent believed them to be so , and by virtue of section 5 ( 3 ) it is immaterial whether his belief was justified , provided it was honestly held .
However , in R v. Hill and Hall ( 1989 ) , the Court of Appeal introduced an objective element to part ( b ) of the defence . The defendants had been convicted of possession of a hacksaw blade outside a US naval base in Wales , having admitted an intention to use the blade to cut through the base 's perimeter fence . They claimed a lawful excuse in that they had acted to protect their own property located near the base ; their reasoning was that the base would at some point in the future attract a nuclear attack by the Soviet Union . Given that Hill was " forced to admit that she did not expect a nuclear bomb to fall today or tomorrow " , the Court concluded that this threat to property was too remote and thus the defence had not been made out , however honest the belief had been .
The case of Jaggard v. Dickinson ( 1980 ) held that even a drunken belief will support the defence even though this allows drunkenness to negate basic intent ; and Lloyd v. DPP ( 1992 ) ruled that a motorist who damages a wheel clamp to free his car , having parked on another 's property knowing of the risk of being clamped , does not have a lawful excuse under the Act even if he makes a mistake of law .
The courts have said that a defendant relying upon lawful excuse as a defence need not necessarily seek to put himself within section 5 . In R v. Denton ( 1981 ) , the defendant had been asked by his employer to set fire to the employer 's factory to facilitate an insurance claim . Despite this , it was held that the owner of the factory was entitled to have it burned down – as the Lord Chief Justice put it , " [ i ] t is not an offence for a man to set light to his own ... property " – and therefore Denton , knowing this , had a lawful excuse independent of section 5 .
= = = = " Destroys or damages " = = = =
Whether destruction or damage has occurred is an issue of fact and degree in each case and case law suggests that damage must be more than de minimis . In A ( a juvenile ) v. R ( 1978 ) , the defendant spat on a police officer 's raincoat , which was easily wiped clean ; it was held that this did not amount to damage within the 1971 Act . Similarly , in Morphitis v. Salmon ( 1990 ) , a scratch to a scaffolding pole did not affect its value or usefulness and thus damage had not been proved . The court said :
The authorities show that the term " damage " for the purpose of this provision , should be widely interpreted so as to conclude not only permanent or temporary physical harm , but also permanent or temporary impairment of value or usefulness .
A different conclusion was reached in Hardman v. Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary ( 1986 ) , where graffiti , although eventually removable by action of rainfall , was actually washed away by the local authority , incurring expense , was held to be criminal damage .
It is sufficient that any damage be merely temporary : in Cox v. Riley ( 1986 ) , the deletion of the program from a computer @-@ controlled machine , rendering it unusable , was held to constitute damage . This decision was followed in R v. Whiteley ( 1991 ) in relation to computer hacking , although that conduct is now dealt with under the Computer Misuse Act 1990 . In that case it was said that :
Any alteration to the physical nature of the property concerned may amount to damage within the meaning of the section . Whether it does so or not will depend on the effect that the alteration has had upon the legitimate operator ( who for convenience may be referred to as the owner ) ... where ... the interference ... amounts to an impairment of the value or usefulness of the [ property ] to the owner , then the necessary damage is established .
In R v. Fiak ( 2005 ) , the defendant used a clean blanket to block the toilet of the police cell he was occupying , causing the water to overflow and flood his and other cells . The defence argued that clean water had flooded on to a waterproof floor , and that in the process the blanket was soaked by clean water . The blanket would have been reusable when dry . Cleaning up a wet cell floor did not constitute damage to the cell itself . The Court of Appeal noted that this argument assumed the absence of any possible contamination or infection from the lavatory itself , and held that while it is true that the effect of the appellant 's actions in relation to the blanket and the cell were both remediable , the simple reality was that the blanket could not be used as a blanket by any other prisoner until it had been dried out and cleaned . Further , the flooded cells remained out of action until the water had been cleared . Thus , both had sustained damage , albeit temporary .
= = = = " Property " = = = =
The definition of property in the 1971 Act differs slightly from the Theft Act 1968 in that it only includes " property of a tangible nature " . Land can be damaged , as in Henderson and Batley ( 1984 ) , where the defendants had dumped rubble on a development site which cost a substantial sum to clear ; it was held that this constituted damage to the land .
= = = = " Belonging to another " = = = =
Section 10 ( 2 ) of the Act specifies that property shall be regarded as belonging to any person —
( a ) having the custody or control of it ;
( b ) having in it any proprietary right or interest ( not being an equitable interest arising only from an agreement to transfer or grant an interest ) ; or
( c ) having a charge on it .
These provisions are similar to those set out in section 5 of the Theft Act 1968 in relation to theft . It is clearly a right of property ownership to deal with property as one wishes , including its damage or destruction . However a person setting fire to his own house which is subject to a mortgage can be charged because the mortgagee will have a proprietary right or interest in the property . Property that is abandoned has no owner , and cannot be stolen ; it follows that such property cannot be the subject of a charge of criminal damage .
= = = = Intent and recklessness = = = =
The mens rea of all offences in the Act is direct or oblique intention , or subjective recklessness as defined by the House of Lords in R v. G ( 2003 ) . Bingham L.J. stated that a person acts " recklessly " with respect to
( i ) a circumstance when he is aware of a risk that it exists or will exist ; or
( ii ) a result when he is aware of a risk that it will occur ;
and it is , in the circumstances known to him , unreasonable to take the risk . In Booth v. Crown Prosecution Service ( 2006 ) the Divisional Court upheld the defendant pedestrian 's conviction on a charge that , by rashly dashing into the road , he recklessly damaged the vehicle that hit him because " the appellant was aware of the risk and closed his mind to it " .
= = = Aggravated criminal damage = = =
Section 1 ( 2 ) of the Act creates an offence which includes all the elements of the section 1 ( 1 ) offence with an additional element of intending or being reckless as to the endangering of life . The offence lies in possible effects of the defendant 's actions and it is not therefore necessary to prove an actual danger to life . However , there must be a connection between the damage and the mental state of the defendant . In R v. Steer ( 1986 ) , the defendant fired a gun intending to injure another person , but missed and hit a window instead ; it was held that although the intention to endanger life and the fact of damage coexisted , the damage itself did not endanger life . This approach was extended in R v. Webster ( 1995 ) , in which the relationship between the damage caused and the damage intended was explored . That case involved the throwing of heavy items into the paths of moving vehicles , and it was held that a defendant may be guilty if he intends to endanger life by the actual damage intended , or is reckless that life will be endangered by that damage . Therefore , although a defendant does not necessarily intend to endanger life when he intends to break a car window , ignoring the likely risk that this will cause the driver to swerve into the path of another vehicle , perhaps fatally , constitutes recklessness and is a sufficient causative nexus .
= = = = Attempts = = = =
Proof of specific intent to endanger life is unnecessary on a charge of attempting this offence . In Attorney General 's Reference No. 3 of 1992 ( 1994 ) , on a charge of attempted aggravated arson , it was held to be sufficient for the prosecution to establish a specific intent to cause damage by fire and that the defendant was reckless as to whether life would thereby be endangered .
= = = Arson = = =
Section 1 ( 3 ) of the 1971 Act specifies that offences under section 1 , where the destruction or damage is caused by fire , shall be charged as arson . It would seem that courts adopt a purposive view in relation to the lawful excuse defence in relation to arson , as in R v. Hunt ( 1977 ) . The defendant , wishing to highlight the lack of fire defences in an old people 's home , set fire to it to demonstrate the risks . He claimed an honest belief in that by doing this , he had a lawful excuse within section 5 ( 2 ) . It was held , however , that he had not actually been acting so as to protect property . Although the court assumed that his belief was honest , it ruled that his intention was to draw attention to faulty fire defences rather than to defend the property itself .
= = = Threats = = =
Section 2 provides that a person threatening another , with the intent that the other would fear the threat would be carried out
( a ) to destroy or damage any property belonging to that other or a third person ; or
( b ) to destroy or damage his own property in a way which he knows is likely to endanger the life of that other or a third person ;
shall be guilty of an offence .
= = = Possession of items = = =
Section 3 provides that a person who has anything in his custody or under his control intending without lawful excuse to use it or cause or permit another to use it
( a ) to destroy or damage any property belonging to some other person ; or
( b ) to destroy or damage his own or the user ’ s property in a way which he knows is likely to endanger the life of some other person ;
shall be guilty of an offence .
As to the mens rea for an offence under section 3 ( a ) , see R v Buckingham , 63 Cr App R 159 , CA .
= = = Extent , penalties and procedure = = =
The 1971 Act applies in England and Wales , and also to Northern Ireland by the Criminal Damage ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1977 .
Certain types of minor damage , such as graffiti , may be dealt with by the issue of fixed penalty notices as an alternative to prosecution .
Non @-@ aggravated offences involving damage valued at less than £ 5 @,@ 000 are triable only summarily by magistrates and the maximum sentence is three months ' imprisonment and a fine of £ 2 @,@ 500 . If the value of the property damaged exceeds £ 5 @,@ 000 , the defendant is entitled to claim trial on indictment by a jury , but if tried summarily , may be sentenced to up to six months in jail and a £ 5 @,@ 000 fine . Where the value of the property is unclear , the court may hear representations as to value , but may also offer the defendant the option of summary trial , with limited penalties .
Section 4 of the 1971 Act sets out that offences under sections 1 ( 2 ) and 1 ( 3 ) are punishable by a maximum term of life imprisonment and all others by a maximum of ten years ' imprisonment . Section 30 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 sets out a higher maximum of 14 years ' imprisonment for racially or religiously aggravated offences other than those already carrying a maximum of life imprisonment .
Courts are empowered by sections 130 to 133 of the Powers of Criminal Courts ( Sentencing ) Act 2000 to order payment of compensation by a convicted defendant . The limit is £ 5 @,@ 000 per offence in a magistrates ' court ; the powers of the Crown Court are unlimited .
The Criminal Damage Act 1971 repealed the Dockyards , etc . Protection Act 1772 , which created the capital offences commonly known collectively as " arson in royal dockyards " ; these had been overlooked when the death penalty for murder was abolished in 1965 .
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= Ficus obliqua =
Ficus obliqua , commonly known as the small @-@ leaved fig , is a tree in the family Moraceae , native to eastern Australia , New Guinea , eastern Indonesia to Sulawesi and islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . Previously known for many years as Ficus eugenioides , it is a banyan of the genus Ficus , which contains around 750 species worldwide in warm climates , including the edible fig ( Ficus carica ) . Beginning life as a seedling , which grows on other plants ( epiphyte ) or on rocks ( lithophyte ) , F. obliqua can grow to 60 m ( 200 ft ) high and nearly as wide with a pale grey buttressed trunk , and glossy green leaves .
The small round yellow fruit ripen and turn red at any time of year , although they peak in autumn and winter ( April to July ) . Known as a syconium , the fruit is an inverted inflorescence with the flowers lining an internal cavity . Ficus obliqua is pollinated by two species of fig wasp — Pleistodontes greenwoodi and P. xanthocephalus . Many species of bird , including pigeons , parrots and various passerines , eat the fruit . The range is along the east coast from Queensland , through New South Wales in rainforest , savanna woodland , sclerophyll forest and gallery forest . It is used as a shade tree in parks and public spaces , and is well @-@ suited for use as an indoor plant or in bonsai . All parts of the tree have been used in traditional medicine in Fiji .
= = Taxonomy = =
Commonly known as the small @-@ leaved fig , Ficus obliqua was described by German naturalist Georg Forster in 1786 based on type material collected in Vanuatu . Dutch botanist Friedrich Miquel described Urostigma eugenioides from Albany Island in Queensland in 1861 , which was reclassified by Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller as Ficus eugenioides in 1867 , and it was known as this for many years . However , as Forster 's name is older , it takes precedence . The specific epithet is the Latin adjective obliquus , meaning " oblique " , although the attribute it refers to is unclear . Frederick Manson Bailey described Ficus tryonii in 1906 , from a collection at altitude on Middle Percy Island in the Whitsunday Islands off central Queensland , which is now regarded as F. obliqua . Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander collected and named Ficus virginea from Booby Island in 1770 , which was synonymised with F. obliqua by William Philip Hiern in 1901 .
The species is currently regarded as monotypic . Three varieties of Ficus obliqua were recognised until 2001 — F. obliqua var. petiolaris , F. obliqua var. obliqua , and F. obliqua var. puberula from Western Australia . A revision of the group led to the conclusion that F. obliqua var. petiolaris belonged in the species F. rubiginosa . F. obliqua var. puberula was found to be more distantly related to obliqua than rubiginosa and hence has been reclassified as a separate species , Ficus brachypoda .
With over 750 species , Ficus is one of the largest angiosperm genera . Based on morphology , English botanist E. J. H. Corner divided the genus into four subgenera , which was later expanded to six . In this classification , Ficus obliqua was placed in subseries Malvanthereae , series Malvanthereae , section Malvanthera of the subgenus Urostigma . In his reclassification of the Australian Malvanthera , Australian botanist Dale J. Dixon altered the delimitations of the series within the section , but left this species in the series Malvanthereae .
In a study published in 2008 , Nina Rønsted and colleagues analysed the DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacers ( ITS and ETS ) , and the glyceraldehyde @-@ 3 @-@ phosphate dehydrogenase ( G3pdh ) region , in the first molecular analysis of the section Malvanthera . They found F. obliqua to be most closely related to three species of the arid Northern Territory ( F. platypoda , F. subpuberula and F. lilliputiana ) and classified it in a new series Obliquae in the subsection Platypodeae . The species had remained a transitional rainforest species while its relatives radiated into dryer regions .
= = Description = =
Ficus obliqua is a tree , which may reach 15 – 60 m ( 49 – 197 ft ) in height with a similar crown width . It has smooth thin grey bark with lighter @-@ coloured lenticels , and a buttressed trunk , which may reach 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) in diameter . The glossy green leaves are elliptic to oblong in shape and measure 5 – 8 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 1 in ) long by 2 – 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 – 1 @.@ 38 in ) wide on 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 79 in ) petioles . They are alternately arranged on the stems . Growing in pairs , the round yellow fruit turn orange or orange @-@ red dotted with darker red and reaches a diameter of 6 to 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 to 0 @.@ 39 in ) upon ripening over April to July , although fruit can appear at other times of year . As is the case with all figs , the fruit is an inverted inflorescence known as a syconium , with tiny flowers arising from the inner surface . Ficus obliqua is monoecious — both male and female flowers are produced by the same plant , and in fact in the same fruit . Within any given fruit , female flowers mature several weeks before the male flowers .
Historically , there has been some confusion between Ficus obliqua and the related F. rubiginosa . F. obliqua can be distinguished by its smaller fruit on shorter stalks and its glabrous ( hairless ) leaves ; in addition , the petioles have ascending hyaline hairs . Some forms of F. rubiginosa have both leaves and petioles glabrous while others have both covered in fine fur . The syconia of F. obliqua are smaller , measuring 4 @.@ 3 – 11 @.@ 9 mm long and 4 @.@ 4 – 11 @.@ 0 mm in diameter , compared with 7 @.@ 4 – 17 @.@ 3 mm long and 7 @.@ 6 – 17 @.@ 3 mm diameter for F. rubiginosa . Ficus brachypoda is a lithophytic plant from arid northern and western Australia , with a short petiole and leaf shape aligning it with Ficus platypoda .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Ficus obliqua occurs from Mount Dromedary ( 36 ° S ) in southern New South Wales northwards along the coast and Great Dividing Range to the tip of Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland . Outside Australia it occurs on New Guinea and offshore islands , through eastern Indonesia to Sulawesi in the west and east into the southwestern Pacific , where it is found in New Caledonia , Fiji , Tonga , Samoa and Vanuatu . It had been thought to occur in Western Australia , but these collections have been now referred to Ficus brachypoda . Preferring soils with high nutrient and water content , it occurs on sandstone or latite soils in the Sydney region . The habitat is warm temperate to moist subtropical rainforest . Large specimens can rise above the canopy as emergent trees .
= = Ecology = =
The double @-@ eyed fig parrot ( Cyclopsitta diophthalma ) eats the fruit of Ficus obliqua , steadily depositing fruity detritus on the ground . The rainbow lorikeet ( Trichoglossus moluccanus ) is another parrot that consumes the fruit and disperses the seeds ; other Australian bird species include the southern cassowary ( Casuarius casuarius ) , brown cuckoo @-@ dove ( Macropygia phasianella ) , rose @-@ crowned fruit dove ( Ptilinopus regina ) , wompoo fruit dove ( P. magnificus ) , wonga pigeon ( Leucosarcia melanoleuca ) , topknot pigeon ( Lopholaimus antarcticus ) , silvereye ( Zosterops lateralis ) , pied currawong ( Strepera graculina ) , black @-@ faced cuckoo @-@ shrike ( Coracina novaehollandae ) , olive @-@ backed oriole ( Oriolus sagittatus ) , Australasian figbird ( Sphecotheres vieilloti ) , green catbird ( Ailuroedus crassirostris ) , regent bowerbird ( Sericulus chrysocephalus ) , satin bowerbird ( Ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) , and Lewin 's honeyeater ( Meliphaga lewinii ) . The tree is an important food source for the western Polynesian species the many @-@ coloured fruit dove ( Ptilinopus perousii ) and crimson @-@ crowned fruit dove ( P. porphyraceus ) , and has been recommended for amenity planting in Tonga for these birds . The spectacled flying fox ( Pteropus conspicillatus ) and grey @-@ headed flying fox ( Pteropus poliocephalus ) also eat the fruit .
Leaves of Ficus obliqua serve as a food source for the larvae of the butterfly species the common crow ( Euploea core ) , the no @-@ brand crow ( Euploea alcathoe ) , and the Geometer moth species Scopula epigypsa . The thrips species Gynaikothrips australis feeds on the underside of new leaves of F. obliqua , as well as F. rubiginosa and F. macrophylla . As plant cells die , nearby cells are induced into forming meristem tissue . A gall results and the leaves become distorted and curl over . The thrips remain in the galls at night and wander about in the daytime before returning in the evening , possibly to different galls about the tree . The thrips begin feeding when the tree has flushes of new growth , and the life cycle is around six weeks . At other times , thrips reside on old leaves without feeding or pupate sheltered in the bark .
= = = Reproduction and life span = = =
Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps ( Agaonidae ) ; figs are only pollinated by fig wasps , and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers . Generally , each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination . The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species to reproduce . The assumption that fig species are usually pollinated by just one species of fig wasp has been challenged by the discovery of cryptic species complexes among what was previously thought to be single species of fig wasps . Ficus obliqua is pollinated by two species of fig wasp — Pleistodontes greenwoodi and P. xanthocephalus .
Female and male flowers in each syconium mature at different times . Female wasps enter the syconium and lay eggs in the female flowers as they mature . These eggs later hatch and the progeny mate . The females of the new generation collect pollen from the male flowers , which have matured by this point , and leave to visit other syconia and repeat the process . A field study in Brisbane found that F. obliqua trees often bore both male and female syconia at the same time — this could be beneficial for reproduction in isolated populations , such as those on islands . The same study found a slightly reduced number of male phase syconia in winter , thought due to increased mortality of the wasp pollinator in cooler months .
The animals that eat the figs disperse the seeds , which then germinate and grow on other plants ( epiphytes ) or on rocks ( lithophytes ) . As the new plants develop , they send roots to the forest floor . Figs growing on other plants grow larger and larger until they strangle their hosts . Ficus obliqua is long @-@ lived , and trees are thought to live in excess of 500 years .
= = Uses = =
Ficus obliqua is an elegant shade tree for parks or fields , and is adaptable to differing soils . A notable specimen in Mick Ryan Park , Milton on the New South Wales south coast stands 14 m ( 46 ft ) tall and 38 m ( 125 ft ) across , and is a local landmark . Like other fig species that grow into large trees , Ficus obliqua is not suitable for any but the largest gardens as its aggressive root system invades drains and garden beds . Fig trees also drop large quantities of fruit and leaves , leaving a mess underfoot . Although it is much less used in bonsai than F. rubiginosa , F. obliqua is well @-@ suited for use in the medium ; its small leaves and trunk 's propensity to thicken give it attributes optimal for a tree 10 – 80 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 31 @.@ 5 in ) in height . It is seen in bonsai nurseries mainly in the Brisbane area , where it is a locally common species , and is very highly regarded by at least one proponent , Bradley Barlow . Barlow entered a specimen from Brisbane to the Bonsai Clubs International competition in 2006 , winning a prize . It is also suited for use as an indoor plant in low- , medium- or brightly lit indoor spaces . The timber is too soft for use in woodworking .
Known as baka or baka ni viti in Fiji , Ficus obliqua has many of its parts used in Fijian traditional medicine , and was previously held to be sacred there . Its white sap has been used for painful or swollen joints and limbs or boils , or diluted with water and drunk to improve breast milk . Liquid extracted from the root bark has been used for headaches or , when diluted , to improve health after childbirth , and the leaves are applied to venereal lesions . The species has been traditionally used for boils in Samoa and Tonga .
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= Tropical Storm Bilis =
Severe Tropical Storm Bilis , known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Florita , was a weak tropical cyclone in July 2006 that caused significant damage to areas of the Philippines , Taiwan , and southeastern China . The word Bilis , submitted by the Philippines , means ' speed ' or ' swiftness ' in Tagalog .
Despite never officially reaching typhoon strength , Bilis was responsible for $ 4 @.@ 4 billion ( 2006 USD ) in damage and 859 fatalities in the Philippines , Taiwan , and China . Most of the damage was caused by heavy rain , which triggered widespread flash flooding and landslides . Many of the areas Bilis flooded were later affected by Typhoon Kaemi , Typhoon Prapiroon , and intense Typhoon Saomai .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical disturbance developed northeast of Yap on July 7 and slowly increased in organization . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the disturbance later that day as it moved northwestward . By July 8 , it had developed sufficient convection to be designated a tropical depression by the JTWC and the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) . The depression continued to strengthen , and was designated Tropical Storm Bilis by the JMA early on July 9 . The JTWC upgraded Bilis to tropical storm status later that day . On July 10 , Bilis moved into the area of responsibility of the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) , and was designated Tropical Storm Florita for local warnings .
Over the next several days , Bilis moved generally northwestward toward Taiwan , slowly strengthening over open waters . Bilis was designated a severe tropical storm by the JMA on July 11 , but the storm did not strengthen much further over the next few days due to a marginal upper @-@ air environment and dry air entrainment . PAGASA upgraded the system to typhoon status on July 12 , but the JMA never officially recognized the system as such in its advisories . Bilis reached its official peak intensity of 60 knots ( 110 km / h , 70 mph ) later that day .
Bilis made its first landfall in northern Taiwan on July 13 , with an intensity of 55 kt ( 100 km / h , 65 mph ) . After moving across northern Taiwan , Bilis made its second landfall in Fujian , China early on July 14 at the same intensity , then weakened into a tropical depression over land the next day . Bilis lingered as a tropical depression over southeastern China before degenerating into a remnant low on July 16 . But the JMA carried the system as a tropical depression until July 17 . Despite becoming a remnant low , the remnants of Bilis maintained their identity for several days while moving westward over China , bringing heavy rains to inland areas .
= = Preparations = =
On July 13 , PAGASA issued Storm Signal Number 3 , a warning for winds of 100 – 185 km / h ( 62 – 115 mph ) , for the Batanes and Calayan Islands . Storm Signal Number 2 , for winds of 60 – 100 km / h ( 37 – 62 mph ) , was issued for northern Luzon , including the rest of Cagayan , Ilocos Norte , and Apayao . Storm Signal Number 1 ( 30 – 60 km / h , 19 – 37 mph ) was raised for most of central Luzon , including much of the Cordillera Administrative Region and the northern half of the Ilocos Region . Schools and government offices in those regions were closed .
The provincial observatory of Fujian issued a typhoon warning for the province on July 11 , well in advance of Bilis ' final landfall . In response to the warning , officials evacuated over 800 @,@ 000 people from Hunan and 70 @,@ 000 from Zhejiang . In addition , 256 @,@ 000 fishermen and workers were evacuated from coastal areas in southeastern China , and 220 @,@ 000 ships were ordered to return to port . In Shanghai , the evacuations caused significant rail and bus delays , and more than 210 flights in and out of the city were canceled prior to landfall .
= = Impact = =
= = = Philippines = = =
The strongest winds and heaviest rains were south and east of Bilis ' center , and its outer rainbands swept across Luzon in the Philippines , causing heavy rains , wind gusts to tropical storm force , flash flooding , and landslides . Bilis was responsible for 45 million pesos in damage and at least 14 deaths , including three in Baguio City , and six more in the Manila area .
= = = Taiwan = = =
Damage was light in Taiwan , due to Bilis ' quick movement across the northern coast of the island . The Republic of China government reported four deaths , two of which were the deaths of fishermen from mainland China whose boat ran aground on Matsu Island . Another man was electrocuted in the city of Taipei as a result of the storm . The cause of the fourth death is unknown .
= = = China = = =
The storm made its second landfall in Fujian province , China , which was the province most impacted by the tropical cyclone . A total of 92 deaths and 3 billion Chinese yuan in damage were caused by the system , mostly from flooding . Schools and tourist attractions in the province were closed for several days . A total of 4 @,@ 028 @,@ 000 people were affected over an area of 17 @,@ 597 square kilometres ( 6 @,@ 794 sq mi ) , and the storm caused the evacuation of 519 @,@ 000 people from the province .
Flooding killed 39 people in eastern Guangxi and 183 people in Guangdong . Eight more people were killed in Yunnan when a flash flood swept away some road workers ' huts . A weather station in Guangdong reported a 5 @-@ hour rainfall total of 360 @.@ 6 mm ( 14 @.@ 2 inches ) . In Zhejiang , strong winds and heavy rain from Bilis caused 694 million yuan in damage , and a wind gust to 43 m / s ( 155 km / h , 96 mph ) was reported .
Several sections of the Beijing @-@ Guangzhou railway , a main rail route in China , were blocked by flooding and landslides , causing many delays and diversions . One train was surrounded by floodwaters in Lechang , and passengers had to be evacuated to a nearby school . At least 274 trains were affected and the train company refunded nearly 2 million tickets . After three days of repair work , the rail service resumed normal operations on July 18 .
Significant damage occurred in Hunan , where heavy flooding and mudslides destroyed over 31 @,@ 000 homes and caused 526 deaths . Most of the damage and fatalities occurred in the village of Zixing , where local officials reported the flooding as the worst the area had seen in the past 100 years , and described the death toll as " unprecedented " . In all , Bilis was responsible for 843 deaths , 208 people reported missing , and $ 4 @.@ 4 billion ( 2006 USD ) in damage to southeastern China .
= = Aftermath = =
Bilis and its associated flooding left over 400 @,@ 000 people homeless , and over 2 million more had to be evacuated in the face of rising waters . Following the storm , the Red Cross Society of China provided food , blankets , and water purification kits to over 100 @,@ 000 Hunan residents in mass evacuation shelters . The relief effort was complicated by an earthquake in Yunnan , as well as three more tropical cyclones : Typhoon Kaemi , Typhoon Prapiroon , and Typhoon Saomai . All of the storms were stronger than Bilis , and exacerbated flooding and other problems in the region .
Because of the sudden large increase in the number of reported deaths in Hunan in a matter of hours , Chinese government officials accused local officials of covering up damage and casualty details . The Ministry of Civil Affairs sent a team to Hunan to investigate the allegations , and issued a notice stating that anyone found to be covering up any damage details would be held accountable .
The China Meteorological Administration released a press release after the storm and gave four reasons for the extensive damage . First , the storm decelerated after landfall and maintained its identity for 120 hours while moving south of due west . Secondly , the storm was asymmetric and rainfall concentrated in the southern semicircle . Also , the storm interacted with the active monsoon over the South China Sea , and the Hong Kong Observatory reported a 1 @-@ hour rainfall total of 115 @.@ 1 mm ( 4 @.@ 5 inches ) , a new record . Finally , previous rainfall had made the area wetter than normal and more prone to flooding .
At the 39th annual meeting of the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee in Manila in December 2006 , the name Bilis was retired , along with four other names . In December 2007 , the committee selected the name Maliksi to replace Bilis on the Western Pacific basin name lists beginning in 2008 .
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= Antoine Thompson =
Antoine Maurice Thompson ( born March 1 , 1970 ) was a Democratic New York State Senator who represented the state 's 60th Senate district , which includes parts of Buffalo and Tonawanda , the City of Niagara Falls and the Town of Grand Island . Thompson previously served for six years as the Masten District councilman in the Buffalo Common Council . Thompson has been a lifelong Buffalonian and held political and politically related professional positions in Buffalo before his service in elective politics .
Thompson was appointed to the city council in 2001 and was twice re @-@ elected . He was discouraged from pursuing his interest in election to the United States House of Representatives in 2005 . He was encouraged to pursue a New York Senate Seat , but was not nominated by the Democratic Party when the seat first became available in a special election . However , during the 2006 general election for the seat , he was victorious . Thompson was challenged in the 2008 primary by the current holder of the seat but was victorious and was unchallenged in the November election . In 2010 Thompson won a 3 @-@ way primary battle but lost to Mark Grisanti , a Democrat who ran as a Republican . After the election Grisanti became a Republican .
= = Personal = =
Born in Buffalo , New York , Thompson is a 1994 graduate of State University of New York at Brockport where he received a bachelor of science in history . He was raised in Buffalo and was a graduate of public schools # 60 , # 61 and Bennett High School .
He is the son of Richard Allen Thompson and Wanda Strong Thompson , the husband of Merle Thompson , and the father of Deja LaShay and Joseph Antoine Alexander Thompson . In high school , he served as captain of both the cross @-@ country and track & field teams and earned All @-@ Western New York Honors in both . Thompson is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha .
= = Early career = =
Starting in 1996 , he served two years as a legislative assistant to the Buffalo Common Council . In early 1998 , he was named executive director of the Office of Urban Initiatives , which is a community development corporation that endeavors to improve business opportunities for minorities . After then @-@ City Councilman Byron Brown was elected to the New York State Senate in November 2000 , Thompson was favored for an appointment as Brown 's city council successor .
= = Councilman = =
Thompson was sworn in as the Masten District City Councilman on January 4 , 2001 after being appointed by the Democratic Committee . His east side district included 27 % of Buffalo 's African American population . The Buffalo City Council had a brief African @-@ American majority during Thompson 's appointed half term that ended following the subsequent elections in September and November 2001 . After African @-@ Americans lost their majority the council voted along racial lines by a 7 – 6 margin to shrink the common council from thirteen to nine members by eliminating the four at @-@ large positions ( three of which were held by African @-@ Americans ) . The city voters endorsed the proposal by a 35 @,@ 849 – 19 @,@ 036 margin which largely went along racial lines . Thompson retained his council position in the 2001 , 2003 and 2005 elections . Thompson served as a John Edwards delegate at the 2004 Democratic National Convention .
As a councilman , Thompson fought against crime and economic malaise in his district . He attempted to foster economic development and encourage support of worker training . Buffalo 's East Side , which included his district , was a hub for employment activity that lured suburban residents . Thompson also engaged in urban planning to restore public parks . As a city councilman , he co @-@ sponsored a resolution with David Franczyk against continued military involvement in the Iraq War .
= = = Higher office = = =
In 2005 , Thompson began testing the waters for higher office . He raised campaign funds and consulted party leaders about the possibility of challenging United States House of Representatives then 76 @-@ year @-@ old congresswoman Louise Slaughter who was already a 10 @-@ term veteran . Slaughter 's New York 's 28th congressional district was 29 percent African American , and minorities comprised nearly 40 percent of the Democratic primary vote . Charles B. Rangel warned that Slaughter had strong ties to the Congressional Black Caucus as well as strong support from labor , women 's and pro @-@ choice groups .
Thompson was encouraged to pursue Brown 's New York State Senate seat that was to be filled by special election on February 28 , 2006 after Brown ascended to be the Mayor of Buffalo on January 1 , 2006 following the 2005 election . The district has a 4 – 1 ratio of registered Democrats to Republicans . In 2006 , the Erie County Democratic Party chairman was Leonard Lenihan , and he noted that Thompson had not been timely in entering the special election process . The Erie and Niagara County Democratic committees bypassed Thompson as their nominee in favor of Marc Coppola despite Brown 's backing .
Thompson had issued a threat that without backing for the State Senate seat , he would challenge Slaughter in the September primary election , but Lenihan was unimpressed with the threat and noted that Thompson needed to take a " Dale Carnegie course in terms of how to win friends and influence people " .
Brown and Lenihan were at odds over various political positions after Lenihan played a major role in Brown 's election to the office of Mayor . Brown supported Andrew Cuomo for New York Attorney General , David Paterson for Lieutenant Governor of New York and Thompson for 60th District New York Senator . Lenihan disagreed with each of these choices . Brown claimed a perceived racial slight but Lenihan pointed out that neither Anthony Masiello nor James D. Griffin was granted the right to pick their successor .
Thompson subsequently decided to run for the New York Senate seat in the November general election . Marc Coppola won the special election by a 56 – 44 % margin in a district where Democrats outnumber Republicans more than 6 : 1 . Thompson opposed incumbent Senator Marc Coppola as well as his cousin Former State Sen. Al Coppola in the September 2006 Democratic Primary for a full two @-@ year term in the Senate . Thompson defeated both with 53 % of the vote . He then defeated Marc Coppola again in the General election where Coppola ran as an Independent .
= = Senator = =
Thompson assumed office in a Upstate New York district . When Thompson took office in January 2007 , he , along with Diane Savino and Jeffrey Klein ( both of whom later defected from the Democrats to form the core of the Independent Democratic Conference ) , assumed the chairmanship of the New York Democratic Senate Campaign Committee by assuming control of Democratic campaigns development . He retained this position through the 2008 general election .
Thompson was the Chairman of the Senate Environmental Conservation Committee . He was the former Ranking Minority Member of the Senate Cities Committee , which oversaw all legislation impacting the state 's 62 incorporated cities and urban policy . This position was held by his two immediate predecessors in the Senate , Byron Brown and Marc Coppola . Thompson served on the Finance ; Commerce , Economic Development and Small Business ; Tourism , Recreation and Sports Development and Veterans , Homeland Security and Military Affairs committees .
When Thompson assumed office , he continued his fight against economic blight with economic revitalization plans , with special focus on redevelopment of brownfield land , but he had to combat government inaction and bureaucracy in this effort .
Thompson had been allied with NY City developer Howard Milstein . In 2010 Thompson arranged for a $ 400 @,@ 000 grant from NY State 's Economic Development Program for the Manhattan billionaire 's Niagara Falls Redevelopment company to demolish properties in NiagaraFalls , NY . Thompson was a vocal spokesman against the May 2007 bill to raise State Senator salaries because the lack of raises for Buffalo city workers made it seem wrong to him . After refusing to comment on the issue for some time , Thompson was one of eight Democratic defectors on Eliot Spitzer 's unpopular policy allowing illegal aliens to obtain driver 's licenses . Thompson was one of eleven New York State Senators to be uncontested in the November 2008 general election . He supported the streamlining of minority- and woman @-@ owned business certification . He opposes fracking
Thompson voted in favor of same @-@ sex marriage legislation on December 2 , 2009 , but the bill was defeated .
He won the Democratic Party nomination in the September 14 , 2010 primary election . After a lengthy recount Thompson lost the general election to Mark Grisanti . Days before the election Thompson was named in a pay to play scandal where he received $ 8600 from Aqueduct Entertainment Group ( AEG ) , who was attempting to secure a lucrative state contract to operate a video slot machine casino at Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens , New York .
= = Other = =
Thompson formerly hosted Western New York on the Move , a weekly radio show broadcast Thursdays at noon on WUFO 1080 AM .
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= Bop Gun ( Homicide : Life on the Street ) =
" Bop Gun " is the second season premiere of the American police drama television series Homicide : Life on the Street , and the tenth overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 6 , 1994 . In the episode , the Baltimore homicide unit investigates the shooting death of the wife of a tourist , played by guest star Robin Williams .
The episode was written by David Mills and David Simon based on a story by executive producer Tom Fontana , and directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal . In response to network feedback and poor ratings from the first season , " Bop Gun " marked several changes in the series , including a less bleak visual style and a greater focus on one plot , rather than multiple subplots . It was also the first episode to focus primarily on a homicide victim , rather than on the detectives . Simon felt the dialogue was realistic , especially that of the dark humor employed by detectives as a coping mechanism for dealing with the horrors of the job .
Williams previously worked with Homicide executive producer Barry Levinson on the films Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) and Toys ( 1992 ) . This led to speculation that Williams took the role on " Bop Gun " as a favor to Levinson , but the actor insisted it was out of admiration for the series itself . A young Jake Gyllenhaal , the son of the episode 's director , makes an appearance as Williams ' son . The episode was the first to feature Chris Tergesen as music coordinator , which resulted in the use of more songs than previous episodes , including " Killer " by Seal and " Feels Like Rain " by Buddy Guy .
" Bop Gun " was seen by 16 @.@ 3 million viewers , one of the highest Nielsen ratings of the week , thanks in large part due to interest in Williams ' appearance . The episode received generally positive reviews , with several particularly complimenting the dramatic performance by Williams . " Bop Gun " won a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay of an Episodic Drama . Williams also received an Emmy Award nomination for Guest Actor in a Drama Series . The episode , along with the rest of the first and second seasons of Homicide : Life on the Street was released on DVD in the United States on May 27 , 2003 .
= = Plot summary = =
Felton ( Daniel Baldwin ) and Howard ( Melissa Leo ) investigate the murder of an Iowa woman who was shot to death in front of her husband Robert Ellison ( Robin Williams ) and two young children during a stick @-@ up . Since the victims are tourists , the case becomes a " red ball " and receives considerable attention from the press , city officials and top police brass . Bayliss ( Kyle Secor ) tries to interview the two young children , but Ellison stops him , protesting that the experience is too hard on them . After obtaining information from street thugs , the police arrest Marvin ( Antonio Charity ) , who possesses 45 @-@ caliber bullets matching those used in the shooting . A mournful Ellison overhears Felton making jokes about the investigation and bragging about the overtime he expects to receive from it . He angrily demands Felton be thrown off the case , but Gee ( Yaphet Kotto ) calms him down by explaining the police have to be detached from the victims because they encounter so many . Ellison takes his children back to their hotel room , where his daughter Abby ( Julia Devin ) is in denial about her mother 's death , and his son Matt ( Jake Gyllenhaal ) angrily refuses to talk to his father .
The police arrest a second suspect named Tweety ( Vincent Miller ) , who was found in possession of the murdered woman 's locket . The detectives question Marvin and Tweety separately until Tweety identifies the shooter as 19 @-@ year @-@ old Vaughn Perkins ( Lloyd Goodman ) . Howard is surprised to learn Vaughn has a mostly clean criminal record , and his family insists Vaughn would never kill anybody . Vaughn is arrested without incident , but Ellison is unable to identify the three suspects because he does not remember their faces . Meanwhile , Ellison sees his wife 's body in the morgue , and gets upset that her clothes and wedding ring have been removed . Bayliss later returns the ring to Ellison , who admits he feels guilty for not protecting his wife or stopping the shooter . Ellison asks to hold Bayliss ' gun just to know how it feels , and Bayliss reluctantly agrees .
Howard repeatedly questions Vaughn , believing he is acting as the fall guy for his two friends . Vaughn says nothing , but eventually writes a letter of apology to Ellison . Felton closes the case despite Howard 's protests for more time to investigate . Vaughn eventually pleads guilty at his arraignment and insists on serving life without parole . Marvin and Tweety are sentenced to 30 years in prison , but Ellison tells Howard he feels no comfort because his wife is still dead . Howard tries to give Vaughn 's letter to Ellison , but he refuses to accept it . Howard eventually speaks directly to Vaughn in prison , where Vaughn admits he handled the gun during the stick @-@ up because he thought if he had the gun , he could control the situation and prevent anyone from getting hurt . Vaughn said he lost control of the robbery , and insists he needs to serve the life sentence to make amends . A devastated Howard finally agrees with Felton 's opinion that Vaughn was indeed the shooter .
= = Production = =
Despite critical acclaim , Homicide : Life on the Street suffered from poor ratings throughout its first season , prompting NBC to consider taking it off the air . After a nine @-@ episode first season , the network approved four more episodes for the show 's second season as a trial run to determine whether to continue or cancel the show . The script for " Bop Gun " was completed before the first season ended , but NBC executives asked for several refinements – including less involved plots and fewer camera movements – before approving a second season . In an attempt to appease the network and improve ratings , executive producers Barry Levinson and Tom Fontana sought to make subtle changes to give the show a stronger mainstream appeal , while aiming not to compromise its integrity or originality . With " Bop Gun " , the producers slightly toned down the bleak visual style and hand @-@ held photography motif . It is also the first episode to focus on a single story , rather than multiple subplots , which Fontana felt allowed the writers to tell the main story better . Fontana said of the changes to the series , " We were experimenting with our first nine episodes . Whenever you try something new , you tend to err on the side of breaking ground . But we 'd rather have more people watching , so the colors and lighting are slightly brighter , and the camera movements are not as jarring . " " Bop Gun " marked the first episode with Jean de Segonzac as director of photography . The first scene , which depicts the moments immediately before the shooting , juxtaposes shots of the Ellison family admiring the tourist attractions of Baltimore with shots of their shooters playing basketball before following the family . The photography depicts the different sides of Baltimore by presenting the Ellison family shots like a cheerful tourist advertisement , with the other shots presenting a grittier image of the city .
" Bop Gun " marked the first episode in its new time slot on Thursdays at 10 p.m. , occupying a period previously filled by L.A. Law . The show previously aired 9 p.m. on Wednesdays , where it was regularly defeated in the ratings by the ABC comedy Home Improvement . " Bop Gun " was written by David Mills and David Simon based on a story by Fontana . It was directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal , a feature director then @-@ best known for such films as Waterland ( 1992 ) and A Dangerous Woman ( 1993 ) . It was the first television script written by Mills , who previously worked as a reporter and became friends with Simon while studying journalism at the University of Maryland , College Park . Mills said of " Bop Gun " , " That script inspired me to quit journalism . It was a golden opportunity , even though I didn 't know what I was doing . I developed bad habits as a newspaper feature writer . I would always stretch a project to fill the available time . " " Bop Gun " served as a departure from previous Homicide : Life on the Street episodes by focusing more strongly on a murder victim , rather than on the detectives . Simon felt the script 's dialogue , particularly the detectives ' use of dark humor as a coping mechanism for dealing with the horrors of the homicide unit , were faithful to reality . He particularly cited the scene in which Felton angers Ellison by talking excitedly about how much overtime he expected to get . Simon said , " That 's a conversation that would happen . It would happen in any homicide unit in America , and when I saw it actually being acted out I got a real kick in the pants because I thought , ' Wherever there are homicide detectives watching this , they 're cracking up because they know how true it is . ' "
" Bop Gun " was originally meant to serve as the second season finale , but NBC decided to make it the season premiere with the hopes of getting increased ratings from a guest appearance by Robin Williams . Williams portrayed Robert Ellison , the husband of a slain woman tourist . Several news sources indicated Williams took on the role as a favor to Homicide executive producer Barry Levinson , who directed Williams in the films Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) and Toys ( 1992 ) . But Fontana said Williams agreed to take the part based on the actor 's positive impression of both the show in general and the " Bop Gun " script in particular . Fontana said of Williams , " He read the script , responded instantly and said , ' When do you want me there ? ' . He could not have been more prepared or more of a gentleman to everyone , and he worked his tail off . That whole experience was a joy . " Williams himself said of the show , " Visually , it was just so different from anything else on television . " Although Williams was primarily known for his comedic work , the Homicide producers and Williams himself consciously decided to remain true to the original script , rejecting the idea of adding humor or jokes to the episode . Williams ' scenes were filmed over three days , and the actors found the part emotionally draining . Fontana said , " [ Williams ] worked like a dog . It was quite a special event for all of us . It 's very intense . "
A 13 @-@ year @-@ old Jake Gyllenhaal , son of the episode 's director Stephen , made one of his earliest acting performances in " Bop Gun " as Matt , the young son of Robert Ellison . Williams and Homicide regular Richard Belzer were acquainted from a HBO comedy special they both appeared in , although the two had never acted together before . The two often joked between filming takes , except for during Williams ' most dramatic scenes . The episode also featured Vincent Miller , an actor who worked primarily in the Washington , D.C. area , as Tweety .
= = Music = =
" Bop Gun " was the first episode to feature Chris Tergesen as music coordinator , and thus more music is featured in it than any previous episodes . During the opening scene , the song " Killer " by Seal and Adamski plays over a brief montage of images of Vaughn Perkins , just as Tweety and Marvin preparing to rob the Ellison family . When he is arrested , Marvin is wearing headphones , listening to the Public Enemy song " Gett off My Back " . The Eric B. & Rakim song " Chinese Arithmetic " plays during the scene in which police simultaneously interview Tweety and Marvin . " Feels Like Rain " , by the blues guitarist and singer Buddy Guy , plays as Howard arrives to talk to Vaughn , and when she leaves after talking to him , in the episode 's final scene . The song " Don 't Start Me to Talkin ' " , by blues harmonica player Sonny Boy Williamson II , was also featured in the episode .
Tergesen was a fan of the funk band Parliament @-@ Funkadelic , and the episode has several references to the group as a result . The episode 's title derives from the band 's song " Bop Gun ( Endangered Species ) " , and during one scene a criminal claims he shot someone over the destruction of a rare record by Eddie Hazel , a member of Funkadelic . Additionally , one of the street thug characters is named Kid Funkadelic .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original American broadcast on January 6 , 1994 , " Bop Gun " was seen by 16 @.@ 3 million viewers , a higher @-@ than @-@ usual Homicide : Life on the Street rating in large part to interest in Williams ' appearance . It received a 17 @.@ 3 Nielsen rating and a 28 share , the highest rating for a 10 p.m. drama series since January 1992 . The rating placed Homicide among the top ten network television Nielsen ratings for the week , and outperformed the ratings of L.A. Law , which normally filled the 10 p.m. Thursday timeslot . NBC Entertainment president Warren Littlefield said the ratings " far exceeded expectations " , and said he expected the series to return for a third season if the viewership remained strong . Littlefield said of the Homicide ratings :
" These are outstanding numbers for a dramatic television series . If we can keep a reasonable level of audience , we believe in the work , we believe in the creative team we think we have , perhaps the most outstanding ensemble cast in all of television . We just would like to see continued signs of life . "
= = = Reviews = = =
" Bop Gun " received generally positive reviews , and was identified by The Baltimore Sun as one of the ten best episodes of the series . Sun writer David Zurawik said Gyllenhaal 's direction was as good as anything he had done in film , and called the script " one of the most ambitious scripts you 'll see on TV this year " . Lon Grahnke of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the episode his highest rating of four stars , and called Williams portrayal " a piercing dramatic performance " . Grahnke also said , " In one hour , ' Bop Gun ' says more about firearms , urban tragedies , crime victims and racial politics than any yammering congressman trying to blame television for our violent society . " Entertainment Weekly critic Ken Tucker complimented the episode , noting , " Don 't let Williams distract you from the real stuff here : the brilliantly jagged murder @-@ investigation scenes and the exceptional performances from homicide @-@ detective costars Daniel Baldwin and Melissa Leo . " Tribune Company television critic Kate O 'Hare praised " Bop Gun " for focusing on characterization and dialogue rather than action , and said of the episode , " With a mix of intense emotion , dogged police work and humorous banter among the detectives , " Bop Gun " typifies the philosophy of Homicide . " David P. Kalat , author of Homicide : Life on the Street - The Unofficial Companion , called it a " grueling " episode , and that Williams performed " probably his finest noncomedic performance ever " . The Philadelphia Inquirer television critic Jonathan Storm lauded the cast , the " visual art of the camera " and the " realistic , yet nearly literary dialogue " of " Bop Gun " .
The Times @-@ Picayune writer Benjamin Morrison praised the " unexpectedly understated " performance of Williams and praised the episode for not being simple or formulaic . He suggested viewers who were crime victims themselves would be particularly moved by the script . Hal Boedeker , television critic with The Miami Herald , called the episode an " uncompromising hour " and " the highest order for network TV " . He said Williams " astonishes in every scene " , and praised the script for not racing over topics as many television shows do , but rather taking " full measure of the weight of grief " . Elaine Liner , television critic with the Corpus Christi Caller @-@ Times , described Williams ' performance as " heartbreaking " , but particularly praised the writers for " taking the show to a higher level " by making the perpetrator sympathetic and three @-@ dimensional , not only the victim . Liner said , " Fontana succeeds in fleshing out the characters on both sides of this tragedy . " Bob Langford of The News & Observer called the episode " brilliant " and praised it for focusing not on the crime but on the effects of it , as well as the realistic portrayals regarding race , such as concerns the crime would keep away white tourists . Langford said it was occasionally preachy , but said " Sometimes , a good sermon is what we need . Amazing that one this powerful can come from a TV show . "
Adam Sandler of Daily Variety praised the cast , the hysteria and confusion conveyed in Gyllenhaal 's direction , and the " themes of police insensitivity , victims rights and dysfunctional families " in the script . The Washington Post writer Harriet Winslow called Williams ' performance poignant and riveting , and called the fact that it did not overshadow the other actors a " tribute to the quality of this cast " . John J. O 'Connor of The New York Times called the episode " extraordinary " and said " The senselessness of the incident is heartbreakingly captured " . St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch writer Gail Pennington praised Williams ' " controlled performance " as well as several " terrific scenes " . Among them , she said , were Gee 's explanation of how police use humor as a buffer from the horrors of their jobs , and the scene where detectives simultaneously interrogate two suspects in different rooms , which she said was " choreographed as tightly as the Bolshoi Ballet " .
Not all reviews were so positive . The Dallas Morning News writer Ed Bark called Williams ' a " sometimes overly transparent effort to underscore the grief of the victims ' survivors " , and said the episode " works overtime " to make the world seem like a " bleak and scary place " . Bark also said the show made itself a " target for charges of racism " by making the three murderers black , but also credited the script with making one of the perpetrators so sympathetic . Tom Shales of The Washington Post said the writers " try a little too hard " to create sympathy for the three murder suspects , and the episode suffers due to the absence of actor Andre Braugher , who plays Detective Frank Pembleton . But Shales also praised Williams ' performance and said the episode was particularly powerful because the actual violence is off @-@ screen . Buzz McCain , columnist with The Washington Times , called the episode " irritating " and " as pointless as the killing " . He particularly criticized the script , which he said was clichéd and overly " misty @-@ eyed " , particularly the extended moments of Williams talking about the shooting . In a later article , McCain said , " Nothing I 've written in this column generated as much visceral response as my nine paragraphs about ( " Bop Gun " ) . " In addition to responses from angry fans , McCain received a call from David Mills , who McCain said " simply wanted some insight as to what specifically I didn 't like about his show and how the writers might improve on the next one . "
Robin Williams ' performance in " Bop Gun " was among a list of the ten best guest star moments in television history , compiled by the Star Tribune in April 2001 .
= = = Awards = = =
" Bop Gun " won a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay of an Episodic Drama . It defeated competing episodes of Northern Exposure and NYPD Blue , as well as another second season Homicide episode , " A Many Splendored Thing " . Robin Williams also received an Emmy Award nomination for Guest Actor in a Drama Series . It was the only Emmy nomination Homicide : Life on the Street received in the 46th Primetime Emmy Awards ; the series received four nominations the previous year . Williams lost the award to Richard Kiley for his performance in CBS drama series Picket Fences ; the other nominees were Dan Hedaya , James Earl Jones and Tim Curry .
= = DVD release = =
" Bop Gun " and the rest of the first and second season episodes were included in the four @-@ DVD box @-@ set " Homicide : Life on the Street : The Complete Seasons 1 & 2 " , which was released by A & E Home Video on May 27 , 2003 for $ 69 @.@ 95 .
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= Brett Favre =
Brett Lorenzo Favre ( / ˈfɑːrv / ; born October 10 , 1969 ) is a former American football quarterback who spent the majority of his career with the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was a 20 @-@ year veteran of the NFL , having played quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) , Green Bay Packers ( 1992 – 2007 ) , New York Jets ( 2008 ) , and Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 – 2010 ) . Favre was the first quarterback in NFL history to pass for 500 touchdowns , throw for over 70 @,@ 000 yards , over 6 @,@ 000 completions , and over 10 @,@ 000 pass attempts .
Favre started at the quarterback position for the University of Southern Mississippi for four years before being selected in the second round of the 1991 NFL Draft by Atlanta ( 33rd overall ) . He was traded to Green Bay on February 10 , 1992 , for the 19th pick in the 1992 NFL Draft .
Favre became the Packers ' starting quarterback in the fourth game of the 1992 season , stepping in for injured quarterback Don Majkowski , and started every game through the 2007 season . He was traded to the New York Jets and started at quarterback for the 2008 season before signing with the Vikings on August 18 , 2009 as their starting quarterback . He made an NFL record 297 consecutive starts ( 321 including playoffs ) .
He is the only player to win the AP Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times ( 1995 – 97 ) , and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season . He has led teams to eight division championships ( 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2009 ) , five NFC Championship Games ( 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2007 , 2009 ) , and two Super Bowl appearances ( Super Bowl XXXI , Super Bowl XXXII ) , winning one ( Super Bowl XXXI ) .
He holds many NFL records , including most career pass completions , most career pass attempts , most career interceptions thrown , most consecutive starts by a player , most sacked , and most fumbles . At the time of his retirement , he was the NFL 's all @-@ time leader in passing yards and passing touchdowns , although both records have since been broken by Peyton Manning .
He is also referred to by his nickname " The Gunslinger " .
= = Early years = =
Favre was born in Gulfport , Mississippi , the son of Bonita Ann ( née French ) and Irvin Ernest Favre , and raised in the small town of Kiln . Both his parents were schoolteachers in the Hancock County School District . He is of part French ancestry . One of his ancestors is Simon Favre , an influential figure in Spanish West Florida in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries ; Brett descends from Simon 's Choctaw Native American mistress , Pistikiokonay , and thus his grandfather was affiliated with the Choctaw .
He was the second of four children and attended Hancock North Central High School where he played baseball and football . Favre started for the Hancock North Central baseball team as an eighth @-@ grader and earned five varsity letters . He played quarterback , lineman , strong safety , placekicker and punter in a primarily option , run @-@ oriented offense coached by his father , Irvin Favre , who was the head coach of the team .
Irvin Favre said he knew his son had a great arm but also knew that the school was blessed with good running backs . As a result , in the three years Brett was on the team , his father ran the wishbone , a run @-@ oriented offense . Favre rarely threw more than five passes in a game .
= = College career = =
After high school , Southern Mississippi offered Favre a scholarship ( the only one he received ) . Southern Miss wanted him to play defensive back , but Favre wanted to play quarterback instead . Favre began his freshman year as the seventh @-@ string quarterback and took over the starting position in the second half of the third game of the year against Tulane on September 19 , 1987 . Favre , despite suffering a hangover from the night before and vomiting during warm @-@ ups , led the Golden Eagles to a come @-@ from @-@ behind victory with two touchdown passes . Favre started ten games during his freshman year and won six of them .
In his junior season , Favre led the Golden Eagles to an upset of Florida State ( then ranked sixth in the nation ) on September 2 , 1989 . Favre capped a six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ minute drive with the game @-@ winning touchdown pass with 23 seconds remaining .
On July 14 , 1990 , before the start of Favre 's senior year at Southern Miss , he was involved in a near @-@ fatal car accident . When going around a bend a few tenths of a mile from his parents ' house , Favre lost control of his car , which flipped three times and came to rest against a tree . It was only after one of his brothers smashed a car window with a golf club that Favre could be evacuated and rushed to the hospital . In the ambulance , his mother was sitting with him . " All I kept asking [ her ] was ' Will I be able to play football again ? ' " Favre recalled later . Doctors would later remove 30 inches ( 76 cm ) of Favre 's small intestine . Six weeks after this incident , on September 8 , Favre led Southern Miss to a comeback victory over Alabama . Alabama coach Gene Stallings said , " You can call it a miracle or a legend or whatever you want to . I just know that on that day , Brett Favre was larger than life . "
Favre formerly held several Southern Miss football records until most were surpassed by Austin Davis by the end of the 2011 season . Favre had 15 games over his career where he compiled more than 200 passing yards , making him the fourth all – time school leader in that category . Of those 15 games , five were 300 @-@ yard games , the most compiled by any of the school 's quarterbacks . Additionally , he was the seasonal leader in total passing and total offense in all four of his seasons at Southern Miss .
1987 : 79 / 194 for 1 @,@ 264 yards with 15 TD vs 13 INT .
1988 : 178 / 319 for 2 @,@ 271 yards with 16 TD vs 5 INT .
1989 : 206 / 381 for 2 @,@ 588 yards with 14 TD vs 10 INT .
1990 : 150 / 275 for 1 @,@ 572 yards with 7 TD vs 6 INT .
Favre earned a teaching degree with an emphasis in special education from the University of Southern Mississippi .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) = = =
Favre was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the second round , 33rd overall in the 1991 NFL Draft . On July 19 , 1991 , Favre agreed to a three @-@ year , US $ 1 @.@ 4 million contract with a reported signing bonus of $ 350 @,@ 000 . Atlanta coach Jerry Glanville did not approve of the drafting of Favre , saying it would take a plane crash for him to put Favre into the game . Favre 's first pass in an NFL regular season game resulted in an interception returned for a touchdown . He only attempted four passes in his career at Atlanta , was intercepted twice , and completed none of them . Favre took one other snap , which resulted in a sack for an eleven @-@ yard loss .
= = = Green Bay Packers ( 1992 – 2007 ) = = =
Green Bay Packers general manager Ron Wolf traded a first @-@ round pick ( 19th overall , which would be used for Tony Smith ) for Favre after the 1991 season . Wolf , while an assistant to the general manager of the New York Jets , had intended to take Favre in the 1991 NFL draft , but Favre was taken by the Falcons on the previous pick .
According to the Milwaukee Journal @-@ Sentinel and other sources , during the physical after the trade , Favre was diagnosed with avascular necrosis of the hip , the same degenerative condition that ended Bo Jackson 's football career , and doctors recommended his physical be failed , which would nullify the trade . Wolf overruled them .
Favre played 16 seasons in Green Bay . During his time in Green Bay , Favre was the first and only NFL player to win three consecutive AP MVP awards . He helped the Packers appear in two Super Bowls , winning Super Bowl XXXI . Favre also started every Green Bay Packers game from September 20 , 1992 to January 20 , 2008 .
= = = = Beginnings ( 1992 – 94 ) = = = =
In the second game of the 1992 season , the Packers played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The Buccaneers were leading 17 – 0 at halftime when head coach Mike Holmgren benched starting quarterback Don Majkowski and Favre played the second half . On his first regular season play as a Packer , Favre threw a pass that was deflected and caught by himself . Favre was tackled and the completion went for − 7 yards . The Packers lost the game 31 – 3 , chalking up only 106 yards passing .
In the third game of the 1992 season , Majkowski injured a ligament in his ankle against the Cincinnati Bengals , an injury severe enough that he would be out for four weeks . Favre replaced Majkowski for the remainder of the contest . Favre fumbled four times during the course of the game , a performance poor enough that the crowd chanted for Favre to be removed in favor of another Packers backup quarterback at the time , Ty Detmer . However , down 23 – 17 with 1 : 07 left in the game , the Packers started an offensive series on their own 8 @-@ yard line . Favre then completed a 42 yard pass to Sterling Sharpe . Three plays later , Favre threw the game – winning touchdown pass to Kitrick Taylor with 13 seconds remaining .
The next week 's game against the Pittsburgh Steelers began the longest consecutive starts streak for a quarterback in NFL history . The game ended in a 17 – 3 victory and his passer rating was 144 @.@ 6 . During the season , Favre helped put together a six @-@ game winning streak for the Packers , the longest winning streak for the club since 1965 . They ended 9 – 7 that season , missing the playoffs on their last game . Favre finished his first season as a Packer with 3 @,@ 227 yards and a quarterback rating of 85 @.@ 3 , helping him to his first Pro Bowl .
The following season Favre helped the Packers to their first playoff berth since 1982 and was named to his second Pro Bowl . Favre had his first career 400 yard passing game and led the NFC in pass attempts , pass completions , and pass interceptions . Favre also had four game winning drives giving him seven for his career up to that point . After the season Favre became a free agent . General manager Ron Wolf negotiated Favre into a five @-@ year , $ 19 million contract .
The Packers finished the 1994 season 9 – 7 , advancing to the playoffs in back to back years , a feat they had not accomplished since the Vince Lombardi era . For the first time in his career , he was not eligible for the Pro Bowl .
= = = = MVP ( x3 ) and Super Bowl seasons ( 1995 – 97 ) = = = =
In 1995 , Favre won the first of his three AP MVP awards . Favre led the Packers to an 11 – 5 record , Green Bay 's best record in nearly thirty years . Favre passed for a career high of 4 @,@ 413 yards , 38 touchdowns , and recorded a quarterback rating of 99 @.@ 5 , which was the highest of his career until he recorded a rating of 107 @.@ 2 during the 2009 season . Favre also tied an NFL record by passing for at least two touchdowns in twelve consecutive games , a feat he accomplished over the 1994 – 1995 seasons . The Packers advanced to the NFC Championship Game after upsetting the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Divisional Game . The Packers lost the NFC Championship game to the Dallas Cowboys , marking the third year in a row the Packers season was ended by the Cowboys in the playoffs . Favre helped the Packers advance farther in the playoffs than any other Packer team since 1967 , the season the Packers won Super Bowl II .
While being treated for various injuries , Brett Favre developed an addiction to Vicodin , which became publicly known when he suffered a seizure during a hospital visit . Amid an NFL investigation , he went public to avoid any rumors about his condition . In May 1996 , he went into treatment and remained in rehabilitation for 46 days . Had he chosen not to go , the NFL would have imposed a $ 900 @,@ 000 fine . Favre led the Packers to their best season in 30 years in the 1996 season , winning his second consecutive MVP award in the process . The Packers led the NFL in points scored ( 456 ) as well as fewest points allowed ( 210 ) , joining only the 1972 Dolphins as the only two teams to ever accomplish this . The defense also set a then NFL record for least amount of touchdowns allowed in a 16 @-@ game season with 19 . Favre threw for 3 @,@ 899 yards , a career high 39 touchdown passes ( third highest ever at the time ) , only 13 interceptions , and passer rating of 95 @.@ 8 ( the third highest of his career ) . Green Bay tied the Denver Broncos for the NFL 's best regular season record , 13 – 3 , defeated the San Francisco 49ers ( 35 @-@ 14 ) and Carolina Panthers ( 30 @-@ 13 ) at Lambeau Field in the playoffs . The Packers advanced to Super Bowl XXXI at the Louisiana Superdome , a short drive from Favre 's hometown .
In Super Bowl XXXI , Favre completed 14 of 27 passes for 246 yards and 2 touchdown passes . On the second play of the game , Favre called an audible and threw a 54 @-@ yard touchdown pass to receiver Andre Rison . Favre also completed an 81 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Antonio Freeman in the second quarter ( then a Super Bowl record for longest touchdown catch ) . Favre rushed for 12 yards and another touchdown , as the Packers won Super Bowl XXXI over the New England Patriots , 35 – 21 . In their 19 games of the season , the Packers had a turnover ratio of plus 24 , and outscored their opponents 100 – 48 in the playoffs . Favre became the first and only QB to score 3 touchdowns in the Super Bowl and fail to win MVP honors .
Favre and the Packers continued their dominance of the NFC during the next season . Favre was named AP co @-@ MVP of the league along with Detroit Lions ' running back Barry Sanders , his third straight award . He finished the season with 3 @,@ 867 passing yards , 35 touchdown passes , 16 interceptions , and a passer rating of 92 @.@ 6 . The Packers finished with a 13 @-@ 3 record and became the only team to ever beat six teams that would go on to make the playoffs . Also , Green Bay advanced through the playoffs to the Super Bowl for the second year in a row . After being heavily favored by 13 points , the Packers lost to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXII by the score of 31 – 24 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , ending the NFC 's 13 @-@ year Super Bowl winning streak . It was one of the biggest upsets in NFL history . Favre completed 25 of 42 passes for 256 yards and 3 touchdowns , with 1 interception and 1 fumble in the losing effort .
= = = = Mid @-@ career ( 1998 – 2002 ) = = = =
The Packers lost to the San Francisco 49ers in a wild card playoff game in 1998 . Favre had rallied the team with a touchdown pass to Antonio Freeman with 1 : 56 remaining in the game to put the Packers up 27 – 23 . However , Steve Young responded with a touchdown of his own to Terrell Owens with three seconds remaining to end the Packers season . Favre and the Packers failed for the first time since 1994 to at least reach the NFC championship game .
In the regular season finale of 2001 , Favre was the target of minor controversy when , in a game against the New York Giants at Giants Stadium , he was sacked by the Giants defensive end Michael Strahan . It was Strahan 's lone sack of the game and gave him the NFL 's single – season sack record of 22 @.@ 5 , which topped Mark Gastineau 's record of 22 set in 1984 . The controversy has followed Strahan continuously since he set the record . Jim Fassel , Strahan 's coach in 2001 , said that when a respected athlete like Strahan gets close to an all @-@ time record , sometimes opponents want him to break it .
On March 1 , 2001 , Favre signed a " lifetime " contract extension , which technically was a 10 @-@ year contract extension worth around $ 100 million .
Favre and the Packers continued posting positive results through the next few seasons . Through the 2004 season , the Packers had the longest streak of non @-@ losing seasons ( 13 ) in the NFL , despite an 8 – 8 record under coach Ray Rhodes , a 9 – 7 season under coach Mike Sherman , and no playoff berths in either 1999 or 2000 . The streak ended in 2005 , with the Packers finishing 4 – 12 overall .
= = = = Later career and personal tragedies ( 2003 – 06 ) = = = =
One day after his father died of a heart attack or stroke , Favre decided to play in a December 22 , 2003 , Monday Night Football game against the Oakland Raiders . The Packers traveled to Oakland where Favre passed for four touchdowns in the first half and 399 total yards in a 41 – 7 victory over the Raiders on international television ( even receiving applause from " Raider Nation " ) . He completed 73 @.@ 3 % of his passes and finished the game with a passer rating of 154 @.@ 9 with having recorded a perfect 158 @.@ 3 rating with four touchdowns and over 250 yards passing by halftime ( a feat accomplished by only four other passers in NFL history ) . Afterwards , Favre said , " I knew that my dad would have wanted me to play . I love him so much and I love this game . It 's meant a great deal to me , to my dad , to my family , and I didn 't expect this kind of performance . But I know he was watching tonight . " He then went to his father 's funeral in Pass Christian , Mississippi . Favre won an ESPY Award for his Monday Night Football performance .
A notable game in the 2004 season in which Favre and the Packers finished 10 – 6 was against the New York Giants . During the game , Favre suffered a concussion . He did not receive medical clearance to re @-@ enter the game . Despite the concussion , Favre threw a 28 @-@ yard touchdown to Javon Walker on a fourth down play . Afterwards it was reported that Favre did not remember throwing the touchdown pass . Favre also had two significant touchdown streaks of note during the season . He had completed at least one touchdown pass in 36 consecutive games over the 2002 – 2004 seasons which at the time was the second longest streak in NFL history . Also , during the 2004 post @-@ season , he broke Dan Marino 's record for consecutive games with at least one touchdown pass in the post season . Favre went on to throw a touchdown pass in twenty consecutive playoff games which is still an NFL record .
After the death of his father , a series of events related to Favre 's family were reported in the media . In October 2004 , ten months after the death of Favre 's father , his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Casey Tynes , was killed in an all @-@ terrain vehicle accident on Favre 's Mississippi property .
Soon after in 2004 , Favre 's wife , Deanna Favre , was diagnosed with breast cancer . Following aggressive treatment through 2004 , she recovered . She created The Deanna Favre Hope Foundation which supports breast cancer education and women 's breast imaging and diagnosis services for all women , including those who are medically underserved .
In late August 2005 , Favre 's family suffered another setback : Hurricane Katrina blew through Mississippi , destroying his family 's home there ; however , none of his family members were injured . Brett and Deanna 's property in Hattiesburg , Mississippi was also extensively damaged by the storm . Favre elected to continue to play in the 2005 season .
For the 2005 season , the Packers , despite throwing for over 3 @,@ 000 yards for a record 14th consecutive time , Favre had a below average season with only 20 touchdown passes and a league @-@ leading 29 interceptions . The loss of guards Marco Rivera and Mike Wahle to free agency along with key injuries to Javon Walker , Ahman Green , Bubba Franks , among others , hampered Favre and the team . His passer rating was 70 @.@ 9 , 31st in the NFL and the worst single season rating of his career . After the disappointing season , many speculated that Favre would retire . However , on April 26 , 2006 , Favre announced that he would remain with the team for the 2006 season . Despite earlier comments that the 2006 season would be his last , Favre announced in a press conference on May 6 , 2006 , that he had not ruled out the possibility of returning beyond the 2006 season .
In the 2006 season , Favre suffered his first career shutout against the Chicago Bears . Later in the season , the New England Patriots shut out the Packers in a game where he was injured before halftime and could not complete the game . On September 24 , 2006 , he became just the second quarterback in NFL history to record 400 touchdown passes ( Dan Marino being the first ) . He connected with rookie wide receiver Greg Jennings on a 5 @-@ yard pass that Jennings turned into a 75 @-@ yard touchdown play during a win against the Detroit Lions . He also became the first player ever to complete 5 @,@ 000 passes in his career . On December 31 , 2006 , the Packers played their last game of the season , winning 26 – 7 against the Chicago Bears . It was his 22nd career win versus the Bears , moving him to an all @-@ time record of 22 – 8 .
= = = = Milestone season ( 2007 ) = = = =
On February 26 , 2007 , Brett Favre underwent minor arthroscopic ankle surgery in Green Bay , Wisconsin to remove a buildup of bone spurs in his left ankle .
Favre began the 2007 season trailing in a number of career NFL passing records . On September 16 , 2007 , Favre and the Packers defeated the New York Giants to give Favre his record setting 149th win , passing John Elway . On September 30 , Favre threw a 16 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Greg Jennings in a game against the Vikings . This was his 421st NFL touchdown pass , and set a new all @-@ time record , surpassing Dan Marino 's 420 .
On November 4 , 2007 , after the Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 33 – 22 , Favre became only the 3rd quarterback to have defeated all thirty @-@ one other current NFL teams . He joined Peyton Manning and Tom Brady as the only quarterbacks in NFL history to do this , just the week after the two of them achieved the accomplishment . On Thanksgiving 2007 , Favre led the Packers to a 37 – 26 win over the Lions , and brought the Packers to a 10 – 1 record . He won the Galloping Gobbler award , given by the broadcasters at Fox to the game MVP . Favre threw three touchdown passes for his 63rd career game with at least three touchdowns , surpassing Marino 's former record of 62 .
Favre led the Packers to a 13 – 3 regular season record , the NFC North championship , and the second seed in the NFC playoffs . Prior to the Packers ' playoff game against the Seattle Seahawks , Favre stated his desire to continue playing football for another season . In the Divisional Playoffs , Favre threw three touchdowns as the Packers cruised to a 42 – 20 victory over the Seahawks at a snowy Lambeau Field . The Packers ' season ended the following week when they suffered a 23 – 20 overtime loss in the NFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl Champion New York Giants . Negotiating sub @-@ zero temperatures , Favre amassed 236 passing yards and two touchdowns , but also threw an interception in overtime that set up the Giants ' game @-@ winning field goal . Favre 's 90 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Donald Driver in the second quarter was the longest pass in Packers playoff history , and it extended Favre 's NFL record for consecutive postseason games with a touchdown pass to 18 . Favre stated after the game that he would make a decision more quickly than he has in the past regarding whether he would return for another season .
Favre 's milestone 2007 season culminated with his selection to the 2008 Pro Bowl as the starting quarterback for the NFC , but an ankle injury forced him to withdraw .
= = = = Retirements and returns ( 2008 ) = = = =
Beginning near the end of the 2006 season , word began to surface that Favre was considering retirement . In fact , playing in Soldier Field against the arch @-@ rival Bears in the season finale , Favre was given a standing ovation in the closing seconds of the Packer victory as a show of respect from Chicago fans to their longtime nemesis . Moments later at the postgame interview , he gave a tearful interview with an NBC Sports correspondent , where he admitted his future was still questionable . However , after much debate , he returned for 2007 , during which his future was once again in doubt and an oft @-@ discussed topic , with many in the media speculating that if the Packers made the Super Bowl , Favre would indeed retire and hand the reins to the unproven but talented Aaron Rodgers , who was drafted two years earlier as Favre 's heir @-@ apparent . Ultimately , the Packers fell in the NFC Championship to the New York Giants ( who in turn upset the heavily favored New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII ) .
On March 4 , 2008 , Favre formally announced his retirement . Although Favre stated that he had been willing to play another year , he felt that another season would only be successful if he led his team to another Super Bowl victory . He added the chances for a Super Bowl win were small , and that he was not up for the challenge . At his press conference , Favre openly wept about leaving the NFL . He stated that his decision , regardless of what was being said in the media , had nothing to do with what the Packers did or didn 't do . Seeming to contradict statements made by his agent , Bus Cook , Favre said that his decision to retire was based on the fact that he did not want to play anymore . He said during the conference , " I know I can play , but I don 't think I want to . And that 's really what it comes down to . "
On July 2 , 2008 , it was reported that Favre was in contact with the Packers about a possible return to the team . On July 11 , 2008 , Favre sent a letter to the Packers asking for his unconditional release to allow him to play for another NFL team . Packers general manager Ted Thompson announced he would not grant Favre an unconditional release and reaffirmed the organization 's commitment to Aaron Rodgers as its new quarterback . Complicating matters was Favre 's unique contract giving him the leverage to void any potential trade by not reporting to the camp of the team he might be traded to if the Packers elect to go that route .
Favre spoke publicly for the first time about his potential comeback in a July 14 , 2008 , interview with Greta Van Susteren on the Fox News Channel 's On the Record with Greta Van Susteren . In the interview , Favre said he was " guilty of retiring early " , that he was " never fully committed " to retirement , and that he was pressured by the Packers to make a decision before the NFL Draft and the start of the free agent signing period . Favre disputed the notion that he does not want to play for Green Bay and said that while he understands the organization has decided to move on , they should now allow him to do the same . He made clear that he would not return to the Packers as a backup and reiterated his desire to be released rather than traded , which would allow him the freedom to play for a competitive team . Favre also accused the Packers of being dishonest , wishing the team would have been straightforward with him and the public .
In the second part of the interview , which aired on July 15 , Favre expressed his frustration with Packer management , spoke of his sympathy for successor Aaron Rodgers ' predicament , and affirmed he is 100 percent committed to playing football in 2008 .
FOXSports.com 's Jay Glazer reported on July 16 , 2008 , that the Packers filed tampering charges against the Minnesota Vikings with the league office , alleging improper communication between Vikings offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and Favre , although one source suggested that Favre may have been in contact with Vikings head coach Brad Childress . After an investigation , Commissioner Roger Goodell ruled there had been no violation of tampering rules .
Favre formally filed for reinstatement with the NFL on July 29 , 2008 , and his petition was granted by Commissioner Goodell , effective August 4 , 2008 . Favre then flew to Green Bay to report to Packers training camp . After a lengthy meeting with head coach Mike McCarthy and general manager Ted Thompson , however , both sides agreed it was time for Favre and the organization to part ways . McCarthy sensed Favre was not in " the right mind @-@ set " to resume playing for the Packers , while Favre felt that his relationship with Packer management had deteriorated to the point that a return to the team would be untenable .
The Packers had announced plans to retire Favre 's No. 4 jersey in the 2008 season opener . Those plans were dropped when he announced plans to return to the NFL . In March 2009 , the Packers indicated that the team still intends to retire Favre 's number , but due to the circumstances surrounding his departure from the team , no timeline had been set .
= = = New York Jets ( 2008 ) = = =
After negotiations with both the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets , the Packers traded Favre to the Jets on August 7 , 2008 , in exchange for a conditional fourth @-@ round pick in the 2009 draft with performance escalation . Favre 's season with the Jets started well ; in week four of the 2008 season , he threw six touchdowns against the Arizona Cardinals , a personal best and one fewer than the NFL record . This performance led to him being selected as the FedEx Air Player of the Week . By Week 12 , the Jets had compiled an 8 – 3 record , including a win over the previously undefeated Tennessee Titans . However , the Jets lost four of the last five games of the season , including the final game against the Miami Dolphins , who had acquired Chad Pennington after he was released from the Jets to make room for Favre . In those five games , Favre threw eight interceptions and only two touchdown passes , bringing his season total to twenty @-@ two of each . Favre had complained of shoulder pain and had an MRI performed on December 29 , 2008 , which revealed a torn biceps tendon in his right shoulder . After the 2008 season had ended , in mid January 2009 , Favre told Jets General Manager Mike Tannenbaum , " it may be time to look in a different direction " regarding the quarterback position . On February 11 , 2009 , Favre informed the Jets that he was retiring after 18 seasons . He remained property of the New York Jets organization , until April 28 , 2009 , when the Jets released Favre from his contract , thus allowing him to sign anywhere he wanted . By May 2009 , he was officially cut from the Jets Reserve / Retired list . In September 2009 , Favre again made Jets news , as the NFL learned that the Jets were aware that Favre injured his arm in the eleventh game of the 2008 season , and fined the Jets $ 125 @,@ 000 for not reporting the injury in any of the Jets ' five final games .
= = = Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = =
Favre officially signed with the Minnesota Vikings on August 18 , 2009 . He would go on to have a landmark season in which he surpassed former Vikings defensive end Jim Marshall for consecutive starts at one position , with 291 , became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat every one of the league 's 32 franchises since the NFL first expanded to 32 franchises in 2002 , surpassed Dan Marino 's previous record for four @-@ touchdown games , and was named to his 11th Pro Bowl . The Vikings finished 12 @-@ 4 and advanced to the NFC Championship game , ultimately losing in overtime to the eventual Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints . Despite the loss , Favre set playoff records for pass completions and passing yards previously held by Joe Montana .
On August 3 , 2010 , NBC Sports reported the confirmation of Brett Favre returning to the Minnesota Vikings but saying that that the 2010 season would be his final season . An announcement was given on August 17 , 2010 confirming his return to the team . That season , Brett Favre achieved two milestones . He threw for his 500th touchdown and 70,000th yard against the New York Jets . On November 7 , 2010 , in a game against the Arizona Cardinals , Favre threw for a career high 446 yards while rallying the Vikings from a 14 @-@ point 4th quarter deficit to win in overtime . On December 5 , 2010 , in a game against the Buffalo Bills , Favre was hit by Bills linebacker Arthur Moats while making a throw , causing him to sustain a sprain of the AC joint in his right shoulder . Favre missed the rest of the game and was replaced by Tarvaris Jackson who led the Vikings to victory despite throwing three interceptions .
On December 13 , 2010 , due to his sprained shoulder , Brett Favre was marked inactive for the game against the New York Giants ending his consecutive regular season start streak at 297 . Favre started a total of 321 games including post @-@ season appearances . On December 20 , 2010 while playing the Chicago Bears outside at TCF Bank Stadium due to the collapse of the roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Favre sustained a concussion after being sacked by Bears defensive end Corey Wootton . This would be his final appearance in an NFL game .
On January 2 , 2011 , Favre was unable to play against the Detroit Lions in the final game of the regular NFL season due to his inability to pass NFL @-@ mandated post @-@ concussion tests . In a press conference immediately following the game , Favre announced his intention to retire from professional football . On January 17 , 2011 , Favre officially filed his retirement papers with the NFL .
= = = Post @-@ NFL health issues = = =
In 2013 , Favre was asked to consider returning to the NFL to play for the injury @-@ plagued St. Louis Rams . He turned down the offer , telling WSPZ radio in Washington , D.C. that he has suffered memory loss and that he feared it was related to the multiple concussions he suffered throughout his career . He was previously asked in a 2009 interview with NBC how many times he had played with a concussion that with the new standards would have resulted in him sitting out . ' A lot . ' , he replied .
= = = Post @-@ NFL career analyst work = = =
Favre was the analyst for his alma mater , Southern Miss , when they played the Rice Owls on October 1 , 2011 . He later joined NFL Network for pregame coverage of Super Bowl XLVII . It has also been reported that Favre has turned down repeated offers from NFL Network to become an on @-@ air analyst .
= = Career achievements = =
= = = Honors and awards = = =
Favre has received several awards including :
3 × Associated Press Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) ( 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 ; the last shared with Barry Sanders ) .
11 × Pro Bowl selection .
6 × First- or Second @-@ team All @-@ Pro selection .
Named to the NFL 1990s All @-@ Decade Team .
Favre was inducted by the Green Bay Packers into the team Hall of Fame in July 2015 . On February 6 , 2016 , Favre was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of the class of 2016 .
He has also been honored by several organizations including Men 's Health Magazine , Sports Illustrated , Make a Wish Foundation , and United States Sports Academy .
= = = Records and milestones = = =
Favre owns several NFL records including :
Most pass completions ( 6 @,@ 300 )
Most pass attempts ( 10 @,@ 169 )
Most pass interceptions ( 336 )
Most starts ( 298 )
Most wins ( 186 ) ( tied with Peyton Manning )
He owns a number of team records , including having printed his name into almost every passing category in the annals of Green Bay Packers history .
He is the holder of several firsts in NFL history , including the only quarterback to win three consecutive NFL most valuable player awards and the only quarterback to win a playoff game over age 40 .
He also set a number of college records with Southern Mississippi .
= = = Consecutive starts streak = = =
Since first being named the starter of the Green Bay Packers before playing the Pittsburgh Steelers on September 27 , 1992 , Brett Favre had never missed a game spanning over 18 1 ⁄ 2 consecutive seasons . He holds the record for the most consecutive starts by any player in the NFL with 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , and is one of eight quarterbacks to have started 100 consecutive games in NFL history . Favre has stated that of all the records he set , he is most proud of the consecutive starts accomplishment .
Favre failed to finish a game due to injury on only eight occasions since taking control of the Packers as quarterback . Significant injuries suffered by Favre during the streak includes a first @-@ degree shoulder separation , deep thigh bruise , severely bruised left hip , severely sprained left ankle , wind knocked out coupled with coughing up blood , sprained right thumb , right elbow tendinitis , left mid @-@ foot sprain , sprained lateral collateral ligament of the left knee , broken left thumb , softball @-@ sized bruise of the left hamstring , mild concussion , sprained right hand , injured ulnar nerve of the right elbow , bone spurs on the left ankle , torn right biceps , pulled groin , stress fracture of the left ankle coupled with an avulsion fracture of calcaneus , and a sprained sternoclavicular joint of the right shoulder .
During Favre 's consecutive starts streak , 238 other quarterbacks have started in the NFL , 17 of them being back @-@ ups to Favre at one point .
The Pro Football Hall of Fame has as an exhibit displaying the jersey Favre wore during his record breaking 117th consecutive start as a quarterback , and a section of their website devoted to what the Hall of Fame calls an " Iron man " .
In 2009 , Favre surpassed Jim Marshall for starts at any position with his record @-@ breaking 271st start as a quarterback as the Vikings played the Lions . His streak ended at 297 , with the last start in the streak coming on December 5 , 2010 . Favre was unable to start the Vikings ' December 13 game against the New York Giants due to a shoulder injury , despite the game being delayed for a day because of the collapse of the Metrodome roof .
= = = Statistics = = =
Favre 's professional statistics :
= = Retirement speculation = =
2002 : In September , Peter King conducted an interview with Favre during spring training . Favre told him that he missed home and was thinking more and more about retirement . When then head @-@ coach Mike Sherman told the players they could have off on Saturday and Sunday , Favre replied " I wish I could be on my lawn mower back home . "
2003 : Favre was constantly asked about retirement throughout the early part of the year . Favre jokingly responded by saying " I can 't even remember how the whole retirement thing started , but whoever started it needs to be shot . "
2005 : After the Packers got off to a slow start , rumors that Favre might retire started to escalate . Favre responded by saying " At 0 @-@ 3 , I think most people would say ' Oh , he 's gone after this year , or they won 't even want him back . ' ... I don 't even think about when that time might come . "
2006 : In an interview with ESPN in January , after the Packers had finished 4 @-@ 12 , Favre admitted that if he had to make a decision right away he would not come back . He went on to say " There 's other days , I go , ' What if it 's crunch time , two minutes left , do you want the ball ? ' I don 't know if I do . " In March , Favre hears Phil Simms say on Sirius Radio that as long as Favre can physically play the game , he should . Shortly thereafter , Favre confirms he would return to play . After the Packers defeated the Chicago Bears the last game of the season 26 @-@ 7 , Favre choked up during an interview with Andrea Kremer by saying " If today 's my last game , I want to remember it . It 's tough . It 's tough . I 'll miss these guys . I 'll miss this game . I just want every one to know that ... I didn 't plan on doing this . Way to put me on the spot . " Asked if he was indeed going to retire , Favre responded " We 'll see . We 'll see . I don 't want to say anything right now . " After the game , a Packers teammate said that Favre was just as emotional in a speech after the Seattle Seahawks game in 2005 at Lambeau Field when he was all but certain he was going to retire .
2007 : In February , Favre tells the Biloxi Sun Herald that he plans to come back for another season with the Packers .
2008 : In early March , Favre announces that he is retiring from the Green Bay Packers . At a news conference he said " I know I can play , but I don 't think I want to . It 's been a great career for me , but it 's over . As they say , all good things must come to an end . I look forward to whatever the future may hold for me . " Later in the month Favre has second thoughts and wants to return . According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , Favre backed out of a meeting with Packers management two days before re @-@ entry talks were to begin . In April , Sam Farmer from the Los Angeles Times reported that Favre 's agent Bus Cook was making inquiries to other teams about Favre . Favre responded by saying " I have no idea where that came from , but it certainly didn 't come from me . I 'm happy about my decision and I haven 't once said ' I wonder if I made the wrong decision . ' I know it 's the right one . It 's kind of funny . Even when I 'm retired , they won 't let me stay retired . " Also in April , the Packers placed Favre on the Reserve @-@ Retired list and planned to have Favre 's number retired during the season opener against the Minnesota Vikings . In June , Favre said he told head coach Mike McCarthy he wanted to come back to the team . He said " When he picked up the phone again after he dropped it , he said , ' Oh , God , Brett . You 're putting us in a tight spot . He said , ' Brett , playing here is not an option . ' Those were his exact , exact words . " In July , Favre sent a letter requesting his release from the Packers . A couple months earlier Favre contacted Mike McCarthy about coming out of retirement and was " rebuffed " according to a Milwaukee Journal Sentinel report . Then a report came in from ESPN that said that Favre had wanted to come out of retirement but the Packers were reluctant to take him back . The Packers refused to give Favre an unconditional release . A few days later , Favre had an interview with Greta Van Susteren of Fox News where he accused general manager Ted Thompson of forcing him to make a decision on his return to the team too quickly . Two days after the interview , the Packers filed tampering charges with the NFL front office charging that the Minnesota Vikings had inappropriate contact with Favre . The Packers then offered Favre a retirement package of $ 25 million marketing agreement to remain retired . This offer was rejected and Favre was subsequently traded to the New York Jets .
2009 : In February , Favre said he retired although his agent Bus Cook asked for his release from the New York Jets . After the Jets released him in April , Bus Cook e @-@ mailed Jarrett Bell of USA Today that " He 's retired , working on his farm in Mississippi . " In May , Minnesota Vikings head coach Brad Childress set up a meeting with Favre to discuss him possibly playing with the team . In July , Childress said Favre would not be coming out of retirement . However , in August Favre announced he would come back and play for the Vikings .
2010 : On February 7 , Favre appeared in a second quarter Super Bowl XLIV ad for Hyundai parodying his retirement indecisiveness . In the ad , set after the 2020 NFL season , a grayed 50 year old Farve accepts the season MVP award and ponders retirement , but can 't commit one way or the other . In April , Favre indicated that if it were not for his Vikings teammates and fans , it would be easy to retire . In early August , Favre 's ankle ( which was injured during the 2009 playoffs ) had not responded after surgery and rehabilitation . As a result , he informed the team that he would not be coming back for another season . However , two weeks later he told teammates Jared Allen , Steve Hutchinson and Ryan Longwell he was coming back for another season .
2011 : In January , Favre filed retirement papers with the NFL . In December , a report from ESPN @-@ Chicago indicated that Favre would be open to coming back from retirement if the Chicago Bears were interested . However , head coach Lovie Smith and Favre denied the report . Favre said " In spite of reports about playing with various teams , I 'm enjoying retirement with my family and have no plans to play football . "
2013 : Favre 's agent Bus Cook indicated early in the season that Favre could still play in the NFL . When asked about what his agent said , Favre responded " I am ( in shape ) , but I am no way considering playing ... The stress level was much , much more ( when I played ) .... The demands are , don 't get me wrong , I want to win , but it 's not a job . " A few weeks later , in late October , the St. Louis Rams called Favre after their starting quarterback Sam Bradford was lost for the season , but Favre declined their offer to bring him out of retirement .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Family = = =
Favre married Deanna Tynes on July 14 , 1996 . Together , they have two daughters , Brittany ( born 1989 ) and Breleigh ( born 1999 ) . Brittany has given birth to two grandsons named Parker Brett ( was born to Brittany on April 2 , 2010 ) and A.J. The NFL stated that at the time it did not know of any other active players with grandchildren .
Favre 's mother , Bonita , helps manage his holdings in agriculture and real estate , handle his endorsements and appearances and oversee his charity work . Brett and Bonita Favre released a book in 2004 titled Favre ( ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 59071 @-@ 036 @-@ 4 ) which discusses their personal family and Green Bay Packers family , including the Monday Night Football game that followed the death of Brett 's father Irvin Favre .
Brett 's nephew Dylan Favre plays quarterback for Cedar Rapids of the Indoor Football League , having joined the Titans in 2016 after playing in college at Mississippi State , Pearl River Community College and the University of Tennessee @-@ Martin .
= = = High school coaching = = =
In 2012 , Favre became the offensive coordinator for Oak Grove High School . Favre won his first game as a coach by a score of 64 – 6 . In December 2013 , with Favre still serving as the offensive coordinator , Oak Grove High School won the Class 6A Mississippi high school state championship . In May 2014 , it was announced that Favre would continue to help out at Oak Grove , but would no longer be offensive coordinator .
= = = Charitable work = = =
Favre established the Brett Favre Fourward Foundation in 1996 . In conjunction with his annual golf tournament , celebrity softball game and fundraising dinners , the foundation has donated more than $ 2 million to charities in his home state of Mississippi as well as to those in his adopted state of Wisconsin .
Favre is involved with youth that are ill . Favre was awarded the Chris Greicius Celebrity Award from the Make a Wish Foundation . He is also known to respond to requests made to his foundation regarding youth with serious illnesses such as cancer .
= = = Business = = =
In 1999 , Favre worked with NASCAR driver Dale Jarrett to operate Jarrett / Favre Motorsports in the Busch Series , which lasted two seasons .
The Favre family owns and operates the Brett Favre 's Steakhouse , located in Green Bay , Wisconsin .
In 2013 , Favre joined the Board of Directors of Sqor , a sport social media platform . Favre 's role includes product ambassador , sports insights and advising Sqor on business interests with teams , leagues and sports conferences .
= = = Entertainment = = =
Favre made a cameo appearance in the 1998 romantic comedy film There 's Something About Mary as Cameron Diaz 's character 's former love interest .
= = = Endorsements = = =
Favre has been a spokesperson for multiple companies , including Nike , Snapper , Remington , Sears , Prilosec , Sensodyne , MasterCard , Wrangler , Bergstrom Automotive , and Hyundai .
Prior to the Mississippi runoff election on June 24 , 2014 , Favre endorsed the incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Thad Cochran in his race against State Senator Chris McDaniel , a " tea party " favorite .
= = = NFL personal conduct issues = = =
In 1996 , Favre was temporarily banned by the NFL from drinking alcohol after he admitted he was addicted to Vicodin and spent 46 days at a drug rehab clinic before the start of the season . His condition was serious enough that he suffered a potentially deadly seizure .
In 2010 , the NFL investigated Favre for allegedly sexting and leaving inappropriate voice messages for Jets " Gameday host " Jenn Sterger during the 2008 season . According to the NFL , forensic analysis failed to prove Favre sent the objectionable photographs to Sterger . Favre was found not to be in violation of the NFL 's personal conduct policy , but was fined $ 50 @,@ 000 for failing to cooperate with the investigation .
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= Decline in amphibian populations =
Although scientists observed reduction in populations of several European amphibian species since the 1950s , awareness of the decline of amphibian populations and its classification as a modern @-@ day global mass extinction only dates from the 1980s . By 1993 , more than 500 species of frogs and salamanders present on all five continents were in decline . Today , the phenomenon of declining amphibian populations affects thousands of species in all types of ecosystems and is thus recognized as one of the most severe examples of the Holocene extinction , with severe implications for global biodiversity .
Since the 1980s , decreases in amphibian populations , including population crashes and mass localized extinctions , have been spotted from locations all over the world . These declines are known as one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity , and several causes are believed to be involved , including disease , habitat destruction and modification , exploitation , pollution , pesticide use , introduced species , and ultraviolet @-@ B radiation ( UV @-@ B ) . However , many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood , and the topic is currently a subject of much ongoing research . Calculations based on extinction rates suggest that the current extinction rate of amphibians could be 211 times greater than the background extinction rate and the estimate goes up to 25 @,@ 000 – 45 @,@ 000 times if endangered species are also included in the computation .
= = Background = =
In the past three decades , declines in populations of amphibians ( the class of organisms that includes frogs , toads , salamanders , newts , and caecilians ) have occurred worldwide . In 2004 , the results were published of the first worldwide assessment of amphibian populations , the Global Amphibian Assessment . This found that 32 % of species were globally threatened , at least 43 % were experiencing some form of population decrease , and that between 9 and 122 species have become extinct since 1980 . As of 2010 , the IUCN Red List , which incorporates the Global Amphibian Assessment and subsequent updates , lists 486 amphibian species as " Critically Endangered " . Despite the high risk this group faces , recent evidence suggests the public is growing largely indifferent to this and other environmental problems , posing serious problems for conservationists and environmental workers alike .
Habitat loss , disease and climate change are thought to be responsible for the drastic decline in populations in recent years . Declines have been particularly intense in the western United States , Central America , South America , eastern Australia and Fiji ( although cases of amphibian extinctions have appeared worldwide ) . While human activities are causing a loss of much of the world ’ s biodiversity , amphibians appear to be suffering much greater effects than other classes of organism . Because amphibians generally have a two @-@ staged life cycle consisting of both aquatic ( larvae ) and terrestrial ( adult ) phases , they are sensitive to both terrestrial and aquatic environmental effects . Because their skins are highly permeable , they may be more susceptible to toxins in the environment than other organisms such as birds or mammals . Many scientists believe that amphibians serve as " canaries in a coal mine , " and that declines in amphibian populations and species indicate that other groups of animals and plants will soon be at risk .
Declines in amphibian populations were first widely recognized in the late 1980s , when a large gathering of herpetologists reported noticing declines in populations in amphibians across the globe . Among these species , the Golden toad ( Bufo periglenes ) endemic to Monteverde , Costa Rica , featured prominently . It was the subject of scientific research until populations suddenly crashed in 1987 and it had disappeared completely by 1989 . Other species at Monteverde , including the Monteverde Harlequin Frog ( Atelopus varius ) , also disappeared at the same time . Because these species were located in the pristine Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve , and these extinctions could not be related to local human activities , they raised particular concern among biologists .
= = Initial scepticism = =
When amphibian declines were first presented as a conservation issue in the late 1980s , some scientists remained unconvinced of the reality and gravity of the conservation issue . Some biologists argued that populations of most organisms , amphibians included , naturally vary through time . They argued that the lack of long @-@ term data on amphibian populations made it difficult to determine whether the anecdotal declines reported by biologists were worth the ( often limited ) time and money of conservation efforts .
However , since this initial scepticism , biologists have come to a consensus that declines in amphibian populations are a real and severe threat to biodiversity . This consensus emerged with an increase in the number of studies that monitored amphibian populations , direct observation of mass mortality in pristine sites that lacked apparent cause , and an awareness that declines in amphibian populations are truly global in nature .
= = Potential causes = =
Numerous potential explanations for amphibian declines have been proposed . Most or all of these causes have been associated with some population declines , so each cause is likely to affect in certain circumstances but not others . Many of the causes of amphibian declines are well @-@ understood , and appear to affect other groups of organisms as well as amphibians . These causes include habitat modification and fragmentation , introduced predators or competitors , introduced species , pollution , pesticide use , or over @-@ harvesting . However , many amphibian declines or extinctions have occurred in pristine habitats where the above effects are not likely to occur . The causes of these declines are complex , but many can be attributed to emerging diseases , climate change , increased ultraviolet @-@ B radiation , or long @-@ distance transmission of chemical contaminants by wind .
Artificial lighting has been suggested as another potential cause . Insects are attracted to lights making them scarcer within the amphibian habitats .
= = = Habitat modification = = =
Habitat modification or destruction is one of the most dramatic issues affecting amphibian species worldwide . As amphibians generally need aquatic and terrestrial habitats to survive , threats to either habitat can affect populations . Hence , amphibians may be more vulnerable to habitat modification than organisms that only require one habitat type . Large scale climate changes may further be modifying aquatic habitats , preventing amphibians from spawning altogether .
= = = Habitat fragmentation = = =
Habitat fragmentation occurs when habitats are isolated by habitat modification , such as when a small area of forest is completely surrounded by agricultural fields . Small populations that survive within such fragments are often susceptible to inbreeding , genetic drift , or extinction due to small fluctuations in the environment .
= = = Pollution and chemical contaminants = = =
There is evidence of chemical pollutants causing frog developmental deformities ( extra limbs , or malformed eyes ) . Pollutants have varying effects on frogs . Some alter the central nervous system ; others like atrazine cause a disruption in the production and secretion of hormones . Experimental studies have also shown that exposure to commonly used herbicides such as glyphosate ( Tradename Roundup ) or insecticides such as malathion or carbaryl greatly increase mortality of tadpoles . Additional studies have indicated that terrestrial adult stages of amphibians are also susceptible to non @-@ active ingredients in Roundup , particularly POEA , which is a surfactant . Atrazine has been shown to cause male tadpoles of African clawed frogs to become hermaphroditic with development of both male and female organs . Such feminization has been reported in many parts of the world . In a study conducted in a laboratory at Uppsala University in Sweden , more than 50 % of frogs exposed to levels of estrogen @-@ like pollutants existing in natural bodies of water in Europe and the United States became females . Tadpoles exposed even to the weakest concentration of estrogen were twice as likely to become females while almost all of the control group given the heaviest dose became female .
While most pesticide effects are likely to be local and restricted to areas near agriculture , there is evidence from the Sierra Nevada mountains of the western United States that pesticides are traveling long distances into pristine areas , including Yosemite National Park in California .
Some recent evidence points to ozone as a possible contributing factor to the worldwide decline of amphibians .
= = = Ozone depletion , ultraviolet radiation and cloud cover = = =
Like many other organisms , increasing ultraviolet @-@ B ( UVB ) radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion and other factors may harm the DNA of amphibians , particularly their eggs . The amount of damage depends upon the life stage , the species type and other environmental parameters . Salamanders and frogs that produce less photolyase , an enzyme that counteracts DNA damage from UVB , are more susceptible to the effects of loss of the ozone layer . Exposure to ultraviolet radiation may not kill a particular species or life stage but may cause sublethal damage .
More than three dozen species of amphibians have been studied , with severe effects reported in more than 40 publications in peer @-@ reviewed journals representing authors from North America , Europe and Australia . Experimental enclosure approaches to determine UVB effects on egg stages have been criticized ; for example , egg masses were placed at water depths much shallower than is typical for natural oviposition sites . While UVB radiation is an important stressor for amphibians , its effect on the egg stage may have been overstated .
Anthropogenic climate change has likely exerted a major effect on amphibian declines . For example , in the Monteverde Cloud Forest , a series of unusually warm years led to the mass disappearances of the Monteverde Harlequin frog and the Golden Toad . An increased level of cloud cover , a result of geoengineering and global warming , which has warmed the nights and cooled daytime temperatures , has been blamed for facilitating the growth and proliferation of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( the causative agent of the fungal infection chytridiomycosis ) .
Although the immediate cause of the die offs was the chytrid , climate change played a pivotal role in the extinctions . Researchers included this subtle connection in their inclusive climate @-@ linked epidemic hypothesis , which acknowledged climatic change as a key factor in amphibian extinctions both in Costa Rica and elsewhere .
New evidence has shown global warming to also be capable of directly degrading toads ' body condition and survivorship . Additionally , the phenomenon often colludes with landscape alteration , pollution , and species invasions to effect amphibian extinctions .
= = = Disease = = =
A number of diseases have been related to mass die @-@ offs or declines in populations of amphibians , including " red @-@ leg " disease ( Aeromonas hydrophila ) , Ranavirus ( family Iridoviridae ) , Anuraperkinsus , and chytridiomycosis . It is not entirely clear why these diseases have suddenly begun to affect amphibian populations , but some evidence suggests that these diseases may have been spread by humans , or may be more virulent when combined with other environmental factors .
= = = = Trematodes = = = =
There is considerable evidence that parasitic trematode platyhelminths ( a type of fluke ) have contributed to developmental abnormalities and population declines of amphibians in some regions . These trematodes of the genus Ribeiroia have a complex life cycle with three host species . The first host includes a number of species of aquatic snails . The early larval stages of the trematodes then are transmitted into aquatic tadpoles , where the metacercariae ( larvae ) encyst in developing limb buds . These encysted life stages produce developmental abnormalities in post @-@ metamorphic frogs , including additional or missing limbs . These abnormalities increase frog predation by aquatic birds , the final host of the trematode .
A study showed that high levels of nutrients used in farming and ranching activities fuel parasite infections that have caused frog deformities in ponds and lakes across North America . The study showed increased levels of nitrogen and phosphorus cause sharp hikes in the abundance of trematodes , and that the parasites subsequently form cysts in the developing limbs of tadpoles causing missing limbs , extra limbs and other severe malformations including five or six extra or even no limbs .
= = = = Chytridiomycosis = = = =
In 1998 , following large @-@ scale frog deaths in Australia and Central America , research teams in both areas came up with identical results : a previously undescribed species of pathogenic fungus , Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . It is now clear that many recent extinctions of amphibians in Australia and the Americas are linked to this fungus . This fungus belongs to a family of saprobes known as chytrids that are not generally pathogenic .
The disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is called chytridiomycosis . Frogs infected by this disease generally show skin lesions and hyperkeratosis , and it is believed that death occurs because of interference with skin functions including maintenance of fluid balance , electrolyte homeostasis , respiration and role as a barrier to infections . The time from infection to death has been found to be 1 – 2 weeks in experimental tests , but infected animals can carry the fungus as long as 220 days . There are several hypotheses on the transmission and vectors of the fungus .
Subsequent research has established that the fungus has been present in Australia since at least 1978 , and present in North America since at least the 1970s . The first known record of chytrid infection in frogs is in the African Clawed Frog , Xenopus laevis . Because Xenopus are sold in pet shops and used in laboratories around the world , it is possible that the chytrid fungus may have been exported from Africa .
= = = Introduced predators = = =
Non @-@ native predators and competitors have also been found to affect the viability of frogs in their habitats . The mountain yellow @-@ legged frog which typically inhabits the Sierra Nevada lakes have seen a decline in numbers due to stocking of non @-@ native fish ( trout ) for recreational fishing . The developing tadpoles and froglets fall prey to the fish in large numbers . This interference in the frog 's three @-@ year metamorphosis is causing a decline that is manifest throughout their ecosystem .
= = = Increased noise levels = = =
Frogs and toads are highly vocal , and their reproductive behaviour often involves the use of vocalizations . There have been suggestions that increased noise levels caused by human activities may be contributing to their declines . In a study in Thailand , increased ambient noise levels were shown to decrease calling in some species and to cause an increase in others . This has , however , not been shown to be a cause for the widespread decline .
= = Symptoms of stressed populations = =
Amphibian populations in the beginning stages of decline often exude a number of signs , which may potentially be used to identify at @-@ risk segments in conservation efforts . One such sign is developmental instability , which has been proven as evidence of environmental stress . This environmental stress can potentially raise susceptibility to diseases such as chytridiomycosis , and thus lead to amphibian declines . In a study conducted in Queensland , Australia , for example , populations of two amphibian species , Litoria nannotis and Litoria genimaculata , were found to exhibit far greater levels of limb asymmetry in pre @-@ decline years than in control years , the latter of which preceded die offs by an average of 16 years . Learning to identify such signals in the critical period before population declines occur might greatly improve conservation efforts .
= = Conservation measures = =
On 16 February 2007 , scientists worldwide met in Atlanta , U.S. , to form a group called the Amphibian Ark to help save more than 6 @,@ 000 species of amphibians from disappearing by starting captive breeding programmes . Conservation efforts have been created by several organizations such as Amphibian Conservation Alliance ( ACA ) and the World Wildlife Fund to help further studies on frog extinction and educate people on the issue at hand .
Areas with noticed frog extinctions , like Australia , have few policies that have been created to prevent the extinction of these species . However , local initiatives have been placed where conscious efforts to decrease global warming will also turn into a conscious effort towards saving the frogs . In South America , where there is also an increased decline of amphibian populations , there is no set policy to try to save frogs . Some suggestions would include getting entire governments to place a set of rules and institutions as a source of guidelines that local governments have to abide by .
A critical issue is how to design protected areas for amphibians which will provide suitable conditions for their survival . Conservation efforts through the use of protected areas have shown to generally be a temporary solution to population decline and extinction because the amphibians become inbred . It is crucial for most amphibians to maintain a high level of genetic variation through large and more diverse environments .
Education of local people to protect amphibians is crucial , along with legislation for local protection and limiting the use of toxic chemicals , including some fertilizers and pesticides in sensitive amphibian areas .
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= Thomas R. Marshall =
Thomas Riley Marshall ( March 14 , 1854 – June 1 , 1925 ) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States ( 1913 – 21 ) under Woodrow Wilson . A prominent lawyer in Indiana , he became an active and well known member of the Indiana Democratic Party by stumping across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the 27th Governor of Indiana . In office , he proposed a controversial and progressive state constitution and pressed for other progressive era reforms . The Republican minority used the state courts to block the attempt to change the constitution .
His popularity as governor , and Indiana 's status as a critical swing state , helped him secure the Democratic vice presidential nomination on a ticket with Wilson in 1912 and win the subsequent general election . An ideological rift developed between the two men during their first term , leading Wilson to limit Marshall 's influence in the administration , and his brand of humor caused Wilson to move Marshall 's office away from the White House . During Marshall 's second term he delivered morale @-@ boosting speeches across the nation during World War I and became the first vice president to hold cabinet meetings , which he did while Wilson was in Europe . While he was president in the United States Senate , a small number of anti @-@ war senators kept it deadlocked by refusing to end debate . To enable critical wartime legislation to be passed , Marshall had the body adopt its first procedural rule allowing filibusters to be ended by a two @-@ thirds majority vote — a variation of this rule remains in effect .
Marshall 's vice presidency is most remembered for a leadership crisis following a stroke that incapacitated Wilson in October 1919 . Because of their personal dislike for him , Wilson 's advisers and wife sought to keep Marshall uninformed about the president 's condition to prevent him from easily assuming the presidency . Many people , including cabinet officials and Congressional leaders , urged Marshall to become acting president , but he refused to forcibly assume the presidency for fear of setting a precedent . Without strong leadership in the executive branch , the administration 's opponents defeated the ratification of the League of Nations treaty and effectively returned the United States to an isolationist foreign policy . Vice President Marshall is also the only known Vice President of the United States to have been the target of an assassination attempt .
Well known for his wit and sense of humor , one of Marshall 's most enduring jokes came during a Senate debate in which , in response to Senator Joseph Bristow 's catalog of the nation 's needs , Marshall quipped the often @-@ repeated phrase , " What this country needs is a really good five @-@ cent cigar " , provoking laughter . After his terms as vice president , he opened an Indianapolis law practice , where he authored several legal books and his memoir , Recollections . He continued to travel and speak publicly . Marshall died while on a trip after suffering a heart attack in 1925 .
= = Early life = =
= = = Family and background = = =
Thomas Marshall 's paternal grandfather , Riley Marshall , immigrated to Indiana in 1817 and settled on a farm in what is now Whitley County . He became wealthy when a moderate deposit of oil and natural gas was discovered on his farm ; when he sold the farm in 1827 it earned $ 25 @,@ 000 , $ 474 @,@ 044 in 2009 chained dollars . The money allowed him to purchase a modest estate and spend the rest of his life as an active member of the Indiana Democratic Party , serving as an Indiana State Senator , party chairman , and financial contributor . He was also able to send his only child , Daniel , to medical school .
Marshall 's mother , Martha Patterson , was orphaned at age 13 while living in Ohio and came to live with her sister on a farm near the Marshalls ' Indiana home . She was known for her wit and humor , as her son later would be . Martha and Daniel met and married in 1848 .
Thomas Marshall was born in North Manchester , Indiana on March 14 , 1854 . Two years later , a sister was born , but she died in infancy . Martha had contracted tuberculosis , which Daniel believed to be the cause of their infant daughter 's poor health . While Marshall was still a young boy , his family moved several times in search of a good climate for Daniel to attempt different " outdoor cures " on Martha . They moved first to Quincy , Illinois in 1857 . Daniel Marshall was a supporter of the American Union and a staunch Democrat , and took his son to the Lincoln and Douglas debate in Freeport in 1858 . There the four @-@ year @-@ old Marshall met Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln and sat on the lap of whichever candidate was not speaking . He later referred to this as one of his earliest and most cherished memories .
The family moved to Osawatomie , Kansas in 1859 but the violence on the frontier led them to move to Missouri in 1860 ; eventually Daniel succeeded in curing Martha 's disease . As the American Civil War neared , violence spread into Missouri during the Bleeding Kansas incidents . In October several men led by Duff Green demanded that Daniel Marshall provide medical assistance to the pro @-@ slavery faction . He refused , and they left . After their departure , the Marshalls ' neighbors warned them that Green was planning to return and murder them . They helped the Marshalls quickly pack their belongings and escape to Illinois by steamboat . The Marshalls remained there only a brief time before continuing to Indiana , even farther from the volatile border region .
= = = Education = = =
On settling in Pierceton , Indiana , Marshall began to attend public school . His father and grandfather became embroiled in a dispute with their Methodist minister when they refused to vote Republican in the 1862 election . The minister threatened to expel them from the church , to which Marshall 's grandfather replied that he would " take his risk on hell , but not the Republican Party " . The dispute prompted the family to move again , to Fort Wayne , and convert to the Presbyterian church . In Fort Wayne , Marshall attended high school , graduating in 1869 . At age fifteen his parents sent him to Wabash College , in Crawfordsville , where he received a classical education . His father advised him to study medicine or become a minister , but neither interested him ; he entered the school without knowing which profession he would take upon graduation .
Marshall joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity , participated in literary and debating societies , and founded a Democratic Club . He secured a position on the staff of the college newspaper , the Geyser , and began writing political columns defending Democratic policies . In 1872 he wrote an unfavorable column about a female lecturer at the school , accusing her of " seeking liberties " with the young boys in their boarding house . She hired lawyer Lew Wallace , the author of Ben @-@ Hur , and filed a suit demanding that Marshall pay her $ 20 @,@ 000 for libel . Marshall traveled to Indianapolis in search of a defense lawyer and employed future United States President Benjamin Harrison , then a prominent lawyer in the area . Harrison had the suit dropped by showing that the charges made by Marshall were probably true . In Marshall 's memoir , he wrote that when he approached Harrison to pay his bill , his lawyer informed him that he would not charge him for the service , but instead gave him a lecture on ethics .
Marshall was elected to Phi Beta Kappa during his final year at college . He graduated in June 1873 , receiving the top grade in fourteen of his thirty @-@ six courses in a class of twenty @-@ one students . As a result of his libel case , he had become increasingly interested in law and began seeking someone to teach him . At that time , the only way to become a lawyer in Indiana was to apprentice under a member of the Indiana bar association . His great @-@ uncle Woodson Marshall began to help him , but soon moved away . Marshall went to live with his parents , who had moved to Columbia City . There he read law in the office of Walter Olds , a future member of the Indiana Supreme Court . He studied in the office for over a year and was admitted to the Indiana bar on April 26 , 1875 .
= = = Law practice = = =
Marshall opened a law practice in Columbia City in 1876 , taking on many minor cases . After gaining prominence , he accepted William F. McNagny as a partner in 1879 and began taking many criminal defense cases . The two men functioned well as partners . McNagny was better educated in law and worked out their legal arguments . Marshall , the superior orator , argued the cases before the judge and jury . Their firm became well known in the region after they handled a number of high @-@ profile cases . In 1880 Marshall ran for public office for the first time as the Democratic candidate for his district 's prosecuting attorney . The district was a Republican stronghold , and he was defeated . About the same time , he met and began to court Kate Hooper , and the two became engaged to marry . Kate died of an illness in 1882 , one day before they were to be wed . Her death was a major emotional blow to Marshall , leading him to become an alcoholic .
Marshall lived with his parents into his thirties . His father died in the late 1880s and his mother died in 1894 , leaving him with the family estate and business . In 1895 , while working on a case , Marshall met Lois Kimsey who was working as a clerk in her father 's law firm . Despite their nineteen @-@ year age difference , the couple fell in love and married on October 2 . The Marshalls had a close marriage and were nearly inseparable , and spent only two nights apart during their nearly thirty @-@ year marriage .
Marshall 's alcoholism had begun to interfere with his busy life prior to his marriage . He arrived at court hung @-@ over on several occasions and was unable to keep his addiction secret in his small hometown . His wife helped him to overcome his drinking problem and give up liquor after she locked him in their home for two weeks to undergo a treatment regimen . Thereafter , he became active in temperance organizations and delivered several speeches about the dangers of liquor . Although he had stopped drinking , his past alcoholism was later raised by opponents during his gubernatorial election campaign .
Marshall remained active in the Democratic party after his 1880 defeat and began stumping on behalf of other candidates and helping to organize party rallies across the state . His speeches were noted for their partisanship , but his rhetoric gradually shifted away from a conservative viewpoint in the 1890s as he began to identify himself with the growing progressive movement . He became a member of the state Democratic Central Committee in 1904 , a position that raised his popularity and influence in the party .
Marshall and his wife were involved in several private organizations . He was active in the Presbyterian Church , taught Sunday school , and served on the county fair board . As he grew wealthy from his law firm he became involved in local charities . An active Mason and member of the Grand Lodge of Indiana , by 1898 he was a Master Mason and had risen to the thirty @-@ third degree in the Scottish Rite , the highest level of the order , and had become a member of its Supreme Council . He remained an active mason until his death and served on several masonic charitable boards .
= = Governorship = =
= = = Campaign = = =
In 1906 , Marshall declined his party 's nomination to run for Congress . He did hint to state party leaders that he would be interested in running for governor in the 1908 election . He soon gained the support of several key labor unions , and was endorsed by a reporter in the Indianapolis Star . Despite this support , at the state convention he was a dark horse candidate . Party boss Thomas Taggart did not support him because of Marshall 's support of prohibition . Taggart wanted the party to nominate anti @-@ prohibitionist Samuel Ralston , but the prohibitionist and anti @-@ Taggart factions united with Marshall 's supporters , giving him the votes needed to win .
Marshall 's opponent in the general election was Republican Congressman James E. Watson , and the campaign focused on temperance and prohibition . Just as it began , the Republican @-@ controlled state government passed a local @-@ option law that allowed counties to ban the sale of liquor . The law became the central point of debate between the parties and their gubernatorial candidates . The Democrats proposed that the local @-@ option law be changed so that the decision to ban liquor sales could be made at the city and township level . This drew support from anti @-@ prohibitionists , who saw it as an opportunity to roll back prohibition in some areas , and as the only alternative available to the total prohibition which the Republican Party advocated . The Democratic position also helped to retain prohibitionists ' support by allowing prohibition to remain enacted in communities where a majority supported it . The Republican Party was in the midst of a period of instability , splitting along progressive and conservative lines . Their internal problems proved to be the deciding factor in the election , giving Marshall a narrow victory : he received 48 @.@ 1 % of the vote to Watson 's 48 % . He was the first Democratic governor in two decades . Democrats also came to power in the Indiana House of Representatives by a small margin , though Republicans retained control of the Indiana Senate .
= = = Progressive agenda = = =
Marshall was inaugurated as Governor of Indiana on January 11 , 1909 . Since his party had been out of power for many years , its initial objective was to appoint as many Democrats as possible to patronage positions . Marshall tried to avoid becoming directly involved in the patronage system . He allowed the party 's different factions to have positions and appointed very few of his own choices . He allowed Taggart to manage the process and pick the candidates , but signed off himself on the official appointments . Although his position on patronage kept peace in his party , it prevented him from building a strong political base .
During his term , Marshall focused primarily on advancing the progressive agenda . He successfully advocated the passage of a child labor law and anti @-@ corruption legislation . He supported popular election of United States Senators , and the constitutional amendment to allow it was ratified by the Indiana General Assembly during his term . He also overhauled the state auditing agencies and claimed to have saved the government millions of dollars . He was unsuccessful in passing the rest of the progressive platform agenda items or persuading the legislature to call a convention to rewrite the state constitution to expand the government 's regulatory powers .
Marshall was a strong opponent of Indiana 's recently passed eugenics and sterilization laws , and ordered state institutions not to follow them . He was an early , high @-@ profile opponent of eugenics laws , and he carried his opposition into the vice @-@ presidency . His governorship was the first in which no state executions took place , due to his opposition to capital punishment and his practice of pardoning and commuting the sentences of people condemned to execution . He regularly attacked corporations and used recently created anti @-@ trust laws to attempt to break several large businesses . He participated in a number of ceremonial events , including personally laying the final golden brick to complete the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1909 .
= = = Marshall 's constitution = = =
Rewriting the state constitution became Marshall 's central focus as governor , and after the General Assembly refused to call a constitutional convention he began to seek alternative means by which to have a new constitution adopted . He and Jacob Piatt Dunn , a close friend and civic leader , wrote a new constitution that increased the state 's regulatory powers considerably , set minimum wages , and gave constitutional protections to unions . Many of these reforms were also in the Socialist Party platform under its leader , Terre Haute native Eugene V. Debs . Republicans believed Marshall 's constitution was an attempt to win over Debs ' supporters , who had a strong presence in Indiana . The constitution also allowed direct @-@ democracy initiatives and referendums to be held . The Democratic controlled assembly agreed to the request and put the measure on the ballot . His opponents attacked the direct @-@ democracy provisions , claiming they were a violation of the United States Constitution , which required states to operate republican forms of government . The 1910 mid @-@ term elections gave the Democrats control of the Indiana Senate , increasing the constitution 's chances of being adopted . Marshall presented it to the General Assembly in 1911 and recommended that they submit it to voters in the 1912 election .
Republicans opposed the ratification process , and were infuriated that the Democrats were attempting to revise the entire constitution without calling a constitutional convention , as had been called for the state 's two previous constitutions . Marshall argued that no convention was needed because the existing constitution did not call for one . Republicans took the issue to court and the Marion County Circuit Court granted an injunction removing the constitution from the 1912 ballot . Marshall appealed , but the Indiana Supreme Court upheld the decision in a judgment which stated that the Constitution of Indiana could not be replaced in total without a constitutional convention , based on the precedent set by Indiana 's first two constitutions . Marshall was angry with the decision and delivered a speech attacking the court and accusing it of overstepping its authority . He launched a final appeal to the United States Supreme Court but left office in January 1913 while the case was still pending . Later that year , the court declined the appeal , finding that the issue was within the sole jurisdiction of the state courts . Marshall was disappointed with the outcome . Subsequent historians , like Professor Linda Gugin , have called the process and the document itself " hopelessly flawed " , and legal expert James St. Claire has written that if the constitution had been adopted , large parts would probably have been ruled unconstitutional by the federal courts .
= = Vice presidency = =
= = = Election = = =
The Indiana constitution prevented Marshall from serving a consecutive term as governor . He made plans to run for a United States Senate seat after his term ended , but another opportunity presented itself during his last months as governor . Although he did not attend the 1912 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore , his name was put forward as Indiana 's choice for president . He was suggested as a compromise nominee , but William Jennings Bryan and his delegates endorsed Woodrow Wilson over Champ Clark , securing the nomination for Wilson . Indiana 's delegates lobbied to have Marshall named the vice presidential candidate in exchange for supporting Wilson . Indiana was an important swing state , and Wilson hoped that Marshall 's popularity would help him carry it in the general election . He had his delegates support Marshall , giving him the vice presidential nomination . Marshall privately turned down the nomination , assuming the job would be boring given its limited role . He changed his mind after Wilson assured him that he would be given plenty of responsibilities . During the campaign , Marshall traveled across the United States delivering speeches . The Wilson – Marshall ticket easily won the 1912 election because of the division between the Republican Party and the Progressive Party .
Marshall was not fond of Wilson , as he disagreed with him on a number of issues . Although Wilson invited Marshall to cabinet meetings , Marshall 's ideas were rarely considered for implementation , and Marshall eventually stopped attending them regularly . In 1913 Wilson took the then unheard @-@ of step of meeting personally with members of the Senate to discuss policy . Before this , presidents used the vice president ( who serves as president of the senate ) as a go @-@ between ; Wilson used the opportunity to show that he did not trust Marshall with delicate business . In his memoir , Marshall 's only negative comment towards Wilson was , " I have sometimes thought that great men are the bane of civilization , they are the real cause of all the bitterness and contention which amounts to anything in the world " . Their relationship was described as one of " functioning animosity " .
= = = Senate developments = = =
Marshall was not offended by Wilson 's lack of interest in his ideas , and considered his primary constitutional duty to be in the Senate . He viewed the vice presidential office as being in the legislative branch , not the executive . While he presided in the Senate , emotions sometimes ran high , including during a debate on the Mexican border crisis in 1916 . During that debate Marshall threatened to expel certain senators from the chamber for their raucous behavior , but did not carry through on the threat . On several occasions , he ordered the Senate gallery cleared . He voted eight times to break tie votes .
In the debates leading up to World War I , a number of isolationist senators filibustered bills that Wilson considered important . The filibusters lasted for weeks and twice lasted for over three months . Wilson and the bills ' supporters requested that Marshall put a gag @-@ order in place to cut off debate , but he refused on ethical grounds , allowing a number of bills to be defeated in hopes that opposition would eventually end their filibuster . Among the defeated bills was one allowing merchant ships to arm themselves , and another allowing the US government to make direct arms sales to the allies . Despite their victories , the small group of senators continued to lock up the senate to prevent any pro @-@ war legislation from passing . In response , Marshall led the Senate to adopt a new rule on March 8 , 1917 , allowing filibusters to be broken by two @-@ thirds of voting Senators . This replaced the previous rule that allowed any senator to prolong debate as long as he desired . The rule has been modified several times , most prominently that the current rule requires three @-@ fifths of all Senators , not only the ones voting .
As Marshall made little news and was viewed as a somewhat comic figure in Washington because of his sense of humor , a number of Democratic party leaders wanted him removed from the 1916 reelection ticket . Wilson , after deliberating , decided keeping Marshall on would demonstrate party unity ; thus in 1916 Marshall won reelection over the still divided Republican Party and became the first vice president re @-@ elected since John C. Calhoun in 1828 , and Wilson and Marshall became the first president and vice president team to be re @-@ elected since Monroe and Tompkins in 1820 .
= = = Assassination attempt = = =
On the evening of July 2 , 1915 , Eric Muenter , a onetime German professor at Harvard and Cornell universities , who opposed American support of the allied war effort , broke into the U.S. Senate and , finding the door to the Senate chamber locked , laid dynamite outside the reception room , which happened to be next to Marshall 's office door . Though the bomb was set with a timer , it exploded prematurely just before midnight , while no one was in the office . Muenter may not have been specifically been targeting the Vice President .
On July 5 , Muenter ( who went under the pseudonym Frank Holt ) burst into the Glen Cove , New York home of Jack Morgan , son of financier J.P. Morgan , demanding that he stop the sale of weapons to the allies . Morgan told the man he was in no position to comply with his demand ; Muenter shot him twice and escaped . Muenter was later apprehended and confessed to attempted assassination of the Vice President . Marshall was offered a personal security detachment after the incident , but declined it . Marshall had been receiving written death threats from numerous " cranks " for several weeks . " Some of them were signed , " Marshall told the press , " but most were anonymous . I threw them all into the waste basket . " Marshall added that he was " more or less a fatalist " and did not notify the Secret Service about the letters , " but that he naturally was startled when he heard of the explosion at the Capitol . "
= = = World War I = = =
During Marshall 's second term , the United States entered World War I. Marshall was a reluctant supporter of the war , believing the country to be unprepared and feared it would be necessary to enact conscription . He was pleased with Wilson 's strategy to begin a military buildup before the declaration of war , and fully supported the war effort once it had begun . Shortly after the first troops began to assemble for transport to Europe , Marshall and Wilson hosted a delegation from the United Kingdom in which Marshall became privy to the primary war strategy . However , he was largely excluded from war planning and rarely received official updates on the progress of military campaigns . In most instances he received news of the war through the newspapers .
Wilson sent Marshall around the nation to deliver morale @-@ boosting speeches and encourage Americans to buy Liberty Bonds in support of the war effort . Marshall was well suited for the job , as he had been earning extra money as a public speaker while vice president , and gladly accepted the responsibility . In his speeches , he cast the war as a " moral crusade to preserve the dignity of the state for the rights of individuals " . In his memoir , he recalled that the war seemed to drag on " with leaden feet " , and that he was relieved when it finally ended . As the war neared its end , Marshall became the first vice president to conduct cabinet meetings ; Wilson left him with this responsibility while traveling in Europe to sign the Versailles treaty and to work on gathering support for his League of Nations idea . Wilson became the first president to personally deliver a treaty to be ratified by the Senate , which he presented to Marshall as the presiding officer during a morning session .
= = = Morrison = = =
Marshall 's wife was heavily involved in charitable activities in Washington and spent considerable time working at the Diet Kitchen Welfare Center providing free meals to impoverished children . In 1917 she became acquainted with a mother of newborn twins , one of whom was chronically ill . The child 's parents were unable to get adequate treatment for their son 's condition . Lois Marshall formed a close bond with the baby , who was named Clarence Ignatius Morrison , and offered to take him and help him find treatment . She and Marshall had been unable to have children , and when she brought the baby home , Marshall told her that she could " keep him , provided he did not squall ... " . Marshall grew to love the boy and wrote that he " never walked the streets of Washington with as sure a certainty as he walked into my heart " , and , as the boy grew older , that he was " beautiful as an angel ; brilliant beyond his years ; lovable from every standpoint " .
The Marshalls never officially adopted Morrison because they believed that to go through the procedure while his parents were still living would appear unusual to the public . Wanting to keep the situation private , they instead made a special arrangement with his parents . President Wilson felt obliged to acknowledge the boy as theirs and sent the couple a note that simply said , " With congratulations to the baby . Wilson " . Morrison lived with the Marshalls for the rest of his life . In correspondence they referred to him as Morrison Marshall , but in person they called him Izzy . Lois took him to see many doctors and spent all her available time trying to nurse him back to health , but his condition worsened and he died in February 1920 , just before his fourth birthday . His death devastated Marshall , who wrote in his memoir that Izzy " was and is and ever will be so sacred to me ... " .
= = = Succession crisis = = =
President Wilson experienced a mild stroke in September 1919 . On October 2 , he was struck by a much more severe stroke that left him partially paralyzed and almost certainly incapacitated . Wilson 's closest adviser , Joseph Tumulty , did not believe Marshall would be a suitable president and took precautions to prevent him from assuming the presidency . Wilson 's wife Edith strongly disliked Marshall because of what she called his " uncouthed " disposition , and also opposed his assumption of the presidency . Tumulty and the First Lady believed that an official communication from Wilson 's staff on his condition would allow Marshall to trigger the constitutional mechanism allowing him to become acting president , and made sure no such communication occurred . After Marshall demanded to know Wilson 's status so that he could prepare for the possibility of becoming president , they had a reporter from the Baltimore Sun brief Marshall and inform him that Wilson was near death . Marshall later said that " it was the first great shock of my life " , but without an official communication on Wilson 's condition , he didn 't believe he could constitutionally assume the presidency .
On October 5 , Secretary of State Robert Lansing was the first official to propose that Marshall forcibly assume the presidency . Other cabinet secretaries backed Lansing 's request , as did Congressional leaders , including members of both the Democratic and Republican parties who sent private communications to Marshall . Marshall was cautious in accepting their offers of support . After consulting with his wife and his long @-@ time personal adviser , Mark Thistlethwaite , he privately refused to assume Wilson 's duties and become Acting President of the United States . The process for declaring a president incapacitated was unclear at that time , and he feared the precedent that might be set if he forcibly removed Wilson from office . Marshall wanted the president to voluntarily allow his powers to devolve to the vice president , but that was impossible given his condition and unlikely given Wilson 's dislike for Marshall . Marshall informed the cabinet that the only cases in which he would assume the presidency were a joint resolution of Congress calling on him to do so , or an official communication from Wilson or his staff asserting his inability to perform his duties .
Wilson was kept secluded by his wife and personal physician and only his close advisers were allowed to see him ; none would divulge official information on his condition . Although Marshall sought to meet with Wilson to personally determine his condition , he was unable to do so , and relied on vague updates he received through a few bulletins published by Wilson 's physician . Believing that Wilson and his advisers would not voluntarily transfer power to the vice president , a group of Congressional leaders initiated Marshall 's requested joint resolution . The senators opposed to the League of Nations treaty , however , believed that as president Marshall would make several key concessions that would allow the treaty to win ratification . Wilson , in his present condition , was either unwilling or unable to make the concessions , and debate on the bill had resulted in a deadlock . In order to prevent the treaty 's ratification , the anti @-@ League senators blocked the joint resolution .
On December 4 , Lansing announced in a Senate committee hearing that no one in the cabinet had spoken with or seen Wilson in over sixty days . The senators seeking to elevate Marshall requested that a committee be sent to check on Wilson 's condition , hoping to gain evidence to support their cause . Dubbed the " smelling committee " by several newspapers , the group discovered Wilson was in very poor health , but seemed to have recovered enough of his faculties to make decisions . Their report ended the perceived need for the joint resolution .
At a Sunday church service in mid @-@ December , in what Marshall believed was an attempt by other officials to force him to assume the presidency , a courier brought a message informing him that Wilson had died . Marshall was shocked , and rose to announce the news to the congregation . The ministers held a prayer , the congregation began singing hymns , and many people wept . Marshall and his wife exited the building , and made a call to the White House to determine his next course of action , only to find that he had been the victim of a hoax , and that Wilson was still living .
Marshall performed a few ceremonial functions for the remainder of Wilson 's term , such as hosting foreign dignitaries . Among these was Albert I , King of the Belgians , the first European monarch to visit the United States . Edward , Prince of Wales , the future monarch of the United Kingdom , spent two days with Marshall and received a personal tour of Washington from him . First Lady Edith Wilson performed most routine duties of government by reviewing all of Wilson 's communications and deciding what he would be presented with and what she would delegate to others . The resulting lack of leadership allowed the administration 's opponents to prevent ratification of the League of Nations treaty . They attacked the treaty 's tenth article , which they believed would allow the United States to be bound in an alliance to European countries that could force the country return to war without an act of Congress . Marshall personally supported the treaty 's adoption , but recommended several changes , including the requirement that all parties to it acknowledge the Monroe Doctrine and the United States ' sphere of influence , and that the tenth article be made non @-@ binding .
Wilson began to recover by the end of 1919 , but remained secluded for the remainder of his term , steadfast in his refusal or inability to accept changes to the treaty . Marshall was prevented from meeting with him to ascertain his true condition until his final day in office . It remains unclear who was making the executive branch 's decisions during Wilson 's incapacity , but it was likely the first lady with the help of the presidential advisers .
= = Later life = =
Marshall had his name entered as a candidate for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Democratic National Convention . He made arrangements with Thomas Taggart to have a delegation sent from Indiana to support his bid , but was unable to garner support outside of the Hoosier delegation . Ultimately he endorsed the Democratic nominees , James M. Cox for president and Franklin Delano Roosevelt for vice president , but they were defeated by the Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge . On their election , Marshall sent a note to Coolidge in which he offered him his " sincere condolences " for his misfortune in being elected vice president .
Marshall considered returning to Columbia City after leaving office , but instead bought a home and opened a law practice in Indianapolis , where he believed there would be better business opportunities . Harding nominated him to serve on the Lincoln Memorial Commission in 1921 , and then to a more lucrative position on the Federal Coal Commission in 1922 ; Marshall resigned from both commissions in 1923 . He spent over a year writing books on the law and his Recollections , a humorous memoir . The latter book was completed in May 1925 and subsequent historians have noted it as unusual , even for its time , for not disclosing any secrets or attacking any of Marshall 's enemies . Marshall remained a popular public speaker , and continued to travel to give speeches . The last he delivered was to high school students in the town of his birth .
While on a trip to Washington D.C. , Marshall was struck by a heart attack while reading his Bible in bed on the night of June 1 , 1925 . His wife called for medical assistance , but he died before it arrived . A service and viewing was held in Washington two days later and was attended by many dignitaries . Marshall 's remains were returned to Indianapolis , where he lay in state for two days ; thousands visited his bier . His funeral service was held June 9 , and he was interred in Crown Hill Cemetery , next to the grave of his adopted son Morrison " Izzy " Marshall . Lois Marshall moved to Arizona and remained widowed the rest of her life , living on her husband 's pension and the $ 50 @,@ 000 she earned by selling his memoir to the Bobbs @-@ Merrill publishing company . She died in 1958 and was interred next to her husband .
= = Humor = =
Marshall was known for his quick wit and a good sense of humor . On hearing of his nomination as vice president , he announced that he was not surprised , as " Indiana is the mother of Vice Presidents ; home of more second @-@ class men than any other state " . One of his favorite jokes was about a woman with two sons , one of whom went to sea and one of whom was elected vice president ; neither was ever heard of again . On his election as vice president , he sent Woodrow Wilson a book , inscribed " From your only Vice " .
His humor caused him trouble during his time in Washington . He was known to greet citizens walking by his office on the White House tour by saying to them , " If you look on me as a wild animal , be kind enough to throw peanuts at me " . This prompted Wilson to move Marshall 's office to the Senate Office building , where he would not be disturbed by visitors . In response to a proposal to the board of the Smithsonian Institution to send a team to excavate for ruins in Guatemala , Marshall suggested that the team instead excavate around Washington . When asked why , he replied that , judging by the looks of the people walking on the street , they should be able to find buried cave @-@ men no more than six feet down . The joke was not well received , and he was shut out of board meetings for nearly a year .
His serious remarks could get him in trouble as well . Some of his public utterances in 1913 , in which he appeared to advocate radical ideas in regard to the inheritance of property , caused much criticism .
Marshall 's wit is best remembered from a phrase he introduced to the American lexicon . During a Senate debate in 1917 , as Senator Joseph L. Bristow cataloged a long list of what he felt the country needed , Marshall leaned over to one of his clerks and said , " What this country needs is more of this ; what this country needs is more of that " . He then quipped , loudly enough for most of the chamber to hear , " What this country needs is a really good five @-@ cent cigar " , which provoked laughter from a number of senators .
= = Legacy = =
The situation that arose after the incapacity of President Wilson , for which Marshall 's vice @-@ presidency is most remembered , revived the national debate on the process of presidential succession . The topic was already being discussed when Wilson left for Europe , which influenced him to allow Marshall to conduct cabinet meetings in his absence . Wilson 's incapacity during 1919 and the lack of action by Marshall made it a major issue . The constitutional flaws in the process of presidential succession had been known since the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 , but little progress had been made passing a constitutional amendment to remedy the problem . Nearly fifty years later , the Twenty @-@ fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed , allowing the vice president to assume the presidential powers and duties any time the president was rendered incapable of carrying out the powers and duties of the office .
Historians have varied interpretations of Marshall 's vice presidency . Claire Suddath rated Marshall as one of the worst vice presidents in American history in a 2008 Time Magazine article . Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that had Marshall carried out his constitutional duties , assumed the presidency , and made the concessions necessary for the passage of the League of Nations treaty in late 1920 , the United States would have been much more involved in European affairs and could have helped prevent the rise of Adolf Hitler , which began in the following year . Morison and a number of other historians claim that Marshall 's decision was an indirect cause of the Second World War . Charles Thomas , one of Marshall 's biographers , wrote that although Marshall 's assumption of the presidency would have made World War II much less likely , modern hypothetical speculation on the subject was unfair to Marshall , who made the correct decision in not forcibly removing Wilson from office , even temporarily .
The Thomas R. Marshall House at Columbia City was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .
= = Electoral history = =
United States presidential election , 1912
United States presidential election , 1916
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= Grodziskie =
Grodziskie ( Polish pronunciation : [ ɡrɔˈd ͡ ʑiskʲɛ ] ; other names : Grätzer , Grodzisz ) is a historical style of beer from Poland that is typically made from oak @-@ smoked wheat malt . It is a style that is unique to Poland , featuring a clear , light golden color , high carbonation , low alcohol content , low to moderate levels of hop bitterness , and a strong smoke flavor and aroma . The taste is light and crisp , with a strong character coming from the smoked malt , the high mineral content of the water , and the strain of yeast used to ferment the beverage . It was nicknamed " Polish Champagne " because of its high carbonation levels , and because it was valued as a high @-@ quality beer to be used for special occasions .
Grodziskie was brewed from wheat malt that was dried by circulating oak smoke through the grains . The smokiness of the grain and the mineral profile of the water used to brew the beverage gave the style its characteristic flavor . Breweries typically used locally produced hops in the beer and used one or two strains of brewer 's yeast in its production . Before packaging , the beer was filtered to remove suspended proteins that may cause cloudiness in the final product . The breweries allowed fermentation to finish in the casks or bottles , which resulted in its high carbonation .
The beer was originally produced by brewers in the town of Grodzisk Wielkopolski in the 14th or 15th century . A brewers ' guild was established to maintain high quality standards and the product developed a good reputation in the surrounding cities and neighboring countries . At the peak of its fame , it was exported to 37 countries and was regarded as an exceptionally good beer . The brewing industry in the town flourished . After the Second World War , the brewery was nationalized , and the beer entered a period of decline under the Communist government of Poland . By 1993 , the last brewery that was producing the style was shut down . After a period of years when the style was not available from any commercial brewers , several breweries began producing seasonal or year @-@ round recreations of the historic style , spurred by interest in the style from the homebrewing community around the world .
= = Description = =
Grodziskie is a highly carbonated , low @-@ alcohol beer with a clear , pale yellow to golden color , low to moderate levels of hop bitterness , and a moderate to medium @-@ high smoky aroma and flavor . The bright , clear , and highly carbonated appearance of Grodziskie leads to it being compared with Champagne , and it is sometimes referred to as " Polish Champagne " . Most beers that are made from wheat are unfiltered during production , and appear cloudy from suspended yeast and proteins from the wheat . During the production of Grodziskie , however , isinglass is added to the holding tanks before the beverage is bottled , which removes the suspended yeast and proteins , leaving a bright , clear beer . When poured into a glass , it produces a large , long @-@ lasting , tight head with small bubbles . It was traditionally served in tall , conical glasses that were designed to accommodate the beer in addition to the significant amounts of foam that would form when it was poured .
The taste is light and crisp , with some bite from the carbonation . Brewing and tasting notes from a 1914 publication described Grodziskie as a " rough , bitter beer ... with an intense smoke and hop flavor " , but by the late 20th century , the beverage 's profile had likely changed into a less @-@ hoppy beer . Modern recreations of this style tend to emphasize the smoky flavor resulting from the oak @-@ smoked malt , described as " somewhat acrid to semi @-@ sweet " , but literature from the 1960s states that a significant proportion of the beer 's unique flavors are produced by its malting and brewing process and special strains of brewer 's yeast that were used in its production . The flavor may also contain a mild wheat graininess noticeable in the background .
Historically , Grodziskie was made with alcohol levels of around 3 @.@ 1 % abv , but eventually versions were made with alcohol levels ranging from 2 @.@ 5 % to 5 % abv .
= = Ingredients = =
The grain used in Grodziskie is malted wheat . During the malting process , the wheat is dried in kilns that are heated by oak @-@ burning furnaces . Instead of using the furnaces to heat air which is then used to dry the wheat , the hot smoke from the kilns is forced directly through the grain bed . The smoke dries the grain , and imparts a light color and an intense , pleasant , smoky flavor . This process would not be possible in kilns that burn coal or coke as fuel because the soot in the smoke would cause the grain to become discolored and contribute undesirable harsh flavors . The smoke from the malting process also adds chemical components that help preserve the beverage , giving it a long shelf life despite its low alcohol content . There is a legend that in the 1950s , a box of Grodziskie was discovered buried in the sands of North Africa , left behind by German soldiers in World War II . The beer was opened and found to be as fresh as the day it was made . The exact degree of smokiness that resulted from the oak kilning in historical times is not known . In addition to wheat , there were periods when the beer also included malted barley in various proportions , but for most of its history , it was made entirely from wheat .
Many of the distinctive features of Grodziskie result from the characteristics of the water that the breweries used to produce the beer . The water from one of the wells on Poznańska Street in Grodzisk was tested , and showed a sulfate ion concentration of 183 parts per million ( ppm ) and a chloride ion concentration of 81 ppm . In addition , alkalinity ( as calcium bicarbonate ) was 350 ppm and the magnesium ion concentration was 34 ppm . A beer brewed with this type of water would have had a higher than expected hoppiness due to the high alkalinity as well as the ratio of sulfate ions to chloride ions . It would have resulted in a higher pH during the early stages of production , which would inhibit the efficiency of the natural enzymes that convert the starch in the grain to fermentable sugars during mashing , leading to a beer with higher residual sugars and lower average alcohol content . Finally , water would have produced a beverage that tasted slightly sour or bitter , due to the high concentration of magnesium ions .
Two unique strains of yeast were traditionally used ; one highly flocculent strain that was responsible for most of the fermentation in the first few days , and the other , a powdery and less flocculant strain , that was slower and finished off the beer in the fermentation vats and in the bottles . Until the end of the 19th century , the breweries that produced Grodziskie used a single strain of yeast that was characterized by low attenuation and early flocculation . However , that strain was lost in the early 20th century . After World War II , yeast was imported from the Groterjan Brewery in Berlin . That yeast was not well suited for producing Grodziskie and was frequently contaminated with spoilage organisms including Lactobacillus . In the 1960s , the state @-@ owned brewery was able to isolate and maintain its own varieties of yeast and yeast bank , but only the highly @-@ flocculant strain has been preserved to this day . Without access to the actual yeast used historically , most modern recreations of Grodziskie typically use ale yeasts that do not contribute a significant amount of yeast character to the beer .
Brewers typically used locally produced varieties of Polish hops such as Nowotomyski , but would occasionally substitute similar noble hops . Historical sources indicate that around the end of the 19th century , breweries used 3 kilograms ( 6 @.@ 6 lb ) of hops for every 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) of wheat malt , but by the 1960s the hopping rate had decreased to 2 @.@ 4 kilograms ( 5 @.@ 3 lb ) of hops per 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) of wheat malt .
= = Production = =
The beer was variously produced using an infusion mash or a decoction mash . Undated records from the Grodzisk brewery documented an infusion mash that included a 30 @-@ minute acid rest at 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) , a 30 to 60 minute protease rest at 52 ° C ( 126 ° F ) , an α @-@ amylase rest for 30 minutes at 70 ° C ( 158 ° F ) , and a mash out at 75 ° C ( 167 ° F ) . The wort was boiled for 90 to 120 minutes . Approximately 80 % of the hops were added after 15 minutes and the remaining 20 % were added 30 minutes before the end of the boil .
After the boil , the beer was cooled and fermented in open wooden vats at 14 – 16 ° C ( 57 – 61 ° F ) . The two strains of yeast were added at the same time , and fermentation would proceed rapidly . After one day of fermentation , the thick foam that formed on the top of the fermentation vat was skimmed off and discarded . After 60 hours , up to 50 % of the available sugars would have been fermented by the yeast , and thick clumps of yeast were skimmed off of the surface and harvested for reuse . The beer was then pumped with sterile air into clarification tanks . Isinglass was added to clarify the beverage , and then it was bottled .
After packaging , the bottles were stored from three to five weeks at 14 – 18 ° C ( 57 – 64 ° F ) in a dark room as the yeast continued to ferment the remaining sugars in the beer . The carbon dioxide that resulted from the fermentation remained trapped in the bottles and dissolved into the liquid , resulting in high levels of carbonation . During this period , an average of four to five percent of the bottles would burst due to carbonation levels exceeding the strength of the bottles .
= = History = =
The first documented mention of the town of Grodzisk Wielkopolski was from around 1257 as part of lands owned by the Cistercian monastery in Paradyż . The town grew in prominence due to its location on the road between Poznań and Gubin , a road that continued onward to Saxony . By the 16th century , the Ostroróg family in Greater Poland ( Wielkopolska ) controlled the town . The Ostroróg family was a source of support for the Protestant Reformation in the area , and the town became a center of Protestantism in the country and attracted dissidents from the Czech lands and Western Europe . Craftsmen , scholars , and writers gravitated to the area , which became a center of reformist thought in Wielkopolska . Industrial @-@ scale brewing developed when Johann Volanus , the administrator of the Ostroróg estate and father of Andreas Volanus , a famous Reformation writer , imported skilled brewers from Moravia and Bohemia .
A legend associated with the history of this beer relates to the Benedictine monk named Bernard of Wąbrzeźno . Around 1603 , he arrived from the Benedictine monastery in Lubiń to find the residents starving and the town 's wells depleted . The brewery was the primary source of income for the city and the hospital . Bernard prayed for the wells and a new source of water suddenly filled the Old Market well . Legends claimed that the newly refilled well had the ability to make whoever drank from it healthy again , and the beer that was produced from the water was far superior to any of the beer the brewers had been able to produce before . The well became a municipal treasure and was given credit for the commercial success of the breweries over the centuries to follow . For over 200 years after the event , the residents of Grodzisk would make an annual procession to Bernard 's monastery to bring a keg of the beer that they made from the well as a show of gratitude .
A maltsters ' and brewers ' guild existed in the town in 1601 . The guild created a monopoly on the right to produce malted grain and beer for sale , and kept it in the hands of a select few families , strictly controlled by the guilds . It also implemented rules and regulations on the production of the beer that was designed to protect the quality and reputation of the beer . A system of quality control was put in place ; each barrel of beer that was produced was subjected to a beer tasting by the mayor of the town and a council of elders who evaluated its quality and strength and approved the beer for sale or export with a distinctive stamp . Brewers who attempted to cheat the system of quality control were permanently stripped of their right to produce the beer . The guild also organized the production of beer by the major breweries , which shared the Old Market well . In 1843 and 1844 , there were two breweries in Grodzisk that shared the well . By 1866 , the city had begun taxing the breweries for their use of the municipal wells . Two private breweries built their own wells , and found that the water was just as good as the water from the Old Market . Following this discovery , all of breweries eventually built their own wells .
The earliest documentation of the beer being exported to other regions is from records in the nearby town of Wschowa from 1671 . Rules established by the local hatters ' guild established that the penalty for charging less than 12 groschen for dying a hat was a barrel of Grodziskie . In 1694 , the nearby city of Poznań listed a bill for expenses that included entries for " Grodzisk beer " at the rate of 15 guilders per barrel that had been purchased as gifts for important people . At that cost , it can be seen that the product was valued as a premium beverage , since local beer produced in Poznań at the time cost only five to six guilders per barrel . Other records from Poznań in 1712 show that the two mayors of the city were receiving Grodziskie beer as a portion of their compensation for their service . By the 18th century , the beverage 's reputation had spread throughout Poland , and it became one of the most expensive beers in the country .
Between 1793 , when Grodzisk became part of Prussia as a result of the Second Partition of Poland , and 1918 , when it became part of a newly independent Poland , the town was renamed Grätz , and the style became known as Grätzer . Records show that annual production of the beer in Grätz was about 3 @,@ 200 barrels ( 5 @,@ 000 hectoliters , 130 @,@ 000 U.S. gal ) , of which 1 @,@ 111 barrels were transported to Poznań , 1 @,@ 581 barrels to other nearby towns , including Wschowa , Kościan , Leszno , Rawicz , Bojanowo , Kalisz , and Śmigiel , and 500 barrels were sold within Grätz . In the late 19th century , the beer was being exported into neighboring provinces and other parts of Germany . German immigrants moved to Grätz and built modern breweries , breaking the monopoly that had been held by the brewer 's guild . By the 1890s , the five breweries in Grätz produced over 100 @,@ 000 hectoliters ( 2 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 U.S. gal ) of beer , with Grätzer produced in the largest quantities . It was exported to other parts of Europe and the world and gained fame as a highly valued beverage . Its peak of popularity occurred just prior to the second World War , when it was being exported to 37 countries .
Starting in 1922 , the production of Grodziskie was continued by only one company , Zjednoczone Browary Grodziskie ( United Grodzisk Breweries ) . Between 1929 and 1993 , this style had a regionally protected designation put in place by the cabinet of Poland . Production continued under the German occupation of Poland during World War II , and the beer was distributed to German forces fighting in the war . After the Second World War , the breweries were nationalized , and the beer began a period of decline . The communist government in Poland emphasized the large @-@ scale production of basic products like bread , milk , and sugar , and local culinary traditions were neglected . In part , this was due to restrictions on individual businesses and the inability of brewers to profit from the production of small @-@ scale , high @-@ quality foods , and their inability to advertise local goods and specialties . In the early 1980s , different variations of the style were created with different colors and alcohol strengths . After the Communist period in Poland ended in 1989 , production continued under the private ownership of Lech Browary Wielkopolski , but ended in 1993 , when the brewery was closed due to lack of profitability , and because of the difficulty in finding workers who had experience producing the style . Commercial production of this style ceased for several years , but since 2010 , some breweries have produced seasonal or limited production runs of the style .
After the close of the brewery , Grodziskie continued to be brewed by some homebrewers in Poland using 100 % smoked wheat . In 2011 , the Polish Homebrewers Association formed a commission for the revival of the Grodziskie beer . Even though the style has taken different forms over the years , the purpose of the commission was to develop guidelines that describe a mild version that former brewery workers could identify , even though some brewers and homebrewers have experimented with variations that include different amounts of alcohol and bitterness . Grodziskie was defined in the Brewers Association style guidelines in 2013 , and added as a Historical Style to the Beer Judge Certification Program style guidelines in 2015 .
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= Codex Alexandrinus =
The Codex Alexandrinus ( London , British Library , MS Royal 1 . D. V @-@ VIII ; Gregory @-@ Aland no . A or 02 , Soden δ 4 ) is a fifth @-@ century manuscript of the Greek Bible , containing the majority of the Septuagint and the New Testament . It is one of the four Great uncial codices . Along with the Codex Sinaiticus and the Vaticanus , it is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible . Brian Walton assigned Alexandrinus the capital Latin letter A in the Polyglot Bible of 1657 . This designation was maintained when the system was standardized by Wettstein in 1751 . Thus , Alexandrinus held the first position in the manuscript list .
It derives its name from Alexandria where it resided for a number of years before it was brought by the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch Cyril Lucaris from Alexandria to Constantinople . Then it was given to Charles I of England in the 17th century . Until the later purchase of Codex Sinaiticus , it was the best manuscript of the Greek Bible deposited in Britain . Today , it rests along with Codex Sinaiticus in one of the showcases in the Ritblat Gallery of the British Library . A full photographic reproduction of the New Testament volume ( Royal MS 1 D. viii ) is available on the British Library 's website . As the text came from several different traditions , different parts of the codex are not of equal textual value . The text has been edited several times since the 18th century .
= = Contents = =
The codex is in quarto , and now consists of 773 vellum folios ( 630 in the Old Testament and 143 in the New Testament ) , bound in four volumes ( 279 + 238 + 118 + 144 folios ) . Three volumes contain the Septuagint , Greek version of the Old Testament , with the complete loss of only ten leaves . The fourth volume contains the New Testament with 31 NT leaves lost . In the fourth volume 1 and 2 Clement are also missing leaves , perhaps 3 .
The codex contains a nearly complete copy of the LXX , including the deuterocanonical books 3 and 4 Maccabees , Psalm 151 and the 14 Odes . The " Epistle to Marcellinus " attributed to Saint Athanasius and the Eusebian summary of the Psalms are inserted before the Book of Psalms . It also contains all of the books of the New Testament ( although the pages that contained Matthew 1 : 1 @-@ 25 : 5 are not extant ) . In addition , the codex contains 1 Clement ( lacking 57 : 7 @-@ 63 ) and the homily known as 2 Clement ( up to 12 : 5a ) . The books of the Old Testament are thus distributed : Genesis — 2 Chronicles ( first volume ) , Hosea — 4 Maccabees ( second volume ) , Psalms — Sirach ( third volume ) . The New Testament ( fourth volume ) books follow in order : Gospels , Acts of the Apostles , General epistles , Pauline epistles ( Hebrews placed between 2 Thessalonians and 1 Timothy ) , Book of Revelation .
There is an appendix marked in the index , which lists the Psalms of Solomon and probably contained more apocryphal / pseudepigraphical books , but it has been torn off and the pages containing these books have also been lost .
Due to damage and lost folios , various passages are missing or have defects :
Lacking : 1 Sam 12 : 17 @-@ 14 : 9 ( 1 leaf ) ; Ps 49 : 20 @-@ 79 : 11 ( 9 leaves ) ; Matt 1 : 1 @-@ 25 : 6 ( 26 leaves ) ; John 6 : 50 @-@ 8 : 52 ( 2 leaves ) ; 2 Cor 4 : 13 @-@ 12 : 6 ( 3 leaves ) ; 1 Clement 57 : 7 @-@ 63 ( 1 leaf ) and 2 Clement 12 : 5a @-@ fin . ( 2 leaves ) ;
Damaged : Gen 14 : 14 @-@ 17 , 15 : 1 @-@ 5 , 15 : 16 @-@ 19 , 16 : 6 @-@ 9 ( lower portion of torn leaf lost ) ;
Defects due to torn leaves : Genesis 1 : 20 @-@ 25 , 1 : 29 @-@ 2 : 3 , Lev 8 : 6 @,@ 7 @,@ 16 ; Sirach 50 : 21f , 51 : 5 ;
Lacunae on the edges of almost every page of the Apocalypse .
The ornamented colophon of the Epistle to Philemon has been cut out .
= = Description = =
The manuscript measures 12 @.@ 6 × 10 @.@ 4 inches ( 32 × 26 cm ) and most of the folios were originally gathered into quires of eight leaves each . In modern times it was rebound into sets of six leaves each . The material is thin , fine , and very beautiful vellum , often discoloured at the edges , which have been damaged by age and more so through the ignorance or carelessness of the modern binder , who has not always spared the text , especially at the upper inner margin . Scrivener noted that " The vellum has fallen into holes in many places , and since the ink peels off for very age whensoever a leaf is touched a little roughly , no one is allowed to handle the manuscript except for good reasons . "
The text in the codex is written in two columns in uncial script , with between 49 and 51 lines per column and 20 to 25 letters per line . The beginning lines of each book are written in red ink and sections within the book are marked by a larger letter set into the margin . Words are written continuously in a large , round and well @-@ formed uncial hand . There are no accents and breathing marks , except a few added by a later hand . The punctuation was written by the first hand . The letters are larger than those of the Codex Vaticanus . There is no division of words , but some pauses are observed in places in which should be a dot between two words . The poetical books of the Old Testament are written stichometrically . The Old Testament quotations in the text of New Testament are marked on the margin by the sign 〉 .
The only decorations in the manuscript are decorative tail @-@ pieces at the end of each book ( see illustration ) and it also shows a tendency to increase the size of the first letter of each sentence . The capitals at the beginning of the sections stand out in the margin as in codices Ephraemi and Basilensis . Codex Alexandrinus is the oldest manuscript to use capital letters to indicate new sections .
The interchange of vowels of similar sounds is very frequent in this manuscript . The letters Ν and Μ are occasionally confused , and the cluster ΓΓ is substituted with ΝΓ . This may be an argument which points to Egypt , but it is not universally conceded . A lot of iotacistic errors occur in the text ; for example , αὶ is exchanged for ε , εὶ for ὶ and η for ὶ . It has not more iotacisms than other manuscripts of the same date .
The handwriting of the text from the beginning of Luke to 1 Corinthians 10 : 8 , differs from that of the rest parts of the manuscript . Some letters have Coptic shapes ( f.e. Α , Μ , Δ , and Π ) . The letters are more widely spaced and are a little larger than elsewhere . Delta has extended base and Pi has extended cross @-@ stroke . Numerals are not expressed by letters except in Apocalypse 7 : 4 ; 21 : 17 . In the past the codex had been judged to be carelessly written , with many errors of transcription , but not so many as in the Codex Sinaiticus , nor more than in the Codex Vaticanus . Besides the other corrections by later hands there are not a few instances in which the original scribe altered what he had first written . The corrected form of text often agrees with codices : D , N , X , Y , Γ , Θ , Π , Φ and majority of the minuscule manuscripts .
The majuscule letters have elegant shape , but a little less simple than those in the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus codices . These letters , at the end of a line , are often very small , and much of the writing is very pale and faint . Punctuation is more frequent , usually on a level with the top of the preceding letter , while a vacant space , proportionate to the break in the sense , follows the end of a paragraph . At the end of each book the colophon is ornamented by pretty volutes from prima manu . There are found the Ammonian Sections with references to the Eusebian Canons stand in the margin of the text of the Gospels . It contains divisions into larger sections – κεφάλαια , the headings of these sections ( τίτλοι ) stand at the top of the pages . The places at which those sections commence are indicated throughout the Gospels , and in Luke and John their numbers are placed in the margin of each column . To all the Gospels ( except Matthew , because of lacunae ) is prefixed by a table of κεφάλαια ( table of contents ) .
The various sections into which the Acts , Epistles , and Apocalypse were divided by Euthalian Apparatus and others , are not indicated in this manuscript . A cross appears occasionally as a separation in the Book of Acts . A larger letter in the margin throughout the New Testament marks the beginning of a paragraph .
The number of scribes were disputed in the past . According to Kenyon 's opinion there were five scribes , two scribes in the Old Testament ( I and II ) and three in the New ( III , IV , and V ) . Subsequently , Skeat and Milne argued there were only two or possibly three scribes . Present scholars agreed in that case ( Metzger , Aland , Hernández , Jongkind ) .
Many corrections have been made to the manuscript , some of them by the original scribe , but the majority of them by later hands . The corrected form of the text agrees with codices D , N , X , Y , Γ , Θ , Π , Σ , Φ and the great majority of the minuscule manuscripts . Kenyon observed that Codex Alexandrinus had been " extensively corrected , though much more in some books than in others " . In the Pentateuch , whole sentences were erased and a new text substituted . Kings was the least corrected of the books . In the Book of Revelation only 1 of its 84 singular readings was corrected . This is in stark contrast with Codex Sinaiticus , in which 120 of the Apocalypse 's 201 singular readings were corrected in the 7th century .
Each leaf has Arabic numeration , set in the verso of the lower margin . The first surviving leaf of Matthew has number 26 . The 25 leaves now lost must have been extant when that note was written .
= = Textual features = =
Textual critics have had a challenging task in classifying the Codex , the exact relationship to other known texts and families is still disputed . The Greek text of the codex is of mixed text @-@ types . It is a representative of the Byzantine text @-@ type in the Gospels - the oldest examples of the type - and the rest of the New Testament books are of the Alexandrian text @-@ type , with some Western readings . Kurt Aland placed it in Category III in the Gospels , and in Category I in rest of the books of the New Testament . The Byzantine text of the Gospels has a number of Alexandrian features , it has some affinities to the textual Family Π . Soden associated the text of the gospels with Family Π , though it is not a pure member of this family . According to Streeter , it is the earliest Greek manuscript which gives us approximately the text of Lucian the Martyr , but a small proportion of the readings seem to be earlier .
Alexandrinus follows the Alexandrian readings through the rest of the New Testament ; however , the text goes from closely resembling Codex Sinaiticus in the Pauline epistles to more closely resembling the text of a number of papyri ( <formula> 74 for Acts , <formula> 47 for the Apocalypse ) . The text of Acts frequently agrees with the biblical quotations made by St. Athanasius . The gospels are cited as a " consistently cited witness of the third order " in the critical apparatus of the Novum Testamentum Graece , while the rest of the New Testament is of the " first order . " In the Pauline Epistles it is closer to Sinaiticus than to Vaticanus . In the General Epistles it represents a different subtype than the Sinaiticus and the Vaticanus . In the Book of Revelation it agrees with Codex Ephraemi against Sinaiticus and Papyrus 47 . In the Book of Revelation and in several books of the Old Testament , it has the best text of all manuscripts . In the Old Testament its text often agrees with Codex Sinaiticus .
Old Testament
In Genesis 5 : 25 it reads ΕΚΑΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΟΓΔΟΗΚΟΝΤΑ ΕΠΤΑ ΕΤΗ ( 187 years ) , Vaticanus reads – ΕΚΑΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΞΗΚΟΝΤΑ ΕΠΤΑ ΕΤΗ ( 167 years ) ;
In Deuteronomy 31 : 15 it reads εν στυλω ( in a pillar ) for εν νεφελη ( in a cloud ) ;
In Joshua 11 : 42 it reads ελαβεν ( took ) for επαταξεν ( struck ) ;
In Joshua 11 : 1 it reads μαδων for μαρρων ;
In Judges 18 : 30 it reads υιου Μωυση , Vaticanus reads – υιος Μανασση ;
In Ezra 10 : 22 ( 9 : 22 LXX ) it reads Ωκειδηλος ( Vaticanus – Ωκαιληδος ) for Jozabad ;
In Psalm 9 : 35 it reads κοπον ( work ) for πονον ( pain ) .
New Testament
Mark 16 : 9 – 20 is preserved in its traditional form in the Codex Alexandrinus .
In Luke 4 : 17 Alexandrinus has textual variant ἀνοίξας ( opened ) together with the manuscripts B , L , W , Ξ , 33 , 892 , 1195 , 1241 , ℓ 547 , syrs , syrh , syrpal , copsa , copbo , against variant ἀναπτύξας ( unrolled ) supported by א , Dc , K , Δ , Θ , Π , Ψ , f1 , f13 , 28 , 565 , 700 , 1009 , 1010 and other manuscripts .
In John 1 : 39 , it has the unique reading ωρα ην ως εκτη ( about the sixth hour ) , instead of ωρα ην ως δεκατη ( about the tenth hour ) , as found in all other manuscripts .
In Acts 8 : 39 instead of πνεῦμα κυρίου ( spirit of the Lord ) it has unusual textual variant πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸν εὐνοῦχον , ἄγγελος δέ κυρίου ἥρπασεν τὸν Φίλιππον ( the Holy Spirit fell on the eunuch , and an angel of the Lord caught up Philip ) supported by several minuscule manuscripts : 94 , 103 , 307 , 322 , 323 , 385 , 453 , 467 , 945 , 1739 , 1765 , 1891 , 2298 , 36a , itp , vg , syrh .
In Acts 11 : 20 the manuscript has textual variant Ἔλληνας ( Greeks ) together with the manuscripts <formula> 74 , corrector c of Sinaiticus , and Codex Bezae , against Ἑλληνιστάς ( Hellenists ) supported by the rest of manuscripts except Sinaiticus ( εὐαγγελιστάς — Evangelists ) . In Acts 15 : 18 it has variant γνωστῶν ἀπ ᾿ αἰῶνος τῷ κυρίῳ τὸ ἔργον αὐτοῦ supported only by <formula> 74 .
In Acts 20 : 28 it reads του κυριου ( of the Lord ) – instead of του θεου ( of the God ) – along with the manuscripts <formula> 74 C * D E Ψ 33 36 453 945 1739 1891 .
In Romans 2 : 5 it reads ανταποδοσεως ( reward ) for αποκαλυψεως ( revelation ) .
In Romans 8 : 1 it reads Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν , for Ιησου ( as א , B , D * , G , 1739 , 1881 , itd , g , copsa , bo , eth ) . The reading of the manuscript is supported by Db , Ψ , 81 , 629 , 2127 , vg . The Byzantine manuscripts read Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα .
In 1 Corinthians 2 : 1 it reads μυστηριον along with <formula> 46 , א , C , 88 , 436 , ita , r , syrp , copbo . Other manuscripts read μαρτυριον or σωτηριον .
In 1 Corinthians 7 : 5 it reads τη προσευχη ( prayer ) along with <formula> 11 , <formula> 46 , א * , A , B , C , D , G , P , Ψ , 33 , 81 , 104 , 181 , 629 , 630 , 1739 , 1877 , 1881 , 1962 , it vg , cop , arm , eth . Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη ( fasting and prayer ) or τη προσευχη και νηστεια ( prayer and fasting ) .
In Ephesians 1 : 7 it reads χρηστοτητος for χαριτος along with 365 copbo .
In Ephesians 4 : 14 it reads του διαβολου for της πλανης .
In 1 Timothy 3 : 16 it has textual variant ὃς ἐφανερώθη ( he was manifested ) supported by Sinaiticus , Ephraemi , Boernerianus , 33 , 365 , 442 , 2127 , ℓ 599 , against θεός ἐφανερώθη ( God manifested ) ( Sinaiticuse , A ² , C ² , Dc , K , L , P , Ψ , 81 , 104 , 181 , 326 , 330 , 436 , 451 , 614 , 629 , 630 , 1241 , 1739 , 1877 , 1881 , 1962 , 1984 , 1985 , 2492 , 2495 , Byz , Lect ) .
In Hebrews 13 : 21 it reads παντι εργω και λογω αγαθω for παντι αγαθω .
In 1 John 5 : 6 it has textual variant δι ' ὕδατος καὶ αἵματος καὶ πνεύματος ( through water and blood and spirit ) together with the manuscripts : Codex Sinaiticus , 104 , 424c , 614 , 1739c , 2412 , 2495 , ℓ 598m , syrh , copsa , copbo , Origen . Bart D. Ehrman identified it as Orthodox corrupt reading .
In Revelation 1 : 17 it has unique reading πρωτοτοκος ( firstborn ) instead of πρωτος ( the first ) .
In Revelation 5 : 9 it has ἠγόρασας τῷ θεῷ ( redeemed to God ) . This textual variant is supported only by Ethiopian manuscripts , and has no other Greek manuscript with it .
= = = Verses the scribe did not include = = =
Mark 15 : 28 as in codices א , B , C , D , Ψ , Lect , d , k , syrs , copsa , bo , fay ;
Christ 's agony at Gethsemane ( Luke 22 : 43 – 44 ) , as in codices p75 , א * , B , T , 1071 ;
{ John 7 : 53 @-@ 8 : 11 } ;
Acts 8 : 37 ; 15 : 34 ; 24 : 7 ; 28 : 29 ;
Romans 16 : 24 .
Alexandrinus is an important witness for the absence of Pericope Adultera ( John 7 : 53 @-@ 8 : 11 ) . Gregory asserted in regard to the lost two leaves ( John 6 : 50 @-@ 8 : 52 ) , " For by counting the lines we can prove that it was not in the book . There was not room for it " . ( A similar counting involving missing leaves is done with Codex Ephraemi ) . The analysis referenced by Gregory falls short of full proof of absence . Gregory did not discuss possibilities like the text being added in the margin , or the writing to be condensed , or the section being in another part of the Gospels that is not extant .
= = Provenance = =
= = = Place of origin = = =
The manuscript 's original provenance is unknown . Traditionally Alexandria is considered the place of its origin and it is the most probable hypothesis . Cyril Lucaris was the first who pointed to Alexandria as the place of origin of the codex . This popular view is based on an Arabic note from 13th or 14th century , on folio 1 , which reads : " Bound to the Patriarchal Cell in the Fortress of Alexandria . Whoever removes it thence shall be excommunicated and cut off . Written by Athanasius the humble . " " Athanasius the humble " is identified with Athanasius III , Patriarch of Alexandria from 1276 to 1316 .
F. C. Burkitt questioned this popular view . According to Burkitt , the note reads : " Bound to the Patriarchal Cell in the Fortress of Alexandria . He that lets it go out shall be cursed and ruined . The humble Athanasius wrote ( this ) . " The manuscript had been found on Mount Athos , and the manuscript might have been taken to Egypt by Cyril in 1616 , and that all the Arabic writing in the manuscript could have been inserted between that date and 1621 , when Cyril was elected Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . On this supposition " Athanasius the humble " might have been " some person of Cyril 's staff who had charge of his library " . According to Burkitt 's view the codex was found on Athos , but it was written in Constantinople , because it represents a Constantinopolitan text ( now known as the Byzantine text ) . This hypothesis was supported by Kirsopp Lake .
Frederic G. Kenyon opposed to the Burkit 's view and argued that Cyril firmly believed in the Egyptian origin of the codex . A. S. Fulton , the Keeper of the Department of Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts ( in British Museum ) , in 1938 re @-@ examined the Athanasius note , and gave it as his opinion that on palaeographical grounds it could be dated 13th to 14th century and that the 17th century was excluded . In 1945 T. D. Moschonas published a catalogue of the library of the Patriarch of Alexandria , in which he printed two Greek notes , both from 10th @-@ century manuscripts of John Chrysostom , inserted by the Patriarch Athanasius III . The two notes must have been written between 1308 and 1316 . Although the note in the Codex Alexandrinus is entirely in Arabic , and therefore no identity of hand the Greek notes can be expected , the similarity of wording leaves no doubt that this also is the work of Athanasius III .
Burnett Hillman Streeter proposed Caesarea or Beirut for three reasons : it contains , after the New Testament , the two Epistles of Clement ; it represents an eclectic text in the New Testament , Antiochian in the Gospels and Alexandrian in the Acts and Epistles , it suggests some place where the influence of Antioch and of Alexandria met ; the text of the Old Testament appears to be a non @-@ Alexandrian text heavily revised by the Hexapla , the Old Testament quotations in New Testament more often than not agree with Alexandrinus against Vaticanus .
According to Skeat the note in the codex indicated that the manuscript had not previously been in the Patriarchal Library in Alexandria . The manuscript was carried from Constantinople to Alexandria between 1308 and 1316 , together with two mentioned above manuscripts of Chrysostom . It remained in Alexandria until 1621 , when Cyril removed it once to Constantinople . Whether was originally written , in Constantinople or in Alexandria , is another question . Skeat did not try to give the answer on this question ( " if any future scholar wisches to claim a Constantinopolitan origin for the Codex Alexandrinus , it is at least open to him to do so " ) . This view was supported by McKendrick , who proposes Ephesian provenance of the codex .
A 17th @-@ century Latin note on a flyleaf ( from binding in a royal library ) states that the manuscript was given to a patriarchate of Alexandria in 1098 ( donum dedit cubicuo Patriarchali anno 814 Martyrum ) , although this may well be " merely an inaccurate attempt at deciphering the Arabic note by Athanasius " ( possibly the patriarch Athanasius III ) . The authority for this statement is unknown .
= = = Date = = =
According to an Arabic note on the reverse of the first volume of the manuscript , the manuscript was written by the hand of Thecla , the martyr , a notable lady of Egypt , a little later than the Council of Nice ( A.D. 325 ) . Tregelles made another suggestion , the New Testament volume has long been mutilated , and begins now in the twenty @-@ fifth chapter of Matthew , in which chapter the lesson for Thecla 's Day stands . " We cannot be sure how the story arose . It may be that the manuscript was written in a monastery dedicated to Thecla . " Tregelles thought that Thecla 's name might have on this account been written in the margin above , which has been cut off , and that therefore the Egyptians imagined that Thecla had written it . Cyril Lucaris believed in Thecla 's authorship , but the codex cannot be older than from late 4th century .
Codex Alexandrinus contains the Epistle of Athanasius on the Psalms to Marcellinus , it cannot be considered earlier than A.D. 373 , and it is terminus post quem . In the Acts and Epistles we cannot find such chapter divisions , whose authorship is ascribed to Euthalius , Bishop of Sulci , come into vogue before the middle of the fifth century . It is terminus ad quem . The presence of Epistle of Clement , which was once read in Churches recalls to a period when the canon of Scripture was in some particulars not quite settled . It is certain that the writing of the manuscript appears to be somewhat more advanced than that of the Vaticanus or Sinaiticus , especially in the enlargement of initial letters . It is also more decorated , though its ornamentations are already found in earlier manuscripts .
Codex Alexandrinus was written a generation after codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus , but it may still belong to the fourth century . It cannot be later than the beginning of the fifth . Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 5th century .
= = In Britain = =
The codex was brought to Constantinople in 1621 by Cyril Lucar ( first a patriarch of Alexandria , then later a patriarch of Constantinople ) . Lucar was involved in a complex struggle with the Turkish government , the Catholic Church , and his own subordinates . He was supported by English government and presented the codex to James I in 1624 , as a gratitude for his help . The codex was presented through the hands of Thomas Roe ( together with minuscule 49 ) , the English ambassador at the court of the Sultan . King James died before the manuscript started for England , and the offer was transferred to Charles I in 1627 . It became a part of the Royal Library , British Museum and since 1973 of the British Library . It was saved from the fire at Ashburnam House ( the Cotton library ) on 23 October 1731 , by the librarian , Bentley .
= = = Collations and editions = = =
The Epistles of Clement of the codex were published in 1633 by Patrick Young , the Royal Librarian . A collation was made by Alexander Huish , Prebendary of Wells , for the London Polyglot Bible ( 1657 ) . The text of the manuscript was cited as footnotes . Richard Bentley made a collation in 1675 .
The Old Testament was edited by Ernst Grabe in 1707 @-@ 1720 , and New Testament in 1786 by Carl Gottfried Woide , in facsimile from wooden type , line for line , without intervals between the words , precisely almost as in original . Unfortunately Woide made some mistakes , e.g. in 1 Tim 3 : 16 he edits ΘΣ ἐφανερόθη , and combats in his prolegomena the opinion of Wettstein , who maintained that ΟΣ ἐφανερόθη was the original reading , and that the stroke , which in some lights can be seen across part of the Ο , arose from part of a letter visible through the vellum . Part of the Ε on the other side of the leaf does insert the O. Another errors of Woide were made in the Epistle to Ephesians – the substitution of ἐκλήθηθε for ἐκλήθητε ( 4 : 1 ) and πραόθητος for πραότητος ( 4 : 2 ) .
Woide 's errors were corrected in 1860 by B. H. Cowper , and E. H. Hansell , with three other manuscripts , in 1860 . The Old Testament portion was also published in 1816 @-@ 1828 by Baber , in three folio volumes . The entire manuscript was issued in photographic facsimile by the British Museum , under the supervision of E. M. Thompson in 1879 and 1880 . Frederic G. Kenyon edited a photographic facsimile of the New Testament with reduced size in 1909 . The text of the Old Testament followed four parts in 1915 .
= = = Textual criticism = = =
According to Bentley this manuscript is " the oldest and best in the world " . Bentley assumed that by supplementing this manuscript with readings from other manuscripts and from the Latin Vulgate , he could triangulate back to the single recension which he presumed existed at the time of the First Council of Nicaea . Wettstein highly esteemed the codex in 1730 , but he changed his opinion in 1751 and was no longer a great admirer of it . He came to the conviction that Athos was the place of its origin , not Alexandria . Michaelis also did not esteem it highly , either on account of its internal excellence or the value of its readings . The principal charge which has been produced against the manuscript , and which had been urged by Wettstein , is its having been altered from the Latin version . Michaelis countered that the transcriber who lived in Egypt would not have altered the Greek text from a Latin version , because Egypt belonged to the Greek diocese , and Latin was not understood there . Woide , who defended the Greek manuscripts in general , and the Codex Alexandrinus in particular , from the charge of having been corrupted from the Latin , discerned two hands in the New Testament .
Griesbach agreed with Woide and expanded on Michaelis ' point of view . If this manuscript has been corrupted from a version , it is more reasonable to suspect the Coptic , the version of the country in which it was written . Between this manuscript and both the Coptic and Syriac versions there is a remarkable coincidence . According to Griesbach the manuscript follows three different editions : the Byzantine in the Gospels , the Western in the Acts and General epistles , and the Alexandrian in the Pauline epistles . Griesbach designated the codex by letter A.
Tregelles explained the origin of the Arabic inscription , on which Cyril 's statement appears to rest , by remarking that the text of the New Testament in the manuscript begins with Matthew 25 : 6 , this lesson ( Matthew 25 : 1 @-@ 13 ) being that appointed by the Greek Church for the festival of St. Thecla .
= = Importance = =
It was the first manuscript of great importance and antiquity of which any extensive use was made by textual critics , but the value of the codex was differently appreciated by different writers in the past . Wettstein created a modern system of catalogization of the New Testament manuscripts . Codex Alexandrinus received symbol A and opened the list of the NT uncial manuscripts . Wettstein announced in his Prolegomena ad Novi Testamenti Graeci ( 1730 ) that Codex A is the oldest and the best manuscript of New Testament , and should be the basis in every reconstruction of the New Testament text . Codex Alexandrinus became a basis for criticizing the Textus Receptus ( Wettstein , Woide , Griesbach ) .
= = = Text of the codex = = =
Cowper , B. H. ( 1860 ) . Codex Alexandrinus . Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ . Novum Testamentum Graece . Ex Antiquissimo Codice Alexandrino a C. G. Woide ( PDF ) . London .
Kenyon , Frederick G. ( 1909 ) . Codex Alexandrinus , Genesis @-@ Ruth . London : British Museum ( Facsimile edition ) .
Kenyon , Frederick G. ( 1915 ) . Codex Alexandrinus in Reduced Photographic Facsimile . London : British Museum ( Facsimile edition ) .
Thompson , Edward Maunde ( 1879 – 1883 ) . Facsimile of the Codex Alexandrinus ( 4 vols . ) . London .
Woide , Carl Gottfried ( 1779 – 1786 ) . Novum Testamentum Graecum e codice ms. alexandrino . London .
= = = Introductions to the Textual Criticism of NT = = =
Gregory , C. R. ( 1900 ) . Textkritik des Neuen Testaments ( in German ) 1 . Leipzig : J.C. Hinrichs 'sche Buchhandlung. pp. 29 – 32 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 .
Gregory , C. R. ( 1907 ) . Canon and Text of the New Testament 1 . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark. pp. 340 – 343 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 .
Kenyon , Frederick G. ( 1939 ) . Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts ( 4th ed . ) . London : British Museum. pp. 128 – 132 .
Metzger , Bruce M. ; Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . The Text of the New Testament : Its Transmission , Corruption , and Restoration ( 4th ed . ) . New York - Oxford : Oxford University Press .
Scrivener , Frederick Henry Ambrose ; Edward Miller ( 1894 ) . A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament 1 ( 4th ed . ) . London : George Bell & Sons. p . 342 .
Streeter , Burnett Hillman ( 1924 ) . The Four Gospels . A Study of Origins the Manuscripts Tradition , Sources , Authorship , & Dates . Oxford : MacMillan and Co Limited .
= = = Other works = = =
Burkitt , F. C. , Codex Alexandrinus , JTS XI ( Oxford , 1909 – 1910 ) , pp. 663 – 666 .
Calkins , Robert G. ( 1983 ) . Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press .
Goswell Greg , Early Readers of the Gospels : The Kephalaia and Titloi of Codex Alexandrinus , JGRChJ 66 ( 2009 ) , pp. 134 – 174
Hernández , Juan ( 2006 ) . Scribal Habits and Theological Influences in the Apocalypse : The Singular Readings of Sinaiticus , Alexandrinus , and Ephraemi . Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck .
Mc Kendrick , S. ( 2003 ) . The Codex Alexandrinus : Or the dangers of being a named manuscript , in : The Bible as a Book : The Transmission of the Greek text . London : S. Mc Kendrick & O. A. O 'Sullivan. pp. 1 – 16 . ISBN 0 @-@ 7123 @-@ 4727 @-@ 5 .
Lake , Silva ( 1936 ) . Family Π and the Codex Alexandrinus . The Text According to Mark . London .
Milne , H. J. M. and T. C. Skeat ( 1963 ) [ 1951 ] . The Codex Sinaiticus and the Codex Alexandrinus . London .
Silberstein , Siegfried ( 1893 ) . Über den ursprung der im Codex alexandrinus und vaticanus des dritten Königsbuches der alexandrinischen übersetzung überlieferten textgestalt . Giessen : Giessen : J. Ricker .
Scrivener , F. h. a . ( 1875 ) . Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament and the Ancient Manuscripts which contain it . Deighton , Bell , and Co : Cambridge ; London .
Skeat , T. C. The Provenance of the Codex Alexandrinus , JTS VI ( Oxford , 1955 ) , pp. 233 – 235 .
Swete , Henry Barclay ( 1902 ) . An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek . Cambridge : Macmillan and Co. pp. 125 – 126 .
= = = Images = = =
Volume 4 ( the New Testament ) on the British Library 's Digitised Manuscripts website
Volume 4 ( the New Testament ) at the CSNTM ( facsimile of 1880s edition )
= = = Articles = = =
Codex Alexandrinus : information , zoomable image British Library website
Waltz , Robert . " An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism – Codex Alexandrinus " . A Site Inspired By : The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism . Retrieved 25 December 2010 .
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= Larabanga Mosque =
The Larabanga Mosque is a historic mosque , built in the Sudanese architectural style in the village of Larabanga , Ghana . It is the oldest mosque in the country and one of the oldest in West Africa , and has been referred to as the " Mecca of West Africa " . It has undergone restoration several times since it was originally founded in 1421 ( 17th century according to some ) . The World Monuments Fund ( WMF ) has contributed substantially to its restoration , and lists it as one of the 100 Most Endangered Sites . The restoration works have revived the knowledge of mud @-@ plaster maintenance .
The mosque has an old Quran , believed by the locals to have been given as a gift from heaven in 1650 to Yidan Barimah Bramah , the Imam at the time , as a result of his prayers . The mosque , built with mud and reeds , has two tall towers in pyramidal shape , one for the mihrab which faces towards Mecca forming the facade on the east and the other as a minaret in the northeast corner . These are buttressed by twelve bulbous shaped structures , which are fitted with timber elements .
= = Location = =
The mosque is located in the Islamic town of Larabanga , close to Damongo in the West Gonja District of the Northern Region of Ghana . The town is situated about 15 kilometers north of Damongo , and 4 kilometers south of the Mole National Park entrance .
= = History = =
According to a legend , in 1421 an Islamic trader named Ayuba had a dream while staying here , near a " Mystic Stone " , instructing him to build a mosque . Strangely , when he awoke , he found that the foundations were already in place and he proceeded to construct the mosque until it was completed . It is believed that Ayuba 's remains are buried under a baobab tree , next to the mosque .
Unlike mosques situated in urban settings in West Africa , the Larabanga Mosque is comparatively small . Rural mosques , like Larabanga 's , were usually conceived by a single marabout and loosely based on styles seen elsewhere such as in the Great Mosque of Djenné . In order to achieve a physical resemblance to the architecture used elsewhere , the Larabanga Mosque had to incorporate large buttresses in order to compensate for the poorer quality of building materials .
Larabanga is one of the eight ancient and highly revered mosques in Ghana and is also its oldest . It is a place of pilgrimage and is considered the Mecca of West Africa .
In the 1970s , a mixture of sand and cement was applied to the external faces of the mosque hoping that it would protect the mosque from getting damaged in the wind and rain . However , this treatment resulted in substantial damage to the building as moisture became trapped in the walls built of mud and started a deterioration process of the structure , with termites infesting the wooden supports under humid conditions . This resulted in part of the mosque collapsing and during the repair work it caused some distortions of the structural elements and the exterior of the mosque .
Owing to the effect of prevailing winds and rains on the walls , the mosque has needed several renovations and restoration work which over the years have altered some of its exterior designs . In September 2002 , a severe storm destroyed the mihrab and the minaret . As a result , the World Monuments Fund ( WMF ) placed the mosque on the 2002 World Monuments Watch , also considering the damage sustained after an inappropriate restoration from the 1970s . The Ghana Museums and Monuments Board decided to fully restore the mosque and sought advice from CRAterre , an architectural firm based in Grenoble , France which has expertise in building earthen structures . The renovation work was supported by a WMF , with a grant fund of US $ 50 @,@ 000 from American Express . The local community also provided support . The conservation process involved removal of the earlier cement plaster from the surfaces of the mosque , the wooden structural components were replaced , the minaret and the mihrab were reconstructed , the portal was redone , and the interior and exterior surfaces were plastered in the traditional way . The renovation resulted in reassessing the state of conservation of the site , involving a team of local artisans and labourers . It helped to restore the monument with special emphasis on reviving the knowledge of mud @-@ plaster maintenance .
= = Features = =
Like other mosques in Northern Region of Ghana , Larabanga Mosque is built in the traditional Sudanic @-@ Sahelian architectural style , using local materials and construction techniques . The mosque is built with mud and reeds , and measures about 8 metres ( 26 ft ) by 8 metres ( 26 ft ) . It has two towers in pyramidal shape , one for the mihrab which faces towards Mecca forming the facade on the east and the other as a minaret in the northeast corner . In addition , 12 buttresses of conical shape on the external walls are strengthened by horizontally @-@ aligned timber elements . The architectural style is also known as " flat @-@ footed adobe architecture " . All the structures are given a white wash . The mosque has an old Quran , believed by the locals to have been given as a gift from heaven in 1650 to Bramah , the Imam at the time , as a result of his prayers . The local community has also been supported in a handicraft and tourism project to generate funds not only for meeting the maintenance expenses of the mosque but also improve the economic conditions of the people .
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= Michael 's Birthday =
" Michael 's Birthday " is the nineteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's twenty @-@ fifth episode overall . Written by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg , and directed by Ken Whittingham , the episode first aired in the United States on March 30 , 2006 on NBC . The episode guest stars Nancy Walls as Carol Stills .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is disappointed when only Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) celebrates his birthday . Meanwhile , Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) spends the day waiting to find out if he has skin cancer .
The ice skating scenes were shot in an actual rink ; Carell 's talent at hockey was the reason the writers decided to set the episode there . Fischer had also learned to skate in preparation for the movie Blades of Glory , but the writers decided that there was no reason for Pam to be a good skater , so they had Pam lean on Jim . " Michael 's Birthday " was watched by 7 @.@ 8 million viewers and received mostly positive reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is excited to be celebrating his birthday , and tries to get the employees excited with him . Unfortunately for Michael , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) seems to be the only one joining in ; the rest of the employees are more concerned about Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) , who is awaiting his results from his skin cancer screening . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) sneak out to buy gifts for Kevin to cheer him up .
When Michael finds out about Kevin 's predicament , he gives Kevin his condolences , but subtly remains bitter that Kevin is ruining his birthday fun . Dwight and Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) are less subtle than they think they are being when discussing their secret relationship within earshot of Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) . After goofing around at the store , Jim and Pam return to the office .
In an attempt to make Kevin feel better and celebrate his birthday , Michael takes the employees out ice skating . At the rink , he also runs into his real estate agent Carol Stills ( Nancy Walls ) and her children . He entertains them , which makes Carol smile . Kevin gets the word that his screening results are negative , to the relief of everyone except Michael , who believes that negative means he does have cancer , and who reacts for the first time with genuine concern and compassion for Kevin . The gifts are passed out to Kevin and Michael , and the episode ends with Pam recalling that she had fun with Jim and it was a " good day " .
= = Production = =
This episode was the second episode of the series directed by Ken Whittingham . Whittingham had previously directed the first season episode " Health Care " . " Michael 's Birthday " was written by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg . The two had previously written the episodes " The Fight " and " The Secret " .
The ice skating scenes were shot in an actual rink . According to Jenna Fischer , Steve Carell used to play hockey , and the writers had been looking for a reason to use Carell 's ice skating skills in an episode . Fischer had also learned to skate in preparation for the movie Blades of Glory , but the writers decided that there was no reason for Pam to be a good skater , so they had Pam lean on Jim . Saturday Night Live alumna Nancy Walls , who played Carol Stills , is actually Steve Carell 's wife . At the rink , Michael tells Pam to be wary of breast cancer . This is the third joke that Stupnitsky and Eisenberg had aimed at Pam 's breasts , after one each in " The Fight " and " The Secret " . Fischer later jokingly said that " my breasts play a central role in one of tonight 's scenes . " Fischer also noted that , due to the slight emphasis her breasts were receiving , many fans on the internet were arguing that Fischer had had breast implants . Fischer denied the rumors , but stated that she was " flattered " .
The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Jim describing Michael 's typical birthday , Dwight explaining his duties on Michael 's birthday , Michael being upset when Ryan does not get him a present , Michael telling several variations of his worst birthday , and Michael making Ryan research skin cancer .
= = Cultural references = =
The cold opening features Michael trying to get various members of the office involved in a pyramid scheme , which is a non @-@ sustainable business model that involves promising participants payment or services , primarily for enrolling other people into the scheme , rather than supplying any real investment or sale of products or services to the public . The scheme is generally considered one of various internet scams . Michael later reveals having also fallen for a Nigerian 419 scam .
Michael notes that he shares his birthday with Eva Longoria , and that it will be a perfect icebreaker if he ever meets Teri Hatcher . After Michael asks what Dwight is playing on the recorder , Dwight replies that it is " for the longest time " , by " William Joel " ( Billy Joel released " The Longest Time " in 1984 ) . When Kevin mentions he might have skin cancer , Kelly starts discussing a case involving cancer on the popular medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . She later says that the saddest funeral she ever saw was the one for Princess Diana . For Michael 's birthday , his mother sent him a picture of James Dean Resignedly , Michael notes that " I bet Luke Perry 's friends don 't treat him like this " . While at the grocery store , Jim and Pam buy a copy of the American comedy movie American Pie 2 . Pam later impersonates Darth Vader , a character from the science fiction movie franchise Star Wars on the store 's intercom . To show his support for Kevin , Michael makes a fake Livestrong wristband out of construction paper . Dwight later gives Michael a Wilkes @-@ Barre / Scranton Penguins jersey with the words " From Dwight " on the back .
= = Reception = =
" Michael 's Birthday " originally aired on NBC in the United States on March 30 , 2006 . " Michael 's Birthday " received 4 @.@ 0 / 10 in the ages 18 – 49 demographic in the Nielsen ratings . This means that 4 @.@ 0 percent of all households with an 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old living in it watched the episode , and ten percent had their television tuned to the channel at any point . " Michael 's Birthday " was watched by 7 @.@ 8 million viewers .
" Michael 's Birthday " received very positive reviews . Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad wrote that the episode was " simply the best one yet " , and that it " was so brilliant and so right on that I can 't give it any higher praise " . Sciannamea went on to write that " the scenes at the ice rink were hysterical " and The Office " is the best sitcom on TV " . M. Giant of Television Without Pity graded the episode with an " A " . Lindsey Thomas of Rolling Stone magazine named the scene wherein Michael confuses the term " negative " to mean that Kevin has skin cancer as the seventeenth greatest moment in the series . Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict was moderately pleased with the entry and awarded it a " B + " . He called the entry a " good episode " , but noted that it was helped by " great supporting work from Dwight " , who he called " as not only the best supporting character on the show , but perhaps the best in television . "
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= Reba McEntire =
Reba Nell McEntire ( born March 28 , 1955 ) , also known simply as Reba , is an American country music singer , songwriter , record producer , actress , and television producer . She began her career in the music industry as a high school student singing in the Kiowa High School band , on local radio shows with her siblings , and at rodeos . While a sophomore in college , she performed the National Anthem at the National Rodeo in Oklahoma City and caught the attention of country artist Red Steagall who brought her to Nashville , Tennessee . She signed a contract with Mercury Records a year later in 1975 . She released her first solo album in 1977 and released five additional studio albums under the label until 1983 .
Signing with MCA Nashville Records , McEntire took creative control over her second MCA album , My Kind of Country ( 1984 ) , which had a more traditional country sound and produced two number one singles : " How Blue " and " Somebody Should Leave " . The album brought her breakthrough success , bringing her a series of successful albums and number one singles in the 1980s and 1990s . McEntire has since released 26 studio albums , acquired 40 number one singles , 14 number one albums , and 28 albums have been certified gold , platinum or multi @-@ platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America . She has sometimes been referred to as " The Queen of Country " . and she is one of the best @-@ selling artists of all time , having sold more than 85 million records worldwide .
In the early 1990s , McEntire branched into film starting with 1990 's Tremors . She has since starred in the Broadway revival of Annie Get Your Gun and in her television sitcom , Reba ( 2001 – 07 ) for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy .
= = Early life = =
Reba Nell McEntire was born March 28 , 1955 , in McAlester , Oklahoma , to Jacqueline ( née Smith ; born November 7 , 1926 ) and Clark Vincent McEntire ( November 30 , 1927 – October 23 , 2014 ) . She was named for her maternal grandmother Reba Estelle [ Brassfield ] Smith ( October 6 , 1903 – May 12 , 1970 ) . Reba Smith was the daughter of Byron Williams " B.W. " Brasfield ( May 13 , 1874 – September 12 , 1906 ) and Susie Elizabeth [ Raper ] Brasfield ( February 2 , 1871 – April 18 , 1935 ) . Her father and grandfather , John Wesley McEntire ( February 19 , 1897 – February 13 , 1976 ) , were both champion steer ropers and her father was a World Champion Steer Roper three times ( 1957 , 1958 , and 1961 ) . John McEntire was the son of Clark Stephen McEntire ( September 10 , 1855 – August 15 , 1935 ) and Helen Florida [ Brown ] McEntire ( May 19 , 1868 – May 16 , 1947 ) . Her mother had once wanted to be a country @-@ music artist but eventually decided to become a schoolteacher , but she did teach her children how to sing . Young Reba also taught herself how to play the guitar . On car rides home from their father 's rodeo shows , the McEntire siblings learned songs and harmonies from their mother , eventually forming a vocal group called the " Singing McEntires " with her brother , Pake , and her younger sister Susie ( her older sister Alice did not participate ) . Reba played guitar in the group and wrote all the songs . The group sang at rodeos and recorded " The Ballad of John McEntire " together . Released on the indie label Boss , the song pressed one thousand copies . In 1974 , McEntire attended Southeastern Oklahoma State University planning to be an elementary school teacher ( eventually graduating December 16 , 1976 ) . While not attending school , she also continued to sing locally . That same year she was hired to perform the national anthem at the National Rodeo in Oklahoma City . Country artist Red Steagall , who was also performing that day , was impressed by her vocal ability and agreed to help her launch a country @-@ music career in Nashville , Tennessee . After recording a demo tape , she signed a recording contract with Mercury Records in 1975 .
= = Music career = =
= = = 1976 – 83 : Career launch at Mercury = = =
McEntire made her first recordings for Mercury on January 22 , 1976 , when she released her debut single . Upon its release that year , " I Don 't Want to Be a One Night Stand " failed to become a major hit on the Billboard country music chart , peaking at number 88 in May . She completed her second recording session September 16 , which included the production of her second single , " ( There 's Nothing Like The Love ) Between a Woman and Man " , which reached only number 86 in March 1977 . She recorded a third single that April , " Glad I Waited Just for You " , which reached number 88 by August . That same month , Mercury issued her self @-@ titled debut album . The album was a departure from any of McEntire 's future releases , as it resembled the material of Tanya Tucker and Tammy Wynette , according to AllMusic reviewer Greg Adams . The album itself did not chart the Billboard Top Country Albums chart upon its release . After releasing two singles with Jacky Ward ( " Three Sheets in the Wind " b / w " I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight " ; and " That Makes Two of Us " at No. 20 and No. 26 , respectively ) , Mercury issued her second studio album in 1979 , Out of a Dream . The album 's cover of Patsy Cline 's " Sweet Dreams " became McEntire 's first Top 20 hit , reaching No. 19 on the Billboard country chart in November 1979 .
In 1980 , " You Lift Me Up ( To Heaven ) " brought her to the Top 10 for the first time . Her third studio album , Feel the Fire was released in October and spawned two additional Top 20 hit singles that year . In September 1981 , McEntire 's fourth album , Heart to Heart was issued and became her first album to chart the Billboard Top Country Albums list , peaking at No. 2 . Its lead single , " Today All Over Again " became a top five country hit . The album received mainly negative reviews from critics . William Ruhlmann of AllMusic gave it two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars , stating she did not get creative control of her music . Ruhlmann called " There Ain 't No Love " " essentially a soft pop ballad " . Most of the album 's material consisted of mainly country pop @-@ styled ballads , which was not well liked by McEntire herself . Her fifth album , Unlimited was issued in June 1982 , and spawned her first Billboard number one single in early 1983 : " Can 't Even Get the Blues " and " You 're the First Time I 've Thought About Leaving " . The following year her sixth album , Behind the Scene was released and was positively received by music critics . In 1983 , McEntire announced her departure from Mercury , criticizing the label 's country pop production styles .
= = = 1984 – 90 : Breakthrough = = =
McEntire signed with MCA Nashville Records in 1984 and released her seventh studio album , Just a Little Love . Harold Shedd was originally the album 's producer ; however , McEntire rejected his suggestions towards country pop arrangements . It was instead produced by Norro Wilson , although the album still had a distinguishable country pop sound . Dissatisfied with the album 's sound , she went to MCA president , Jimmy Bowen , who told McEntire to find material that was best @-@ suited to her liking . Instead of finding new material , she found previously recorded country hits from her own record collection , which was then recorded for the album . The album 's material included songs originally released as singles by Ray Price ( " Don 't You Believe Her " , " I Want to Hear It from You " ) , Carl Smith ( " Before I Met You " ) , Faron Young ( " He 's Only Everything " ) and Connie Smith ( " You 've Got Me [ Right Where You Want Me " ] ) . The album spawned two number @-@ one singles : " How Blue " and " Somebody Should Leave " . It was given positive reviews from critics , with Billboard praising McEntire as " the finest woman country singer since Kitty Wells " and Rolling Stone critics honoring her as one of their Top 5 favorite country artists . Upon its release , My Kind of Country became her highest @-@ peaking album on the Top Country Albums chart , reaching No. 13 . The album also included instruments such as a fiddle and pedal steel guitar , and was aimed more towards a traditional country sound . McEntire was later praised as a " new traditionalist " , along with Ricky Skaggs , George Strait , and Randy Travis . That year , she won the Country Music Association Awards ' Female Vocalist of the Year , her first major industry award . The album was certified Gold .
In 1985 , McEntire released her third MCA album , Have I Got a Deal for You , which followed the same traditional format as My Kind of Country . It was the first album produced by McEntire and was co @-@ produced with Jimmy Bowen . Like her previous release , the album received positive feedback , including Rolling Stone , which called it a " promising debut " . The album 's second single , " Only in My Mind " was entirely written by McEntire and reached No. 5 on the Billboard country chart . On January 17 , 1986 , McEntire became a member of the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville , Tennessee , and has been a member ever since . In February 1986 , McEntire 's ninth studio album , Whoever 's in New England was released . For this album , McEntire and co @-@ producer Jimmy Bowen incorporated her traditional music style into a mainstream sound that was entirely different from anything she had previously recorded . Country Music : The Rough Guide called the production of the title track , " bigger and sentimentalism more obvious , even manipulative " . The title track peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and won her a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance the following year . In addition , the album became McEntire 's first release to certify gold in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( and was later certified Platinum ) . At the end of the year , McEntire won Entertainer of the Year from the Country Music Association , the highest honor in the awards show .
McEntire released a second album in 1986 ( her tenth overall ) , What Am I Gonna Do About You . Allmusic critic William Ruhlmann was not overly pleased with album 's production , saying that it lacked the features that had been set forth on Whoever 's in New England . Rulhlmann criticized the title track for " something of the feel of ' Whoever 's in New England ' in its portrayal of a woman trying to recover from a painfully ended love affair " . The title track was the lead single from the release and became a number @-@ one single shortly after its release . This album also spawned a second number @-@ one in " One Promise Too Late " . The following year , her first MCA compilation , Greatest Hits was released and became her first album to be certified platinum in sales , eventually certifying triple @-@ platinum . A twelfth studio album , The Last One to Know , was released in 1987 . The emotions of her divorce from husband , Charlie Battles , were put into the album 's material , according to McEntire . The title track from the release was a number @-@ one single in 1987 and the second single , " Love Will Find Its Way to You " , also reached the top spot . In late 1987 , McEntire released her first Christmas collection , Merry Christmas to You , which sold two million copies in the United States , certifying double Platinum . The album included cover versions of " Away in a Manger " , " Silent Night " , and Grandpa Jones 's " The Christmas Guest " .
Her thirteenth album , Reba , was issued in 1988 and was not well received by critics , who claimed she was moving farther away from her " traditional country " sound . Stereo Review disliked the album 's contemporary style , stating , " After years of insisting that she 'd stick to hard @-@ core country ' because I have tried the contemporary @-@ type songs , and it 's not Reba McEntire — it 's just not honest , ' McEntire [ ... ] has gone whole @-@ hog pop . The album peaked at No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks . Okay , so maybe that 's not so terrible . " Although it was reviewed poorly , the album itself was certified platinum in sales and produced two number @-@ one singles : " I Know How He Feels " and " New Fool at an Old Game " . In addition , the release 's cover version of Jo Stafford 's " A Sunday Kind of Love " became a Top 5 hit on the Billboard country music chart . Also in 1988 , McEntire founded Starstruck Entertainment , which controlled her management , booking , publishing , promotion , publicity , accounting , ticket sales , and fan club administration . The company would eventually expand into managing a horse farm , jet charter service , trucking , construction , and book publishing .
McEntire 's fourteenth studio album , Sweet Sixteen , was released in May 1989 ; it spent sixteen weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart , while also becoming her first album to peak in the top 100 on the Billboard 200 , reaching No. 78 . The album was given positive reviews because unlike her previous studio album , the release , " welcomes the fiddles and steel guitars back as she returns to the neo @-@ traditionalist fold " , according to Allmusic , which gave the release four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars . Reviewer William Ruhlmann found Sweet Sixteen to " double back to a formula that worked for her in the past " . The lead single was a cover of The Everly Brothers ' " Cathy 's Clown " , with McEntire 's version reaching No. 1 in July on the Billboard country music chart . Three more Top 10 hits followed from Sweet Sixteen : " Till Love Comes Again " , " Little Girl " , and " Walk On " , at No. 4 , 7 and 2 , respectively . In September she released Reba Live , her first live album , which originally certified gold but certified platinum ten years later .
Sixteen months after the release of Sweet Sixteen and after giving birth to her son , McEntire transitioned into 1990 with the release of Rumor Has It . The album 's " sound and production were almost entirely pop @-@ oriented " , according to Kurt Wolff of Country Music : The Rough Guide . Although Rumor Has It was an attempt to receive critical praise , many reviewers found the album to be " predictable " . Stereo Review mainly found the recording displeasing in some places , but the reviewer also believed she " still leaves most of the competition in the dust " , calling the album " glorious " . Rumor Has It eventually sold three million copies by 1999 , certifying triple @-@ platinum by that year . It was prefaced by the single " You Lie " , which became her fifteenth number @-@ one single on the country chart . In addition , the album 's cover of Bobbie Gentry 's 1969 hit " Fancy " and a new track , " Fallin ' Out of Love " , became Top 10 hits on the same Billboard country chart .
= = = 1991 : Aviation accident and For My Broken Heart = = =
While on tour for her 1990 album , McEntire lost eight members of her band ; ( Chris Austin , Kirk Cappello , Joey Cigainero , Paula Kaye Evans , Jim Hammon , Terry Jackson , Anthony Saputo , and Michael Thomas ) , plus pilot Donald Holmes and co @-@ pilot Chris Hollinger , when their charter jet plane crashed near San Diego , California in the early morning of March 16 , 1991 . The accident occurred after McEntire 's private performance for IBM executives the night before . The first plane was a Hawker Siddeley DH @-@ 125 @-@ 1A / 522 charter jet , believed to have taken off around 1 : 45 AM from the Brown Field Municipal Airport , located near the border of Mexico . After reaching an altitude of about 3 @,@ 572 feet ( 1 @,@ 089 m ) above sea level , the aircraft crashed on the side of Otay Mountain , located ten miles east of the airport , while the second plane ( carrying her other band members ) did not crash . The accident was believed to have occurred due to poor visibility near the mountain , which was not considered " prohibitive " for flying . The news was reported nearly immediately to McEntire and her husband , who were sleeping at a nearby hotel . A spokeswoman for McEntire at the time stated in the Los Angeles Times that " she was very close to all of them . Some of them had been with her for years . Reba is totally devastated by this . It 's like losing part of your family . Right now she just wants to get back to Nashville . "
McEntire dedicated her sixteenth album , For My Broken Heart , to her deceased road band . Released in October 1991 , it contained songs of sorrow and lost love about " all measure of suffering , " according to Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly . Nash reported that McEntire " still hits her stride with the more traditional songs of emotional turmoil , above all combining a spectacular vocal performance with a terrific song on ' Buying Her Roses , ' a wife 's head @-@ spinning discovery of her husband 's other woman . " The release peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart , while also reaching No. 13 on the Billboard 200 , and eventually sold four million copies . Its title track became McEntire 's sixteenth number @-@ one , followed by " Is There Life Out There " , which also reached No. 1 on the Billboard country music chart . The third single , " The Greatest Man I Never Knew , " peaked in the Top 5 and her cover of Vicki Lawrence 's " The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia " reached No. 12 . " If I Had Only Known , " a cut from this album , was later included in the soundtrack to the 1994 film 8 Seconds .
= = = 1992 – 96 : Continued success = = =
In December 1992 , McEntire 's seventeenth studio album , It 's Your Call , was released . It became her first album to peak within the Billboard 200 Top 10 , reaching No. 8 . McEntire commented that the record was a " second chapter " to For My Broken Heart , while music reviewers such as Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly disagreed , writing , " In truth , it isn 't nearly as pessimistic as its predecessor — and unfortunately it isn 't anywhere as involving . " Nash called the album 's title track — which peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart — " one of those moment @-@ of @-@ truth sagas at which McEntire excels . In the song , a wife answers the phone to find her husband 's girlfriend on the other end and seizes the opportunity not only to inform her mate that she knows of his affair but to give him the ultimatum of choosing between the two . She 's not the only one who 's waitin ' on the line , she sings , handing her husband the phone . It 's your call . " Christopher John Farley of Time magazine wrote that the album ranged from being " relaxing " to " cathartic " , and " these vocals from one of the best country singers linger in the mind " . The album 's preceding singles — " The Heart Won 't Lie " ( a duet with then @-@ labelmate Vince Gill ) and " Take It Back " — were Top 10 hits on the Billboard country chart , reaching No. 1 and No. 5 respectively . Like its preceding album , It 's Your Call sold over a million copies , eventually certifying by the RIAA in sales of double @-@ platinum .
In October 1993 , McEntire 's third compilation album , Greatest Hits Volume Two was released , reaching No. 1 and No. 5 on the Billboard Top Country Albums and Billboard 200 charts respectively , selling 183 @,@ 000 copies during Christmas week 1993 . Out of the ten tracks were two new singles : the first , " Does He Love You " , was a duet with Linda Davis . The song later went on to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and win both women a Grammy for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals . Its second single , " They Asked About You " , was also a Top 10 hit . The additional eight songs were some of McEntire 's biggest hit singles during a course of five years including " The Last One to Know " , " I Know How He Feels " , " Cathy 's Clown " , and " The Heart Won 't Lie " . After originally selling two million copies upon its initial release ( 2 × Multi @-@ Platinum ) , Greatest Hits Volume Two would later certify at 5 × Multi @-@ Platinum by the RIAA in 1998 . The album has gone to sell over 10 million copies worldwide , which makes it McEntire 's best selling album to date .
Her eighteenth studio release was 1994 's Read My Mind . The album spawned five major hit singles onto the Billboard Country chart , including the No. 1 single " The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " . The further releases ( " Till You Love Me " , " Why Haven 't I Heard from You " , and " And Still " ) became Top 10 singles on the same chart , with " Till You Love Me " also reaching No. 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 , a chart that she had not previously entered . The album itself reached No. 2 on both the Billboard 200 and Top Country Albums charts . Charlotte Dillon of Allmusic gave the album four out of five stars , calling it " another wonderful offering of songs performed by the gifted country singer Reba McEntire " . Dillon also felt that the album 's material had " a little soul , a little swing , and some pop , too " . Entertainment Weekly 's Alanna Nash also gave the album positive feedback , viewing the album to have " enough boiling rhythms and brooding melodies to reflect the anger and disillusionment of the middle class in the ' 90s " , calling the track " She Thinks His Name Was John " to be the best example of that idea . The song was eventually spawned as a single and was considered controversial for its storyline , which described a woman who contracts AIDS from a one @-@ night stand . Because of its subject , the song garnered less of a response from radio and peaked at No. 15 . Read My Mind became another major seller for McEntire and her label , selling three million copies by 1995 and certifying at 3 × Multi @-@ Platinum from the RIAA .
After many years of releasing studio albums of newly recorded material , McEntire 's nineteenth studio album , Starting Over ( 1995 ) was collection of her favorite songs originally recorded by others from the 1950s through the early 1980s . The album was made to commemorate twenty years in the music industry , but many music critics gave it a less positive response than her previous release . Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that although the album was considered a " rebirth " for McEntire , he thought that some tracks were recorded for merely " nothing more than entertainment " . The album paid tribute to many of McEntire 's favorite artists and included cover versions of " Talking In Your Sleep " originally sung by Crystal Gayle , " Please Come to Boston " , " I Won 't Mention It Again " sung by Ray Price , " Starting Over Again " , cowritten by Donna Summer and originally a hit for Dolly Parton , " On My Own " , and " By the Time I Get to Phoenix " . " On My Own " featured guest vocals from Davis , as well as Martina McBride and Trisha Yearwood . Despite negative reviews , Starting Over was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America within the first two months of its release , but only one single — a cover of Lee Greenwood 's " Ring on Her Finger , Time on Her Hands " — was a Top 10 hit single .
= = = 1997 – 98 : What If It 's You and " If You See Him " = = =
McEntire made a major comeback into the music industry the following year with her twentieth studio album , What If It 's You . The album 's lead single , " The Fear of Being Alone " reached No. two on the country charts , and its further two singles ( " How Was I to Know " and " I 'd Rather Ride Around with You " ) reached No. 1 and No. 2 respectively . The release garnered higher critical acclaim than Starting Over , with Thom Owens of Allmusic calling the album " nevertheless an excellent reminder of her deep talents as a vocalist " . MCA Nashville chairman Bruce Hinton told Billboard how pleased he was with McEntire 's release , calling the album 's ten tracks " powerful " and concluding by stating , " There are so many writers and so many great songs in Nashville , and Reba has collected her disproportionate share [ ... ] She 's country music 's female artist of the 90 's . " What If It 's You peaked at No. 1 Top Country Albums and No. 15 on the Billboard 200 , while also becoming her first album in three years to certify in multi @-@ platinum sales , selling two million copies by 1999 . At the end of 1997 , McEntire also charted at No. 23 the charity single " What If " . The proceeds of sales for this single were donated to the Salvation Army .
In 1997 , McEntire headlined a tour with Brooks & Dunn that led to the recording of " If You See Him / If You See Her " with the duo the following year . This song was included on McEntire 's If You See Him album and Brooks & Dunn 's If You See Her album , both of which released on June 2 . Thom Owens of AllMusic reported in its review that both album titles were named nearly the same as " a way to draw attention for both parties , since they were no longer new guns — they were veterans in danger of losing ground to younger musicians " . The duet reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in June 1998 and spawned an additional three Top 10 hits during that year : " Forever Love " , " Wrong Night " , and " One Honest Heart " . In addition , If You See Him peaked within the Top 10 on both the Billboard 200 and Top Country Albums chart , reaching No. 8 and No. 2 , respectively .
= = = 1999 – 2001 : So Good Together and Greatest Hits Vol . 3 : I 'm A Survivor = = =
In 1999 , McEntire released two albums . In September she issued her second Christmas album , The Secret of Giving : A Christmas Collection , which eventually sold 500 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In November , her twenty @-@ second studio album , So Good Together was released , spawning three singles . The first release , " What Do You Say " and the second release , " I 'll Be " both reached the Top 5 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . So Good Together also brought her into the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 for the first time , peaking at No. 31 . The album would eventually certify Platinum by the end of the decade . What Do You Say became her first crossover hit as well . Unlike any of her previous albums , So Good Together was produced by three people , including McEntire . Entertainment Weekly commented that most of the album 's material was " an odd set — mostly ballads , including an English / Portuguese duet with Jose e Durval on Boz Scaggs ' ' We 're All Alone ' " .
In 2001 , McEntire returned with her third greatest @-@ hits album : Greatest Hits Vol . 3 : I 'm a Survivor . The album helped McEntire receive her third gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America , which made her the most certified female country artist in music history . It spawned the number @-@ three hit " I 'm a Survivor " , which would be her last major hit for two years , as McEntire would go on a temporary hiatus to focus on her television sitcom , Reba . The album 's only other single , a cover of Kenny Rogers ' " Sweet Music Man " , went to No. 36 .
= = = 2003 – 07 : Return to the music industry = = =
McEntire 's seventy @-@ sixth chart single , " I 'm Gonna Take That Mountain " , released in mid @-@ 2003 , ended her two @-@ year break from recording . In November 2003 , her twenty @-@ third studio album , Room to Breathe , marked her first release of new material in four years . Writing for The Boston Globe , Steve Morse found the album 's material to have a variety of musical stylings , saying the track " Love Revival " sounded like Tanya Tucker and calling " If I Had Any Sense at All " " a mournful country ballad " . Dan MacIntosh of Country Standard Time gave Room to Breathe a less @-@ received review , reporting that " it ultimately falls short of leaving the listener breathless " . He highlighted " I 'm Gonna Take That Mountain " for sounding like a Bluegrass @-@ inspired song such as music by Ricky Skaggs or Patty Loveless . The album itself reached a peak of No. 4 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and No. 25 on the Billboard 200 , staying at the position for only one week . The second single , " Somebody " , also recorded by Mark Wills on his " Loving Every Minute " release , became her twenty @-@ second number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and first since " If You See Him / If You See Her " six years previous . This became her thirty @-@ third number @-@ one single overall . It took longer than expected to become a hit , according to McEntire , who said , " Yeah , that had us concerned . The album came out in November and it took 30 weeks for " Somebody " to work its way up the charts . Usually , it 's 15 weeks . But this one had a resurgence of life , especially after the video came out . MCA is really kicking butt with it . " Its third single , " He Gets That from Me " reached No. 7 , followed by the Amy Dalley co @-@ written track " My Sister " , which reached No. 16 .
In 2005 , McEntire released the compilation Reba 1 's . The album comprised all thirty @-@ three number @-@ one hits in her career on all major trade charts . Two new songs were included on the album : " You 're Gonna Be " and " Love Needs a Holiday " . Both were released as singles , peaking at No. 33 and No. 60 , respectively , with the latter becoming her first single in twenty @-@ seven years to miss the country top 40 entirely . Country Standard Time called the tracks " Whoever 's in New England " and " You Lie " the album highlights . The album reached a peak of No. 3 on the Top Country Albums chart and No. 12 on the Billboard 200 upon its release , certifying 2 × Platinum by the RIAA within two years . On August 30 , 2007 , McEntire received two CMA nominations : Female Vocalist of the Year and Vocal Event of the Year . With those two nominations plus another in 2008 and two more in 2009 , McEntire became the female artist with the most nominations ( forty @-@ eight ) in the forty @-@ three year history of the CMA Awards , surpassing Dolly Parton , who has forty @-@ three .
In mid @-@ 2007 , McEntire announced the release of her twenty @-@ fifth studio album , Reba : Duets , on September 18 . McEntire stated that out of all the albums she had previously recorded , her newest release was particularly special : " This is an album that will go down in history as probably my favorite album to record because I got to work and sing and be with my friends . Out of everything in this whole career that I can say that I 'm the most proud of , are my friends . And here 's the proof . " In promotion for the album , McEntire made appearances at radio shows and on The Oprah Winfrey Show September 19 . The album 's lead single , " Because of You " — a duet with Kelly Clarkson , who originally recorded the song — became her fifty @-@ fifth Top 10 single on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , tying her with Dolly Parton , who also had the same amount of Top 10 records . The album was given high critical praise from magazines such as PopMatters , which called McEntire 's vocals , " to sound sweet without being syrupy , while being extremely powerful . McEntire 's vocal strength yields a different kind of authority than the bluesy , drawling growl of Janis Joplin , the weathered rasp of Marianne Faithfull , or even the soul @-@ shrieking powerhouse of Tina Turner . Instead , Reba 's voice combines the aspects of all three singers but tempers it with a Southern sweetness and an unmistakable femininity . " The album contained ten tracks of duets with country and pop artists , including Kenny Chesney , LeAnn Rimes , Trisha Yearwood , Carole King , and Justin Timberlake . Reba : Duets peaked at No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart , while also becoming her first album in her thirty @-@ year career to peak and debut at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , with 300 @,@ 536 copies ( according to Nielsen Soundscan ) sold within its first week of release . On January 17 , 2008 , McEntire embarked on the 2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour with Clarkson , which began in Fairborn , Ohio and ended in November of the same year . A month after its release , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on October 19 , 2007 . The album 's only other single was " Every Other Weekend " . Recorded on the album as a duet with Chesney , it was released to radio with its co @-@ writer , Skip Ewing , as a duet partner .
= = = 2008 – 12 : Move to Valory = = =
In early 2008 , McEntire partnered again with Brooks & Dunn for a re @-@ recorded version of their single " Cowgirls Don 't Cry " . McEntire is featured in the video , but not on the version found on the album Cowboy Town . It became McEntire 's fifty @-@ sixth Top Ten country hit , breaking Dolly 's record for the most Top Ten country hits for a solo female . In November 2008 , McEntire announced that she would be departing from her label of twenty @-@ five years and signing with the Valory Music Group , an imprint of Big Machine Records ( coincidentally distributed by MCA and Mercury 's parent , Universal Music Group ) . Under MCA , she had sold a total of sixty @-@ seven million records worldwide and won two Grammys . The switch to Valory reunited McEntire with the label 's president , Scott Borchetta , who had worked as senior vice president of promotion at MCA during most of the 1990s . McEntire later commented on her label switch , stating , " I am thrilled to be joining the Valory team . Scott and I worked together on some of the biggest singles of my career , and I am excited to renew our partnership . " In November , 2008 , MCA released a 50 Greatest Hits box set compilation album , containing three CDs , from 1984 's " How Blue " to 2007 's " Because of You " .
On April 5 , 2009 , McEntire debuted her first single , " Strange " , on Valory at the 2009 Academy of Country Music Awards . The song debuted at No. 39 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , giving McEntire the highest single debut of her career , and went on to peak at No. 11 . Her twenty @-@ sixth studio album , Keep On Loving You was released August 18 , 2009 , and became McEntire 's first solo studio album in six years . The album gained fairly positive reviews from most album critics . On August 26 , Keep on Loving You became McEntire 's second album to top both the Billboard Country and 200 charts , selling almost 96 @,@ 000 copies within its first week . With the album , McEntire broke the record for the female country artist with the most Billboard number @-@ one albums , which was previously held by Loretta Lynn .
On August 18 the label released the album 's second single , " Consider Me Gone " , and it debuted at No. 51 on The Hot Country Single 's Chart . The single became McEntire 's thirty @-@ fourth number @-@ one on the Billboard chart in December . With a four @-@ week stay at No. 1 , this song became the longest @-@ lasting number @-@ one of her career , as well as the first multi @-@ week number @-@ one by a female country singer since Taylor Swift 's " Our Song " in 2007 . The album 's third and final single was " I Keep On Loving You " , co @-@ written by Ronnie Dunn of Brooks & Dunn , which peaked at No. 7 .
McEntire 's thirty @-@ fourth studio album , All the Women I Am , was released on November 9 , 2010 , under Valory Music Group / Starstruck Records . The album 's lead single called " Turn On the Radio " was released on August 3 , 2010 , and the music video premiered on August 18 , 2010 . Upon its release , All the Women I Am received generally positive reviews from most music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 72 , based on 4 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . On November 10 , 2010 , McEntire appeared at the Country Music Association Awards performing her version of Beyoncé 's " If I Were a Boy " . On December 20 , 2010 , McEntire scored her 35th Billboard number @-@ one single in the U.S. with " Turn On the Radio " . The second single from All the Women I Am was a cover of Beyoncé 's " If I Were a Boy " , which McEntire took to No. 22 . After it came " When Love Gets a Hold of You " at No. 40 and " Somebody 's Chelsea " at No. 44 . The latter was the only single that McEntire had co @-@ written since " Only in My Mind " in 1985 . McEntire later announced that she would be visiting 31 cities on her All the Women I Am Tour ' late that year with The Band Perry , Steel Magnolia , and Edens Edge as opening acts on different stops of the tour . Dates for the tour were announced July 6 , 2011 .
On March 1 , 2011 , the Country Music Association announced that McEntire would be inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame . McEntire was unable to attend the announcement after her father had slipped into a coma following a stroke . McEntire was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame on May 22 , 2011 , at a Medallion Ceremony that took place at the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville , Tennessee . She was inducted by one of her musical idols , Dolly Parton .
= = = 2014 – present : Nash Icon and Love Somebody = = =
On October 21 , 2014 , it was announced that McEntire would be the inaugural signing for Big Machine 's new imprint Nash Icon Music . She also disclosed that she was working on a new album , with 11 new songs . Her first single for the new label , " Going Out Like That , " was announced December 16 , 2014 and was released on January 6 , 2015 . It served as the lead @-@ off single to Love Somebody , McEntire 's twenty @-@ seventh studio album , released on April 14 , 2015 . Love Somebody debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums — her twelfth number @-@ one album on the chart — and No. 3 on Billboard 200 , selling 62 @,@ 469 copies in the U.S. The album has sold 171 @,@ 600 copies in the U.S. as of October 5 , 2015 .
= = Grand Ole Opry = =
When Reba McEntire made her Grand Ole Opry debut on September 17 , 1977 , she almost did not make it in the door after a guard at the Opry gate missed her name on the night 's list of performers . Her parents and older sister , Alice , drove 1 @,@ 400 miles round trip from their Oklahoma home to see what turned out to be Reba 's three @-@ minute performance that night . Her act was cut from two songs to just one — " Invitation to the Blues " — because of a surprise appearance from Dolly Parton . McEntire was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry on January 17 , 1986 . " The Grand Ole Opry is a home , " she says . " It 's a family . It 's like a family reunion , when you come back and get to see everybody . "
= = Acting career = =
= = = 1989 – 99 : Entrance into film and television acting = = =
During the late 1980s , many of McEntire 's music videos were being described as " mini movies " . In each video , she would portray a different character , which distinguished her music videos from other videos released by artists during that time . In the late 1980s , McEntire became interested in an acting career , eventually hiring an agent . In 1989 , she co @-@ hosted Good Morning America on ABC .
In 1990 , she obtained her first film role playing Heather Gummer in the horror comedy Tremors , along with Kevin Bacon . The film told the story of a small group of people living in Nevada who were fighting subterranean worm @-@ like creatures . After the film 's release , McEntire developed a strong interest in acting and made it her second career . The following year , she starred along with Kenny Rogers and Burt Reynolds in the made @-@ for @-@ television movie , The Gambler Returns : The Luck of the Draw . In 1994 , McEntire worked with director , Rob Reiner in the film , North , playing Ma Tex . The film obtained negative reviews , receiving only two and a half stars from Allmovie .
In 1994 , McEntire starred in Is There Life Out There ? , a television movie based on her song of the same name . The following year , she appeared in Buffalo Girls , which was based upon the life of western cowgirl , Calamity Jane ( played by Anjelica Huston ) . Playing Jane 's friend , Annie Oakley , Buffalo Girls was nominated for an Emmy award . In 1996 , McEntire was cast by director James Cameron as Molly Brown in his film Titanic . However , when it became apparent production for the film would extend well beyond its original length , McEntire had to turn down the part , as she had already scheduled prior concert engagements . The role was recast with Kathy Bates . In 1998 , she starred as Lizzie Brooks in Forever Love , which was based upon McEntire 's hit single of the same name .
= = = 2000 – 07 : Broadway and television series = = =
In early 2001 , McEntire expanded into theater , starring in the Broadway revival of Annie Get Your Gun . Playing Annie Oakley ( whom she had previously portrayed in Buffalo Girls ) , McEntire 's performance was critically acclaimed by several newspapers , including The New York Times , which commented , " Without qualification the best performance by an actress in a musical comedy this season . " McEntire personally called the musical , " some of the hardest work I 've ever done in my life " .
In 2005 , McEntire starred as Nellie Forbush in the Carnegie Hall concert production of the Broadway musical South Pacific with Alec Baldwin as Luther Billis and Brian Stokes Mitchell as Emile de Becque , directed by Walter Bobbie and with an adapted script by David Ives . The concert was broadcast as part of the Great Performances series in 2006 .
In October 2001 , McEntire premiered her half @-@ hour television sitcom Reba on the WB network . The show was based around divorced mother Reba Hart , who learns how to handle life situations after her husband divorces her and their teenage daughter becomes pregnant . Reba garnered critical acclaim and success , becoming the network 's highest @-@ rated television show for adults ranging from the ages of eighteen to forty nine . The show ran for six seasons and earned McEntire a nomination for a Golden Globe award . It was cancelled on February 18 , 2007 ; the series finale had 8 @.@ 7 million viewers .
= = = 2011 : Return to television = = =
In September 2011 , McEntire confirmed on her website that ABC had ordered a pilot for her second television series , Malibu Country . McEntire would play a divorced mother of two who moves to Malibu , California to restart her music career . The pilot was filmed in April 2012 and began production on its first season in August . It was announced that the pilot for Malibu Country would premiere November 2 , 2012 . The show then began showing every Friday night at 8 : 30 / 7 : 30c on ABC . On May 11 , 2012 , McEntire tweeted that the show had been picked up . She also was the host in the 2011 NASCAR Award Show in Las Vegas .
Despite reports that Malibu Country was the most @-@ watched freshman comedy in its debut season ( 8 @.@ 7 million ) , the show was canceled on May 10 , 2013 , after eighteen episodes .
= = Musical styles and legacy = =
McEntire 's sound has been influenced by the country music of Bob Wills , Merle Haggard , Dolly Parton , Barbara Mandrell , and Patsy Cline . In college , McEntire would attend local dances at the Oklahoma – Texas border so she could dance to Wills 's music , commenting that , " it didn 't get any better than dancing to Bob Wills music " . She also explained Merle Haggard 's influence on her career , stating " I had every album he ever put out " , and would sing " every song he did " , along with her brother , Pake and sister , Susie . In addition , her first major hit , " Sweet Dreams " was a remake of Patsy Cline 's version of the song , according to McEntire herself . McEntire 's music has been described to not only be built upon traditional country music , but also expand into the genres of Country pop , Mainstream pop , Soul , Adult Contemporary , and R & B. At times , her music has often been criticized for moving away from traditional country music . Many music critics have often called her music to be " melodramatic " , " formulaic " , and " bombastic " , particularly after her 1988 album , Reba . Studio releases such as Sweet Sixteen , Rumor Has It , It 's Your Call , and Starting Over have often been described by these terms .
McEntire possesses a contralto vocal range and performs " vocal gymnastics " with her voice , a musical technique in which a singer twirls a note around , using their vibrato . McEntire has often credited Dolly Parton for influencing this trait , stating that she would always listen to Parton 's records and find her style of vocal gymnastics , " so pretty " .
McEntire has often been regarded as one of country music 's most influential female vocalists and most beloved entertainers . She has also been highly credited for remaining one of country 's most popular female artists for nearly four decades , maintaining her success by continually incorporating contemporary musical sounds without changing her traditional vocal style . For many new artists , she has been credited as the inspiration to their careers in country music , including Faith Hill , Martina McBride , Trisha Yearwood , and LeAnn Rimes . She has also been credited as an inspiration to other performers such as Sara Evans , Kelly Clarkson , Lee Ann Womack , Terri Clark , Taylor Swift , and Carrie Underwood , The Net Music Countdown second @-@ handedly reported , " That influence has manifested itself in many ways . As a role model , she 's shown others how to handle fame with grace and good humor while never backing down from her values or goals . Just as importantly , she 's shown others to refuse to accept limitations on what she can do or how much she can achieve . " McEntire also explained to the online website , " Whatever I 'm doing , I feel like I 'm representing country music " . " It 's always been my main career , and it 's where my loyalties lie . I feel like I 'm waving the flag of country music wherever I go , and I couldn 't be prouder to do it . "
= = Personal life = =
Two of her siblings have also had careers in the music industry . Her brother , Pake , dabbled in the country music industry in the late 80s but returned to Oklahoma after a brief stint . He owns and operates a 1 @,@ 000 acre ranch near Colgate , Oklahoma and continues to rodeo . Her sister , Susie McEntire , is a successful Christian music singer who travels the country with her husband speaking and performing . She also has an older sister , Alice Foran , a retired social worker , who resides in Lane , OK . Her niece , Calamity McEntire , is an assistant basketball coach at the University of Arizona .
In 1976 , McEntire married national steer wrestling champion and rancher Charlie Battles who was ten years older than her and had two teenage sons , Lance and Coty . Together , the couple owned a ranch in Oklahoma and Battles also managed her career . In 1987 , McEntire divorced Battles and moved to Nashville , Tennessee . She later commented to Bob Allen of Country Music about their separation , saying , " I had to pack everything in one day and leave . I was totally starting over . " McEntire later claimed that she wanted to focus more on her music career , while Battles felt she had peaked and insisted that she remain at home , helping to take care of the ranch and quit her music career . McEntire stated , " I wasn 't the little girl anymore , taking orders , and doing what he said . I knew my career had not peaked and I wasn 't going to walk away from it when I was rolling in awards , charting number one hits , and touring and selling out concerts . I had worked so hard to get my career to that level of success and I meant I wasn 't giving it up yet . A lot of people said I put my career before my marriage , and maybe I did , I don 't know . But we had grown apart so much on a personal level and wanted two different things out of life . There were personal issues other than my career coming between us and when you can 't respect somebody anymore , you can 't have a marriage , so I walked away . " Battles had a major stroke in 2006 and became totally disabled as a result . He died on April 21 , 2013 .
After the divorce from Battles , McEntire 's career started to gain significant and sustained momentum . In 1989 , McEntire married her manager and former steel guitar player , Narvel Blackstock . The couple wed in a private ceremony on a boat in Lake Tahoe . Together , the pair took over all aspects of McEntire 's career , forming Starstruck Entertainment , which was originally designed to help manage her career . From her second marriage , McEntire inherited three stepchildren - Chassidy , Shawna , and Brandon - and then gave birth to a son , Shelby Steven McEntire Blackstock , in February 1990 . On August 3 , 2015 , it was announced in a joint statement on McEntire 's website that she and Blackstock had been separated for a few months after twenty @-@ six years of marriage . McEntire announced in December 2015 that their divorce was final on October 28 , 2015 . Despite the divorce , McEntire remains very close to her three stepchildren as well as the Blackstock family . Her step kids have six children between them whom she adores and considers them her grandchildren . In fact , McEntire 's song " Somebody 's Chelsea " was written about her granddaughter .
McEntire 's stepson Brandon Blackstock is married to McEntire 's friend and fellow singer Kelly Clarkson , who is also managed by McEntire 's ex @-@ husband . Speaking about their impending marriage in 2013 , McEntire stated that she was , " thrilled to death , thrilled to death . To have my buddy as my daughter @-@ in @-@ law , I mean , who could ask for more ? "
= = Accolades = =
McEntire holds the record for the most Academy of Country Music Top Female Vocalist Awards ( seven ) , and American Music Awards for Favorite Country Female Artist ( twelve ) . She also holds the distinction of being the first to win the Country Music Association 's Female Vocalist of the Year Award four times consecutively . Martina McBride won Female Vocalist four times , although not consecutively . In 2013 , Miranda Lambert tied McEntire to win Female Vocalist four years in a row . McEntire is also a rare musical artist to achieve solo number @-@ ones across four decades ( 1980s , 1990s , 2000s , 2010s ) . She holds the record for most CMA Award nominations for a female artist , with 49 .
= = Discography = =
= = Filmography = =
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= Seeing Sounds =
Seeing Sounds is the third studio album by American funk rock band N.E.R.D released June 10 , 2008 on Star Trak Entertainment and Interscope Records in the United States . After ending their contract with Virgin Records in 2005 , the band felt their previous album Fly or Die ( 2004 ) was too consistent . Using their own money , the band recorded the album in Florida and California . The album was produced solely by record production duo The Neptunes , consisting of Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo , with additional assistance by rock band Spymob and was mainly written by Williams . The album 's title , as well as its content , revolves around the neurological phenomenon of synesthesia , the mixing of sensory modalities .
The album debuted at number seven on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart , selling 80 @,@ 000 in its first week . It peaked in the top 20 in Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , Switzerland and the United Kingdom , while also charting in the several other countries . Upon its release , Seeing Sounds received generally mixed to positive reviews from most music critics . Some writers called the record N.E.R.D 's best album to date and praised its production , while others negatively criticized Williams ' singing and the album 's lyrical content .
= = Concept = =
While touring in promotion of their previous album , Fly or Die , N.E.R.D ended their contract with Virgin Records in 2005 . After touring , Pharrell Williams felt that the album was too consistent ; he felt the band abandoned a sense of unpredictability . The band became " hooked " on the energy from their fans and began recording their third album . Williams and fellow band member Chad Hugo later established Star Trak Entertainment , a subsidiary of Interscope Records .
For the album , the band wanted to create the atmosphere of hyperactivity they knew their fans wanted . They wrote a few songs , but felt the songs " weren 't strong enough " and sent them to other musicians . Shay Haley , a member of the band , explained that in their new work , the band wanted to add energy to the emotional appeal of their past albums , though the band did not conceive a clear plan for the direction of the new album . N.E.R.D described the desired outcomes of the album as " a pre @-@ cognitive effort to make music that would make sense for us on while we 're on a stage and to recapture that feeling we love so much " and additionally , " to make something that was thought provoking and for people to listen to it and enjoy it on their own time " .
Originally titled N.3.R.D , the title was changed to Seeing Sounds . Williams explained that the title was based on synesthesia , a neurological phenomenon the band learned of while watching the Discovery Channel . They were inspired to create music that could be conceived as a live show . He was surprised to learn not everyone experienced while listening to music . He described synesthesia as the outcome when " one sense gets more information than what 's intended " , stimulated by sensory deprivation . Haley further elaborated , saying that it is a mixture of senses that causes a person to experience colorful hearing and auditory smell . When the band created the album , it was the music they envisioned and decided the appropriate title for the album , Seeing Sounds . Williams pointed out that the lyrics were also inspired by synesthesia . He said that his fans want to " rock out " and be taken on an " emotional roller coaster " , and the only way to do that is to give the fans some records they could blast out on their speakers . The European @-@ influenced music is layered and textured with many music modalities , differing from their past club @-@ oriented albums . Hugo called the album a " big album of LSD , sonic drug " . The band described the album of being an exercise in creative cohesion , band unity and a renewed purpose for themselves . Williams went on to add :
If you really analyze that , the most inspiration is probably deep inside a synesthesiac . So for us , ' seeing sounds ' is what we relate to the most . We figured we 'd make an album out of it . Energy and emotion was the criteria [ while recording ] , but we made the music anticipating the [ live ] show . That was the most important thing … [ The song ] ' Spaz ' is [ an ] old school , hip hop feeling with some drum and bass . It becomes a big , tall monster . It 's almost like this big gorilla looking down at you . If he smacks you , he kills you . His fingers are the size of your body . That 's kinda what we 're doing . We 're facing this big monster of , of what we know is out there , of what we see , that big monster of energy .
= = Recording and production = =
Spending their own money , N.E.R.D recorded the album at the South Beach Studios in Miami , Florida , and the Record Plant Studios in Los Angeles , California . Williams used a Triton Extreme , Triton Pro and Pro Tools in the production of the album , while Hugo worked in Access Virus TI , Roland JV @-@ 1080 , JV @-@ 2080 , XV @-@ 5080 , TR @-@ 808 and TR @-@ 909 as beatboxing was provided by Haley . Rock band Spymob further assisted production with guitar and drums . Production revolved around heavy rock , funk and soul music , which was first introduced in their debut album , In Search Of .... Hugo described the album as going back to the band 's roots , combining a classic rock sound with a 1970s funk swing . The typical process of recording was described as " Williams arrives at the studio , ideas in full flower , and lays down both a beat ( either programmed or played on an assortment of buckets ) and vocals . " Hugo then would add extra instrumentation . In an interview with MTV , Williams said that the band " didn 't care about genres ; we 're not doing this for the money . We 're doing this for people who pledge allegiance to our movement . " Hugo went on to say that they " just want to make people move " . On the album he said , " We had anger , quiet angst . We had something to get off our chest . And we wanted to show we could do it as a band . " Don Was , a musician and record producer , thought that the band was on a creatively fulfilling path , calling their musical style " really innovative " .
Williams felt music lacked energy , citing Limp Bizkit 's " Nookie " as the last energetic record . Williams suggested his engineer , Andrew Coleman , to " put the drums and bass on the right , keys in the middle , and the mothafucking guitar and backgrounds on the left " . Coleman denied his request , saying , " those systems were different back then . If we do that , you 'll be in a club and all you will hear on one side of the club is drums and on the other side , just chords . "
The Hives ' members - Chris Dangerous ( drums / percussion ) , Nicholaus Arson ( guitar ) , Vigilante Carlstroem ( guitar ) , Dr. Matt Destruction ( bass ) - contributed instrumentals on " Time For Some Action " and " Windows " , with The Hives ' frontman Howlin ' Pelle Almqvist providing guest vocals on " Time For Some Action " . On Seeing Sounds they are credited with their real names instead of the pseudonyms they use within the band .
= = Promotion = =
In promotion of the album , N.E.R.D performed in Kanye West 's Glow in the Dark Tour as well as the Isle of Wight Festival . The band also performed at the Austin City Limits festival , where they encouraged fans to dance on stage and urged them to vote in the 2008 United States elections . The song " Spaz " was used for commercials for the Zune Pass . The band performed at Vanderbilt University 's Rites of Spring Music Festival in April .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial performance = = =
The album debuted at number seven on the U.S. Billboard 200 , selling 80 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It peaked in the top 20 in Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , Switzerland and the United Kingdom , while also charting in the several other regions , including Austria , Belgium , France and Italy .
= = = Critical response = = =
Upon its release , the album received generally mixed reviews from most music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 64 , based on 19 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . Some writers noted and praised the heavy use of electronic , bass and funk beats , while others suggest The Neptunes were unable to blend R & B and rock . Anthony Henriques of PopMatters lauded the production , saying that " their signature drums and spaced @-@ out samples sound as good as ever here " , going on to say " [ t ] he overall balance between live and electronic instrumentation is also the best they have managed on any of the N.E.R.D. albums " . He compared the album to M.I.A. ' s Kala as " one of the best genre @-@ blurring club records " . However , Andy Kellman of Allmusic felt the songs " still have a way of seeming as easy and carefree as the moments when N.E.R.D. are simply bashing away … blowing off steam , and talking ridiculous nonsense " . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian pointed out that the songs were " largely about sex " , calling it " wearisome " . Ian Cohen of Pitchfork Media called the album a " baffling , obnoxious mess " . Adrian Ruhi of Okayplayer gave the album a score of 88 out of 100 and called some of the songs " a dynamic mess " , but noted it was " a good thing " .
Some critics argued that the album was their most consistent and strongest album to date . Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone felt that the album was " experimental and expansive " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine felt that the album lacked " freshness or spontaneity " that was found in the band 's debut album , calling only two songs on the album " very visionary " . Jim Farber of the Daily News criticized Williams , saying " Even aided by studio correction , the guy can 't sing " , calling it " bad singing at its engaging best " . Cohen of Pitchfork Media bashed the lyrics , saying that the writing was " far down the list of what N.E.R.D. is actually good at " . Hoard of Rolling Stone felt he learned nothing from the lyrics except that Williams was sexually aroused . Henriques of PopMatters noted that Williams is not a " technically gifted rapper " , he " does not have a beautiful voice " and his lyrics are " typically inconsequential in a ' saying shit just to sound cool ' sort of way " , but found strengths in his choruses , which he pointed out " typically use a catchy phrase or recognizable melody as an anchor for his nonsensical verses " . Dan Charnas of The Washington Post commended N.E.R.D for their songwriting , writing that Seeing Sounds " combines the adolescent and clever " . The Times writer Priya Elan gave the album 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that band is " pushing the boundaries of the popular song " . In his Consumer Guide , Robert Christgau gave the album a three @-@ star honorable mention ( ) and stated , " Beats of course , songs usually , singing barely--especially sincere @-@ type singing " ; he also picked out two songs from the album : " Anti @-@ Matter " and " Everyone Nose ( All the Girls Standing in the Line for the Bathroom ) " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
= = Chart history = =
= = Release history = =
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= General Philip Sheridan =
General Philip Sheridan is a bronze sculpture that honors Civil War general Philip Sheridan . The monument was sculpted by Gutzon Borglum , best known for his design of Mount Rushmore . Dedicated in 1908 , dignitaries in attendance at the unveiling ceremony included President Theodore Roosevelt , members of the President 's cabinet , high @-@ ranking military officers and veterans from the Civil War and Spanish – American War . The equestrian statue is located in the center of Sheridan Circle in the Sheridan @-@ Kalorama neighborhood of Washington , D.C. The bronze statue , surrounded by a plaza and park , is one of eighteen Civil War monuments in Washington , D.C. , which were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . The sculpture and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Philip Sheridan was a career United States Army officer who was instrumental in securing Union successes during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 , most notably the Battle of Cedar Creek . Many of the Union generals would eventually be memorialized in Washington , D.C. , with statues spread throughout the city . While looking at one of his comrade 's equestrian sculptures , Sheridan was not impressed with the depiction of the man and horse . He reportedly told his wife " Whatever you do after I 'm gone , don 't put me on a horse like that . " Following her husband 's death in 1888 , when an equestrian sculpture of her husband was being planned , Irene Sheridan insisted the horse be as " proud and courageous as its rider . "
On March 2 , 1889 , Congress authorized the erection of a memorial to Sheridan and appropriated $ 50 @,@ 000 for its construction . The original sculptor chosen to complete the project was Sheridan 's friend John Quincy Adams Ward , who had completed other works in Washington , D.C. , including Major General George Henry Thomas and the James A. Garfield Monument . Ward signed a contract with the Sheridan monument commission in 1892 which called for the equestrian statue to be completed by 1898 . He submitted a sketch of the model in 1892 , but that design was not approved . Not only did Ward not complete the work by 1898 , he had only completed a life @-@ size study of Sheridan 's head by 1903 . Ward finally completed a model of Sheridan , but when Irene and her son , Philip Sheridan Jr . , visited Ward 's studio in New York to see the model , they both hated it . He was depicted as a stout older officer atop a stilted horse . The commission eventually cancelled the contract with Ward in 1905 . His model of Sheridan was eventually cast in 1916 and stands in front of the New York State Capitol .
Gutzon Borglum had closely followed the events surrounding Ward 's procrastination and firing as the two men had an argumentative past . Borglum was convinced he could do a better job with the design and he also needed the money . He set out to study as much as possible about Sheridan 's life by reading his memoirs and biographies . Borglum was able to secure an invitation to a Washington , D.C. party that Irene attended . He sat next to her and invited Irene to his studio in New York . Borglum set out models of horses throughout the studio before she arrived and surprised Irene by how much he know about her husband . At the behest of Irene , on July 2 , 1907 , Borglum received a contract to sculpt the memorial . He was a Danish American artist who was greatly influenced by French sculptor Auguste Rodin . Borglum is best known for his carvings at Mount Rushmore and Stone Mountain . The Sheridan sculpture is his only equestrian monument in Washington , D.C. Borglum 's other works in Washington , D.C. include Rabboni at Rock Creek Cemetery and several statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol .
On January 17 , 1908 , Borglum 's design received approval by the Sheridan monument commission , including then @-@ Secretary of War William Howard Taft , General Henry C. Corbin , and Brigadier General Michael V. Sheridan , Philip Sheridan 's brother . Irene also approved the design and chose the memorial site . She lived at 2211 Massachusetts Avenue NW ( currently offices for the Embassy of Greece ) , a short distance from Sheridan Circle and the sculpture . As Borglum worked on the sculpture , he would talk to Sheridan 's friends , sketch Sheridan 's artifacts , and visit Irene . Since Philip Jr. bore a very close resemblance to his father , Borglum used him as a model for the sculpture . When the artwork was completed , Irene , Philip Jr . , and Sheridan 's three daughters loved the finished result . The sculpture depicts Sheridan riding his horse , Rienzi , as he assembles his troops during the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19 , 1864 . He had raced 20 miles ( 32 km ) from Winchester , Virginia , to reach the battle . Following the Union victory , Sheridan renamed the horse Winchester . After Winchester died in 1878 , Sheridan had him preserved and mounted . The horse is now on display at the National Museum of American History . Congress paid for the plaza , base , and preparation of the memorial site , while veterans of the Army of the Cumberland paid for the statue . Architect Henry Winslow designed the base and setting . The stonework was provided by the Mohegan Granite Company of New York while the Malnati Stone Company of Washington , D.C. set the stones in place .
= = = Dedication = = =
The Sheridan memorial was dedicated on November 25 , 1908 . A large crowd was present with many dignitaries in attendance , including President Theodore Roosevelt , military officers , diplomats , and veterans of the Civil War and Spanish – American War . A processions of troops led by Brigadier General J. Franklin Bell paraded past the crowd and dignitaries while the United States Marine Band played music . Secretary of War Luke E. Wright presided over the dedication ceremony and Denis J. O 'Connell , rector of The Catholic University of America , delivered the invocation . Roosevelt , Brigadier General Horace Porter , and Wright gave eulogies of Sheridan . Roosevelt gave a short speech praising Sheridan 's valiant acts while Porter 's speech was an in depth review of Sheridan 's life , including his days at West Point and his campaigns during the Civil War and American Indian Wars . After Irene and Philip Jr. removed the covering of the statue , the crowd cheered loudly and many began to recite Thomas Buchanan Read 's poem , Sheridan 's Ride .
= = = Historic designation = = =
Along with seventeen other Civil War monuments , General Philip Sheridan was added to the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) on September 20 , 1978 , and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on March 3 , 1979 . The Sheridan monument is also designated a contributing property to the Massachusetts Avenue Historic District , listed on the NRHP in 1974 , and the Sheridan @-@ Kalorama Historic District , listed on the NRHP in 1989 . The sculpture and the surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department .
= = Design and location = =
The bronze equestrian sculpture is at the center of Sheridan Circle , a traffic circle located at the intersection of 23rd Street , R Street and Massachusetts Avenue NW within the Embassy Row section of the Sheridan @-@ Kalorama neighborhood . It measures 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) high and 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) long while the rectangular granite base measures 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) high . The horse is slightly reared back while standing on a rocky surface . Sheridan is turned to his right with his right arm extended behind him . The right hand is holding his hat while his left hand holds the horse 's reins . Sheridan is wearing a military uniform with a long coat belted at the waist and is portrayed with a moustache and wavy hair . The sculpture is surrounded by a plaza measuring 37 feet ( 11 m ) long with five steps on the front and back leading to the sculpture . Curved benches run along the interior of the plaza facing the sculpture while the exterior of the plaza features two pairs of lion head fountain spouts . Water poured from the spouts into square basins , but this feature is no longer working .
Inscriptions on the monument include the following :
GUTZON BORGLUM 1908 ( left side of the sculpture )
GORHAM CO FOUNDERS ( right side of the sculpture near the base )
SHERIDAN ( front side of the base )
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= Inside Out ( 2015 film ) =
Inside Out is a 2015 American 3D computer @-@ animated comedy @-@ drama adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The film was directed by Pete Docter and co @-@ directed by Ronnie del Carmen , with a screenplay by Docter , Meg LeFauve and Josh Cooley from a story by Docter and del Carmen . The film is set in the mind of a young girl named Riley Andersen ( Kaitlyn Dias ) , where five personified emotions — Joy ( Amy Poehler ) , Sadness ( Phyllis Smith ) , Anger ( Lewis Black ) , Fear ( Bill Hader ) , and Disgust ( Mindy Kaling ) — try to lead her through life as her parents ( Diane Lane and Kyle MacLachlan ) move from Minnesota to San Francisco and she has to adjust to her new surroundings .
Docter first began developing Inside Out in 2009 after noticing changes in his daughter 's personality as she grew older . The film 's producers consulted numerous psychologists , including Dacher Keltner from the University of California , Berkeley , who helped revise the story by emphasizing the neuropsychological findings that human emotions affect interpersonal relationships and can be significantly moderated by them .
After premiering at the 68th Cannes Film Festival in May , Inside Out was released in North America on June 19 , 2015 , accompanied by the short film Lava directed by James Ford Murphy . Critics praised the film 's concept , screenplay , subject matter , musical score , and the vocal performances — particularly for Poehler , Smith , and Richard Kind . The film grossed $ 90 @.@ 4 million in its first weekend — the highest opening for an original title at the time . It accumulated over $ 857 million in worldwide box office revenue . Inside Out has received several awards , including a BAFTA Award , Golden Globe Award , Critics ' Choice Award , Annie Award , Satellite Award and Academy Award for Best Animated Feature .
= = Plot = =
A girl named Riley Andersen is born in Minnesota and within her mind , five personifications of her basic emotions — Joy , Sadness , Fear , Disgust , and Anger — gradually come to life and influence her actions via a console in her mind 's Headquarters . As she grows up , her experiences become memories , stored in colored orbs , which are sent into long @-@ term memory each night . Her five most important " core memories " ( all of which are happy ones ) are housed in a hub that powers " islands " , each reflecting an aspect of her personality . In Headquarters , Joy acts as a de facto leader to maintain Riley 's cheerful childhood , but since she and the other emotions do not understand Sadness ' purpose ( not even Sadness herself ) , she frequently tries to keep Sadness away from the console .
At the age of eleven , Riley and her parents move to San Francisco for her father 's new business . Riley has poor first experiences : the new house is cramped and old , the moving van with all their belongings was misdirected , her father is under stress from his business , and a poor encounter at a pizza restaurant leaves her disheartened . When Sadness begins touching Riley 's happy memories , turning them sad , Joy tries to guard them by isolating her . On Riley 's first day at her new school , Sadness accidentally causes Riley to cry in front of her class , creating a sad core memory . Joy , panicking , tries to dispose of it , but accidentally knocks the other core memories loose during a struggle with Sadness , deactivating the personality islands . Joy , Sadness , and the core memories are sucked out of Headquarters , and taken to the maze @-@ like storage area of long @-@ term memory .
The other emotions try to maintain Riley 's happiness in Joy 's absence with disastrous results , distancing her from her parents , friends and hobbies , resulting in her personality islands gradually beginning to crumble and fall , one by one , into the " Memory Dump " , an abyss where memories are forgotten . In desperation , Anger inserts an idea into the console prompting Riley to run away , believing that her return to Minnesota will enable her to make new happy core memories .
Joy and Sadness encounter Bing Bong , Riley 's childhood imaginary friend , who suggests riding the train of thought back to Headquarters . The three eventually catch the train , but it is derailed when the " Honesty Island " collapses ( when Riley steals her mother 's credit card and begins to run away ) . In desperation , Joy abandons Sadness and tries to ride a " recall tube " back to Headquarters , but the last personality island collapses , breaking the tube , plunging Joy and Bing Bong into the Memory Dump . At the bottom , Joy then begins to lose hope , but discovers a sad memory of a hockey game that becomes happy when Riley 's parents and friends comfort her . Joy realizes that Sadness serves an important purpose : to create empathy in others when Riley is emotionally overwhelmed and needs help .
Joy and Bing Bong try to use Bing Bong 's old wagon rocket to escape the Memory Dump , but after several tries , Bing Bong realizes their combined weight is too much and jumps out , sacrificing himself to allow Joy to escape . Joy reunites with a despondent Sadness and manages to get them to Headquarters , only to discover that Anger 's idea has disabled the console , rendering Riley apathetic . To the surprise of the others , Joy hands control of the console to Sadness , who is able to successfully extract the idea , reactivating the console and prompting Riley to return home .
As Sadness reinstalls the core memories , turning them sad , Riley arrives home to her parents and breaks down in tears , confessing that she misses her childhood in Minnesota . As her parents comfort her , Joy and Sadness work the console together , creating a new core memory that combines their emotions ; a new island forms representing Riley 's acceptance of her new life in San Francisco . A year later , Riley has adapted to her new home , made new friends , returned to her old hobbies , and adopted a few new ones ( fueled by new , more nuanced core memories from combinations of her emotions ) . Inside Headquarters , her emotions all work together on a new expanded console with room for them all , enabling Riley to lead a more emotionally complex life .
= = Voice cast = =
Several of the film 's creators also contributed some voice acting , including director Pete Docter as Father 's Anger and Pizza Girl 's Anger , and co @-@ director Ronnie del Carmen as one of the abstract thought mind workers .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
As a child , director Pete Docter relocated with his family to Denmark when his father moved to study the music of Carl Nielsen . While his sisters had an easy time adjusting to the new surroundings , Docter felt he was judged constantly by peers . While other kids were interested in sports , Docter sat alone drawing , a hobby that eventually led him to animation . His social anxiety ended by high school .
In late 2009 , Docter noticed his pre @-@ teen daughter , Elie , exhibiting similar shyness . " She started getting more quiet and reserved , and that , frankly , triggered a lot of my own insecurities and fears , " he said . He imagined what happens in the human mind when emotions set in . The idea to depict it through animation excited Docter , who felt it the ideal form to portray " strong , opinionated , caricatured personalities . " He began researching information about the mind , alongside Jonas Rivera , a producer , and Ronnie del Carmen , a secondary director . They consulted Paul Ekman , a well @-@ known psychologist who studies emotions , and Dacher Keltner , a professor of psychology at the University of California , Berkeley . Ekman had early in his career identified six core emotions — anger , fear , sadness , disgust , joy , and surprise . Docter found surprise and fear to be too similar , which left him with five emotions to build characters around . Other emotions considered for inclusion during the development process were schadenfreude , ennui , pride , and hope . Keltner focused on sadness being an emotion that strengthens relationships . Both emphasized how emotions organize social lives and the structuring of interpersonal interactions .
The smash success of Docter 's 2009 film Up encouraged those at Pixar to allow Docter to create another film with a more sophisticated story . Inside Out is the first Pixar film without input from co @-@ founder and former Apple CEO Steve Jobs , who died in 2011 . It also lacked extensive input from John Lasseter , who was more focused on restructuring Walt Disney Animation Studios in Los Angeles at the time of its production . Executives at Disney and Pixar were positive at the proposal of making Inside Out , but acknowledged it would be difficult to market .
= = = Story = = =
Docter recruited a story crew to help develop the film 's plot line . Although animation as an industry had been dominated by men , half of the story crew were women , in an attempt to have more diverse input . The choice to focus the film on a girl came from research that claimed that females age 11 to 17 are more attuned to expressions and emotions than others . The idea to have Riley play hockey came from Del Carmen , who observed that the sport is very popular in Minnesota . They tried to stray away from stereotypically feminine interests , such as the color pink or dresses . Initial ideas for the film found the main character , Riley , falling into a deep depression : Docter later felt they were inappropriate and scrapped them , although in the final film Riley does sink into a depression .
The film was first storyboarded over a period of two to three years , all the while undergoing screenings for Pixar 's " Brain Trust " , a small group of creative leaders at Pixar who oversee development on all films . After multiple screenings and suggestions from other filmmakers , the picture was put into production . It was again evaluated three months into that process . Kevin Nolting , editor of the film , estimated there were seven versions of Inside Out created before it even went into production . The story team attempted to create as much contrast with characters as possible . They found Joy the most complex character to write for , as she illustrates a broad range of " happy feelings " . The earliest idea present in the final film is that Joy holds onto youth too long , setting about a " social storm " for Riley . It was not until several screenings later that they came upon the concept of moving to a new place , which created an external conflict that made the story easier to write . Initially , this crisis was to be set at a Thanksgiving Day pageant , in which Riley was hoping to be cast as its lead role , the turkey . Docter later deemed this idea too " bizarre " and it was replaced .
Docter estimated it took four years of development for the film to achieve success in marrying the architecture of Riley 's mind and her personal troubles . The concept of " personality islands " helped develop the film 's emotional stakes , as they directly affect events inside her mind and in her life . In one draft , the characters fell into " Idea Fields " , where they would " cultivate new ideas " , much like a farmer would cultivate crop . The character of Bing Bong — a discarded old imaginary friend — came about in one draft of the film as part of a refugee camp inside Riley 's mind . It was difficult to achieve the correct tone for the film ; for example , viewers could not be distracted by Joy 's nature or feel negative about the mess she helps steer Riley into . Rivera credited the casting of Amy Poehler , in addition to the idea of moving , with helping the film find the right tone .
An early version of the film focused on Joy and Fear getting lost together , as it seemed to be the most humorous choice . By July 2012 , the project was set for an evaluation screening with other Pixar filmmakers . Docter gradually began to feel that the story was not working , which led to fears that he might be fired . He took a long walk at his home one Sunday , in which he began to consider himself a failure , his previous successes " flukes " , and a general sense that he should resign from the film . While pondering what he would miss about Pixar , he concluded that he would miss his coworkers and friends most of all . He soon reached a breakthrough : that emotions are meant to connect people together , and that relationships are the most important things in life . He decided to replace Fear with Sadness , which he felt is crucial to renewal . He met with Rivera and Del Carmen that night to explain his change of plans , and to his surprise , they reacted positively to it . At the screening , he informed his superiors that new plans for the film were in order . Although a " scary moment " , the film remained in production .
Josh Cooley and Meg LeFauve were credited as co @-@ writers of the screenplay following their contributions during the rewrite . Like Docter , Cooley and LeFauve included experiences with raising their own children into the screenplay . Cooley said " ... we treated the emotions like parents for Riley and because all of us in the writing room are parents ourselves , we just reflected on our own experiences as parents to create the characters . "
Screenwriter Michael Arndt worked for a year on the film 's script , calling it " both a brilliantly creative idea but also incredibly challenging , " but left the project in early 2011 , adding that " knowing the Pixar process , there may not be a single word [ I wrote ] that remains in the final script ! They 've had writers work on it since then . " Despite his departure , Arndt received an ' Additional Story Material ' credit .
= = = Casting = = =
The film 's voice cast of emotions , Amy Poehler , Lewis Black , Mindy Kaling , Bill Hader , and Phyllis Smith , were first announced in August 2013 . With the release of the film 's trailer in December 2014 , it was revealed that Diane Lane and Kyle MacLachlan were cast in the film as Riley 's parents .
Hader , who had previously cameoed in Monsters University , was cast to voice Fear , a role that he felt he " weaseled " his way into by being a " huge fan " of Pixar 's filmography . Hader toured the studio over a week , and also " helped out " in the story room . He was invited to play Fear by the end of his stay there , but was also asked to contact fellow Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) veteran Amy Poehler , whom the team viewed as perfect for the character of Joy . " They said : ' Would you mind calling Amy ? We don 't want to call her and have her think we 're some weirdo , ' " he recalled . He phoned Poehler and explained the story to her , noting that her role would be the driving force in the film . When the story was pitched to Kaling , she broke down in tears , explaining " I just think it 's really beautiful that you guys are making a story that tells kids that it 's difficult to grow up and it 's OK to be sad about it . "
Smith was chosen by Rivera while he was watching Bad Teacher and saw her in a lunch scene . He called Docter and said " I think we found our Sadness . " As the film contains several veterans of SNL , the film 's team spent a week at that program for research on a live television sequence .
Richard Kind , who had previously starred in A Bug 's Life , the Cars series , and Toy Story 3 , portrayed Bing Bong . Kind tried to convey the same " sort of innocence " of his previous Pixar roles , and wound up not taking part in pre @-@ release promotion as the producers decided to keep the character a secret .
= = = Animation = = =
The film 's art design is intended to reflect 1950s Broadway musicals . Docter imagined that with emotions for characters , they could " push the level of caricature both in the design and in the style of movement to degrees [ they 'd ] never done before . " To this end , they emulated animators Tex Avery and Chuck Jones . Docter informed supervising animators Shawn Krause and Victor Navone to push the graphic caricature of each character rather than sticking to the rigid behavior of each RenderMan model . This required an artist to draw over characters in the film during dailies , using a Wacom Cintiq . One of the first scenes the team worked on was the dinnertime scene , in which viewers rapidly switch between the real world and Headquarters inside the family 's minds .
In envisaging how the mind 's interior would be depicted , the filmmakers concentrated on the word electrochemical ; Ralph Eggleston , the film 's production designer , explained , " It meant thinking of things as energy or energy @-@ based , excitable . " Each emotion has a glowing , " effervescent quality " to them ( particularly Joy ) , which was difficult to animate as it could be viewed as distracting . " The characters are created with this energy because we are trying to represent what emotions would look like . They are made up of particles that actually move . Instead of being skin and solid , it is a massive collection of energy , " Docter remarked . The team worked for eight months on Joy 's " sparkly " aura , but was prepared to delete it , as it would affect the film 's budget . However , Lasseter requested that it be applied for each emotion . " You could hear the core technical staff just hitting the ground , the budget falling through the roof , " recalled Eggleston .
The film is localized to accommodate international audiences : In the Japanese version , for example , Riley is disgusted by green bell peppers , rather than by broccoli ( the only topping offered by the local pizzeria ) , to reflect the fact that broccoli is generally less undesirable to Japanese children .
= = = Music = = =
Michael Giacchino composed the film 's score ; this was his fifth collaboration with Pixar and his second collaboration with Docter after Up . The producers first met with Giacchino to explain the film 's concept and screen it for him . In response , he composed an eight @-@ minute suite of music , unconnected to the film , based on his emotions viewing it . Rivera noted that while both Giacchino and Docter were musicians , they discussed the film in terms of story and character .
= = Soundtrack = =
Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack on June 16 , 2015 .
Track listing
All music composed by Michael Giacchino .
= = Release = =
Inside Out was first announced in August 2011 at the D23 Expo . In December 2012 , Bleeding Cool reported the title of the film would be The Inside Out , while ComingSoon.net reported it would be Inside Out the following February . In April 2013 , Disney officially announced the title on Twitter as Inside Out , during CinemaCon . Prior to its release , the film underwent a test screening for children , due to concerns from executives that it would be too complex for younger audiences — a fear quelled when the audience reacted positively to the picture .
The film premiered on May 18 , 2015 , at the 68th Cannes Film Festival , in an out @-@ of @-@ competition screening . In the United States , it premiered on June 8 , 2015 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , and received a wide theatrical release starting on June 19 , 2015 , in 2D , 3D , and select IMAX 3D theatres . It was the first animated movie to be released in Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema and the second for Disney following Tomorrowland . Also notable was the fact that it was one of two feature films ( the other being The Good Dinosaur ) released by Pixar in the same calendar year , a first for the company .
A short animated film , titled Lava , accompanied Inside Out during its theatrical release . This musical love story was directed by James Ford Murphy and produced by Andrea Warren . The story was inspired by the isolated beauty of tropical islands and the explosive allure of ocean volcanoes , and takes place over millions of years .
On June 18 , 2015 , Skype added faces of the five " emotions " of the film as emoticons available for use in its IM service for the next three months .
= = = Home media = = =
Inside Out was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu @-@ ray ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD on November 3 , 2015 , while a digital release was released on October 13 , 2015 . The Pixar 's theatrical short , Lava , was included . A short film set in the world of Inside Out , titled Riley 's First Date ? , and directed by Josh Cooley , the head of story on the film , was included exclusively in the Blu @-@ ray and the digital release .
= = = Video games = = =
An Inside Out play set featuring all five emotions as playable characters was made available for Disney Infinity 3 @.@ 0 .
A mobile game , Inside Out : Thought Bubbles , was released on June 18 , 2015 by Disney Mobile Games on Apple App Store , Google Play , Amazon Appstore , Windows Store and Windows Phone Store . Playing as Riley 's emotions , players have to match and sort memory bubbles through 485 levels ( as of May 2016 ) inspired by the film 's locations .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
Inside Out grossed $ 356 @.@ 5 million in North America and $ 501 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $ 857 @.@ 4 million , against a budget of $ 175 million . It is the second highest @-@ grossing 2015 animated film , the seventh highest @-@ grossing film of 2015 , the third highest @-@ grossing Pixar film , the 11th highest @-@ grossing animated film of all time , and the 49th highest @-@ grossing film overall ( with the latter four rankings not adjusted for inflation ) . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $ 279 @.@ 51 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film .
= = = = North America = = = =
Inside Out opened across 3 @,@ 946 theaters in the United States and Canada , of which 3 @,@ 100 showed the film in 3D . It grossed $ 3 @.@ 7 million during its Thursday @-@ night showings . This was a record among Pixar films that had Thursday @-@ night showings , but behind Toy Story 3 's $ 4 million midnight showing . The film then earned $ 34 @.@ 2 million on its opening day , which is the second @-@ largest opening day for a Pixar film behind Toy Story 3 ( $ 41 @.@ 1 million ) . It ended its opening weekend in second place with $ 90 @.@ 4 million , behind the second @-@ weekend gross of dinosaur thriller Jurassic World ( $ 106 @.@ 6 million ) . Although it was Pixar 's first film not to debut at No. 1 , its opening weekend gross was still the biggest for a Pixar original film ( breaking The Incredibles ' record ) , the studio 's second @-@ biggest of all time ( behind Toy Story 3 ) , the biggest weekend debut for a film that did not debut at No. 1 ( breaking The Day After Tomorrow 's record ) , and the top opening for any original film , live @-@ action or otherwise , not based on sourced material , eclipsing the $ 77 million debut of Avatar ( overtaken by The Secret Life of Pets ) . The film 's successful opening has been attributed to its Cannes premiere , CinemaCon press screening , its 98 % Rotten Tomatoes score , good word @-@ of @-@ mouth , Father 's Day weekend and a successful Tuesday night Fathom screening . In its second weekend , the film fell by 42 % to $ 52 @.@ 3 million and still held the second spot behind Jurassic World . The rest of the week saw it slightly ahead of the latter . Inside Out reached the No. 1 spot at the box office on its third weekend with $ 29 @.@ 8 million . Overall , IMAX contributed 10 % or $ 36 million ( as of September 4 , 2015 ) of its total North American revenue . It ended up grossing a total of $ 356 @.@ 5 million and became the second highest @-@ grossing Pixar film ( behind Toy Story 3 ) , the fourth highest @-@ grossing film of 2015 , the seventh highest @-@ grossing animated film of all time , the highest of 2015 , and the 32nd highest @-@ grossing film in Canada and the United States ( not adjusted for inflation ) .
= = = = Outside North America = = = =
Outside North America , the film earned an estimated $ 40 @.@ 3 million on its opening weekend from 37 countries , which is 42 % of the entire international market . Its largest openings were recorded in China ( $ 11 @.@ 7 million ) ; the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $ 11 @.@ 4 million ) ; Mexico ( $ 8 @.@ 6 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $ 7 @.@ 6 million ) , Italy ( $ 7 @.@ 4 million ) , Germany ( $ 7 @.@ 1 million ) , and South Korea ( $ 5 @.@ 1 million ) . In total earnings , its largest markets outside the U.S. and Canada are the United Kingdom ( $ 58 @.@ 1 million ) , South Korea ( $ 31 @.@ 7 million ) , and Mexico ( $ 31 million ) . It became the highest @-@ grossing Disney or Pixar animated film of all time in Mexico ( ahead of Frozen ) , the Philippines ( ahead of Big Hero 6 ) , India , and Ukraine and in Russia , it is the second highest @-@ grossing Disney or Pixar film and the first Pixar film to exceed one billion rubles .
= = = Critical response = = =
Inside Out received widespread critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 98 % , based on 317 reviews , with a rating average of 8 @.@ 9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Inventive , gorgeously animated , and powerfully moving , Inside Out is another outstanding addition to the Pixar library of modern animated classics . " The film also topped the site 's Top 100 Animation Movies list and occupies the highest position of a film released in the 21st century on the Top 100 Movies of All Time list at number 8 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 94 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating " universal acclaim " . In CinemaScore polls , cinema audiences gave Inside Out an average score of " A " on an A + to F scale .
Prior to its release , there was concern among the general public that Pixar films were declining in quality , with an over @-@ reliance on sequels . Likewise , DreamWorks Animation was beginning to flounder in the early 2010s as several films performed below expectations at the box office , leading to speculation that the " genre " of computer animation was " in a funk " . Inside Out has been hailed as a return to form for Pixar by numerous film critics .
Following an advance screening at CinemaCon on April 22 , 2015 , the film was well received by audiences . Praise was aimed for its smart storyline , although some wondered whether the concept was too complicated for young audiences and to attract family crowds . After premiering at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival , the film attracted praise from film critics . Peter Debruge of Variety was effusive , calling it the studio 's " greatest idea " and " a stunningly original concept that [ ... ] promises to forever change the way people think about the way people think . " The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips called it the studio 's best since Up ( also directed by Docter ) , a " consistently inventive and a heartening corrective to recent , stockholder @-@ driven inferiorities . " Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter deemed it an " audacious concept " that stands among the most " conceptually trippy films " for family audiences . " With its quite literally cerebral bent , I think Inside Out might have some trouble fully connecting with younger kids , but grown @-@ ups are likely to shed more than a few tears , " remarked Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair . The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw felt it " buoyant and sweet @-@ natured " , though slightly inferior to Pixar 's best . Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club , while overall positive on the film , said it " trades the wordless gracefulness and sense of discovery of the animation studio 's best work for explanatory voice @-@ over and nonstop exposition , " also arguing that the Pixar animators could have been more visually adventurous to match the conceptual ambition .
As the film went into wide release , it continued to attract acclaim . Aside from naming it the best film of 2015 , Kristopher Tapley of HitFix called it as " one of the best films of the 21st century . " A. O. Scott of The New York Times deemed the film " an absolute delight " , reserving particular praise for its " defense of sorrow , an argument for the necessity of melancholy dressed in the bright colors of entertainment . " The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday considered it " that rare movie that transcends its role as pure entertainment to become something genuinely cathartic , even therapeutic , giving children a symbolic language with which to manage their unruliest emotions . " Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times found it " bold , gorgeous , sweet , funny , [ and ] sometimes heartbreakingly sad , " deeming it one of the best films of the year . Entertainment Weekly 's Chris Nashawathy extolled it as " transcendent and touching [ ... ] so smart and psychologically clever . " Time 's Mary Pols felt it a " nearly hallucinogenic , entirely beautiful " work that " defies the conventions of family movies . " Christopher Orr of The Atlantic urged readers to view the picture , calling it " Pixar once again at the top of its game , telling the kind of thoughtful , moving meta @-@ story it 's hard to imagine being produced anywhere else . " Wai Chee Dimock in the Los Angeles Review of Books compared the film to the work of neuroscientists Antonio Damasio , Dacher Keltner , and Oliver Sacks .
= = = Accolades = = =
Inside Out received 15 Best Picture , 21 Best Original Screenplay and 40 Best Animated Feature nominations from over 50 different organizations and associations . It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards held in 2016 . It received ten out of fourteen Annie Awards at the 43rd Annie Awards , including Outstanding Achievement in Directing in an Animated Feature Production for Docter , Outstanding Achievement in Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Smith and Best Animated Feature . The American Film Institute selected Inside Out as one of the Top Ten Films of the year .
The film received the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . It received three Critics ' Choice Movie Award nominations including the win for Best Animated Feature . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded Inside Out Best Animated Film and it was named Film of the Year by National Board of Review with also winning Best Animated Film . The film was runner @-@ up for Best Animated Film at Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and at San Diego Film Critics Society Awards . It received four nominations from Satellite Awards including Best Screenplay - Original , Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature and Best Original Score . It took the Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature . The film won the award for Best Animated Film at the 69th British Academy Film Awards in London , England , and was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay ( losing to Spotlight ) . The film also received a Robert Award for Best American Film nomination and a David di Donatello for Best Foreign Film nomination , the Danish and Italian equivalent of the Academy Awards respectively .
Inside Out was named one of the best films of 2015 by over 100 critics and publications and was ranked second on Rotten Tomatoes and fourth on Metacritic 's best scored films of 2015 . According to Critics Top10 , the film appeared in 340 critics ' lists , with 27 of them giving the film the number one spot . It is among the most acclaimed films of 2015 alongside Mad Max : Fury Road , Carol , Spotlight , Room , and Brooklyn .
= = Possible sequel = =
On June 24 , 2015 , when asked about if there are plans for a possible sequel , Pete Docter explained that he had no current plans to create a sequel , stating , " There 's no sequel idea from me at this point , " but he also said , " Never say never . " On January 14 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Docter stated that a sequel is possible , and that he and Pixar will explore ideas for a sequel , saying : " We 'll see if anything turns up . To me it 's not as simple as : ' We liked it , so let 's make another one . ' What happens is you design these characters not so much looks @-@ wise but as they are as character and people for a story . So we 'll explore it and see what happens . " However , in a July 2016 interview , Pixar 's president Jim Morris stated that while demand for a sequel is high , the company currently has committed their resources to several original movie concepts from 2019 onward , and that a sequel to Inside Out or other films will not happen any time soon .
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= Wat Tyler Cluverius , Jr . =
Wat Tyler Cluverius , Jr . ( 12 December 1874 – 28 October 1952 ) was an admiral in the United States Navy and president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute . When he died , he was the last surviving officer of the sinking of the USS Maine .
An 1896 graduate of the United States Naval Academy , Cluverius joined the crew of the USS Maine in 1897 and was on board when the ship suffered an explosion in Havana Harbor in 1898 . The sinking of the Maine helped precipitate the Spanish – American War , a war in which Cluverius participated on a number of ships including USS Scorpion . During the Philippine – American War he served on the USS Solace . In 1914 , he took part in the United States occupation of Veracruz , commanding a battalion of bluejackets from the battleship USS North Dakota . During World War I he commanded the minelayer USS Shawmut , laying the anti @-@ submarine mine barrage across the North Sea , for which he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal .
Cluverius was Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy from 1919 to 1921 , and attended the Naval War College from 1921 to 1922 . He was aide to the Secretary of the Navy , Curtis D. Wilbur . Promoted to flag rank in 1928 , he was Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard from 1928 to 1930 , commanded Battleship Division Two the Scouting Fleet from June to November 1930 , and was Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief United States Fleet . He was commandant of the Ninth Naval District and the Fourth Naval District before retiring from the Navy on 1 January 1939 . In retirement , Cluverius became president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute , but returned to active duty during World War II as secretary of the Naval office of Public Information and as a member of the Navy Board of Production Awards . In this capacity he was involved in the conferring of Army @-@ Navy " E " Awards .
= = Naval career = =
Wat Tyler Cluverius , Jr. was born in New Orleans , Louisiana on 12 December 1874 , the son of Wat Tyler Cluverius , Sr. , and his wife Martha Lewis née Manning . He attended Tulane University before being appointed to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis , Maryland , which he entered on 20 May 1892 .
In those days , naval cadets — the rank of midshipman would not exist for a few more years — by law had to serve for two years before they were eligible to take the examinations for the rank of ensign . Therefore , after graduation from the Naval Academy in June 1896 , Cluverius was posted to the cruiser USS Columbia . In 1897 joined the crew of the USS Maine . He was on board on 15 February 1898 when the ship suffered an explosion in Havana Harbor . Cluverius made his way out , splashing through water up to waist deep in the darkness , his path obstructed by wreckage . He joined other survivors on deck , and was rescued by the SS City of Washington . He was one of only 89 survivors , of whom 18 were officers .
The loss of the Maine helped precipitate the Spanish – American War . Cluverius saw action during the conflict on a number of ships including USS Scorpion , on which he participated in the Second Battle of Manzanillo and the bombardments of Santiago and Aquadores . Commissioned as an ensign , he served in the Philippine – American War on the USS Solace in 1900 . He then served on the gunboat USS Newport .
In 1899 , he became engaged to Hannah Walker Sampson , the daughter of Rear Admiral William T. Sampson . The families knew each other well , and Cluverius was an usher at the wedding of Hannah 's sister Olive . On 5 April 1900 , they were married in a ceremony at the Boston Navy Yard . Their marriage produced two daughters , Elizabeth ( Betty ) and Martha , and a son , Wat Tyler Cluverius III . Not only did their son become a naval officer , but both daughters married naval officers , John S. Crenshaw and William S. Parsons respectively . Both sons in law later became admirals .
Cluverius served at the Naval Academy on court martial duty and as commander of the torpedo boat USS Talbot . He became commander of the gunboat USS Alvarado in June 1901 and then the USS Sandoval in October . He joined the torpedo boat USS Stockton in 1902 . The next year he was promoted to lieutenant and was posted to the battleship USS Maine , the namesake of the ship whose sinking he had survived in 1898 , as an engineering officer . He was involved with the 1904 sea trials of the cruisers USS Colorado and USS West Virginia before becoming senior engineer of the monitor USS Arkansas . In 1908 he became senior engineer of the newly commissioned USS Mississippi .
Shore duty followed in 1909 as a member of the Naval Examining Board of the Special Service Squadron . For a short time in 1910 , Cluverius was navigator of the USS Massachusetts , an old battleship now used as a training ship for midshipmen , before becoming Judge Advocate at the Court of Inquiry at the Philadelphia Navy Yard . He attended a conference of officers at the Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island from May until August 1911 , and then became Inspection Officer at the New York Navy Yard .
Cluverius , now a lieutenant commander , was posted to the battleship USS North Dakota in March 1914 . From July to October 1914 , he took part in the United States occupation of Veracruz , commanding a battalion of bluejackets that was landed from the North Dakota . After returning to the ship he became its executive officer until July 1915 , when he became commander of the USS Dubuque . He was then posted back to the Naval Academy as an engineering instructor .
In November 1917 , Cluverius became responsible for the conversion of the steamer SS Massachusetts to a minelayer . The ship was commissioned on 7 December 1917 , and renamed USS Shawmut on 7 January 1918 . She steamed to Britain in June 1918 and spent the rest of World War I laying the anti @-@ submarine mine barrage across the North Sea . Shawmut laid 2 @,@ 970 anchored mines before returning to the United States In December 1918 , . He was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal " , for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility as Commanding Officer of the USS Shawmut , engaged in laying mines in the North Sea " . He also became an Officer of the French Legion of Honor , and Officer of the Belgian Order of Leopold and a Commander of the Norwegian Order of St. Olav .
Cluverius commanded the cruiser USS Baltimore from February until June 1919 , when he became Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy , a post he held until 1921 , when he left to attend the Naval War College . After graduating in 1922 , he became Chief of Staff of Commander Base Force , Pacific Fleet . He commanded the cruiser USS Seattle from June to December 1923 , when , following the usual pattern of sea duty alternating with shore duty , he was posted to the office of the Chief of Naval Operations . He became aide to the Secretary of the Navy , Curtis D. Wilbur .
Sea duty followed in 1926 as captain of the cruiser USS West Virginia . In 1928 , he was promoted to rear admiral . He was one of only five captains promoted that year , the others being Arthur Japy Hepburn , Harry E. Yarnell , Albert Ware Marshall and Thomas Tingey Craven . He was Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard from 1928 to 1930 , and commanded Battleship Division Two ( BatDiv2 ) of the Scouting Fleet from June to November 1930 . He then became Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief United States Fleet , Admiral Jehu V. Chase , who flew his flag from the battleship USS Texas , the ship on which his son in law Deak Parsons was also serving .
Cluverius was Commandant of the Ninth Naval District from 1932 to 1935 . As such , he was the US Navy representative at the Century of Progress World 's Fair in Chicago from 1933 to 1934 . His last sea command was the Base Force , United States Fleet , from 1935 to 1937 . In June 1937 he became Commandant Fourth Naval District and Philadelphia Navy Yard , a post he held until his retirement on 1 January 1939 .
= = Later life = =
In retirement , Cluverius became president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute , in succession to Rear Admiral Ralph Earle , a Naval Academy classmate who died in February 1939 . Cluverius announced that his priority would be to complete the building program envisaged by his predecessor . He began with a footbridge which was named in Earle 's memory .
Cluverius returned to active duty during World War II as secretary of the Naval office of Public Information and as a member of the Navy Board of Production Awards . In this capacity he was involved in the conferring of Army @-@ Navy " E " Awards . In 1943 , Worcester was chosen as one of the colleges in the V @-@ 12 Navy College Training Program . He returned to Worcester in 1945 after the war ended . In 1951 , he oversaw the establishment of an ROTC unit on the campus .
On 28 October 1952 , Cluverius was returning by train from a Navy reunion in Philadelphia when he became so seriously ill that when the train stopped in New Haven he was taken to hospital , where he died . The last surviving officer of the USS Maine , he was buried in Arlington National Cemetery , with his wife Hannah , who died in 1938 . He was survived by his two daughters and his son .
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= St. Clair Streett =
St. Clair Streett ( October 6 , 1893 – September 28 , 1970 ) , known as " Bill " , was a United States Air Force ( USAF ) major general and writer who first organized and led the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) . Streett served as aide to air power advocate General Billy Mitchell , and was viewed by General of the Air Force Henry H. Arnold as his own personal " troubleshooter " .
Earlier in his career , Streett served in France during the last stages of World War I. In 1920 , he was awarded the Mackay Trophy and the Distinguished Flying Cross for leading a squadron of U.S. airmen on a pioneering air voyage from New York City to Nome , Alaska and back . Streett wrote of his squadron 's difficulties in an article for National Geographic . Streett assisted Mitchell during the famous bombing demonstration against battleships . After participating in several air races , he made an exploratory flight to extreme altitude during which he experienced frozen flight controls , and then wrote a story about the adventure for Popular Science .
During World War II , Streett commanded various training units in Hawaii , Florida and Colorado , solving logistical , training , and personnel problems . In Washington , D.C. , he led the Theater Group of the Operations Division in the Office of the Chief of Staff where he expressed grave misgivings about the role of General Douglas MacArthur in the Pacific War — some two years later Streett was sent to the South West Pacific Area to work under MacArthur commanding the Thirteenth Air Force during its first offensive drive .
With victory certain , Streett returned to the United States to organize for Arnold the Continental Air Forces ( CAF ) , and then to expand its operation across the country . Streett retained command when the CAF turned into the SAC , and continued to experience friction with MacArthur . After retiring from the United States Air Force in 1952 , Streett was named to the Sarnoff Commission , a presidential formation tasked with trimming unnecessary military spending .
= = Early career = =
St. Clair Streett was born in Washington , D.C. , the first child of Shadrach Watkins Streett and his wife , the former Lydia Ann Coggins . Streett was named for his grandfather , Dr. St. Clair Streett of Maryland . St. Clair is a family name originating from the mid @-@ 18th century when a Martha St. Clair married a John Streett in Maryland .
St. Clair Streett joined the United States Army after high school . By 1916 , he was a sergeant in the Signal Corps , Enlisted Reserve . , This is after the start of the World War I in Europe 1914 @-@ 1918 and before America 's entry into the war . In December 1916 , Streett signed up as an aviation cadet and was trained at the Curtis School at Newport News , Virginia and at Wright Field in Ohio . America entered the world war in April 1917 . On September 27 , 1917 , St. Clair Streett was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Signal Officers ' Reserve Corps .
In December 1917 , Streett was posted to Issoudun , France , as an air training instructor . The majority of the United States Army troops and pilots would arrive later , in 1918 . He was then assigned to the 5th Pursuit Group operating out of Lay @-@ Saint @-@ Remy Aerodrome , France . Later , after the Allied victory in November 1918 , he served in Germany with the American occupation forces , and returned to the United States in August 1919 . On July 1 , 1920 , Streett was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Regular Army Officers ' Reserve Corps , Air Service .
= = Pioneering flights = =
= = = Alaskan Flying Expedition = = =
In early 1920 , Streett made a five @-@ week , 4 @,@ 000 @-@ mile ( 6 @,@ 400 km ) survey flight to assess field conditions in eleven states . Then , at the suggestion of General Billy Mitchell who wished to strengthen the American air presence in Alaska Territory , Streett commanded the Alaskan Flying Expedition , an exploratory flight made by the Air Service between July 15 and October 20 , 1920 , from Mitchel Field on Long Island to Nome , Alaska . Dubbed the " Black Wolf Squadron " for the logo painted on the fuselage sides of their four De Havilland DH @-@ 4B biplanes , the eight men flew 8 @,@ 690 miles ( 14 @,@ 000 km ) in 110 hours of flying time , dividing the route into 15 legs across the northern United States and the western provinces of Canada , then north to Fairbanks , Alaska via Dawson City , Yukon , the flight reached Nome on August 23 , 1920 , after a flying time of 56 hours . An advance party scouted weather conditions , cut landing strips out of virgin forest in the legs north of Jasper , Alberta , and stocked fuel and provisions to replenish the flyers and their aircraft .
Afterward , Streett speculated , " Some day this trip may be made overnight — who knows ? " For this pioneering effort demonstrating that Alaska could be linked by air to the United States , Streett was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Mackay Trophy , the later given to the " most meritorious flight of the year " made by a U.S. military airman .
= = = General Billy Mitchell = = =
Following this successful publicity flight , Streett was appointed assistant to General Billy Mitchell , the deputy chief of the Air Service . When Mitchell formed the 1st Provisional Air Brigade in May 1921 for the purpose of demonstrating that a bomber could sink a battleship , Streett was closely connected . Mitchell sent Streett to Air Corps headquarters to inform his superior Charles T. Menoher that the battleships could not be sunk as planned , with the bombers flying at 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) . Streett informed Menoher that Mitchell intended to break the rules and fly much lower to ensure a newsworthy sinking , but that the Navy should not know of this change . During the June and July bombing demonstrations , Streett flew in the back seat as navigator in Osprey , Mitchell 's personal DH @-@ 4B heavy bomber as they bombed from heights of about 2 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 600 to 900 m ) . Mitchell also planned to sink the target ship with several very close near @-@ miss explosions that would cause severe damage to the ship 's hull below the waterline . The US Navy 's rules for the bombing limited the actual number of direct hits allowed on the target ship . The US Navy had intended to inspect the damage to these ships after the bombings , and US Navy gunfire to learn as much as possible about the effects of shell & bomb hits on battleship armor and structure . The target ship , the former German World War I battleship Ostfriesland was sunk with only a few direct hits , and several intentional very near @-@ misses . The US Navy leadership was shocked and angry over the target 's sinking . In late July after the battleship Ostfriesland had been sunk , Mitchell carried out a 19 @-@ bomber mock raid against Manhattan . About the stunt , Streett wrote an article entitled " 14th Heavy Bombardment Squadron Attacks New York City " for the Army and Navy aviation magazine U.S. Air Service .
During this time , Streett wrote an article about the Alaskan venture entitled " The First Alaskan Air Expedition " for the National Geographic magazine , with the issue appearing in May 1922 . In July , he became commanding officer of the headquarters detachment at Bolling Field .
= = = Air races = = =
Flying an Army Orenco D on November 27 , 1920 , Streett finished in fourth place in the first Pulitzer Trophy Air Race , held at Mitchel Field on Long Island . On October 14 , 1922 , Streett participated in the third Pulitzer race flown out of Selfridge Field near Detroit but an oil line burst in his Verville @-@ Sperry R @-@ 3 and forced him to abandon the race on the fifth and final lap .
In January 1924 , Streett was named assistant chief of the Airways Section in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps . In this role he helped gather prevailing weather data , airfield locations , maps and reports of flying conditions for the Air Corps men undertaking the first aerial circumnavigation during March – September 1924 . He planned for and ordered caches of oil and fuel to be kept at likely locations during the multistage voyage . Streett 's preparations were praised as " very complete and of greatest assistance " in carrying out the feat . In September 1925 , he entered the Air Corps Tactical School at Langley Field , Virginia , graduating the following June .
= = = Altitude = = =
Streett was transferred to Selfridge Field , Michigan , in August 1926 , and appointed commanding officer of the First Pursuit Group Headquarters . He was assigned to Wright Field , Ohio in March 1928 as test pilot and chief of the Flying Branch . Flying the XCO @-@ 5 on October 10 , 1928 , Streett and Albert William Stevens achieved an unofficial altitude record for aircraft carrying more than one person : 37 @,@ 854 feet ( 11 @,@ 538 m ) ; less than 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) short of the official single @-@ person altitude record . At that height they measured a temperature of − 78 ° F ( − 61 ° C ) , cold enough to freeze the aircraft controls . With frozen controls , Streett was unable to reduce altitude or to turn off the engine until some twenty minutes later when it ran out of fuel , after which he piloted the fragile experimental biplane down in a gentle glide and made a deadstick landing . An article about the feat appeared in Popular Science in May 1929 , entitled " Stranded — Seven Miles Up ! " During July 1932 , he was on special assignment as assistant in the preparation of data on performance tests of aircraft .
Streett spent the following three years at service schools . He entered the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , In August 1932 . After graduation In June 1934 , he began a course at the Chemical Warfare School at Edgewood Arsenal , Maryland , which he completed in August . He was then transferred to the Army War College , from which he graduated in June 1935 .
Streett 's next assignment was with the War Department General Staff where he served as a member of the Miscellaneous and Operations Section of the War Plans Division . He became a student at the Naval War College at Newport , Rhode Island , in June 1939 , and in July 1940 reported to Hickam Field , Hawaii , for duty as commanding officer of the 11th Bombardment Group , where the group operated B @-@ 18 Bolo medium bombers . On December 1 , the 11th was redesignated a heavy bombardment group , and Streett prepared them to receive B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress heavies , the first ones arriving in April 1941 with Lieutenant Colonel Albert Francis Hegenberger to command them . Streett shifted to become plans and training officer for the Hawaiian Department at Fort Shafter , and then was attached to the Army Air Forces division of the War Department as deputy chief of operations .
= = World War II = =
In March 1942 , Streett became chief of the Theater Group of the Operations Division in the Office of the Chief of Staff . When United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Chief of Staff Henry H. " Hap " Arnold proposed to George Marshall in October 1942 that an Army man be named supreme commander for the whole Allied effort in the Pacific , suggesting Douglas MacArthur , Lesley McNair or airman Joseph T. McNarney for the position , Marshall without comment passed the request to his staff for analysis . There , Albert Wedemeyer and Streett examined the problem . Wedemeyer , an Army officer , thought the supreme commander should be an airman ; either Arnold or McNarney . Streett , too , was in favor of one supreme commander but he recognized the political challenges — he projected that the president would have to make the appointment , not a committee of military men prone to interservice rivalry . For supreme commander in the Pacific , Streett suggested McNarney or Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , depending on whether an air or a naval strategy was considered most important . About MacArthur , Streett wrote that " [ a ] t the risk of being considered naive and just plain country @-@ boy dumb , " he thought that MacArthur would have to be removed from the Pacific in order for there to be any sound cooperation in the theater . Streett suggested MacArthur be appointed ambassador to " Russia " or some similar position of high stature but low military influence . Of this analysis work , nothing was enacted ; Marshall did not bring the problem and its suggested solutions to either the Navy or the president .
= = = Tampa = = =
In November 1942 , Arnold assigned Streett to take charge of the Third Air Force , a medium bomber training command based at Tampa , Florida . The unit had seen enough B @-@ 26 Marauder training accidents that grim @-@ humored airmen coined the phrase " one a day in Tampa Bay . " ( The oft @-@ repeated line was an exaggeration ; ignoring crashes into land , 13 Marauders ditched in Tampa Bay in the 14 months between the first one on August 5 , 1942 and the final one on October 8 , 1943 . ) Streett implemented a tightening of training policy to reduce losses through human error , and he initiated research into solutions for the technical problems the bomber was having .
At the time , Tampa was rated the worst U.S. city for syphilis infections among USAAF personnel , and the city with the most rampant prostitution . USAAF Captain Robert Dyer , charged with protecting the country 's airmen from venereal disease ( VD ) , had no success getting Tampa authorities to address the problem . When Streett arrived at his command and saw the extent of the VD crisis at MacDill Field , he threatened to close certain areas of Tampa to all military personnel if the city 's police were unable to curb prostitution . This action would have ruined a number of legitimate local businesses , and a campaign was initiated to arrest prostitutes and to bar unmarried couples from renting a room together . Police arrests , however , were limited to misdemeanor charges of vagrancy or loitering — there were no state or local laws specific to prostitution . In response to complaints from Streett and other military leaders , in January 1943 Florida 's Department of Health mounted a statewide media blitz encouraging testing and treatment for VD . Later that year , the state passed a law giving police wide latitude to arrest prostitutes for hire and also unmarried persons participating in " licentious sexual intercourse without hire . "
= = = Heavy bombers = = =
In September 1943 , Streett assumed command of the Second Air Force at Peterson Field , Colorado Springs , Colorado , training heavy bomber crews to fly the B @-@ 24 Liberator .
In January 1944 , he was assigned to the Southwest Pacific Area and assumed command of the Thirteenth Air Force when it was consolidated into an offensive stance in June . Streett served under George Kenney , who was the USAAF theater commander subordinate to MacArthur . At the end of September and in early October , Streett mounted a series of 2 @,@ 500 @-@ mile ( 4 @,@ 000 km ) round trip air raids by heavy bombers flying from Hollandia , New Guinea to attack Balikpapan , a major center of Japanese petroleum processing and storage . In U.S. media reports , the raids were compared to the Ploesti raids of 1943 , with strong Japanese resistance on the second raid said to be responsible for downing seven B @-@ 24s — a loss of 70 aircrew . Streett guided the Thirteenth through their part of the initial phases of the Philippines Campaign , in concert with the Fifth Air Force as part of United States Far East Air Forces .
= = Postwar career = =
When Arnold needed to solve a thorny problem , he was known to demand " Where is Bill Streett ? " In January 1945 as victory in the war appeared certain , Arnold was faced with postwar reorganization of the Army Air Forces . Arnold ordered Streett to return stateside to form for him the Continental Air Forces ( CAF ) at Bolling Field . Streett served under Arnold as deputy commander of the CAF , but Arnold held at that time two major commands : Air Staff and CAF , with Air Staff taking his full attention . In effect , Streett was left in charge of CAF . In November 1945 , Streett proposed a reorganization of United States air power into separate commands : Eastern and Western air defense commands , a tactical air support command and a training command . His proposal placed strategic bombers in a task force under the commander of the Army Air Forces . When the Continental Air Forces became Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) in March 1946 , he retained his nominal position as deputy commander , and actually commanded the new organization until October when Kenney 's prior obligations to the United Nations came to an end and he could finally take the reins of the SAC as originally intended by General Carl Andrew Spaatz .
On October 22 , 1946 , Streett delivered a lecture entitled The Strategic Air Command to the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama . He revealed to the students that the SAC was not yet very powerful — only two strike groups were fully operational and that three months in the future after a rush of preparation , there still would be only four B @-@ 29 Superfortress groups and two long @-@ range fighter aircraft groups . This was in contrast to the then @-@ current public relations statements by the SAC which proclaimed " quick retaliation will be our answer [ to any future aggressor ] in the form of an aerial knockout ... " Streett described how General MacArthur , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , U.S. Far East Command , refused to release to SAC the control of one very heavy bombardment group and one very long @-@ range reconnaissance group of the Twentieth Air Force . Streett offered his opinion that the SAC should stage into the Far East and take operational control of those units .
In January 1947 , Streett was assigned to the adjutant general 's office as chief of the Military Personnel Procurement Service . He was appointed the air inspector in the newly established Office of the Inspector General in January 1948 , and two months later became deputy inspector general . Streett was named deputy commander of Air Materiel Command at Wright @-@ Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio , in October 1949 . In December 1951 , he became special assistant to the commanding general of Air Materiel Command . Streett retired from the USAF in February 1952 with the rank of Major General , having flown numerous aircraft from early biplanes to the early jets .
In October 1952 , Streett was named to the Citizens Advisory Commission on Manpower Utilization in the Armed Services , popularly known as the Sarnoff Commission for its chairman Brigadier General David Sarnoff , the long @-@ serving chairman of RCA . Defense Secretary Robert A. Lovett established the commission for the purpose of identifying and eliminating excess military spending without reducing combat effectiveness . Robert Wood Johnson II , chairman of Johnson & Johnson , resigned from the commission because of the strain it took on his health , but he noted that the USAF represented by Commissioner Streett was " cooperative and open to greater progress " with the commission , directly contrasting with the U.S. Navy which he rated as " militantly resistant . " The Sarnoff Commission 's 85 @-@ page report was delivered to the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services and Charles Erwin Wilson , President Dwight D. Eisenhower 's new defense secretary , on February 17 , 1953 . It called for a ten percent reduction in military spending , amounting to the elimination of 500 @,@ 000 civilian and military personnel and the cutting of $ 5B from the military 's annual budget . After studying the report , Wilson appointed a commission to heed its main points and streamline the Defense Department so that it could more efficiently wage a war . Instead of Streett , Wilson selected retired General Spaatz to represent the USAF .
= = Personal life = =
In 1922 , Streett married Mary Lois Williams ( 1895 – 1999 ) , a personal friend of " Hap " Arnold and his wife " Bee " . The Streetts had one child , a son in 1927 , St. Clair Streett , Jr . , also nicknamed " Bill " , who graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point with the Class of 1949 and took part in the infantry Battle of Old Baldy during the Korean War . General Streett 's son , St. Clair Streett , Jr. married Edith Peake Boatner ( youngest daughter of USAF Lt. Gen. Bryant L. Boatner ) in 1954 and had four children : St. Clair " Dan " Streett III , born in California in 1955 , who graduated from Virginia Military Institute in 1977 , USAF Colonel Bryant Boatner Streett ( VMI 1978 ) born at Fort Belvoir , Virginia in 1956 , Monica Page Streett born in 1959 in Nurnberg , Germany , and Emily Williams Streett born in 1961 at West Point , New York . General Streett 's son retired from the US Army after 21 years of service in the Infantry and the Engineers . Besides serving in combat in Korea , and in South Vietnam as an advisor , St. Clair Jr. had participated in the US Army Corps of Engineer construction projects for NASA ( in the race to put a man on the moon before the end of the decade ) at Cape Caniveral , Florida and Huntsville , Alabama . " Bill " Streett , Jr. married again in 1980 to Anitra Mae " Sue " Rustmeyer — the two had a daughter , Sarah Mae Streett , born the next year .
Major General Streett died on September 28 , 1970 at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland . His wife ( at age 104 years ) died on October 17 , 1999 and was buried with him at Arlington National Cemetery .
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= New York State Route 375 =
New York State Route 375 ( NY 375 ) , locally known as West Hurley Road for its entire length , is a short highway in the Catskill Park located entirely within Ulster County , New York , in the United States . It primarily allows for more direct access from nearby Kingston to Woodstock . It runs north – south from NY 28 at West Hurley to near the business district of Woodstock , where it terminates at another state highway , NY 212 . The route was designated in the 1930 renumbering in New York , replacing a piece of legislative Route 5 from 1908 and has remained unchanged since .
= = Route description = =
NY 375 begins at an intersection with NY 28 ( the Onteora Trail ) in the community of West Hurley . The route progresses northward through a densely populated area , passing residential homes and commercial buildings . The highway at the intersection with Pine Street , passing a local sports field , and leaving West Hurley for the rural parts of the Catskill Park . The route continues to wind , and after a distance , intersects the eastern terminus of Maverick Road ( County Route 43 ) . The route continues northward , passing the Woodstock Golf Club before entering the hamlet of Zena , where NY 375 ends at an intersection with NY 212 ( Mill Hall Road ) just outside Woodstock .
= = History = =
The north – south highway linking West Hurley to Woodstock was originally designated as part of Route 5 , an unsigned legislative route , by the New York State Legislature in 1908 . Route 5 continued east of West Hurley on modern NY 28 and west of Woodstock on what is now NY 212 . The section of Route 5 between West Hurley and Woodstock was designated as the signed NY 375 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York .
In 2013 , NY 375 was officially designated Levon Helm Memorial Boulevard in memory of the late Mark Lavon " Levon " Helm , a local resident best known for his work as drummer and vocalist for The Band .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Ulster County .
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= Olaf the Peacock =
Olaf the Peacock ( Old Norse : Ólafr Pái ) or Olaf Hoskuldsson ( Ólafr Höskuldsson ) ( c . 938 – 1006 ) was a merchant and chieftain of the early Icelandic Commonwealth , who was nicknamed " the Peacock " because of his proud bearing and magnificent wardrobe . He is a major character in the Laxdæla saga and is mentioned in a number of other Icelandic sources . The son of a slave woman , Olaf became one of the wealthiest landowners in Iceland and played a major role in its politics and society during the latter half of the tenth century . In addition to the Laxdæla Saga in which he takes a leading role , Olaf also is mentioned in Egils saga , Njáls saga , Gunnlaugs saga , Kormáks saga , Grettirs saga and the Landnámabók , among others .
= = Birth and upbringing = =
Olaf was the son of Hoskuld Dala @-@ Kollsson , a chieftain who lived in the Laxardal region . According to Laxdæla Saga , Hoskuld purchased a mute thrall @-@ woman from a Rus ' merchant on Brännö while on a trading expedition to Norway , and made her his concubine while away from his wife Jorunn Bjarnadottir . When Hoskuld returned home to Iceland , he took the concubine with him . Despite Jorunn 's irritation , the concubine was accepted into Hoskuld 's household , though he remained faithful to Jorunn while in Iceland . The following winter the concubine gave birth to a son , to whom they gave the name Olaf after Hoskuld 's uncle , Olaf Feilan , who had recently died . Landnámabók mentions that Hoskuld and Melkorka had another son , Helgi , but he does not appear in Laxdæla . According to Laxdæla saga , Olaf was a precocious child , and could speak and walk perfectly by the age of two . One day Hoskuld discovered Olaf 's mother speaking to her son ; she was not , in fact , mute . When he confronted her she told him that she was an Irish princess named Melkorka carried off in a Viking raid , and that her father was an Irish king named " Myrkjartan " ( Muirchertach ) . Shortly thereafter squabbling between Jorunn and Melkorka forced Hoskuld to move his concubine and his son by her to a different farm , which thereafter was known as Melkorkustaðir .
At the age of seven , over his mother 's objections , Olaf became the foster son and heir of a wealthy but childless goði named Thord , who was at the time engaged in complex litigation with the kinsmen of his ex @-@ wife Vigdis Ingjaldsdottir ( another descendent of Thorstein the Red ) . Olaf 's adoption complicated the issues in the suit and threatened to lead to a blood feud , but Hoskuld arranged a settlement and compensated Vigdis ' kinsmen with gifts . By fostering Olaf Thord gained the protection of the powerful Hoskuld , and Hoskuld secured an inheritance for his illegitimate son beyond the limited amount he was permitted to leave to Olaf under Icelandic law . Olaf accompanied Thord to the Althing when he was twelve years old , and his fancy clothing earned him the admiring nickname " the Peacock . "
= = Career abroad = =
Around 956 , Olaf , at Melkorka 's urging , decided to go abroad to seek his fortune . Hoskuld was opposed and would not provide trade wares , and the property of Olaf 's foster @-@ father Thord was mostly in immobile goods and land . In part to arrange financing for his expedition , his mother Melkorka married Thorbjorn the Feeble , a farmer who had previously assisted her in the management of Melkorkustead . Melkorka and Thorbjorn had a son named Lambi . Olaf sailed to Norway with Orn , a sea @-@ captain and hirdman of King Harald Greycloak . He gained great honor at Harald 's court , and was a favorite of the king 's mother Gunnhild , who had , according to Icelandic sources , been the lover of Olaf 's uncle Hrut Herjolfsson . When Olaf expressed a desire to find his mother 's people in Ireland , Gunnhild financed his voyage .
Olaf set sail for Ireland with Orm to find his mother 's people , taking with him tokens and gifts from Melkorka to her father and her nursemaid . During the voyage , their ship became lost in a fog . When the fog lifted , an argument arose between Orn and most of the rest of Olaf 's men about the proper course to reach Ireland . When ask if the decision should be put to a vote of the majority , Olaf is supposed to have said , " I want only the shrewdest to decide ; in my opinion the counsel of fools is all the more dangerous the more of them there are . " With those words , the matter was accepted as settled , and Orn took charge of the navigation .
Upon arriving in Ireland they were stranded far outside the protection of the Norse – Gaelic longphorts . The ship was attacked by local Irishmen , despite the efforts of Olaf , who spoke the Gaelic language , to negotiate safe passage with them .
As luck would have it , the local king arrived on the scene , and proved to be Olaf 's alleged grandfather Myrkjartan . Olaf remained with Myrkjartan for a time , and the king , according to Laxdaela Saga , even offered to make Olaf his heir . Olaf , however , ultimately returned to Norway , afraid of provoking Myrkjartan 's sons . Olaf returned to the court of King Harald , where he was greatly honored by both the king and his mother Gunnhild .
= = Return to Iceland = =
Olaf returned home around 957 with great wealth . Upon his return , his father Hoskuld arranged a marriage for him with Thorgerd Egilsdottir , the daughter of Egill Skallagrímsson . Thorgerd was initially reluctant to marry the son of a slave , refusing to believe that Olaf 's mother was a princess . However , she ultimately agreed to the match after an hours @-@ long private conversation with Olaf . At the wedding Olaf gave Egil an ornate sword from Ireland . Olaf and Thorgerd lived happily together at Hoskuldstead for some time . Around 962 Olaf 's foster father Thord died , leaving Olaf his property and goðorð Olaf bought land and built a new homestead at Hjardarholt , which , according to the saga , he had to cleanse of the draugr of its former owner , Killer @-@ Hrapp . As time went on people began to settle near Olaf 's hall and regarded him as their goði . Olaf 's ever @-@ increasing wealth caused jealousy from Hoskuld 's wife Jorunn . Around the same time Olaf and Thorgerd had a daughter , Thurid . Hjardarholt was renowned for its rich decorations ; some two decades later , the skald Úlfr Uggason composed the famous poem Húsdrápa , about certain mythological scenes illustrated on the walls of Olaf 's hall .
Olaf 's half @-@ sister Hallgerd Hoskuldsdottir married Gunnar Hámundarson , a chieftain who lived at Hlíðarendi in southern Iceland , during this period . Olaf and Gunnar became close friends .
Hoskuld died around 965 , leaving Olaf a full mark of gold , causing tension between Olaf and Hoskuld 's legitimate sons , Bard and Thorleik . As an illegitimate son , Olaf was entitled to one mark of his father 's wealth ; this was , however , customarily understood to be a mark of silver and not gold . Olaf eased the tension by paying one @-@ third of the communal funeral feast for Hoskuld .
Olaf and Thorgerd had a number of children after Thurid , the sons Kjartan ( named after King Myrkjartan ) , Steinthor , Halldor , Helgi , and Hoskuld and the daughters Thorbjorg , Thorgerd and Berghora . The ill @-@ fated Kjartan would be his father 's favorite .
= = Second expedition to Norway and aftermath = =
Around 975 , over his wife 's objections , Olaf went on a second expedition to Norway . There he stayed with a Viking named Geirmund the Noisy and visited Haakon Jarl , the latter of whom gave him a cargo of timber to take home as a gift . On his return Olaf reluctantly brought Geirmund with him. and Geirmund fell in love with Olaf 's daughter Thurid . Though Olaf was opposed to the match , Geirmund bribed Thorgerd to be his advocate , and Olaf relented . The marriage was an unhappy one , and after three years Geirmund decided to return home without leaving any money for the support of his ex @-@ wife and daughter . Enraged , Thurid boarded his ship before he departed , stole his famous sword " Leg @-@ Biter , " and left their infant daughter Groa on the ship . Geirmund cursed the sword , and on his return to Norway he and all of his shipmates , including little Groa , were drowned .
= = Later years = =
During the closing years of the tenth century , Olaf 's kinsman and friend Gunnar became embroiled in a blood feud with several neighboring landowners . A settlement was reached whereby Gunnar would accept " lesser outlawry , " a three @-@ year exile , but after agreeing to the settlement Gunnar refused to leave Iceland . Olaf tried to protect his kinsman but was unsuccessful , and Gunnar was killed by his enemies . Olaf 's favorite son Kjartan traveled abroad with his beloved cousin Bolli Þorleiksson . The two were very close . Ultimately , however , they grew apart when Bolli married Kjartan 's lover Guðrún Ósvífrsdóttir . According to Oddr Snorrason , Olaf had predicted that strife would ensue between Kjartan and Bolli . Tensions between the cousins grew until a full @-@ blown blood feud ended with Kjartan being killed by Bolli in 1003 . Ironically , Bolli killed Kjartan with the sword " Leg @-@ biter , " which had been given to him as a gift by his cousin Thurid , Kjartan 's sister . Olaf refused to prosecute Bolli for the killing , and arranged for him to pay a fine instead ; by sharp contrast , he had Gudrun 's brothers , who had goaded Bolli to fight his cousin , driven into exile . Jesse Byock contrasted Olaf 's magnanimity towards Bolli with the blood feud mentality of his wife Thorgerd :
Olaf knows that Kjartan , who was involved in a love triangle with Bolli and Bolli 's wife Gudrun Osvifrsdottir , caused his own downfall by acting aggressively . In Icelandic terms , Kjartan had surpassed the acceptable limits of immoderation . Whereas Olaf wants to maintain the solidarity of the larger family , keeping workable relations with his siblings and their children , Thorgerd 's concerns are different . She focuses more narrowly on the honour of her nuclear family .
Olaf died in 1006 , and Olaf 's widow Thorgerd subsequently directed a number of revenge @-@ killings herself , including that of Thorkel , a man who had witnessed Kjartan 's death but been indifferent to it and had not intervened . Bolli was killed by Olaf 's sons and their allies in a raid led by Thorgerd . Some twelve years later , Gudrun , with the help of her friend Snorri Goði , had a number of Bolli 's murderers killed in revenge .
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= Sixgill stingray =
The sixgill stingray ( Hexatrygon bickelli ) is a species of stingray and the only extant member of the family Hexatrygonidae . Although several species of sixgill stingrays have been described historically , they may represent variations in a single , widespread species . This flabby , heavy @-@ bodied fish , described only in 1980 , is unique among rays in having six pairs of gill slits rather than five . Growing up to 1 @.@ 7 m ( 5 @.@ 6 ft ) long , it has a rounded pectoral fin disc and a long , triangular , and flexible snout filled with a gelatinous substance . It is brownish above and white below , and lacks dermal denticles .
Benthic in nature , the sixgill stingray is usually found over upper continental slopes and seamounts at depths of 500 – 1 @,@ 120 m ( 1 @,@ 640 – 3 @,@ 670 ft ) . It has been recorded from scattered locations in the Indo @-@ Pacific from South Africa to Hawaii . This species probably uses its snout to probe for food in the bottom sediment . Its jaws are greatly protrusible , allowing it to capture buried prey . The sixgill stingray gives live birth , with litters of two to five pups . The IUCN has assessed this ray as Least Concern , because it faces minimal fishing pressure across most of its range .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The first known sixgill stingray , an intact female 64 cm ( 25 in ) across , was found on a beach near Port Elizabeth , South Africa . It was described as a new species and placed in its own family by Phillip Heemstra and Margaret Smith , in a 1980 article for the Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology . The generic name Hexatrygon is derived from the Greek hexa ( " six " ) and trygon ( " stingray " ) , referring to the number of gill slits . The specific name bickelli honors Dave Bickell , a journalist who discovered the original specimen .
Following the description of H. bickelli , four additional species of sixgill stingray were described on the basis of morphological differences . However , their validity was brought into question after comparative studies revealed that traits such as snout shape , body proportions , and tooth number vary greatly with age and among individuals . Taxonomists therefore concluded tentatively that there is only a single species of sixgill stingray , though genetic analysis is needed to determine whether this is truly the case . Phylogenetic studies using morphological and genetic data have generally concurred that the sixgill stingray is the most basal member of the stingray lineage . An extinct relative , H. senegasi , lived during the Middle Eocene ( 49 – 37 million years ago ) .
= = Description = =
The sixgill stingray has a bulky , flabby body with a rounded pectoral fin disc that is longer than wide . The triangular snout is much longer in adults than in juveniles ( making up almost two @-@ fifths of the disc length ) , and is filled with a clear gelatinous material ; because of this , the snout of a dead specimen can shrink significantly when exposed to air or preservatives . The tiny eyes are placed far apart and well ahead of the larger spiracles . Between the widely spaced nostrils are a pair of short and fleshy flaps that are joined in the middle to form a curtain of skin . The mouth is wide and nearly straight . In either jaw are 44 – 102 rows of small , blunt teeth arranged in a quincunx pattern ; the teeth are more numerous in adults . Six pairs of small gill slits occur on the underside of the disc ; all other rays have five pairs ( a few sharks also have six or more pairs of gill slits , for example in the genus Hexanchus ) . One recorded specimen had six gill slits on the left side and seven on the right . Their pelvic fins are rather large and rounded .
The tail is moderately thick and measures about 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 7 times as long as the disc . One or two serrated stinging spines are present on its dorsal surface , well back from the base . The end of the tail bears a long , low leaf @-@ shaped caudal fin that is nearly symmetrical above and below . The skin is delicate and entirely lacking dermal denticles . The disc is purplish to pinkish brown above , darkening slightly at the fin margins ; the skin is easily abraded , leaving white patches . The underside of the disc is white with dark margins on the pectoral and pelvic fins . The snout is translucent , and the tail and caudal fin are almost black . The largest known specimen is a female 1 @.@ 7 m ( 5 @.@ 6 ft ) long .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The sixgill stingray has been recorded at widely scattered locations in the Indo @-@ Pacific . In the Indian Ocean , it has been reported from South Africa off Port Elizabeth and Port Alfred , southwestern India , several islands of Indonesia , and Western Australia from Exmouth Plateau to Shark Bay . In the Pacific Ocean , it has been found from Japan to Taiwan and the Philippines , as well as off Flinders Reef in Queensland , New Caledonia , and Hawaii . This bottom @-@ dwelling species typically inhabits upper continental slopes and seamounts at depths of 500 – 1 @,@ 120 m ( 1 @,@ 640 – 3 @,@ 670 ft ) . However , it occasionally ventures into shallower water , with one ray observed feeding at a depth of 30 m ( 98 ft ) off Japan . It can be found over sandy , muddy , or rocky bottom substrates .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The long snout of the sixgill stingray is very flexible both vertically and horizontally , suggesting that the ray uses it to probe for food in the bottom sediment . The underside of the snout is covered by well @-@ developed ampullae of Lorenzini arranged in longitudinal rows , which are capable of detecting the minute electric fields produced by other organisms . The mouth can be protruded downward farther than the length of the head , likely allowing the ray to extract buried prey . The jaws are poorly mineralized , suggesting that it does not feed on hard @-@ shelled animals . There is a record of a specimen with a wound from a cookiecutter shark ( Isistius brasiliensis ) . Reproduction in the sixgill stingray is viviparous , with documented litter sizes of between two and five pups . Newly born rays measure around 48 cm ( 19 in ) long . Both males and females mature sexually at approximately 1 @.@ 1 m ( 3 @.@ 6 ft ) long .
= = Human interactions = =
For the most part , little fishing activity occurs at the depths occupied by the sixgill stingray , thus the IUCN has listed it as Least Concern . In the waters around Taiwan , it is caught in small numbers as bycatch in bottom trawls . The catch rate seems to have decreased in recent years , leading to concerns that it may be locally overfished , though quantitative data are lacking .
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= Swedish language =
Swedish ( svenska [ ² svɛnːska ] ) is a North Germanic language , spoken natively by about 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland , where it has equal legal standing with Finnish . It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish ( see the section " Classification " ) . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers .
Standard Swedish , spoken by most Swedes , is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century . While distinct regional varieties descended from the older rural dialects still exist , the spoken and written language is uniform and standardized .
The standard word order is , as in most Germanic languages , V2 , which means that the finite verb appears in second position of a declarative main clause . Swedish morphology is similar to English ; that is , words have comparatively few inflections . There are two genders , no grammatical cases , and a distinction between plural and singular . Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are some remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well . Adjectives are compared as in English , and are also inflected according to gender , number and definiteness . The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes ( endings ) , complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles . The prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities . The language has a comparatively large vowel inventory . Swedish is also notable for the voiceless dorso @-@ palatal velar fricative , a highly variable consonant phoneme .
= = Classification = =
Swedish is an Indo @-@ European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages . In the established classification , it belongs to the East Scandinavian languages together with Danish , separating it from the West Scandinavian languages , consisting of Faroese , Icelandic and Norwegian . However , more recent analyses divide the North Germanic languages into two groups : Insular Scandinavian ( Faroese and Icelandic ) , and Continental Scandinavian ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , based on mutual intelligibility due to heavy influence of East Scandinavian ( particularly Danish ) on Norwegian during the last millennium and divergence from both Faroese and Icelandic .
By many general criteria of mutual intelligibility , the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language . However , because of several hundred years of sometimes quite intense rivalry between Denmark and Sweden , including a long series of wars from the 16th to 18th centuries , and the nationalist ideas that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the languages have separate orthographies , dictionaries , grammars , and regulatory bodies . Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish are thus from a linguistic perspective more accurately described as a dialect continuum of Scandinavian ( North Germanic ) , and some of the dialects , such as those on the border between Norway and Sweden , especially parts of Bohuslän , Dalsland , western Värmland , western Dalarna , Härjedalen , Jämtland and Scania , could be described as intermediate dialects of the national standard languages .
= = History = =
= = = Old Norse = = =
In the 8th century , the common Germanic language of Scandinavia , Proto @-@ Norse , had undergone some changes and evolved into Old Norse . This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia , which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects , Old West Norse ( Norway and Iceland ) and Old East Norse ( Denmark and Sweden ) . The dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish . The dialects are described as " runic " because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet . Unlike Proto @-@ Norse , which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet , Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet , which had only 16 letters . Because the number of runes was limited , some runes were used for a range of phonemes , such as the rune for the vowel u which was also used for the vowels o , ø and y , and the rune for i which was also used for e .
From 1200 onwards , the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden . The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark which created a series of minor dialectal boundaries , or isoglosses , ranging from Zealand in the south to Norrland , Österbotten and northwestern Finland in the north .
An early change that separated Runic Danish from the other dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é , as in stæinn to sténn " stone " . This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin . There was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr " dead " . This change is shown in runic inscriptions as a change from tauþr into tuþr . Moreover , the øy diphthong changed into a long , close ø , as in the Old Norse word for " island " . By the end of the period , these innovations had affected most of the Runic Swedish @-@ speaking area as well , with the exception of the dialects spoken north and east of Mälardalen where the diphthongs still exist in remote areas .
= = = Old Swedish = = =
Old Swedish ( fornsvenska ) is the term used for the medieval Swedish language . The start date is usually set to 1225 since this is the year that Västgötalagen ( " the Västgöta Law " ) is believed to have been compiled for the first time . It is among the most important documents of the period written in Latin script and the oldest Swedish law codes . Old Swedish is divided into äldre fornsvenska ( 1225 – 1375 ) and yngre fornsvenska ( 1375 – 1526 ) , " older " and " younger " Old Swedish Important outside influences during this time came with the firm establishment of the Christian church and various monastic orders , introducing many Greek and Latin loanwords . With the rise of Hanseatic power in the late 13th and early 14th century , Middle Low German became very influential . The Hanseatic league provided Swedish commerce and administration with a large number of Low German @-@ speaking immigrants . Many became quite influential members of Swedish medieval society , and brought terms from their native languages into the vocabulary . Besides a great number of loanwords for such areas as warfare , trade and administration , general grammatical suffixes and even conjunctions were imported . The League also brought a certain measure of influence from Danish ( at the time much more similar than today 's language ) .
Early Old Swedish was markedly different from the modern language in that it had a more complex case structure and yet retained the original Germanic three @-@ gender system . Nouns , adjectives , pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases ; besides the extant nominative , there were also the genitive ( later possessive ) , dative and accusative . The gender system resembled that of modern German , having masculine , feminine and neuter genders . The masculine and feminine genders were later merged into a common gender with the definite suffix -en and the definite article den , in contrast with the neuter gender equivalents -et and det . The verb system was also more complex : it included subjunctive and imperative moods and verbs were conjugated according to person as well as number . By the 16th century , the case and gender systems of the colloquial spoken language and the profane literature had been largely reduced to the two cases and two genders of modern Swedish .
A transitional change of the Latin script in the Nordic countries was to spell the letter combination " ae " as æ – and sometimes as a ' – though it varied between persons and regions . The combination " ao " was similarly rendered ao , and " oe " became oe . These three were later to evolve into the separate letters ä , å and ö . The first time the new letters were used in print was in Aff dyäffwlsens frästilse ( " By the Devil 's temptation " ) published by Johan Gerson in 1495 .
= = = Modern Swedish = = =
Modern Swedish ( Swedish : nysvenska ) begins with the advent of the printing press and the European Reformation . After assuming power , the new monarch Gustav Vasa ordered a Swedish translation of the Bible . The New Testament was published in 1526 , followed by a full Bible translation in 1541 , usually referred to as the Gustav Vasa Bible , a translation deemed so successful and influential that , with revisions incorporated in successive editions , it remained the most common Bible translation until 1917 . The main translators were Laurentius Andreæ and the brothers Laurentius and Olaus Petri .
The Vasa Bible is often considered to be a reasonable compromise between old and new ; while not adhering to the colloquial spoken language of its day , it was not overly conservative in its use of archaic forms . It was a major step towards a more consistent Swedish orthography . It established the use of the vowels " å " , " ä " , and " ö " , and the spelling " ck " in place of " kk " , distinguishing it clearly from the Danish Bible , perhaps intentionally , given the ongoing rivalry between the countries . All three translators came from central Sweden which is generally seen as adding specific Central Swedish features to the new Bible .
Though it might seem as if the Bible translation set a very powerful precedent for orthographic standards , spelling actually became more inconsistent during the remainder of the century . It was not until the 17th century that spelling began to be discussed , around the time when the first grammars were written . The spelling debate raged on until the early 19th century , and it was not until the latter half of the 19th century that the orthography reached generally acknowledged standards .
Capitalization during this time was not standardized . It depended on the authors and their background . Those influenced by German capitalized all nouns , while others capitalized more sparsely . It is also not always apparent which letters are capitalized owing to the Gothic or blackletter typeface which was used to print the Bible . This typeface was in use until the mid @-@ 18th century , when it was gradually replaced with a Latin typeface ( often antiqua ) .
Some important changes in sound during the Modern Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into the fricative [ ʃ ] and later into [ ɧ ] . There was also the gradual softening of [ ɡ ] and [ k ] into [ j ] and the fricative [ ɕ ] before front vowels . The velar fricative [ ɣ ] was also transformed into the corresponding plosive [ ɡ ] .
= = = Contemporary Swedish = = =
The period that includes Swedish as it is spoken today is termed nusvenska ( lit . " Now @-@ Swedish " ) in linguistic terminology and started in the last decades of the 19th century . The period saw a democratization of the language with a less formal written form that came closer to the spoken one . The growth of a public schooling system also led to the evolution of so @-@ called boksvenska ( literally " book Swedish " ) , especially among the working classes , where spelling to some extent influenced pronunciation , particularly in official contexts . With the industrialization and urbanization of Sweden well under way by the last decades of the 19th century , a new breed of authors made their mark on Swedish literature . Many scholars , politicians and other public figures had a great influence on the new national language that was emerging , and among them were prolific authors like the poet Gustaf Fröding , Nobel laureate Selma Lagerlöf , and radical writer and playwright August Strindberg .
It was during the 20th century that a common , standardized national language became available to all Swedes . The orthography was finally stabilized , and was almost completely uniform , with the exception of some minor deviations , by the time of the spelling reform of 1906 . With the exception of plural forms of verbs and a slightly different syntax , particularly in the written language , the language was the same as the Swedish of today . The plural verb forms appeared decreasingly in formal writing into the 1950s , when their use was removed from all official recommendations .
A very significant change in Swedish occurred in the late 1960s , with the so @-@ called du @-@ reformen , " the you @-@ reform " . Previously , the proper way to address people of the same or higher social status had been by title and surname . The use of herr ( " Mr " or " Sir " ) , fru ( " Mrs " or " Ma 'am " ) or fröken ( " Miss " ) was considered the only acceptable mode of initiating conversation with strangers of unknown occupation , academic title or military rank . The fact that the listener should preferably be referred to in the third person tended to further complicate spoken communication between members of society . In the early 20th century , an unsuccessful attempt was made to replace the insistence on titles with ni ( the standard second person plural pronoun ) , analogous to the French Vous . ( Cf . T @-@ V distinction . ) Ni ( plural second person pronoun ) wound up being used as a slightly less familiar form of du ( singular second person pronoun ) used to address people of lower social status . With the liberalization and radicalization of Swedish society in the 1950s and 1960s , these previously significant distinctions of class became less important , and du became the standard , even in formal and official contexts . Though the reform was not an act of any centralized political decrees , but rather a sweeping change in social attitudes , it was completed in just a few years from the late 1960s to early 1970s . The use of ni as a polite form of address is occasionally encountered today in both the written and spoken language , particularly among younger speakers .
= = = Former language minorities = = =
From the 13th to 20th century , there were Swedish @-@ speaking communities in Estonia , particularly on the islands ( e.g. , Hiiumaa , Vormsi , Ruhnu ; in Swedish , known as Dagö , Ormsö , Runö , respectively ) along the coast of the Baltic , communities which today have all but disappeared . The Swedish @-@ speaking minority was represented in parliament , and entitled to use their native language in parliamentary debates . After the loss of Estonia to the Russian Empire in the early 18th century , around 1 @,@ 000 Estonian Swedish speakers were forced to march to southern Ukraine , where they founded a village , Gammalsvenskby ( " Old Swedish Village " ) . A few elderly people in the village still speak Swedish and observe the holidays of the Swedish calendar , although the dialect is most likely facing extinction .
From 1918 – 1940 , when Estonia was independent , the small Swedish community was well treated . Municipalities with a Swedish majority , mainly found along the coast , used Swedish as the administrative language and Swedish @-@ Estonian culture saw an upswing . However , most Swedish @-@ speaking people fled to Sweden before the end of World War II , that is , before the invasion of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1944 . Only a handful of older speakers remain .
= = Geographic distribution = =
Swedish is the official national language of both Sweden and Finland ( in Finland besides Finnish language who is the biggest official language of Finland ) . As of 2006 , it was the first or sole native language of 7 @.@ 5 to 8 million Swedish residents . In 2007 around 5 @.@ 5 % ( c . 290 @,@ 000 ) of the population of Finland were native speakers of Swedish , though the percentage has been declining steadily since Finland became part of Russia after the Finnish War 1808 – 1809 . The Finland Swedish minority is concentrated in the coastal areas and archipelagos of southern and western Finland . In some of these areas , Swedish is the predominant language ; in 19 municipalities , 16 of which are located in Åland , Swedish is the sole official language . Åland county is an autonomous region of Finland .
According to a rough estimation , as of 2010 there were up to 300 @,@ 000 Swedish @-@ speakers living outside Sweden and Finland . The largest populations were in the United States ( up to 100 @,@ 000 ) , the UK , Spain and Germany ( c . 30 @,@ 000 each ) and a large proportion of the remaining 100 @,@ 000 in the Scandinavian countries , France , Switzerland , Belgium , the Netherlands , Canada and Australia . A considerable majority of Swedish residents born outside Sweden ( c . 1 @.@ 5 million ) speak Swedish and according to the ELDIA Project , there were c . 2 @,@ 390 @,@ 000 second @-@ language speakers in Finland . According to a survey by the European Commission , 44 % of respondents from Finland who did not have Swedish as a native language considered themselves to be proficient enough in Swedish to hold a conversation , for a total of about 5 million second @-@ language speakers . The total number of native speakers could be up to 8 @.@ 6 million with an additional 4 – 5 million second language speakers in Sweden and Finland . Due to the close relation between the Scandinavian languages , a considerable proportion of speakers of Danish and especially Norwegian are highly fluent in Swedish for a total number of speakers that could be as high as 15 million .
There is considerable migration between the Nordic countries , but owing to the similarity between the cultures and languages ( with the exception of Finnish ) , expatriates generally assimilate quickly and do not stand out as a group . According to the 2000 United States Census , some 67 @,@ 000 people over the age of five were reported as Swedish speakers , though without any information on the degree of language proficiency . Similarly , there were 16 @,@ 915 reported Swedish speakers in Canada from the 2001 census . Although there are no certain numbers , some 40 @,@ 000 Swedes are estimated to live in the London area in the United Kingdom . Outside Sweden and Finland , there are about 40 @,@ 000 active learners enrolled in Swedish language courses .
= = = Official status = = =
Swedish is officially the main language of Sweden . Swedish is also one of two official languages of Finland . In Sweden it has long been used in local and state government and most of the educational system but remained only a de facto primary language with no official status in law until 2009 . A bill was proposed in 2005 that would have made Swedish an official language but failed to pass by the narrowest possible margin ( 145 – 147 ) due to a pairing @-@ off failure . A proposal for a broader language law , designating Swedish as the main language of the country and bolstering the status of the minority languages , was submitted by an expert committee to the Swedish Ministry of Culture in March 2008 . It was subsequently enacted by the Riksdag and entered into effect on 1 July 2009 .
Swedish is the sole official language of Åland ( an autonomous province under the sovereignty of Finland ) where the vast majority of the 26 @,@ 000 inhabitants speak Swedish as a first language . In Finland as a whole Swedish is one of the two " national " languages , with the same official status as Finnish ( spoken by the majority ) on the state level and an official language in some municipalities .
Swedish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries speaking Swedish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable to any interpretation or translation costs .
= = = Regulatory bodies = = =
The Swedish Language Council ( Språkrådet ) is the official regulator of Swedish in Sweden but does not attempt to enforce control of the language , as for instance the Académie française does for French . However , many organizations and agencies require the use of the council 's publication Svenska skrivregler in official contexts , with it otherwise being regarded as a de facto orthographic standard . Among the many organizations that make up the Swedish Language Council , the Swedish Academy ( established 1786 ) is arguably the most influential . Its primary instruments are the glossary Svenska Akademiens ordlista ( SAOL , currently in its 14th edition ) and the dictionary Svenska Akademiens Ordbok , in addition to various books on grammar , spelling and manuals of style . Even though the dictionaries are sometimes used as official decrees of the language , their main purpose is to describe current usage .
In Finland a special branch of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland has official status as the regulatory body for Swedish in Finland . Among its highest priorities is to maintain intelligibility with the language spoken in Sweden . It has published Finlandssvensk ordbok , a dictionary about the differences between Swedish in Finland and Sweden .
= = Dialects = =
According to a traditional division of Swedish dialects , there are six main groups of dialects :
Norrland dialects
Finland Swedish
Svealand dialects
Gotland dialects
Götaland dialects
South Swedish dialects
The traditional definition of a Swedish dialect has been a local variant that has not been heavily influenced by the standard language and that can trace a separate development all the way back to Old Norse . Many of the genuine rural dialects , such as those of Orsa in Dalarna or Närpes in Österbotten , have very distinct phonetic and grammatical features , such as plural forms of verbs or archaic case inflections . These dialects can be near @-@ incomprehensible to a majority of Swedes , and most of their speakers are also fluent in Standard Swedish . The different dialects are often so localized that they are limited to individual parishes and are referred to by Swedish linguists as sockenmål ( lit . " parish speech " ) . They are generally separated into six major groups , with common characteristics of prosody , grammar and vocabulary . One or several examples from each group are given here . Though each example is intended to be also representative of the nearby dialects , the actual number of dialects is several hundred if each individual community is considered separately .
This type of classification , however , is based on a somewhat romanticized nationalist view of ethnicity and language . The idea that only rural variants of Swedish should be considered " genuine " is not generally accepted by modern scholars . No dialects , no matter how remote or obscure , remained unchanged or undisturbed by a minimum of influences from surrounding dialects or the standard language , especially not from the late 19th century onwards with the advent of mass media and advanced forms of transport . The differences are today more accurately described by a scale that runs from " standard language " to " rural dialect " where the speech even of the same person may vary from one extreme to the other depending on the situation . All Swedish dialects with the exception of the highly diverging forms of speech in Dalarna , Norrbotten and , to some extent , Gotland can be considered to be part of a common , mutually intelligible dialect continuum . This continuum may also include Norwegian and some Danish dialects .
The samples linked below have been taken from SweDia , a research project on Swedish modern dialects available for download ( though with information in Swedish only ) , with many more samples from 100 different dialects with recordings from four different speakers : older female , older male , younger female and younger male . The dialect groups are those traditionally used by dialectologists .
Överkalix , Norrbotten ; younger female
Burträsk , Västerbotten ; older female
Aspås , Jämtland ; younger female
Färila , Hälsingland ; older male
Älvdalen , Dalarna ; older female ; traditionally considered a dialect , but now often recognized as Elfdalian , a separate language
Gräsö , Uppland ; older male
Sorunda , Södermanland ; younger male
Köla , Värmland younger female
Viby , Närke ; older male
Sproge , Gotland ; younger female
Närpes , Ostrobothnia ; younger female
Dragsfjärd , Southwest Finland ; older male
Borgå , Eastern Uusimaa ; younger male
Orust , Bohuslän ; older male
Floby , Västergötland ; older female
Rimforsa , Östergötland ; older female
Årstad @-@ Heberg , Halland ; younger male
Stenberga , Småland ; younger female
Jämshög , Blekinge ; older female
Bara , Scania ; older male
= = = Standard Swedish = = =
Standard Swedish is the language used by virtually all Swedes and most Swedish @-@ speaking Finns . It is called rikssvenska or standardsvenska ( " Standard Swedish " ) in Sweden . In Finland högsvenska ( " High Swedish " ) is used for the Finnish variant of standard Swedish and rikssvenska refers to Swedish as spoken in Sweden in general . The word högsvenska is seldom used in Sweden .
There are many regional varieties of the standard language that are specific to geographical areas of varying size ( regions , historical provinces , cities , towns , etc . ) . In mass media it is no longer uncommon for journalists to speak with a distinct regional accent , but the most common pronunciation and the one perceived as the most formal is still Central Standard Swedish .
Though this terminology and its definitions have long been established among linguists , most Swedes are unaware of the distinction and its historical background , and often refer to the regional varieties as " dialects " . In a poll that was conducted in 2005 by the Swedish Retail Institute ( Handelns Utredningsinstitut ) , the attitudes of Swedes to the use of certain dialects by salesmen revealed that 54 % believed that rikssvenska was the variety they would prefer to hear when speaking with salesmen over the phone , even though several dialects such as gotländska or skånska were provided as alternatives in the poll .
= = = Finland Swedish = = =
Finland was a part of Sweden from the 13th century until the loss of the Finnish territories to Russia in 1809 . Swedish was the sole administrative language until 1902 as well as the dominant language of culture and education until Finnish independence in 1917 . The percentage of Swedish speakers in Finland has steadily decreased since then . The Swedish @-@ speaking population is mainly concentrated in the coastal areas of Ostrobothnia , Southwest Finland and Nyland where the percentage of Finland Swedes partly is high , with Swedish being spoken by more than 90 % of the population in several municipalities , and on Åland , where Swedish is spoken by a vast majority of the population and is the only official language . Swedish is an official language also in the rest of Finland , though , with the same official status as Finnish . The country 's public broadcaster , Yle , provides two Swedish @-@ language radio stations , Yle Radio Vega and Yle X3M , as well a TV channel , Yle Fem .
= = = Immigrant variants = = =
Rinkeby Swedish ( after Rinkeby , a suburb of northern Stockholm with a large immigrant population ) is a common name among linguists for varieties of Swedish spoken by young people of foreign heritage in certain suburbs and urban districts in the major cities of Stockholm , Gothenburg and Malmö . These varieties could alternatively be classified as sociolects , because the immigrant dialects share common traits independent of their geographical spread or the native country of the speakers . However , some studies have found distinctive features and led to terms such as Rosengård Swedish ( after Rosengård in Malmö ) , a variant of Scanian . A survey made by the Swedish linguist Ulla @-@ Britt Kotsinas showed that foreign learners had difficulties in guessing the origins of Rinkeby Swedish speakers in Stockholm . The greatest difficulty proved to be identifying the speech of a boy speaking Rinkeby Swedish whose parents were both Swedish ; only 1 @.@ 8 % guessed his native language correctly .
= = Phonology = =
Swedish dialects have either 17 or 18 vowel phonemes , 9 long and 9 short . As in the other Germanic languages , including English , most long vowels are phonetically paired with one of the short vowels , and the pairs are such that the two vowels are of similar quality , but with the short vowel being slightly lower and slightly centralized . In most dialects , the short vowel sound pronounced [ ɛ ] or [ æ ] has merged with the short / e / ( transcribed 〈 ɛ 〉 in the chart below ) .
There are 18 consonant phonemes , two of which , / ɧ / and / r / , vary considerably in pronunciation depending on the dialect and social status of the speaker . In many dialects , sequences of / r / with a dental consonant result in retroflex consonants . / r / has a guttural or " French @-@ R " pronunciation in the South Swedish dialects ; consequently , these dialects lack retroflex consonants .
In stressed syllables , there are two tones , which give Swedish much of its characteristic sound . Prosody is often one of the most noticeable differences between its dialects .
= = Vocabulary = =
The vocabulary of Swedish is mainly Germanic , either through common Germanic heritage or through loans from German , Middle Low German , and to some extent , English . Examples of Germanic words in Swedish are mus ( " mouse " ) , kung ( " king " ) , and gås ( " goose " ) . A significant part of the religious and scientific vocabulary is of Latin or Greek origin , often borrowed from French and , lately , English . Some 1 – 200 words are also borrowed from Scandoromani or Romani , often as slang varieties ; a commonly used word from Romani is tjej ( " girl " ) .
A large number of French words were imported into Sweden around the 18th century . These words have been transcribed to the Swedish spelling system and are therefore pronounced recognizably to a French @-@ speaker . Most of them are distinguished by a " French accent " , characterized by emphasis on the last syllable . For example , nivå ( fr. niveau , " level " ) , fåtölj ( fr. fauteuil , " armchair " ) and affär ( " shop ; affair " ) , etc . Cross @-@ borrowing from other Germanic languages has also been common , at first from Middle Low German , the lingua franca of the Hanseatic league and later from standard German . Some compounds are translations of the elements ( calques ) of German original compounds into Swedish , like bomull from German Baumwolle ( " cotton " , literally tree @-@ wool ) .
As with many Germanic languages , new words can be formed by compounding , e.g. nouns like nagellackborttagningsmedel ( " nail polish remover " ) or verbs like smygfilma ( " to film in secret " ) . Similar to German or Dutch , very long , and quite impractical , examples like produktionsstyrningssystemsprogramvaruuppdatering ( " production controller system software update " ) are possible , but it is seldom this ungainly , at least in spoken Swedish and outside of technical writing . Compound nouns take their gender from the head , which in Swedish is always the last morpheme . New words can also be coined by derivation from other established words , such as the verbification of nouns by the adding of the suffix -a , as in bil ( " car " ) and bila ( " travel ( recreationally ) by car " ) . The opposite , making nouns of verbs , is also possible , as in tänk ( " way of thinking ; concept " ) from tänka ( " to think " ) .
= = Writing system = =
The Swedish alphabet is a 29 @-@ letter alphabet , using the 26 @-@ letter ISO basic Latin alphabet plus the three additional letters Å / å , Ä / ä , and Ö / ö constructed in the 16th century by writing " o " and " e " on top of an " a " , and an " e " on top of an " o " . Though these combinations are historically modified versions of A and O according to the English range of usage for the term diacritic , these three characters are not considered to be diacritics within the Swedish application , but rather separate letters , and are independent letters following z . Before the release of the 13th edition of Svenska Akademiens ordlista in April 2006 , w was treated as merely a variant of v used only in names ( such as " Wallenberg " ) and foreign words ( " bowling " ) , and so was both sorted and pronounced as a v. Other diacritics ( to use the broader English term usage referenced here ) are unusual in Swedish ; é is sometimes used to indicate that the stress falls on a terminal syllable containing e , especially when the stress changes the meaning ( ide vs. idé , " winter lair " vs. " idea " ) as well as in some names , like Kastrén ; occasionally other acute accents and , less often , grave accents can be seen in names and some foreign words . The letter à is used to refer to unit cost ( a loan from the French ) , equivalent to the at sign ( @ ) in English .
The German ü is treated as a variant of y and sometimes retained in foreign names and words , e.g. müsli ( " muesli / granola " ) . A proper diaeresis may very exceptionally be seen in elaborated style ( for instance : " Aïda " ) . The German convention of writing ä and ö as ae and oe if the characters are unavailable is an unusual convention for speakers of modern Swedish . Despite the availability of all these characters in the Swedish national top @-@ level Internet domain and other such domains , Swedish sites are frequently labelled using a and o , based on visual similarity ( mainly to avoid lingering technical problems with the use of characters which are outside of the limited 7 @-@ bit ASCII set ) .
The Swedish alphabet is completely identical to the Finnish alphabet .
In Swedish orthography , the colon is used in a similar manner as in English , with some exceptions : the colon is used for some abbreviations , such as 3 : e for tredje ( " third " ) and S : t for Sankt ( " Saint " ) , and for all types of endings that can be added to numbers , letters and abbreviations , such as a : et ( " the a " ) and CD : n ( " the CD " ) , or the genitive form USA : s ( " USA 's " ) .
= = Grammar = =
Swedish nouns and adjectives are declined in genders as well as number . Nouns belong to one of two genders — common for the en form or neuter for the ett form — which also determine the declension of adjectives . For example , the word fisk ( " fish " ) is a noun of common gender ( en fisk ) and can have the following forms :
The definite singular form of a noun is created by adding a suffix ( -en , -n , -et or -t ) , depending on its gender and if the noun ends in a vowel or not . The definite articles den , det , and de are used for variations to the definitiveness of a noun . They can double as demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative determiners when used with adverbs such as här ( " here " ) or där ( " there " ) to form den / det här ( can also be " denna / detta " ) ( " this " ) , de här ( can also be " dessa " ) ( " these " ) , den / det där ( " that " ) , and de där ( " those " ) . For example , den där fisken means " that fish " and refers to a specific fish ; den fisken is less definite and means " that fish " in a more abstract sense , such as that set of fish ; while fisken means " the fish " . In certain cases , the definite form indicates possession , e.g. , jag måste tvätta håret ( " I must wash my hair " ) .
Adjectives are inflected in two declensions — indefinite and definite — and they must match the noun they modify in gender and number . The indefinite neuter and plural forms of an adjective are usually created by adding a suffix ( -t or -a ) to the common form of the adjective , e.g. , en grön stol ( a green chair ) , ett grönt hus ( a green house ) , and gröna stolar ( " green chairs " ) . The definite form of an adjective is identical to the indefinite plural form , e.g. , den gröna stolen ( " the green chair " ) , det gröna huset ( " the green house " ) , and de gröna stolarna ( " the green chairs " ) .
Swedish pronouns are similar to those of English . Besides the two natural genders han and hon ( " he " and " she " ) , there are also the two grammatical genders den and det , usually termed common and neuter . Unlike the nouns , pronouns have an additional object form , derived from the old dative form . Hon , for example , has the following nominative , possessive , and object forms :
hon – hennes – henne
Swedish also uses third @-@ person possessive reflexive pronouns that refer to the subject in a clause , a trait which is restricted to North Germanic languages :
Anna gav Maria sin bok . ; " Anna gave Maria her [ Anna 's ] book . " ( reflexive )
Anna gav Maria hennes bok . ; " Anna gave Maria her [ Maria 's ] book . " ( not reflexive )
Swedish used to have genitive that was placed at the end of the head of a noun phrase . In modern Swedish , it has become an enclitic -s , which attaches to the end of the noun phrase , rather than the noun itself .
hästen ; " the horse " — hästens " the horse 's "
hästen på den blommande ängens svarta man ; " the horse in the flowering meadow 's black mane "
In formal written language , it used to be considered correct to place the genitive -s after the head of the noun phrase ( hästen ) , though this is today considered dated , and different grammatical constructions are often used .
Verbs are conjugated according to tense . One group of verbs ( the ones ending in -er in present tense ) has a special imperative form ( generally the verb stem ) , but with most verbs the imperative is identical to the infinitive form . Perfect and present participles as adjectival verbs are very common :
Perfect participle : en stekt fisk ; " a fried fish " ( steka
= to fry )
Present participle : en stinkande fisk ; " a stinking fish " ( stinka =
to stink )
In contrast to English and many other languages , Swedish does not use the perfect participle to form the present perfect and past perfect . Rather , the auxiliary verb har ( " have " ) , hade ( " had " ) is followed by a special form , called supine , used solely for this purpose ( although often identical to the neuter form of the perfect participle ) :
Perfect participle : målad , " painted " – supine målat , present perfect har målat ; " have painted "
Perfect participle : stekt , " fried " – supine stekt , present perfect har stekt ; " have fried "
Perfect participle : skriven , " written " – supine skrivit , present perfect har skrivit ; " have written "
When building the compound passive voice using the verb att bli , the past participle is used :
den blir målad ; " it 's being painted "
den blev målad ; " it was painted "
There exists also an inflected passive voice formed by adding -s , replacing the final r in the present tense :
den målas ; " it 's being painted "
den målades ; " it was painted "
In a subordinate clause , the auxiliary har is optional and often omitted , particularly in written Swedish .
Jag ser att han ( har ) stekt fisken ; " I see that he has fried the fish "
Subjunctive mood is occasionally used for some verbs , but its use is in sharp decline and few speakers perceive the handful of commonly used verbs ( as for instance : vore , månne ) as separate conjugations , most of them remaining only as set of idiomatic expressions .
Where other languages may use grammatical cases , Swedish uses numerous prepositions , similar to those found in English . As in modern German , prepositions formerly determined case in Swedish , but this feature can only be found in certain idiomatic expressions like till fots ( " on foot " , genitive ) .
As Swedish is a Germanic language , the syntax shows similarities to both English and German . Like English , Swedish has a subject – verb – object basic word order , but like German , it utilizes verb @-@ second word order in main clauses , for instance after adverbs , adverbial phrases and dependent clauses . ( Adverbial phrases denoting time are usually placed at the beginning of a main clause that is at the head of a sentence . ) Prepositional phrases are placed in a place – manner – time order , as in English ( but not German ) . Adjectives precede the noun they modify .
= = Sample = =
Excerpt from Barfotabarn ( 1933 ) , by Nils Ferlin ( 1898 – 1961 ) :
= = Recommended reading = =
Swedish Essentials of Grammar Viberg , Åke ; et al . ( 1991 ) Chicago : Passport Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 8442 @-@ 8539 @-@ 0
Swedish : An Essential Grammar . Holmes , Philip ; Hinchliffe , Ian ; ( 2000 ) . London ; New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 @-@ 415 @-@ 16048 @-@ 0 .
Swedish : A Comprehensive Grammar Second Edition . Holmes , Philip ; Hinchliffe , Ian ; ( 2003 ) . London ; New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 @-@ 415 @-@ 27884 @-@ 8 .
Svenska utifrån . Schematic grammar – Swedish structures and everyday phrases Byrman , Gunilla ; Holm , Britta ; ( 1998 ) ISBN 91 @-@ 520 @-@ 0519 @-@ 4 .
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= Compliance requirements =
In the United States , compliance requirements are a series of directives United States federal government agencies established that summarize hundreds of federal laws and regulations applicable to federal assistance ( also known as federal aid or federal funds ) . They are currently incorporated into the OMB A @-@ 133 Compliance Supplement , which was created by the US Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) .
To facilitate a recipients ' compliance with federal laws and regulations , and as well as its annual Single Audit , the OMB created fourteen basic and standard compliance requirements that recipients must comply with when receiving and using such federal assistance . The OMB also provides detailed explanations , discussions , and guidance about them in the OMB A @-@ 133 Compliance Supplement . Compliance requirements are only guidelines for compliance with the hundreds of laws and regulations applicable to the specific type assistance used by the recipient , and their objectives are generic in nature due to the large number of federal programs . Each compliance requirement is identified by a letter , in alphabetical order .
= = Activities allowed or unallowed ( A ) = =
This compliance requirement establishes that each program operates for a specific purpose ( such as the care of elderly persons or the education of children ) , and that funds provided for the program must only be used in activities that benefit that purpose . Therefore , federal assistance provided to a recipient for a specific purpose must be expended for such purpose only .
= = Allowable costs / cost principles ( B ) = =
This compliance requirements is one of the most important sections , because it covers cost accounting policies , expenses and expenditures , and actual use of federal funds to administer a federal assistance program . In other words , it provides the basis and principles recipients must adhere to when spending federal funds .
The federal government categorizes recipient types into three groups : * State , local , and Indian tribal governments
Institutions of higher education
Non @-@ profit organizations
Prior to December 26 , 2014 , each group has a separate set of cost principles to follow . The cost principles applicable to a recipient type apply to all federal assistance received by that entity , regardless of whether the awards are received directly from the federal government or indirectly through a pass @-@ through entity .
The OMB issues a Cost Principle Circular for each category . This is a guide for spending federal assistance in accordance with laws and regulations :
OMB Circular A 87 , “ Cost Principles for State , Local , and Indian Tribal Governments ” ( 2 CFR part 225 ) – This circular includes the 50 States of the United States and the District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C. ) , any agency or instrumentality of these governments — and any county , parish , municipality , city , town , State @-@ designated Indian tribal government , school district , United States territories and possessions , and any agency or instrumentality of these governments .
OMB Circular A @-@ 21 , “ Cost Principles for Educational Institutions ” ( 2 CFR part 220 ) - All institutions of higher education ( e.g. , Colleges , Universities , etc . ) are subject to the cost principles contained in this circular .
OMB Circular A @-@ 122 , “ Cost Principles for Non @-@ Profit Organizations ” ( 2 CFR part 230 ) - Non @-@ profit organizations are subject to this circular , except those non @-@ profit organizations listed in OMB Circular A @-@ 122 , Attachment C that are subject to the commercial cost principles contained in the Federal Acquisition Regulation ( FAR ) .
The three circulars list various types of cost or expense item ( such as travel expense , maintenance expense , payroll salaries , lobbying costs , purchase of materials , payment of utility bills , etc . ) , and establishes whether each is either allowable or unallowable . Allowable costs are those the federal government determines permissible for federal assistance . Unallowable costs are those the government prohibits incurring for federal assistance . Certain cost items are considered universally unallowable , such as cost related to illegal activities and lobbying costs , but others may be considered unallowable for a type of recipient while being allowable for another type of recipient . As a general rule , any assistance used inappropriately , such as incurring unallowable costs , requires reimbursement to the federal government .
The Uniform Administrative Requirements , Cost Principles and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards was issued by the Office of Management and Budget on December 26 , 2013 . This final guidance superseded and streamlined the requirements from OMB Circulars A @-@ 21 , A @-@ 87 , A @-@ 110 , and A @-@ 122 ( which have been placed in OMB guidance ) ; Circulars A @-@ 89 , A @-@ 102 , and A @-@ 133 ; and the guidance in Circular A @-@ 50 on Single Audit Act follow @-@ up .
In order for cost to be considered allowable , they must be supported by adequate documentation .
= = = Documentation standards - payroll costs = = =
Charges to federal awards for salaries and wages must be based on records that accurately reflect the work performed . These records must : ( i ) Be supported by a system of internal control which provides reasonable assurance that the charges are accurate , allowable , and properly allocated ; [ 2 CFR § 200 @.@ 430 ( i ) ] Documenting time worked on federally funded activities is commonly referred to as Time and Effort Reporting .
= = = Documentation standards - non @-@ payroll costs = = =
The nature of documentation required for nonpayroll costs will vary by the nature of the transaction .
Per 2 CFR § 200 @.@ 403 , Except where otherwise authorized by statute , costs must meet the following general criteria in order to be allowable under federal awards :
( a ) Be necessary and reasonable for the performance of the federal award and be allocable thereto under these principles .
( b ) Conform to any limitations or exclusions set forth in these principles or in the federal award as to types or amount of cost items .
( c ) Be consistent with policies and procedures that apply uniformly to both federally financed and other activities of the non @-@ federal entity .
( d ) Be accorded consistent treatment . A cost may not be assigned to a federal award as a direct cost if any other cost incurred for the same purpose in like circumstances has been allocated to the federal award as an indirect cost .
( e ) Be determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ) , except , for state and local governments and Indian tribes only , as otherwise provided for in this Part .
( f ) Not be included as a cost or used to meet cost sharing or matching requirements of any other federally financed program in either the current or a prior period .
( g ) Be adequately documented .
= = Cash management ( C ) = =
This section covers the actual management , or handling , of funds pertaining to a federal program , specifically on how federal assistance is distributed to recipients and how recipients manage the funds until disbursement . The actual transfer of funds , commonly referred to as “ drawdowns ” , is usually done electronically by requesting the funds to the federal agency via website or a network . The funds are automatically transferred from the US Department of Treasury to the recipient ’ s bank account . Federal assistance for program operations is provided to recipients usually by one of two methods , also called “ funding techniques ” : by either advances of funds or by reimbursement of funds .
Advances of funds – Advances are federal funds provided to a recipient before the program activity is performed . Recipients determine the amount needed for a future expenditure ( e.g. , through budget process ) and request the amount to the federal government ( or in the case of subrecipients to the pass @-@ through entity , see Subrecipient Monitoring below ) . The federal funds received are then expended to perform the specific activity ( e.g. , purchase good or service or for payroll ) . However , laws and regulations require recipients to request funds only when it is immediately needed , and recipients must try to minimize the amount of time between the receipts of funds to the actual disbursement . Examples of programs under these funding techniques are the Section 8 program and the Community Development Block Grant program .
Reimbursement of funds – This funding technique requires the recipient to pay program expenditures with their own funds , and then request a reimbursement for those expenses from the federal government or pass @-@ through entity . Recipients prepare and send reimbursement requests , and maintain supporting documentation showing that the costs for which reimbursement was requested were paid prior to the date of the reimbursement request .
= = Davis @-@ Bacon Act ( D ) = =
As part of the US Department of Labor ’ s ( DOL ) governmentwide implementation of the Davis @-@ Bacon Act , federal regulations require that all laborers and mechanics who work for a contractor or subcontractor on federally financed construction contracts over $ 2 @,@ 000 must be paid wages not less than those the DOL established for the project location ( i.e. , the prevailing wage ) . This Compliance Requirement was created to assure that recipients oblige contractors to comply with the Davis @-@ Bacon Act , by including in their construction contracts with a contractor or subcontractor a clause or requirement to comply with the Davis @-@ Bacon Act and the DOL regulations . The clause should also include a requirement for the contractor or subcontractor to submit to the recipient weekly ( e.g. , for each week in which any contract work is performed ) a copy of the construction payroll accompanied by statement of compliance . This report is commonly referred to as “ certified payrolls ” , and is often done using Optional Form WH @-@ 347 ( OMB No. 1215 @-@ 0149 ) , a standard form pre @-@ designed by the OMB .
= = Eligibility ( E ) = =
The main objective of this compliance requirement is that only eligible individuals or organizations participate in federal assistance programs . While the criterion for determining eligibility may vary from program to program , the objective that only eligible individuals or organizations participate is consistent across all federal programs , which forms the basis of this compliance requirement . To comply with this objective , recipients must first assure that proper eligibility determinations are made , which means that the recipient must determine the parameters and limitations to define eligibility for a specific program in accordance with the program ’ s purpose . Many federal programs already contain eligibility requirements based on laws , agency regulations , grant agreements , etc . , and recipients must assure that their eligibility determination complies with such requirements . An example includes federal programs that offer HIV / Aids treatment and require that the participants be victims of such diseases . It is usually the recipient ’ s responsibility to determine how to determine such eligibility , such as establishing policy that requires an in @-@ house doctor or laboratory to diagnose each prospective participant , accepting diagnoses from third @-@ party doctors or laboratories , etc . However , certain agencies have included specific parameters for which the recipient should follow , as in the case of the Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) which states in the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) that recipients of certain HUD housing subsidy programs must obtain specific income verification documents to prove participant eligibility , such as W @-@ 2 payroll forms , a federal income tax return , etc .
After determining which eligibility requirements participation in a program requires , the recipient must also assure that individual program participant or group eligibility was correctly determined by keeping evidence of such compliance , such as maintaining documentation in participant files ( e.g. , copies of HIV / Aids diagnosis , copies of federal income tax returns , etc . ) . Furthermore , the recipient must assure that only eligible individuals or groups participated in the program by establishing strict controls of program funds to avoid non @-@ eligible persons from receiving the specific assistance .
= = Equipment and real property management ( F ) = =
This section established directives on how a recipient should manage equipment and real property of a federal program .
= = = Equipment management = = =
Equipment means tangible , non @-@ expendable property acquired with federal assistance funds , that has a useful life of more than one year , and an acquisition cost of $ 5 @,@ 000 or more per unit ( though , consistent with a recipient ’ s own equipment policy , lower cost limits may be established ) . Basically , this section requires that , as per A @-@ 102 Common Rule and OMB Circular A @-@ 110 regulations , equipment must be used in the federal program it was bought for , or — when appropriate — other federal programs . Additionally , the recipient must keep equipment records , perform a physical equipment inventory at least once every two years , and implement an appropriate internal control system to safeguard and maintain the equipment . When equipment with a current fair market value of $ 5 @,@ 000 or more is no longer needed , it may be retained or sold , as a proportionate share is provided to the federal government amount of the current fair market value , based on the percent of federal funds to own recipients fund used to buy the item .
= = = Real property management = = =
Title to real property acquired by recipients with federal awards vests with the recipient . It must be used for the originally authorized purpose as long as needed for that purpose . Real property may be used in other federally sponsored projects or programs that have purposes similar to the onethe property was bought for , as long as the federal government authorizes it . However it may not dispose of or encumber the title to real property without prior federal government consent . When it is no longer needed for the federally supported programs or projects , the recipient must request disposition instructions from the federal government . Just like equipment , if the property is sold , a proportionate share is provided to the federal government amount of the current fair market value , based on the percent of federal funds to own recipients fund used to acquire the item .
= = Matching , level of effort , earmarking ( G ) = =
This section covers 3 compliance requirements concerning recipient performance . They may require that recipients provide a level of contributions to a federal program , maintain specific levels of performance or achievement , or restrict the amount of federal funds used for a specific purpose . Failure to meet these requirements may result in either limitation of future funds or termination of assistance . Specific requirements for matching , level of effort , and earmarking are unique to each federal program , and are described in the laws , regulations , and contract or grant provisions that pertain to the program .
= = = Matching = = =
Matching , also referred to as “ cost sharing ” , is a requirement for the recipient to provide contributions or donations ( usually non @-@ federal ) of a specified amount or percentage to supplement federal assistance received . In other words , when the recipient participates in a federal program ( e.g. it receives federal assistance ) and an operating budget is prepared , the federal government may require the recipient to provide contributions to cover a portion of that program ’ s operations . The matching requirement is based on the assertion that total program expenses are 100 % and that , although the federal government provides assistance for most of those expenses , the recipient must still cover a portion of them . Such proportion is solely decided by the federal government , but usually the recipient decides how that contribution is provided and to which expenses , so long as the contribution is verifiable , generally does not originate from another federal program , and is considered in the operating budget . The expenses must be necessary and reasonable , allowed under cost principles ( see B section above ) , and not used for another federal program . Matching may be in the form of contributing the recipient ’ s own funds or money to suffrage program allowable costs ( e.g. , paying program utility bills , paying part of program personnel payroll , etc . ) or , in some cases , in the form of in @-@ kind contributions , which are donations of non @-@ monetary objects such as services , materials , property , etc .
Examples of matching include the Head Start program , which requires that recipients provide 20 % of the total annual expenses in either monetary or in @-@ kind contributions . Recipients of these funds may contribute money to cover teacher payroll , or may contribute a building to house the program classrooms . However , the federal government requires that in @-@ kind contributions be properly valued and evidenced ( such as estimating the value of a building to make sure that it meets the 20 % of the program budget ) , and certain programs specifically require that matching be made by contributing money only .
= = = Level of effort = = =
Level of effort defines particular goals or objectives the recipient must achieve with the assistance received , and includes recipient requirements for a specified level of service , specified level of expenditures for designated activities , and federal funds to supplement and not supplant non @-@ federal services . Some examples are programs that establish that a recipient must provide medical services to 1 @,@ 000 patients daily and programs that require that a recipients spend over 50 % of its annual budget on capital projects , among other .
= = = Earmarking = = =
Earmarking is a requirement that specifies a limit amount or percentage of the program ’ s assistance that must ( minimum ) or may ( maximum ) be used for specified activities . Examples of this include limits imposed on the federal government on the amount of federal funds to cover administrative expenses , or a percentage requirement for total program funds provided to subrecipients . Earmarking may also be specified in relation to the types of participants covered ( e.g. a limit on how many participants a recipient can provide assistance to ) .
= = Period of availability of federal funds ( H ) = =
This section establishes the fact that , although recipients may receive various federal awards during their lifespan , the individual federal grants are awarded for a specified time period , usually one year . Federal regulations prohibit the use of funds from a grant award outside its specified time frame unless authorized by a federal agency , and auditors should verify that the recipient expends its grant during that time only . For example , a surplus from a federal award that starts on January 1 , 2006 and ends on December 31 , 2006 cannot be used after December 31 , because its lifespan has terminated . This surplus must be returned to the federal agency unless otherwise authorized .
= = Procurement and suspension and debarment ( I ) = =
This section covers compliance of laws and regulations when obtaining a good or services from a vendor , supplier , or provider . The procurement requirement is established to ensure that such goods and services are obtained in an effective manner and in compliance laws and regulations , including the prohibition of conflicts of interest , the fair selection of vendors , provide open and free competition among vendors , etc . The suspension and debarment requirement establishes that certain non @-@ federal entities have been prohibited from participating in or receiving federal assistance for various reasons , including prior mismanagement of funds or previous non @-@ compliance of laws and regulations . This prohibition may be temporary ( suspension ) or indefinite ( debarment ; until specifically allowed by the government ) . When performing this purchase , the recipient must verify that the vendor , supplier , provider or their respective principals ( e.g. , owners , top management , etc . ) are not suspended , debarred or otherwise excluded by the federal government . This is done by checking the Excluded Parties List System ( EPLS ) maintained by the General Services Administration or by contacting the federal agency .
= = Program income ( J ) = =
Program income is sometimes directly generated by the federally funded program . This type of income includes , but is not limited to , income from fees for services performed , the use or rental of property acquired with program funds , the sale of items fabricated under the program , and payments of principal and interest on loans made by the recipient to others with program funds . However , it generally does not include interest on program funds ( which is covered under “ Cash Management ” , see above ) ; nor does it cover rebates , credits , discounts , and refunds ( covered under “ Allowable Costs / Cost Principles ” ) ; nor proceeds from the sale of equipment or real property ( covered under “ Equipment and Real Property Management ” ) . The uses or treatment of program income are either deducted by the federal agency from the current program budget ( e.g. , the program income substitutes part of the original budget ) , added to the current program budget , or used to meet matching requirements .
= = Real property acquisition and relocation assistance ( K ) = =
This section covers compliance with the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 ( URA ) . This act provides for uniform and equitable treatment of persons displaced by a federal programs from their homes , businesses , or farms , including assuring just compensation and assisting in relocation . For example , if the construction of a highway under a federal program requires the expropriation of homes , the expropriation must be made by either providing fair compensation for that property or providing assistance for , or reimbursement of , relocation expenses incurred by the affected person . The Compliance Supplement suggests verifying that the property acquired is appraised by qualified independent appraisers , the appraisals are examined by a review appraiser to assure acceptability , and that after acceptance , the review appraiser certifies the recommended or approved value of the property for just compensation to the owner .
= = Reporting ( L ) = =
This section establishes that all recipients must submit reports ( whether financial , performance @-@ related , or of special nature ) to the federal government to monitor federal assistance activities and uses . The most common reports are pre @-@ designed by the federal agency , are approved by OMB , and are freely available to all recipients and the general public . The time deadlines for submitting them vary depending on the report . Furthermore , the reporting requirements ( e.g. , which reports must be submitted , the timing of the submission , information in the reports , etc . ) may vary from recipient to recipient , although the federal government has established several reports that apply to all recipients . Some of the most common of these “ universal ” reports include :
SF @-@ 269 ( OMB approval no . 0348 @-@ 0039 ) or SF @-@ 269A ( OMB no . 0348 @-@ 0038 ) , commonly known as the Financial Status Report ( FSR ) – Used to report the status of funds ( e.g. , amount received , amount expended or used , amount reserved , amount unused , etc . )
SF @-@ 270 ( OMB no . 0348 @-@ 0004 ) , also known as the Request for Advance or Reimbursement - Used to request U.S. Treasury advance payments and reimbursements under non @-@ construction programs .
SF @-@ 272 ( OMB no . 0348 @-@ 0003 ) or SF @-@ 272 @-@ A ( OMB No. 0348 @-@ 0003 ) , commonly known as the Federal Cash Transactions Report or Status of Federal Cash Report - Provides accountability of all federal cash received by the recipient . It is partially prepared by the Division of Payment Management ( DPM ) within the Department of Health and Human Services based on data reported to the DPM by recipients and federal agencies , and is completed and certified by the recipient .
= = Subrecipient monitoring ( M ) = =
This compliance requirement establishes that any non @-@ federal recipient of federal assistance that passes that assistance , whether in part or in total , to another recipient ( known as pass @-@ through entities and subrecipients , respectively ) is responsible to monitor the federal assistance activities of that subrecipient , as well as assure that they are both complying with laws and regulations . This requirement is based on the fact that they are both equally responsible for federal funds received . Subrecipient monitoring may consist of site visits , regular contact , interviews , meetings and examinations of the subrecipient , as well as requiring that the subrecipient be subject to an annual single audit .
= = Special tests and provisions ( N ) = =
Certain programs have unique compliance requirements — established by laws , regulations , and contract or grant agreements — that do not fit into the requirements listed above . This sections covers those requirements . The auditor must review the program ’ s contract and grant agreements and referenced laws and regulations to identify unique compliance requirements , and develop audit objectives and audit procedures under this section .
= = = = OMB Circulars = = = =
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A @-@ 21 , Cost Principles for Educational Institutions
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A 87 , “ Cost Principles for State , Local , and Indian Tribal Governments ”
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A @-@ 110 , Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Agreements with Institutions of Higher Education , Hospitals , and Other Non @-@ Profit Organizations
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A @-@ 122 , “ Cost Principles for Non @-@ Profit Organizations ”
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A @-@ 128 , Audits of State and Local Governments
A @-@ 133 Sup ( 2013 ) : " OMB Circular A @-@ 133 Compliance Supplement 2013 " . United States Office of Management and Budget . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 @-@ 12 @-@ 15 .
A @-@ 133 Sup Part 3 ( 2013 ) : " Part 3 - Compliance Requirements " ( PDF ) . OMB Circular A @-@ 133 Supplement 2013 . US OMB . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 @-@ 12 @-@ 15 .
A @-@ 133 Sup Part 4 ( 2013 ) : " Part 4 - Agency Program Requirements " ( PDF ) . OMB Circular A @-@ 133 Supplement 2013 . US OMB . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 @-@ 12 @-@ 15 .
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= Jocelin of Glasgow =
Jocelin ( or Jocelyn ) ( died 1199 ) was a twelfth @-@ century Cistercian monk and cleric who became the fourth Abbot of Melrose before becoming Bishop of Glasgow , Scotland . He was probably born in the 1130s , and in his teenage years became a monk of Melrose Abbey . He rose in the service of Abbot Waltheof , and by the time of the short abbacy of Waltheof 's successor Abbot William , Jocelin had become prior . Then in 1170 Jocelin himself became abbot , a position he held for four years . Jocelin was responsible for promoting the cult of the emerging Saint Waltheof , and in this had the support of Enguerrand , Bishop of Glasgow .
His Glasgow connections and political profile were already well @-@ established enough that in 1174 Jocelin succeeded Enguerrand as Glasgow 's bishop . As Bishop of Glasgow , he was a royal official . In this capacity he travelled abroad on several occasions , and performed the marriage ceremony between King William the Lion and Ermengarde de Beaumont , later baptising their son , the future King Alexander II . Among other things , he has been credited by modern historians as " the founder of the burgh of Glasgow and initiator of the Glasgow fair " , as well as being one of the greatest literary patrons in medieval Scotland , commissioning the Life of St Waltheof , the Life of St Kentigern and the Chronicle of Melrose .
= = Early life = =
Jocelin and his family probably came from the south @-@ east of Scotland . The names of neither his father nor his mother are known , but he had two known brothers , with the names Helia and Henry , and a cousin , also called Helia . The names suggest that his family were of French , or at least Anglo @-@ Norman origin , rather than being a Scot or native Anglo @-@ Saxon . There are some indications that his family held land in South Lanarkshire , namely because they seem to have possessed rights in the church of Dunsyre . It is unlikely that he would have thought of himself as " Scottish " . For Jocelin 's contemporary and fellow native of the Borders , Adam of Dryburgh , this part of Britain was still firmly regarded as terra Anglorum ( the " Land of English " ) , although it was located inside the regnum Scottorum ( the " Kingdom of the Scots " ) . This would be no obstacle to Jocelin , however . His Anglo @-@ French cultural background was in fact probably necessary for the patronage of the King of Scots . As Walter of Coventry wrote of King William 's era , " the modern kings of Scotland count themselves as Frenchmen , in race , manners , language and culture ; they keep only Frenchmen in their household and following , and have reduced the Scots to utter servitude " .
Like that of almost every character from this period , Jocelin 's year of birth is unknown to modern historians . It is known that he entered as a novice monk in Melrose Abbey during the abbacy of Waltheof ( ab . 1148 – 1159 ) , and from documentary evidence it seems likely that Jocelin entered Melrose about 50 years before his death in 1199 . As the rules of the Cistercian order prevented entry as a novice before the age of 15 , it is likely that he was born around the year 1134 . Little is known about Jocelin 's early life or his early career as a Melrose monk . He obviously successfully completed his one @-@ year noviciate , the year in which a prospective monk was introduced to monasticism and judged fit or unfit for admittance . We know that Abbot Waltheof ( Waldef ) thought highly of him and granted him many responsibilities . After the death of Abbot Waltheof , his successor , Abbot William , refused to encourage the rumours which had quickly been spreading about Waltheof 's saintliness . Abbot William attempted to silence such rumours , and shelter his monks from the intrusiveness of would @-@ be pilgrims . However , William was unable to get the better of Waltheof 's emerging cult , and his actions had alienated him from the brethren . As a result , William resigned the abbacy in April 1170 . Jocelin was by this stage the Prior of Melrose , that is , the second in command at the monastery , and thus William 's most likely replacement .
= = Abbot of Melrose = =
So it was that Prior Jocelin became abbot on 22 April 1170 . Jocelin embraced the cult without hesitation . Under the year of his accession , it was reported in the Chronicle of Melrose that :
Promoting saints was something Jocelin would repeat at Glasgow , where he " transferred his enthusiasm to St Kentigern " and commissioned a hagiography of that saint , the saint most venerated by the Celts of the diocese of Glasgow . It is no coincidence that Jocelin of Furness , the man who wrote the Life of St. Waltheof , was the same man later commissioned to write the Life of St. Kentigern .
This kind of literary patronage started while Jocelin was abbot of Melrose . Archie Duncan has shown that it was probably Jocelin who first commissioned the writing of the Chronicle of Melrose . Duncan argued that Jocelin commissioned the entries dealing with the period between 731 and 1170 , putting the writing in the hands of a monk named Reinald ( who later became Bishop of Ross ) . This chronicle is one of the few extant chronicles from " Scotland " in this period . G. W. S. Barrow , writing before Duncan advanced these arguments , noted that down to the end of King William 's reign " the chronicle of Melrose Abbey ... represents a strongly ' Anglo @-@ Norman ' as opposed to a native Scottish point of view " . It is thus possible that this anti @-@ Scottish world @-@ view reflected that of Jocelin 's , at least before he left the abbey .
After his election to the prestigious bishopric of Glasgow in 1174 , Jocelin would continue exerting influence on his home monastery . Jocelin brought one of his monks from the abbey , a man called Michael , who acted as Jocelin 's chaplain while Bishop of Glasgow . He did not resign his position as abbot until after his consecration in 1175 . Jocelin consecrated his successors as abbot , and continued to spend a great deal of time there . Moreover , he used his position as bishop to offer the monastery patronage and protection .
= = Bishop of Glasgow = =
After the death of his friend Bishop Enguerrand , Jocelin was elevated to the bishopric of Glasgow . He was elected on 23 May 1174 . The election , like many other Scottish episcopal elections of the period , was done in the presence of the king , William the Lion , at Perth , near Scone , the chief residence of Scotland 's kings . The election was probably done by compromissarii , meaning that the general chapter of the bishopric of Glasgow had selected a small group to which they delegated the power of election . Pope Alexander III was later told that Jocelin was elected by the dean and chapter of the see . The Chronicle of Melrose states that he was elected " by demand of the clergy , and of the people ; and with the consent of the king himself " , perhaps indicating that the decision had already been made by the Glasgow clergy before the formal election at Perth . The election was certainly an achievement . Cistercian bishops were rare in Great Britain , and Jocelin was only the second Cistercian to ascend a Scottish bishopric . Jocelin was required to go to France to obtain permission from the General Chapter of the Cistercian order at Cîteaux to resign the abbacy . Pope Alexander III had already sanctioned his consecration , and gave permission for the consecration to occur without forcing Jocelin to travel to Rome . Conveniently , it was at Cistercian house of Clairvaux that , sometime before 15 March 1175 , Jocelin was consecrated by the Papal legate Eskil , Archbishop of Lund and Primate of Denmark . Jocelin had returned to the Kingdom of Scotland by 10 April , and it is known that on 23 May he had consecrated a monk named Laurence as his successor at Melrose .
He was soon faced with a political challenge to the independence of his church . The challenge came from the English church , and was not new , but had lain dormant for some decades . The reason it was awakened was that in the summer of 1174 King William had invaded northern England , and on 13 July , having been caught underprotected during a siege at Alnwick , was captured and taken into English custody . The capture was disastrous for the king , leading to a revolt by Gilla Brigte , Lord of Galloway , and to many of William 's discontented subjects " ruthlessly " slaying " their English and French neighbours " and perpetrating a " most wretched and widespread persecution of the English both in Scotland and Galloway " , that is , of the English and French @-@ speaking settlers William and his predecessors had planted around the castles and towns of his Gaelic @-@ speaking territories in order to increase royal authority . Worse still , and more significantly for Jocelin , in the following year King Henry II of England forced William to sign the Treaty of Falaise , a treaty which made William Henry 's vassal specifically for Scotland and sanctioned the subordination of the kingdom 's bishoprics to the English church .
Jocelin did not , in the end , submit either to the Archbishop of York or even the Archbishop of Canterbury and managed to obtain a Papal Bull which declared the see of Glasgow to be a " special daughter " of the Roman Patriarchate . Jocelin , moreover , does not seem to have been interested in the independence of the other " Scottish " sees , but merely to maintain his own episcopal independence , i.e. that of the bishopric of Glasgow . On 10 August 1175 , along with many other Scottish @-@ based magnates and prelates , Jocelin was at Henry 's court giving his obedience to the king as stipulated in the treaty . Jocelin again appeared at King Henry 's court in January 1176 . This time church matters were on the agenda . When the Archbishop of York confronted Jocelin over the subordination of the bishopric of Glasgow to the archbishopric of York , Jocelin refused to acknowledge this part of the treaty , and presented him with the Papal Bull declaring Glasgow to be a " special daughter " .
This Bull was confirmed by Pope Alexander 's successor Pope Lucius III . Jocelin had obtained this confirmation while at Rome in late 1181 and early 1182 . He had been sent there by King William , along with abbots of Melrose , Dunfermline and Kelso and the prior of Inchcolm , in order to appeal to the Pope regarding his stance in a struggle over the Bishopric of St Andrews and the sentence of excommunication and interdict the Pope had placed over the king and kingdom . The dispute concerned the election to the bishopric of John the Scot , which had been opposed by the king , who organised the election of his own candidate , Hugh . The mission was successful . The Pope lifted the interdict , absolved the king and appointed two legates to investigate the issue of the St Andrews succession . The Pope even sent the king a Golden Rose , an item usually given to the Prefect of Rome . The issue of the succession , however , did not go away . In 1186 , Jocelin , along with the abbots of Melrose , Dunfermline and Newbattle , excommunicated Hugh on the instructions of Pope Lucius . Hugh travelled to Rome in 1188 , and obtained absolution , but he died of the pestilence in that city a few days later , thus allowing the issue to be resolved .
It is certainly obvious that Jocelin was one of the most respected figures in the kingdom . In this era , the Pope appointed Jocelin Judge @-@ delegate ( of the Papacy ) more times than any other cleric in the kingdom . As a bishop and an ex @-@ abbot , various bishoprics and monasteries called him in to mediate disputes , as evidenced by his frequent appearance as a witness in dispute settlements , such as the dispute between Arbroath Abbey and the Bishopric of St Andrews , and a dispute between Jedburgh Abbey and Dryburgh Abbey . Jocelin had the respect of the secular elite too . He witnessed 24 royal charters and 40 non @-@ royal charters , including charters issued by David , Earl of Huntingdon ( the brother of King William ) , Donnchadh , Earl of Carrick , and Alan Fitzwalter , High Steward of Scotland . Jocelin had been with King William when he visited the English court in 1186 , and again accompanied the king to England when the king travelled to Woodstock near Oxford to marry Ermengarde de Beaumont on 5 September 1186 . The marriage was blessed by Bishop Jocelin in their chamber , and it was to Jocelin 's escort that King William entrusted her for the journey to Scotland . When a son was born to William and Ermengarde , the future King Alexander II , it was Jocelin who performed the baptism . In April 1194 , Jocelin again travelled to England in King William 's company when William was visiting King Richard I. Jocelin 's intimacy with the king would be the key to earning his patronage , thus making possible the legacy that Jocelin would leave to Glasgow .
= = Legacy and death = =
His years at Glasgow left a mark on history that can be compared favourably with any previous or future bishop . Jocelin commissioned his namesake Jocelin of Furness , the same man who had written the Life of St. Waltheof , to write a Life of St. Kentigern , a task all the more necessary because , after 1159 , the Papacy claimed the right to canonise saints . Kentigern , or Mungo as he is popularly known , was the saint traditionally associated with the see of Glasgow , and his status therefore reflected on Glasgow as a church and cult @-@ centre . There had already been a cathedral at Glasgow before Jocelin 's episcopate . The idea that the ecclesiastical establishment before Jocelin was simply a small church with a larger Gaelic or British monastic establishment has been discredited by scholars . Jocelin did , though , expand the cathedral significantly . As the Chronicle of Melrose reports for 1181 , Jocelin " gloriously enlarged the church of St Kentigern " . However , more work was created for the builders when , sometime between the years 1189 and 1195 , there was a fire at the cathedral . Jocelin thus had to commission another rebuilding effort . The new cathedral was dedicated , according to the Chronicle of Melrose , on 6 July 1197 . It was built in the Romanesque manner , and although little survives of it today , it is thought to have been influenced by the cathedral of Lund , the archbishop of which had consecrated Jocelin as bishop .
However , he left a still greater legacy to the city of Glasgow . At some point between the years 1175 and 1178 , Jocelin obtained from King William a grant of burghal status for the settlement of Glasgow , with a market every Thursday . The grant of a market was the first ever official grant of a weekly market to a burgh . Moreover , between 1189 and 1195 , King William granted the burgh an annual fair , a fair still in existence today , increasing Glasgow 's status as an important settlement . As well as new revenues for the bishop , the rights entailed by Glasgow 's new burghal status and market privileges brought new people to the settlement , one of the first of whom was one Ranulf de Haddington , a former burghess of Haddington . The new settlement was laid out ( probably under the influence of the burgh of Haddington ) around Glasgow Cross , down the hill from the cathedral and old fort of Glasgow , but above the flood level of the River Clyde .
When Jocelin died , he was back at Melrose Abbey , where his career had begun . He may have retired to Melrose knowing his death was near . Jocelin certainly did die at Melrose , passing away on St Patrick 's Day ( 17 March ) 1199 . He was buried in the monks ' choir of Melrose Abbey Church . Hugh de Roxburgh , Chancellor of Scotland , was elected as Jocelin 's replacement . The Chronicle of Melrose has only a short obituary .
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= Big Brother ( Glee ) =
" Big Brother " is the fifteenth episode and spring premiere of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , and the fifty @-@ ninth overall . Written by Michael Hitchcock and directed by Eric Stoltz , the episode first aired on Fox in the United States on April 10 , 2012 . It features the introduction of special guest star Matt Bomer as Blaine Anderson 's ( Darren Criss ) elder brother Cooper , and the revelation of how badly injured Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) had been in the automobile accident that had ended the previous episode , " On My Way " .
The episode received mixed to positive reviews , and most critics praised Bomer 's performance as the elder Anderson brother . Reviewers were divided in their opinions of how Quinn 's storyline played out , though with her in a wheelchair , there were a number of favorable comments about her scenes with Artie , who acted as her wheelchair mentor . Their two songs together were given a mixed response and did not chart ; by contrast , " Somebody That I Used to Know " , performed by Bomer and Criss , was given an enthusiastic reception , and sold 152 @,@ 000 digital copies in the US in its first week . The song charted on the Billboard Hot 100 ahead of the other Bomer and Criss duet , a mashup of " Hungry Like the Wolf " and " Rio " . These two songs , along with " Fighter " , a Criss solo , charted on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 .
Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 6 @.@ 76 million American viewers and received a 2 @.@ 7 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The total viewership was down significantly from the winter finale , " On My Way " , which had been broadcast seven weeks previously .
= = Plot = =
Quinn 's ( Dianna Agron ) car accident has left her in a wheelchair , suffering from a severely compressed spine . On her return to school , she performs " I 'm Still Standing " for the glee club with Artie ( Kevin McHale ) , and tells them she is happy to have survived and they should not feel sorry for her : she has some feeling in her legs and is planning on a full recovery .
Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) informs Sue ( Jane Lynch ) that swim coach Roz Washington ( NeNe Leakes ) is now Sue 's cheerleading co @-@ coach . Sue makes a deal with Figgins : if she helps New Directions win the Nationals show choir competition , she can regain sole control of the Cheerios . Sue offers Will ( Matthew Morrison ) her assistance and takes over dance rehearsals . She is a harsh and insulting taskmaster , which upsets the glee club .
Cooper Anderson ( Matt Bomer ) , Blaine 's ( Darren Criss ) older brother and an actor in television ads , visits McKinley High and is treated as a celebrity by Blaine 's boyfriend Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) and Sue . Blaine is unhappy , though , when after he and Cooper do an impromptu mashup of two Duran Duran songs in the choir room , Cooper finds fault with Blaine 's singing . Sue recruits Cooper to give an acting master class for the club , which contains such bad advice that Blaine is appalled . Worse , Cooper subsequently criticizes Blaine 's acting in a class scene .
Most of New Directions goes on a " senior ditch day " to Six Flags , but Artie takes Quinn to a skate park designed for people with disabilities to enjoy adventurous sports . Quinn has a great time , but when Artie broaches the possibility that she might always need a wheelchair ; she asserts that she will walk again . Quinn is later assisted by fellow " God Squad " member Joe ( Samuel Larsen ) , who has been praying for her . She decides to sponsor him to join the glee club .
Sue goes to the doctor to find out the sex of her baby , accompanied by Emma ( Jayma Mays ) and Will . The doctor says that Sue is having a girl , but her amniocentesis results show " irregularities " . Sue later tells cheerleader Becky ( Lauren Potter ) , who has Down syndrome , that Sue 's baby will be " just like her " ; Becky advises Sue to learn to be patient . Sue tells the glee club she will moderate her harsh coaching methods as long as they give her their all .
Puck ( Mark Salling ) wants Finn ( Cory Monteith ) to join him in moving his pool @-@ cleaning business to California . Finn demurs , but later broaches the possibility to his fiancée Rachel ( Lea Michele ) as an alternative to New York . She is aghast , and says she needs him with her in New York ; he replies that she needs to be sure she loves him for who he is , not who she wants him to be .
Kurt urges Blaine not to give up on Cooper , who is in the auditorium , and Blaine sings an emotional " Somebody That I Used to Know " to Cooper — and then with him . Afterward , Cooper apologizes to Blaine , and tells him he has always known how truly talented Blaine is . The two determine to be friends as well as brothers .
= = Production = =
" Big Brother " is the fourth episode in the third season to be directed by Eric Stoltz , and the second to be written by Michael Hitchcock . Shooting began by February 10 , 2012 , and continued at least through February 21 ; it had ended before February 23 , when shooting on the following episode commenced .
The news that Bomer had been cast as Blaine 's brother appeared on January 27 , 2012 . Bomer had suggested to Glee co @-@ creator Ryan Murphy that he consider using Gotye 's song featuring Kimbra , " Somebody That I Used to Know " , as a duet on the show . Murphy had already thought of doing the song , and a week later Bomer received a text from Murphy asking if he " wanted to come on the show to sing it " . Bomer 's scenes as Cooper were shot starting February 13 . In addition , it was reported in early February that there would be a flashback scene featuring Cooper and Blaine when they were children ; young actors were then being cast for the roles .
In addition to duetting on " Somebody That I Used to Know " , Bomer and Criss perform a mashup of the Duran Duran songs " Hungry Like the Wolf " and " Rio " early in the episode . Criss also sings Christina Aguilera 's " Fighter " . These songs were released as singles available for digital download , along with two others from the episode , " Up Up Up " and " I 'm Still Standing " , both performed by Agron and McHale .
The amusement park scenes in the episode were shot at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia , California . The roller coaster sequences were shot on the Viper ride .
Recurring guest stars appearing in the episode include Principal Figgins ( Theba ) , coach Roz Washington ( Leakes ) , glee club members Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) , Rory Flanagan ( Damian McGinty ) and Sugar Motta ( Vanessa Lengies ) , cheerleader Becky Jackson ( Potter ) and recent McKinley transfer student Joe Hart ( Larsen ) .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Big Brother " was first broadcast on April 10 , 2012 , in the United States on Fox . It received a 2 @.@ 7 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and attracted 6 @.@ 76 million American viewers during its initial airing , a decrease of approximately 10 % from the 3 @.@ 0 / 8 rating / share and 7 @.@ 46 million viewers of the previous episode , " On My Way " , which was broadcast on February 21 , 2012 . Viewership increased in Canada , where 1 @.@ 79 million viewers watched the episode on the same day as its American premiere . It was the tenth most @-@ viewed show of the week , up five slots and almost 3 % from the 1 @.@ 74 million viewers who watched " On My Way " seven weeks previously .
In the United Kingdom , " Big Brother " first aired on April 12 , 2012 , and was watched on Sky 1 by 759 @,@ 000 viewers . Viewership was down slightly from " On My Way " , which attracted 763 @,@ 000 viewers when it aired two weeks before . In Australia , " Big Brother " was broadcast on Thursday , April 12 , 2012 , a change from the Friday time slot used for the seventh through fourteenth episodes of the season . It was watched by 655 @,@ 000 viewers , an increase of over 17 % from the 558 @,@ 000 viewers for " On My Way " on March 23 , 2012 . This made Glee the twelfth most @-@ watched program of the night , up from fifteenth nearly three weeks before .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode received mixed to positive reviews , though most reviewers expressed enthusiasm for guest star Bomer as the elder Anderson brother . Jeff Dodge of BuddyTV wrote that the episode was " very strong " , while The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff , although he gave the episode a " B " grade , called it " forgettable " aside from Bomer 's performance , which he described as " absolutely terrific " . Erin Strecker of Entertainment Weekly characterized the episode as a " laugh @-@ out @-@ loud funny " and Rae Votta of Billboard expressed similar sentiments , though she also said there was " definitely room for improvement " after a show that was " more fluff than substance " , albeit " delicious fluff " . Washington Post 's Jen Chaney described it as a " pretty lackluster episode " .
Bomer received plaudits from most reviewers . Crystal Bell of the Huffington Post called his appearance " perfect casting " and Bomer as one of her favorite guest stars . Strecker and VanDerWerff praised the " hilariously bad acting advice " in Cooper 's master class , and VanDerWerff said that the storyline of Blaine being " overshadowed by his charismatic older brother " worked " because the actors were so damn committed to it " . Houston Chronicle 's Bobby Hankinson was not fond of Cooper 's appearance , and described it as " an old @-@ school sitcom cliche to introduce long @-@ lost or oft @-@ neglected family members " . Dodge noted that Bomer 's role " didn 't overshadow everyone else , like some guest stars do " .
Quinn 's storyline received widely divergent commentary . Hankinson thought the writers had missed an opportunity to " do something hugely daring " and also reduce the size of the cast . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal characterized their message as " Move on , folks , nothing to see here " , added that " there wasn ’ t even a scratch on her face " and concluded that it was " nice to know that touches of irony haven ’ t left the show " . Strecker called Quinn " a walking wheeling PSA about texting dangers in general " . Dodge said that one of his " favorite scenes " of the episode was " when Artie tries to get Quinn to wheel herself up a steep ramp outside McKinley " . VanDerWerff noted the pair 's " chemistry " as friends , and Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman described " Quinn 's kids @-@ in @-@ wheelchairs bonding scenes with Artie " as the " second best thing about the episode " . Michael Slezak of TVLine expressed the wish that the extras in the scene in the skateboard park " had actually gotten a chance to , um , speak like real humans , not just like props for a kicky musical number " . VanDerWerff 's summation was that the episode " gave Dianna Agron more shades to play than she ’ s usually asked to , and that was a good thing " .
While Sue 's pregnancy storyline continued to be unpopular with some reviewers , Bell included , the discovery that her daughter might have Down syndrome and her telling Becky about it led Bell to state that she had " always felt that the relationship between Sue and Becky was one of Glee 's finest accomplishments " . Strecker noted that " their scenes together are always some of my favorites " , and commended the episode 's " poignant heart @-@ to @-@ heart " — which Dodge also praised as " very touching " — where Becky gave Sue the advice to " work on her patience " . VanDerWerff thought that Sue 's storyline was one of several in the episode beyond the two main ones — Blaine and Cooper 's conflict and Quinn 's post @-@ accident return — that the show " kept piling " on , to its detriment . Another , described by MTV 's Kevin Sullivan as " silly " , had Puck trying to recruit Finn to clean pools with him in California .
= = = Music and performances = = =
The musical performances were given a middling to positive response overall , and the final song , " Somebody That I Used to Know " , received the most enthusiastic reception . Bell called it the " highlight of the episode " , and it was Hankinson 's favorite performance : " Bomer and Criss did a fantastic job bringing it to life " . Futterman said that " it was initially disconcerting to envision " two brothers singing about a " former love " , but she noted that it " was less weird in context " . Flandez felt that with the song 's conversion to a " Cain @-@ and @-@ Abel therapy session " , despite being " gorgeously sung " , it was nevertheless " the most disappointing duet ever " , but Slezak gave the performance an " A − " , and wrote , " I bought the sibling angst in the room , and Matt Bomer really is a charismatic fella , no ? " Strecker gave the song an " A " and stated , " Shout @-@ out to the Glee writers this episode for not only picking fun songs , but also tracks that were all really great lyrically in terms of moving the plot forward . "
Gotye was initially reported to have been unimpressed with the Glee rendition of his song , but later stated that his words had been taken out of context . On April 22 , 2012 , two Australian newspapers , the Sunday Mail and the Sunday Herald Sun , quoted him as having said , " They did such a faithful arrangement of the instrumentals but the vocals were that pop Glee style " . The Mail 's quote continued after a comma with " ultra @-@ dry , sounded pretty tuned and the rock has no real sense , like it 's playing to you from a cardboard box . " The Herald Sun 's continuation of the quote came after a period : " It made it sound dinky and wrong . " Gotye said in an interview the next day that he had been referring to " this xylophone hook in my song — it 's kind of dinky not just in the cover version but the original song " . He added , " I thought it was really clever to transpose the song to two guys ... It was a great idea . " In an interview published ten days later , Glee 's executive music producer Adam Anders said that although the iTunes version of the song that the show released was " very true " to Gotye 's , that in the episode itself , " the reality is , it was drier " .
The two songs performed by Artie and Quinn were not reviewed as enthusiastically . Both Futterman and Slezak approved of the harmonies in " I 'm Still Standing " , though Futterman thought the number felt " more subdued than we 'd expect " , and Slezak wrote that " the song choice was a little bit of a groaner " before he appended a " B " grade . Chaney gave the song a " C " and said that " something about this segment wasn ’ t as dynamic as it should have been " . Votta and Strecker both described the performance as " pleasant " , the latter also added a " B − " grade . Strecker gave a " B " to the other song , " Up Up Up " , which she said was " mostly background music " and the song itself " not particularly memorable " . Chaney 's " B " was far more complimentary : she characterized the performance as " the most energetic set piece of the night " which " made nice use of the infectious Givers song " . Futterman thought that " the sugary vocals work well for Artie and Quinn " , but Votta wrote that " the vocal is so indistinct it could be anyone " .
The other performance by Criss and Bomer , the Duran Duran mashup of " Hungry Like the Wolf " and " Rio " , was given a modestly positive reception . Strecker gave it an " A − " and called it a " real treat " with " some truly fun choreography " . Slezak , on the other hand , described the choreography as " peculiar " , and graded the song a " B " . Sullivan wrote , " On paper it may not have seemed like the best idea , but honestly , it kind of rocked . " Chaney noted that " they were fun to watch " , but gave the performance a " C " ; she said that " something about this cover sucked all the cherry ice cream smile out of the originals " , though she wondered whether she was biased by her " lifelong appreciation of Duran Duran " . The solo by Criss on " Fighter " received a wider range of opinions . Both Chaney and Slezak gave the song a " B − " : Chaney said he sang the song " with conviction " and complimented the " visually alluring " boxing and shower scenes , as did Slezak . Strecker wrote that " the energy and emotional punch totally resonated " and gave the song an " A − " , though she also stated that " the talk @-@ singing at the beginning was a little weird " . Votta said that " vocally , Darren Criss embodies the song " , but she characterized the staging as " too jagged and haphazard to make an impact " , and the transitions not " as smooth as they could be " . Flandez called the song choice " unsuitable " and " puzzling " , and VanDerWerff said the performance was " completely ridiculous " .
= = = Chart history = = =
Of the five singles released for the episode , three debuted on North American top 100 charts . " Somebody That I Used to Know " sold 152 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the US , and was number twenty @-@ six on the Billboard Hot 100 . One other single charted on the Hot 100 : the mashup of " Hungry Like the Wolf " and " Rio " , which debuted at number ninety @-@ eight . " Fighter " did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 , but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . Three songs charted on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : " Somebody That I Used to Know " debuted at number twenty @-@ one , " Hungry Like the Wolf / Rio " at number eighty @-@ one , and " Fighter " at number eighty @-@ five .
The same week as the Glee single charted , " Somebody That I Used to Know " moved from second to first on the US Billboard Hot 100 — it had already been at number one in Canada — selling 542 @,@ 000 copies in a single week , the fourth @-@ highest ever weekly digital sales to that point . Sales were aided by the Glee performance and also by Gotye and Kimbra 's performance of the song on Saturday Night Live at the end of the week .
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= Bullet Rogan =
Charles Wilber " Bullet " Rogan , also known as " Bullet Joe " ( July 28 , 1893 – March 4 , 1967 ) , was an American pitcher and outfielder for the Kansas City Monarchs in the Negro baseball leagues from 1920 to 1938 . Renowned as a two @-@ way player who could both hit and pitch successfully , one statistical compilation shows Rogan winning more games than any other pitcher in Negro leagues history and ranking fourth highest in career batting average . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1998 .
Rogan 's early baseball career took place in the U.S. Army , where he played for a famous team in the all @-@ black 25th Infantry . After joining the Kansas City Monarchs , he was the top pitcher and one of the best hitters on a team that won three pennants from 1923 to 1925 and the Negro League World Series in 1924 . He became a playing manager in 1926 and led his team to another league title in 1929 .
" Charleston was everything — but Rogan was more " , said William " Big C " Johnson , one of Rogan 's Army teammates . " Rogan could do everything , everywhere . " " He was the onliest pitcher I ever saw , I ever heard of in my life , was pitching and hitting in the cleanup place " , said Satchel Paige . According to Rogan 's longtime catcher Frank Duncan , " If you had to choose between Rogan and Paige , you 'd pick Rogan , because he could hit . The pitching , you 'd as soon have Satchel as Rogan , understand ? But Rogan 's hitting was so terrific . Get my point ? " Casey Stengel called Rogan " one of the best — if not the best — pitcher that ever lived . "
= = Early life = =
Wilber Rogan was born in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . After the death of his mother and his father 's remarriage , he moved with his family to Kansas City , Kansas . He began his baseball career there in 1911 as a catcher with Fred Palace 's Colts , a semipro team composed mostly of teenagers . Also joining the Colts that season was Dick Whitworth , who would , like Rogan , go on to pitch for many years in the Negro leagues .
Friction with his stepmother and unhappiness with the segregated high school he attended led Rogan to drop out of school before graduation and enlist in the Army on October 19 , 1911 . He lied about his age to do so . This would cause later confusion about Rogan 's age , as some records ( along with his Hall of Fame plaque ) give his birth year as 1889 , others as 1893 ; recent histories , such as Phil Dixon 's , conclude that the latter date is correct .
= = U.S. Army and the 25th Infantry Wreckers = =
Rogan served in the Philippines with the 24th Infantry , an all @-@ black regiment , for three years . He was honorably discharged in 1914 . Before returning to the United States , Rogan reenlisted , this time with the 25th Infantry , another African American unit , at that time stationed at Schofield Barracks in Hawaii . He was specifically recruited to play for the regiment 's famous baseball team , known as the " Wreckers . " He made his debut with the Wreckers on July 4 , 1915 .
His Army teammates included a number of later Negro league stars , such as Dobie Moore , Heavy Johnson , Bob Fagan , Lemuel Hawkins , and William " Big C " Johnson . Over the next three seasons , the Wreckers won the Post League championship , the United States Army Series , and the Oahu League . In February 1917 Rogan twice defeated the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League , who were visiting the islands for spring training . On furlough for several months in 1917 , Rogan played professionally for the Los Angeles White Sox , the Kansas City , Kansas , Giants , and J. L. Wilkinson 's All Nations Club , but returned to the army for three more years .
In August 1918 Rogan and the rest of the 25th Infantry were moved to Camp Stephen D. Little in Nogales , Arizona . Researchers John Holway and James Riley report that in 1919 , Casey Stengel played against Rogan in Arizona , and subsequently recommended him to Wilkinson for his new Negro National League team , the Kansas City Monarchs . However , Rogan had already played in the California Winter League and for Wilkinson 's All @-@ Nations team in 1917 , and had already been noted by Negro sports reporters as early as 1916 .
= = Professional career = =
In July 1920 , Rogan and Dobie Moore joined the Monarchs . Rogan quickly became the premier pitcher and biggest box @-@ office draw in the young league . By his third season with the Monarchs , 1922 , he hit .390 , and his 13 home runs were good for second in the league . On August 6 , 1923 , Rogan combined with teammate and manager José Méndez to pitch a no @-@ hitter against the Milwaukee Bears , Méndez pitching the first five innings and Rogan the last four . That season he hit .364 with a league @-@ leading 16 wins and 151 strikeouts to lead the Monarchs to their first pennant .
In 1924 Rogan hit .395 while compiling an 18 – 6 record and leading the Monarchs to their second league title . He starred in the first Black World Series , leading the Monarchs with 13 hits and winning two games as Kansas City defeated the Eastern Colored League champion Hilldales . That winter he led the 1924 / 25 Cuban League with nine victories for the champion Almendares club .
Rogan may have reached his peak in 1925 , leading Kansas City to its third straight league championship with a 17 – 2 record and a .381 batting average . In the playoffs against the St. Louis Stars he hit .450 and won three more games , including one shutout . However , before the World Series rematch with Hilldale , Rogan suffered a knee injury while playing with his young son . Forced to undergo surgery , he missed the series . Without their star , the Monarchs went down to defeat in six games .
The following season , Rogan took over from José Méndez as manager of the Kansas City Monarchs . In that season 's NNL playoffs against the Chicago American Giants , he pitched and lost both games of a series @-@ deciding doubleheader to the younger Bill Foster . As late as 1928 at the age of 34 , Bullet Rogan was the best hitter ( .358 ) and arguably the best pitcher ( 10 – 2 ) on the Monarchs . That year he slammed three home runs in a game against the Detroit Stars .
Rogan continued at the Monarchs ' helm in 1929 when they won their fourth NNL championship and recorded the best record ( 62 – 17 ) in the history of the league . On April 29 , 1930 , in Enid , Oklahoma , Rogan played for the Monarchs in baseball 's first night game . In August he was hospitalized with an undisclosed illness . He remained out of the lineup for more than a year , finally returning on September 28 , 1931 .
When Wilkinson did not organize a Kansas City Monarchs team for 1932 , Rogan joined a white independent team in Jamestown , North Dakota , where he played until August . He batted .315 and went 20 – 3 as a pitcher before returning to the reorganized Monarchs in September . In the winter of 1933 and 1934 , Rogan returned to Hawaii and the Philippines as a member of the Philadelphia Royal Giants , a black all @-@ star team . The Royal Giants toured Japan and China as well . In 1936 , at the age of 43 , Rogan appeared in the East @-@ West All @-@ Star Game .
= = Rogan as player and manager = =
Relatively small ( 5 foot 7 , 180 pounds ( 82 kg ) ) , Rogan was solidly built and strong , with thin legs and a narrow waist but broad shoulders . He threw and batted right @-@ handed , and used an unusually heavy bat . " You saw Ernie Banks hit in his prime , then you saw Rogan " , said Buck O 'Neil . " He could hit that ball ... He was the type of guy that stood a long way from the plate . Not too close , because they 'd jam you . " According to his longtime teammate Frank Duncan , " Rogan was one of the best low @-@ ball hitters I ever saw , and one of the best curve @-@ ball hitters . Rogan taught Bob and Irish Meusel how to hit curve balls . " While not extremely fast , he ran the bases well and stole when necessary .
As a pitcher , Rogan used a no @-@ windup delivery and both overhand and sidearm motions , and relied on an array of curveballs , a spitball , a palmball , a forkball , and the fastball that gave him his nickname . According to the sportswriter A.S. " Doc " Young , " Joe Rogan possessed as much natural ability as Smokey Joe or Satch , but his control was not up to theirs . " Frank Duncan , who caught both Paige and Rogan , said ,
Satchel was easier to catch . He could throw it in a quart cup . But Rogan was all over the plate — high , low , inside , outside . He 'd walk five @-@ six men , but he didn 't give up many runs . Bullet had a little more steam on the ball than Paige — and he had a better @-@ breaking curve . The batters thought it was a fastball heading for them and they would jump back from the plate and all of a sudden , it would break sharply for a strike . I would rank him with today 's best . I have never seen a pitcher like him , and I have caught some of the best pitchers in the business .
Another Monarchs teammate , George Carr , said ,
Rogan was the greatest pitcher that ever threw a ball . He had not only an arm to pitch with but a head to think with . Rogan was a smart pitcher with a wonderful memory . Once Rogan pitched to a batter , he never forgot that batter 's weaknesses and strong points . And don 't think Rogan was nicknamed " Bullet " for nothing . That guy had a ball that was almost too fast to catch . He would really burn ' em in there .
As a manager , he was a strict disciplinarian , possibly a result of his military background . Carroll " Dink " Mothell maintained that " Rogan wanted to run the ball club like they did it in the army . He liked to give orders too much , even before he was managing . He used to bawl players out for different things . I could take it , but we had ball players , when he 'd get on them , they 'd go into a shell , resented it , and didn 't give him their best . " Another Monarchs pitcher , Chet Brewer , said that " Rogan wasn 't the best manager because he was such a great ball player himself . He couldn 't teach pitchers much , because he 'd say , ' All you have to do is go out and throw the man what I threw ' . " According to historian Phil Dixon , " In Rogan 's first few years as manager he was reluctant to pinch @-@ hit for many of the veterans on his roster because they were his friends . " He didn 't trust younger players , often inserting himself to pitch or pinch @-@ hit for them . He sometimes treated rookies harshly . Eventually Rogan " discarded his distant approach " and became increasingly known for teaching and developing less experienced players .
= = Personal life = =
On October 22 , 1922 , Wilber Rogan married Kathrine McWilliams , a Colorado farm girl . Their son Wilber Rogan , Jr . , was born right after the 1924 World Series . Between the 1923 and 1924 seasons , it was reported that Rogan spent the winter writing life insurance . After his retirement as a player , Rogan became an umpire in the Negro American League until 1946 , then worked in the post office . He died in Kansas City , Missouri on March 4 , 1967 at age 73 . The Baseball Hall of Fame first admitted Negro league players in the 1970s , but did not honor Bullet Rogan until 1998 , 31 years after his death .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Negro leagues = = =
Negro league baseball statistics and player information from Seamheads.com , or Baseball @-@ Reference ( Negro leagues )
= = = California Winter League = = =
Batting
Pitching
Rogan spent five seasons in the integrated California Winter League between 1920 and 1930 against teams of white major and minor leaguers . Rogan 's team won the championship every year .
= = = Cuban ( Winter ) League = = =
Source :
= = = Against all competition = = =
Historian Phil Dixon puts Rogan 's lifetime totals against all competition , including semipro and Army teams , at more than 350 games won , 2000 strikeouts , 2500 hits , 350 home runs , and 500 stolen bases .
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= Welding =
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials , usually metals or thermoplastics , by causing fusion , which is distinct from lower temperature metal @-@ joining techniques such as brazing and soldering , which do not melt the base metal . In addition to melting the base metal , a filler material is often added to the joint to form a pool of molten material ( the weld pool ) that cools to form a joint that can be as strong , or even stronger , than the base material . Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat , or by itself , to produce a weld .
Although less common , there are also solid state welding processes such as friction welding or shielded active gas welding in which metal does not melt .
Some of the best known welding methods include :
Shielded metal arc welding ( SMAW ) – also known as " stick welding or electric welding " , uses an electrode that has flux around it to protect the weld puddle . The electrode holder holds the electrode as it slowly melts away . Slag protects the weld puddle from atmospheric contamination .
Gas tungsten arc welding ( GTAW ) – also known as TIG ( tungsten , inert gas ) , uses a non @-@ consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld . The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas such as argon or helium .
Gas metal arc welding ( GMAW ) – commonly termed MIG ( metal , inert gas ) , uses a wire feeding gun that feeds wire at an adjustable speed and flows an argon @-@ based shielding gas or a mix of argon and carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) over the weld puddle to protect it from atmospheric contamination .
Flux @-@ cored arc welding ( FCAW ) – almost identical to MIG welding except it uses a special tubular wire filled with flux ; it can be used with or without shielding gas , depending on the filler .
Submerged arc welding ( SAW ) – uses an automatically fed consumable electrode and a blanket of granular fusible flux . The molten weld and the arc zone are protected from atmospheric contamination by being " submerged " under the flux blanket .
Electroslag welding ( ESW ) – a highly productive , single pass welding process for thicker materials between 1 inch ( 25 mm ) and 12 inches ( 300 mm ) in a vertical or close to vertical position .
Many different energy sources can be used for welding , including a gas flame , an electric arc , a laser , an electron beam , friction , and ultrasound . While often an industrial process , welding may be performed in many different environments , including in open air , under water , and in outer space . Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns , electric shock , vision damage , inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes , and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation .
Until the end of the 19th century , the only welding process was forge welding , which blacksmiths had used for centuries to join iron and steel by heating and hammering . Arc welding and oxyfuel welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century , and electric resistance welding followed soon after . Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as the world wars drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods . Following the wars , several modern welding techniques were developed , including manual methods like SMAW , now one of the most popular welding methods , as well as semi @-@ automatic and automatic processes such as GMAW , SAW , FCAW and ESW . Developments continued with the invention of laser beam welding , electron beam welding , magnetic pulse welding ( MPW ) , and friction stir welding in the latter half of the century . Today , the science continues to advance . Robot welding is commonplace in industrial settings , and researchers continue to develop new welding methods and gain greater understanding of weld quality .
= = History = =
The history of joining metals goes back several millennia . Called forge welding , the earliest examples come from the Bronze and Iron Ages in Europe and the Middle East . The ancient Greek historian Herodotus states in The Histories of the 5th century BC that Glaucus of Chios " was the man who single @-@ handedly invented iron welding " . Welding was used in the construction of the Iron pillar of Delhi , erected in Delhi , India about 310 AD and weighing 5 @.@ 4 metric tons .
The Middle Ages brought advances in forge welding , in which blacksmiths pounded heated metal repeatedly until bonding occurred . In 1540 , Vannoccio Biringuccio published De la pirotechnia , which includes descriptions of the forging operation . Renaissance craftsmen were skilled in the process , and the industry continued to grow during the following centuries .
In 1800 , Sir Humphry Davy discovered the short @-@ pulse electrical arc and presented his results in 1801 . In 1802 , Russian scientist Vasily Petrov created the continuous electric arc , and subsequently published " News of Galvanic @-@ Voltaic Experiments " in 1803 , in which he described experiments carried out in 1802 . Of great importance in this work was the description of a stable arc discharge and the indication of its possible use for many applications , one being melting metals . In 1808 , Davy , who was unaware of Petrov 's work , rediscovered the continuous electric arc . In 1881 – 82 inventors Nikolai Benardos ( Russian ) and Stanisław Olszewski ( Polish ) created the first electric arc welding method known as carbon arc welding using carbon electrodes . The advances in arc welding continued with the invention of metal electrodes in the late 1800s by a Russian , Nikolai Slavyanov ( 1888 ) , and an American , C. L. Coffin ( 1890 ) . Around 1900 , A. P. Strohmenger released a coated metal electrode in Britain , which gave a more stable arc . In 1905 , Russian scientist Vladimir Mitkevich proposed using a three @-@ phase electric arc for welding . In 1919 , alternating current welding was invented by C. J. Holslag but did not become popular for another decade .
Resistance welding was also developed during the final decades of the 19th century , with the first patents going to Elihu Thomson in 1885 , who produced further advances over the next 15 years . Thermite welding was invented in 1893 , and around that time another process , oxyfuel welding , became well established . Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy , but its use was not practical in welding until about 1900 , when a suitable torch was developed . At first , oxyfuel welding was one of the more popular welding methods due to its portability and relatively low cost . As the 20th century progressed , however , it fell out of favor for industrial applications . It was largely replaced with arc welding , as metal coverings ( known as flux ) for the electrode that stabilize the arc and shield the base material from impurities continued to be developed .
World War I caused a major surge in the use of welding processes , with the various military powers attempting to determine which of the several new welding processes would be best . The British primarily used arc welding , even constructing a ship , the " Fullagar " with an entirely welded hull . Arc welding was first applied to aircraft during the war as well , as some German airplane fuselages were constructed using the process . Also noteworthy is the first welded road bridge in the world , the Maurzyce Bridge designed by Stefan Bryła of the Lwów University of Technology in 1927 , and built across the river Słudwia near Łowicz , Poland in 1928 .
During the 1920s , major advances were made in welding technology , including the introduction of automatic welding in 1920 , in which electrode wire was fed continuously . Shielding gas became a subject receiving much attention , as scientists attempted to protect welds from the effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere . Porosity and brittleness were the primary problems , and the solutions that developed included the use of hydrogen , argon , and helium as welding atmospheres . During the following decade , further advances allowed for the welding of reactive metals like aluminum and magnesium . This in conjunction with developments in automatic welding , alternating current , and fluxes fed a major expansion of arc welding during the 1930s and then during World War II . In 1930 , the first all @-@ welded merchant vessel , M / S Carolinian , was launched .
During the middle of the century , many new welding methods were invented . 1930 saw the release of stud welding , which soon became popular in shipbuilding and construction . Submerged arc welding was invented the same year and continues to be popular today . In 1932 a Russian , Konstantin Khrenov successfully implemented the first underwater electric arc welding . Gas tungsten arc welding , after decades of development , was finally perfected in 1941 , and gas metal arc welding followed in 1948 , allowing for fast welding of non @-@ ferrous materials but requiring expensive shielding gases . Shielded metal arc welding was developed during the 1950s , using a flux @-@ coated consumable electrode , and it quickly became the most popular metal arc welding process . In 1957 , the flux @-@ cored arc welding process debuted , in which the self @-@ shielded wire electrode could be used with automatic equipment , resulting in greatly increased welding speeds , and that same year , plasma arc welding was invented . Electroslag welding was introduced in 1958 , and it was followed by its cousin , electrogas welding , in 1961 . In 1953 the Soviet scientist N. F. Kazakov proposed the diffusion bonding method .
Other recent developments in welding include the 1958 breakthrough of electron beam welding , making deep and narrow welding possible through the concentrated heat source . Following the invention of the laser in 1960 , laser beam welding debuted several decades later , and has proved to be especially useful in high @-@ speed , automated welding . Magnetic pulse welding ( MPW ) is industrially used since 1967 . Friction stir welding was invented in 1991 by Wayne Thomas at The Welding Institute ( TWI , UK ) and found high @-@ quality applications all over the world . All of these four new processes continue to be quite expensive due the high cost of the necessary equipment , and this has limited their applications .
= = Processes = =
= = = Arc = = =
These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point . They can use either direct ( DC ) or alternating ( AC ) current , and consumable or non @-@ consumable electrodes . The welding region is sometimes protected by some type of inert or semi @-@ inert gas , known as a shielding gas , and filler material is sometimes used as well .
= = = = Power supplies = = = =
To supply the electrical power necessary for arc welding processes , a variety of different power supplies can be used . The most common welding power supplies are constant current power supplies and constant voltage power supplies . In arc welding , the length of the arc is directly related to the voltage , and the amount of heat input is related to the current . Constant current power supplies are most often used for manual welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding , because they maintain a relatively constant current even as the voltage varies . This is important because in manual welding , it can be difficult to hold the electrode perfectly steady , and as a result , the arc length and thus voltage tend to fluctuate . Constant voltage power supplies hold the voltage constant and vary the current , and as a result , are most often used for automated welding processes such as gas metal arc welding , flux cored arc welding , and submerged arc welding . In these processes , arc length is kept constant , since any fluctuation in the distance between the wire and the base material is quickly rectified by a large change in current . For example , if the wire and the base material get too close , the current will rapidly increase , which in turn causes the heat to increase and the tip of the wire to melt , returning it to its original separation distance .
The type of current used plays an important role in arc welding . Consumable electrode processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use direct current , but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively . In welding , the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration , and as a result , changing the polarity of the electrode affects weld properties . If the electrode is positively charged , the base metal will be hotter , increasing weld penetration and welding speed . Alternatively , a negatively charged electrode results in more shallow welds . Nonconsumable electrode processes , such as gas tungsten arc welding , can use either type of direct current , as well as alternating current . However , with direct current , because the electrode only creates the arc and does not provide filler material , a positively charged electrode causes shallow welds , while a negatively charged electrode makes deeper welds . Alternating current rapidly moves between these two , resulting in medium @-@ penetration welds . One disadvantage of AC , the fact that the arc must be re @-@ ignited after every zero crossing , has been addressed with the invention of special power units that produce a square wave pattern instead of the normal sine wave , making rapid zero crossings possible and minimizing the effects of the problem .
= = = = Processes = = = =
One of the most common types of arc welding is shielded metal arc welding ( SMAW ) ; it is also known as manual metal arc welding ( MMA ) or stick welding . Electric current is used to strike an arc between the base material and consumable electrode rod , which is made of filler material ( typically steel ) and is covered with a flux that protects the weld area from oxidation and contamination by producing carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) gas during the welding process . The electrode core itself acts as filler material , making a separate filler unnecessary .
The process is versatile and can be performed with relatively inexpensive equipment , making it well suited to shop jobs and field work . An operator can become reasonably proficient with a modest amount of training and can achieve mastery with experience . Weld times are rather slow , since the consumable electrodes must be frequently replaced and because slag , the residue from the flux , must be chipped away after welding . Furthermore , the process is generally limited to welding ferrous materials , though special electrodes have made possible the welding of cast iron , nickel , aluminum , copper , and other metals .
Gas metal arc welding ( GMAW ) , also known as metal inert gas or MIG welding , is a semi @-@ automatic or automatic process that uses a continuous wire feed as an electrode and an inert or semi @-@ inert gas mixture to protect the weld from contamination . Since the electrode is continuous , welding speeds are greater for GMAW than for SMAW .
A related process , flux @-@ cored arc welding ( FCAW ) , uses similar equipment but uses wire consisting of a steel electrode surrounding a powder fill material . This cored wire is more expensive than the standard solid wire and can generate fumes and / or slag , but it permits even higher welding speed and greater metal penetration .
Gas tungsten arc welding ( GTAW ) , or tungsten inert gas ( TIG ) welding , is a manual welding process that uses a nonconsumable tungsten electrode , an inert or semi @-@ inert gas mixture , and a separate filler material . Especially useful for welding thin materials , this method is characterized by a stable arc and high quality welds , but it requires significant operator skill and can only be accomplished at relatively low speeds .
GTAW can be used on nearly all weldable metals , though it is most often applied to stainless steel and light metals . It is often used when quality welds are extremely important , such as in bicycle , aircraft and naval applications . A related process , plasma arc welding , also uses a tungsten electrode but uses plasma gas to make the arc . The arc is more concentrated than the GTAW arc , making transverse control more critical and thus generally restricting the technique to a mechanized process . Because of its stable current , the method can be used on a wider range of material thicknesses than can the GTAW process and it is much faster . It can be applied to all of the same materials as GTAW except magnesium , and automated welding of stainless steel is one important application of the process . A variation of the process is plasma cutting , an efficient steel cutting process .
Submerged arc welding ( SAW ) is a high @-@ productivity welding method in which the arc is struck beneath a covering layer of flux . This increases arc quality , since contaminants in the atmosphere are blocked by the flux . The slag that forms on the weld generally comes off by itself , and combined with the use of a continuous wire feed , the weld deposition rate is high . Working conditions are much improved over other arc welding processes , since the flux hides the arc and almost no smoke is produced . The process is commonly used in industry , especially for large products and in the manufacture of welded pressure vessels . Other arc welding processes include atomic hydrogen welding , electroslag welding , electrogas welding , and stud arc welding .
= = = Gas welding = = =
The most common gas welding process is oxyfuel welding , also known as oxyacetylene welding . It is one of the oldest and most versatile welding processes , but in recent years it has become less popular in industrial applications . It is still widely used for welding pipes and tubes , as well as repair work .
The equipment is relatively inexpensive and simple , generally employing the combustion of acetylene in oxygen to produce a welding flame temperature of about 3100 ° C. The flame , since it is less concentrated than an electric arc , causes slower weld cooling , which can lead to greater residual stresses and weld distortion , though it eases the welding of high alloy steels . A similar process , generally called oxyfuel cutting , is used to cut metals .
= = = Resistance = = =
Resistance welding involves the generation of heat by passing current through the resistance caused by the contact between two or more metal surfaces . Small pools of molten metal are formed at the weld area as high current ( 1000 – 100 @,@ 000 A ) is passed through the metal . In general , resistance welding methods are efficient and cause little pollution , but their applications are somewhat limited and the equipment cost can be high .
Spot welding is a popular resistance welding method used to join overlapping metal sheets of up to 3 mm thick . Two electrodes are simultaneously used to clamp the metal sheets together and to pass current through the sheets . The advantages of the method include efficient energy use , limited workpiece deformation , high production rates , easy automation , and no required filler materials . Weld strength is significantly lower than with other welding methods , making the process suitable for only certain applications . It is used extensively in the automotive industry — ordinary cars can have several thousand spot welds made by industrial robots . A specialized process , called shot welding , can be used to spot weld stainless steel .
Like spot welding , seam welding relies on two electrodes to apply pressure and current to join metal sheets . However , instead of pointed electrodes , wheel @-@ shaped electrodes roll along and often feed the workpiece , making it possible to make long continuous welds . In the past , this process was used in the manufacture of beverage cans , but now its uses are more limited . Other resistance welding methods include butt welding , flash welding , projection welding , and upset welding .
= = = Energy beam = = =
Energy beam welding methods , namely laser beam welding and electron beam welding , are relatively new processes that have become quite popular in high production applications . The two processes are quite similar , differing most notably in their source of power . Laser beam welding employs a highly focused laser beam , while electron beam welding is done in a vacuum and uses an electron beam . Both have a very high energy density , making deep weld penetration possible and minimizing the size of the weld area . Both processes are extremely fast , and are easily automated , making them highly productive . The primary disadvantages are their very high equipment costs ( though these are decreasing ) and a susceptibility to thermal cracking . Developments in this area include laser @-@ hybrid welding , which uses principles from both laser beam welding and arc welding for even better weld properties , laser cladding , and x @-@ ray welding .
= = = Solid @-@ state = = =
Like the first welding process , forge welding , some modern welding methods do not involve the melting of the materials being joined . One of the most popular , ultrasonic welding , is used to connect thin sheets or wires made of metal or thermoplastic by vibrating them at high frequency and under high pressure . The equipment and methods involved are similar to that of resistance welding , but instead of electric current , vibration provides energy input . Welding metals with this process does not involve melting the materials ; instead , the weld is formed by introducing mechanical vibrations horizontally under pressure . When welding plastics , the materials should have similar melting temperatures , and the vibrations are introduced vertically . Ultrasonic welding is commonly used for making electrical connections out of aluminum or copper , and it is also a very common polymer welding process .
Another common process , explosion welding , involves the joining of materials by pushing them together under extremely high pressure . The energy from the impact plasticizes the materials , forming a weld , even though only a limited amount of heat is generated . The process is commonly used for welding dissimilar materials , such as the welding of aluminum with steel in ship hulls or compound plates . Other solid @-@ state welding processes include friction welding ( including friction stir welding ) , magnetic pulse welding , co @-@ extrusion welding , cold welding , diffusion bonding , exothermic welding , high frequency welding , hot pressure welding , induction welding , and roll welding .
= = Geometry = =
Welds can be geometrically prepared in many different ways . The five basic types of weld joints are the butt joint , lap joint , corner joint , edge joint , and T @-@ joint ( a variant of this last is the cruciform joint ) . Other variations exist as well — for example , double @-@ V preparation joints are characterized by the two pieces of material each tapering to a single center point at one @-@ half their height . Single @-@ U and double @-@ U preparation joints are also fairly common — instead of having straight edges like the single @-@ V and double @-@ V preparation joints , they are curved , forming the shape of a U. Lap joints are also commonly more than two pieces thick — depending on the process used and the thickness of the material , many pieces can be welded together in a lap joint geometry .
Many welding processes require the use of a particular joint design ; for example , resistance spot welding , laser beam welding , and electron beam welding are most frequently performed on lap joints . Other welding methods , like shielded metal arc welding , are extremely versatile and can weld virtually any type of joint . Some processes can also be used to make multipass welds , in which one weld is allowed to cool , and then another weld is performed on top of it . This allows for the welding of thick sections arranged in a single @-@ V preparation joint , for example .
After welding , a number of distinct regions can be identified in the weld area . The weld itself is called the fusion zone — more specifically , it is where the filler metal was laid during the welding process . The properties of the fusion zone depend primarily on the filler metal used , and its compatibility with the base materials . It is surrounded by the heat @-@ affected zone , the area that had its microstructure and properties altered by the weld . These properties depend on the base material 's behavior when subjected to heat . The metal in this area is often weaker than both the base material and the fusion zone , and is also where residual stresses are found .
= = Quality = =
Many distinct factors influence the strength of welds and the material around them , including the welding method , the amount and concentration of energy input , the weldability of the base material , filler material , and flux material , the design of the joint , and the interactions between all these factors . To test the quality of a weld , either destructive or nondestructive testing methods are commonly used to verify that welds are free of defects , have acceptable levels of residual stresses and distortion , and have acceptable heat @-@ affected zone ( HAZ ) properties . Types of welding defects include cracks , distortion , gas inclusions ( porosity ) , non @-@ metallic inclusions , lack of fusion , incomplete penetration , lamellar tearing , and undercutting .
The metalworking industry has instituted specifications and codes to guide welders , weld inspectors , engineers , managers , and property owners in proper welding technique , design of welds , how to judge the quality of Welding Procedure Specification , how to judge the skill of the person performing the weld , and how to ensure the quality of a welding job . Methods such as visual inspection , radiography , ultrasonic testing , phased @-@ array ultrasonics , dye penetrant inspection , magnetic particle inspection , or industrial computed tomography can help with detection and analysis of certain defects .
= = = Heat @-@ affected zone = = =
The effects of welding on the material surrounding the weld can be detrimental — depending on the materials used and the heat input of the welding process used , the HAZ can be of varying size and strength . The thermal diffusivity of the base material plays a large role — if the diffusivity is high , the material cooling rate is high and the HAZ is relatively small . Conversely , a low diffusivity leads to slower cooling and a larger HAZ . The amount of heat injected by the welding process plays an important role as well , as processes like oxyacetylene welding have an unconcentrated heat input and increase the size of the HAZ . Processes like laser beam welding give a highly concentrated , limited amount of heat , resulting in a small HAZ . Arc welding falls between these two extremes , with the individual processes varying somewhat in heat input . To calculate the heat input for arc welding procedures , the following formula can be used :
<formula>
where Q |
= heat input ( kJ / mm ) , V =
voltage ( V ) , I |
= current ( A ) , and S =
welding speed ( mm / min ) . The efficiency is dependent on the welding process used , with shielded metal arc welding having a value of 0 @.@ 75 , gas metal arc welding and submerged arc welding , 0 @.@ 9 , and gas tungsten arc welding , 0 @.@ 8 .
= = = Lifetime extension with aftertreatment methods = = =
The durability and life of dynamically loaded , welded steel structures is determined in many cases by the welds , particular the weld transitions . Through selective treatment of the transitions by grinding ( abrasive cutting ) , shot peening , High Frequency Impact Treatment , etc. the durability of many designs increase significantly .
= = Metallurgy = =
Most solids used are engineering materials consisting of crystalline solids in which the atoms or ions are arranged in a repetitive geometric pattern which is known as a lattice structure . The only exception is material that is made from glass which is a combination of a supercooled liquid and polymers which are aggregates of large organic molecules .
Crystalline solids cohesion is obtained by a metallic or chemical bond which is formed between the constituent atoms . Chemical bonds can be grouped into two types consisting of ionic and covalent . To form an ionic bond , either a valence or bonding electron separates from one atom and becomes attached to another atom to form oppositely charged ions . The bonding in the static position is when the ions occupy an equilibrium position where the resulting force between them is zero . When the ions are exerted in tension force , the inter @-@ ionic spacing increases creating an electrostatic attractive force , while a repulsing force under compressive force between the atomic nuclei is dominant .
Covalent bonding takes place when one of the constituent atoms loses one or more electrons , with the other atom gaining the electrons , resulting in an electron cloud that is shared by the molecule as a whole . In both ionic and covalent bonding the location of the ions and electrons are constrained relative to each other , thereby resulting in the bond being characteristically brittle .
Metallic bonding can be classified as a type of covalent bonding for which the constituent atoms of the same type and do not combine with one another to form a chemical bond . Atoms will lose an electron ( s ) forming an array of positive ions . These electrons are shared by the lattice which makes the electron cluster mobile , as the electrons are free to move as well as the ions . For this , it gives metals their relatively high thermal and electrical conductivity as well as being characteristically ductile .
Three of the most commonly used crystal lattice structures in metals are the body @-@ centred cubic , face @-@ centred cubic and close @-@ packed hexagonal . Ferritic steel has a body @-@ centred cubic structure and austenitic steel , non @-@ ferrous metals like aluminum , copper and nickel have the face @-@ centred cubic structure .
Ductility is an important factor in ensuring the integrity of structures by enabling them to sustain local stress concentrations without fracture . In addition , structures are required to be of an acceptable strength , which is related to a material 's yield strength . In general , as the yield strength of a material increases , there is a corresponding reduction in fracture toughness .
A reduction in fracture toughness may also be attributed to the embrittlement effect of impurities , or for body @-@ centred cubic metals , from a reduction in temperature . Metals and in particular steels have a transitional temperature range where above this range the metal has acceptable notch @-@ ductility while below this range the material becomes brittle . Within the range , the materials behavior is unpredictable . The reduction in fracture toughness is accompanied by a change in the fracture appearance . When above the transition , the fracture is primarily due to micro @-@ void coalescence , which results in the fracture appearing fibrous . When the temperatures falls the fracture will show signs of cleavage facets . These two appearances are visible by the naked eye . Brittle fracture in steel plates may appear as chevron markings under the microscope . These arrow @-@ like ridges on the crack surface point towards the origin of the fracture .
Fracture toughness is measured using a notched and pre @-@ cracked rectangular specimen , of which the dimensions are specified in standards , for example ASTM E23 . There are other means of estimating or measuring fracture toughness by the following : The Charpy impact test per ASTM A370 ; The crack @-@ tip opening displacement ( CTOD ) test per BS 7448 @-@ 1 ; The J integral test per ASTM E1820 ; The Pellini drop @-@ weight test per ASTM E208 .
= = Unusual conditions = =
While many welding applications are done in controlled environments such as factories and repair shops , some welding processes are commonly used in a wide variety of conditions , such as open air , underwater , and vacuums ( such as space ) . In open @-@ air applications , such as construction and outdoors repair , shielded metal arc welding is the most common process . Processes that employ inert gases to protect the weld cannot be readily used in such situations , because unpredictable atmospheric movements can result in a faulty weld . Shielded metal arc welding is also often used in underwater welding in the construction and repair of ships , offshore platforms , and pipelines , but others , such as flux cored arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding , are also common . Welding in space is also possible — it was first attempted in 1969 by Russian cosmonauts , when they performed experiments to test shielded metal arc welding , plasma arc welding , and electron beam welding in a depressurized environment . Further testing of these methods was done in the following decades , and today researchers continue to develop methods for using other welding processes in space , such as laser beam welding , resistance welding , and friction welding . Advances in these areas may be useful for future endeavours similar to the construction of the International Space Station , which could rely on welding for joining in space the parts that were manufactured on Earth .
= = Safety issues = =
Welding can be dangerous and unhealthy if the proper precautions are not taken . However , using new technology and proper protection greatly reduces risks of injury and death associated with welding . Since many common welding procedures involve an open electric arc or flame , the risk of burns and fire is significant ; this is why it is classified as a hot work process . To prevent injury , welders wear personal protective equipment in the form of heavy leather gloves and protective long @-@ sleeve jackets to avoid exposure to extreme heat and flames . Additionally , the brightness of the weld area leads to a condition called arc eye or flash burns in which ultraviolet light causes inflammation of the cornea and can burn the retinas of the eyes . Goggles and welding helmets with dark UV @-@ filtering face plates are worn to prevent this exposure . Since the 2000s , some helmets have included a face plate which instantly darkens upon exposure to the intense UV light . To protect bystanders , the welding area is often surrounded with translucent welding curtains . These curtains , made of a polyvinyl chloride plastic film , shield people outside the welding area from the UV light of the electric arc , but can not replace the filter glass used in helmets .
Welders are often exposed to dangerous gases and particulate matter . Processes like flux @-@ cored arc welding and shielded metal arc welding produce smoke containing particles of various types of oxides . The size of the particles in question tends to influence the toxicity of the fumes , with smaller particles presenting a greater danger . This is because smaller particles have the ability to cross the blood brain barrier . Fumes and gases , such as carbon dioxide , ozone , and fumes containing heavy metals , can be dangerous to welders lacking proper ventilation and training . Exposure to manganese welding fumes , for example , even at low levels ( < 0 @.@ 2 mg / m3 ) , may lead to neurological problems or to damage to the lungs , liver , kidneys , or central nervous system . Nano particles can become trapped in the alveolar macrophages of the lungs and induce pulmonary fibrosis . The use of compressed gases and flames in many welding processes poses an explosion and fire risk . Some common precautions include limiting the amount of oxygen in the air , and keeping combustible materials away from the workplace .
= = Costs and trends = =
As an industrial process , the cost of welding plays a crucial role in manufacturing decisions . Many different variables affect the total cost , including equipment cost , labor cost , material cost , and energy cost . Depending on the process , equipment cost can vary , from inexpensive for methods like shielded metal arc welding and oxyfuel welding , to extremely expensive for methods like laser beam welding and electron beam welding . Because of their high cost , they are only used in high production operations . Similarly , because automation and robots increase equipment costs , they are only implemented when high production is necessary . Labor cost depends on the deposition rate ( the rate of welding ) , the hourly wage , and the total operation time , including time spent fitting , welding , and handling the part . The cost of materials includes the cost of the base and filler material , and the cost of shielding gases . Finally , energy cost depends on arc time and welding power demand .
For manual welding methods , labor costs generally make up the vast majority of the total cost . As a result , many cost @-@ saving measures are focused on minimizing operation time . To do this , welding procedures with high deposition rates can be selected , and weld parameters can be fine @-@ tuned to increase welding speed . Mechanization and automation are often implemented to reduce labor costs , but this frequently increases the cost of equipment and creates additional setup time . Material costs tend to increase when special properties are necessary , and energy costs normally do not amount to more than several percent of the total welding cost .
In recent years , in order to minimize labor costs in high production manufacturing , industrial welding has become increasingly more automated , most notably with the use of robots in resistance spot welding ( especially in the automotive industry ) and in arc welding . In robot welding , mechanized devices both hold the material and perform the weld and at first , spot welding was its most common application , but robotic arc welding increases in popularity as technology advances . Other key areas of research and development include the welding of dissimilar materials ( such as steel and aluminum , for example ) and new welding processes , such as friction stir , magnetic pulse , conductive heat seam , and laser @-@ hybrid welding . Furthermore , progress is desired in making more specialized methods like laser beam welding practical for more applications , such as in the aerospace and automotive industries . Researchers also hope to better understand the often unpredictable properties of welds , especially microstructure , residual stresses , and a weld 's tendency to crack or deform .
The trend of accelerating the speed at which welds are performed in the steel erection industry comes at a risk to the integrity of the connection . Without proper fusion to the base materials provided by sufficient arc time on the weld , a project inspector cannot ensure the effective diameter of the puddle weld therefore he or she cannot guarantee the published load capacities unless they witness the actual installation . This method of puddle welding is common in the United States and Canada for attaching steel sheets to bar joist and structural steel members . Regional agencies are responsible for ensuring the proper installation of puddle welding on steel construction sites . Currently there is no standard or weld procedure which can ensure the published holding capacity of any unwitnessed connection , but this is under review by the American Welding Society .
= = Glass and plastic welding = =
Glasses and certain types of plastics are commonly welded materials . Unlike metals , which have a specific melting point , glasses and plastics have a melting range , called the glass transition . When heating the solid material into this range , it will generally become softer and more pliable . When it crosses through the glass transition , it will become a very thick , sluggish , viscous liquid . Typically , this viscous liquid will have very little surface tension , becoming a sticky , honey @-@ like consistency , so welding can usually take place by simply pressing two melted surfaces together . The two liquids will generally mix and join at first contact . Upon cooling through the glass transition , the welded piece will solidify as one solid piece of amorphous material .
= = = Glass welding = = =
Glass welding is a common practice during glassblowing . It is used very often in the construction of lighting , neon signs , flashtubes , scientific equipment , and the manufacture of dishes and other glassware . It is also used during glass casting for joining the halves of glass molds , making items such as bottles and jars . Welding glass is accomplished by heating the glass through the glass transition , turning it into a thick , formable , liquid mass . Heating is usually done with a gas or oxy @-@ gas torch , or a furnace , because the temperatures for melting glass are often quite high . This temperature may vary , depending on the type of glass . For example , lead glass becomes a weldable liquid at around 1 @,@ 600 ° F ( 870 ° C ) , and can be welded with a simple propane torch . On the other hand , quartz glass ( fused silica ) must be heated to over 3 @,@ 000 ° F ( 1 @,@ 650 ° C ) , but quickly loses its viscosity and formability if overheated , so an oxyhydrogen torch must be used . Sometimes a tube may be attached to the glass , allowing it to be blown into various shapes , such as bulbs , bottles , or tubes . When two pieces of liquid glass are pressed together , they will usually weld very readily . Welding a handle onto a pitcher can usually be done with relative ease . However , when welding a tube to another tube , a combination of blowing and suction , and pressing and pulling is used to ensure a good seal , to shape the glass , and to keep the surface tension from closing the tube in on itself . Sometimes a filler rod may be used , but usually not .
Because glass is very brittle in its solid state , it is often prone to cracking upon heating and cooling , especially if the heating and cooling are uneven . This is because the brittleness of glass does not allow for uneven thermal expansion . Glass that has been welded will usually need to be cooled very slowly and evenly through the glass transition , in a process called annealing , to relieve any internal stresses created by a temperature gradient .
There are many types of glass , and it is most common to weld using the same types . Different glasses often have different rates of thermal expansion , which can cause them to crack upon cooling when they contract differently . For instance , quartz has very low thermal expansion , while soda @-@ lime glass has very high thermal expansion . When welding different glasses to each other , it is usually important to closely match their coefficients of thermal expansion , to ensure that cracking does not occur . Also , some glasses will simply not mix with others , so welding between certain types may not be possible .
Glass can also be welded to metals and ceramics , although with metals the process is usually more adhesion to the surface of the metal rather than a commingling of the two materials . However , certain glasses will typically bond only to certain metals . For example , lead glass bonds readily to copper or molybdenum , but not to aluminum . Tungsten electrodes are often used in lighting but will not bond to quartz glass , so the tungsten is often wetted with molten borosilicate glass , which bonds to both tungsten and quartz . However , care must be taken to ensure that all materials have similar coefficients of thermal expansion to prevent cracking both when the object cools and when it is heated again . Special alloys are often used for this purpose , ensuring that the coefficients of expansion match , and sometimes thin , metallic coatings may be applied to a metal to create a good bond with the glass .
= = = Plastic welding = = =
Plastics are generally divided into two categories , which are " thermosets " and " thermoplastics . " A thermoset is a plastic in which a chemical reaction sets the molecular bonds after first forming the plastic , and then the bonds cannot be broken again without degrading the plastic . Thermosets cannot be melted , therefore , once a thermoset has set it is impossible to weld it . Examples of thermosets include epoxies , silicone , vulcanized rubber , polyester , and polyurethane .
Thermoplastics , by contrast , form long molecular chains , which are often coiled or intertwined , forming an amorphous structure without any long @-@ range , crystalline order . Some thermoplastics may be fully amorphous , while others have a partially crystalline / partially amorphous structure . Both amorphous and semicrystalline thermoplastics have a glass transition , above which welding can occur , but semicrystallines also have a specific melting point which is above the glass transition . Above this melting point , the viscous liquid will become a free @-@ flowing liquid ( see rheological weldability for thermoplastics ) . Examples of thermoplastics include polyethylene , polypropylene , polystyrene , polyvinylchloride ( PVC ) , and fluoroplastics like Teflon and Spectralon .
Welding thermoplastic is very similar to welding glass . The plastic first must be cleaned and then heated through the glass transition , turning the weld @-@ interface into a thick , viscous liquid . Two heated interfaces can then be pressed together , allowing the molecules to mix through intermolecular diffusion , joining them as one . Then the plastic is cooled through the glass transition , allowing the weld to solidify . A filler rod may often be used for certain types of joints . The main differences between welding glass and plastic are the types of heating methods , the much lower melting temperatures , and the fact that plastics will burn if overheated . Many different methods have been devised for heating plastic to a weldable temperature without burning it . Ovens or electric heating tools can be used to melt the plastic . Ultrasonic , laser , or friction heating are other methods . Resistive metals may be implanted in the plastic , which respond to induction heating . Some plastics will begin to burn at temperatures lower than their glass transition , so welding can be performed by blowing a heated , inert gas onto the plastic , melting it while , at the same time , shielding it from oxygen .
Many thermoplastics can also be welded using chemical solvents . When placed in contact with the plastic , the solvent will begin to soften it , bringing the surface into a thick , liquid solution . When two melted surfaces are pressed together , the molecules in the solution mix , joining them as one . Because the solvent can permeate the plastic , the solvent evaporates out through the surface of the plastic , causing the weld to drop out of solution and solidify . A common use for solvent welding is for joining PVC or ABS ( acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ) pipes during plumbing , or for welding styrene and polystyrene plastics in the construction of models . Solvent welding is especially effective on plastics like PVC which burn at or below their glass transition , but may be ineffective on plastics like Teflon or polyethylene that are resistant to chemical decomposition .
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= History of Gillingham F.C. =
For a statistical breakdown by season , see Gillingham F.C. seasons
Gillingham F.C. is an English football club based in Gillingham , Kent . The history of Gillingham F.C. covers the years from the club 's formation to the present day . The club was formed in 1893 , and played in the Southern League until 1920 , when that league 's top division was absorbed into the Football League as its new Division Three . The club was voted out of the league in favour of Ipswich Town at the end of the 1937 – 38 season , but returned 12 years later , when that league was expanded from 88 to 92 clubs .
Twice in the late 1980s Gillingham came close to winning promotion to the second tier of English football , but a decline then set in and in 1993 the club narrowly avoided relegation to the Football Conference . In 2000 , the " Gills " reached the second tier of the English league for the first time in the club 's history and went on to spend five seasons at this level , achieving a club record highest league finish of eleventh place in 2002 – 03 . The club has twice won the division comprising the fourth level in the football league pyramid : the Football League Fourth Division championship in 1963 – 64 and the Football League Two championship in 2012 @-@ 13 .
= = The early years : 1893 – 1920 = =
The local success of a junior football side , Chatham Excelsior F.C. , encouraged a group of businessmen to meet at the Napier Arms pub on 18 May 1893 , with a view to creating a football club that could compete in larger competitions . To do this , the club required an enclosed playing area where an admission fee could be charged , which Excelsior lacked . New Brompton F.C. was formed at the meeting , incorporating a number of Excelsior players . The gentlemen also purchased the plot of land which would later become Priestfield Stadium , where a pitch was quickly laid and a pavilion constructed . New Brompton 's first team played their first match on 2 September 1893 , with the new team , sporting Excelsior 's black and white stripes , being defeated 1 – 5 by Woolwich Arsenal 's reserve team in front of a crowd of 2 @,@ 000 . As a " curtain @-@ raiser " immediately prior to this match , New Brompton 's own reserves played a match against Grays , which was therefore technically the first match played by a team representing the club .
New Brompton joined the Southern League upon its creation in 1894 , being placed in Division Two because it was one of the last clubs to be invited to join the league . Upon joining the league , New Brompton turned professional , with the players agreeing to be paid 12 shillings per match , and promptly won the Division Two championship in the 1894 – 95 season . With a record of one defeat and eleven victories from twelve matches , the team concluded the season with a " test match " against Swindon Town , who had finished bottom of Division One . As 5 – 1 winners , New Brompton gained promotion to Division One the following season . In 1896 the club appointed its first manager when William Ironside Groombridge , who had previously served as the club 's financial secretary , took charge of team affairs . Groombridge served the club , as secretary and sometimes manager , until well after the First World War .
New Brompton struggled in Division One , generally finishing close to the foot of the table , but did reach the first round proper of the FA Cup for the first time in 1899 – 1900 , losing 1 – 0 to Southampton . In the same season the club was forced to play a league fixture at the home ground of Woolwich Arsenal when Priestfield was closed due to crowd trouble in a match against Millwall .
In the 1907 – 08 season , under the management of the former England international Stephen Smith , New Brompton finished bottom of the table , avoiding relegation only due to the expansion of the league , but did achieve a cup victory over First Division Sunderland , remembered for a hat @-@ trick from Charlie McGibbon .
In 1912 the directors passed a resolution to change the club 's name to Gillingham F.C. , and the team played under this name throughout the 1912 – 13 season , although the change was not officially ratified by the shareholders until the following year . To coincide with the change , the team began sporting a new kit of red shirts with blue sleeves . The side again finished bottom of the division in the 1914 – 15 season , but avoided relegation for a second time when the league was suspended due to the escalation of the First World War .
Once the competition resumed after the war Gillingham , once again wearing black and white , continued to fare poorly , again finishing bottom of Division One in the 1919 – 20 season . For a third time , however , the club avoided relegation , due to the subsequent elevation of all Southern League Division One clubs to form the new Football League Division Three .
= = Into the Football League : 1920 – 1938 = =
In the club 's first match in the newly created Football League Division Three , Gillingham held Southampton to a 1 – 1 draw in front of a new record Priestfield crowd of 11 @,@ 500 , with Tom Gilbey scoring the club 's first goal in league competition . Under new manager John McMillan the team struggled and finished the 1920 – 21 season bottom of the table , and in the years to follow there was little improvement , with the club regularly finishing in the lower reaches of the bottom division . Gillingham did not manage to finish in the top half of the table until 1925 – 26 , when the team finished in 10th place , due mainly to the goals of Dick Edmed , who was promptly signed by Liverpool for a fee of £ 1 @,@ 750 , a new Gillingham record . Manager Harry Curtis departed soon afterwards to take over at Brentford , and former Wolverhampton Wanderers manager Albert Hoskins stepped down a division to manage the club , but he could do little to change the team 's fortunes and left in 1929 after Gillingham finished bottom of the table once again .
Striker Fred Cheesmur set a new club record in the 1929 – 30 season when he scored six goals in a match against Merthyr Town . This remains the highest number of goals scored by a Gillingham player in a professional match , but was a rare high point in a season which saw Gillingham forced to apply for re @-@ election to the league . The following year the club abandoned its traditional black and white striped shirts in favour of blue shirts and white shorts , colours which have remained associated with Gillingham ever since , although the black and white stripes are still visible in the current version of the club 's badge . In 1932 – 33 former Crystal Palace manager Fred Maven led the club to its highest league finish to date , finishing the season in 7th place , but it was a feat which could not be repeated and the team returned to struggling at the foot of the table the following season .
In the 1934 – 35 season centre @-@ forward Sim Raleigh , the club 's top scorer the previous season and a player seen as a future star , suffered a brain haemorrhage following a blow to the head in a match against Brighton & Hove Albion on 1 December . Although he played on he collapsed during the second half and died in hospital later the same day . The club launched a fund which raised over £ 250 for his widow and child .
In 1938 the Gills finished bottom of the now @-@ regionalised Third Division South once more , and were required to apply for re @-@ election to the Football League for the fifth time since joining it in 1920 . This time the club 's bid for re @-@ election failed , with Ipswich Town registering 36 votes to Gillingham 's 28 and being promoted into the League . At the time it was considered a distinct possibility that Gillingham , saddled with heavy debts incurred during the preceding unsuccessful seasons , might not survive , but the club carried on , and returned to the Southern League the following season , albeit without manager Alan Ure , who was replaced by Bill Harvey .
= = The wilderness years : 1938 – 1950 = =
The club 's second stint in the Southern League was interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , which saw newly appointed manager Archie Clark and most of the players assigned to work at the local dockyards . When competitive football resumed , Gillingham played in the first incarnation of the Kent League , winning the title in both 1944 – 45 and 1945 – 46 . In the second of these seasons the team also won the Kent Senior Cup , Kent County Challenge Cup and Kent League Cup , to complete a clean sweep of every senior trophy in the county . Following their Kent League triumphs , the Gills returned to the Southern League for the 1946 – 47 season , in which the team again won two trophies , claiming both the Southern League Cup and the Southern League title itself , and registered a club record 12 – 1 victory over Gloucester City . Striker Hughie Russell scored nine goals in the match , and missed out on double figures when he hit the bar late in the game .
Although Gillingham missed out on the Southern League title the following season , finishing as runners @-@ up , the team again captured the Kent Senior Cup , as well as setting a club record attendance of 23 @,@ 002 for a cup match against Queens Park Rangers . Gillingham applied for re @-@ election to the Football League in the summer of 1948 but , despite producing a glossy brochure detailing the team 's achievements , the club saw its application rejected , with only one vote cast in its favour . Despite this disappointment , the team continued to perform strongly in the Southern League and successfully regained the league title in 1948 – 49 . In 1950 plans were announced to expand the Third Division South from 22 to 24 teams and , based on the team 's local success in the interim , Gillingham gained re @-@ election to the Football League , receiving the highest number of votes amongst the candidate clubs .
= = Return to the Football League : 1950 – 1974 = =
Gillingham 's first game back in the Football League saw the Kent club hold fellow new entrants Colchester United to a 0 – 0 draw at Priestfield in front of 19 @,@ 542 fans . The 1950 – 51 season saw the Gills both concede and score nine goals in individual matches , and finished with them bottom of the table , a performance which was repeated the following season . In 1952 striker Jimmy Scarth set a Football League record when he scored a hat @-@ trick in approximately 2 minutes 30 seconds against Leyton Orient , which was officially recognised as the fastest hat @-@ trick in the history of the Football League until February 2004 .
Gillingham 's fortunes on the field gradually improved and the team finished in the top half of the Third Division South on three occasions , helped by the goals of Ernie Morgan , who in 1954 – 55 set a new club record by scoring 31 league goals . In 1956 – 57 and 1957 – 58 , however , the Gills found themselves once again rooted firmly to the bottom of the table , and this meant that with the restructuring of the league system for the 1958 – 59 season , the team was placed in the newly created Fourth Division – a top @-@ half finish would have led to placement in the new national Third Division . 1958 also saw the departure of long @-@ serving manager Archie Clark , who had held the post since before the Second World War , with Harry Barratt taking over .
The Gills were still in the Fourth Division in 1962 when Barratt was replaced as manager by Freddie Cox , who inherited a team which had just finished 20th in the table . Cox set about fashioning a new team noted for its formidable defensive capabilities . After finishing in 5th place in 1962 – 63 Gillingham went on to gain promotion the following year , winning the only championship in the club 's history . With goalkeeper John Simpson setting a new club record by conceding only 30 goals all season , the team finished level on 60 points with Carlisle United , but with a fractionally better goal average , and so claimed the championship in the tightest finish in Football League history .
Gillingham initially performed well at the higher level , twice coming close to promotion , but performances then declined and the club was relegated back to the Fourth Division in 1970 – 71 . The Gills quickly bounced back , however , and were promoted back to the Third Division in 1973 – 74 under the management of Andy Nelson . With the help of players such as Brian Yeo , who equalled Ernie Morgan 's record for most league goals in a season with 31 , Gillingham scored a club record total of 90 league goals and finished as runners @-@ up to Peterborough United .
= = Consolidation , then collapse : 1974 – 1995 = =
After guiding the club to promotion Andy Nelson left to take over as manager of Charlton Athletic and was replaced by Len Ashurst , but his managerial reign lasted only 16 months . Gerry Summers took over and was to take the club the closest it had ever come to promotion to Division Two when , in 1978 – 79 , Gillingham finished just one point off a promotion place , but two years later Summers was replaced by Keith Peacock . Peacock put together a team which developed a reputation for exciting , attacking play , and also brought through the ranks a number of young players who went on to achieve success at a higher level , including Micky Adams , Steve Bruce , and Tony Cascarino , who was famously bought from non @-@ league Crockenhill in exchange for a set of tracksuits . Gillingham came close to promotion several times during Peacock 's reign , with four top @-@ six finishes in six years , and in 1986 – 87 reached the play @-@ offs ( in their first year of existence ) only to lose in the final to Swindon Town . Deadlocked at 2 – 2 after the home and away legs of the final , the two teams had to play a third match at a neutral venue , which Swindon won 2 – 0 .
The club 's failure to gain promotion meant that it was unable to hang on to the ambitious Cascarino , who was sold to Millwall for £ 225 @,@ 000 , but despite the loss of the team 's star striker the Gills ' 1987 – 88 season began with a flurry of goals . On consecutive Saturdays Gillingham beat Southend United 8 – 1 and Chesterfield 10 – 0 ( the latter a new club record for a professional match ) , but the early @-@ season promise faded and in December Peacock was controversially sacked after a 6 – 0 defeat to Aldershot . His assistant , Paul Taylor , was promoted to manager , but after an unsuccessful spell in charge Taylor was himself replaced in October 1988 by former Tottenham Hotspur manager Keith Burkinshaw . Burkinshaw was unable to turn the team 's fortunes around , however , and departed shortly before the club 's relegation to Division Four was confirmed at the end of the 1988 – 89 season .
Former Gillingham player Damien Richardson became the club 's next manager , with veteran goalkeeper Ron Hillyard as his assistant , but the club 's financial situation was poor and the pair struggled to produce results with a squad composed of ageing journeymen and untried youngsters , and both men were sacked in September 1992 , with Glenn Roeder taking over as manager . Gillingham 's league status was in jeopardy for most of the 1992 – 93 Division Three campaign , with relegation to the Football Conference a distinct possibility until the last home match of the season , when a 2 – 0 win over Halifax Town ensured the club 's survival . Nonetheless , the financial crisis continued at Priestfield , and steadily improving league form over the next two seasons did little to disguise the fact that the club was in real danger of going out of existence .
The club eventually went into receivership in January 1995 , and by the end of the 1994 – 95 season , with Gillingham facing the threat of being expelled from the Football League and closed down , fans were wondering whether they had seen the last ever Gills match . However , help was on its way in the form of a last @-@ ditch purchase of the club .
= = Revival : 1995 – 2000 = =
In June 1995 a London @-@ based former office supplies salesman , Paul Scally , stepped in and bought the club for a nominal fee . Scally brought in new manager Tony Pulis , who signed almost a complete new team and led Gillingham to promotion in his first season , finishing second in Division Three ( now Football League Two ) . This season was also notable for the fact that the team only conceded 20 league goals – a league record for a 46 @-@ game season . In 1999 Gillingham reached the playoffs , but lost in the Second Division play @-@ off final against Manchester City . Following goals by the prolific partnership of Robert Taylor and Carl Asaba , the Gills led 2 – 0 with less than two minutes left , only to see Manchester City score twice , the equaliser in injury time , and then win a penalty shoot @-@ out 3 – 1 .
Soon after the play @-@ off loss , Pulis was sacked for gross misconduct , with Peter Taylor replacing him as manager . In the 1999 – 00 season Gillingham went on a club record breaking FA Cup run , beating then @-@ Premiership teams Bradford City and Sheffield Wednesday before losing 5 – 0 to Chelsea in the quarter @-@ finals . The team also finished in third place in the league and thus qualified for the play @-@ offs again , facing Wigan Athletic at Wembley Stadium in the final . The game finished 1 – 1 after 90 minutes but thanks to goals in extra time from Gillingham substitutes Steve Butler and Andy Thomson the club was promoted to the second tier of the English league ( Division One ) for the first time . As Taylor had only signed a one @-@ year deal , Leicester City , then in the Premiership , approached him to be their new manager .
= = The Division One years : 2000 – 2005 = =
Former team captain Andy Hessenthaler was appointed player @-@ manager , having previously served as player @-@ coach , and led the club to league finishes of 13th , 12th and 11th in his first three seasons in charge . In contrast , the 2003 – 04 season saw the club escape relegation by the narrowest of margins , with a last day goalless draw keeping Gillingham above Walsall on goal difference , with just one goal separating the two teams . John Gorman was appointed to help Hessenthaler as the side started the 2004 – 05 season poorly , but as the team continued to struggle at the wrong end of the table Hessenthaler resigned as manager in late November . Somewhat unusually he continued to be employed as a player . Gorman succeeded Hessenthaler in a caretaker capacity but left the club to take the manager 's job at Wycombe Wanderers . Gillingham then appointed former Burnley boss Stan Ternent as manager , but despite a late run of positive results , he couldn 't prevent the Gills ' relegation to League One on the last day of the season . In a reversal of the previous season 's fortunes , Crewe Alexandra , the team immediately above Gillingham in the table , survived by just one goal .
= = Setback : 2005 – present = =
The 2005 – 06 season started with Neale Cooper being appointed as the new manager , but despite achieving a 3 – 2 victory over Premiership side Portsmouth in the Football League Cup , the team struggled in the league , and shortly after defeat in the first round of the FA Cup by Northern Premier League side Burscough , Cooper resigned . He was replaced by Ronnie Jepson , who led the team to a mid @-@ table finish , which he repeated in 2006 – 07 . After a poor start to the 2007 – 08 season Jepson resigned , and Mick Docherty and Iffy Onuora were appointed joint caretaker managers . Docherty left the club a month later , but Onuora remained in charge until the appointment of Mark Stimson on 1 November 2007 . At the end of the 2007 – 08 season the club was relegated from League One . The following season the Gills earned promotion through the play @-@ offs after finishing fifth in the league , Simeon Jackson scoring the only goal in the final against Shrewsbury Town at Wembley Stadium . In the 2009 – 10 season , however , the Gills were relegated back to League Two , with Stimson leaving the club by mutual consent two days after the end of the season . Within two weeks , Andy Hessenthaler returned for a second spell as manager .
For two consecutive seasons the Gills finished just outside the play @-@ off places in League Two , following which Hessenthaler was moved to the position of Director of Football and Martin Allen appointed as manager . In the 2012 – 13 season , helped by a new club record of eleven away wins in a season , the club once again gained promotion back to League One , winning the League Two championship , only the second title the club had ever won at a professional level . The following October , however , Allen was sacked after a poor start to the season and Peter Taylor was appointed manager for a second time .
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= Grabbed by the Ghoulies =
Grabbed by the Ghoulies is an action @-@ adventure video game developed by Rare and published by Microsoft Studios for the Xbox . It was first released in North America on 21 October 2003 , in Europe on 21 November 2003 and in Japan on 29 April 2004 . It was re @-@ released worldwide on the Xbox 360 as a downloadable Xbox Live Originals title on 16 February 2009 , before being removed from the store on 16 June 2015 . However , it was later released as part of the compilation Rare Replay for Xbox One . The game follows a young boy , Cooper Chance , who sets out to rescue his girlfriend from a mansion haunted by supernatural creatures .
Having originally been in development for the GameCube , Grabbed by the Ghoulies was the first Rare game to be published by Microsoft after Rare was bought out from Nintendo . The game was met with mixed reviews upon release . Criticism was directed at the art style and gameplay , but the game 's graphics were praised . Grabbed by the Ghoulies was nominated for the Cons
= = Plot = =
A young boy named Cooper and his girlfriend , Amber , are seen searching frantically for civilisation after they take a wrong turn . They are caught in a storm and head to a nearby mansion to seek shelter . Once outside , Cooper checks his map , but is unaware that someone is watching . Baron von Ghoul , the game 's main antagonist , looks down from his window and orders two gargoyles to retrieve Cooper and Amber . Amber is kidnapped by the gargoyles and is taken into the Ghouly Mansion , with Cooper in pursuit . Once inside the mansion , Cooper realises that Amber is nowhere to be seen in the Grand Hallway . Crivens , the mansion 's butler , tells him to go to the archives where Amber is held . On the way , a huge group of boxing skeletons challenge Cooper to a boxing match , with Cooper emerging victorious . Upon reaching the archives , Cooper finds Amber being held hostage by a mad scientist named Dr. Krackpot . Krackpot then shoots Amber with his laser rifle and she transforms into a horrible creature .
Cooper runs for help and goes into the kitchen . Ma Soupswill , the cook , is delighted to help , but Cooper must retrieve three ingredients : Glowworms , a giant egg , and a sprig of dungweed . After retrieving the ingredients , Ma Soupswill creates a potion to reverse the effects on Amber . However , she unwittingly transforms Amber into an even more hideous monster , having added the wrong spice , and Amber attacks Cooper in anger . Cooper defeats the mutated Amber and Ma Soupswill arrives with the correct spice , finally transforming Amber back to herself . Afterward , Cooper and Amber attempt to escape the mansion but are stopped by Mr. Ribs ( Ma Soupswill 's assistant ) . He tells them to help free the other children who are imprisoned all over the mansion . Cooper seeks Crivens for help and tells him that only the Baron has the key to free them . To get to his room , Cooper must collect three pieces of a rhyme which opens the door to the Baron 's room . Once there , a battle ensues , and Cooper emerges victorious .
Cooper allies with Mr. Ribs to free the imprisoned children before finally reaching the exit of the mansion . Once outside , imps knock Cooper and Mr. Ribs out , but Ma Soupswill arrives and defeats them . Cooper regains consciousness and he and Amber leave the mansion , but the household staff prefer to stay . As Cooper and Amber walk towards a small town , the Baron can be seen flying his plane towards it .
= = Gameplay = =
Grabbed by the Ghoulies is a 3D action @-@ adventure game with platforming elements . Breaking with the style of previous Rare platformers , the gameplay is simple in design , utilising the premise of moving through areas of the game 's mansion and completing the required beat ' em up challenges in each room . Such challenges include eliminating all ghouls in a room , beating only a specified kind of ghoul while avoiding eliminating the rest or defeating a boss before the player @-@ character , Cooper , can continue . All combat and melee attacks are manoeuvred by the control sticks , whereas the game 's camera can be rotated by both triggers . When the player fails a challenge or takes longer than a set time limit to complete one , the Grim Reaper chases after the player @-@ character ; the Reaper will rip out Cooper 's soul if the character does not leave the room in time . Standard enemies in the game include zombies , mummies , imps , skeletons and zombie pirates . There are also various bosses that must be defeated in order to advance . Many objects in the game with which the character can interact — including chairs , knives , and axes — can be used as weapons .
The game also features various Bonus Challenges . When Cooper collects five Rare books ( there are 100 Rare books in total ) during his adventure in Ghoulhaven Hall , a Bonus Challenge is unlocked . The main objective of the Bonus challenges is to revisit one of the rooms and perform a different task within it , such as defeating a number of enemies in a certain amount or time or surviving a duel with the Grim Reaper . Upon completing a Bonus Challenge , the player is awarded with a bronze , silver , gold or platinum medal based on their performance . For every platinum medal earned , a piece of the game 's concept art is unlocked . If the player collects all 100 Rare books and earns all 20 platinum medals , the player is given the option to reset the game with Amber unlocked as the new playable character .
= = Development and release = =
The development of Grabbed by the Ghoulies began after the release of Conker 's Bad Fur Day . The idea for the game began with the name which comes from the slang term for being " grabbed by the testicles " . According to designer Gregg Mayles , the name of the game materialised after he overheard someone mention " being grabbed by the goolies " , and thought that it would make a suitable name for an upcoming Rare game . Before any details of the game were publicised , it was rumoured that Grabbed by the Ghoulies would be the subtitle to the next Conker the Squirrel game . After Microsoft purchased Rare for £ 375 million in 2002 , development of the game for the GameCube was delayed until Rare converted it to the Xbox console .
Development of the game took under three years . It was originally conceived as a larger , non @-@ linear open platform game for the GameCube . However , a simpler design and simpler concept were adopted due to the Microsoft buyout and increasing time constraints . After Microsoft 's purchase of Rare , the studio re @-@ affirmed their " simple design " of the game so that players would be able to easily adapt and devote less commitment to it . In a retrospective interview , Mayles stated that the change from GameCube to Xbox was difficult and required a lot of changes as Grabbed by the Ghoulies was " an original game that started life as a Nintendo product " .
According to Mayles , Grabbed by the Ghoulies was not inspired by Rare 's similar @-@ themed Atic Atac . The cel @-@ shaded art style and design of the characters in Grabbed by the Ghoulies were inspired by Hanna @-@ Barbera cartoons , and the various character personalities were based both on historical figures and people from Mayles ' childhood . Antagonist Baron von Ghoul was " a mix " of the Red Baron and British aristocracy , whereas supportive characters , such as Ma Soupswill , were loosely based on staff from a school . Mayles considered the conversion of the game to the Xbox to be one of the hardest challenges during development , as Rare had less than a year to finish the game once it was converted .
The game was revealed at E3 2003 , with a playable demo being a mostly complete version of the game , albeit with a few levels missing . Grabbed by the Ghoulies was released in North America on 21 October 2003 , in Europe on 21 November 2003 and in Japan on 29 April 2004 , becoming Rare 's first game to be released under Microsoft . It was later re @-@ released as an Xbox Originals game for the Xbox 360 on 16 February 2009 , later being removed from the store on 16 June 2015 . At Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference , the compilation title Rare Replay was unveiled . Rare Replay has a selection of thirty games from Rare 's lifetime game library , including Grabbed by the Ghoulies . The game was remastered to run natively on the Xbox One , increasing its resolution and framerate relative to the original Xbox release .
= = Reception = =
The game was met with mixed reviews from critics upon release . It holds average score of 70 % at GameRankings , based on an aggregate of 71 reviews and an average score of 66 / 100 at Metacritic , based on an aggregate of 42 reviews .
The graphics and animation were praised by critics . Kevin Gifford of 1UP stated that the cel @-@ shaded graphics were " perfect " for the " spooky " theme of the game , and that the smooth animation resulted in the enemies appearing " endearing " . Ronan Jennings of Eurogamer was less impressed by the graphics , stating that the game " never blew him away " but always kept a high standard of creativity . However , Jennings did praise the animation and character designs . Reviewers of Game Revolution gave praise to the game 's visuals , comparing them to be sharper and clearer to the visuals of Banjo @-@ Kazooie . However , they noted that the character designs still seemed " tied down to the past " , being more suited to the Nintendo 64 than to the Xbox .
The game was criticised for its simplistic gameplay and lack of innovation . Gifford noted that the game 's " biggest problem " was its unchallenging gameplay , stating that it was " repetitive " ; he compared it to gameplay of the 16 @-@ bit era . Game Revolution stated that the gameplay appeared " interesting " at first , but grew tiresome the longer the game is played , despite its short length . Jennings noted that the gameplay was not " groundbreaking " and similarly stated that the game relied heavily on " what is practically 16 @-@ bit gameplay " . The camera controls were another criticised aspect of the game , due to the control sticks being allocated for attack functions . Gifford labelled the " forced shunt " idea as a " terrible drag " which became troublesome during the latter half of the game . Game Revolution 's review also criticised the camera controls , stating that the use of triggers to rotate the camera was " on the clunky side " . Jennings , however , felt that the camera was " fine " and did not provide any obstruction .
Grabbed by the Ghoulies was nominated for the Console Family Game of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition at the 2004 Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Annual Interactive Achievement Awards . The awards were given to SCE London Studio 's EyeToy : Play and Electronic Arts ' The Sims : Bustin ' Out , respectively .
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= Let 's Get Crazy ( song ) =
" Let 's Get Crazy " is a pop song by American singer – songwriter and actress Miley Cyrus , performing as Hannah Montana – the alter ego of Miley Stewart – a character she played on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana . It was released to Radio Disney on January 19 , 2009 as promotion for Hannah Montana : The Movie and its soundtrack . The song is also included on the Hannah Montana 3 soundtrack . A karaoke version is available in Disney 's Karaoke Series : Hannah Montana 3 . The song is musically pop rock and synthpop based . Lyrically , the track speaks about having fun and cutting loose .
The song received critical success and garnered average commercial outcomes for Cyrus in several countries , compared to those of her previous efforts as Montana . This includes Canada and the United States . The song reached its highest international peak in the Canadian Hot 100 , at number twenty @-@ six . It therefore became Cyrus ' highest charting song in Canada , as Montana . The song never received an official music video , but three promotional music video were , of which two aired on Disney Channel . Cyrus promoted the song through several venues , including a performance on her second headlining tour , the Wonder World Tour .
= = Background = =
The song is associated with dance @-@ rock , pop rock and teen pop with a slight country twang . Electric guitars and synths are also used . Near the start , the song begins to make a beat of paparazzi 's flashbulbs . It is set in common time with a moderated tempo of 120 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of A minor . Cyrus ' vocals span two octaves , from A3 to C5 . The song has the following chord progression , A5 — C5 — D5 .
The song was written by Colleen Fitzpatrick known as Vitamin C , Michael Kotch , Dave Derby , Michael “ Smidi ” Smith , Stefanie Ridel , Mim Nervo and Liv Nervo . The song 's lyrics center around a party and having fun , once referencing to leading a double life with , " You see me on the cover of your magazines , things are always different than the way they seem . "
= = Critical reception = =
The song received generally positive reviews from critics . Warren Truitt of About.com stated " Let 's Get Crazy " was a mirror of Gwen Stefani 's musical style . Allmusic reviewer Heather Phares described the song negatively , as a " fizzy caricature of pop " , drawing away from the original musical influences by Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , and Avril Lavigne . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly stated that the song was a " demographic " because of it is " electric guitar @-@ heavy confection " . Owen Gleiberman , also from Entertainment Weekly drew attention to the line " Everyone can rock out like a superstar ! " , saying it was " her mantra " . Gleiberman added that the song a " freeze @-@ dried [ version of ] Avril Lavigne " . When reviewing Cyrus ' Wonder World Tour , Jim Harrington , writing for The Oakland Tribune , described " Let 's Get Crazy " as " fun " .
= = Chart performance = =
The song received mediocre airplay due to it not being released for mainstream radio and only Radio Disney . However , the song debuted at number thirty @-@ three on Hot Digital Songs which led to it making into the Billboard Hot 100 , for the week ending April 11 , 2009 . The song debuted and peaked at number fifty @-@ seven in the Hot 100 and spent a total of three non @-@ consecutive weeks on the chart . On the same week , the song debuted and peaked at number twenty @-@ six in the Canadian Hot 100 due to its number eleven position on Hot Canadian Digital Singles , becoming Cyrus ' highest charting effort in Canada credited to Hannah Montana . The song then ascended and descended several times until falling off the chart for the week ending May 9 .
= = Music video = =
The song 's first promotional music video , directed by Peter Chelsom , is an excerpt from Hannah Montana : The Movie that was premiered on Disney Channel on January 19 , 2009 .
The video begins with Montana entering Lilly Truscott 's , portrayed by Emily Osment , Sweet sixteen at the Santa Monica Pier . Montana is attempting to explain the scenario to Osment 's character , saying , " I 'll make it up to you , I promise . " Then Truscott ( Osment ) says , " You will never make this up to me . " Montana is being overwhelmed by fans , which proceed to lift her to a stage and perform the song . Throughout most of the video Cyrus ' character performs the song with background dancers , a band , and Steve Rushton on the electric guitar . In the conclusion , Rico Suave , portrayed by Moises Arias , emerges from a massive birthday cake that explodes on the crowd .
A second promotional music video for " Let 's Get Crazy " was filmed as promotion for the soundtrack . The video was released in March 2009 on Disney.com and features Cyrus singing in a recording studio . It was a part of a series of promotional videos entitled The Miley Sessions .
= = Live performances = =
Cyrus , dressed as Montana , premiered " Let 's Get Crazy " , along with eight other songs , at the concert taping for the third season of Hannah Montana , which was set on October 10 in Irvine , California at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre . The performance began with Montana , in a T @-@ shirt with a pink star , zebra @-@ patterned skirt , tennis shoes and metallic jacket , coming out from behind a giant mirror ball . She then roamed the stage singing the number . The performance was later premiered on July 1 , 2009 on Disney Channel to promote Hannah Montana 3 .
Proceeded by " Fly on the Wall " and succeeded by " Hoedown Throwdown " , " Let 's Get Crazy " is one of the songs on the set list of Cyrus ' second headlining concert tour , the Wonder World Tour . The song is one of two Hannah Montana songs that she performed as herself . The performance featured Cyrus wearing white tutu @-@ like dress and an Asian culture @-@ themed video playing on a couple of overhead screens .
= = Charts = =
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= George Mackinolty =
Air Vice Marshal George John William Mackinolty , OBE ( 24 March 1895 – 24 February 1951 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . Commencing his service in the Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) as a mechanic during World War I , he rose to become the RAAF 's chief logistics officer for more than twenty years . Mackinolty was born in Victoria and joined the AFC in 1914 . He first saw active duty the following year in the Middle East with No. 30 Squadron Royal Flying Corps ( formerly the Mesopotamian Half Flight ) . In 1916 he was mentioned in despatches and posted to No. 2 Squadron AFC . By the end of the war he had been commissioned a second lieutenant .
Joining the newly formed RAAF in August 1921 , Mackinolty established himself as the service 's senior logistician between the wars , first as Director of Transport and Equipment from 1929 to 1935 , and thereafter as Director of Equipment . He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1937 . Soon after the outbreak of World War II , he became Director of Supply and was promoted to group captain . In June 1942 he was raised to acting air commodore and appointed the Air Member for Supply and Equipment ( AMSE ) . Promoted to air vice marshal in 1948 , Mackinolty continued to serve as AMSE until his sudden death from cancer in February 1951 , aged fifty @-@ five .
= = Early life and World War I = =
Born on 24 March 1895 at Leongatha , Victoria , Mackinolty was the son of labourer James Mickleburg Mackinolty and his wife Mary . He went to public schools , obtaining his merit certificate before undertaking formal engineering and business courses in Melbourne . Commencing his working life as a coach and motor @-@ body builder , he enlisted in the Australian Military Forces on 17 August 1914 , soon after the outbreak of World War I. His experience in the motor industry led to assignment as an air mechanic with the Aviation Instructional Staff at Central Flying School ( CFS ) , Point Cook . He was soon promoted from private to corporal and later , having gained a reputation for his skill with timber , raised to sergeant and given command of the school 's woodworking team .
On 1 August 1915 , Mackinolty transferred to the Australian Imperial Force , to lead a team of thirteen other mechanics as reinforcements for an Australian Flying Corps contingent serving in the Mesopotamian campaign . He departed Melbourne nine days later aboard RMS Persia , and arrived at Basra on 1 September . Mackinolty 's team immediately joined No. 30 Squadron Royal Flying Corps ( originally the Mesopotamian Half Flight AFC ) , which moved into the city of Kut after its capture by British Empire troops in the Battle of Es Sinn . The unit took part in the Battle of Ctesiphon in November , and organised supply drops to the British and Indian garrison in Kut during the siege that lasted from December 1915 until the following April .
Mackinolty was promoted in the field to flight sergeant in June 1916 , and mentioned in despatches on 19 October . When the Australian members of No. 30 Squadron were dispersed , he was posted to Kantara , Egypt , where he joined the newly established No. 2 Squadron AFC ( also numbered No. 68 Squadron RFC by the British ) . Commanded by Major Oswald Watt , the unit relocated to England in January 1917 . Following his service with No. 2 Squadron , Mackinolty was assigned to No. 5 ( Training ) Squadron AFC , which formed at Shawbury , Shropshire , in June 1917 . Praised for his organisational and leadership abilities , he was commissioned as an equipment officer in March 1918 , with the rank of second lieutenant . The following month he was given command of an aircraft repair unit in Minchinhampton , Gloucestershire , home of two squadrons of the AFC 's 1st Training Wing .
= = Between the wars = =
Mackinolty remained in England following the end of hostilities , serving as " officer in charge of Australian packing " at RAF Hendon , near London , from December 1919 to September 1920 . In this role he was responsible for crating and shipping to Point Cook the 128 aircraft and associated spares , weaponry , vehicles , hangars and other equipment that made up Britain 's post @-@ war Imperial Gift of Royal Air Force surplus to Australia , which eventually filled 19 @,@ 000 cases . Mackinolty also completed formal training in aeronautical engineering before returning to Melbourne in October 1920 . Discharged from the AIF in January 1921 , he worked in the automotive industry and took a correspondence course on internal combustion engines .
On 8 August 1921 , Mackinolty was commissioned as a flying officer in the newly formed Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . A member of the Stores and Accounting Branch , he commenced service with No. 1 Aircraft Depot at Point Cook in December . He was assigned to the staff of RAAF Headquarters , Melbourne , in 1924 . On 20 November that year , he married Eileen Moore at Christ Church , South Yarra ; the couple had a son and a daughter . In 1925 , Mackinolty was posted as Equipment Officer to No. 3 Squadron at the recently established RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales . Promoted flight lieutenant , he was appointed Director of Transport and Equipment at RAAF Headquarters in 1929 , effectively making him the Air Force 's senior supply officer , a role he would occupy for the next twenty @-@ two years . His continuous tenure in essentially the one post was comparable to the RAAF 's other chief logistician , Squadron Leader ( later Air Vice Marshal ) Ellis Wackett , who served as its senior engineer for twenty @-@ four years , from 1935 to 1959 .
Mackinolty 's position was redesignated Director of Equipment in April 1935 . At around this time , he collaborated with Squadron Leader George Jones , then Director of Training , on an investigation into the state of aircraft production in Australia to highlight shortfalls in local defence in the face of possible future conflict with Japan . Though the report was reviewed enthusiastically by the Air Member for Personnel , Wing Commander Bill Anderson , it apparently went no further in the chain of command and thus was effectively ignored . Raised to squadron leader , Mackinolty was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the Coronation Honours on 11 May 1937 , in recognition of his achievements in stores and accounting . In February the following year he was promoted to wing commander . The punctilious Chief of the Air Staff , Air Vice Marshal Richard Williams , sometimes complained that Mackinolty did not pay enough attention to his personal appearance , but never failed to acknowledge his " professional excellence " .
= = World War II and after = =
In April 1940 Mackinolty became Director of Supply , reporting to the Director @-@ General of Supply and Production on the Air Board , the RAAF 's controlling body . Responsible for all stores and equipment , Mackinolty also represented his service at the Federal Contract Board , Department of Supply , and Oil Board . He was promoted to temporary group captain in June that year . With the formation in 1942 of Allied Air Forces Headquarters , which assumed the operational functions of the Chief of the Air Staff , the Air Board was reorganised . The offices of Air Member for Organisation and Equipment , once held by Air Marshal Richard Williams , and Director @-@ General of Supply and Production , a civilian position , were dissolved and replaced by those of the Air Member for Supply and Equipment ( AMSE ) and Air Member for Engineering and Maintenance ( AMEM ) to focus on the two key logistical functions of supply and engineering , respectively . Promoted to acting air commodore , Mackinolty became the inaugural AMSE in June . Air Commodore Ellis Wackett became AMEM at the same time . Norman Ashworth , in How Not to Run an Air Force ! , observed that splitting the logistical functions of the Air Board in this manner appeared to be a " uniquely Australian " experiment , and it was not inconceivable that the organisation had been " tailored " to suit these " two very capable officers " . Serving as AMSE for the remainder of the war , Mackinolty was credited with successfully managing the supply requirements of personnel and aircraft for an organisation that by 1945 had grown by a factor of fifty from its pre @-@ war size , to become the world 's fourth largest air force .
Following the end of hostilities , Mackinolty was personally responsible for disposing of surplus equipment up to an original value of £ 500 , and jointly responsible ( with the Business and Finance Members of the Air Board ) for disposing of equipment valued between £ 500 and £ 10 @,@ 000 . His duties as AMSE extended to setting the peacetime meal rations for RAAF personnel . In May 1946 , he joined the Australian Battlefields Memorial Committee , convened to advise the Federal government regarding commemoration of the armed forces for their wartime achievements . Later that year , Mackinolty visited British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) headquarters in Japan , and subsequently arranged for the RAAF to assume responsibility for the supply of spare parts to its air component , British Commonwealth Air Group ( BCAIR ) . He was raised to acting air vice @-@ marshal in January 1947 ( substantive in October 1948 ) . By this time , Mackinolty and the Chief of the Air Staff , No. 4 Squadron AFC veteran Air Vice @-@ Marshal George Jones , were the only remaining RAAF officers who had served in both world wars . Other senior commanders and veterans of the Australian Flying Corps had been summarily retired in 1946 , a " purge " that was ostensibly designed to make way for the advancement of younger and equally proficient officers .
During 1947 , the RAAF prepared for the introduction of an apprentice engineering scheme . Against a harsh post @-@ war economic climate , Mackinolty personally intervened to improve the planned accommodation for trainees , arguing that the youths could not be expected to live in the austere conditions to which other members of the Air Force were used . He further noted in his submission to the Minister for Air , Arthur Drakeford , that " the parents of apprentices will , from time to time , be permitted to visit their sons and it would be in the interest of both the Apprentice Scheme and the Service generally if all reasonable efforts were made to create a favourable impression in the minds of the parents " . Shortly after the first intake of engineer apprentices in January 1948 , Mackinolty formally proposed that a similar scheme be set up for apprenticeships in the supply and clerical trades . Although initially rejected by the Minister , after some refinements the plan came to fruition three years later as the Junior Equipment and Administrative Training Scheme .
In January 1951 , Mackinolty was struck down suddenly with cancer and admitted to hospital at RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria . He died there on 24 February , survived by his wife and children . At the time of his death , he had served for a decade as honorary treasurer of the Returned Sailors ' , Soldiers ' and Airmens ' Imperial League of Australia , and was the last member of the original staff of the AFC in 1914 still serving . He was succeeded as AMSE by Air Vice @-@ Marshal Joe Hewitt . Described by Air Force historian Alan Stephens as " the most significant logistics officer in the history of the RAAF " , Mackinolty was accorded an Air Force funeral with full honours at Bathurst Memorial Chapel , Elsternwick , and cremated at Springvale Crematorium .
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= HMS Prince of Wales ( 53 ) =
HMS Prince of Wales was a King George V @-@ class battleship of the Royal Navy , built at the Cammell Laird shipyard in Birkenhead , England . She was involved in several key actions of the Second World War , including the battle of Denmark Strait against the German battleship Bismarck , operations escorting convoys in the Mediterranean , and her final action and sinking in the Pacific in 1941 .
Prince of Wales had an extensive battle history , first seeing action in August 1940 while still being outfitted in her drydock , being attacked and damaged by German aircraft . Her brief but storied career ended 10 December 1941 , when Prince of Wales and battlecruiser HMS Repulse became the first capital ships to be sunk solely by air power on the open sea , a harbinger of the diminishing role this class of ships was subsequently to play in naval warfare . The wreck lies upside down in 223 feet ( 68 m ) of water , near Kuantan , in the South China Sea .
= = Construction = =
In the aftermath of the First World War , the Washington Naval Treaty was drawn up in 1922 in an effort to stop an arms race developing between Britain , Japan , France , Italy and the United States . This treaty limited the number of ships each nation was allowed to build and capped the tonnage of all capital ships at 35 @,@ 000 tons . These restrictions were extended in 1930 through the Treaty of London , however , by the mid @-@ 1930s Japan and Italy had withdrawn from both of these treaties , and the British became concerned about a lack of modern battleships within their navy . As a result , the Admiralty ordered the construction of a new battleship class : the King George V class . Due to the provisions of both the Washington Naval Treaty and the Treaty of London , both of which were still in effect when the King George Vs were being designed , the main armament of the class was limited to the 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) guns prescribed under these instruments . They were the only battleships built at that time to adhere to the treaty , and even though it soon became apparent to the British that the other signatories to the treaty were ignoring its requirements , it was too late to change the design of the class before they were laid down in 1937 .
Prince of Wales was originally named King Edward VIII but upon the abdication of Edward VIII the ship was renamed even before she had been laid down . This occurred at Cammell Laird 's shipyard in Birkenhead on 1 January 1937 , although it was not until 3 May 1939 that she was launched . She was still fitting out when war was declared in September , causing her construction schedule , and that of her sister , King George V , to be accelerated . Nevertheless , the late delivery of gun mountings caused delays in her outfitting .
During early August 1940 , while she was still being outfitted and was in a semi @-@ complete state , Prince of Wales was attacked by German aircraft . One bomb fell between the ship and a wet basin wall , narrowly missing a 100 @-@ ton dockside crane , and exploded underwater below the bilge keel . The explosion took place about six feet from the ship 's port side in the vicinity of the after group of 5 @.@ 25 @-@ inch guns . Buckling of the shell plating took place over a distance of 20 to 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) , rivets were sprung and considerable flooding took place in the port outboard compartments in the area of damage , causing a ten @-@ degree port list . The flooding was severe , due to the fact that final compartment air tests had not yet been made and the ship did not have her pumping system in operation .
The water was pumped out through the joint efforts of a local fire company and the shipyard , and Prince of Wales was later dry docked for permanent repairs . This damage and the problem with the delivery of her main guns and turrets delayed her completion . As the war progressed there was an urgent need for capital ships , and so her completion was advanced by postponing compartment air tests , ventilation tests and a thorough testing of her bilge , ballast and fuel @-@ oil systems .
= = Description = =
Prince of Wales displaced 36 @,@ 727 long tons ( 37 @,@ 300 t ) as built and 43 @,@ 786 long tons ( 44 @,@ 500 t ) fully loaded . The ship had an overall length of 745 feet ( 227 @.@ 1 m ) , a beam of 103 feet ( 31 @.@ 4 m ) and a draught of 29 feet ( 8 @.@ 8 m ) . Her designed metacentric height was 6 feet 1 inch ( 1 @.@ 85 m ) at normal load and 8 feet 1 inch ( 2 @.@ 46 m ) at deep load .
She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving four propeller shafts . Steam was provided by eight Admiralty boilers which normally delivered 100 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 75 @,@ 000 kW ) , but could deliver 110 @,@ 000 shp ( 82 @,@ 000 kW ) at emergency overload . This gave Prince of Wales a top speed of 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) . The ship carried 3 @,@ 542 long tons ( 3 @,@ 600 t ) of fuel oil . She also carried 180 long tons ( 200 t ) of diesel oil , 256 long tons ( 300 t ) of reserve feed water and 444 long tons ( 500 t ) of freshwater . During full power trials on 31 March 1941 , Prince of Wales at 42 @,@ 100 tons displacement achieved 28 knots with 111 @,@ 600 shp at 228 rpm and a specific fuel consumption of 0 @.@ 73 lb per shp.Prince of Wales had a range of 3 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 700 km ; 3 @,@ 600 mi ) at 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Prince of Wales mounted 10 BL 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) Mk VII guns . The 14 @-@ inch guns were mounted in one Mark II twin turret forward and two Mark III quadruple turrets , one forward and one aft . The guns could be elevated 40 degrees and depressed 3 degrees . Training arcs were : turret " A " , 286 degrees ; turret " B " , 270 degrees ; turret " X " , 270 degrees . Training and elevating was done by hydraulic drives , with rates of two and eight degrees per second , respectively . A full gun broadside weighed 15 @,@ 950 pounds ( 7 @,@ 230 kg ) , and a salvo could be fired every 40 seconds . The secondary armament consisted of 16 QF 5 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 133 mm ) Mk I guns which were mounted in eight twin mounts , weighing 81 tons each . The maximum range of the Mk I guns was 24 @,@ 070 yards ( 22 @,@ 009 @.@ 6 m ) at a 45 @-@ degree elevation , the anti @-@ aircraft ceiling was 49 @,@ 000 feet ( 14 @,@ 935 @.@ 2 m ) . The guns could be elevated to 70 degrees and depressed to 5 degrees . The normal rate of fire was ten to twelve rounds per minute , but in practice the guns could only fire seven to eight rounds per minute . Along with her main and secondary batteries , Prince of Wales carried 32 QF 2 pdr ( 1 @.@ 575 @-@ inch , 40 @.@ 0 mm ) Mk.VIII " pom @-@ pom " anti @-@ aircraft guns . She also carried 80 UP projectors , which were short range rocket firing anti @-@ aircraft weapons used extensively in the early days of the Second World War by the Royal Navy .
= = History of operation = =
= = = Action with Bismarck = = =
On 22 May 1941 , Prince of Wales , the battlecruiser Hood and six destroyers were ordered to take station south of Iceland and intercept the German battleship Bismarck if she attempted to break out into the Atlantic . Captain John Leach knew that main @-@ battery breakdowns were likely to occur , since Vickers Armstrongs technicians had already corrected some that took place during training exercises in Scapa Flow . These technicians were personally requested by the captain to remain aboard . They did so and played an important role in the resulting action .
The next day Bismarck , in company with the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen , was reported heading south @-@ westward in the Denmark Strait . At 20 : 00 Vice @-@ Admiral Lancelot Holland , in his flagship Hood , ordered the force to steam at 27 knots , which it did most of the night . His battle plan called for Prince of Wales and Hood to concentrate on Bismarck , while the cruisers Norfolk and Suffolk would handle Prinz Eugen . However the two cruisers were not informed of this plan because of strict radio silence . At 02 : 00 , on 24 May , the destroyers were sent as a screen to search for the German ships to the north , and at 02 : 47 Hood and Prince of Wales increased speed to 28 knots and changed course slightly to obtain a better target angle on the German ships . The weather improved , with ten @-@ mile ( 16 km ) visibility , and crews were at action stations by 05 : 10 .
At 05 : 37 an enemy contact report was made , and course was changed to starboard to close range . Neither ship was in good fighting trim . Hood , designed twenty @-@ five years earlier , lacked adequate horizontal protection and would have to close the range quickly , as she would become progressively less vulnerable to plunging shellfire at shorter ranges . She had completed an overhaul in March and her crew had not been adequately retrained . Prince of Wales , with thicker armour , was less vulnerable to 15 @-@ inch shells at ranges greater than 17 @,@ 000 feet ( 5 @,@ 200 m ) , but her crew had also not been trained to battle efficiency . The British ships made their last course change at 05 : 49 , but they had made their approach too fine ( the German ships were only 30 degrees on the starboard bow ) and their aft turrets could not fire . Prinz Eugen , with Bismarck astern , had the Prince of Wales and Hood slightly forward of the beam , and both ships could deliver full broadsides .
At 05 : 53 , despite seas breaking over the bows , Prince of Wales opened fire on Bismarck at 26 @,@ 500 yards . There was some confusion among the British as to which ship was Bismarck and thirty seconds earlier Hood had mistakenly opened fire on Prinz Eugen as the German ships had similar profiles . Hood 's first salvo straddled the enemy ship , but Prinz Eugen , in less than three minutes , scored 8 @-@ inch @-@ shell hits on Hood . The first shots by Prince of Wales – two three @-@ gun salvoes at ten second intervals – were 1 @,@ 000 yards over . The turret rangefinders on Prince of Wales could not be used because of spray over the bow and fire was instead directed from the 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) rangefinders in the control tower .
The sixth , ninth and thirteenth salvos were straddles and two decisive hits were made on Bismarck . One shell holed her bow and caused Bismarck to lose 1 @,@ 000 tons of fuel oil , mostly to salt @-@ water contamination . The other fell short , and entered Bismarck below her side armour belt , the shell exploded and flooded the auxiliary boiler machinery room and forced the shutdown of two boilers due to a slow leak in the boiler room immediately aft . The loss of fuel and boiler power were decisive factors in the Bismarck 's decision to return to port . In Prince of Wales , " A1 " gun ceased fire after the first salvo due to a defect . Sporadic breakdowns occurred until the decision to turn away was made , and during the turn " Y " turret jammed .
Both German ships initially concentrated their fire on Hood and destroyed her with salvoes of 8- and 15 @-@ inch shells . An 8 @-@ inch shell hit the boat deck and struck a ready service locker for the UP rocket projectors , and a fire blazed high above the first superstructure deck . At 05 : 58 at a range of 16 @,@ 500 yards , the force commander ordered a turn of 20 degrees to port to open the range and bring the full battery of the British ships to bear on Bismarck . As the turn began , Bismarck straddled Hood with her third and fourth four @-@ gun salvoes and at 06 : 01 the fifth salvo hit her , causing a large explosion . Flames shot up near Hood 's masts , then an orange @-@ coloured fireball and an enormous smoke cloud obliterated the ship . On Prince of Wales , it seemed that Hood collapsed amidships , and the bow and stern could be seen rising as she rapidly settled . Prince of Wales made a sharp starboard turn to avoid hitting the debris and in doing so further closed the range between her and the German ships . In the four @-@ minute action , Hood , the largest battlecruiser in the world , had been sunk . 1 @,@ 419 officers and men were killed . Only three men survived .
Prince of Wales fired unopposed until she began a port turn at 05 : 57 , when Prinz Eugen took her under fire . After Hood exploded at 06 : 01 , the Germans opened intense and accurate fire on Prince of Wales , with 15 @-@ inch , 8 @-@ inch and 5 @.@ 9 @-@ inch guns . A heavy hit was sustained below the waterline as Prince of Wales manoeuvred through the wreckage of Hood . At 06 : 02 , a 15 @-@ inch shell struck the starboard side of the compass platform and killed the majority of the personnel there . The navigating officer was wounded , but Captain Leach was unhurt . Casualties were caused by the fragments from the shell 's ballistic cap and the material it dislodged in its diagonal path through the compass platform . A 15 @-@ inch diving shell penetrated the ship 's side below the armour belt amidships , failed to explode and came to rest in the wing compartments on the starboard side of the after boiler rooms . The shell was discovered and defused when the ship was docked at Rosyth .
At 06 : 05 Captain Leach decided to disengage and laid down a heavy smokescreen to cover Prince of Wales 's escape . Following this , Leach radioed the Norfolk that the Hood had been sunk and then proceeded to join the Norfolk roughly 15 to 17 miles astern of the Bismarck . Throughout the day the British ships continued to chase the Bismarck until at 18 : 16 when Suffolk sighted the Bismarck at 22 @,@ 000 yards . Prince of Wales then proceeded to open fire on Bismarck at an extreme range of 30 @,@ 300 yards , she fired twelve salvos but owing to the range all of them missed . At 01 : 00 on 25 May Prince of Wales once again regained contact and proceeded to open fire at a radar range of 20 @,@ 000 yards , after observers believed that she had scored a hit on Bismarck , Prince of Wales 's " A " turret temporarily jammed , leaving her with only six operational guns . After losing the Bismarck owing to poor visibility and after searching for twelve hours , Prince of Wales headed for Iceland and would take no further part in actions against the Bismarck .
= = = Atlantic Charter meeting = = =
Following repairs at Rosyth , Prince of Wales transported Prime Minister Winston Churchill across the Atlantic for a secret conference with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt . On 5 August Roosevelt boarded the cruiser USS Augusta from the presidential yacht Potomac . Augusta proceeded from Massachusetts to Placentia Bay and Argentia in Newfoundland in company with the cruiser USS Tuscaloosa and five destroyers , arriving on 7 August while the presidential yacht played a decoy role by continuing to cruise New England waters as if the President were still on board . On 9 August Winston Churchill arrived in the bay aboard Prince of Wales , escorted by the destroyers HMS Ripley , HMCS Assiniboine and HMCS Restigouche . At Placentia Bay , Newfoundland , Roosevelt transferred to the destroyer USS McDougal to meet Winston Churchill on board Prince of Wales . The conference continued from 10 to 12 August aboard the heavy cruiser USS Augusta , and at the end of the conference , the Atlantic Charter was proclaimed . Following the declaration of the charter , Prince of Wales arrived back at Scapa Flow on 18 August .
= = = Mediterranean duty = = =
In September following the meeting with President Roosevelt Prince of Wales was assigned to Force H , in the Mediterranean . On 24 September Prince of Wales formed part of Group II , led by Vice @-@ Admiral Alban Curteis and consisting of the battleships Prince of Wales and Rodney , the cruisers Kenya , Edinburgh , Sheffield and Euryalus , and twelve destroyers . The force provided an escort for Operation Halberd , a supply convoy from Gibraltar to Malta . On 27 September the convoy was attacked by Italian aircraft , with Prince of Wales shooting down several with her 5 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 133 mm ) guns . Later that day there were reports that units of the Italian Fleet were approaching . Prince of Wales , the battleship Rodney and the aircraft carrier Ark Royal were despatched to intercept , but the search proved fruitless . The convoy arrived in Malta without further incident , and Prince of Wales returned to Gibraltar , before sailing on to Scapa Flow , arriving there on 6 October .
= = = Far East = = =
On 25 October Prince of Wales and a destroyer escort left home waters bound for Singapore , there to rendezvous with the battlecruiser Repulse and the aircraft carrier Indomitable . Indomitable however ran aground off Jamaica a few days later and was unable to proceed . Calling at Freetown and Cape Town South Africa to refuel and generate publicity , Prince of Wales also stopped in Mauritius and the Maldive Islands . Prince of Wales reached Colombo , Ceylon , on 28 November , joining Repulse the next day . On 2 December the fleet docked in Singapore . Prince of Wales then became the flagship of Force Z , under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Tom Phillips .
Japanese troop convoys were first sighted on 6 December . Two days later , Japanese aircraft raided Singapore ; although the Prince of Wales 's anti @-@ aircraft batteries opened fire , they scored no hits and had no effect on the Japanese aircraft . A signal was received from the Admiralty in London ordering the British squadron to commence hostilities , and that evening , confident that a protective air umbrella would be provided by the RAF presence in the region , Admiral Phillips set sail . Force Z at this time comprised the battleship Prince of Wales , the battlecruiser Repulse , and the destroyers Electra , Express , Tenedos and HMAS Vampire .
The object of the sortie was to attack Japanese transports at Kota Bharu , but in the afternoon of 9 December the Japanese submarine I @-@ 56 spotted the British ships , and in the evening they were detected by Japanese aerial reconnaissance . By this time it had been made clear that no RAF fighter support would be forthcoming . At midnight a signal was received that Japanese forces were landing at Kuantan in Malaya . Force Z was diverted to investigate . At 02 : 11 on 10 December the force was again sighted by a Japanese submarine and at 08 : 00 arrived off Kuantan , only to discover that the reported landings were a diversion .
At 11 : 00 that morning the first Japanese air attack began . Eight Type 96 " Nell " bombers dropped their bombs close to Repulse , one passing through the hangar roof and exploding on the 1 @-@ inch plating of the main deck below . The second attack force , comprising seventeen " Nells " armed with torpedoes , arrived at 11 : 30 , divided into two attack formations . Despite reports to the contrary , Prince of Wales was struck by only one torpedo , although this was enough to prove fatal , ( while Repulse avoided the seven torpedoes aimed at her , as well as bombs dropped by six other " Nells " a few minutes later ) .
The torpedo struck Prince of Wales on the port side aft , abaft " Y " Turret , wrecking the outer propeller shaft on that side and destroying bulkheads to one degree or another along the shaft all the way to B Engine Room . This caused rapid uncontrollable flooding and put the entire electrical system in the after part of the ship out of action . Lacking effective damage control , she soon took on a heavy list .
A third torpedo attack developed against Repulse and once again she avoided taking any hits .
A fourth attack , conducted by torpedo @-@ carrying Type 1 " Bettys " , developed . This one scored hits on Repulse and she sank at 12 : 33 . Six aircraft from this wave also attacked Prince of Wales , hitting her with three torpedoes , causing further damage and flooding . Finally , a 500 @-@ kilogram ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bomb hit Prince of Wales 's catapult deck , penetrated to the main deck , where it exploded , causing many casualties in the makeshift aid centre in the Cinema Flat . Several other bombs from this attack scored very ' near misses ' , indenting the hull , popping rivets and causing hull plates to ' split ' along the seams and intensifying the flooding . At 13 : 15 the order to abandon ship was given , and at 13 : 20 Prince of Wales capsized and sank ; Vice @-@ Admiral Phillips and Captain Leach were among the 327 fatalities .
= = = Aftermath = = =
Prince of Wales and Repulse were the first capital ships to be sunk solely by naval air power on the open sea ( albeit by land @-@ based rather than carrier @-@ based aircraft ) , a harbinger of the diminishing role this class of ships was to play in naval warfare thereafter . It is often pointed out , however , that a contributing factor to the sinking of Prince of Wales was her surface @-@ scanning radar being inoperable , depriving Force Z of one of its most potent early @-@ warning devices and the early critical damage she sustained from the first torpedo . Another factor which led to Prince of Wales 's demise was the additional loss of dynamos , depriving Prince of Wales of many of her pumps . Further electrical failures left parts of the ship in total darkness and added to the difficulties of her damage repair parties as they attempted to counter the flooding . The sinking was the subject of an inquiry chaired by Mr. Justice Bucknill , but the true causes of the ship 's loss were only established when divers examined the wreck after the war . The Director of Naval Construction 's report on the sinking claimed that the ship 's anti @-@ aircraft guns could have " inflicted heavy casualties before torpedoes were dropped , if not preventing the successful conclusion of attack had crews been more adequately trained in their operation .
= = = The wreck = = =
The wreck lies upside down in 223 feet ( 68 m ) of water at 3 ° 33 ′ 36 ″ N 104 ° 28 ′ 42 ″ E. A Royal Navy White Ensign attached to a line on a buoy tied to a propeller shaft is periodically renewed . The wreck site was designated a ' Protected Place ' in 2001 under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 , just prior to the 60th anniversary of her sinking . The ship 's bell was manually raised in 2002 by British technical divers with the permission of the Ministry of Defence and blessing of the Force Z Survivors Association . It was restored , then presented for permanent display by First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff , Admiral Sir Alan West , to the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool . It is currently traditional for every passing Royal Navy ship to perform a remembrance service over the site of the wrecks .
In May 2007 , Expedition ' Job 74 ' , a dedicated survey of the exterior hull of both Prince of Wales and Repulse , was conducted . The expedition 's findings sparked considerable interest among naval architects and marine engineers around the world ; as they detailed the nature of the damage to Prince of Wales and the exact location and number of torpedo hits . Consequently , the findings contained in the initial expedition report and later supplementary reports were analysed by the SNAME ( Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers ) Marine Forensics Committee , and a resultant paper was drawn up entitled " Death of a Battleship : A Reanalysis of the Tragic Loss of HMS Prince of Wales " . This paper was subsequently presented at a meeting of RINA ( Royal Institution of Naval Architects ) and IMarEST ( Institute of Marine Engineering , Science & Technology ) members in London by Mr. William Garzke .
In October 2014 , the Daily Telegraph reported that both Prince of Wales and Repulse were being " extensively damaged " with explosives by scrap metal dealers .
= = Refits = =
During her career , Prince of Wales was refitted on several occasions , to bring her equipment up @-@ to @-@ date . The following are the dates and details of the refits undertaken .
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= Abby Wambach =
Mary Abigail " Abby " Wambach ( born June 2 , 1980 ) is an American retired soccer player , coach , two @-@ time Olympic gold medalist and FIFA Women 's World Cup champion . A six @-@ time winner of the U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year award , Wambach has been a regular on the U.S. women 's national soccer team since 2003 earning her first cap in 2001 . As a forward , she currently stands as the highest all @-@ time goal scorer for the national team and holds the world record for international goals for both female and male soccer players with 184 goals . Wambach was awarded the 2012 FIFA World Player of the Year , becoming the first American woman to win the award in ten years . She was included on the 2015 Time 100 list as one of the most influential people in the world .
Wambach played college soccer for the Florida Gators women 's soccer team while attending the University of Florida and helped the team win its first NCAA Division I Women 's Soccer Championship . She played at the professional level for Washington Freedom , magicJack , and the Western New York Flash . Wambach has competed in four FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments : 2003 in the United States , 2007 in China , 2011 in Germany , and 2015 in Canada , being champion of the last edition ; and two Olympics tournaments : 2004 in Athens and 2012 in London , winning the gold medal on both . All together , she has played in 29 matches and scored 22 goals at these five international tournaments .
Known for scoring goals with diving headers , a technique she began honing as a youth in her hometown of Rochester , New York , one of her most notable header goals occurred in the 122nd minute of the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup quarterfinal match against Brazil . Wambach scored the equalizer in stoppage time helping the Americans to eventually progress to the championship final against Japan after defeating Brazil in penalty kicks . Her last @-@ minute goal set a new record for latest goal ever scored in a match and was awarded ESPN 's 2011 ESPY Award for Best Play of the Year . Following her performance at the 2011 World Cup , she was awarded the tournament 's Bronze Boot and Silver Ball . In 2011 , she became the first ever soccer player of either gender to be named Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press .
Wambach announced her retirement on October 27 , 2015 . Her last game was played on December 16 in New Orleans when the United States played its last match of its 10 @-@ game Victory Tour following its win at the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup .
= = Early life = =
Born in Rochester , New York , Wambach was raised in the Rochester suburb of Pittsford . She is the youngest of seven siblings ( with two sisters and four brothers ) born to Pete and Judy Wambach . She began playing soccer at the age of four after her sister decided she wanted to try the sport . Their mother checked out a book from the library explaining how to play the game , and from then on soccer became part of their family tradition . " I think I was bred to do what I do now " , Wambach said in an interview . " Growing up as the youngest of seven was like being in a team environment , you learn all kinds of things ... I learned how to compete , my brothers and sisters always played with me on the same level and they never let me win until I was better than them and deserved it . Being in such a big family makes you humble . You might have a certain skill or talent but there is always someone who is better at something than you . "
Wambach recalls being toughened up by her elder brothers firing hockey pucks at her for target practice . While playing in her first youth soccer league at age five , she was transferred from the girls ' team to the boys ' after scoring 27 goals in only three games . As a pre @-@ teen , she began eluding defenders by heading the ball over them and running around them .
Wambach attended Our Lady of Mercy High School in Rochester from 1994 to 1998 , where she lettered in soccer and basketball . During her high school career , she scored 142 goals , including 34 in 1997 alone . Mercy 's soccer coach , Kathy Boughton , recalled that Wambach would stay after practice to practice diving headers – a skill that would later become her signature as an international player . Following her senior season , Wambach was named to Parade Magazine 's High School All @-@ America Team . She was also voted national high school player of the year by Umbro and the National Soccer Coaches Association of America ( NSCAA ) . In 1997 , she was named NSCAA Regional Player of the Year , NSCAA State of New York Player of the Year , Gatorade Circle of Champions New York Player of the Year , and cited by USA Today as one of the nation 's top 10 recruits .
Wambach was a three @-@ year captain for the Rochester Spirit club team and named All @-@ Greater Rochester Player of the Year in 1995 and 1997 . She was a member of the Olympic Development Program ( ODP ) U @-@ 16 National Team in 1996 , the 1997 National U @-@ 20 Player Pool , and trained and played with the U.S. women 's national soccer team while competing in the 1997 U.S. Soccer Festival in Blaine , Minnesota . In 1997 , she traveled to Beijing , China , as a member of the first American youth soccer team to ever compete there .
= = = University of Florida Gators , 1998 – 2001 = = =
Considered the top college recruit in 1997 , Wambach was intensely sought after by numerous colleges , including top soccer programs such as the University of North Carolina , UCLA , the University of Portland , and the University of Virginia . After sticking with her commitment to her parents to visit five schools , Wambach accepted a full athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , where she would play for coach Becky Burleigh 's Florida Gators women 's soccer team from 1998 to 2001 . Florida 's program had only been in existence for three years ; however , the challenge of joining a less established team over a team like North Carolina with a long history of championship titles appealed to Wambach . As a freshman in 1998 , Wambach helped lead the Gators to their first NCAA national championship over the 15 @-@ time champion North Carolina Tar Heels . The team also won four consecutive Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championships from 1998 to 2001 .
Individually , she was the SEC Freshman of the Year ( 1998 ) , a freshman All @-@ American ( 1998 ) , a first @-@ team All @-@ SEC selection for four straight seasons ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) , a two @-@ time SEC Player of the Year ( 2000 , 2001 ) , twice received SEC Tournament Most Valuable Player honors ( 2000 , 2001 ) , and was named a first @-@ team All @-@ American her sophomore , junior , and senior seasons in 1999 , 2000 and 2001 . In addition to leading the Gators to the Final Four of the NCAA Division I Women 's Soccer Tournament as a senior in 2001 , Wambach set school career records for goals ( 96 ) , assists ( 50 ) , points ( 242 ) , game @-@ winning goals ( 24 ) , and hat tricks ( 10 ) . Over ten years later , she remains the Florida Gators ' all @-@ time leading scorer with ninety @-@ six goals . Wambach was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a " Gator Great " in 2012 .
= = Club career = =
= = = Washington Freedom : the WUSA years , 2002 – 03 = = =
In 2002 , Wambach was selected second during the first round of the 2002 WUSA Draft by the Washington Freedom for the second season of the Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) . After tying with the Carolina Courage for last place during the previous season , the Freedom hoped to turn things around in 2002 . With Mia Hamm out for the first half of the season for knee surgery and recovery , the Freedom found themselves in sixth place . After Hamm 's return , the team finished the remainder of the season 9 – 1 – 2 , finishing third with a berth into the playoffs . Of the team 's turnaround , Wambach noted , " Early on in the season it was difficult to get everyone on the same page . Mia was out , we had just started playing with the Chinese players , Steffi hadn 't come yet . There were so many factors that went into us not playing as well . Since people have returned , and we have been able to grasp what exactly one another was doing out there , it 's been easier to get results . " During the semifinals , the Freedom upset the Philadelphia Charge 1 – 0 . During the final against the Carolina Courage , the Freedom lost in front of 12 @,@ 000 spectators at Herndon Stadium in Atlanta . Wambach assisted on Hamm 's 64th @-@ minute goal , the team 's second goal , after the Courage 's Danielle Fotopoulos scored an own goal in the 31st minute ; however , it was not enough to equalize Carolina 's three goals . After leading all first @-@ year players in the league in scoring , Wambach was named WUSA Rookie of the Year in 2002 . She was Washington 's leading scorer with ten goals and ten assists and finished tied for fourth for scoring in the WUSA .
During the 2003 season , Wambach tied with Freedom teammate , Mia Hamm for the league 's scoring lead with 33 points . Her contributions in Washington helped to propel the Freedom to a victory in the Founders Cup III , where Wambach was named the MVP . During the seventh minute of regulation time , she scored the second @-@ fastest goal in Founders Cup history after she headed the ball into the lower left side of the net past Beat goalkeeper and national team teammate , Brianna Scurry . She scored the game @-@ winning goal in the sixth minute of overtime off a cross from Jenny Meier , leading the Freedom to defeat the Atlanta Beat 2 – 1 during the championship match .
Five days before the 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup , the first World Cup that Wambach would play in , the WUSA folded citing financial difficulties and a lack of sponsorship .
= = = WPS : Wambach 's return to Washington and Florida , 2009 – 11 = = =
In 2008 , a new professional league was announced for women in the United States : Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) . During the 2008 WPS Player Allocation in which twenty @-@ one players from the United States national team player pool were assigned to the seven teams in the new league , Wambach was assigned to the Washington Freedom . She was voted WPS Player of the Week for the week of April 26 ( Week 5 ) after scoring two goals in the Washington Freedom 's 4 – 3 victory over the FC Gold Pride , the Freedom 's first victory in the new league . During the Freedom 's next game on May 3 , 2009 , she received a yellow card for a tackle on St. Louis Athletica midfielder Daniela that left Daniela with two damaged knee ligaments and a crack in the tibia and sidelined her for the rest of the season . Wambach was suspended for one game after the challenge was reviewed by the league commissioner .
Wambach won the WPS Player of the Week award for the week of July 28 ( Week 18 ) for scoring two goals against the Chicago Red Stars and Sky Blue FC and for the week of Aug 11 ( Week 20 ) for scoring two goals and having one assist against Sky Blue . She ended the 2009 season with eight goals more than any other American player in the WPS and was named to the 2010 WPS All @-@ Star Team .
Wambach returned to the Washington Freedom for the 2010 WPS season , winning the WPS Player of the Week award in week 2 for scoring one goal and serving two assists against the Atlanta Beat . She was the top overall vote @-@ getter in WPS All @-@ Star voting , making her one of two captains for the 2010 WPS All @-@ Star Game . Wambach received 100 % of the media 's and coaches ' votes and received the most fans ’ votes @-@ with 31 % .
In 2011 , the Freedom relocated to Boca Raton , Florida and became the magicJack under new ownership . On July 22 , 2011 , Wambach was named the player @-@ coach for the magicJack for the rest of the 2011 WPS season . She was named WPS Player of the Week for the seventh time in August 2011 .
On October 26 , 2011 , the Women 's Professional Soccer League Governors voted to terminate the magicJack franchise . The league suspended operations in early 2012 .
= = = NWSL : Leading the Flash in Rochester , 2013 – 14 = = =
In 2012 , a new professional women 's soccer league was announced in the U.S. that featured allocated players from the American , Mexican , and Canadian national teams . On January 11 , 2013 , Wambach was allocated to the National Women 's Soccer League club , Western New York Flash , in her hometown of Rochester , New York , as part of the NWSL Player Allocation . After missing the preseason because of national team commitments , she made her debut on April 14 , 2013 during the team 's season opener against Sky Blue FC .
During the team 's second regular season match against the Washington Spirit in Boyds , Maryland , Wambach was struck hard in the face from close range on an attempted clearance by her teammate , Brittany Taylor , in the 80th minute of the match . She dropped to the ground and appeared disoriented after standing up . Though she continued playing to finish the match and even attempted to score a goal with her head , she dropped to the ground after the final whistle and was described by Spirit goalkeeper , Ashlyn Harris as dazed and mumbling . Wambach was assessed after the game for concussion . US Soccer announced several days later that she had suffered a concussion and acknowledged that the injury should have been handled differently by the referee , coaching staff , and players . Wambach sat out the next game as a precautionary health measure . She made her home debut for the Flash on May 1 and scored the match @-@ winning goal in the 20th minute to defeat Sky Blue 2 – 1 . It was the team 's first league win and lifted them to a three @-@ way tie for third place in the league .
Wambach was named Week 5 NWSL Player of the Week after scoring both goals in the Flash 's 2 – 1 victory over FC Kansas City . She became the first player in the league to win the award twice after scoring a goal and serving an assist during the Flash 's 3 – 0 win over Sky Blue FC during Week 9 .
Wambach announced on March 18 , 2015 , that she was sitting out the entire 2015 NWSL season in order to focus on the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Two weeks later , on March 30 , 2015 , Wambach 's playing rights were traded along with midfielder Amber Brooks and a first @-@ round pick in the 2016 NWSL College Draft to Seattle Reign FC in exchange for forwards Sydney Leroux and Amanda Frisbie .
= = International career = =
In 2001 , Wambach 's WUSA and collegiate performance earned her a spot at the national team training camp . Her first cap for the United States women 's national soccer team occurred on September 9 , 2001 during a match against Germany at the Nike U.S. Cup in Chicago . She subbed in for Tiffeny Milbrett in the 76th minute . The U.S. squad won 4 – 1 . She scored her first international goal on April 27 , 2002 during a friendly match against Finland in San Jose , California after subbing in for Christie Welsh in the 75th minute . The U.S. won 3 – 0 .
= = = 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup = = =
In August 2003 , Wambach was named to the U.S. roster by Coach April Heinrichs for her first World Cup tournament . Having played in just six international matches , with three starts , before the 2003 World Cup , Wambach led the United States squad in scoring with three goals at the tournament .
Before a stadium filled with over 34 @,@ 144 spectators at RFK Stadium in Washington D.C. , Wambach made the starting line @-@ up in the Americans ' first match of the tournament against Sweden on September 21 , 2003 . The U.S. defeated Sweden 3 – 1 with goals scored by Kristine Lilly , Cindy Parlow , and Shannon Boxx . During the squad 's second tournament match against Nigeria in Philadelphia in front of 31 @,@ 553 spectators , Wambach scored in the 65th minute to bring the U.S. lead to 4 – 0 . The U.S. would ultimately defeat Nigeria 5 – 0 . She scored her third tournament goal during the squad 's third Group Stage match against North Korea on a penalty kick in the 17th minute . The U.S. defeated North Korea 3 – 0 after two additional goals from Cat Whitehill in the 48th and 66th minutes launching the team to the knock @-@ out stage .
Wambach scored the only goal against Norway during the quarterfinal , paving the way for the Americans to the semifinals . The Americans lost to Germany 3 – 0 in the semi @-@ finals and were relegated to third place after their 3 – 1 win over Canada in the finals in front of 25 @,@ 253 people at the Home Depot Center in Carson , California .
= = = 2004 Summer Olympics = = =
After the WUSA suspended operations in 2003 , Wambach trained with the national team in preparation for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . During the U.S. ' s first two matches in Athens , she played a direct role in four of the five goals that the team scored resulting in wins over Greece and Brazil . During the team 's first group stage match against Greece on August 11 , 2004 , Wambach scored during the 30th minute to elevate the Americans to a 2 – 0 lead . She received her first yellow card of the tournament in the 49th minute . Mia Hamm followed with a goal in the 82nd minute for a final score of 3 – 0 .
The U.S. faced Brazil during their second match of the tournament on August 14 . Wambach received her second yellow card of the tournament in the 49th minute , giving her an automatic suspension for the final group stage match against Australia . After Hamm scored on a penalty kick in the 58th minute , Wambach sealed the win with a goal in the 77th . After moving on to the quarterfinals after a 1 – 1 tie against Australia in the final group stage match , the Americans faced Japan on August 20 . Wambach 's goal in the 59th minute lifted the Americans to a 2 – 1 victory .
After defeating Germany in overtime during the semi @-@ final , the U.S. faced Brazil for a second time in the Olympic final . Wambach 's 10 @-@ yard header in the 112th minute off a corner kick from Kristine Lilly gave the U.S. a 2 – 1 victory and the gold medal win . Her last @-@ minute goal was hailed as one of the five biggest goals in U.S. women 's national team history by ESPN in 2011 . Wambach finished the tournament with four goals and one assist . Her four goals set a new record for goals scored by a single U.S. player at an Olympic Tournament . The Olympic win also marked the start of significant changes for the national team as it was the final competitive international match for veteran players Mia Hamm , Joy Fawcett and Julie Foudy , who had played with the team since the first Women 's World Cup in 1991 . On the significance of the win , Wambach said , " It 's the least we can do for the women who have meant so much to us . " At the end of 2004 , Wambach had scored international 31 goals and 13 assists in 30 matches for the national team . She finished fourth in voting for the FIFA Women 's World Player of the Year .
After the Athens Olympics , Wambach continued as a major contributor to the national team , scoring goals during the 2005 Algarve Cup and a number of exhibition games . During group play at the Algarve Cup , one of her goals helped the U.S. squad set a record for the largest goal margin in an Algarve Cup match after their 5 – 0 win over Denmark . At the end of 2006 , Wambach had scored 66 goals in 84 international matches , scoring more goals in fewer games than any player since Michelle Akers . She was one of twenty players nominated for the 2006 FIFA Women 's World Player of the Year and finished fourth in voting for the award .
= = = 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup = = =
Heading into the 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup , the national team had not conceded a game in regulation time in nearly three years and was considered a favorite to win the tournament in China . Wambach had become a regular on the team for five years and had assumed a new position as leader on the team . During their first match of the tournament against North Korea , Wambach collided in the air with North Korean defender , Ri Kum @-@ Suk , and landed on the ground with blood streaming down her head . She was sidelined from the pitch for ten minutes while she received five stitches to the back of her head . Coach Greg Ryan decided not to replace Wambach , who had scored 78 goals in 97 games . The United States was ahead 1 – 0 thanks to a goal Wambach had scored in the 50th minute , assisted by Kristine Lilly . The squad allowed two goals while Wambach was away for those ten minutes . " When they scored right away as I went off I started to get worried . So I started to run to the locker room to get stitches put in " , Wambach said . Just a couple minutes after Wambach returned to the pitch , the United States tied the match with a goal scored by Heather O 'Reilly .
The team faced Sweden in their next match on September 14 , 2007 . Wambach scored two goals and notched up her record to 80 goals in 98 international matches after scoring in the 34th minute on a penalty kick and again in the 58th minute on a left @-@ footed half @-@ volley from a cross from Kristine Lilly . The U.S. finished group play with their 1 – 0 defeat over Nigeria women 's national football team on September 18 . Wambach provided the assist with a header off a long thrown @-@ in to Lori Chalupny who settled it off her chest and chipped the ball past Nigeria 's goalkeeper . The win launched the U.S. to the quarterfinals .
During the quarterfinal match against England on September 22 , 2007 , Wambach scored the first goal for the Americans during the 48th minute , followed by two goals scored by teammates Shannon Boxx and Kristine Lilly , defeating England 3 – 0 . All three goals were scored within 12 minutes . During the first half , with the match poised at 0 – 0 , English captain Faye White required extensive treatment following an elbow in the face from Wambach . Although Wambach insisted the contact was accidental , the English players and media thought otherwise . Wambach became the twentieth player in U.S. women 's national soccer team history ( thirtieth American soccer player overall ) to earn 100 international caps .
The United States faced Brazil in the semi @-@ finals in what would become a controversial and game @-@ changing match for the team . Coach Greg Ryan decided to bench starting goalkeeper , Hope Solo , and instead started Brianna Scurry , a veteran goalkeeper who had started in three World Cups and two Olympics , but who had started very few matches since the 2004 Olympics . The U.S. was defeated 4 – 0 by Brazil . The loss relegated them to a final match against Norway , which they won 4 – 1 , to secure third place standing at the tournament . Wambach scored a brace with goals in the 30th and 46th minutes . She ended the tournament having scored six goals in six matches , despite her head injury and a previous foot injury suffered during a friendly match against Finland just a month prior to the World Cup .
= = = 2008 Summer Olympics = = =
On June 23 , 2008 , Wambach was named to the U.S. squad for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . On July 16 , during a nationally televised exhibition match against Brazil , she broke her left leg during a collision with Brazilian defender , Andréia Rosa , preventing her from playing at the Games .
Thirty @-@ one minutes into the match in San Diego , California , Wambach ran at full speed seemingly to take a shot from about 30 yards and fiercely collided with Rosa . Wambach fell to the ground and immediately signaled for assistance . Her left leg was put in a brace and she was taken off the field on a stretcher . After being taken to a local hospital in an ambulance for X @-@ rays , fractures to her tibia and fibula were confirmed . Wambach later underwent surgery to have a titanium rod inserted and was expected to be out of action for three months . The first match for the national team was slated to start on August 6 . Wambach was the team 's leading scorer at the time and had just reached 99 goals in 127 matches , just one shy of becoming the fifth U.S. player and ninth female player in world history to notch 100 career international goals .
" Obviously , it 's devastating , but above everything else , I 'm only one player , and you can never win a championship with just one player " , Wambach said of her injury , " I have the utmost confidence in this team bringing home the gold . " Although the team won the exhibition match with a goal scored by Natasha Kai off a free kick from Carli Lloyd and would enter the Games undefeated for the year , Wambach 's teammates were unsettled by her injury . " My heart sank " , Kai said , " We need her . She 's a big piece of a great team . "
Forward Lauren Cheney was called in to replace Wambach at the Games . " There are obviously tons of emotions going through me right now " , Cheney said , " I have the deepest sorrow for Abby , but I am excited to be part of the 18 going to the Olympics . " Wambach said during a conference call a few days after the injury , " I called Lauren Cheney from the hospital , ' I want you to go there and not feel bad about being selected in this type of way ... What 's important is that the team going into this tournament is feeling that they can win this . At the end of the day , that 's what makes you stand at the top podium . "
Despite Wambach 's absence , the U.S. took home gold after defeating Brazil 1 – 0 in the final . Midfielder Carli Lloyd scored the game @-@ winning goal in the 96th minute off an assist from forward , Amy Rodriguez , in front of 51 @,@ 162 spectators at Workers Stadium . The gold medal was the third for the national team , after winning titles at the 2004 Athens Olympics and 1996 Atlanta Games , the first Olympic tournament that included women ’ s soccer .
Wambach scored her 100th goal during a friendly match against Canada in her hometown of Rochester on July 19 , 2009 , her second international match after returning from her injury . Of the goal , she said , " After this year I 've had , the heartbreak of not going to the Olympics , all of that pain is worth it . There 's nothing more you can ask for than play in front of your home crowd and come through with a milestone like I did today . " She reached 100 goals in fewer games than any of the four other American players who had previously reached 100 goals : Mia Hamm , Kristine Lilly , Michelle Akers and Tiffeny Milbrett .
= = = 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup = = =
On May 9 , 2011 , the U.S. roster for the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup tournament in Germany was announced , including Wambach . The 2011 Women 's World Cup was the third World Cup tournament in which she played . After playing without scoring a goal in the first two group stage matches against North Korea and Colombia , Wambach scored in the 67th minute during the team 's final group stage match – a 2 – 1 loss to Sweden . With the loss , the U.S. finished second in their group and went on to face the first place team from Group D Brazil in the quarterfinal .
On July 10 , 2011 , during the Americans ' quarterfinal game against Brazil , Wambach scored a header goal in stoppage time after the 120th minute ( 120th + two minutes of injury time ) to even the score at 2 – 2 against the Brazilians . The U.S. went on to win the game on penalty kicks and advanced to the semi @-@ final . Wambach 's goal set a new record for latest goal ever scored in a FIFA competition : a record previously set in 2010 by Landon Donovan . Her last @-@ minute goal was awarded ESPN 's 2011 ESPY Award for Best Play of the Year . Wambach scored her third tournament goal during the Americans ' 3 – 1 semi @-@ final win over France .
During the final against underdogs Japan , Wambach 's trademark header goal during the first half of extra @-@ time ( her fourth in the tournament ) , made her the United States ' all @-@ time scoring leader in FIFA Women 's World Cup history with 13 goals , second to Brazil 's Marta and Germany 's Birgit Prinz ( 14 all @-@ time goals each ) . The U.S. was forced to a penalty shootout after a late equalizer by Japan . Japan won 3 – 1 , with Wambach converting the fourth and only successful penalty for the U.S.
Wambach 's final tally for the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup was four goals and one assist , an effort that earned her the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup Bronze Boot after Brazil 's Marta ( 4 goals , 2 assists , Silver Boot ) and Japan 's Homare Sawa ( 5 goals , 1 assist , Golden Boot ) . Interestingly , all 4 of Wambach 's goals in the tournament were scored using her head . For her efforts , Wambach was awarded the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup Silver Ball to go alongside her Silver Medal and Bronze Boot .
= = = 2012 Summer Olympics = = =
Wambach scored the first goal for the U.S. at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London during the team 's first group stage match against France on July 25 , 2012 . Down 2 – 0 after 14 minutes into the first half , Wambach headed the ball into the back of the net off a corner kick from Megan Rapinoe in the 19th minute . By the 30 minute mark , the Americans had tied the game with another goal from Alex Morgan . With another goal from Alex Morgan and one from Carli Lloyd during the second half , the U.S. defeated France 4 – 2 .
During the United States ' second group round game against Colombia , Wambach was struck in the right eye by an opposing player , but went on to score the second goal in her team 's 3 – 0 victory . The goal was her sixth career Olympic goal , which broke the previous U.S. record held by Mia Hamm and Tiffeny Milbrett . It was also her 140th international goal inching closer to Hamm 's record at 158 for most international goals scored . In the 38th minute , Colombian midfielder Lady Andrade ran into Wambach 's path while the U.S. was pushing upfield and punched her in the face . Wambach fell to the ground in pain . The referees did not seem to see the play and made no call . Ending the match with a swollen black eye , Wambach described what happened , " I 'm running toward the goal to get position , and I got sucker @-@ punched " , she said . " It 's clear . We have it on film , so it 's up to the Olympic committee and FIFA to decide what to do . " After reviewing match footage , FIFA officials later imposed a two @-@ match ban on the Colombian player .
During the United States ' third group stage match against North Korea , Wambach scored the lone goal of the match during the 25th minute on a play that consisted of a long ball by Lauren Cheney to Alex Morgan . Morgan slid a pass between two defenders to Wambach who easily tapped in her third goal of the tournament . In front of 29 @,@ 522 spectators at Old Trafford , the Americans finished first in their group with the win and it launched them to the quarter @-@ final against New Zealand . The game also marked the first women 's soccer game at Old Trafford in 23 years . During the quarter @-@ final match against New Zealand , Wambach scored her fourth goal of the tournament during the 27th minute of the match . After sliding onto the ball to score , she then led a celebration of cartwheels — a tribute to the United States gymnastics team . With a second goal scored by Sydney Leroux in the 87th minute , the Americans defeated New Zealand 2 – 0 and moved onto the semi @-@ finals . Wambach also scored the game @-@ tying third goal , on a penalty kick , in the United States ' 4 – 3 controversial semifinal win over Canada .
Wambach scored five goals at the 2012 Olympics and scored in every match except the final . In recognition of her accomplishments , she was awarded the 2012 FIFA World Player of the Year , at the 2013 FIFA Ballon d ’ Or gala in Zurich , on January 7 , 2013 .
= = = 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup = = =
Prior to playing her fourth World Cup , Wambach declared that the Canada 2015 tournament would be her last . Given the nominal captain Christie Rampone started every game at the bench , Wambach was her first on @-@ field substitute wearing the armband . She was the starting captain in three games , against Australia and Nigeria in the group stage and Colombia in the round of 16 . Carli Lloyd , who acted as captain in the other four games , delivered the armband to Wambach as she entered the final against Japan with eleven minutes remaining , and Wambach in turn passed it over to Rampone as she entered at the 43rd minute . Rampone reciprocated by allowing Wambach to lift the World Cup trophy with her . During the victorious campaign , Wambach scored the game @-@ winning goal against Nigeria .
= = Player statistics = =
= = = Club = = =
= = = International goals = = =
In her international career , Wambach scored 184 goals in 255 international matches . She is currently the leading all @-@ time international scorer for men and women . Wambach ( 27 goals ) and Alex Morgan ( 28 goals ) combined for 55 goals in 2012 – equaling a 21 @-@ year @-@ old record set in 1991 by Michelle Akers ( 39 goals ) and Carin Jennings ( 16 goals ) as the most goals scored by any duo in U.S. women 's national team history .
= = = World Cup and Olympic appearances and goals = = =
Wambach competed in four FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments : 2003 in the United States , 2007 in China , 2011 in Germany and 2015 in Canada . She played in two Olympics tournaments : 2004 in Athens and 2012 in London . All together , she played in 30 matches and scored 22 goals at these five global tournaments . Along with her U.S. teammates , Wambach won two Olympic gold medals , finished third twice at the Women 's World Cup , finished second at the 2011 World Cup , and won the 2015 Women 's World Cup .
= = Style of play = =
Regarded as one of the greatest soccer players of all time , Wambach is known in particular for her goalscoring ability , and is the most prolific player in international competitions in soccer history . Although she was not the quickest or most technically gifted forward , Wambach was known for her physical , effective , and direct style of play , as well as her excellent positional sense , which allowed her to get onto the end of long balls and crosses ; her height and physique allowed her to excel in the air , and she was renowned for her ability to score with her head , frequently producing goals from spectacular diving headers . Although primarily a striker , Wambach was also known for her energy and outstanding work @-@ rate throughout her career , often dropping into midfield to assist her team @-@ mates defensively and help start attacking plays ; this enabled her to play anywhere along the front @-@ line , and also to function as a playmaker in midfield on occasion , in her later career . In addition to her playing abilities , Wambach was praised for her determination , tenacity , and leadership .
= = Honors and awards = =
Wambach is a six @-@ time winner of the U.S. Soccer Federation 's U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year award ( 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 ) . In 2002 , she received the WUSA 's Rookie of the Year award for her performance during the 2001 WUSA season . During the three years that she played for the Washington Freedom and magicJack in the WPS , she was named WPS Player of the Week a record seven times .
In 2011 , Wambach was awarded the Bronze Boot and Silver Ball at the FIFA Women 's World Cup . She was also awarded the 2011 ESPY Award for Best Play for her 122nd @-@ minute equalizing goal against Brazil during the quarterfinal . The same year , she was named the Women 's Sports Foundation Sportswoman of the Year and received the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year , the first individual soccer player ever – man or woman – to receive the award . In July 2011 , the mayor of Rochester , New York named July 20 " Abby Wambach Day " and she was given a key to the city . In August 2012 , after returning home from winning gold at the Summer Olympics in London , the city of Rochester honored Wambach by hosting a dedication and ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony in which the entrance to Sahlen 's Stadium was named " Wambach Way . "
Wambach was named the 2012 FIFA World Player of the Year , becoming the fourth woman ever , and the first American since Mia Hamm 10 years earlier , to win the award . Wambach received 20 @.@ 67 percent of the votes from national team coaches and captains as well as select media over teammate Alex Morgan ( 13 @.@ 5 ) and five @-@ time winner Marta ( 10 @.@ 87 ) . During her acceptance speech , she thanked FIFA and President Blatter , her family , coaching and medical staff , and teammates and said , " ... winning any individual award is a total product of the team that you play for . I 've never scored a goal without receiving a pass from somebody else . Thanks to all the fans out there who continue to inspire me and the rest of the team to win as many games as we can . " Wambach was also a finalist for the award in 2011 and 2013 .
Following the United States ' win at the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , Wambach and her teammates became the first women 's sports team to be honored with a Ticker Tape Parade in New York City . Each player received a key to the city from Mayor Bill de Blasio . In October of the same year , the team was honored by President Barack Obama at the White House .
In 2015 , Wambach was named to the Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world . The following year , she received the 2016 ESPY Icon Award
= = Personal life = =
Wambach lives in Portland , Oregon ; Hermosa Beach , California ; and Buffalo , New York . She has an English bulldog named Kingston . On October 5 , 2013 , she married her longtime partner , Sarah Huffman , in Hawaii . Wambach was amused by the level of media attention generated by the marriage and emphasized that the event was not a political statement and did not represent a coming out , because she had never been closeted : " I can 't speak for other people , but for me , I feel like gone are the days that you need to come out of a closet . I never felt like I was in a closet . I never did . I always felt comfortable with who I am and the decisions I made . "
Wambach is an outspoken supporter of Hillary Clinton and attended several campaign events during Clinton 's 2016 Primary Election in New Hampshire .
Wambach was arrested for driving under the influence of intoxicants ( DUII ) after being pulled over by Portland police on April 2 , 2016 to which she pleaded guilty . Following the incident , automaker MINI pulled a commercial featuring Wambach .
= = = Endorsements = = =
Wambach has signed endorsement deals with Gatorade , Nike , MVP Healthcare , and Panasonic . In 2010 , she starred in a Dodge commercial with some of her national team teammates . She signed a one @-@ year endorsement deal with Bank of America in July 2011 . The same year , she appeared in commercials for magicJack phone service and ESPN SportsCenter . In 2012 , she received a gold card from Chipotle Mexican Grill which entitles her to one free burrito daily for life . Although not a formal endorsement deal , Chipotle offers the cards to well @-@ known professional athletes who publicly express a liking for the restaurant . In the summer of 2013 , she signed an endorsement deal with the New York Apple Association and was featured in television , radio , print and online ads . In 2015 , Wambach starred in a commercial for LED lighting company Cree .
= = = Philanthropy = = =
Wambach has done philanthropic work for the Epilepsy Foundation and Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation . She has participated in Mia Hamm 's annual Celebrity Soccer Challenge which raises money for Children 's Hospital Los Angeles and the Mia Hamm Foundation . In August 2011 , Wambach joined teammates Alex Morgan and Hope Solo in a Bank of America charitable campaign at the Chicago Marathon . $ 5 @,@ 000 @.@ 00 was donated to the Juvenile Diabetes Association on her behalf . In 2013 , she became an ambassador for Athlete Ally , a nonprofit organization that focuses on ending homophobia and transphobia in sports .
= = In popular culture = =
= = = Television and film = = =
Wambach appeared in the HBO film , Dare to Dream : The Story of the U.S. Women 's Soccer Team . She has made appearances on the Today Show , the Late Show with David Letterman , The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , and Good Morning America . She was featured on ESPN 's In the Game with Robin Roberts in June 2012 .
In 2013 , Wambach 's biography was the focus of a one @-@ hour ESPN documentary , Abby Head On . The same year , she appeared in the ESPN documentary series , Nine for IX . The Nine for IX documentary , The 99ers , in which Wambach appeared focused on the success and legacy of the national team squad that won the 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup .
In April 2015 , Wambach joined Alex Morgan on American Idol to announce that the show 's season winner would record the official song for Fox 's coverage of the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . In May of the same year , her likeness appeared on The Simpsons along with Alex Morgan and Christen Press .
= = = Magazines = = =
Wambach posed nude in The Body Issue of ESPN The Magazine in 2012 . Of the experience , she said , " Bodies come in all different shapes . Bodies come in all different sizes . My body is very different than most other females . [ ... ] I want to show people that no matter who you are , no matter what shape you are , that 's still beautiful . " In May 2015 , Wambach was featured on the cover of ESPN Magazine with teammates Sydney Leroux and Alex Morgan .
= = = Video games = = =
Wambach was featured along with her national teammates in the EA Sports ' FIFA video game series starting in FIFA 16 , the first time women players were included in the game . In September 2015 , she was ranked by EA Sports as the # 3 women 's player in the game .
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= Grazing Goat Pictures =
Grazing Goat Pictures is an Indian film and TV production house launched in 2011 by Hindi film actor Akshay Kumar and Ashvini Yardi . Its first film OMG – Oh My God ! , was banned in UAE and Malaysia due to its controversial story @-@ line . In India a few screenings of the film had to be cancelled and a police case was lodged against the filmmakers and actors for hurting religious sentiments . It won the National Film Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . The next film in their banner Fugly opened to mixed reviews .
The company has also produced regional languages films like 72 Miles ( Marathi ) and Bhaji in Problem ( Punjabi ) . Both of these opened to positive reviews from critics . The former one was screened at the London and Pune International Film Festivals and won 3 awards at the 2014 Maharashtra State Film Awards ceremony . The company has also produced the Hindi soap opera Jamai Raja which airs on Zee TV . Kumar had guest appearances in all of his films except 72 Miles .
A YouTube channel FOMO Fashion On My Own was launched in 2013 . It has been credited as India 's first Hindi fashion channel .
= = History = =
Akshay Kumar had launched production house Hari Om Entertainment in 2008 . Ashvini Yardi had previously worked with Colors and Zee TV as Head of Programming . When she read the script of OMG – Oh My God ! , she decided to produce it and launched a company in association with Kumar . The company is based in Juhu , Mumbai and the head office 's interior is designed by Kumar 's wife Twinkle Khanna .
= = = Hindi films = = =
The company 's first film was the Umesh Shukla @-@ directed satirical comedy @-@ drama OMG – Oh My God ! , produced in association with Viacom 18 Motion Pictures , Spice Studio and Paresh Rawal 's Playtime Creation company . A song was added against the director 's wishes . Built on a small budget and based on a Gujarati stage @-@ play titled Kanji Virudh Kanji , it was a remake of the 2001 Australian film The Man Who Sued God . The story depicted the struggles of an atheist Hindu man who sued God after his shop is destroyed by an earthquake . Kumar appeared as Lord Krishna in the film . Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com appreciated the film for bringing " attention to the misuse and commercialisation of religion " . Anupama Chopra praised Rawal 's acting but felt that the rest character 's were flimsy and film 's " intentions [ were ] good , but the preaching [ was ] boring " . The film received poor initial collection at the box office but because of word of mouth it picked up and proved to be a commercial success . The film was banned in Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates and faced protests in Punjab where several shows had to be cancelled . A police case was lodged against film 's writer , director , Kumar and Rawal for hurting religious sentiments . Bhavesh Mandalia and Umesh Shukla won the National Film Award for Best Adapted Screenplay while Kumar received a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor . OMG – Oh My God ! has inspired a Telugu remake titled Gopala Gopala which featured Daggubati Venkatesh and Pawan Kalyan in important roles . It was directed by Kishore Kumar Pardasany . Reportedly , the producers of PK offered ₹ 8 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 2 million ) to Shukla to stop shooting . He is planning a sequel . Kumar said that he wanted to make " socially relevant " films .
The company had signed Nargis Fakhri for a 3 film deal . In May 2012 it was announced that she would be part of Khiladi 786 . However , in the same month she was removed from the cast . The film was produced by Hari Om Entertainment and Asin was cast for the lead role opposite Kumar . The company 's second film was the Kabir Sadanand @-@ directed drama thriller Fugly , featuring debutantes Mohit Marwah , Olympic medallist boxer Vijender Singh , Arfi Lamba and Kiara Advani in lead roles . Kumar and Salman Khan did cameo appearances in the film . Jimmy Shergill played a corrupt police officer who frames 4 friends for a murder he has committed and asks for a large sum of money in return for closing the case . The film failed to generate positive response from critics . Shubhra Gupta of The Financial Express said that it " isn ’ t exactly palatable " . Vinayak Chakravorty of India Today said that the film had mixed the elements of Rang De Basanti and Dil Chahta Hai but missed out on their magic . He called the narrative " half @-@ baked " and said that the film " [ lost ] its plot " . It was produced under a budget of ₹ 10 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 5 million ) .
Kumar was paired opposite Amy Jackson in Prabhu Deva 's comedy @-@ drama Singh Is Bliing ( 2015 ) . The film 's worldwide gross was estimated to be around ₹ 116 @.@ 27 crore ( US $ 17 million ) .
= = = Regional cinema = = =
Kumar and Yardi produced their first Marathi venture 72 Miles Ek Pravas . Inspired from Ashok Vhatkar 's novel of the same name , the film showed the problems faced by a teenager boy ( Chinmay Sant ) who ran away from his boarding school to reach his house which was at a distance of 72 miles from the school . It won three awards at the 2013 – 2014 Maharashtra State Film Awards — Best Grameen Film , Smita Tambe won the Best Actress Award while Rajeev Patil won the Best Director Award . It had also won the Jury 's special award for Best film at the 2014 Dadasaheb Phalke Awards . Shakti Shetty wrote in Mid Day that " the emotions won ’ t [ elude ] " the viewers . He praised Tambe 's performance by calling it " one of the strongest female performances in recent times " . Afternoon Despatch & Courier 's reviewer Sandeep Hattangadi called it " quite touching " and " the first of its kind in Marathi " . The film was shortlisted for screening at the London and Pune International Film Festivals . Their second Marathi film was Gauri Sarwate @-@ directed Anntar . It was shot in London .
The company 's next regional film was the Punjabi language comedy Bhaji in Problem ( 2013 ) . It was produced in association with Viacom 18 Motion Pictures and distributed globally by Krian Media . The film was directed by Smeep Kang . Built on a small budget of ₹ 5 crore ( US $ 740 @,@ 000 ) , it collected ₹ 17 crore ( US $ 2 @.@ 5 million ) at the box office . Distributors in the state of Punjab paid record prices for the film after film viewers expressed their eagerness to watch it . Kumar made a guest starring in the film . Sameer Valecha of Punjabimania.com noted that the film " has its own merits and will stand tall on them " and appreciated the actors for their performance . Indian spinner Harbhajan Singh also appeared in the film . After the films ' success Kumar said that he will produce more regional language films . In an interview given to The New Indian Express , Ashvini Yardi said that " We want to make Grazing Goat Pictures a global player . " She is also planning to produce Bengali films .
= = = Hindi television = = =
Grazing Goat Pictures produced their first Hindi soap opera Jamai Raja starring Ravi Dubey Nia Sharma , Achint Kaur and Delnaz Paul . It airs on Zee TV and completed 100 episodes in December 2014 . The company plans to produce more fictional shows . An adaptation of Kanika Dhillon 's novel Bombay Duck Is A Fish has also been planned .
= = FOMO Fashion On My Own = =
In 2013 Grazing Goat Pictures launched its Internet division Grazing Goats Digital , whose first product was India 's first Hindi fashion channel called FOMO Fashion On My Own . Aimed at trend @-@ conscious women , this YouTube channel provides online tutorials on various fashion subjects .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Films = = =
= = = Television = = =
Jamai Raja
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= Life Is Good ( Nas album ) =
Life Is Good is the eleventh studio album by American rapper Nas . It was recorded at various studios in New York and California , and produced primarily by No I.D. and Salaam Remi . Nas wrote the album after his divorce from recording artist Kelis and compared it to Marvin Gaye 's 1978 record Here , My Dear . He wanted to vent personal feelings and address moments in his life in his songs , while drawing on 1980s hip hop influences for the album 's production in order to complement its nostalgic tone .
Life Is Good features personal subject matter , themes of adulthood and nostalgia , and reflections on Nas ' personal life and experience in hip hop . His rapping is characterized by a relaxed , plainspoken flow , internal rhymes , and a tone that veers from malicious to nostalgic and introspective . The album 's production incorporates orchestral elements and musical references to both contemporary and golden age hip hop , including boom bap beats and old school samples .
When Life Is Good was released on July 13 , 2012 , by Def Jam Recordings , it received widespread critical acclaim and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in the United States . It also reached the top 10 of record charts in Canada , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . It was promoted with three singles — " Nasty " , " The Don " , and " Daughters " — five music videos , and Nas ' touring during June to December 2012 . By February 10 , 2013 , Life Is Good had sold 354 @,@ 000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan .
= = Background = =
In 2010 , Nas released his tenth studio album Distant Relatives , a collaboration with Damian Marley that reinvigorated Nas creatively . He soon became distracted by tax problems and an expensive , highly publicized divorce from his wife Kelis months before their son 's birth , events that influenced his direction for Life Is Good . His songwriting on the album was also influenced by adjusting back to life as a single man . Nas also wanted to write more original subject matter rather than another album " about how you came up in the hood and how you had to make it out of the hood " .
Although he did not find his album " quite so much about the marriage or the divorce " , Nas likened Life Is Good to Marvin Gaye 's 1978 album Here , My Dear , which was written by Gaye in response to his own deteriorating marriage and released as a financial settlement . Nas said of the album 's personal subject matter in an interview for Billboard :
The album 's cover depicts a forlorn Nas in a polished white suit , sitting in a night club 's VIP lounge , and holding over his knee Kelis ' actual green wedding dress , which he said was the only item she left . When writing the album , Nas also reflected on aging and maturation , fatherhood , and his 20 @-@ year experience in hip hop music .
= = Recording = =
Recording sessions for the album took place at the following recording studios — 4220 Studios , Conway Recording Studios , and East West Studios in Hollywood , Instrument Zoo Studios in Miami , Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios in New York City , Record One in Sherman Oaks , and Westlake Studios in Los Angeles . Nas worked with several musicians , including Amy Winehouse , Mary J. Blige , James Poyser , Anthony Hamilton , Miguel , Large Professor , and Hal Ritson , among others .
For the album , Nas wanted the production to complement his lyrics ' nostalgic themes with 1980s hip hop influences . He primarily worked with hip hop producers No I.D. and Salaam Remi , a frequent collaborator of Nas . Remi said that he wanted his production " to be something that a mumble @-@ mouth rapper can ’ t rap on . You better have something to say and be speaking up . " Along with producer Swizz Beatz , No I.D. and Nas related to the latter 's lyrics concerning divorce during the recording sessions . During the sessions , Nas recorded the song " No Such Thing as White Jesus " with singer Frank Ocean and producer Hit Boy , who misplaced the track while sorting through music he had produced for Jay @-@ Z and Kanye West 's album Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) . Although he later recovered it , the song was not included on Life Is Good .
= = Music and lyrics = =
The album incorporates musical references to both older and contemporary hip hop . Its production features live instrumentation , orchestral music , R & B , and boom bap elements . Music journalist Evan Rytlewski denotes " boom @-@ bap drums , lush keyboards , smooth saxophones , and the occasional Run @-@ D.M.C. and MC Shan sample " to be " tasteful accents " from golden age hip hop . Ryan Hamm of Under the Radar views that Remi and No I.D. ' s production " lean [ s ] toward opulent and epic " , while Pitchfork Media 's Jayson Greene writes that the latter 's produced songs " exude the warm TV @-@ fireplace crackle of ... throwback production . " Anupa Mistry of Now writes that " boom bap classicists Salaam Remi and No I.D. weave a raw , funky , orchestral lattice customized for Nas 's age @-@ appropriate raps " .
Life Is Good features nostalgic and adult themes , including aging and maturity . Nas ' rapping is characterized by internal rhymes , a relaxed , plainspoken flow , and transparent lyrics addressing moments in his life , including his youth and the personal events leading up to the album . Erika Ramirez of Billboard observes " stories of internal and external battles , some of which he won and some he lost . " David Dennis of The Village Voice writes that his lyrics address hip hop 's " golden era " and " the trials and tribulations of adult relationships " . Brandon Soderberg from Spin asserts that his lyrics " constantly remind nostalgics that the good ol ' days were often chaotic and desperate " . Slant Magazine 's Manan Desai finds Nas ' comparison of his album to Gaye 's Here , My Dear apropos . " Like Nas , Gaye was pushing 40 when he recorded his album " , Desai wrote . " He 'd cemented his position as one of R & B 's greatest , and yet , he never sounded more anguished about where all that fame was leading him . There 's something similar going on throughout Life Is Good ; the more we hear Nas repeat that titular refrain , the less convincing he sounds . " AllMusic 's David Jeffries said the lyrics about his divorce were " unfiltered carpet bombing of love and marriage " ; both Jeffries and Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic characterize the content as " venomous " . Conversely , Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone views that Nas " cuts his rhymes with midlife realism and daring empathy " . Ken Capobianco of The Boston Globe writes that the songs " mix anger , nostalgia , and insight . "
On the opening track " No Introduction " , Nas reflects on his impoverished upbringing and maturation into a " graphic , classic song composer " . The song 's subject matter ranges from lifestyle boats to revolutionary ideals : " Hood forever , I just act like I ’ m civilized / Really what ’ s in my mind is organizing a billion Black muthafuckas / To take over JP and Morgan Goldman and Sachs / And teach the world facts and give Saudi they oil back " . " Loco @-@ Motive " has an underground vibe and keyboards similar to Nas ' 1994 song " N.Y. State of Mind " . " A Queens Story " has boom bap and classical elements in its production , including classical piano , orchestral strings and funky drums . Its lyrics pay homage to Nas ' native Queens and his creative influences . " Accident Murderers " incorporates pipe organ in its production , and its lyrics addresses senseless violence with a rags @-@ to @-@ riches narrative by Rick Ross .
On " Daughters " , Nas is bewildered at the responsibilities of fatherhood , as he addresses his daughter 's social networking activity and worries about his past undermining his parental authority . Killian Fox of The Observer writes that Nas ' observations on his ex @-@ wife 's " hefty childcare payments " and his 18 @-@ year @-@ old daughter " dating unsuitable men " are resonated by his " recollections of his early years as a Queensbridge hustler – just the kind of unsuitable young man he 's warning his daughter about these days " . " Reach Out " features Mary J. Blige and incorporates the piano loop from Isaac Hayes ' 1970 song " Ike 's Mood " . Its lyrics address Nas ' feeling displaced " when you 're too hood to be in the Hollywood circles , you 're too rich to be in the hood that birthed you " . " You Wouldn 't Understand " addresses life struggles and features a mellow production and neo soul influences . " Back When " has flickering production and mytholigizing lyrics by Nas : " check out the oracle bred by city housing " .
The up @-@ tempo " The Don " samples Super Cat 's 1982 song " Dance inna New York " and has a 1990s hip hop sound . Its lyrics extol both Nas ' rapping prowess and New York City . According to No Ripcord 's James McKenna , " Stay " mixes soul and jazz elements , " bringing to mind Low End Theory era A Tribe Called Quest and Tupac 's Me Against the World , and lyrics " questioning the line between love and hate " . " Cherry Wine " features vocals by Amy Winehouse and a narrative between ill @-@ fated lovers . The song was titled after Winehouse 's guitar , which she called " cherry " . Jesal Padania of RapReviews cites it as " quite possibly the best ' ladies number ' that Nas has ever delivered , though it is infinitely classier than that label . " On " Bye Baby " , Nas ' lyrics address his ex @-@ wife and recount their marriage in a narrative that follows the wedding , counseling sessions , marriage counseling , and the legal process of their divorce .
= = Promotion = =
Nas promoted the album with television appearances and performances on The Colbert Report , Late Show with David Letterman , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and 106 & Park . He also headlined the Rock the Bells music festival and emarked on a three @-@ week European tour during June and July 2012 . Nas co @-@ headlined the " Life Is Good / Black Rage " tour with Lauryn Hill , performing from October 29 to December 31 , when he performed an exclusive show at Radio City Music Hall in New York City with Elle Varner as the supporting act .
Three singles were released in promotion of the album — " Nasty " on August 9 , 2011 , " The Don " on April 3 , 2012 , and " Daughters " on July 17 . A music video for " Nasty " was filmed by director Jason Goldwatch in Queensbridge , Nas ' hometown in New York , and released virally on October 11 , 2011 . A video for " Daughters " was directed by Chris Robinson and premiered May 27 on MTV Jams . Its storyline chronicles the relationship between Nas and his daughter through her point of view . On April 27 , Nas released the Aristotle @-@ directed video for " The Don " , which featured lavish images of Nas ' lifestyle .
On August 30 , Nas released a video for " Bye Baby " , featuring scenes of Nas in an empty home , at his divorce proceedings , and in a setting that revisits the cover image of Life Is Good . It also featured singer Aaron Hall of Guy , whose 1988 song " Goodbye Love " is sampled on " Bye Baby " . A video for " Cherry Wine " was also released on October 2 . It was dedicated to guest vocalist Amy Winehouse , who is featured as a projection on a wall in the video 's scenes . On September 19 , " Cherry Wine " was sent to radio in the United Kingdom .
= = Release and reception = =
Life Is Good , Nas ' eleventh studio album , was released by Def Jam Recordings ; it was also his last album for the label . It was first released on July 13 , 2012 , in Germany , where it reached number 24 on the Media Control Charts . In the United Kingdom , it debuted at number 8 on the Official Albums Chart , on which it spent three weeks . The album also debuted at number 2 in Canada and sold 5 @,@ 700 copies in its first week there . In the United States , the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 149 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It was his sixth number @-@ one album in the United States . In its second week on the Billboard 200 , the album sold 45 @,@ 000 copies . By February 10 , 2013 , the album had sold 354 @,@ 000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The album charted for 16 weeks on the Billboard 200 .
Life is Good received widespread acclaim from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 81 , based on 30 reviews . Kevin Perry of NME called it " a grimy , back @-@ to @-@ basics return to form " , while Pitchfork Media 's Jayson Greene said Nas had " settled gracefully into strengths " , Slant Magazine 's Manan Desai said Nas sounded " inspired " and praised the album 's " narrative unity " as " a wide @-@ angle look of the artist as a grown man . " Evan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club deemed Nas ' lyrics " beautifully expressed " and the music just " as thoughtful " . Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times called it a " thoughtful , fierce , honest and – most important – heavy @-@ duty work " and stated , " Nas has gotten better at rolling with the punches – and you can hear it in every verse " . Carl Chery from XXL said it is " arguably Nas ' best LP since Stillmatic " and asserted , " At this juncture — 21 years and 10 solo albums in — no other MC has ever rhymed at such a high level this deep into their career . "
In a less enthusiastic review for MSN Music , Robert Christgau gave Life Is Good a three @-@ star honorable mention , citing " Daughters " and " Accident Murderers " as highlights and deeming the record " reflections of a bigshot who , as he mentions several times , is damn big " . AllMusic 's David Jeffries called it a " puff @-@ chested bitch session " and felt " Nas needed to get [ this album ] out of his system , acting as a clearing house for all venom and bile , plus some gloss that doesn 't fit but needed to go as well . " New York Times critic Jon Caramanica felt his narratives were " sometimes distractingly fanciful " and his lyrics occasionally " overstuffed " , even though the record possessed " a simulacrum of the sound that made him legendary " . Matthew Fiander from PopMatters was more critical , finding the production " uneven " and calculated " as product " , with " half @-@ done ideas " .
Life Is Good appeared on several critics ' year @-@ end top albums lists . It was named the best album of 2012 by The Source and Okayplayer . The album was also ranked number 18 by Rolling Stone , number 12 by Complex , number 16 by James Montgomery of MTV , number six by Martin Caballero of The Boston Globe , and number seven by Jon Caramanica of The New York Times . Life Is Good received a Grammy Award nomination in the category of Best Rap Album for the 2013 Grammy Awards . It was also nominated for Album of the Year at the 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards , while " Daughters " won the Impact Track award at the 2012 BET Hip Hop Awards .
= = Track listing = =
Samples :
" No Introduction " contains samples of " Don 't Cry " by Kirk Franklin
" A Queens Story " contains samples of " Peter Piper " by Run – D.M.C. and " Queen 's Story " by Salaam Remi .
" Accident Murderers " contains samples of " They Said It Couldn 't Be Done " by Norman Feels and " The Bridge " by MC Shan .
" Daughters " contains samples of " Dust to Dust " by Cloud One and " Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye " by Wayne McGhie and the Sounds of Joy .
" Reach Out " contains samples of " Ike 's Mood " by Isaac Hayes and an interpolation of " Once in a Lifetime Groove " by New Edition .
" World 's an Addiction " contains a sample of " The World " by Salaam Remi .
" You Wouldn 't Understand " contains samples of " Let 's Start Love Over Again " by Miles Jaye and " Eric B. Is President " by Eric B. & Rakim .
" Back When " contains samples of " Double Agent Jones " by Barry Moore Combo , " Live Routine " by MC Shan , and " The Bridge " by MC Shan .
" The Don " contains elements of " Dance inna New York " by Super Cat .
" Stay " contains samples of " Seven Steps to Nowhere " by L.A. Carnival .
" Bye Baby " contains samples of " Goodbye Love " by Guy .
" The Black Bond " contains samples of " Praguenosis " by Salaam Remi .
" Where 's the Love " contains samples of " Brooklyn @-@ Queens " by 3rd Bass .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= Theodore Roosevelt High School ( Kent , Ohio ) =
Theodore Roosevelt High School ( RHS or TRHS ) , often referred to as Kent Roosevelt ( KRHS ) , is a public high school in Kent , Ohio , United States . It is the only high school in Kent and the Kent City School District and serves students in grades 9 – 12 living in Kent , Franklin Township , Brady Lake , and Sugar Bush Knolls as well as a small portion of southern Streetsboro . As of 2015 , enrollment was 1 @,@ 284 with 110 teachers for a student – teacher ratio of 12 : 1 . Recognition for academic performance over the years has come from the United States Department of Education , Ohio Department of Education , and U.S. News & World Report .
The school was founded in 1868 as Kent High School and was first housed at the Franklin Township Hall until the completion of the Union School building in March 1869 . In 1922 , the school was moved to a new facility named for U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt on a 10 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 0 ha ) campus , which would serve as the high school until 1959 . Following completion of a new building on a larger 31 @-@ acre ( 13 ha ) campus along North Mantua Street in northern Kent , Roosevelt was moved to this location . The building has had a number of additions made beginning in the mid @-@ 1960s and contains nearly 70 classrooms , a library , gymnasium , auditorium , and indoor pool . The campus has been expanded over the years to 88 acres ( 36 ha ) and also includes several athletic facilities and practice fields .
Nearly 200 courses are offered at the school including 13 Advanced Placement classes and 25 vocational education programs . Roosevelt is part of the Six District Educational Compact which pools vocational resources with five nearby high schools . There are also two academy programs for students with various educational needs . Other elective courses offered include those in the study Arabic language , lifeguard training , various aspects of American history and culture , multiple writing and journalism courses , and the visual , performing , and practical arts . There are multiple co- and extracurricular clubs and activities , many of which have earned outside recognition at the state and national levels . Roosevelt athletic teams are known as the Rough Riders with school colors of red , white , and black , and compete in the Suburban League American Division as part of the Ohio High School Athletic Association . Notable Roosevelt alumni include a Governor of Ohio , professional athletes , and entertainment figures .
= = History = =
The establishment of what is today Theodore Roosevelt High School occurred in 1868 when the first classes of what was originally known as Kent High School were held . This was preceded first by the formation of the Franklin Union School District around 1860 , which brought four smaller schoolhouse districts under one administration in what was then known as Franklin Mills . In 1867 , the school board decided to consolidate the various neighborhood schoolhouses and create a graded curriculum , which included separate high school classes . As part of the consolidation effort , construction of a new building , known as the Union School , began at the corner of Park Avenue and North Mantua Street on a hill overlooking the newly named village of Kent . Construction of the school was part of a number of building developments in Kent in the late 1860s , including two churches and a large bank building . The name of the settlement was changed from Franklin Mills to Kent in 1864 and the village was incorporated from part of Franklin Township in 1867 after population growth began in the mid @-@ 1860s followed the arrival of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad and its shops in 1863 . The laying of the Union School 's cornerstone on May 29 , 1867 , was hailed by the local newspaper , the Kent Bulletin , as an event " which is brighter than anything heretofore recorded in our favor . "
Because of construction delays , the building was not ready for classes in September 1868 , so the first classes of the high school were held at the nearby Franklin Township Hall while students in grades 1 – 8 remained at their old schoolhouses . The new building opened on March 14 , 1869 with the high school grades located in the southwest room of the second floor and the four primary grades on the first floor . The third floor of the building was an open , multi @-@ purpose room . The school held its first graduation ceremony in July 1869 with a class of just one , a student named Anna Nutting . Nutting later taught at the Union School and eventually became its principal , serving until 1888 . The Union School , which would later be known as Central School , served as the home of all Kent students until two additional elementary schools for grades 1 – 6 were constructed in the 1880s . For most of the 1910s , all of the school buildings were overcrowded and the high school graduating classes had grown to nearly 40 students . As a result , a new , separate high school building was built in 1922 . The Union / Central building remained in service mainly for grades K – 7 until 1953 , when it was closed after the completion of a new Central Elementary School on the same property . It was razed in 1954 . Because of Kent High School 's location in what became known as the Central School by the late 19th century , the school is often referred to contemporarily and historically as Kent Central High or simply as Central High .
= = = First campus , 1922 – 1959 = = =
Increases in enrollment throughout the 1910s led the school board to request funds to build a new high school building along with additions to other district buildings to ease overcrowding and prepare for expected growth in enrollment . A bond issue for the various construction projects was approved by voters June 24 , 1919 . Initially , the school board had planned to build the school on property along South Water Street adjacent to downtown , but decided against this citing the need for a larger lot and building to accommodate expected growth . Eventually , a 10 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 0 ha ) site at the intersection of Park Avenue and North Prospect Street was purchased and construction began May 31 , 1921 . It was completed less than a year later , on May 22 , 1922 , and hosted commencement exercises for the graduating class in June .
The four @-@ story building cost $ 400 @,@ 000 ( approximately $ 5 million present @-@ day ) and contained a gymnasium with seating for 300 , an 833 @-@ seat auditorium , and 27 classrooms . Later that year , in August , the Kent School Board adopted a resolution to name the building after former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt . The first classes were held in the building September 6 , 1922 and it was dedicated September 22 . By then , the high school enrollment had grown to approximately 400 students . In the late 1930s , a separate annex was built behind the building to house industrial arts classes . The North Prospect Street building served as the high school until 1959 , when Roosevelt was relocated to a new building and campus along North Mantua Street in northern Kent . The building on North Prospect street was rededicated in 1959 as Davey Junior High School after the local Davey family and served as the junior high school for grades 7 – 9 . It was later renamed Davey Middle School and housed grades 6 – 8 . At the conclusion of the 1998 – 1999 school year , the building was closed for an extensive renovation , and reopened in 2000 as Davey Elementary School .
= = = North Mantua campus , since 1959 = = =
Further growth in Kent during the 1950s spurred discussion of a new high school with a larger campus offering more room for future expansion . In 1955 , district voters approved a $ 1 @.@ 5 million bond issue ( approximately $ 13 million present @-@ day ) followed by a $ 650 @,@ 000 bond issue ( about $ 5 million present @-@ day ) in 1957 to fund a new high school , new elementary school , and renovation of the old high school to become a junior high school . Also in 1957 , the school board purchased several acres of farmland along North Mantua Street as the site for the new high school campus . Although some viewed the site as too remote , construction began in 1958 and the building was opened September 8 , 1959 housing 550 students in grades 10 – 12 . Enrollment increases throughout the 1960s and 1970s would necessitate several additions and by 1968 , the graduating class numbered 238 students . Also in 1959 , the Franklin Township and Brady Lake districts merged with the Kent City School District , bringing additional students to Roosevelt . Prior to that time some students from Franklin Township and Brady Lake , neither of which had an accredited high school , attended Roosevelt as tuition @-@ paying students to complete their high school diploma , while others finished at Kent State High School . The state of Ohio had previously paid tuition for rural schools without accredited high schools , but discontinued doing so in the late 1950s .
In 1972 , many of the students from Kent State High School , which had closed earlier that year , were transferred to Roosevelt . Beginning in 1978 , ninth graders started attending the high school again for the first time since 1959 due to overcrowding at Davey Junior High School . In 1985 , Roosevelt was honored as one of 212 high schools in the United States to earn the Presidential Excellence in Education award from the U.S. Department of Education . Since 2004 , Roosevelt has consistently been rated " Excellent " by the Ohio Department of Education and in December 2009 , US News & World Report named Roosevelt in the 2010 " Best High Schools " issue as a Bronze Medal school . The school earned a " Bronze Medal " ranking and was one of only 46 high schools in the state of Ohio to be named in the report . Roosevelt was named as a Bronze Medal school again in 2015 and 2016 .
= = Campus and facilities = =
In addition to approximately 70 classrooms , the building contains a multi @-@ purpose gymnasium , auditorium , a library , and a six @-@ lane indoor swimming pool . When first opened in 1959 , the building contained 27 classrooms , a library , and the gymnasium . Several additions have been made to the building and campus since 1959 . In the mid @-@ 1960s , an additional classroom wing was added , followed in the early 1970s by construction of a vocational classroom wing and the auditorium and adjoining scene shop . In the late 1970s , two more additions were built ; one wing containing classrooms and an indoor swimming pool and the other an expansion of the second floor . The most recent additions in 1997 expanded the cafeteria and added a new art room and music storage room , along with several renovations and upgrades throughout the building .
The Roosevelt High School campus covers 88 acres ( 36 ha ) along North Mantua Street ( State Route 43 ) in northern Kent , adjacent to the corporate headquarters of the Davey Tree Expert Company . Along with the school building on the eastern end of the campus and Stanton Middle School on the western end , there are facilities and practice fields for several sports that are used for physical education and athletic competitions . The largest facility is Roosevelt Stadium , built in 1970 , which includes a natural grass playing surface , an eight @-@ lane all @-@ weather running track , and locker rooms . It is used primarily for football and track and field . Adjacent to Roosevelt Stadium on the west is the smaller Stanton Stadium , used for lacrosse and soccer , which has an additional nine @-@ lane all @-@ weather track used by Stanton Middle School . Between Stanton Stadium and Stanton Middle School is the Adam S. Hamilton Fitness Center , named after 2007 Roosevelt graduate and athlete Adam S. Hamilton , who was killed on duty in Afghanistan in 2011 . The center is used by the various athletic teams , physical education classes , athletic healthcare program , and as a locker room for athletic teams who use Stanton Stadium . The fitness center opened in 2000 and is housed in the building that previously served as the district 's bus garage prior to the construction of Stanton Middle School in 1997 . It was renovated and rededicated in honor of Hamilton in 2015 . On the other side of Roosevelt Stadium are the baseball field , softball field , and a six @-@ court tennis complex with additional open practice fields spread mainly along the southern part of campus . These fields are generally used for field hockey , football , soccer , and lacrosse .
The campus site , previously a farm , was originally 31 acres ( 13 ha ) . Since its purchase in 1957 it has been expanded multiple times , with a 17 @.@ 4 @-@ acre ( 7 @.@ 0 ha ) addition in 1967 , a 19 @.@ 5 @-@ acre ( 7 @.@ 9 ha ) expansion in 1990 that was used as the site for Stanton Middle School later that decade , and other adjacent parcels . Along with the construction of Stanton Middle School , several changes were made to the campus between 1997 and 2000 , including additional sports facilities and practice fields and the realignment of Roosevelt Drive .
= = Demographics = =
The Roosevelt student body comes from an area that includes most of the city of Kent , most of Franklin Township , and all of the villages of Brady Lake and Sugar Bush Knolls . A very small portion of Streetsboro is also included . The student body can also include those from outside the district through open enrollment , which is open to students from any school district in Ohio . The enrollment count in September 2015 was 1 @,@ 284 students in grades 9 – 12 , which includes 213 students from Six District Educational Compact schools . During the 2014 – 14 school year , in which Roosevelt had a student body of 1 @,@ 151 , 78 @.@ 1 % of students were classified as non @-@ Hispanic White , 10 @.@ 1 % non @-@ Hispanic Black , 1 @.@ 4 % Asian , and 8 @.@ 0 % multi @-@ racial , largely reflecting the demographics for the city of Kent . 35 @.@ 0 % of Roosevelt students were labeled by the state of Ohio as economically disadvantaged , which classifies Roosevelt as a medium @-@ low poverty school , and 14 @.@ 3 % of students were identified as having some sort of disability . The Roosevelt four @-@ year graduation rate is 93 @.@ 9 % , which is above the state average of 82 @.@ 2 % and state requirement of 90 % .
Dennis Love , a 1993 Roosevelt graduate , serves as principal , a position he has held since June 2015 . Previously , he had been serving as an assistant . The school employs a teaching faculty of 110 for an average student – teacher ratio of 11 : 1 . 85 ( 77 @.@ 2 % ) of teachers hold a master 's degree or beyond . There are nearly 60 additional staff members , which includes a career education assistant principal , two unit assistant principals , support staff , aides , tutors , guidance counselors , and administration .
= = Curriculum = =
The daily schedule is from 7 : 30 AM to 2 : 29 PM and consists of seven 51 @-@ minute periods with four minutes between each class and a 30 @-@ minute lunch period . Students who have lunch option are permitted to leave the campus during their lunch period and upper classmen who have a study hall during their final period may leave early . The school year is divided into four 9 @-@ week grading periods which form two 18 @-@ week semesters . The first semester generally begins in mid @-@ August and concludes in December while the second semester begins in early January and finishes in late May. tate graduation requirements for the class of 2014 and beyond include 21 @.@ 5 total credits . Of these , four must be in English , four in math , three each in science and social studies , one each in physical education and fine or practical arts , half a credit in health , and five elective credits . Within the credit requirements are specific classes that must be taken while the remainder can be filled by elective classes . Beginning with the class of 2017 , the school will begin using the Cum Laude system for recognizing academic achievement instead of class rank . Curriculum is based on state content standards set by the Ohio Department of Education as well as additional national standards . Since 1909 , the school has been accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools .
Roosevelt offers nearly 200 courses including 13 Advanced Placement ( AP ) , 25 vocational education , and numerous elective and required classes at varying levels of interest and understanding . Advanced Placement courses are offered in biology , calculus , chemistry , combined electricity and magnetism and mechanics physics , English literature , French , Spanish , combined U.S. government and comparative government and politics , U.S. history , statistics , and studio art . Successful completion of an AP course adds an additional point that is factored into a student 's class rank . Additionally , students are able to take advanced courses at nearby colleges and universities such as Kent State University and the University of Akron through two post @-@ secondary dual enrollment options , which allow students to take credits that either fill both their high school and college graduation requirements or are for college credit only .
Vocational programs , known as Career and College Tech Prep classes , are available at the school and through the Six District Educational Compact , which includes the Cuyahoga Falls , Hudson , Stow @-@ Munroe Falls , Tallmadge , and Woodridge school districts . The compact , established in 1969 , combines and shares the vocational programs and resources of member schools and allows students to participate in the programs that are offered at each of the schools even if the program is at another building . There are 25 programs , six of which are College Tech Prep Initiative programs that allow students to earn both high school and college credits . The remaining 19 programs are Career Programs designed to give students training and work experience . College Tech Prep programs housed at Roosevelt include programs in athletic healthcare and fitness , manufacturing and engineering , landscape horticulture , and teaching . Career Programs housed at Roosevelt include two business @-@ related programs , computer @-@ aided design and manufacturing technologies , construction and remodeling , cosmetology , electronics , health technology , marketing , and out @-@ of @-@ school internships . Additional programs available through the compact that are housed at other schools include aviation , culinary arts , theater arts , automotive repair and technology , banking and finance , and early childhood educational aide training . Each program also has co @-@ curricular component , meaning they have both in @-@ class and outside requirements and responsibilities that are factored into the student 's overall grade . One example is the Roosevelt chapter of DECA , which is part of the marketing education program . In 2016 , DECA members representing Roosevelt advanced to the international competition for the 30th consecutive year .
= = = Academies = = =
There are two general education academy programs offered at the school . Both programs , Bridges Academy and Expedition Academy , are for students in grades 9 and 10 . Bridges Academy , known simply as " Bridges " , focuses on students who are identified in 8th grade as possibly having difficulty transitioning to the high school setting for academic , social , and / or emotional reasons . In the program , they are able to take required classes in a smaller setting , averaging around 10 students per class , to allow for more one @-@ on @-@ one interaction with the teacher . Until 2014 , students spent the morning part of their day at the Central School annex , returning to the main high school campus at lunch . The Central building was closed at the end of the 2013 – 14 school year , and all classes were moved to the high school campus .
The Expedition Academy is an advanced program based on the Expeditionary Learning model of Kurt Hahn and uses both traditional and experimental teaching methods and models . It was formed in 1999 as a result of a study using focus groups and interviews of 300 students which found that students generally felt they needed more " real @-@ world " applications to their school work including community service , problem solving , and curriculum integration . The two @-@ year program includes advanced courses in English , U.S. and world history , biology , and ecology and also includes a health class and an academy @-@ specific physical education class integrated with outdoor education and community service .
= = = Arts = = =
Roosevelt offers several visual and performing arts classes and programs that vary according to grade level and interest . Classes are also available in practical arts , such as consumer science , information technology , and industrial technology . While all fine and practical arts classes are electives , one full @-@ year credit of either fine or practical arts is required to graduate .
Roosevelt offers four successive levels of general art classes , as well as classes in drawing and painting , clay and sculpture , glass and fiber , and an Advanced Placement studio art class that focuses on portfolio development . Three successive levels of photography classes are also offered . Generally , each art class lasts for a semester . A full @-@ year general music theory class is offered for students of varying musical backgrounds , and semester @-@ long courses in acting and directing and play production are also available .
The musical performing arts programs — band , orchestra , and choir — are considered co @-@ curricular , with the out @-@ of @-@ class requirements usually in the form of performances and additional rehearsals not during the school day . Each musical group also has additional extra @-@ curricular ensembles and solo opportunities . Ensembles and soloists participate annually in the Ohio Music Education Association ( OMEA ) Solo and Ensemble Adjudicated Event , while the main groups participate in OMEA 's Large Group Adjudicated Event . These events allow students to perform for judges and receive a rating and comments based on specific criteria .
The Rough Rider Marching Band and flag corps perform at home and away football games , and at local and national competitions . In late October , after the football season , the band separates into concert band and wind symphony ensembles . Immediately after the final home game of every season , the band performs what is known as " Script Kent " , a formation similar to " Script Ohio " performed by The Ohio State University Marching Band and using the same song , Le Régiment de Sambre et Meuse by Robert Planquette . As part of the tradition , the band spells out " Kent " with the stadium lights off and band members wearing green glow sticks around their ankles that are uncovered only after the stadium lights have been turned off . The marching band also hosts a yearly band show in late August , known as the " Roosevelt Premier of Bands " that features several local high school bands and marches in Kent 's annual Memorial Day parade in May . Additional extra @-@ curricular performance groups include Jazz Band and brass , woodwind , percussion ensembles . The Roosevelt orchestra program is composed mainly of an all @-@ string chamber orchestra . Extracurricular ensembles include a pit orchestra for the school 's annual musical production and several smaller ensembles .
The choral program includes two all @-@ female choirs known as Treble Choir and Women 's Chorale , a mixed four @-@ part choir called ChoralWorks , and an all @-@ male choir known as Men 's Chorus . Membership in ChoralWorks and Women 's Chorale is determined by audition . The choirs generally have three concerts during the school year , with additional performances in and outside of school at various times of the year . There are also three additional extracurricular ensembles , two all @-@ female ensembles — Junior Varsity Women and Varsity Women — and one four @-@ part mixed ensemble called ACEs ( Advanced Choral Ensemble ) , all of which are determined by audition at the beginning of each school year . Every May , the choirs , along with the Jazz Band , stage a pops concert that features music from a variety of time periods and genres and also includes choreography and additional solo and small group performances . The concert has been held every year since 1970 . Since 2013 , a madrigal dinner in the style of a Medieval or Renaissance boar 's head festival , is held in early December . Members of ChoralWorks and Women 's Chorale wear period costumes and sing period repertoire while guests are served a three @-@ course meal .
Practical arts classes include those in consumer science , information technology , and industrial technology . Generally , courses are for a semester , though a number of full @-@ year classes are offered . Consumer science classes include those in areas such as cooking , sewing , interior design , relationships , and personal planning . Classes offered in industrial and information technologies are separate from the vocational programs also available . Industrial tech classes include those in cabinetry , woods and metal , electronics , and computer @-@ aided design while information tech classes include those in law , accounting , sports and entertainment management , and aspects of digital media .
= = = Additional courses and electives = = =
In addition to the required courses for subjects such as English , math , physical education , science , and social studies , a number of additional elective classes are offered , many of which can be substituted for traditional classes . At times , foreign language courses in Arabic and Mandarin Chinese were offered in addition to the four @-@ year sequences of German , French , Latin , and Spanish classes . The Chinese language class was taught by an exchange teacher from China who came to the U.S. through a grant from the Ohio Department of Education . Arabic classes began in August 2010 .
A general English class for each grade level is required for graduation . Required English courses are full @-@ year classes that can be taken at the comprehensive , college preparatory , or advanced levels with Advanced Placement available in 12th grade . Additional elective English classes include those in African American literature , women 's studies and literature , public speaking , poetry , journalism , short story writing , writing research papers , and the works of William Shakespeare . A news magazine production class produces The Colonel , the school magazine published 10 times per academic year . The school yearbook , the Rough Rider , is produced by the yearbook production course . Staff members of The Colonel have won a number of awards at state competitions , including the All @-@ Ohio Award for best overall news magazine from the Ohio Scholastic Media Association in 2010 . English electives last one semester , except the full @-@ year news magazine and yearbook production classes , and can only be taken along with the required English classes .
Within the physical education requirement , known as Dimensions of Physical Education , students have a choice of four programs of study in individual and net sports , dance , bodybuilding , and team sports . Ninth @-@ grade students are required to take the one @-@ semester class and an additional semester is required for graduation . Each dimension program also includes a session in aquatics and personal fitness . Lifeguard training is also offered as a course and can be used to gain certification as a Professional Rescuer in first aid , CPR , and lifeguarding from the American Red Cross .
The social studies requirement includes world history and U.S. history , a semester @-@ long course in U.S. government , and a half @-@ credit elective . World history has an advanced option while U.S. history is also offered as an Advanced Placement course . Advanced Placement U.S. government is offered as a year @-@ long course that includes a semester in comparative government and a field trip to Washington , DC . Semester @-@ long elective courses , which can fulfill either the elective portion of the graduation requirements or the social studies elective , include those on violence in the United States , sociology , psychology , American popular culture , African American history , economics , and a leadership and community service @-@ oriented course known as Riders Taking Action .
= = Extracurricular activities = =
In addition to many of the co @-@ curricular activities associated with the various classes , there are several extracurricular clubs at the school . Honorary organizations National Honor Society and Quill and Scroll have active chapters at Roosevelt while national and international organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union , Key Club , Amnesty International , and American Field Service ( AFS ) also have associated clubs at the school . In addition to the musical performing arts ensembles , there is also a chapter of the International Thespian Society honorary organization that is part of the Roosevelt Drama Guild . Drama Guild presents three productions each school year : a drama in November , a musical in February , and one @-@ acts in April . Academic competition clubs such as an Academic Challenge quiz bowl team and Future Problem Solving are offered as well as a general foreign language club and separate clubs for the German , French , Latin , and Spanish language classes . General interest clubs and organizations include a chess club , athletic boosters , student council , arts promotion clubs ForArts ( Friends of Roosevelt Art Society ) and the RHS Film Society , a general science club along with clubs for the environment and zoology , and Gamers ' Guild . There is also an African American youth @-@ focused club known as Project Unity , a gay @-@ straight alliance , and an active Special Olympics team .
A number of Roosevelt 's extracurricular clubs and activities have been successful in competitions at state , national , and international levels . The Roosevelt Chess Club won the 1992 High School National Championship in the U @-@ 1600 division while the Special Olympics team has had several individual medalists at state competitions . The Academic Challenge team won their three @-@ team televised round of the show in 2007 which earned them an 8th @-@ place finish overall in Northeast Ohio out of 87 schools . In 2003 and 2009 they placed second in their televised competition and also have first @-@ place finishes in 1985 and 1993 . The Future Problem Solving teams , which includes Community Problem Solving , has had a number of team and individual placings at the state and international competition including a fourth @-@ place individual placing at the 2004 international competition and second- and third @-@ place finishes in various categories at the 2006 international competition .
= = = Athletics = = =
Roosevelt 's teams are known as the Rough Riders , owing to the school 's namesake Theodore Roosevelt , and the school colors are red , white , and black . As of 2013 , Roosevelt fields 28 varsity athletic teams , the most recent addition being the girls golf team , which became a varsity sport in August 2013 after two years as a club . Previously , girls who wanted to play golf could compete as individuals on the boys ' team . There are additional teams in most sports at the junior varsity level as well as a few sports that have freshman @-@ only teams . All teams except the golf , ice hockey , and bowling have their home games in facilities on the Roosevelt campus . Ice hockey home games are held in the Kent State University Ice Arena , boys golf plays their home matches at Oak Knolls Golf Course just north of the Roosevelt campus , girls golf uses the Fairways of Twin Lakes , and the bowling teams have home matches at the Kent Lanes bowling alley .
The school is a member the Ohio High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) and competes at the OHSAA Division I level in all sports except football , where it competes in Division II . Since August 2015 Roosevelt has been a member of the Suburban League American Division for all sports except ice hockey , field hockey , and boys and girls lacrosse , as few or no other Suburban League schools have teams in those sports . Ice hockey competes in the Greater Cleveland High School Hockey League and field hockey in the Northeast Ohio Field Hockey League . Boys lacrosse is part of the Ohio High School Lacrosse Association Division I , while girls lacrosse competes in Division II of the Ohio Schoolgirls Lacrosse Association as lacrosse is not an OHSAA sanctioned sport .
Roosevelt was a member of the Trolley League , later called the Western Reserve League , from 1919 until 1948 when the league dissolved . After competing as an independent , the school joined the Metropolitan League in 1954 . The Riders competed in the Metro League until it was absorbed in 1996 by the formation of the Western Reserve Conference . From 1996 – 2005 , the Rough Riders were part of the WRC South Division . Roosevelt joined the Portage Trail Conference Metro Division in 2005 and competed in the league until 2015 . During the time in the PTC , girls golf competed in the Northeast Ohio Independent School Girl 's Golf League , and swimming and diving in the Northeast Aquatic Conference since the PTC did not have enough teams for league play in those sports .
Roosevelt 's archrival is the Ravenna High School Ravens , located in nearby Ravenna . The two schools were long @-@ time rivals in successive athletic leagues , most recently as members of the Portage Trail Conference Metro Division until 2015 . The rivalry , most prominent in football , began in the early 20th century and can be traced to the longtime rivalry between the cities of Kent and Ravenna that dates back to the early 19th century . With Roosevelt 's shift to the Suburban League , the two teams will continue to play in most sports . Roosevelt also has a long @-@ standing rivalry with the Bulldogs of Stow @-@ Munroe Falls High School , located in neighboring Stow , as the two schools are only around 2 miles ( 3 km ) apart . Both schools were league rivals for over 50 years in the former Metro League and Western Reserve Conference until Roosevelt joined the PTC in 2005 . Since then the two have continued to meet in a variety of sports including football , soccer , boys basketball , swimming and diving , and field hockey . Beginning in 2015 , both schools are members of the Suburban League , but in opposite divisions .
Several Roosevelt teams have enjoyed both league and state success . The football team , established in 1910 , has won 24 league titles with the most recent being in 2013 . The team has had undefeated regular seasons in 1922 , 1966 , 1990 , 2006 , and 2008 with state playoff appearances in 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . The program has produced a number of players who have gone on to play major college football and professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) including Mike Adamle , Deral Boykin , Tom DeLeone , and Stan White . The boys golf team has been one of the school 's most successful and consistent teams winning the school 's first state championship in 1944 and 38 league titles through the 2014 season . The team has posted two undefeated regular seasons , in 1983 and again in 2009 .
The boys cross country team won back @-@ to @-@ back state titles in 1980 and 1981 after a runner @-@ up finish in 1979 , and the girls cross country team posted runner @-@ up finishes in 1997 and 1999 . In 2010 , the 1980 boys cross country team was awarded the National Cross Country Co @-@ Championship by XCNation.com , the National Historical Archives for prep cross country . Recognized as one of the top teams in U.S. history , the team ran three of the top five team averages for 2 @.@ 5 miles ever during the 1980 season . The 12 : 04 team average at the Warrior Classic and 12 : 17 at the Ohio State Championships rank as two of the top team performances all @-@ time . Additional state titles have been won by the girls field hockey team in 1981 with a runner @-@ up finish in 1988 , and the boys ice hockey team in 1982 after finishing as runner @-@ up the year prior .
Boys basketball has won 22 league titles , the most recent being in 2012 , and played in consecutive OHSAA district championship games in 2009 and 2010 . The team enjoyed their greatest season in 1957 when they advanced to the state championship game , falling to Middletown High School , which was led by future NBA great Jerry Lucas . The boys lacrosse team , formed in 2000 , has state runner @-@ up finishes in 2001 and 2005 along with state final four appearances by boys soccer and boys volleyball in 1999 .
Roosevelt also fields girls soccer , girls tennis , and girls volleyball in the fall sports season ( August – November ) along with football , field hockey , boys soccer , boys and girls cross country , boys and girls golf , and cheerleading . In the winter sports season ( November – February ) , in addition to the boys basketball and ice hockey teams , there are also boys and girls bowling , girls basketball , boys and girls swimming and diving , and wrestling teams , plus an additional cheerleading squad . During the spring sports season ( March – June ) , Roosevelt fields baseball , softball , girls lacrosse , boys and girls track and field , and boys tennis teams along with the boys lacrosse and boys volleyball teams .
= = Notable alumni = =
Mike Adamle , class of 1967 ; professional football player in the NFL , television commentator , and general manager of WWE Raw
Julianne Baird , class of 1970 ; noted singer and teacher of voice
Deral Boykin , class of 1989 ; professional football player in the NFL
Greg Boykin , class of 1972 ; professional football player in the NFL
Tom Campana , class of 1968 ; professional football player in the Canadian Football League
Vincent J. Cardinal , class of 1978 ; director and playwright
Bob Casale , class of 1970 ; musician for the band Devo
Gerald Casale , class of 1966 ; musician and founding member of the band Devo
Martin L. Davey , class of 1900 ; former U.S. Representative and Ohio Governor
Tom DeLeone , class of 1968 ; professional football player in the NFL
Joe Ebanks , class of 2003 ; professional poker player in the World Series of Poker
Joshua Seth , class of 1987 ; hypnotist and voice actor
Rod Reisman , class of 1971 ; original drummer for the band Devo
Stan White , class of 1968 ; professional football player in the NFL
Chad Zumock , class of 1993 ; comedian and radio personality
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= Nikephoros Xiphias =
Nikephoros Xiphias ( Greek : Νικηφόρος Ξιφίας , fl. ca . 1000 – 1028 ) was a Byzantine military commander during the reign of Emperor Basil II . He played a distinguished role in the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria , and was instrumental in the decisive Byzantine victory at the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 . In 1022 he led an unsuccessful rebellion against Basil II , and was disgraced , tonsured and exiled . He is last mentioned in 1028 , when he was recalled from exile and retired to a monastery .
= = Origin = =
Nikephoros Xiphias was born probably some time around or before 980 , and was most likely the son of Alexios Xiphias , who served as the Catepan of Italy in 1006 – 08 . Few members of the Xiphiai are otherwise known and the family 's origin is unclear , but they most likely hailed from Asia Minor , like many other prestigious families of the military aristocracy of the period .
= = Wars against Bulgaria = =
Nikephoros appears for the first time in Emperor Basil II 's Bulgarian wars , in 999 / 1000 , 1000 / 1 or 1002 , depending on the source . At the time he was a protospatharios , and along with the patrikios Theodorokanos , he commanded a campaign deep into Bulgarian lands . Setting out from Mosynopolis , the two generals crossed the Balkan Mountains and captured the old Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav , along with Little Preslav . They then plundered the Dobruja , left behind garrisons and returned to their base . It is unclear whether he was already the military governor ( strategos ) of Philippopolis at the time , or was appointed to it after the successful conclusion of the campaign , as John Skylitzes reports , when Theodorokanos , who is known to have previously held the post , retired due to his advanced age .
Xiphias is next mentioned in the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 , when Basil II was attempting to force the pass known as Kleidion or Kiava Longos , which the Bulgarians under their ruler Samuil had strongly fortified . Xiphias , still strategos of Philippopolis , suggested to the Emperor to bypass the Bulgarian positions and strike them from the rear . After Basil agreed , Xiphias led a picked infantry detachment over Mount Belasica , and on 29 July 1014 , led his troops on a charge on the unsuspecting Bulgarians , who panicked and broke before the unexpected attack . For this feat , which resulted in one of the most decisive victories in the long Bulgarian war , he was rewarded with promotion to the rank of patrikios . In early 1015 , Xiphias , along with Constantine Diogenes , subdued the region of Moglena , which had rebelled against imperial rule . Towards the end of the same year he campaigned from Mosynopolis to the region of Triaditza ( Sofia ) , razing its environs and capturing the fort of Boyana . Finally , in the last year of the Bulgarian war , in 1018 , starting from Kastoria he subdued the remaining Bulgarian strongholds in the region of Servia .
= = Conspiracy and exile = =
In 1021 / 22 , however , Xiphias , now posted at Caesarea as strategos of the Anatolic Theme , fell out with Basil II because he was not allowed to accompany the Emperor on his campaign against the Kingdom of Georgia . Xiphias allied himself against the Emperor with the magnate Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos , whose father had risen in revolt in the early years of Basil II 's reign . The two men planned to kill Basil , and that one of them should take his place ; who it would be remained undecided , but it was mainly Phokas ' name and followers that lent the conspiracy weight . The conspiracy was apparently also known and supported by King George I of Georgia , who thus hoped to force Basil to abandon his invasion . When the emperor learned of the plot , however , he did not turn back , but instead sent letters to the two rebel leaders separately , aiming to sow distrust between them . Basil 's ploy bore fruit very soon , for on 15 August 1022 , Xiphias assassinated Phokas . The latter 's supporters dispersed , and the nascent rebellion collapsed . Xiphias was then forced to surrender to the Emperor 's envoy , Theophylact Dalassenos , who became the new strategos of the Anatolics .
Brought to Constantinople , Xiphias was tonsured and banished to Antigone , one of the Princes Islands . Following his return to the capital after his Georgian expedition , Basil II had most of his co @-@ conspirators imprisoned and their estates confiscated . The patrikios Pherses the Iberian was executed , while two imperial chamberlains were also killed : one by Basil 's own hand , and the other , who had tried to poison the Emperor , was thrown to the beasts .
According to the contemporary historian Yahya of Antioch , the conspirators of 1022 were released by Constantine VIII after Basil 's death in 1025 , but Xiphias remained in exile until 1028 , when the new emperor , Romanos III , released him . Xiphias , however , was by now too old and weary , and soon retired to the Stoudios Monastery . Nothing further is known of him .
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= Satyavati =
Satyavati ( Sanskrit : सत ् यवती ) ( also spelled Satyawati ) , or Setyawati ( Indonesian ) was the queen of the Kuru king Shantanu of Hastinapur and the great @-@ grandmother of the Pandava and Kaurava princes ( principal characters of the Hindu epic Mahabharata ) . She is also the mother of the seer Vyasa , author of the epic . Her story appears in the Mahabharata , the Harivamsa and the Devi Bhagavata Purana .
Daughter of the Chedi king Vasu ( also known as Uparichara Vasu ) and a cursed apsara ( celestial nymph ) -turned @-@ fish Adrika , Satyavati was brought up as a commoner – the adopted daughter of a fisherman @-@ chieftain Dusharaj ( who was also a ferryman ) on the banks of the river Yamuna . Due to the smell emanating from her body she was known as Matsyagandha ( " She who has the smell of fish " ) , and helped her father in his job as a ferryman .
As a young woman Satyavati met the wandering rishi ( sage ) Parashara , who fathered her son Vyasa out of wedlock . The sage also gave her a musky fragrance , which earned her names like Yojanagandha ( " She whose fragrance is spread for a yojana ( 8 @-@ 9 miles ) " ) and Gandhavati ( " fragrant one " ) .
Later King Shantanu , captivated by her fragrance and beauty , fell in love with Satyavati . She married Shantanu on condition that their children inherit the throne , denying the birthright of Shantanu 's eldest son ( and crown prince ) Bhishma . Satyavati bore Shantanu two children , Chitrangada and Vichitravirya . After Shantanu 's death , she and her prince sons with the help of Bhishma ruled the kingdom . Although both her sons died childless , she arranged for her first son Vyasa to father the children of the two widows of Vichitravirya through niyoga . The children ( Dhritarashtra and Pandu ) became fathers of the Kauravas and Pandavas , respectively . After Pandu 's death , Satyavati went to the forest for penance and died there before witnessing the Kurukshetra War .
While Satyavati 's presence of mind , far @-@ sightedness and mastery of realpolitik is praised , her unscrupulous means of achieving her goals and her blind ambition are criticized .
= = Literary sources and names = =
Little is said about Satyavati in the Mahabharata ; however , later texts - the Harivamsa and the Devi Bhagavata Purana – elaborate her legend .
Satyavati is known by numerous names in the Mahabharata , among them Daseyi , Gandhakali , Gandhavati , Kali , Matysyagandha , Satya , Vasavi and Yojanagandha . The name " Daseyi " – a term often used by her stepson Bhishma used to address her – means one of the Dasas ( slaves ) , or a Dasa aboriginal princess . Vasavi means " daughter of king Vasu " . Her birth name , Kali ( the dark one ) , indicates her dark complexion . Her other birth name , Satyavati , means " truthful " ; satya means " veracity " . As noted above , she was also known as Matsyagandha or Matsyagandhi in her earlier life – and Gandhakali ( " fragrant dark one " ) , Gandhavati and Yojanagandha in later life .
= = Birth and early life = =
According to the Harivamsa , Satyavati in her previous life was Achchhoda , daughter of the Pitrs ( ancestors ) and cursed to be born on earth . The Mahabharata , Harivamsa and Devi Bhagavata Purana assert that Satyavati was the daughter of a cursed apsara ( celestial nymph ) named Adrika . Adrika was transformed by a curse into a fish , and lived in the Yamuna river . When the Chedi king , Vasu ( better @-@ known as Uparicara @-@ vasu ) , was on a hunting expedition he had a nocturnal emission while dreaming of his wife . He sent his semen to his queen with an eagle but , due to a fight with another eagle , the semen dropped into the river and was swallowed by the cursed Adrika @-@ fish . Consequently , the fish became pregnant . The chief fisherman caught the fish , and cut it open . He found two babies in the womb of the fish : one male and one female . The fisherman presented the children to the king , who kept the male child . The boy grew up to become the founder of the Matsya Kingdom . The king gave the female child to the fisherman , naming her Matsya @-@ gandhi or Matsya @-@ gandha ( " She who has the smell of fish " ) due to the fishy odor which came from the girl 's body . The fisherman raised the girl as his daughter and named her Kali ( " the dark one " ) because of her complexion . Over the course of time , Kali earned the name Satyavati ( " truthful " ) . The fisherman was also a ferryman , ferrying people across the river in his boat . Satyavati helped her father in his job , and grew up into a beautiful maiden .
= = Meeting with Parashara and birth of Vyasa = =
The Devi Bhagavata Purana narrates that when Kali ( Satyavati ) was ferrying the rishi ( sage ) Parashara across the river Yamuna , the sage wanted Kali to satisfy his lust and held her right hand . She tried to dissuade Parashara , saying that a learned Brahmin of his stature should not desire a woman who stinks of fish . She finally gave in , realizing the desperation and persistence of the sage and fearing that if she did not heed to his request , he might topple the boat midstream . Kali agreed , and told Parashara to be patient until the boat reached the bank . On reaching the other side the sage grabbed her again , but she declared that her body stank and coitus should be delightful to them both . At these words , Matsyagandha was transformed ( by the powers of the sage ) into Yojanagandha ( " she whose fragrance can be smelled from across a yojana " ) . She now smelled of musk , and so was called Kasturi @-@ gandhi ( " musk @-@ fragrant " ) . When Parashara , tormented with desire , approached her again she insisted that the act was not appropriate in broad daylight , as her father and others would see them in sex from the other bank ; they should wait till night . The sage , with his powers , shrouded the entire area in fog . Before Parashara could enjoy her , Satyavati again interrupted him to say that he would enjoy her and depart , robbing her of her virginity and leaving her shamed in society . The sage then blessed her with virgo intacta . She asked Parashara to promise her that the coitus would be a secret and her virginity intact ; the son born from their union would be as famous as the great sage ; and her fragrance and youth would be eternal . Parashara granted her these wishes and was satiated by the beautiful Satyavati . After the act , the sage bathed in the river and left , never to meet her again . The Mahabharata abridges the story , noting only two wishes for Satyavati : her virgo intacta and everlasting sweet fragrance .
Ecstatic with her blessings , Satyavati gave birth the same day to her baby on an island in the Yamuna . The son immediately grew up as a youth and promised his mother that he would come to her aid every time she called on him ; he then left to do penance in the forest . The son was called Krishna ( " the dark one " ) due to his colour , or Dvaipayana ( " one born on an island " ) and would later become known as Vyasa – compiler of the Vedas and author of the Puranas and the Mahabharata , fulfilling Parashara 's prophecy . After this , Satyavati returned home to help her father .
= = Marriage with Shantanu = =
One day Shantanu , the Kuru king of Hastinapur , came to the forest on a hunting trip and was mesmerized by the musk @-@ fragrance emanating from Satyavati . Allured by her sweet scent , Shantanu reached Satyavati 's house and , seeing her , fell in love at first sight . The king asked the fisherman @-@ chief for his daughter 's hand ; the fisherman Dusharaj said his daughter would marry the king if – and only if – her sons would inherit the throne .
The king , shocked and dejected , returned to the palace since he had already anointed his son , Devavrata , as heir apparent . Devavrata was distressed by his father 's condition ; he learned about the promise asked by the fisherman @-@ chief from a minister . Immediately , Devavrata rushed to the hut of the fisherman @-@ chief and begged for Satyvati 's hand on his father 's behalf . The fisherman repeated his condition and told Devavrata that only Shantanu was worthy of Satyavati ; he had rejected marriage proposals from even Brahmarishis like Asita .
Devavrata renounced his claim to the throne in favour of Satyavati 's son , but the fisherman contended that Devavrata 's children might dispute his grandson 's claim . Intensely , Devavrata pledged the " terrible " vow of Brahmacharya - celibacy . The fisherman immediately gave Satyavati to Devavrata , who was henceforth called Bhishma ( " the terrible " ) . Bhishma presented Satyavati to Shantanu , who married her .
In the Devi Bhagavata Purana , Satyavati 's premarital first @-@ born , Vyasa , laments that his mother abandoned him to fate immediately after birth . He returns to his birthplace in search of his mother who , he finds out , is now the queen of Hastinapur .
= = Birth of children and grandchildren = =
After their marriage , Satyavati bore Shantanu two sons : Chitrangada and Vichitravirya . The Harivamsa tells of Bhishma recalling events after Shantanu 's death . During the period of mourning after Shantanu ’ s death , Ugrayudha Paurava ( usurper of the throne of Panchala ) demanded that Bhishma hand over Satyavati in return for wealth . Bhishma killed Ugrayudha Paurava , who had lost his powers because he lusted after another 's wife . However , the Mahabharata does not include this event ; it only describes Bhishma crowning Chitrangada as king under Satyavati 's command . Chitrangada was later killed by a namesake gandharva ( a celestial musician ) .
After Chitrangada 's death his young brother Vichitravirya was crowned king , while Bhishma ruled on his behalf ( under Satyavati 's command ) until Vichitravirya grew up . Vichitravirya married the princesses of Kashi @-@ Kosala : Ambika and Ambalika , who were won by Bhishma in a Swayamvara ( marriage choice ) . The childless Vichitravirya met with an untimely death from tuberculosis .
With no heir to the throne , Satyavati asked Bhishma to marry the widows of Vichitravirya ( following the practice of niyoga in its narrower sense , as a levirate marriage ) and rule as king . Bhishma refused , reminding Satyavati of the promise he made to her father and his vow of bachelorhood . He suggests that a Brahmin could be hired to father children on the widows , thus preserving the dynasty . Revealing to Bhishma the tale of her encounter with Parashara , Satyavati well knew that this was the time to call her son Vyasa to aid her . Satyavati coaxed Vyasa to have niyoga with his brother 's widows , saying : " from affection for thy brother Vichitravirya , for the perpetuation of our dynasty , for the sake of this Bhishma 's request and my command , for kindness to all creatures , for the protection of the people and from the liberality of thy heart , O sinless one , it behooveth thee to do what I say . " After convincing Vyasa , Satyavati managed ( with great difficulty ) to obtain the consent of her " virtuous " daughters @-@ in @-@ law . In the Mahabharata , Vyasa agreed immediately to the niyoga . In the Devi Bhagavata Purana version , Vyasa initially refused Satyavati 's proposal . He argued that Vichitravirya 's wives were like his daughters ; having niyoga with them was a heinous sin , through which no good could come . As a master of " realpolitik " , the hungry @-@ for @-@ grandsons Satyavati asserted that to preserve the dynasty , wrong directives by elders should be followed if they are going to reduce the sorrow of a mother . Vyasa finally agreed to that " disgusting task " , but suggested that offspring of perversity cannot be a source of joy .
During the menstrual period of the older queen , Ambika , Satyavati invited Vyasa to Ambika 's bedchamber . However , during sex with Vyasa , Ambika noticed his dark appearance and closed her eyes . Vyasa declared to Satyavti that due to Ambika 's cruelty , her son would be blind ( but strong ) and have a hundred sons – later known as Kauravas ( descendants of Kuru ) . Satyavati considered such an heir to be an unworthy king , so she asked Vyasa to have niyoga with her other daughter @-@ in @-@ law . During their niyoga , Ambalika fell pale due to Vyasa 's grim appearance . As the result the child would be wan , Vyasa told his mother , who begged for another child . In due course , the blind Dhritarashtra and the pale Pandu were born . Satyavati again invited Vyasa to Ambika 's bedchamber ; she remembered Vyasa 's grim appearance ( and repulsive odour ) , and substituted a Shudra ( lowest caste ) maid in her place . The maid respected the sage and was not afraid of him , and Vyasa thus blessed her ; her son would be the most intelligent man , and she would no longer be a slave . Vyasa told Satyavti of the deception , and then disappeared ; Vidura , an incarnation of the god Dharma , was born to the maid .
= = Last days = =
Consequently , due to Dhritarashtra 's blindness and Vidura 's birth from a maid , Pandu was crowned king of Hastinapur . However , he was cursed ( by a sage ) , renounced the kingdom and went to the forest with his wives Kunti and Madri . There , his wives had children - the Pandavas , or " sons of Pandu " - for him through niyoga with the gods . Pandu died , due to the curse , in the forest ; Madri died with him . Kunti returned to Hastinapur with the Pandavas . Satyavati was grief @-@ stricken because of Pandu 's death , and did not wish to live any longer . After the funerary rites for Pandu were done , Vyasa warned Satyavati that happiness would end in the dynasty and devastating events would occur in the future ( leading to the destruction of her kin ) , which she would not be able to bear in her old age . At Vyasa 's suggestion , Satyavati left for the forest to do penance with her daughters @-@ in @-@ law Ambika and Ambalika . In the forest , she died and attained heaven .
= = Assessment = =
Though all the texts mention Satyavati 's fisherman father a reason of Bhishma pledge and the indirect downfall of Hastinapur ; but some @-@ well known authors consider Satyavati and not her father for both the reasons .
Dhanalakshmi Ayyer , author of Satyavati : Blind Ambition , introduces Satyavati as " the embodiment of the driving force of womanhood , with motherly ambition blinding her vision at every turn " and further says that " [ i ] n a way , Satyavati exemplifies what Rudyard Kipling succinctly put " :
The female of the species must be deadlier than the male .
For Satyavati , the end justifies the means . Her life goal and ambition became the ensurance of succession of Shantanu 's lineage and inheritance of his fortune by her sons but ironically ( Ayyer comments ) , Bhishma - whose right to the throne was snatched because of her - outlives her children in life and in fame . Her actions ( and decisions ) indirectly create a generation encompassed by greed which ultimately leads to its annihilation . Ayyer concludes that " Satyavati 's story teaches the new generation women that determination and commitment are different from avarice and calculation . One should know where greed takes over from ambition . "
Pradip Bhattacharya , author of Of Kunti and Satyawati : Sexually Assertive Women of the Mahabharata , praises Satyavati 's handling of her encounter with the sage Parashara . He notes that although young , she tackles the persistent sage with great maturity and presence of mind . Bhattacharya remarks , " With a maturity and frankness that astonishes us even in the twenty @-@ first century , she points out that coitus ought to be mutually enjoyable . " She is not deluded by the belief that the sage will marry her , and asks for virginity to ensure her future status in society . Bhattacharya further comments on the sequence of her requests : the bodily fragrance to make the sexual act pleasant for both , the veil of mist to keep the act a secret , virginal status for her future and fame for her child - securing his fame and , after practical aspects are sorted out , " eternally feminine " boons of lifelong youth and fragrance . Bhattacharya says : " Modern @-@ day women could well wish that they were half as confident , clear @-@ headed and assertive of their desires and goals as Satyavati . " He further praises her " characteristic far @-@ sightedness " , when she ensures the future of her children with Shantanu by indirectly disposing of the crown prince Bhishma . She brings her illegitimate son , Vyasa , onto the scene to father sons with her dead son 's widows – turning the renowned " lunar dynasty , into the lineage of a dasa ( slave ) maiden " .
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= Allie Clark =
Alfred Aloysius " Allie " Clark ( June 16 , 1923 – April 2 , 2012 ) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball who played for seven seasons in the American League with the New York Yankees , Cleveland Indians , Philadelphia Athletics and Chicago White Sox . In 358 career games , Clark recorded a batting average of .262 and accumulated 32 home runs and 149 runs batted in ( RBIs ) .
Clark was born in South Amboy , New Jersey , where he attended St. Mary 's High School , and joined the New York Yankees organization after graduating . He spent the next six seasons playing minor league baseball and serving in the U.S. Army during World War II . He made his major league debut in 1947 , and after one year with the Yankees , he spent four seasons with the Cleveland Indians . He was a member of the World Champion Yankees and Indians after the two teams won the 1947 World Series and 1948 World Series , respectively . He then played with the Philadelphia Athletics and Chicago White Sox through 1953 , and played minor league baseball until 1958 . After retiring , he returned to South Amboy and resided there until his death in 2012 .
= = Early life and minor leagues = =
Clark was born in South Amboy , New Jersey on June 16 , 1923 . His parents were Alfred and Helen Clark , and he had four brothers and two sisters . He attended St. Mary 's High School in South Amboy , which is now Cardinal McCarrick High School , where he served as the baseball team 's shortstop . Clark led the 1939 baseball team to the county and state championships , and was named to the All @-@ State baseball team that year ; he has since been inducted into his high school 's athletic Hall of Fame .
After graduating from high school , Clark was signed by the New York Yankees as an amateur free agent . He was scouted while in high school , and was invited to a tryout in Newark , New Jersey , where he was signed to a minor league deal . Clark spent his first year in their farm system with the Easton Yankees of the Eastern Shore League and the Amsterdam Rugmakers of the Canadian – American League . He hit .325 for the Yankees in 70 games , and .368 in 20 games for the Rugmakers . In 1942 , he was promoted to the Norfolk Tars of the Piedmont League , where he spent the season as the team 's second baseman and played with future major league teammate Vic Raschi . In 129 games with the team , he hit .328 with 34 doubles .
The following year , Clark was promoted to the Newark Bears of the International League , having played one game for them the previous year . After playing in 24 games for the Bears , he was called to serve the United States Army in World War II . Clark served with the combat medical corps in England and France , and saw some active combat in Germany . After being discharged at the conclusion of the war , Clark returned to baseball in 1946 . He was unable to stay in baseball shape due to combat duties , and as a result of having slowed down , the Yankees organization converted him to an outfielder and third baseman . In 97 games for Newark , Clark hit .344 with 14 home runs and 70 runs batted in .
= = Major leagues = =
Clark played well enough in 1946 to earn a tryout for the 1947 New York Yankees , and competed with Frank Colman for the final outfield position . He lost the battle and began the season in Newark . Over the course of the 1947 season in Newark , he had a batting average of .334 with 23 home runs and 86 RBIs . His efforts got him noticed by the Yankees , and he made his major league debut on August 5 . Within two weeks of being called up , Clark had a streak of six straight at @-@ bats with a hit . He finished the regular season with a .373 batting average in 24 games . He was named to the 1947 World Series roster , and played in three games . In game seven , he served as a pinch hitter for Yogi Berra , hitting a single , which helped the Yankees win the World Series ; he considered this one of his greatest moments in professional baseball .
He wore the # 3 jersey for the New York Yankees in 1947 , and was one of the last players to wear it before it was retired in honor of Babe Ruth the following year . On December 11 , 1947 , he was traded to the Cleveland Indians for pitcher Red Embree . To begin the 1948 Cleveland Indians season , Clark was in a crowded outfield position battle , with Larry Doby , Thurman Tucker , and Wally Judnich fighting for playing time , but Clark was noted as the most interesting to watch by The Sporting News due to owner Bill Veeck 's high regard for him . The only weakness noted in his game was a sore arm from the previous season , to which Clark responded that reading the newspaper was the first time he noticed anything about a bad arm .
He was primarily a starter in the outfield for the first half of the season , and during the second half he split time in right field with Hank Edwards . Clark finished the year having played 81 games , most in the outfield and a few at third base , and hit .310 with nine home runs and 38 RBIs . The Indians tied with the Boston Red Sox that season and had to play a tie @-@ breaker to earn the right to play in the 1948 World Series . In that game , Indians manager Lou Boudreau placed Clark at first base , the first time he had played that position at any level . Clark then played in one game in the World Series , going hitless in four plate appearances as the Indians won the series .
Clark started the 1949 Cleveland Indians season primarily as a pinch hitter , having lost his platoon duties alongside Edwards to Bob Kennedy . He was used mainly as a pinch hitter throughout the year , and by August he was sent down to the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League to make room for Luke Easter , finishing the year with a .176 batting average in 35 games . In 42 games with San Diego over the last two months of the season , Clark hit .295 with 11 home runs . During spring training in 1950 , Clark hit .473 , leading to a battle with Kennedy and Easter for the right field spot . He spent the season in Cleveland as the backup in right field for Kennedy , and had a .215 batting average with six home runs in 59 games .
In 1951 , Clark served as a substitute outfielder for three games with the Indians after Easter was out due to injury . After those three games , he was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics along with Lou Klein for Sam Chapman . His outings that season included a four @-@ hit game against the St. Louis Browns on June 24 . In 59 total games , 56 with the Athletics , Clark had a .251 batting average in 171 at @-@ bats . He spent the 1952 Philadelphia Athletics season as the fourth outfielder after being considered for a starting outfield position alongside Elmer Valo and Gus Zernial . In a game on June 12 , Clark ran into the outfield fence chasing a fly ball , and missed some playing time as a result .
Late in the 1952 season , Clark was ejected and fined $ 50 for arguing strikes in a game where Athletics Eddie Joost and manager Jimmy Dykes were also ejected ; Clark 's was the only fine not to be rescinded , a move that occurred on Dykes 's request . In 71 games , he hit .274 with seven home runs . Clark started the 1953 season with the Athletics , and started off the year with a grand slam home run in spring training against the Philadelphia Phillies in the tenth inning . In 20 games with the Athletics , Clark had a .203 batting average and 13 RBIs , which led the team when that he was sold to the Chicago White Sox in mid @-@ May . A month later , after playing in nine games for the White Sox , he was purchased by the Rochester Red Wings for $ 20 @,@ 000 , returning to the minors and ending his major league career .
= = Later life = =
Clark spent the next five seasons with the Rochester Red Wings of the International League , part of the St. Louis Cardinals organization . In 80 games in 1953 , he had a .328 batting average . He came close to making the 1954 International League All @-@ Star team , but missed the cut by four votes to Sam Jethroe . He finished the year with a .323 average and 18 home runs . During the offseason when he was with Rochester , Clark also played winter baseball for various teams in the Puerto Rican League .
To start the 1955 season , Clark held out for a new deal because he felt that he deserved a promotion to the Cardinals ' major league roster ; he ended the holdout in March . That season , he hit .308 with 23 home runs , 84 RBIs , and was named as a finalist for the International League Most Valuable Player Award . For the next two seasons , Clark hit .289 and .285 , and he finished his time in Rochester with four straight seasons of 20 or more doubles . He ranks in the top ten in Red Wings history for RBIs ( 7th ) , home runs ( 9th ) , games played ( 9th ) , and hits ( 10th ) , and is a member of the Red Wings Hall of Fame , inducted in 1998 . He began the 1958 season with the Denver Bears , but left the team due to the distance between himself and his family . In his final year of professional baseball , he played a combined 70 games with the New Orleans Pelicans , San Antonio Missions , and Indianapolis Indians .
After retiring from professional baseball , Clark worked for 30 years as an employee of Iron Workers Local 373 , and served as a member of the South Amboy city council . He lived with his wife , Frances , and the two had six children together . He died on April 2 , 2012 , in South Amboy .
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= Madonna : An Intimate Biography =
Madonna : An Intimate Biography is a book by American author J. Randy Taraborrelli , chronicling the life of American singer Madonna . The book was released in April 2001 by Sidgwick & Jackson in the United Kingdom , and in August 2001 by Simon & Schuster in the United States . Taraborrelli first considered writing the book in 1990 , but , realizing the project might be premature in respect to Madonna 's fledgling career , set it aside . He began writing the book in 1996 , when Madonna gave birth to her daughter Lourdes .
Other books about Madonna 's life and career had been based on previously published material , but Taraborrelli 's biography was the product of research spanning a decade and includes exclusive interviews with Madonna 's close friends , business associates , family members , and her father , Tony Ciccone . These interviews were conducted by the author himself , as well as his team of private investigators . Taraborrelli also interviewed Madonna over the course of years , and often drew from his first @-@ hand experiences while writing the book . Madonna : An Intimate Biography received a mixed response from critics . Some considered it a compelling piece on Madonna 's life , while others thought Taraborrelli 's writing was unprofessional . Despite the mixed response the book was a commercial success , and became a bestseller in the United Kingdom .
= = Summary = =
The book opens with Madonna 's birth , her early years in Michigan , and her 1977 move to New York City where she was involved with modern dance , two pop groups , composing , and releasing her 1983 debut album , Madonna . Her rise to superstardom as a pop icon is chronicled and her cutting edge music videos , albums , first concert tour , film roles , and marriage and divorce to Sean Penn are examined . The book investigates her controversial religious imagery and her erotic productions , Erotica , Sex , and Body of Evidence . The book describes a mellowing in her appearance and provocativeness , and , among other things , the release of her next several albums , her Golden Globe Award @-@ winning musical film portrayal of Eva Peron , and her high @-@ grossing Drowned World Tour . The births of daughter Lourdes and son Rocco , and her marriage to second husband Guy Ritchie , are chronicled .
= = Development = =
American journalist and celebrity biographer John Randall Taraborrelli first met Madonna at a press conference in 1983 . She spoke of her youthful struggles before the release of her debut album , and of her belief that she would someday enjoy great success as the " century 's biggest star " . Taraborrelli thought her brash , cocky , petulant , self @-@ indulgent , and a mediocre beauty with a voice to match .
Taraborrelli was proven wrong , and , in 1990 , he considered writing her biography , but put the thought aside , thinking such a venture was premature . He pointed out that " most subjects need time for evolution and personal growths , before their stories are ripe enough to put on paper . Madonna was in an ambitious , self @-@ involved phase during which nothing mattered more to her than her career . " He picked up the writing again in 1994 , but felt the same way about her , and hoped the time would come when the singer would focus on her personal life , rather than her career . A personal evolution occurred in her life with the birth of daughter Lourdes in 1996 , and it was then that Taraborrelli sensed the time was ripe to begin writing her biography .
= = Writing and release = =
Taraborrelli decided to focus on the singer 's private life ; who she really was . Many books about the superstar were based on previously published material , but Taraborrelli had ten years of research to draw upon including interviews with people who had not spoken about Madonna in public and his own interviews with the icon . Taraborrelli and his team of private investigators interviewed Madonna 's close friends , business associates , and family members including her father Silvio Ciccone .
While researching the book , Taraborrelli realized that one of the greatest misconceptions about Madonna was the general perception that she was cold and unemotional in her personal relationships . The opposite proved true ; Madonna was indeed emotionally vulnerable , and Taraborelli cited as an example the icon 's 1990 relationship with actor Warren Beatty . Their relationship was generally perceived as nothing more than a means to promote their film Dick Tracy , and Madonna was regarded under the circumstances as opportunistic . Taraborelli discovered however that Madonna actually had strong feelings for Beatty . The actor however was not as emotionally invested as Madonna , and the relationship ended with her heart being broken . Taraborelli observed , " So , what I think will surprise people with this story are the many times that Madonna has ended up feeling alone and rejected . She has built her entire career on an image of indestructibility . But at least in her personal life , and again , I make that distinction , because this isn 't necessarily true in her business life , she is one of the most fragile subjects I 've ever written about ... This book is really about placing her life into the proper historical context , and once again answering the why questions about her . "
= = Critical response = =
The book received mixed reviews . Caroline Foulkes wrote in The Birmingham Post : " The thing about this biography is the depths to which Taraborrelli has dug to get information on a famously controlling woman . He relates revealing anecdotes as if they were mere bagatelle , making News of the World style revelations look like kid 's stuff . If Taraborrelli were to include in his list of acknowledgments ' thanks to the maid who let me into Madonna 's bedroom to raid her underwear drawer ' , it wouldn 't be any great surprise . " She also felt that " despite the sensationalism , Taraborrelli 's writing style lets him down . Too often it descends into the kind of mush you expect from an airport novel , with the singer coming across more like a character from Shirley Conran 's Lace than a real woman . " Peter Sobczynski reviewed the book for the Post @-@ Tribune and felt that " the problem with writing an unauthorized tell @-@ all biography is that , in this information @-@ rich world that we live in , by the time a book gets written on somebody , most of the juicy stories are already common knowledge . To make up for that , the tell @-@ all author needs to fill his or her pages with either a thoughtful analysis of the subject at hand , or , frankly , newer and better dirt . Unfortunately , celebrity biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli does neither with his latest concoction , Madonna : An Intimate Biography . "
William Leith of the London Evening Standard was impressed with the biography , and noted that " the thing about Madonna is not in her sensationalism , it ’ s in the fact that how much humane she appeared in the book . Taraborrelli does a fine job of capturing the world 's most famous courtesan , in the most infamous way " , and John Smyntek from Knight Ridder thought " Taraborrelli [ is ] retelling all [ the known facts about Madonna ] and more . After all , in those 10 years , the Great Woman has had two children , wed and maintained her image as a major pain in the keister . He does a great job of bringing forth these unknown facts . " Ward Triplet of the Kansas City Star felt that although the book is " an eerie , but compelling day by day account of Madonna , and how she became who she is , sometimes Taraborrelli feels like revealing more about his process of writing than his subject " , and Ann O ' Neil in the Los Angeles Times complimented the book for being " different " from the " regular dirt written everyday about Madonna . "
Sylvia Sharma from The Daily Mirror felt that " Taraborrelli 's rummage through Madge 's life can bring you to shame . This is the Madonna biography all had been waiting for , this is who she is . Not the staunch woman that we see , but a woman who is no different than one of us . " Mike Thomas from Chicago Sun @-@ Times said that " Filled with private details from Madonna 's life , Taraborrelli gives us the first in @-@ depth look at the Material Girl in more than a decade . The following outtakes from friends , former friends , Taraborrelli and Madonna herself were hand – picked for your perusing pleasure . Or displeasure . Madonna , as with all pop icons , is an acquired taste . "
= = Publication history = =
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= Avro Canada CF @-@ 105 Arrow =
The Avro Canada CF @-@ 105 Arrow was a delta @-@ winged interceptor aircraft designed and built by Avro Canada . The Arrow is considered to have been an advanced technical and aerodynamic achievement for the Canadian aviation industry . The CF @-@ 105 ( Mark 2 ) held the promise of near @-@ Mach 2 speeds at altitudes of 50 @,@ 000 feet ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) and was intended to serve as the Royal Canadian Air Force 's ( RCAF ) primary interceptor in the 1960s and beyond .
The Arrow was the culmination of a series of design studies begun in 1953 examining improved versions of the Avro Canada CF @-@ 100 Canuck . After considerable study , the RCAF selected a dramatically more powerful design , and serious development began in March 1955 . Intended to be built directly from the production line , skipping the traditional hand @-@ built prototype phase , the first Arrow Mk . I , RL @-@ 201 , was rolled out to the public on 4 October 1957 , the same day as the launch of Sputnik I. Flight testing began with RL @-@ 201 on 25 March 1958 , and the design quickly demonstrated excellent handling and overall performance , reaching Mach 1 @.@ 98 . Powered by the Pratt & Whitney J75 , another three Mk . 1s were completed , RL @-@ 202 through -204 . The lighter and more powerful Orenda Iroquois engine was soon ready for testing , and the first Mk.II with the Iroquois , RL @-@ 206 , was ready for taxi testing in preparation for flight and acceptance tests by RCAF pilots by early 1959 .
On 20 February 1959 , the development of the Arrow ( and its Iroquois engines ) was abruptly halted before the project review had taken place . Two months later , the assembly line , tooling , plans and existing airframes and engines were ordered to be destroyed . The cancellation was the topic of considerable political controversy at the time , and the subsequent destruction of the aircraft in production remains a topic for debate among historians and industry pundits . " This action effectively put Avro out of business and its highly skilled engineering and production personnel scattered .... "
= = Design and development = =
= = = Background = = =
In the post @-@ Second World War period , the Soviet Union began developing a capable fleet of long @-@ range bombers with the ability to deliver nuclear weapons across North America and Europe . The main threat was principally from high @-@ speed , high @-@ altitude bombing runs launched from the Soviet Union travelling over the Arctic against military bases and built @-@ up industrial centres in Canada and the United States . To counter this threat , Western countries strenuously undertook the development of interceptors that could engage and destroy these bombers before they reached their targets .
A. V. Roe Canada Limited had been set up as a subsidiary of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1945 , initially handling repair and maintenance work for aircraft at Malton , Ontario Airport , today known as Toronto Pearson International Airport . The next year the company began the design of Canada 's first jet fighter for the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) , the Avro CF @-@ 100 Canuck all @-@ weather interceptor . The Canuck underwent a lengthy and troubled prototype stage before entering service seven years later in 1953 . Nevertheless , it went on to become one of the most enduring aircraft of its class , serving in a variety of roles until 1981 .
Recognizing that the delays that affected the development and deployment of the CF @-@ 100 could also affect its successor , and the fact that the Soviets were working on newer jet @-@ powered bombers that would render the CF @-@ 100 ineffective , the RCAF began looking for a supersonic , missile @-@ armed replacement for the Canuck even before it had entered service . In March 1952 , the RCAF 's Final Report of the All @-@ Weather Interceptor Requirements Team was submitted to Avro Canada .
= = = Higher speeds = = =
Avro engineering had been considering supersonic issues already at this point . Supersonic flight works in a very different fashion and presents a number of new problems . One of the most critical , and surprising , was the sudden onset of a new form of drag , known as wave drag . The effects of wave drag were so strong , that engines of the era could not provide enough power to overcome it , leading to the concept of a " sound barrier " .
German research during the Second World War had shown the onset of wave drag was greatly reduced by using airfoils that varied in curvature as gradually as possible . This suggested the use of thinner airfoils with much longer chord than designers would have used on subsonic aircraft . These designs were impractical because they left little internal room in the wing for armament or fuel . However , they also discovered it was possible to " trick " the airflow into the same behaviour if a conventional thicker airfoil was used , swept rearward at a sharp angle , creating a swept @-@ wing . This provided many of the advantages of a thinner airfoil while also retaining the internal space needed for strength and fuel storage . Another advantage was that the wings were clear of the supersonic shock wave generated by the nose of the aircraft .
Almost every fighter project in the postwar era immediately applied the concept , which started appearing on production fighters in the late 1940s . Avro engineers explored swept @-@ wing and tail modifications to the CF @-@ 100 known as the CF @-@ 103 , which had proceeded to wooden mock @-@ up stage . The CF @-@ 103 offered improved transonic performance with supersonic abilities in a dive . However , the basic CF @-@ 100 continued to improve through this period , and the advantages were continually eroded . When a CF @-@ 100 broke the sound barrier on 18 December 1952 , interest in the CF @-@ 103 waned .
= = = Delta wings = = =
Another solution to the high @-@ speed problem is the delta wing . The delta wing had many of the same advantages of the swept wing in terms of transonic and supersonic performance , but offered much more internal room and overall surface area . This provided more room for fuel , an important consideration given the inefficient early jet engines of the era , and the large wing area provided ample lift at high altitudes . The delta wing also enabled slower landings than swept wings in certain conditions . The disadvantages of the design were increased drag at lower speeds and altitudes , and especially higher drag while maneuvering . For the interceptor role these were minor concerns , as the aircraft would be spending most of its time flying in straight lines at high altitudes and speeds , mitigating these disadvantages .
Further proposals based on the delta wing resulted in two versions of the design known as C104 : the single engine C104 / 4 and twin @-@ engined C104 / 2 . The designs were otherwise similar , using a low @-@ mounted delta @-@ wing ; the primary advantages of the C104 / 2 were a larger overall size which offered a much larger internal weapons bay , at the time a cutting @-@ edge feature in a fighter , and gave it twin @-@ engine reliability . The proposals were submitted to the RCAF in June 1952 .
= = = AIR 7 @-@ 3 and C105 = = =
Intensive discussions between Avro and the RCAF examined a wide range of alternative sizes and configurations for a supersonic interceptor , culminating in RCAF " Specification AIR 7 @-@ 3 " in April 1953 . AIR 7 @-@ 3 called specifically for crew of two , twin engines , with a range of 300 nautical miles ( 556 km ) for a normal low @-@ speed mission , and 200 nmi ( 370 km ) for a high @-@ speed interception mission . It also specified operation from a 6 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 830 m ) runway ; a Mach 1 @.@ 5 cruising speed at an altitude of 70 @,@ 000 ft ( 21 @,@ 000 m ) ; and manoeuvrability for 2 g turns with no loss of speed or altitude at Mach 1 @.@ 5 and 50 @,@ 000 ft . The specification required five minutes from starting the aircraft 's engines to reaching 50 @,@ 000 ft altitude and Mach 1 @.@ 5 . It was also to have turn @-@ around time on the ground of less than 10 minutes . An RCAF team led by Ray Foottit visited U.S. aircraft producers and surveyed British and French manufacturers before concluding that no existing or planned aircraft could fulfill these requirements .
Avro submitted their modified C105 design in May 1953 , essentially a two @-@ man version of the C104 / 2 . A change to a " shoulder @-@ mounted " wing allowed rapid access to the aircraft 's internals , weapons bay , and engines . The new design also allowed the wing to be built as a single structure sitting on the upper fuselage , simplifying construction and improving strength . The wing design required a long main landing gear that still had to fit within the thin delta wing , presenting an engineering challenge . Five different wing sizes were outlined in the report , ranging between 1 @,@ 000 ft2 and 1 @,@ 400 ft2 ( 93 m2 to 130 m2 ) ; the 1 @,@ 200 ft2 ( 111 m2 ) sized version was eventually selected . The engines considered for the aircraft were the Bristol Olympus OL @-@ 3 , the Curtiss @-@ Wright J @-@ 67 ( a US @-@ built version of the Olympus ) , or the Orenda TR.9 engines .
Armament was stored in a large internal bay located in a " belly " position , taking up over one third of the aircraft fuselage . A wide variety of weapons could be deployed from this bay , such as the Hughes Falcon guided missile , the CARDE Velvet Glove air @-@ to @-@ air missile , or four general @-@ purpose 1 @,@ 000 lb bombs . The Velvet Glove radar @-@ guided missile had been under development with the RCAF for some time , but was believed unsuitable for supersonic speeds and lacked development potential . Consequently , further work on that project was cancelled in 1956 .
In July 1953 , the proposal was accepted and Avro was given the go @-@ ahead to start a full design study under the project name : " CF @-@ 105 " . In December , CA $ 27 million was provided to start flight modelling . At first , the project was limited in scope , but the introduction of the Soviet Myasishchev M @-@ 4 Bison jet bomber and the Soviet Union 's testing of a hydrogen bomb dramatically changed Cold War priorities . In March 1955 , the contract was upgraded to CA $ 260 million for five Arrow Mk.1 flight @-@ test aircraft , to be followed by 35 Arrow Mk . 2s with production engines and fire @-@ control systems .
= = = Production = = =
In order to meet the timetable set by the RCAF , Avro decided that Arrow program would adopt the Cook @-@ Craigie plan ; effectively eliminating the prototype phase , the first test airframes were constructed on production jigs . Any changes would be incorporated into the jigs while testing continued , with full production starting when the test program was complete . As Jim Floyd noted at the time , this was a risky approach , however : " ... it was decided to take the technical risks involved to save time on the programme ... I will not pretend that this philosophy of production type build from the outset did not cause us a lot of problems in Engineering . However , it did achieve its objective . "
In order to mitigate risks , a massive testing program was started . By mid @-@ 1954 , the first production drawings were issued and wind tunnel work began , along with extensive computer simulation studies carried out both in Canada and the United States using sophisticated computer programs . In a related program , nine instrumented free @-@ flight models were mounted on solid fuel Nike rocket boosters and launched from Point Petre over Lake Ontario while two additional models were launched from the NACA facility at Wallops Island , Virginia , over the Atlantic Ocean . These models were for aerodynamic drag and stability testing , flown to a maximum speed of Mach 1 @.@ 7 + before intentionally crashing into the water .
Experiments showed the need for only a small number of design changes , mainly involving the wing profile and positioning . To improve high @-@ alpha performance , the leading edge of the wing was drooped , especially on outer sections , a dog @-@ tooth was introduced to control spanwise flow , and the entire wing given a slight negative camber which helped control trim drag and pitch @-@ up . The area rule principle , made public in 1952 , was also applied to the design . This resulted in several changes including the addition of a tailcone , sharpening the radar nose profile , thinning the intake lips , and reducing the cross @-@ sectional area of the fuselage below the canopy .
The aircraft used a measure of magnesium and titanium in the fuselage , the latter limited largely to the area around the engines and to fasteners . Titanium was still expensive and not widely used because it was difficult to machine . The construction of the airframe itself was fairly conventional , however , with a semi @-@ monocoque frame and multi @-@ spar wing .
The Arrow 's thin wing required aviation 's first 4 @,@ 000 lb / in2 ( 28 MPa ) hydraulic system to supply enough force to the control surfaces , while using small actuators and piping . A rudimentary fly @-@ by @-@ wire system was employed , in which the pilot 's input was detected by a series of pressure @-@ sensitive transducers in the stick , and their signal was sent to an electronic control servo that operated the valves in the hydraulic system to move the various flight controls . This resulted in a lack of control feel ; because the control stick input was not mechanically connected to the hydraulic system , the variations in back @-@ pressure from the flight control surfaces that would normally be felt by the pilot could no longer be transmitted back into the stick . To re @-@ create a sense of feel , the same electronic control box rapidly responded to the hydraulic back @-@ pressure fluctuations and triggered actuators in the stick , making it move slightly ; this system , called " artificial feel " , was also a first .
In 1954 , the RB.106 program was cancelled , necessitating the use of the backup Wright J67 engine instead . In 1955 , this engine was also cancelled , leaving the design with no engine . At this point , the Pratt & Whitney J75 was selected for the initial test @-@ flight models , while the new TR 13 engine was developed at Orenda for the production Mk 2s .
After evaluating the engineering mock @-@ ups and the full @-@ scale wooden mock @-@ up in February 1956 , the RCAF demanded additional changes , selecting the advanced RCA @-@ Victor Astra fire @-@ control system firing the equally advanced United States Navy Sparrow II in place of the MX @-@ 1179 and Falcon combination . Avro vocally objected on the grounds that neither of these were even in testing at that point , whereas both the MX @-@ 1179 and Falcon were almost ready for production and would have been nearly as effective for " a very large saving in cost " . The Astra proved to be problematic as the system ran into a lengthy period of delays , and when the USN cancelled the Sparrow II in 1956 , Canadair was quickly brought in to continue the Sparrow program in Canada , although they expressed grave concerns about the project as well and the move added yet more expense .
= = = Rollout and flight testing = = =
Go @-@ ahead on the production was given in 1955 . The rollout of the first CF @-@ 105 , marked as RL @-@ 201 , took place on 4 October 1957 . The company had planned to capitalize on the event , inviting more than 13 @,@ 000 guests to the occasion . Unfortunately for Avro , the media and public attention for the Arrow rollout was dwarfed by the launch of Sputnik the same day .
The J @-@ 75 engine was slightly heavier than the PS @-@ 13 , and therefore required ballast to be placed in the nose to return the centre of gravity to the correct position . In addition , the Astra fire @-@ control system was not ready , and it too , was replaced by ballast . The otherwise unused weapons bay was loaded with test equipment .
RL @-@ 201 first flew on 25 March 1958 with Chief Development Test Pilot S / L Janusz Żurakowski at the controls . Four more J75 @-@ powered Mk 1s were delivered in the next 18 months . The test flights , limited to " proof @-@ of @-@ concept " and assessing flight characteristics , revealed no serious design faults . The CF @-@ 105 demonstrated excellent handling throughout the flight envelope , a large part due to the natural qualities of the delta @-@ wing , but responsibility can also be attributed to the Arrow 's Stability Augmentation System . The aircraft went supersonic on its third flight and , on the seventh , broke 1 @,@ 000 mph ( 1 @,@ 600 km / h ) at 50 @,@ 000 ft ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) while climbing . A top speed of Mach 1 @.@ 98 was achieved , and this was not at the limits of its performance . However , an Avro report made public in 2015 clarifies that during the highest speed flight , the Arrow reached Mach 1 @.@ 90 in steady level flight , and an indicated Mach number of 1 @.@ 95 was recorded in a dive . Estimates up to Mach 1 @.@ 98 likely originated from an attempt to compensate for lag error , which was expected in diving flight .
Although no major problems were encountered during the initial testing phase , some minor issues with the landing gear and flight control system had to be rectified . The former problem was partly due to the tandem main landing gear being very narrow , in order to fit into the wings ; the leg shortened in length and rotated as it was stowed . During one landing incident , the chain mechanism ( used to shorten the gear ) in the Mark 1 gear jammed , resulting in incomplete rotation . In a second incident with Arrow 202 on 11 November 1958 , the flight control system commanded elevons full down at landing ; the resulting reduction in weight on the gears reduced the effective tire friction , ultimately resulting in brake lockup and subsequent gear collapse . A photograph taken of the incident proved that inadvertent flight control activation had caused the accident . The only occasion when a test flight was diverted occurred on 2 February 1959 , when a TCA Viscount crash @-@ landed in Toronto , necessitating a landing at CFB Trenton .
The stability augmentation system also required much fine @-@ tuning . Although the CF @-@ 105 was not the first aircraft to use such a system , it was one of the first of its kind , and was problematic . By February 1959 , the five aircraft had completed the majority of the company test program and were progressing to the RCAF acceptance trials .
= = = Political issues = = =
From 1953 , some senior Canadian military officials at the chiefs of staffs began to question the program . The chiefs of staff of the army and navy were both strongly opposed to the Arrow , since " substantial funds were being diverted to the air force " , while Air Marshal Hugh Campbell , RCAF Chief of Staff , backed it right up until its cancellation . In June 1957 , when the governing Liberals lost the federal election and a Progressive Conservative government under John Diefenbaker took power , the aircraft 's prospects began to noticeably change . Diefenbaker had campaigned on a platform of reining in what the Conservatives claimed was " rampant Liberal spending " . Nonetheless , by 1958 , the parent company had become Canada 's third largest business enterprise and had primary interests in rolling stock , steel and coal , electronics and aviation with 39 different companies under the A. V. Roe Canada banner .
In August 1957 , the Diefenbaker government signed the NORAD ( North American Air Defense ) Agreement with the United States , making Canada a partner with American command and control . The USAF was in the process of completely automating their air defence system with the SAGE project , and offered Canada the opportunity to share this sensitive information for the air defence of North America . One aspect of the SAGE system was the Bomarc nuclear @-@ tipped anti @-@ aircraft missile . This led to studies on basing Bomarcs in Canada in order to push the line further north , even though the deployment was found to be extremely costly . The missile alone was expected to cost C $ 164 million , while SAGE would absorb another C $ 107 million , not counting the cost of improvements to radar ; in all , it was projected to raise Canada 's defence spending " as much as 25 to 30 % " , according to George Pearkes , then minister of national defence .
Defence against ballistic missiles was also becoming a priority . The existence of Sputnik had also raised the possibility of attacks from space , and , as the year progressed , word of a " missile gap " began spreading . An American brief of the meeting with Pearkes records his concern Canada could not afford defensive systems against both ballistic missiles and manned bombers . It is also said Canada could afford the Arrow or Bomarc / SAGE , but not both .
By 11 August 1958 , Pearkes requested cancellation of the Arrow , but the Cabinet Defence Committee ( CDC ) refused . Pearkes tabled it again in September , and recommended installation of the Bomarc missile system . The latter was accepted but , again , the CDC refused to cancel the entire Arrow program . The CDC wanted to wait until a major review on 31 March 1959 . They cancelled the Sparrow / Astra system in September 1958 . Efforts to continue the program through cost @-@ sharing with other countries were then explored . In 1959 , Pearkes would say the ballistic missile was the greater threat , and Canada purchased Bomarc " in lieu of more airplanes " .
= = Operational history = =
= = = Foreign interest = = =
Canada tried to sell the Arrow to the U.S. and Britain , but had no takers . The aircraft industry in both countries was considered a national interest and the purchase of foreign designs was rare ; in this era , the Arrow was far from the only heavy high @-@ speed interceptor project to end in cancellation .
From 1955 onwards , the UK had shown considerable interest in the Arrow ; in April 1956 , the UK 's Air Council recommended a purchase of 144 Arrows for the RAF to serve alongside the Saunders @-@ Roe SR.177 mixed power interceptor , instead of the " thin @-@ wing " Gloster Javelin then under study . Projected power plants for the RAF Arrow were the Bristol Olympus 7R - 17 @,@ 000 lbf ( 76 kN ) thrust dry , 23 @,@ 700 lbf ( 105 kN ) with reheat , the Rolls @-@ Royce Conway Stage 4 - 18 @,@ 340 lbf ( 81 @.@ 6 kN ) thrust dry , 29 @,@ 700 lbf ( 132 kN ) with reheat , and the de Havilland Gyron - 19 @,@ 500 lbf ( 87 kN ) thrust dry , 28 @,@ 000 lbf ( 120 kN ) with reheat . Procurement of the Arrow from Canada , and setting up a production line in the UK , was studied , the unit price per aircraft built in the UK being estimated at £ 220 @,@ 000 each for a production run of 100 aircraft , as opposed to the estimate of £ 150 @,@ 000 per aircraft for the " thin wing " Javelin . The CF @-@ 105 would serve as a stopgap until the UK 's F.155 project came to fruition ; however with the F.155 due in 1963 and the Arrow not likely to reach the RAF before 1962 , there was little point in proceeding . The infamous 1957 Defence White Paper , described as " the biggest change in military policy ever made in normal times " , led to the cancellation of almost all British manned fighter aircraft then in development , and completely curtailed any likelihood of a purchase . In January 1959 , the UK 's final answer was no ; Britain countered with an offer to sell Canada the English Electric Lightning .
Acting on media speculation that the Iroquois engine program was also in jeopardy of being cancelled , the French government , whose original intention had been to place a major order for 300 Iroquois engines for the Dassault Mirage IV bomber , chose to end negotiations in October 1958 and opted for an upgraded version of the indigenous SNECMA Atar , instead . There was never an explanation for this decision offered by the French government , even after Avro tried to offer the Iroquois as a private venture .
Two American advanced interceptor designs , the Republic XF @-@ 103 and North American XF @-@ 108 , were under development for the United States Air Force as part of their " 1954 Interceptor " ; when both were cancelled in the early design and mock @-@ up phases , it added weight to the justification of cancelling the Arrow . In 1958 , Avro Aircraft Limited president and general manager Fred Smye elicited a promise from the USAF to " supply , free , the fire control system and missiles and if they would allow the free use of their flight test centre at ... Edwards AFB . "
= = = Cancellation = = =
The Arrow 's cancellation was announced on 20 February 1959 . The day became known as " black Friday " in the Canadian aviation industry . Diefenbaker claimed the decision was based on " a thorough examination " of threats and defensive measures , and the cost of defensive systems .
The decision immediately put 14 @,@ 528 Avro employees , as well as nearly 15 @,@ 000 other employees in the Avro supply chain of outside suppliers , out of work . Declassified records show Avro management was caught unprepared by the suddenness of the announcement by the government ; while executives were aware that the program was in jeopardy , they expected it to continue until the March review . It was widely believed during this lead @-@ up to the review , the first Arrow Mk II , RL @-@ 206 , would be prepared for an attempt at both world speed and altitude records .
An attempt was made to provide the completed Arrows to the National Research Council of Canada as high @-@ speed test aircraft . The NRC refused , noting that without sufficient spare parts and maintenance , as well as qualified pilots , the NRC could make no use of them . A similar project initiated by the Royal Aircraft Establishment ( Boscombe Down ) had resulted in Avro vice @-@ president ( engineering ) Jim Floyd 's preparing a transatlantic ferry operation . This proposal , like others from the United States , was never realized .
= = = Aftermath = = =
Within two months of the project cancellation , all aircraft , engines , production tooling and technical data were ordered scrapped . Officially , the reason given for the destruction order from cabinet and the chiefs of staff was to destroy classified and " secret " materials used in the Arrow and Iroquois programs . The action has been attributed to Royal Canadian Mounted Police fears that a Soviet " mole " had infiltrated Avro , later confirmed to some degree in the Mitrokhin archives .
Rumours had circulated that Air Marshal W. A. Curtis , a First World War ace who headed Avro , had ignored Diefenbaker and spirited one of the Arrows away to be saved for posterity . These rumours were given life in a 1968 interview , when Curtis was asked directly if the rumour was true . He replied , " I don 't want to answer that . " He proceeded to question the wisdom of printing the story of a missing Arrow , and wondered whether it would be safe to reveal the existence of a surviving airframe only nine years later . " If it is in existence it may have to wait another 10 years . Politically it may cause a lot of trouble . " The legend endures that one of the prototypes remains intact somewhere .
Following the cancellation of the Avro Arrow project , CF @-@ 105 chief aerodynamicist Jim Chamberlin led a team of 25 engineers to NASA 's Space Task Group to become lead engineers , program managers , and heads of engineering in NASA 's manned space programs — projects Mercury , Gemini and Apollo . The Space Task Group team eventually grew to 32 Avro engineers and technicians , and became emblematic of what many Canadians viewed as a " brain drain " to the United States . Among the former Arrow team engineers to go south were Tecwyn Roberts ( NASA 's first flight dynamics officer on Project Mercury and later director of networks at the Goddard Space Flight Center ) John Hodge ( flight director and manager on the cancelled Space Station Freedom project ) , Dennis Fielder ( director of the Space Station Task Force , later the Space Station ) , Owen Maynard ( chief of the LM engineering office in the Apollo Program Office ) and Rod Rose ( technical assistant for the Space Shuttle program ) . Many other engineers , including Jim Floyd , found work in either the UK or the United States . Work undertaken by both Avro Canada and Floyd benefited supersonic research at Hawker Siddeley , Avro Aircraft 's UK parent , and contributed to programs such as the HSA.1000 supersonic transport design studies , influential in the design of the Concorde .
In 1961 , the RCAF obtained 66 McDonnell CF @-@ 101 Voodoo aircraft , one of the American designs the RCAF originally rejected , to serve in the role originally intended for the Avro Arrow . The controversy surrounding this acquisition , and Canada 's acquiring nuclear weapons for the Voodoos and Bomarcs eventually contributed to the collapse of the Diefenbaker government in 1963 .
Although nearly everything connected to the CF @-@ 105 and Orenda Iroquois programs was destroyed , the cockpit and nose gear of RL @-@ 206 , the first Mk 2 Arrow , and two outer panels of RL @-@ 203 's wings were saved and are on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa , alongside an Iroquois engine .
With specifications comparable to then @-@ current offerings from American and Soviet design bureaus , at the time of its cancellation , the Arrow was considered by one aviation industry observer to be one of the most advanced aircraft in the world . The Arrow 's cancellation eventually led to the end of Avro Aircraft Limited ( Canada ) and its president and general manager , Crawford Gordon Jr. was fired shortly afterward . In 1962 , the Hawker Siddeley Group formally dissolved A. V. Roe Canada and transferred all its assets to Hawker Siddeley 's newly formed subsidiary , Hawker Siddeley Canada .
In its planning , design and flight @-@ test programme , this fighter , in almost every way the most advanced of all the fighters of the 1950s , was as impressive , and successful as any aircraft in history .
The nosecone section of Avro Arrow RL @-@ 206 , currently on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa , was smuggled out of the Avro Aircraft plant in Malton by members of the RCAF Flying Personnel Medical Establishment , a detachment of RCAF Station Downsview on Avenue Road in Toronto , where it resided for many years and was employed in high @-@ altitude work . The commanding officer of the Flying Personnel Medical Establishment , Wing Commander Roy Stubbs , provides this prologue to the former aircraft :
One day after a change of government , the new RCAF Chief of the Air Staff came to inspect our facilities and programs and after lunch , I asked if he would like to see something special . I showed him a piece of the Arrow ; cockpit section and engine nacelles and a few other bits . I asked him what we should do with it and he said to keep it hidden until the climate in Ottawa was right , and then he would arrange to have it placed in the National Aeronautical Museum in Ottawa . Eventually this was done and at least a bit of history was saved .
= = Variants = =
= = = Mark 1 = = =
The Arrow Mark 1 was the initial version powered by two Pratt & Whitney J75 turbojet engines that produced 23 @,@ 500 pounds @-@ force ( 105 kN ) of thrust each . The Mk 1 was used for development and flight testing . Five were completed .
= = = Mark 2 = = =
The Mk 2 version was to be fitted with the Orenda PS @-@ 13 Iroquois engines and would be evaluated by RCAF acceptance pilots as well as Avro test pilots . The new PS @-@ 13S engines were designed to produce 30 @,@ 000 lbf ( 130 kN ) each . The Astra / Sparrow fire control system had been terminated by the government in September 1958 with all aircraft to employ the Hughes / Falcon combination . At the time of cancellation of the entire program , the first Arrow Mk 2 , RL @-@ 206 , was ready for taxi trials ; Avro expected it to break the world speed record , but it never flew .
Top speed would have been limited by atmospheric frictional heating , but according to project engineer James Floyd , " [ t ] he aluminum alloy structure which we favoured was good for speeds greater than a Mach number of 2 . "
= = = Other designs = = =
Avro Canada had a wide range of advanced Arrow variants under development at the time of project cancellation . Frequent mention is made of an Arrow that could have been capable of Mach 3 , similar to the Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 25 . This was not the production version , but one of the design studies , and would have been a greatly modified version of the Arrow Mk 2 , featuring revised engine inlets and extensive use of carbon steel and titanium to withstand airframe heating . The Mark 2A and Mark 3 were also to have updated engines , capable of producing 39 @,@ 800 lbf ( 177 kN ) each , increasing the maximum take off weight by 7 @,@ 700 kg ( 17 @,@ 000 lb ) and flight ceiling to 70 @,@ 000 ft .
In 2010 , in the context of ongoing controversy surrounding the Lockheed Martin F @-@ 35 Lightning II Canadian procurement , as an alternative to continued support of the troubled F @-@ 35 , a group of individuals began lobbying Ottawa to consider domestic production of an updated version of the Avro Arrow , using modern materials and engines but keeping the Arrow 's proven " basic design " . The group feels that a modernized Arrow would out @-@ perform the F @-@ 35 in speed , range and maximum altitude , among others , while admitting that the Arrow lacks the F @-@ 35 's stealth characteristics . However in 2012 , the Harper government publicly rejected the bid , saying the redesigned Arrow program was risky , would take too long to develop , and would be too expensive .
= = = Avro Arrow replicas = = =
A replica Arrow built by Allan Jackson was used in The Arrow , a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) production . He began building a full @-@ scale replica of the Arrow in 1989 , and was approached by the producers of the Arrow miniseries in 1996 , then about 70 % complete , who made an offer to complete the construction if the replica could be used for the production . It was used on the miniseries and several public appearances at air shows . The replica was later donated to the Reynolds @-@ Alberta Museum in his home town of Wetaskiwin , Alberta . While in a temporary outdoor collection , it was damaged in a wind storm in 2009 . It has since been repaired , but is no longer on public display .
The Avro Museum is building a 2 / 3rds scale , manned , high performance flying replica of the Avro Arrow ( officially known as ARROW II ) to Canadian Aviation Experimental Aircraft Regulations in order to become an airshow demonstration aircraft . Construction began in October 2007 , and by 2012 the fuselage was completed and passed its first MDRA inspection , and now has a serial number . Powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney JT @-@ 15D @-@ 4s , the ARROW II will have a top speed of approximately 500 knots and a range of 1 @,@ 800 miles . Current projections show a final cost of the project at approximately one million dollars and it is hoped that ground tests will start in about 2016 with the first flight to follow .
The Canadian Air and Space Museum ( CASM ) , located at the former CFB Downsview , features a full @-@ size replica Arrow built by volunteers with assistance from local aerospace firms . With a metal structure , the replica features many authentic @-@ looking components including landing gear constructed by Messier @-@ Dowty , the original Arrow primary landing gear sub @-@ contractor . Painted in the colours of Arrow 25203 , the Arrow replica was rolled out for a media event on 28 September 2006 and was on public display on 8 – 9 October 2006 to commemorate the original aircraft 's rollout in 1957 .
This replica is now in storage ( in the airport area ) after being displayed at the Toronto International Centre ( across the road from where the actual aircraft were built ) for a technology trade show that ran from 30 September to 4 October 2013 . The future plans for the replica as well as the other remaining aircraft in the now closed CASM is still up in the air . The museum is seeking a location near Pearson International Airport , so that it can display some time in 2015 , all of its artifacts including a partly restored Avro Lancaster bomber .
= = Operators = =
Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force – Arrow was cancelled before entering service .
= = Specifications ( Arrow Mk 1 ) = =
Data from The Great Book of Fighters , The Canadian Approach to All @-@ Weather Interceptor Development , Avro Arrow : The Story of the Avro Arrow from its Evolution to its Extinction
General characteristics
Crew : 2
Length : 77 ft 9 in ( 23 @.@ 71 m )
Wingspan : 50 ft 0 in ( 15 @.@ 24 m )
Height : 21 ft 2 in ( 6 @.@ 25 m )
Wing area : 1 @,@ 225 ft ² ( 113 @.@ 8 m ² )
Airfoil : NACA 0003 @.@ 5 mod root , NACA 0003 @.@ 8 tip
Empty weight : 49 @,@ 040 lb ( 22 @,@ 245 kg )
Loaded weight : 56 @,@ 920 lb ( 25 @,@ 820 kg )
Max. takeoff weight : 68 @,@ 605 lb ( 31 @,@ 120 kg )
Powerplant : 2 × Pratt & Whitney J75 @-@ P @-@ 3 turbojets
Dry thrust : 12 @,@ 500 lbf ( 55 @.@ 6 kN ) each
Thrust with afterburner : 23 @,@ 500 lbf ( 104 @.@ 53 kN ) each
Performance
Maximum speed : Mach 1 @.@ 98 ( 1 @,@ 307 mph , 2 @,@ 104 km / h ) at 50 @,@ 000 ft ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) max. recorded speed ; Mach 2 + potential
Cruise speed : Mach 0 @.@ 91 ( 607 mph , 977 km / h ) at 36 @,@ 000 ft ( 11 @,@ 000 m )
Combat radius : 360 NM ( 410 mi , 660 km )
Service ceiling : 53 @,@ 000 ft ( 16 @,@ 150 m )
Wing loading : 46 @.@ 5 lb / ft ² ( 226 @.@ 9 kg / m ² )
Thrust / weight : 0 @.@ 825 at loaded weight
Armament
Rockets : 1 – 4 × AIR @-@ 2 Genie unguided nuclear rockets or
Missiles : Up to 8 × AIM @-@ 4 Falcon , Canadair Velvet Glove ( cancelled 1956 ) or 3 AIM @-@ 7 Sparrow II 2D active guidance missiles ( cancelled )
Avionics
Hughes MX @-@ 1179 fire control system
= = Notable appearances in media = =
In 1997 , the CBC broadcast their two @-@ part miniseries , The Arrow . The production used a combination of archival film , remote @-@ control flying models and computer animation for the static , ground and flying sequences . Although highly acclaimed , receiving praise from film historian and former Avro employee Elwy Yost and winner of numerous awards including the Gemini that year , the miniseries was also criticized for its " docu @-@ drama " style and departing from a strict factual account . The continued rebroadcasts and accompanying DVD releases have served to re @-@ animate the controversy over the Arrow 's cancellation and introduce the story to a new generation .
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= James Bond ( literary character ) =
Royal Navy Commander James Bond , CMG , RNVR , is a fictional character created by British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953 . He is the protagonist of the James Bond series of novels , films , comics and video games . Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections , although the last two books — The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights — were published posthumously .
The Bond character is a Secret Service agent , code number 007 , residing in London but active internationally . Bond was a composite character who was based on a number of commandos whom Fleming knew during his service in the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II , to whom Fleming added his own style and a number of his own tastes ; Bond 's name was appropriated from American ornithologist James Bond . Bond has a number of character traits which run throughout the books , including an enjoyment of cars , a love of food and drink , and an average intake of sixty custom @-@ made cigarettes a day .
Since Fleming 's death in 1964 , there have been other authorised writers of Bond material , including John Gardner , who wrote fourteen novels and two novelizations ; and Raymond Benson , who wrote six novels , three novelizations and three short stories . There have also been other authors who wrote one book each , Kingsley Amis ( writing as Robert Markham ) , Sebastian Faulks , Jeffery Deaver and William Boyd , with a further instalment due in September 2015 by Anthony Horowitz . Additionally a series of novels based on Bond 's youth — Young Bond — was written by Charlie Higson .
As spin @-@ offs from the literary works , there was a television adaptation of the first novel , Casino Royale , in which Bond was played as an American agent . A comic strip series also ran in the Daily Express newspaper . There have been 26 Bond films ; seven actors have played Bond in these films .
= = Fleming 's concept of Bond = =
The central figure in Ian Fleming 's work was the fictional character of James Bond , an intelligence officer in the " Secret Service " . Bond was also known by his code number , 007 , and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander .
During World War II , Ian Fleming had mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel . It was not until 1952 , however , shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend , Ann Charteris , that Fleming began to write Casino Royale , to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials . Fleming started writing on his first book , Casino Royale , at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica on 17 February 1952 , typing out 2 @,@ 000 words in the morning , directly from his own experiences and imagination . He finished work on the manuscript in just over a month , completing it on 18 March 1952 . Describing the work as his " dreadful oafish opus " , Fleming showed it to an ex @-@ girlfriend , Clare Blanchard , who advised him not to publish it at all , but that if he did so , it should be under another name . Fleming went on to write a total of twelve Bond novels and two short story collections ; he died on the morning of 12 August 1964 . The last two books — The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights — were published posthumously .
= = = Inspiration for the character = = =
Fleming based his creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War , admitting that Bond " was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war " . Among those types were his brother , Peter , whom Fleming worshipped and who had been involved in behind the lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war .
Aside from Fleming 's brother , a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond 's make up , including Conrad O 'Brien @-@ ffrench , a skiing spy whom Fleming had met in Kitzbühel in the 1930s , Patrick Dalzel @-@ Job , who served with distinction in 30 AU during the war , and Bill " Biffy " Dunderdale , station head of MI6 in Paris , who wore cufflinks and handmade suits and was chauffeured around Paris in a Rolls @-@ Royce . Sir Fitzroy Maclean was another figure mentioned as a possibility , based on his wartime work behind enemy lines in the Balkans , as was the MI6 double agent Dušan Popov .
= = = Origins of the name = = =
Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond , a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies ; Fleming , a keen birdwatcher himself , had a copy of Bond 's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist 's wife that " It struck me that this brief , unromantic , Anglo @-@ Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed , and so a second James Bond was born " .
On another occasion Fleming said : " I wanted the simplest , dullest , plainest @-@ sounding name I could find , ' James Bond ' was much better than something more interesting , like ' Peregrine Carruthers ' . Exotic things would happen to and around him , but he would be a neutral figure — an anonymous , blunt instrument wielded by a government department . " After Fleming met the ornithologist and his wife , he described them as " a charming couple who are amused by the whole joke " . In the first draft of Casino Royale he decided to use the name James Secretan as Bond 's cover name while on missions .
Bond 's number — 007 — was assigned by Fleming in reference to one of British naval intelligence 's key achievements of World War I : the breaking of the German diplomatic code . One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram , which was coded 0075 , and which was one of the factors that led to the US entering the war .
= = = Looks = = =
Facially , Bond resembles the composer , singer and actor Hoagy Carmichael . In Casino Royale Vesper Lynd remarks , " Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael , but there is something cold and ruthless . " Likewise , in Moonraker , Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is " certainly good @-@ looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way . That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow . Much the same bones . But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth , and the eyes were cold . " Others , such as journalist Ben Macintyre , identify aspects of Fleming 's own looks in his description of Bond . General references in the novels describe Bond as having " dark , rather cruel good looks " .
In the novels ( notably From Russia , with Love ) , Bond 's physical description has generally been consistent : slim build ; a three @-@ inch long , thin vertical scar on his right cheek ; blue @-@ grey eyes ; a " cruel " mouth ; short , black hair , a comma of which falls on his forehead . Physically he is described as 183 centimetres ( 6 feet ) in height and 76 kilograms ( 168 lb ) in weight . After Casino Royale , Bond also had the faint scar of the Russian cyrillic letter " Ш " ( SH ) ( for Shpion : " Spy " ) on the back of one of his hands , carved by a SMERSH agent .
= = = Background = = =
In Ian Fleming 's stories , James Bond is in his mid @-@ to @-@ late thirties , but does not age . In Moonraker , he admits to being eight years shy of mandatory retirement age from the 00 section — 45 — which would mean he was 37 at the time . Fleming did not provide Bond 's date of birth , but John Pearson 's fictional biography of Bond , James Bond : The Authorized Biography of 007 , gives him a birth date of 11 November 1920 , while a study by Bond scholar John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921 . According to Griswold , the Fleming novels take place between around May 1951 , to February 1964 , by which time Bond was aged 42 .
It was not until the penultimate novel , You Only Live Twice , that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background , using a fictional obituary , purportedly from The Times . The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery 's depiction of Bond affected Fleming 's interpretation of the character . The novel reveals Bond is the son of a Scottish father , Andrew Bond , of Glencoe , and a Swiss mother , Monique Delacroix , of the Canton de Vaud . The young James Bond spends much of his early life abroad , becoming multilingual in German and French because of his father 's work as a Vickers armaments company representative . Bond is orphaned at the age of 11 when his parents are killed in a mountain climbing accident in the Aiguilles Rouges near Chamonix .
After the death of his parents , Bond goes to live with his aunt , Miss Charmian Bond , in the village of Pett Bottom , where he completes his early education . Later , he briefly attends Eton College at " 12 or thereabouts " , but is removed after two halves because of girl trouble with a maid . After being sent down from Eton , Bond was sent to Fettes College in Scotland , his father 's school . On his first visit to Paris at the age of 16 , Bond loses his virginity , later reminiscing about the event in " From a View to a Kill " . Fleming used his own upbringing for his creation , with Bond alluding to briefly attending the University of Geneva ( as did Fleming ) , before being taught to ski in Kitzbühel ( as was Fleming ) by Hannes Oberhauser , who is later killed in " Octopussy " .
In 1941 Bond joins a branch of what was to become the Ministry of Defence and becomes a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve , ending the war as a commander . Bond applies to M for a position within the " Secret Service " , part of the Civil Service , and rises to the rank of principal officer .
At the start of Fleming 's first book , Casino Royale , Bond is already a 00 agent , having been given the position after killing two enemy agents , a Japanese spy on the thirty @-@ sixth floor of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City and a Norwegian double agent who had betrayed two British agents ; it is suggested by Bond scholar John Griswold that these were part of Bond 's wartime service with Special Operations Executive , a British World War II covert military organisation . In 1954 , according to the Soviet file on him in From Russia , With Love , Bond is made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George .
= = = Tastes and style = = =
= = = = Beverages = = = =
Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett noted that , " within the first few pages [ of Casino Royale ] Ian had introduced most of Bond 's idiosyncrasies and trademarks " , which included his looks , his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits . The full details of Bond 's martini were kept until chapter seven of the book and Bond eventually named it " The Vesper " , after Vesper Lynd .
Bond 's drinking habits run throughout the series of books . During the course of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service alone , Bond consumes forty @-@ six drinks : Pouilly @-@ Fuissé , Riquewihr and Marsala wines , most of a bottle of Algerian wine , some 1953 Château Mouton Rothschild claret , along with Taittinger and Krug champagnes and Babycham ; for whiskies he consumes three bourbon and waters , half a pint of I.W. Harper bourbon , Jack Daniel 's whiskey , two double bourbons on the rocks , two whisky and sodas , two neat scotches and one glass of neat whisky ; vodka consumption totalled four vodka and tonics and three double vodka martinis ; other spirits included two double brandies with ginger ale , a flask of Enzian Schnaps and a double gin : he also washed this down with four steins of German beer . Bond 's alcohol intake does not seem to affect his performance .
For his non @-@ alcoholic drinks Bond eschews tea , calling it " mud " and blaming it for the downfall of the British Empire . He instead prefers to drink coffee .
= = = = Cuisine = = = =
When in England and not on a mission , Bond dines as simply as Fleming did on dishes such as grilled sole , oeufs en cocotte and cold roast beef with potato salad . When on a mission , however , Bond eats more extravagantly . This was partly because in 1953 , when Casino Royale was published , many items of food were still rationed in the UK , and Bond was " the ideal antidote to Britain 's postwar austerity , rationing and the looming premonition of lost power " . This extravagance was more noteworthy with his contemporary readers for Bond eating exotic , local foods when abroad , at a time when most of his readership did not travel abroad .
On 1 April 1958 Fleming wrote to The Manchester Guardian in defence of his work , referring to that paper 's review of Dr. No . While referring to Bond 's food and wine consumption as " gimmickery " , Fleming bemoaned that " it has become an unfortunate trade @-@ mark . I myself abhor Wine @-@ and @-@ Foodmanship . My own favourite food is scrambled eggs . " Fleming was so keen on scrambled eggs that he used his short story , " 007 in New York " , to provide his favourite recipe for the dish : in the story , this came from the housekeeper of his friend Ivar Bryce , May , who gave her name to Bond 's own housekeeper . Academic Edward Biddulph observed that Fleming fully described seventy meals within the book series and that while a number of these had items in common — such as scrambled eggs and steaks — each meal was different from the others .
= = = = Smoking = = = =
Bond is a heavy smoker , at one point smoking 70 cigarettes a day . Bond has his cigarettes custom @-@ made by Morland of Grosvenor Street , mixing Balkan and Turkish tobacco and having a higher nicotine content than normal ; the cigarettes have three gold bands on the filter . Bond carried his cigarettes in a wide gunmetal cigarette case which carried fifty ; he also used a black oxidised Ronson lighter . The cigarettes were the same as Fleming 's , who had been buying his at Morland since the 1930s ; the three gold bands on the filter were added during the war to mirror his naval Commander 's rank . On average , Bond smokes sixty cigarettes a day , although he cut back to around twenty five a day after his visit to a health farm in Thunderball : Fleming himself smoked up to 80 cigarettes a day .
= = = = Drugs = = = =
Bond occasionally supplements his alcohol consumption with the use of other drugs , for both functional and recreational reasons : Moonraker sees Bond consume a quantity of the amphetamine benzedrine accompanied by champagne , before his bridge game with Sir Hugo Drax ( also consuming a carafe of vintage Riga vodka and a vodka martini ) ; he also uses the drug for stimulation on missions , such as swimming across Shark Bay in Live and Let Die , or remaining awake and alert when threatened in the Dreamy Pines Motor Court in The Spy Who Loved Me .
= = = Attitudes = = =
According to academic Jeremy Black , Bond is written as a complex character , even though he was also often the voice of Fleming 's prejudices . The output of the prejudices , combined with the tales of Bond 's actions , led journalist Yuri Zhukov to write an article in 1965 for the Soviet daily newspaper Pravda , describing Bond 's values :
Black does not consider Bond to be the unthinking wild beast Zhukov writes about , however . From Russia , with Love sees Bond watching Kerim Bey shoot the Bulgarian killer Krilencu and Bond observing that he had never killed anyone in cold blood . In " The Living Daylights " Bond deliberately misses his target , realising the sniper he has been sent to kill is a beautiful female cello player . Bond settles this in his mind by thinking that " It wasn 't exactly murder . Pretty near it , though . " Goldfinger opens with Bond thinking through the experience of killing a Mexican assassin days earlier . He is philosophical about it :
In response to a reviewer 's criticism of Bond as villainous , Fleming said in a 1964 Playboy interview that he did not consider his character to be particularly evil or good : " I don 't think that he is necessarily a good guy or a bad guy . Who is ? He 's got his vices and very few perceptible virtues except patriotism and courage , which are probably not virtues anyway ... But I didn 't intend for him to be a particularly likeable person . " Fleming agreed with some critics ' characterisation of Bond as an unthinking killer , but expressed that he was a product of his time : " James Bond is a healthy , violent , noncerebral man in his middle @-@ thirties , and a creature of his era . I wouldn 't say he 's particularly typical of our times , but he 's certainly of the times . "
Another general attitude and prejudice of Fleming 's that Bond gives voice to includes his approach to homosexuality . While Fleming had a number of gay friends , including Noël Coward and his editor , William Plomer , he said that his books were " written for warm @-@ blooded heterosexuals " . His attitude went further , with Bond opining that homosexuals were " a herd of unhappy sexual misfits – barren and full of frustrations , the women wanting to dominate and the men to be nannied " , adding that " he was sorry for them , but he had no time for them . "
= = = Personal life = = =
Bond lives in a flat off the King 's Road in Chelsea . His flat is looked after by an elderly Scottish housekeeper named May . May 's name was taken from May Maxwell , the housekeeper of Fleming 's close friend , the American Ivar Bryce . In 1955 Bond earned around £ 2 @,@ 000 a year net ( equivalent to £ 47 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) although when on assignment he worked on an unlimited expense account . Much of Fleming 's own daily routine while working at The Sunday Times was woven into the Bond stories and he summarised it at the beginning of Moonraker :
Only once in the series does Fleming install a partner for Bond in his flat , with the arrival of Tiffany Case , following Bond 's mission to the US in Diamonds Are Forever . By the start of the following book , From Russia , With Love , Case had left to marry an American . Bond was married only once , in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , to Teresa " Tracy " di Vicenzo , but their marriage ends tragically when she is killed on their wedding day by Ernst Stavro Blofeld .
In the penultimate novel of the series , You Only Live Twice , Bond suffers from amnesia and has a relationship with an Ama diving girl , Kissy Suzuki . As a result of the relationship Kissy becomes pregnant , although she does not reveal this to Bond before he leaves the island .
= = = Abilities = = =
From Casino Royale to From Russia , with Love Bond 's preferred weapon is a .25 ACP Beretta automatic pistol carried in a light @-@ weight chamois leather holster . However Fleming was contacted by a Bond enthusiast and gun expert , Geoffrey Boothroyd , who criticised Fleming 's choice of firearm for Bond and suggested a Walther PPK 7.65mm instead . Fleming used the suggestion in Dr. No , also taking advice that it should be used with the Berns @-@ Martin triple draw shoulder holster . By way of thanks , the Secret Service Armourer who gives Bond his gun was given the name Major Boothroyd , and is introduced by M as " the greatest small @-@ arms expert in the world " .
Kingsley Amis , in The James Bond Dossier , noted that although Bond is a very good shot and the best in the Secret Service , he is still beaten by the instructor , something that added realism to Bond 's character . Amis identified a number of skills where Bond is very good , but is still beatable by others . These included skiing , hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , underwater swimming and golf . Driving was also an ability Amis identified where Bond was good , but others were better ; one of those who is a better driver than Bond is Sir Hugo Drax , who causes Bond to write off his battleship @-@ grey supercharged Bentley 4 ½ Litre . Bond subsequently drives a Mark II Continental Bentley , which he uses in the remaining books of the series , although he is issued an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device during the course of Goldfinger .
= = Continuation Bond works = =
= = = John Gardner = = =
In 1981 writer John Gardner was approached by the Fleming estate and asked to write a continuation novel for Bond . Although he initially almost turned the series down , Gardner subsequently wrote fourteen original novels and two novelizations of the films between Licence Renewed in 1981 and COLD in 1996 . With the influence of the American publishers , Putnam 's , the Gardner novels showed an increase in the number of Americanisms used in the book , such as a waiter wearing " pants " , rather than trousers , in The Man from Barbarossa . James Harker , writing in The Guardian , considered that the Gardner books were " dogged by silliness " , giving examples of Scorpius , where much of the action is set in Chippenham , and Win , Lose or Die , where " Bond gets chummy with an unconvincing Maggie Thatcher " . Ill health forced Gardner to retire from writing the Bond novels in 1996 .
Gardner stated that he wanted " to bring Mr Bond into the 1980s " , although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them . Even though Gardner kept the ages the same , he made Bond grey at the temples as a nod to the passing of the years . Other 1980s effects also took place , with Bond smoking low @-@ tar cigarettes and becoming increasingly health conscious .
The return of Bond in 1981 saw media reports on the more politically correct Bond and his choice of car — a Saab 900 Turbo ; Gardner later put him in a Bentley Mulsanne Turbo . Gardner also updated Bond 's firearm : under Gardner , Bond is initially issued with the Browning 9mm before changing to a Heckler & Koch VP70 and then a Heckler & Koch P7 . Bond is also revealed to have taken part in the 1982 Falklands War . Gardner updated Fleming 's characters and used contemporary political leaders in his novels ; he also used the high @-@ tech apparatus of Q Branch from the films , although Jeremy Black observed that Bond is more reliant on technology than his own individual abilities . Gardner 's series linked Bond to the Fleming novels rather than the film incarnations and referred to events covered in the Fleming stories .
= = = Raymond Benson = = =
Following the retirement of John Gardner , Raymond Benson took over as Bond author in 1996 ; as the first American author of Bond it was a controversial choice . Benson had previously written the non @-@ fiction The James Bond Bedside Companion , first published in 1984 . Benson 's first work was a short story , " Blast From the Past " , published in 1997 . By the time he moved on to other projects in 2002 , Benson had written six Bond novels , three novelizations and three short stories . His final Bond work was The Man with the Red Tattoo , published in 2002 .
Benson followed Gardner 's pattern of setting Bond in the contemporary timeframe of the 1990s and , according to Jeremy Black , had more echoes of Fleming 's style than John Gardner , he also changed Bond 's gun back to the Walther PPK , put him behind the wheel of a Jaguar XK8 and made him swear more . James Harker noted that " whilst Fleming 's Bond had been an Express reader ; Benson 's is positively red top . He 's the first to have group sex ... and the first to visit a prostitute " , whilst Black notes an increased level of crudity lacking in either Fleming or Gardner . In a 1998 interview Benson described his version of Bond as a more ruthless and darker character , stating that " Bond is not a nice guy . Bond is a killer ... He is an anti @-@ hero . "
= = = Others = = =
= = = = Kingsley Amis = = = =
In 1967 , four years after Fleming 's death , his literary executors , Glidrose Productions , approached Kingsley Amis and offered him £ 10 @,@ 000 ( £ 163 @,@ 689 in 2016 pounds ) to write the first continuation Bond novel . The result was Colonel Sun published in 1968 under the pen @-@ name Robert Markham . Journalist James Harker noted that although the book was not literary , it was stylish . Raymond Benson noted that Bond 's character and events from previous novels were all maintained in Colonel Sun , saying " he is the same darkly handsome man first introduced in Casino Royale " .
= = = = Sebastian Faulks = = = =
After Gardner and Benson had followed Amis , there was a gap of six years until Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel , which was released on 28 May 2008 , the one hundredth anniversary of Ian Fleming 's birth . The book — entitled Devil May Care — was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US .
Faulks ignored the timeframe established by Gardner and Benson and instead reverted to that used by Fleming and Amis , basing his novel in the 1960s ; he also managed to use a number of the cultural touchstones of the sixties in the book . Faulks was true to Bond 's original character and background too , and provided " a Flemingesque hero " who drove a battleship grey 1967 T @-@ series Bentley .
= = = = Jeffery Deaver = = = =
On 26 May 2011 American writer Jeffery Deaver , commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications , released Carte Blanche . Deaver restarted the chronology of Bond , separate from the timelines of any of the previous authors , by stating he was born in 1980 ; the novel also saw Bond in a post @-@ 9 / 11 agency , independent of either MI5 or MI6 .
Whilst the chronology changed , Deaver included a number of elements from the Fleming novels , including Bond 's tastes for food and wine , his gadgets and " the rather preposterous names of some of the female characters . "
= = = = William Boyd = = = =
In 2013 the William Boyd @-@ written continuation novel Solo was released ; it ignored Deaver 's new timeframe and was set in 1969 .
= = = = Anthony Horowitz = = = =
In October 2014 it was announced that Anthony Horowitz was to write a further Bond book . The book is due to be set in the 1950s , and it contains material written , but previously unreleased , by Fleming .
= = Young Bond = =
In 2005 author and comedian Charlie Higson released SilverFin , the first of five novels and one short story in the life of a young James Bond ; his final work was the short story " A Hard Man to Kill " , released as part of the non @-@ fiction work , Danger Society : The Young Bond Dossier , the companion book to the Young Bond series . Young Bond is set in the 1930s , which would fit the chronology with that of Fleming .
Higson stated that he was instructed by the Fleming estate to ignore all other interpretations of Bond , except the original Fleming version . As the background to Bond 's childhood , Higson used Bond 's obituary in You Only Live Twice as well as his own and Fleming 's childhoods . In forming the early Bond character , Higson created the origins of some of Bond 's character traits , including his love of cars and fine wine .
= = Adaptations = =
Adaptations of Bond started early in Fleming 's writings , with CBS paying him USD1,000 ( USD8,812 in 2016 dollars ) to adapt his first novel , Casino Royale , into a one @-@ hour television adventure ; this was broadcast on 21 October 1954 . The Bond character , played by Barry Nelson , was changed to " Card Sense " Jimmy Bond , an American agent working for " Combined Intelligence " .
In 1957 the Daily Express newspaper adapted Fleming 's stories into comic strip format . In order to help the artists , Fleming commissioned a sketch to show how he saw Bond ; illustrator John McLusky considered Fleming 's version too " outdated " and " pre @-@ war " and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look .
In 1962 Eon Productions , the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. " Cubby " Broccoli released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel , Dr. No , featuring Sean Connery as 007 . Connery was the first of seven actors to play Bond on the cinema screen , six of whom appeared in the Eon series of films . As well as looking different , each of the actors has interpreted the role of Bond in a different way .
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= Snuppy =
Snuppy ( Korean : 스너피 a portmanteau of " SNU " and " puppy " ; born April 24 , 2005 ) is an Afghan hound , credited with being the world 's first cloned dog . The puppy was created using a cell from an ear from an adult Afghan hound and involved 123 surrogate mothers , of which only three produced pups ( Snuppy being the sole survivor ) . Department of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University for cloning Snuppy was led by Dr. Byeong Chun Lee . Snuppy has since been used in the first known successful breeding between cloned canines , after his sperm was used to artificially inseminate two cloned females , which resulted in the birth of 10 puppies in 2008 .
= = History = =
After Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996 , scientists had managed to clone numerous other animals , including cats , cows , gaur , horses , mice , mules , pigs , rabbits and rats but had been unable to successfully clone a dog due to the problematic task of maturing a canine ovum in an artificial environment . After several failed attempts by other scientists , Byeong Chun Lee , a professor of Seoul National University , were able to successfully create a clone using tissue from the ear of a 3 @-@ year @-@ old Afghan hound . 123 surrogate mothers were used to carry the embryos , of which 1 @,@ 095 were implanted , the procedure resulted in only three pregnancies ; one resulted in a miscarriage , the other pup was born successfully but died of pneumonia three weeks after birth , the successful clone was carried by a Labrador Retriever . From the original 1 @,@ 095 embryos to the final two puppies , this placed the success rate of the project at less than two tenths of a percent . Snuppy was named as a portmanteau of the initials of the Seoul National University ( SNU ) and the word " puppy " .
= = Process = =
As the eggs in a female canine are only fertile during the estrus phase of the estrous cycle , the eggs could only be harvested during a three @-@ week period each year . Due to complexities with removing eggs from canine ovaries the eggs had to be extracted from the oviduct , which required constant monitoring to achieve . The nucleus of each egg was replaced with the cell from the ear of the adult dog and then electrified and fused using a chemical reaction . The embryos were then transferred to the surrogate dogs . Three of the surrogate mothers became pregnant and two successfully gave birth . Snuppy , the first to be born , survived while the other died two weeks after birth . This process of cloning Snuppy took nearly three years of intensive effort .
= = Reaction = =
Snuppy was named as Time Magazine 's " Most Amazing Invention " of the year in 2005 . Particular recognition was given to the cloning technique used in the process , which Time stated was " embodied by a history @-@ making puppy " . Despite numerous labs performing mammalian cloning , they cited that Hwang 's team and Snuppy were " extraordinary " . The experiment was criticised by Robert Klitzman , director of Columbia University 's Masters in Bioethics program , who cited that the process raised the question of if humans are " just a mass of cells and biological processes ? " Hwang himself criticised the process , stating that it did not bring science any closer to human cloning and the complexities , coupled with the low success rate ( one in 123 ) , did not make it ethical to clone family pets . Ian Wilmut , the scientist behind the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep , said that the successful cloning of Snuppy proved that any mammal could be cloned in the correct environments and that a global ban on human cloning needed to be quickly implemented because of this . The Kennel Club criticised the entire concept of dog cloning , on the grounds that their mission is to " To promote in every way the general improvement of dogs " and no improvement can occur if replicas are being created .
= = Controversy = =
Between late 2005 – 2006 Hwang was accused of a series of misconducts . The first allegations related to his work prior to Snuppy ; the claim that he had successfully cloned a human embryo . The charges alleged Hwang had paid for egg donations and that some of eggs came from his employees , which constitute serious breaches of the code of bioethics . It was later found that photographs he published did not depict what was suggested and that most of the stem @-@ cell lines he claimed to have created were not clones at all . This brought serious doubts onto the validity of Snuppy , which Hwang consistently claimed was a genuine clone . Hwang hired HumanPass Inc . , a Korean DNA lab to investigate Snuppy , who found that Snuppy was authentic . The findings by HumanPass were dismissed on the grounds that they were employed by Hwang , and a panel at the Seoul National University ordered their own investigation . The investigation found that , despite his fabrications in previous projects , Hwang 's research related to Snuppy was accurate and Snuppy was a clone of the adult Afghan hound . As a result of his forgeries , Hwang was indicted for fraud and dismissed from the university .
= = Developments = =
Veterinary professor Byeong Chun Lee took over leadership of the team behind Snuppy . In 2008 , Snuppy became involved in the first known successful breeding between cloned canines , after sperm taken from Snuppy was used to artificially inseminate two cloned females , which resulted in the birth of 10 puppies . Nine of the puppies survived . The SNU team , under Lee , have gone on to successfully clone over 30 dogs and five wolves . After successfully breeding the cloned wolves , Lee claimed that the ability to breed cloned canines makes it possible for working dogs which are usually sterilised before training , such as sniffer dogs and guide dogs , to reproduce . SNU , which claimed to own the patent for the process used to clone Snuppy , formed a license agreement with RNL Bio , a commercial pet cloning company . Hwang entered into a partnership with RNL Bio 's competitor , BioArts International , which caused an ongoing legal battle into who owns the patent rights although Bio Arts withdrew from dog cloning in 2009 . RNL completed the first commercial cloning in August 2008 but ran into financial trouble in 2013 .
The world 's first cloned sniffer dogs ( all of which are named Toppy ) were put to work by South Korean customs in July 2009 .
Supporters of Hwang founded a company called Sooam Biotech where Hwang developed proprietary techniques based on a licence from ViaGen 's subsidiary Start Licensing ( which owns the original Dolly patent ) and created cloned dogs for owners whose dogs had died , charging $ 100 @,@ 000 a time Sooam Biotech was reported to have cloned 700 dogs by 2015 and to be producing 500 cloned embryos of various species a day in 2016 .
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= Give Me All Your Luvin ' =
" Give Me All Your Luvin ' " is a song by American singer Madonna from her twelfth studio album , MDNA ( 2012 ) . It features guest vocals by rappers Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. The song was written and produced by Madonna and Martin Solveig , with additional writing by M.I.A. , Minaj and Michael Tordjman . After working with Solveig on one song , Madonna continued recording others including " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " . Madonna chose to work with M.I.A. and Minaj on the track , since she felt they were both strong women with a unique voices , she liked their music and what they represented .
A demo version of the song , titled " Give Me All Your Love " , was leaked on November 8 , 2011 resulting in a man from Spain being arrested for copyright violations . The final version of the song was released on February 3 , 2012 , as the lead single from MDNA . The track was her debut single from her three @-@ album deal with Interscope Records . Backed by bouncing synthesizers , marching drums and a cheer , " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " is a dance @-@ pop song , with elements of new wave and disco . Madonna executes the chorus in high @-@ pitched vocals while during its dubstep breakdown , Minaj raps her verse as her alter @-@ ego Roman Zolanski , followed by M.I.A. rapping her verse .
" Give Me All Your Luvin ' " received mixed reviews from music critics . Its chorus was noted as a highlight by critics , who described it as catchy ; however , they felt that the musical composition was inferior to Madonna 's previous singles . Commercially , the song attained success peaking at number one in Canada , Finland and Hungary , and inside the top ten in several European countries . In the United States , it became Madonna 's 38th top @-@ ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , extending her record as the artist with most top @-@ ten singles in the chart 's history .
The song 's accompanying music video featuring both Minaj and M.I.A. was directed by Megaforce . It shows Madonna , Minaj and M.I.A. along with cheerleaders wearing animegao masks and football players . Madonna first performed the song with Minaj and M.I.A. at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show . During the performance M.I.A. extended her middle finger towards the camera while rapping her verse . She was criticized in the media and broadcaster NBC and the National Football League ( NFL ) issued apologies . They also fined the rapper which was resolved through a confidential agreement . Later that year , Madonna also performed " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " wearing a majorette outfit on The MDNA Tour .
= = Background and release = =
In December 2010 , Madonna posted a message on her Facebook , exclaiming : " Its official ! I need to move . I need to sweat . I need to make new music ! Music I can dance to . I 'm on the lookout for the maddest , sickest , most badass people to collaborate with . I 'm just saying " . One of the collaborators was French DJ and producer Martin Solveig , who was invited to a writing session by Madonna in London in July 2011 . Originally , Madonna wanted to work with Solveig on one song , but eventually it turned into three tracks — " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " , " I Don 't Give A " , and " Turn Up the Radio " . In an interview with Billboard , Solveig explained that Madonna had enough time for the project , hence after working on one song , they continued recording . Solveig described the sessions as fun and labeled them a " privileged time " .
" Give Me All Your Luvin ' " was written by Madonna , Martin Solveig , Nicki Minaj , M.I.A. , and Michael Tordjman , while production was helmed by Madonna and Solveig . Madonna had wanted to work with M.I.A. and Minaj on a song , since she felt that they are both " strong women with a unique voices " . She paid tribute to the stars , saying " [ Minaj and M.I.A. are ] not conventional pop stars and I really admire them both " . M.I.A. confirmed the collaboration on her Twitter account , saying that she had been asked to come to New York City on November 29 , 2011 . The rapper felt that the collaboration was an achievement her mother would be proud of , " way [ more ] than me putting ' Galang ' out in a club . "
On November 8 , 2011 , a demo version of the song , named " Give Me All Your Love " , was leaked . According to Keith Caulfield from Billboard , " Within a few hours , [ the song and its leak ] was among one of the top 10 trending topics worldwide on Twitter . " Madonna 's manager , Guy Oseary , addressed the leak on Twitter adding the singer 's statement on the situation : " My true fans wouldn 't do this " . Oseary also clarified that their initial plan was for new music to come out in 2012 itself . He was happy with the positive reaction to the demo , but asked fans to help him police any more leaks . The leaked demo lacked vocals from both Minaj and M.I.A. which Madonna reflected upon , " It 's really disappointing because you don 't want things to come out till you 're done with them , till you 're ready . It 's like everybody looking at your unfinished painting . It 's like , ' Wait a minute . I didn 't finish that . That 's not fair . "
On December 22 , 2011 , the police arrested a 31 @-@ year @-@ old man from Spain who had reportedly leaked the demo . They confirmed the suspect 's initials as J.M.R. and described him as " a big Madonna fan " ; they found recordings of the song in his belongings . He was arrested in Zaragoza , charged and subsequently released , pending a trial . It was confirmed by The Huffington Post that the person did not seek to achieve a profit from the release . In 2014 , several demos from Madonna 's thirteen studio album Rebel Heart leaked and an Israeli hacker named Adi Lederman was arrested : the indictment papers said that Lederman was also responsible for the leak of " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " .
A month later , Interscope Records announced that the song would be released on February 3 , 2012 , three days before she was to perform at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show . The track was her debut single from her three @-@ album deal with Interscope Records . Along with the announcement Madonna revealed the cover art for the single . It depicted three black @-@ and @-@ white images of the singer side @-@ by @-@ side , making faces and posing , while wearing a tshirt emblazoned with the song title . " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " was sent to United States Mainstream radio on February 7 , 2012 . Madonna partnered with Clear Channel media to launch radio support for the track , and from February 3 it was played across 95 Mainstream and Rhythmic radio stations owned by them . The single was also played in the United Kingdom through Clear Channel 's partnership with UK 's Capital radio networks . They played the track at the top of every hour throughout the day till February 5 , along with a megamix of songs from MDNA . The single was also released for streaming on iHeartRadio websites with online contests and promotional drives for buying it from iTunes .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Give Me All Your Luvin ' " was recorded at MSR Studios , New York City and Sarm West Studios , Notting Hill , London . Demacio " Demo " Castellon recorded and mixed the track . Philippe Weiss and Graham Archer assisted Castellon on the recording , while Angie Teo assisted on the mixing . Jason " Metal " Donkersgoed did the additional editing of the song and Jean Baptiste Gaudray played guitars . Alongside his producing duty , Solveig also arranged the synths and drums for the track . He recalled that the track was recorded in two days , with Madonna and him continuously discussing the chord progression and the music . The initial version of the song 's breakdown was " too much " of dubstep , which Madonna asked him to change , while adding Minaj and M.I.A. ' s rapping over them .
" Give Me All Your Luvin ' " is a dance @-@ pop song , with elements of new wave and disco . The song starts with a cheer : " L @-@ U @-@ V Madonna , Y @-@ O @-@ U you wanna " with the vocal tone reminiscent off Gwen Stefani 's single " Hollaback Girl " ( 2005 ) and " Mickey " ( 1982 ) by Toni Basil . A " polished 60s shakedown " succeeds the chant , which is backed by bouncing synthesizers and hard drums . Priya Elan of NME said that the composition resembled Madonna 's own songs like " Beautiful Stranger " ( 1999 ) , " Amazing " ( 2000 ) and the songs on her studio albums , Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and Hard Candy ( 2008 ) .
The chorus of the song follows , which Madonna performs in a high @-@ pitched voice : " Don 't play the stupid game / Cause I ’ m a different kind of girl / Every record sounds the same / You ’ ve got to step into my world / Give me all your luvin ' , give me your love / Give me all your love today . " Entertainment Weekly 's Lanford Beard observed that the song " blends Katy Perry @-@ meets @-@ Gwen Stefani chanting , echoes of Ashlee Simpson 's regrettable foray into New Wave @-@ y synth @-@ guitar sounds , and a ' Hold It Against Me ' redux breakdown . " John Mitchell of MTV News commented that the instrumentation of the song consists of " glittery synths , marching band drums , claps and a catchy @-@ as @-@ hell chorus . " Lewis Corner of Digital Spy called the song an " ' 80s @-@ inspired electro @-@ thumper complete with a cheerleader chant of ' L @-@ U @-@ V Madonna ! ' " " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " is written in the key of D ♭ major and has a moderately fast tempo of 144 beats per minute . It follows a basic chord progression of D ♭ – G ♭ – A ♭ in the verses , and D ♭ – F ♭ – C ♭ – G ♭ in the chorus and intermediate bridge . Madonna 's vocals span from the tonal nodes of C ♭ 4 to A ♭ 4 .
After the leak of the song in November 2011 , media reported on the similarities between the song and singer Nicola Roberts ' " Beat of My Drum " , due to the " cheerleader @-@ style " verses in both . " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " has the lyrics " L @-@ U @-@ V Madonna " while Roberts track features the lyrics " L.O.V.E / Dance to the beat of my drum " . Soon after , Roberts called Madonna a " copycat " for the alleged similarities between the songs . However , she later insisted that people had been " quick to jump the gun " and claimed she had not even heard the song . Brazilian music producer Joao Brasil alleged that the chorus of " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " was plagiarized from his 2011 single " L.O.V.E Banana " . Both songs start with the shouts of cheerleaders , who in Brazil 's song say " L.O.V.E Banana " and in Madonna 's song , " L.U.V. Madonna " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Give Me All Your Luvin ' " met with generally mixed reviews from music crtitcs . Priya Elan from NME said the song " seems to soar effortlessly " and that " what Madonna 's doing in this song is so much more impossibly fun than we could have imagined . " She also stated the song was a progress from the sound of her previous album , Hard Candy . Jim Farber from the New York Daily News considered that the song is " a pure snap of bubble gum , closer to an early single like ' Burning Up ' than any of her more recent club hits . Only the rap cameos from the quite camp Nicki Minaj , and the less so M.I.A. , tell us what decade we 're in . " Michael Cragg from The Guardian felt that the track was not bad . " Musically it 's a pretty joyful four minutes , featuring bouncing beats , acoustic riffs and Gwen Stefani @-@ style cheerleader chants , but there 's something a bit flat about Madonna 's delivery . Given all the love she 's demanding , you 'd think she 'd be more excited . " Speaking of the rap part , he thought that " Minaj certainly does her best , her typically frantic rap an exercise in squeezing as many words into a 10 @-@ second space as possible , while MIA 's more laconic drawl loses momentum . " Chris Willman of Reuters called it " risible " and infectious : " Everything here is as dumb as the titular spelling , but the campiness has its charm , at least if you like the old musicals that some of the tracking shots here are paying homage to " . MTV News journalist Bradley Stern wrote about the " Hey Mickey " comparisons , complimenting the guest rapping of Minaj and M.I.A. even though he felt it was " one of the album ’ s least compelling moments " . In a review of MDNA , Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph felt that the prime purpose of the " lightest , frothiest track " from the album was to represent next generation 's female pop stars . Emily Mackay of The Quietus wrote in detail about the song :
After the first play of this album , I sat down and had a hard think about which of those songs I 'd want to play again first . The only one that stuck in the head most was ' Give Me All Your Luvin ' ' , whose cheerleader chants and thrumming rhythm are kind of excruciating , but at least catchy . Minaj and M.I.A. are as effortlessly awesome as they can both be when limited to just a few lines . Say what you like about Maya , but she sounds a deal more plausible that Madonna herself on a line like ' Imma say this once , hey I don 't give a shit ' ... Oddly , for a single so tame , Madonna seems to see it as a challenge ' Every record sounds the same , you 've got to step into my world ' ? We 're already in your bloody world ! It was kind of your responsibility to step out of it and make a record that didn 't sound the same , so don 't bloody badger us about it .
Andrew Hampp from Billboard negatively reviewed the signing of Minaj and M.I.A. as guest artists , adding that " It 's a subpar effort from all parties , particularly Madonna , who hasn 't sounded this robotic since the more tweaked @-@ out moments on Hard Candy . " In another review , Keith Caulfield from the same magazine deemed the track as a commercial for Madonna 's Super Bowl appearance , rather than being a promotional tool for MDNA , criticizing it for misleading the listener about the vibe of the album . Gareth Grundy from The Guardian shared this view , while describing the track as " clumsy rave @-@ pop " . Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone rated it two out of five stars , describing its lyrics and composition as " dashed off " and " in the doldrums " , and was displeased by the track 's " aggressive , assaultive spunkiness " . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine described the song as " decidedly vapid " and " catchy " but also stated that " its few charms — ' 60s surf @-@ pop guitar , vintage video @-@ game effects , and references to her past songs — are fleeting at best . " He felt that Minaj and M.I.A. were " tacked on for added marketability " and that the song actually lacked " authenticity " . While reviewing MDNA , The New York Times ' critic Jon Pareles described the song as " one of the album 's weakest tracks " . Joey Guerra from Houston Chronicle wrote that the song 's " shiny @-@ happy " sound is " nowhere near representative of the full album . "
Alexis Petridis from The Guardian listed the song as the weakest effort on MDNA , adding that " its position as the album 's lead single seems to have had more to do with showing off the presence of Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. than its featherweight melody . " A writer for Virgin Media gave the song three out of five stars , writing : " Like most Madonna singles , it skips along at a furious pace with a gleam in its eye , but the self @-@ references get tiresome and ultimately she is just trying too hard . " Nick Levine , writing for The National , relegated the track as a " lighter pop morsel " . Matthew Parpetua from Pitchfork Media panned the song , saying that Solveig 's production on the track was paired with equally " bland lyrics " . Brad O 'Mancey from Popjustice declared that the track was " proof that sometimes you can listen to something many , many times and still not have any idea whether it 's any good or not . " Chicago Tribune journalist Greg Kot was disappointed with the song and its lyrics , which he found to be meaningless , while Bernard Zuel of The Sydney Morning Herald relegated it as " trite and disposable " . Alex Macpherson from Fact found the song to be " sheer misconceived awfulness " .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " was played from 9 am on February 3 , 2012 by Clear Channel radio stations . It debuted at number 24 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart , with weekly accumulation of 2 @,@ 766 plays ( Clear Channel accumulated for 79 % of those plays ) . It was Madonna 's seventh top @-@ 25 debut on the chart , the most since its inception in 1992 . Along with the debut on Mainstream Top 40 , " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " also debuted at number 33 on the Rhythmic airplay , number 35 on Adult Top 40 and number 20 on Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart . " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " debuted at number seven on the Hot Digital Songs chart selling 115 @,@ 000 copies , the amount sold in the first three days of its availability and end of Billboard 's tracking week . It consequently debuted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 with 44 million total radio airplay . Following the performance at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show , digital downloads for the song increased by 44 % the next week to 165 @,@ 000 copies , and the song reached number 10 on the Hot 100 . It became Madonna 's first top @-@ ten single since " 4 Minutes " ( 2008 ) and was her 38th song to reach the top @-@ ten , thereby extending her record as the artist with the most top @-@ ten songs on the Hot 100 . The song plummeted to number 39 the next week as the promotional effects of the Super Bowl wore off . With the release of " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " , Madonna tied with Dionne Warwick for amassing the second highest number ( 56 ) of Billboard Hot 100 entries by female artists , only behind Aretha Franklin who had 73 entries . Madonna also extended her record as the artist with the most number @-@ one songs on the Dance Club Songs chart , when " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " became her 41st song to top it . In June 2012 , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for sales of more than 500 @,@ 000 copies .
In Canada , the song debuted at number 11 on the Canadian Hot 100 for issue date of February 10 , 2012 . The next week , the song jumped to number one , becoming both greatest digital and airplay gainer of the week . The song also reached number one on the Digital Songs chart , with a 76 % download increase to 24 @,@ 000 copies , and number 10 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart with a 143 % audience increase to over 14 million . It became Madonna 's 25th number @-@ one hit in Canada and her second chart @-@ topper in the Hot 100 era after " 4 Minutes " . In Japan , the song debuted at number 42 on the Japan Hot 100 , and moved to a peak of number three after two weeks . " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " had low chart placement in Australia , where the song debuted at its peak of number 25 for the issue dated February 19 , 2012 , before falling out of the chart from number 44 the next week . Similarly , in New Zealand , the song debuted and peaked at number 26 for only one week .
In the United Kingdom , the song peaked at number 37 on the UK Singles Chart with sales of 8 @,@ 577 copies , becoming Madonna 's 67th entry on the chart . The low sales were due to two days worth of download sales being discounted by the Official Charts Company as a result of a promotional offer that allowed the song to be downloaded for free if pre @-@ ordering the album MDNA . It resulted in her worst performance for a lead single since " Everybody " ( 1982 ) . The song dropped down to number 51 the next week , selling a further 7 @,@ 070 copies but climbed to a peak of number 12 on the UK Airplay Chart . With the release of the CD single , " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " sold a further 1 @,@ 460 copies reaching number two on the UK Physical Singles chart . " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " debuted atop the charts in Finland , but it quickly dropped off within three weeks . In Italy , the song peaked at number two and was certified platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry ( FIMI ) for shipment of 30 @,@ 000 copies of the single . " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " debuted at number four on the French Singles Chart and jumped to its peak of number three the next week . It was present on the chart for 21 weeks . The song peaked within the top ten in Belgium , Germany , Netherlands , Spain and Switzerland , reaching a peak of number seven on Billboard 's Euro Digital Songs chart .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
On December 8 , 2011 , Minaj tweeted that she was on set with Madonna filming the music video for " Give Me All Your Luvin " . She also said that Madonna kissed her on the lips , as a gift for her birthday . M.I.A. then tweeted about filming the video with Madonna , saying , " Madonna killed it ! A legend ! said she 'd have me , I said ill have her too " . Directed by the team Megaforce — which consists of Léo Berne , Charles Brisgand , Raphaël Rodriguez and Clément Gallet — the video has a football and cheerleader theme , inspired by her then @-@ upcoming Super Bowl halftime performance . Rodriguez explained to MTV News that they discussed the song with Solveig and understood that the video should be " about happiness and something really sunny " . The whole look was also dictated by the fact that Megaforce had never collaborated with Madonna , Minaj and M.I.A. , feeling that it was a " different universe " for them . The video was shot for over two days in New York , with very strict timings which Megaforce found as challenging . Describing the process as like working with the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , Megaforce told Swedish newspaper 20 minutes that the set was surrounded by police patrol and security guards and mobile phones were not allowed . A total budget of US $ 1 @.@ 5 million was allotted for the video . Some of the sequences in the video was Madonna 's idea like one scene featuring her dancing in front of a wall , which Megaforce felt would not go with the main narrative . However , the singer insisted on keeping it and by the second day of filming she wrapped up early and left .
Retouching was applied during post @-@ production where Minaj wanted her body to look like a plastic doll . Production for the music video was handled by US based company Bureau and UK based Riff Raff Films . Paris based visual effects , animation and motion design studio Mathematic was given the task of adding the graphics on the video . A team of 14 artists worked for two weeks in Paris to finish the task , accompanied by Megaforce . Different methods used included rotoscoping and keying for creating artificial fireworks and sparkling rain , 3D and 2D backgrounds , set @-@ extensions , buildings , as well as the sky which they created using Autodesk Maya . Costumes worn in the video included Adidas uniforms for Minaj and M.I.A. and a retro inspired look for a sequence , wearing white lace dresses reminiscent of Madonna 's look in her music video for " Like a Virgin " ( 1984 ) , as well as Marilyn Monroe . Another ensemble for Madonna included a crop top , leopard printed bra and a huge cross across her neck . Dress designer for the video was Arianne Phillips with cloths provided by brands like Burberry , Dolce & Gabbana , Bebe , Norma Kamali and jewelry from Swarovski , vintage Yves Saint Laurent , Prada and Eddie Borgo .
= = = Release and synopsis = = =
Madonna had first previewed the video in an American Idol exclusive on February 2 , 2012 , and the full video premiered the next day on her YouTube channel . The video starts as the words " Fans can make you famous , a contract can make you rich , the press can make you a superstar , but only luv [ sic ] can make you a player " appear on a brick wall . Cheerleaders M.I.A. and Minaj then sing the opening lyrics in a suburban neighborhood alongside other cheerleaders wearing animegao masks . Madonna sings the first verse as she exits a house with a baby stroller and wears a trench coat and sunglasses , all of which are soon discarded . Emerging football players protect her from obstacles , golden raindrops and destroy a car that gets in her way . They hold her perpendicular to a wall and she walks horizontally . Throughout the video , Madonna can be seen dancing and singing in front of a brick wall , and in one scene she holds a baby doll .
During the second verse , Madonna walks across the city with M.I.A. and Minaj , and is still followed by cheerleaders and football players . She walks down a city street , as players are shot down by an unseen shooter who opens fire from a passing vehicle . She climbs a pyramid of football players , and is eventually taken to a club with Minaj and M.I.A. , who sing their parts in a room filled with other cheerleaders and football players . Madonna then falls from the building but two players catch her . She makes her way to a town square , then starts dancing with her cheerleaders as they bash heads off of football players using baseball bats , revealing a climactic firework spectacle . Madonna grabs one of the heads and proudly displays it to a cheering audience . The video ends with Madonna in front of a brick wall , laughing and throwing away the baby doll , as the word " Touchdown ! " appears in front of a pink backdrop .
= = = Reception = = =
Writing for Spin Caryn Ganz was pleased by the video , saying " [ Madonna 's ] attempt to find a bridge between sports , love , and fame falls a bit flat ... but in the end , the football players and cheerleaders in the video are all literally faceless passersby . They , like the two high @-@ profile MCs , are all here in service of [ the singer ] . " Becky Bain Idolator found a number of topics to discuss about the video , including trick photography , golden rains and the appearance of the singers as " triple Marilyn or triple Madonna " . Though she believed that it was not Madonna 's best video , nevertheless it was successful as a release . Christopher Farley from The Washington Post gave another positive review , saying that the singer " appears to be in better shape than many college students , which is crazy " and also complimented her for picking " M.I.A. and Nicki Minaj – and getting them to literally serve as cheerleaders for the Madonna brand . " MTV News ' Jocelyn Vena described it as " funky , fun and surreal ( and almost cartoony ) " as well as fun and light @-@ hearted : " Madonna looks like she 's having an incredibly fun time throughout the visual , smiling and shimmying her way through this fictional , hyper @-@ fantasy world . Watching the clip , one may wonder what doesn 't happen in the video . "
Nicole James from MTV News opined that the video gave another impression that although " Madonna 's never been the cute and innocent homecoming queen , but those wholesome , all @-@ American football players still wanna kick it with her . " Cragg from The Guardian declared the video as a " hoot " with the " creepy cheerleaders and Madonna breastfeeding a doll " . Bradley Stern from MuuMuse found similarities in the video with those of singer Björk 's video for " It 's Oh So Quiet " ( 1995 ) and Kylie Minogue 's " Come into My World " ( 2002 ) with the " walk @-@ talk and walk @-@ crawl " formula in it . He added that the video is " self @-@ aware , thoroughly modern , cheeky , sarcastic , glamorous and entirely camp all at the same time " . Chris Wilman from TheWrap noted similarities to Madonna 's own " Material Girl " ( 1985 ) video with the scenes showing her being carried off by the footballers , adding that " everything here is as dumb as the titular spelling , but the campiness has its charm , at least if you like the old musicals that some of the tracking shots here are paying homage to . "
A writer from Rolling Stone gave a mixed review for the video saying that " It 's a goofy and fun clip , though the faceless cheerleaders in the background are more creepy than amusing . " In a pre @-@ release screening of MDNA , Matthew Todd from Attitude believed that the last scene showing Madonna throwing off a baby doll implied that she was moving away from domestic life and embracing a party attitude . Amanda Dobbins from New York found some " attempted weirdness " in the video with the scenes of the triple Marilyns and the baby on Madonna 's lap , but added that " Madonna still looks crazy bonkers good " .
= = Live performances = =
In February 2012 , Madonna performed " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " with M.I.A. and Nicki Minaj at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . Madonna collaborated with Cirque du Soleil in producing the show . 36 image projectors were utilized to create a spectacle of lights . The whole performance consisted of 500 total outfits including customized looks for musical guests LMFAO , Minaj , M.I.A. and Green as well as costumes for 100 drum line performers , 150 gladiators — who wore pairs of black underwear designed by Calvin Klein — and 200 choir singers . As the performance of " Music " ended , a group of female dancers in cheerleader uniforms joined Madonna onstage for performing " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " . Minaj and M.I.A. joined her onstage , both dressed in Egyptian inspired clothing . Together they danced as cheerleaders while holding pom @-@ poms . During the intermediate section , all three of them stood on separate elevated platforms where Minaj and M.I.A. performed their respective verses .
The performance gained widespread attention from the media after M.I.A. extended her middle finger to the camera near the end of her verse instead of singing the word " shit " . Media criticized M.I.A. for the gesture and compared the incident to Janet Jackson 's 2004 wardrobe malfunction . People said , " Call it a finger malfunction ? Madonna was supposed to be the center of attention during the Super Bowl halftime show Sunday , but the Queen of Pop was upstaged by her collaborator M.I.A. , who flipped off the camera at one point during the performance , prompting swift apologies from the NFL and NBC . " Madonna herself expressed her disappointment during an interview with host Ryan Seacrest on his talk show , On Air with Ryan Seacrest . She felt that it was a " teenager ... irrelevant thing " for M.I.A. to do during the show , since it was " out of place " . Brian McCarthy , spokesman for the NFL said , " Our system was late to obscure the inappropriate gesture and we apologize to our viewers . The NFL hired the talent and produced the halftime show . There was a failure in NBC 's delay system . The obscene gesture in the performance was completely inappropriate , very disappointing , and we apologize to our fans . " McCarthy also clarified that the gesture was not revealed during rehearsals , M.I.A. improvised it on stage . The league later fined the rapper a total of $ 16 @.@ 6 million as penalty , which was resolved through a confidential agreement in 2014 .
Madonna also performed " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " the same year on The MDNA Tour . After the performance of " Express Yourself " ended , she began performing " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " dressed as a drum majorette in a white @-@ and @-@ red uniform with tall white boots . Phillips explained that the ensemble was created and inspired by a 1940s majorette look , and she added Swarovski crystals to the dress . Madonna sang the song on stage while a drumline was suspended in mid @-@ air , and M.I.A. and Minaj appeared on the video screen . Caryn Ganz from Spin called the performance as the " night 's most innovative moment " while Brian McManus from Rolling Stone was impressed with the drumline levitation on top of the stage . Niv Elis from The Jerusalem Post declared the performance as one of the show 's " wow " moments . The November 19 – 20 , 2012 , performance of " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " at Miami , American Airlines Arena , was recorded and released in Madonna 's fourth live album , MDNA World Tour in CD and DVD .
= = Track listings and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Management
Recorded at MSR Studios , New York City and Sarm West Studios , Notting Hill , London
Nicki Minaj Appears Courtesy of Young Money Entertainment / Cash Money Records | M.I.A. Appears Courtesy of Interscope Records
Webo Girl Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) , EMI Music Publishing France ( SACEM ) , Money Mack Music / Harajuku Barbie Music , adm. by Songs of Universal , Inc . ( BMI ) , N.E.E.T. Noise / Imagem Music ( PRS )
Personnel
Credits and personnel adapted from MDNA album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= David Hudson ( pioneer ) =
David Hudson ( February 17 , 1761 – March 17 , 1836 ) was an American businessman noted for founding Hudson Township , the present @-@ day Hudson , Ohio . Hudson was born in Branford , Connecticut and lived there until age four , when his family moved to Goshen , Connecticut . He lived in Goshen for many years , owning a farm , marrying Anna Norton in 1783 and raising the oldest seven of their nine children there . In 1789 , Hudson joined a group to purchase a parcel of land in the Connecticut Western Reserve . The following year , he left Goshen to survey the parcel and settle it as Hudson Township . Hudson traveled through the state of New York , west along Lake Erie and south along the Cuyahoga River to reach his land .
At the settlement , Hudson and his men built a home and the township 's population increased steadily over the next few decades . Hudson 's wife and children eventually moved to the township , where they had two more children . Hudson cited religion as a major influence on his life . He died on March 17 , 1836 at age 75 .
= = Early life = =
Hudson was born in Branford , Connecticut on February 17 , 1761 , the youngest child of David Hudson and Rebecca Fowler . Four years after his birth , his family moved to Goshen , Connecticut .
According to a family legend , Hudson served as a drummer boy during the American Revolutionary War ( which began in 1775 , when he was 14 ) . His service is unconfirmed , however , and his name does not appear in the Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army . There is also doubt about Hudson 's claim that his property was " spent " at the hands of the British . Had his land been raided — which was unlikely — he should have received a share of the Firelands , a tract of land given residents of Connecticut in compensation for war damages , and Hudson would probably not have later invested in and settled land in the Connecticut Western Reserve .
On December 22 , 1783 , Hudson married Anna Norton , daughter of David Norton and Anna Brownson , and they raised their first seven children in Goshen until 1799 . Hudson owned a probably @-@ substantial farm there . On October 10 , 1795 , Hudson bought $ 1 @,@ 200 worth of stock of the Connecticut Land Company , owner of the Connecticut Western Reserve ( a tract of land which was to be subdivided and sold ) .
= = = Religion = = =
According to Hudson , his early religious experiences shaped his later life . His father , a Presbyterian , became a Baptist when Hudson was nine . Six years later , his father became a Quaker . The elder Hudson 's frequent changes of religion made his son a skeptic ; Hudson claimed disgust with the " failings and immoralities " of " many professing Christians . " Later , however , he cited the French Revolution as his religious " awakening " . Hudson was repelled by the uprising 's violence and disregard for life ; in 1798 he proclaimed himself a " political Christian " , and later a " speculative Christian " . From then on , Hudson felt it his duty to lead a religious life . He was quiet about his beliefs , however : " My pride would not permit me to unburthen my soul to any living person . I hated company " . In his writings Hudson cited the principles of " morality , religion , law observance and education " which may have influenced his later actions , including the settlement of land in the west .
= = Establishment of Hudson = =
= = = Travel = = =
In 1795 , the Connecticut Land Company bought land in Northeast Ohio , then known as the Connecticut Western Reserve . The parcel was divided into 129 townships , each measuring 25 square miles ( 65 km2 ) . Hudson bought a plot of land in the Reserve ( township 4 , range 10 ) in 1798 in partnership with a group including Birdsey and Nathaniel Norton , who provided three @-@ fourths of the money for the purchase . Of the group , only Hudson left for the land with a small group of settlers ( including his son Ira and employees Jesse Linsley and William McKinley ) , on April 22 , 1799 .
The group reached Albany , New York two days later , where Joseph Darrow was hired . Hudson also bought $ 46 @.@ 50 worth of goods in Albany and nearby Schenectady . A few members of the group , including Ira Hudson , left to drive cattle to the settlement . The others then traveled across New York along the Mohawk River valley , passing through Fort Schuyler in Utica ( where Jonah Meechum was hired on April 29 ) . The group then arrived at Onondaga ( near present @-@ day Syracuse ) on May 2 , where Richard Blin was hired . They reached East Bloomfield , where Birdsey Norton lived , on May 5 . The party replenished its supplies and Hudson met with Benjamin Tappan , who was on his way to a settlement near Hudson 's . They agreed to travel together by boat , while another small group herded livestock overland , to their respective settlements . On May 16 , 1799 , the group , consisting of Hudson , Darrow , Blin , McKinley and Tappan , traveled north to Lake Ontario . Departing in several boats from Oswego , they traveled west towards Lake Erie .
Although Hudson anticipated that the trip would take less than a month , it took 56 days . Most of the journey was by water , and ice on the Niagara River , inclement weather and ice on Lake Erie , and unnavigable portions of the Cuyahoga River contributed to the travelers ' slow progress . Although ice on Lake Erie and the Buffalo River near Niagara Falls destroyed one boat , the group reached Cleaveland ( present @-@ day Cleveland , Ohio ) on June 9 , 1799 . After purchasing more supplies , they set off down the Cuyahoga River . Although Hudson believed that the river could carry their boats as far south as required , they only reached present @-@ day Northfield on June 20 . When the settlers arrived in the vicinity of their parcel they had difficulty locating its four boundary markers , finding the southwest marker in late June . Only one of the two groups herding cattle overland reached the settlement .
= = = Hudson Township = = =
After establishing the center point of their parcel , Hudson and his partners built a trail from that point to their boat on the Cuyahoga . It took more than a week for the group to build the trail and carry their goods from the boat . They then built a small shelter , and began to establish the township .
The group experienced hardship over the next few months , including wet weather and a shortage of food . Hudson traveled back up the Cuyahoga to Cleaveland in an attempt to buy food . " The weather was exceeding wet and very cold , and I experienced the most uncomfortable night I ever felt " , he wrote in his journal . When Hudson returned to Cleaveland , he found few settlers and no food to spare . He continued east on Lake Erie to the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek , a stream in Western New York . There , Hudson obtained food and brought it back to the settlement .
By autumn , its population had grown to thirteen ; the group built a 16 @-@ by @-@ 18 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m × 5 @.@ 5 m ) log house and planted a small turnip garden and a 9 @-@ acre ( 3 @.@ 6 ha ) wheat field . By this time most of the plot had been surveyed , and surveying was completed on October 11 .
The following day Hudson , his son Ira and two other men returned to Goshen , Connecticut , to sell land on the Western Reserve . Hudson 's boat was leaky and the trip was difficult due to cold , inclement weather , but in Goshen he found his family in good health . Hudson sold land on his settlement to twenty @-@ eight people , offering 40 acres ( 16 ha ) to the first purchaser ( Miss Ruth Gaylord , who gave the land to her niece ) .
On January 1 , 1800 Hudson and his family left Goshen for the township , their new permanent residence . The family stopped in Bloomfield , New York , where they met with the rest of the settlers . Hudson purchased livestock and a year 's worth of supplies for $ 2 @,@ 000 , giving the livestock to four men to drive overland to the settlement . On April 30 , the remaining settlers embarked on eight boats , arriving on May 20 . On October 28 , Anna Hudson gave birth to Anne Maria , the first person born in the settlement .
By the end of the year , Hudson 's colony was the first established settlement in present @-@ day Summit County . A few more settlers arrived in 1801 , and in 1802 the settlement became officially known as Hudson Township .
= = Post @-@ establishment = =
After establishing Hudson Township , Hudson played a significant part in the buying , selling and farming of land in his and neighboring towns . By 1808 , he owned a total of 2 @,@ 994 acres ( 12 @.@ 12 km2 ) of land in Hudson and Chester Townships . On this land Hudson grew hay , potatoes , corn and wheat , and managed hogs , oxen , cows , sheep and horses . He also provided accommodations for visitors to the town . Hudson was party to about 200 financial transactions , making him a prominent figure in the area . During this period , it was typical for employers to pay employees partially in whiskey . Hudson broke this tradition by declining to pay his workers with alcohol , to their disgruntlement .
Hudson 's home , built in 1805 – 06 , was the first frame house in town . Two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stories tall , it measured 40 by 30 feet ( 12 @.@ 2 m × 9 @.@ 1 m ) . In addition to housing Hudson 's family , it was the town 's first post office , tavern and courtroom . The courtroom was used for trials heard by justice of the peace Arthur St. Clair , whom Hudson appointed in 1800 in one of his first actions after founding the town . Hudson served as the township 's first postmaster , holding the office until 1829 ( when he was removed from the position after opposing Andrew Jackson in the 1828 presidential election ) . The house was also a frequent source of food and shelter for travelers due to the township 's central location in the Western Reserve . David Hudson Jr . , Hudson 's son , recorded the names of hundreds of people who passed through the house in his diaries . Hudson 's wife , Anna , gave birth to the last two of their nine children in the township . David Jr . , the youngest , was last in a line of six generations of youngest Hudson sons named David . Anna Hudson died in August 1816 . The following January , Hudson married Mari Robinson . Hudson died on March 17 , 1836 , at 75 years of age .
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= History of numerical weather prediction =
The history of numerical weather prediction considers how current weather conditions as input into mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather and future sea state ( the process of numerical weather prediction ) has changed over the years . Though first attempted manually in the 1920s , it was not until the advent of the computer and computer simulation that computation time was reduced to less than the forecast period itself . ENIAC was used to create the first forecasts via computer in 1950 , and over the years more powerful computers have been used to increase the size of initial datasets as well as include more complicated versions of the equations of motion . The development of global forecasting models led to the first climate models . The development of limited area ( regional ) models facilitated advances in forecasting the tracks of tropical cyclone as well as air quality in the 1970s and 1980s .
Because the output of forecast models based on atmospheric dynamics requires corrections near ground level , model output statistics ( MOS ) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s for individual forecast points ( locations ) . The MOS apply statistical techniques to post @-@ process the output of dynamical models with the most recent surface observations and the forecast point 's climatology . This technique can correct for model resolution as well as model biases . Even with the increasing power of supercomputers , the forecast skill of numerical weather models only extends to about two weeks into the future , since the density and quality of observations — together with the chaotic nature of the partial differential equations used to calculate the forecast — introduce errors which double every five days . The use of model ensemble forecasts since the 1990s helps to define the forecast uncertainty and extend weather forecasting farther into the future than otherwise possible .
= = Background = =
Until the end of the 19th century , weather prediction was entirely subjective and based on empirical rules , with only limited understanding of the physical mechanisms behind weather processes . In 1901 Cleveland Abbe , founder of the United States Weather Bureau , proposed that the atmosphere is governed by the same principles of thermodynamics and hydrodynamics that were studied in the previous century . In 1904 , Vilhelm Bjerknes derived a two @-@ step procedure for model @-@ based weather forecasting . First , a diagnostic step is used to process data to generate initial conditions , which are then advanced in time by a prognostic step that solves the initial value problem . He also identified seven variables that defined the state of the atmosphere at a given point : pressure , temperature , density , humidity , and the three components of the flow velocity vector . Bjerknes pointed out that equations based on mass continuity , conservation of momentum , the first and second laws of thermodynamics , and the ideal gas law could be used to estimate the state of the atmosphere in the future through numerical methods . With the exception of the second law of thermodynamics , these equations form the basis of the primitive equations used in present @-@ day weather models .
In 1922 , Lewis Fry Richardson published the first attempt at forecasting the weather numerically . Using a hydrostatic variation of Bjerknes 's primitive equations , Richardson produced by hand a 6 @-@ hour forecast for the state of the atmosphere over two points in central Europe , taking at least six weeks to do so . His forecast calculated that the change in surface pressure would be 145 millibars ( 4 @.@ 3 inHg ) , an unrealistic value incorrect by two orders of magnitude . The large error was caused by an imbalance in the pressure and wind velocity fields used as the initial conditions in his analysis .
The first successful numerical prediction was performed using the ENIAC digital computer in 1950 by a team composed of American meteorologists Jule Charney , Philip Thompson , Larry Gates , and Norwegian meteorologist Ragnar Fjørtoft and applied mathematician John von Neumann . They used a simplified form of atmospheric dynamics based on solving the barotropic vorticity equation over a single layer of the atmosphere , by computing the geopotential height of the atmosphere 's 500 millibars ( 15 inHg ) pressure surface . This simplification greatly reduced demands on computer time and memory , so the computations could be performed on the relatively primitive computers of the day . When news of the first weather forecast by ENIAC was received by Richardson in 1950 , he remarked that the results were an " enormous scientific advance . " The first calculations for a 24 ‑ hour forecast took ENIAC nearly 24 hours to produce , but Charney 's group noted that most of that time was spent in " manual operations " , and expressed hope that forecasts of the weather before it occurs would soon be realized .
= = Early years = =
In September 1954 , Carl @-@ Gustav Rossby assembled an international group of meteorologists in Stockholm and produced the first operational forecast ( i.e. routine predictions for practical use ) based on the barotropic equation . Operational numerical weather prediction in the United States began in 1955 under the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit ( JNWPU ) , a joint project by the U.S. Air Force , Navy , and Weather Bureau . The JNWPU model was originally a three @-@ layer barotropic model , also developed by Charney . It only modeled the atmosphere in the Northern Hemisphere . In 1956 , the JNWPU switched to a two @-@ layer thermotropic model developed by Thompson and Gates . The main assumption made by the thermotropic model is that while the magnitude of the thermal wind may change , its direction does not change with respect to height , and thus the baroclinicity in the atmosphere can be simulated using the 500 mb ( 15 inHg ) and 1 @,@ 000 mb ( 30 inHg ) geopotential height surfaces and the average thermal wind between them . However , due to the low skill showed by the thermotropic model , the JNWPU reverted to the single @-@ layer barotropic model in 1958 . The Japanese Meteorological Agency became the third organization to initiate operational numerical weather prediction in 1959 . The first real @-@ time forecasts made by Australia 's Bureau of Meteorology in 1969 for portions of the Southern Hemisphere were also based on the single @-@ layer barotropic model .
Later models used more complete equations for atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics . In 1959 , Karl @-@ Heinz Hinkelmann produced the first reasonable primitive equation forecast , 37 years after Richardson 's failed attempt . Hinkelmann did so by removing small oscillations from the numerical model during initialization . In 1966 , West Germany and the United States began producing operational forecasts based on primitive @-@ equation models , followed by the United Kingdom in 1972 and Australia in 1977 . Later additions to primitive equation models allowed additional insight into different weather phenomena . In the United States , solar radiation effects were added to the primitive equation model in 1967 ; moisture effects and latent heat were added in 1968 ; and feedback effects from rain on convection were incorporated in 1971 . Three years later , the first global forecast model was introduced . Sea ice began to be initialized in forecast models in 1971 . Efforts to involve sea surface temperature in model initialization began in 1972 due to its role in modulating weather in higher latitudes of the Pacific .
= = Global forecast models = =
A global forecast model is a weather forecasting model which initializes and forecasts the weather throughout the Earth 's troposphere . It is a computer program that produces meteorological information for future times at given locations and altitudes . Within any modern model is a set of equations , known as the primitive equations , used to predict the future state of the atmosphere . These equations — along with the ideal gas law — are used to evolve the density , pressure , and potential temperature scalar fields and the flow velocity vector field of the atmosphere through time . Additional transport equations for pollutants and other aerosols are included in some primitive @-@ equation high @-@ resolution models as well . The equations used are nonlinear partial differential equations which are impossible to solve exactly through analytical methods , with the exception of a few idealized cases . Therefore , numerical methods obtain approximate solutions . Different models use different solution methods : some global models and almost all regional models use finite difference methods for all three spatial dimensions , while other global models and a few regional models use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite @-@ difference methods in the vertical .
The National Meteorological Center 's Global Spectral Model was introduced during August 1980 . The European Centre for Medium @-@ Range Weather Forecasts model debuted on May 1 , 1985 . The United Kingdom Met Office has been running their global model since the late 1980s , adding a 3D @-@ Var data assimilation scheme in mid @-@ 1999 . The Canadian Meteorological Centre has been running a global model since 1991 . The United States ran the Nested Grid Model ( NGM ) from 1987 to 2000 , with some features lasting as late as 2009 . Between 2000 and 2002 , the Environmental Modeling Center ran the Aviation ( AVN ) model for shorter range forecasts and the Medium Range Forecast ( MRF ) model at longer time ranges . During this time , the AVN model was extended to the end of the forecast period , eliminating the need of the MRF and thereby replacing it . In late 2002 , the AVN model was renamed the Global Forecast System ( GFS ) . The German Weather Service has been running their global hydrostatic model , the GME , using a hexagonal icosohedral grid since 2002 . The GFS is slated to eventually be supplanted by the Flow @-@ following , finite @-@ volume Icosahedral Model ( FIM ) , which like the GME is gridded on a truncated icosahedron , in the mid @-@ 2010s .
= = Global climate models = =
In 1956 , Norman Phillips developed a mathematical model which could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere , which became the first successful climate model . Following Phillips 's work , several groups began working to create general circulation models . The first general circulation climate model that combined both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory . By the early 1980s , the United States ' National Center for Atmospheric Research had developed the Community Atmosphere Model ; this model has been continuously refined into the 2000s . In 1986 , efforts began to initialize and model soil and vegetation types , which led to more realistic forecasts . For example , the Center for Ocean @-@ Land Atmosphere Studies ( COLA ) model showed a warm temperature bias of 2 @-@ 4 ° C ( 4 @-@ 7 ° F ) and a low precipitation bias due to incorrect parameterization of crop and vegetation type across the central United States . Coupled ocean @-@ atmosphere climate models such as the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research 's HadCM3 model are currently being used as inputs for climate change studies . The importance of gravity waves was neglected within these models until the mid @-@ 1980s . Now , gravity waves are required within global climate models in order to properly simulate regional and global scale circulations , though their broad spectrum makes their incorporation complicated . The Climate System Model ( CSM ) was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in January 1994 .
= = Limited @-@ area models = =
The horizontal domain of a model is either global , covering the entire Earth , or regional , covering only part of the Earth . Regional models ( also known as limited @-@ area models , or LAMs ) allow for the use of finer ( or smaller ) grid spacing than global models . The available computational resources are focused on a specific area instead of being spread over the globe . This allows regional models to resolve explicitly smaller @-@ scale meteorological phenomena that cannot be represented on the coarser grid of a global model . Regional models use a global model for initial conditions of the edge of their domain in order to allow systems from outside the regional model domain to move into its area . Uncertainty and errors within regional models are introduced by the global model used for the boundary conditions of the edge of the regional model , as well as errors attributable to the regional model itself .
In the United States , the first operational regional model , the limited @-@ area fine @-@ mesh ( LFM ) model , was introduced in 1971 . Its development was halted , or frozen , in 1986 . The NGM debuted in 1987 and was also used to create model output statistics for the United States . Its development was frozen in 1991 . The ETA model was implemented for the United States in 1993 and in turn was upgraded to the NAM in 2006 . The U.S. also offers the Rapid Refresh ( which replaced the RUC in 2012 ) for short @-@ range and high @-@ resolution applications ; both the Rapid Refresh and NAM are built on the same framework , the WRF . Metéo France has been running their Action de Recherche Petite Échelle Grande Échelle ( ALADIN ) mesoscale model for France , based upon the ECMWF global model , since 1995 . In July 1996 , the Bureau of Meteorology implemented the Limited Area Prediction System ( LAPS ) . The Canadian Regional Finite @-@ Elements model ( RFE ) went into operational use on April 22 , 1986 . It was followed by the Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale Model ( GEM ) mesoscale model on February 24 , 1997 .
The German Weather Service developed the High Resolution Regional Model ( HRM ) in 1999 , which is widely run within the operational and research meteorological communities and run with hydrostatic assumptions . The Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System ( AMPS ) was developed for the southernmost continent in 2000 by the United States Antarctic Program . The German non @-@ hydrostatic Lokal @-@ Modell for Europe ( LME ) has been run since 2002 , and an increase in areal domain became operational on September 28 , 2005 . The Japanese Meteorological Agency has run a high @-@ resolution , non @-@ hydrostatic mesoscale model since September 2004 .
= = Air quality models = =
The technical literature on air pollution dispersion is quite extensive and dates back to the 1930s and earlier . One of the early air pollutant plume dispersion equations was derived by Bosanquet and Pearson . Their equation did not assume Gaussian distribution nor did it include the effect of ground reflection of the pollutant plume . Sir Graham Sutton derived an air pollutant plume dispersion equation in 1947 which did include the assumption of Gaussian distribution for the vertical and crosswind dispersion of the plume and also included the effect of ground reflection of the plume . Under the stimulus provided by the advent of stringent environmental control regulations , there was an immense growth in the use of air pollutant plume dispersion calculations between the late 1960s and today . A great many computer programs for calculating the dispersion of air pollutant emissions were developed during that period of time and they were called " air dispersion models " . The basis for most of those models was the Complete Equation For Gaussian Dispersion Modeling Of Continuous , Buoyant Air Pollution Plumes The Gaussian air pollutant dispersion equation requires the input of H which is the pollutant plume 's centerline height above ground level — and H is the sum of Hs ( the actual physical height of the pollutant plume 's emission source point ) plus ΔH ( the plume rise due the plume 's buoyancy ) .
To determine ΔH , many if not most of the air dispersion models developed between the late 1960s and the early 2000s used what are known as " the Briggs equations . " G. A. Briggs first published his plume rise observations and comparisons in 1965 . In 1968 , at a symposium sponsored by Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe , he compared many of the plume rise models then available in the literature . In that same year , Briggs also wrote the section of the publication edited by Slade dealing with the comparative analyses of plume rise models . That was followed in 1969 by his classical critical review of the entire plume rise literature , in which he proposed a set of plume rise equations which have become widely known as " the Briggs equations " . Subsequently , Briggs modified his 1969 plume rise equations in 1971 and in 1972 .
The Urban Airshed Model , a regional forecast model for the effects of air pollution and acid rain , was developed by a private company in the USA in 1970 . Development of this model was taken over by the Environmental Protection Agency and improved in the mid to late 1970s using results from a regional air pollution study . While developed in California , this model was later used in other areas of North America , Europe and Asia during the 1980s . The Community Multiscale Air Quality model ( CMAQ ) is an open source air quality model run within the United States in conjunction with the NAM mesoscale model since 2004 . The first operational air quality model in Canada , Canadian Hemispheric and Regional Ozone and NOx System ( CHRONOS ) , began to be run in 2001 . It was replaced with the Global Environmental Multiscale model - Modelling Air quality and Chemistry ( GEM @-@ MACH ) model in November 2009 .
= = Tropical cyclone models = =
During 1972 , the first model to forecast storm surge along the continental shelf was developed , known as the Special Program to List the Amplitude of Surges from Hurricanes ( SPLASH ) . In 1978 , the first hurricane @-@ tracking model based on atmospheric dynamics – the movable fine @-@ mesh ( MFM ) model – began operating . Within the field of tropical cyclone track forecasting , despite the ever @-@ improving dynamical model guidance which occurred with increased computational power , it was not until the decade of the 1980s when numerical weather prediction showed skill , and until the 1990s when it consistently outperformed statistical or simple dynamical models . In the early 1980s , the assimilation of satellite @-@ derived winds from water vapor , infrared , and visible satellite imagery was found to improve tropical cyclones track forecasting . The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ) hurricane model was used for research purposes between 1973 and the mid @-@ 1980s . Once it was determined that it could show skill in hurricane prediction , a multi @-@ year transition transformed the research model into an operational model which could be used by the National Weather Service in 1995 .
The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting ( HWRF ) model is a specialized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting ( WRF ) model and is used to forecast the track and intensity of tropical cyclones . The model was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , the University of Rhode Island , and Florida State University . It became operational in 2007 . Despite improvements in track forecasting , predictions of the intensity of a tropical cyclone based on numerical weather prediction continue to be a challenge , since statiscal methods continue to show higher skill over dynamical guidance .
= = Ocean models = =
The first ocean wave models were developed in the 1960s and 1970s . These models had the tendency to overestimate the role of wind in wave development and underplayed wave interactions . A lack of knowledge concerning how waves interacted among each other , assumptions regarding a maximum wave height , and deficiencies in computer power limited the performance of the models . After experiments were performed in 1968 , 1969 , and 1973 , wind input from the Earth 's atmosphere was weighted more accurately in the predictions . A second generation of models was developed in the 1980s , but they could not realistically model swell nor depict wind @-@ driven waves ( also known as wind waves ) caused by rapidly changing wind fields , such as those within tropical cyclones . This caused the development of a third generation of wave models from 1988 onward .
Within this third generation of models , the spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography . It simulates wave generation , wave movement ( propagation within a fluid ) , wave shoaling , refraction , energy transfer between waves , and wave dissipation . Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation , ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean . Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and resonance between waves , surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface .
= = Model output statistics = =
Because forecast models based upon the equations for atmospheric dynamics do not perfectly determine weather conditions near the ground , statistical corrections were developed to attempt to resolve this problem . Statistical models were created based upon the three @-@ dimensional fields produced by numerical weather models , surface observations , and the climatological conditions for specific locations . These statistical models are collectively referred to as model output statistics ( MOS ) , and were developed by the National Weather Service for their suite of weather forecasting models by 1976 . The United States Air Force developed its own set of MOS based upon their dynamical weather model by 1983 .
= = Ensembles = =
As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963 , it is impossible for long @-@ range forecasts — those made more than two weeks in advance — to predict the state of the atmosphere with any degree of skill , owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved . Extremely small errors in temperature , winds , or other initial inputs given to numerical models will amplify and double every five days . Furthermore , existing observation networks have limited spatial and temporal resolution ( for example , over large bodies of water such as the Pacific Ocean ) , which introduces uncertainty into the true initial state of the atmosphere . While a set of equations , known as the Liouville equations , exists to determine the initial uncertainty in the model initialization , the equations are too complex to run in real @-@ time , even with the use of supercomputers . These uncertainties limit forecast model accuracy to about six days into the future .
Edward Epstein recognized in 1969 that the atmosphere could not be completely described with a single forecast run due to inherent uncertainty , and proposed a stochastic dynamic model that produced means and variances for the state of the atmosphere . While these Monte Carlo simulations showed skill , in 1974 Cecil Leith revealed that they produced adequate forecasts only when the ensemble probability distribution was a representative sample of the probability distribution in the atmosphere . It was not until 1992 that ensemble forecasts began being prepared by the European Centre for Medium @-@ Range Weather Forecasts , the Canadian Meteorological Centre , and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction . The ECMWF model , the Ensemble Prediction System , uses singular vectors to simulate the initial probability density , while the NCEP ensemble , the Global Ensemble Forecasting System , uses a technique known as vector breeding .
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= Mary Wollstonecraft =
Mary Wollstonecraft ( / ˈwʊlstən.krɑːft / ; 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797 ) was an English writer , philosopher , and advocate of women 's rights . During her brief career , she wrote novels , treatises , a travel narrative , a history of the French Revolution , a conduct book , and a children 's book . Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) , in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men , but appear to be only because they lack education . She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason .
Until the late 20th century , Wollstonecraft 's life , which encompassed several unconventional personal relationships , received more attention than her writing . After two ill @-@ fated affairs , with Henry Fuseli and Gilbert Imlay ( by whom she had a daughter , Fanny Imlay ) , Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin , one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement . Wollstonecraft died at the age of 38 , eleven days after giving birth to her second daughter , leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts . This daughter , Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin , became an accomplished writer herself , as Mary Shelley , the author of Frankenstein .
After Wollstonecraft 's death , her widower published a Memoir ( 1798 ) of her life , revealing her unorthodox lifestyle , which inadvertently destroyed her reputation for almost a century . However , with the emergence of the feminist movement at the turn of the twentieth century , Wollstonecraft 's advocacy of women 's equality and critiques of conventional femininity became increasingly important . Today Wollstonecraft is regarded as one of the founding feminist philosophers , and feminists often cite both her life and work as important influences .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Wollstonecraft was born on 27 April 1759 in Spitalfields , London . She was the second of the seven children of Edward John Wollstonecraft and Elizabeth Dixon . Although her family had a comfortable income when she was a child , her father gradually squandered it on speculative projects . Consequently , the family became financially unstable and they were frequently forced to move during Wollstonecraft 's youth . The family 's financial situation eventually became so dire that Wollstonecraft 's father compelled her to turn over money that she would have inherited at her maturity . Moreover , he was apparently a violent man who would beat his wife in drunken rages . As a teenager , Wollstonecraft used to lie outside the door of her mother 's bedroom to protect her . Wollstonecraft played a similar maternal role for her sisters , Everina and Eliza , throughout her life . For example , in a defining moment in 1784 , she convinced Eliza , who was suffering from what was probably postpartum depression , to leave her husband and infant ; Wollstonecraft made all of the arrangements for Eliza to flee , demonstrating her willingness to challenge social norms . The human costs , however , were severe : her sister suffered social condemnation and , because she could not remarry , was doomed to a life of poverty and hard work .
Two friendships shaped Wollstonecraft 's early life . The first was with Jane Arden in Beverley . The two frequently read books together and attended lectures presented by Arden 's father , a self @-@ styled philosopher and scientist . Wollstonecraft revelled in the intellectual atmosphere of the Arden household and valued her friendship with Arden greatly , sometimes to the point of being emotionally possessive . Wollstonecraft wrote to her : " I have formed romantic notions of friendship ... I am a little singular in my thoughts of love and friendship ; I must have the first place or none . " In some of Wollstonecraft 's letters to Arden , she reveals the volatile and depressive emotions that would haunt her throughout her life .
The second and more important friendship was with Fanny ( Frances ) Blood , introduced to Wollstonecraft by the Clares , a couple in Hoxton who became parental figures to her ; Wollstonecraft credited Blood with opening her mind . Unhappy with her home life , Wollstonecraft struck out on her own in 1778 and accepted a job as a lady 's companion to Sarah Dawson , a widow living in Bath . However , Wollstonecraft had trouble getting along with the irascible woman ( an experience she drew on when describing the drawbacks of such a position in Thoughts on the Education of Daughters , 1787 ) . In 1780 she returned home , called back to care for her dying mother . Rather than return to Dawson 's employ after the death of her mother , Wollstonecraft moved in with the Bloods . She realized during the two years she spent with the family that she had idealized Blood , who was more invested in traditional feminine values than was Wollstonecraft . But Wollstonecraft remained dedicated to her and her family throughout her life ( she frequently gave pecuniary assistance to Blood 's brother , for example ) .
Wollstonecraft had envisioned living in a female utopia with Blood ; they made plans to rent rooms together and support each other emotionally and financially , but this dream collapsed under economic realities . In order to make a living , Wollstonecraft , her sisters , and Blood set up a school together in Newington Green , a Dissenting community . Blood soon became engaged and after their marriage her husband , Hugh Skeys , took her to Lisbon , Portugal , to improve her health , which had always been precarious . Despite the change of surroundings Blood 's health further deteriorated when she became pregnant , and in 1785 Wollstonecraft left the school and followed Blood to nurse her , but to no avail . Moreover , her abandonment of the school led to its failure . Blood 's death devastated Wollstonecraft and was part of the inspiration for her first novel , Mary : A Fiction ( 1788 ) .
= = = " The first of a new genus " = = =
After Blood 's death , Wollstonecraft 's friends helped her obtain a position as governess to the daughters of the Anglo @-@ Irish Kingsborough family in Ireland . Although she could not get along with Lady Kingsborough , the children found her an inspiring instructor ; Margaret King would later say she " had freed her mind from all superstitions " . Some of Wollstonecraft 's experiences during this year would make their way into her only children 's book , Original Stories from Real Life ( 1788 ) .
Frustrated by the limited career options open to respectable yet poor women — an impediment which Wollstonecraft eloquently describes in the chapter of Thoughts on the Education of Daughters entitled " Unfortunate Situation of Females , Fashionably Educated , and Left Without a Fortune " — she decided , after only a year as a governess , to embark upon a career as an author . This was a radical choice , since , at the time , few women could support themselves by writing . As she wrote to her sister Everina in 1787 , she was trying to become " the first of a new genus " . She moved to London and , assisted by the liberal publisher Joseph Johnson , found a place to live and work to support herself . She learned French and German and translated texts , most notably Of the Importance of Religious Opinions by Jacques Necker and Elements of Morality , for the Use of Children by Christian Gotthilf Salzmann . She also wrote reviews , primarily of novels , for Johnson 's periodical , the Analytical Review . Wollstonecraft 's intellectual universe expanded during this time , not only from the reading that she did for her reviews but also from the company she kept : she attended Johnson 's famous dinners and met such luminaries as the radical pamphleteer Thomas Paine and the philosopher William Godwin . The first time Godwin and Wollstonecraft met , they were both disappointed in each other . Godwin had come to hear Paine , but Wollstonecraft assailed him all night long , disagreeing with him on nearly every subject . Johnson himself , however , became much more than a friend ; she described him in her letters as a father and a brother .
While in London , Wollstonecraft pursued a relationship with the artist Henry Fuseli , even though he was already married . She was , she wrote , enraptured by his genius , " the grandeur of his soul , that quickness of comprehension , and lovely sympathy " . She proposed a platonic living arrangement with Fuseli and his wife , but Fuseli 's wife was appalled , and he broke off the relationship with Wollstonecraft . After Fuseli 's rejection , Wollstonecraft decided to travel to France to escape the humiliation of the incident , and to participate in the revolutionary events that she had just celebrated in her recent Vindication of the Rights of Men ( 1790 ) . She had written the Rights of Men in response to Edmund Burke 's conservative critique of the French Revolution in Reflections on the Revolution in France ( 1790 ) and it made her famous overnight . She was compared with such leading lights as the theologian and controversialist Joseph Priestley and Paine , whose Rights of Man ( 1791 ) would prove to be the most popular of the responses to Burke . She pursued the ideas she had outlined in Rights of Men in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) , her most famous and influential work .
= = = France and Gilbert Imlay = = =
Wollstonecraft left for Paris in December 1792 and arrived about a month before Louis XVI was guillotined . France was in turmoil . She sought out other British visitors such as Helen Maria Williams and joined the circle of expatriates then in the city . Having just written the Rights of Woman , Wollstonecraft was determined to put her ideas to the test , and in the stimulating intellectual atmosphere of the French revolution she attempted her most experimental romantic attachment yet : she met and fell passionately in love with Gilbert Imlay , an American adventurer . Whether or not she was interested in marriage , he was not , and she appears to have fallen in love with an idealized portrait of the man . While Wollstonecraft had rejected the sexual component of relationships in the Rights of Woman , Imlay awakened her passions and her interest in sex . She soon became pregnant , and on 14 May 1794 she gave birth to her first child , Fanny , naming her after perhaps her closest friend . Wollstonecraft was overjoyed ; she wrote to a friend : " My little Girl begins to suck so MANFULLY that her father reckons saucily on her writing the second part of the R [ igh ] ts of Woman " ( emphasis hers ) . She continued to write avidly , despite not only her pregnancy and the burdens of being a new mother alone in a foreign country , but also the growing tumult of the French Revolution . While at Le Havre in northern France , she wrote a history of the early revolution , An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution , which was published in London in December 1794 .
As the political situation worsened , Britain declared war on France , placing all British subjects in France in considerable danger . To protect Wollstonecraft , Imlay registered her as his wife in 1793 , even though they were not married . Some of her friends were not so lucky ; many , like Thomas Paine , were arrested , and some were even guillotined . ( Wollstonecraft 's sisters believed she had been imprisoned . ) After she left France , she continued to refer to herself as " Mrs Imlay " , even to her sisters , in order to bestow legitimacy upon her child .
Imlay , unhappy with the domestic @-@ minded and maternal Wollstonecraft , eventually left her . He promised that he would return to Le Havre where she went to give birth to her child , but his delays in writing to her and his long absences convinced Wollstonecraft that he had found another woman . Her letters to him are full of needy expostulations , explained by most critics as the expressions of a deeply depressed woman but by some as a result of her circumstances — alone with an infant in the middle of a revolution .
= = = England and William Godwin = = =
Seeking Imlay , Wollstonecraft returned to London in April 1795 , but he rejected her . In May 1795 she attempted to commit suicide , probably with laudanum , but Imlay saved her life ( although it is unclear how ) . In a last attempt to win back Imlay , she embarked upon some business negotiations for him in Scandinavia , trying to recoup some of his losses . Wollstonecraft undertook this hazardous trip with only her young daughter and a maid . She recounted her travels and thoughts in letters to Imlay , many of which were eventually published as Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark in 1796 . When she returned to England and came to the full realisation that her relationship with Imlay was over , she attempted suicide for the second time , leaving a note for Imlay :
Let my wrongs sleep with me ! Soon , very soon , I shall be at peace . When you receive this , my burning head will be cold ... I shall plunge into the Thames where there is least chance of my being snatched from the death I seek . God bless you ! May you never know by experience what you have made me endure . Should your sensibility ever awake , remorse will find its way to your heart ; and , in the midst of business and sensual pleasure , I shall appear before you , the victim of your deviation from rectitude .
She then went out on a rainy night and " to make her clothes heavy with water , she walked up and down about half an hour " before jumping into the River Thames , but a stranger saw her jump and rescued her . Wollstonecraft considered her suicide attempt deeply rational , writing after her rescue ,
I have only to lament , that , when the bitterness of death was past , I was inhumanly brought back to life and misery . But a fixed determination is not to be baffled by disappointment ; nor will I allow that to be a frantic attempt , which was one of the calmest acts of reason . In this respect , I am only accountable to myself . Did I care for what is termed reputation , it is by other circumstances that I should be dishonoured .
Gradually , Wollstonecraft returned to her literary life , becoming involved with Joseph Johnson 's circle again , in particular with Mary Hays , Elizabeth Inchbald , and Sarah Siddons through William Godwin . Godwin and Wollstonecraft 's unique courtship began slowly , but it eventually became a passionate love affair . Godwin had read her Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark and later wrote that " If ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author , this appears to me to be the book . She speaks of her sorrows , in a way that fills us with melancholy , and dissolves us in tenderness , at the same time that she displays a genius which commands all our admiration . " Once Wollstonecraft became pregnant , they decided to marry so that their child would be legitimate . Their marriage revealed the fact that Wollstonecraft had never been married to Imlay , and as a result she and Godwin lost many friends . Godwin received further criticism because he had advocated the abolition of marriage in his philosophical treatise Political Justice . After their marriage on 29 March 1797 , they moved into two adjoining houses , known as The Polygon , so that they could both still retain their independence ; they often communicated by letter . By all accounts , theirs was a happy and stable , though brief , relationship .
= = = Death and Godwin 's Memoirs = = =
On 30 August 1797 , Wollstonecraft gave birth to her second daughter , Mary . Although the delivery seemed to go well initially , the placenta broke apart during the birth and became infected ; puerperal ( childbed ) fever was a common and often fatal occurrence in the eighteenth century . After several days of agony , Wollstonecraft died of septicaemia on 10 September . Godwin was devastated : he wrote to his friend Thomas Holcroft , " I firmly believe there does not exist her equal in the world . I know from experience we were formed to make each other happy . I have not the least expectation that I can now ever know happiness again . " She was buried at Old Saint Pancras Churchyard , where her tombstone reads , " Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin , Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman : Born 27 April 1759 : Died 10 September 1797 . " ( In 1851 , her remains were moved by her grandson Percy Florence Shelley to his family tomb in St Peter 's Church , Bournemouth . ) Her monument in the churchyard lies to the north @-@ east of the church just north of Sir John Soane 's grave . Her husband was buried with her on his death in 1836 , as was his second wife , Mary Jane Godwin ( 1766 – 1841 ) .
In January 1798 Godwin published his Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Although Godwin felt that he was portraying his wife with love , compassion , and sincerity , many readers were shocked that he would reveal Wollstonecraft 's illegitimate children , love affairs , and suicide attempts . The Romantic poet Robert Southey accused him of " the want of all feeling in stripping his dead wife naked " and vicious satires such as The Unsex 'd Females were published . Godwin 's Memoirs portrays Wollstonecraft as a woman deeply invested in feeling who was balanced by his reason and as more of a religious sceptic than her own writings suggest . Godwin 's views of Wollstonecraft were perpetuated throughout the nineteenth century and resulted in poems such as " Wollstonecraft and Fuseli " by British poet Robert Browning and that by William Roscoe which includes the lines :
= = Legacy = =
Wollstonecraft has what scholar Cora Kaplan labelled in 2002 a " curious " legacy that has evolved over time : " for an author @-@ activist adept in many genres ... up until the last quarter @-@ century Wollstonecraft 's life has been read much more closely than her writing " . After the devastating effect of Godwin 's Memoirs , Wollstonecraft 's reputation lay in tatters for a century ; she was pilloried by such writers as Maria Edgeworth , who patterned the " freakish " Harriet Freke in Belinda ( 1801 ) after her . Other novelists such as Mary Hays , Charlotte Turner Smith , Fanny Burney , and Jane West created similar figures , all to teach a " moral lesson " to their readers . ( Hays had been a close friend , and helped nurse her in her dying days . ) Scholar Virginia Sapiro states that few read Wollstonecraft 's works during the nineteenth century as " her attackers implied or stated that no self @-@ respecting woman would read her work " . ( In fact , as Craciun points out , new editions of Rights of Woman appeared in the UK in the 1840s , and in the US in the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s . ) One of those few was Elizabeth Barrett Browning , who read Rights of Woman at the age of 12 , and whose poem Aurora Leigh reflected " Wollstonecraft 's unwavering focus on education " . Lucretia Mott , a Quaker minister , and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Americans who met at the World Anti @-@ Slavery Convention in London , discovered they had both read Wollstonecraft , and agreed the need for what became the Seneca Falls Convention , an influential women 's rights meeting held in 1848 . Another who read Wollstonecraft was George Eliot , a prolific writer of reviews , articles , novels , and translations . In 1855 , she devoted an essay to the roles and rights of women , comparing Wollstonecraft and Margaret Fuller . Fuller was an American journalist , critic , and women 's right activist who , like Wollstonecraft , had travelled to the Continent , been involved in the struggle for reform ( in this case the Roman Republic ) , and had a child by a man without marrying him . Wollstonecraft 's children 's work was adapted by Charlotte Mary Yonge in 1870 .
With the rise of the movement to give women a political voice , Wollstonecraft 's work was exhumed . The first full @-@ length biography , by Elizabeth Robins Pennell , appeared in 1884 as part of a series by the Roberts Brothers on famous women . This followed an attempt at rehabilitation in 1879 , with the publication of Wollstonecraft 's Letters to Imlay , with prefatory memoir by C. Kegan Paul . Millicent Garrett Fawcett , a suffragist and later president of the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies , wrote the introduction to the centenary edition ( i.e. 1892 ) of the Rights of Woman , cleansing the memory of Wollstonecraft and claiming her as the foremother of the struggle for the vote . As early as 1898 , Wollstonecraft was the subject of a doctoral thesis and its resulting book .
With the advent of the modern feminist movement , women as politically dissimilar from each other as Virginia Woolf and Emma Goldman embraced Wollstonecraft 's life story . By 1929 Woolf described Wollstonecraft — her writing , arguments , and " experiments in living " — as immortal : " she is alive and active , she argues and experiments , we hear her voice and trace her influence even now among the living " . Others , however , continued to decry Wollstonecraft 's lifestyle . A biography published in 1932 refers to recent reprints of her works , incorporating new research , and to a " study " in 1911 , a play in 1922 , and another biography in 1924 . Interest in her never completely died , with full @-@ length biographies in 1937 and 1951
With the emergence of feminist criticism in academia in the 1960s and 1970s , Wollstonecraft 's works returned to prominence . Their fortunes reflected that of the second wave of the North American feminist movement itself ; for example , in the early 1970s , six major biographies of Wollstonecraft were published that presented her " passionate life in apposition to [ her ] radical and rationalist agenda " . The feminist artwork The Dinner Party , first exhibited in 1979 , features a place setting for Wollstonecraft . In the 1980s and 1990s , yet another image of Wollstonecraft emerged , one which described her as much more a creature of her time ; scholars such as Claudia Johnson , Gary Kelly , and Virginia Sapiro demonstrated the continuity between Wollstonecraft 's thought and other important eighteenth @-@ century ideas regarding topics such as sensibility , economics , and political theory .
Wollstonecraft 's work has also had an effect on feminism outside the academy in recent years . Ayaan Hirsi Ali , a political writer and former Muslim who is critical of Islam in general and its dictates regarding women in particular , cited the Rights of Woman in her autobiography Infidel and wrote that she was " inspired by Mary Wollstonecraft , the pioneering feminist thinker who told women they had the same ability to reason as men did and deserved the same rights " . British writer Caitlin Moran , author of the best @-@ selling How to Be a Woman , described herself as " half Wollstonecraft " to the New Yorker . She has also inspired more widely . Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen , the Indian economist and philosopher who first identified the missing women of Asia , draws repeatedly on Wollstonecraft as a political philosopher in The Idea of Justice .
= = Major works = =
= = = Educational works = = =
The majority of Wollstonecraft 's early productions are about education ; she assembled an anthology of literary extracts " for the improvement of young women " entitled The Female Reader and she translated two children 's works , Maria Geertruida van de Werken de Cambon 's Young Grandison and Christian Gotthilf Salzmann 's Elements of Morality . Her own writings also addressed the topic . In both her conduct book Thoughts on the Education of Daughters ( 1787 ) and her children 's book Original Stories from Real Life ( 1788 ) , Wollstonecraft advocates educating children into the emerging middle @-@ class ethos : self @-@ discipline , honesty , frugality , and social contentment . Both books also emphasise the importance of teaching children to reason , revealing Wollstonecraft 's intellectual debt to the important seventeenth @-@ century educational philosopher John Locke . However , the prominence she affords religious faith and innate feeling distinguishes her work from his and links it to the discourse of sensibility popular at the end of the eighteenth century . Both texts also advocate the education of women , a controversial topic at the time and one which she would return to throughout her career , most notably in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Wollstonecraft argues that well @-@ educated women will be good wives and mothers and ultimately contribute positively to the nation .
= = = Vindications = = =
= = = = Vindication of the Rights of Men ( 1790 ) = = = =
Published in response to Edmund Burke 's Reflections on the Revolution in France ( 1790 ) , which was a defence of constitutional monarchy , aristocracy , and the Church of England , and an attack on Wollstonecraft 's friend , the Rev Richard Price at the Newington Green Unitarian Church , Wollstonecraft 's A Vindication of the Rights of Men ( 1790 ) attacks aristocracy and advocates republicanism . Hers was the first response in a pamphlet war that subsequently became known as the Revolution Controversy , in which Thomas Paine 's Rights of Man ( 1792 ) became the rallying cry for reformers and radicals .
Wollstonecraft attacked not only monarchy and hereditary privilege but also the language that Burke used to defend and elevate it . In a famous passage in the Reflections , Burke had lamented : " I had thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her [ Marie Antoinette ] with insult . — But the age of chivalry is gone . " Most of Burke 's detractors deplored what they viewed as theatrical pity for the French queen — a pity they felt was at the expense of the people . Wollstonecraft was unique in her attack on Burke 's gendered language . By redefining the sublime and the beautiful , terms first established by Burke himself in A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful ( 1756 ) , she undermined his rhetoric as well as his argument . Burke had associated the beautiful with weakness and femininity and the sublime with strength and masculinity ; Wollstonecraft turns these definitions against him , arguing that his theatrical tableaux turn Burke 's readers — the citizens — into weak women who are swayed by show . In her first unabashedly feminist critique , which Wollstonecraft scholar Claudia L. Johnson argues remains unsurpassed in its argumentative force , Wollstonecraft indicts Burke 's defence of an unequal society founded on the passivity of women .
In her arguments for republican virtue , Wollstonecraft invokes an emerging middle @-@ class ethos in opposition to what she views as the vice @-@ ridden aristocratic code of manners . Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers , she believed in progress and derides Burke for relying on tradition and custom . She argues for rationality , pointing out that Burke 's system would lead to the continuation of slavery , simply because it had been an ancestral tradition . She describes an idyllic country life in which each family can have a farm that will just suit its needs . Wollstonecraft contrasts her utopian picture of society , drawn with what she says is genuine feeling , to Burke 's false feeling .
The Rights of Men was Wollstonecraft 's first overtly political work , as well as her first feminist work ; as Johnson contends , " it seems that in the act of writing the later portions of Rights of Men she discovered the subject that would preoccupy her for the rest of her career " . It was this text that made her a well @-@ known writer .
= = = = Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) = = = =
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy . In it , Wollstonecraft argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with their position in society and then proceeds to redefine that position , claiming that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and because they could be " companions " to their husbands rather than mere wives . Instead of viewing women as ornaments to society or property to be traded in marriage , Wollstonecraft maintains that they are human beings deserving of the same fundamental rights as men . Large sections of the Rights of Woman respond vitriolically to conduct book writers such as James Fordyce and John Gregory and educational philosophers such as Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , who wanted to deny women an education . ( Rousseau famously argues in Émile ( 1762 ) that women should be educated for the pleasure of men . )
Wollstonecraft states that currently many women are silly and superficial ( she refers to them , for example , as " spaniels " and " toys " ) , but argues that this is not because of an innate deficiency of mind but rather because men have denied them access to education . Wollstonecraft is intent on illustrating the limitations that women 's deficient educations have placed on them ; she writes : " Taught from their infancy that beauty is woman 's sceptre , the mind shapes itself to the body , and , roaming round its gilt cage , only seeks to adorn its prison . " She implies that , without the encouragement young women receive from an early age to focus their attention on beauty and outward accomplishments , women could achieve much more .
While Wollstonecraft does call for equality between the sexes in particular areas of life , such as morality , she does not explicitly state that men and women are equal . What she does claim is that men and women are equal in the eyes of God . However , such claims of equality stand in contrast to her statements respecting the superiority of masculine strength and valour . Wollstonecraft famously and ambiguously writes : " Let it not be concluded that I wish to invert the order of things ; I have already granted , that , from the constitution of their bodies , men seem to be designed by Providence to attain a greater degree of virtue . I speak collectively of the whole sex ; but I see not the shadow of a reason to conclude that their virtues should differ in respect to their nature . In fact , how can they , if virtue has only one eternal standard ? I must therefore , if I reason consequently , as strenuously maintain that they have the same simple direction , as that there is a God . " Her ambiguous statements regarding the equality of the sexes have since made it difficult to classify Wollstonecraft as a modern feminist , particularly since the word and the concept were unavailable to her .
One of Wollstonecraft 's most scathing critiques in the Rights of Woman is of false and excessive sensibility , particularly in women . She argues that women who succumb to sensibility are " blown about by every momentary gust of feeling " and because they are " the prey of their senses " they cannot think rationally . In fact , she claims , they do harm not only to themselves but to the entire civilization : these are not women who can help refine a civilization — a popular eighteenth @-@ century idea — but women who will destroy it . Wollstonecraft does not argue that reason and feeling should act independently of each other ; rather , she believes that they should inform each other .
In addition to her larger philosophical arguments , Wollstonecraft also lays out a specific educational plan . In the twelfth chapter of the Rights of Woman , " On National Education " , she argues that all children should be sent to a " country day school " as well as given some education at home " to inspire a love of home and domestic pleasures . " She also maintains that schooling should be co @-@ educational , arguing that men and women , whose marriages are " the cement of society " , should be " educated after the same model . "
Wollstonecraft addresses her text to the middle @-@ class , which she describes as the " most natural state " , and in many ways the Rights of Woman is inflected by a bourgeois view of the world . It encourages modesty and industry in its readers and attacks the uselessness of the aristocracy . But Wollstonecraft is not necessarily a friend to the poor ; for example , in her national plan for education , she suggests that , after the age of nine , the poor , except for those who are brilliant , should be separated from the rich and taught in another school .
= = = Novels = = =
Both of Wollstonecraft 's novels criticize what she viewed as the patriarchal institution of marriage and its deleterious effects on women . In her first novel , Mary : A Fiction ( 1788 ) , the eponymous heroine is forced into a loveless marriage for economic reasons ; she fulfils her desire for love and affection outside of marriage with two passionate romantic friendships , one with a woman and one with a man . Maria : or , The Wrongs of Woman ( 1798 ) , an unfinished novel published posthumously and often considered Wollstonecraft 's most radical feminist work , revolves around the story of a woman imprisoned in an insane asylum by her husband ; like Mary , Maria also finds fulfilment outside of marriage , in an affair with a fellow inmate and a friendship with one of her keepers . Neither of Wollstonecraft 's novels depict successful marriages , although she posits such relationships in the Rights of Woman . At the end of Mary , the heroine believes she is going " to that world where there is neither marrying , nor giving in marriage " , presumably a positive state of affairs .
Both of Wollstonecraft 's novels also critique the discourse of sensibility , a moral philosophy and aesthetic that had become popular at the end of the eighteenth century . Mary is itself a novel of sensibility and Wollstonecraft attempts to use the tropes of that genre to undermine sentimentalism itself , a philosophy she believed was damaging to women because it encouraged them to rely overmuch on their emotions . In The Wrongs of Woman the heroine 's indulgence on romantic fantasies fostered by novels themselves is depicted as particularly detrimental .
Female friendships are central to both of Wollstonecraft 's novels , but it is the friendship between Maria and Jemima , the servant charged with watching over her in the insane asylum , that is the most historically significant . This friendship , based on a sympathetic bond of motherhood , between an upper @-@ class woman and a lower @-@ class woman is one of the first moments in the history of feminist literature that hints at a cross @-@ class argument , that is , that women of different economic positions have the same interests because they are women .
= = = Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark ( 1796 ) = = =
Wollstonecraft 's Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark is a deeply personal travel narrative . The twenty @-@ five letters cover a wide range of topics , from sociological reflections on Scandinavia and its peoples to philosophical questions regarding identity to musings on her relationship with Imlay ( although he is not referred to by name in the text ) . Using the rhetoric of the sublime , Wollstonecraft explores the relationship between the self and society . Reflecting the strong influence of Rousseau , Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark shares the themes of the French philosopher 's Reveries of a Solitary Walker ( 1782 ) : " the search for the source of human happiness , the stoic rejection of material goods , the ecstatic embrace of nature , and the essential role of sentiment in understanding " . While Rousseau ultimately rejects society , however , Wollstonecraft celebrates domestic scenes and industrial progress in her text .
Wollstonecraft promotes subjective experience , particularly in relation to nature , exploring the connections between the sublime and sensibility . Many of the letters describe the breathtaking scenery of Scandinavia and Wollstonecraft 's desire to create an emotional connection to that natural world . In so doing , she gives greater value to the imagination than she had in previous works . As in her previous writings , she champions the liberation and education of women . In a change from her earlier works , however , she illustrates the detrimental effects of commerce on society , contrasting the imaginative connection to the world with a commercial and mercenary one , an attitude she associates with Imlay .
Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark was Wollstonecraft 's most popular book in the 1790s . It sold well and was reviewed positively by most critics . Godwin wrote " if ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author , this appears to me to be the book . " It influenced Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge , who drew on its themes and its aesthetic .
= = List of works = =
This is a complete list of Mary Wollstonecraft 's works ; all works are the first edition and were authored by Wollstonecraft unless otherwise noted .
— .Thoughts on the Education of Daughters : With Reflections on Female Conduct , in the More Important Duties of Life . London : Joseph Johnson , 1787 .
— .Mary : A Fiction . London : Joseph Johnson , 1788 .
— .Original Stories from Real Life : With Conversations Calculated to Regulate the Affections and Form the Mind to Truth and Goodness . London : Joseph Johnson , 1788 .
Necker , Jacques . Of the Importance of Religious Opinions . Trans . Mary Wollstonecraft . London : Joseph Johnson , 1788 .
— .The Female Reader : Or , Miscellaneous Pieces , in Prose and Verse ; selected from the best writers , and disposed under proper heads ; for the improvement of young women . By Mr. Cresswick , teacher of elocution [ Mary Wollstonecraft ] . To which is prefixed a preface , containing some hints on female education . London : Joseph Johnson , 1789 .
de Cambon , Maria Geertruida van de Werken . Young Grandison . A Series of Letters from Young Persons to Their Friends . Trans . Mary Wollstonecraft . London : Joseph Johnson , 1790 .
Salzmann , Christian Gotthilf . Elements of Morality , for the Use of Children ; with an introductory address to parents . Trans . Mary Wollstonecraft . London : Joseph Johnson , 1790 .
— .A Vindication of the Rights of Men , in a Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke . London : Joseph Johnson , 1790 .
— .A Vindication of the Rights of Woman with Strictures on Moral and Political Subjects . London : Joseph Johnson , 1792 .
— . " On the Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character in Women , with Strictures on Dr. Gregory 's Legacy to His Daughters " . New Annual Register ( 1792 ) : 457 – 466 . [ From Rights of Woman ]
— .An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution ; and the Effect It Has produced in Europe . London : Joseph Johnson , 1794 .
— .Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark . London : Joseph Johnson , 1796 .
— . " On Poetry , and Our Relish for the Beauties of Nature " . Monthly Magazine ( April 1797 ) .
— . The Wrongs of Woman , or Maria . Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Ed . William Godwin . London : Joseph Johnson , 1798 . [ Published posthumously ; unfinished ]
— . " The Cave of Fancy " . Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Ed . William Godwin . London : Joseph Johnson , 1798 . [ Published posthumously ; fragment written in 1787 ]
— . " Letter on the Present Character of the French Nation " . Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Ed . William Godwin . London : Joseph Johnson , 1798 . [ Published posthumously ; written in 1793 ]
— . " Fragment of Letters on the Management of Infants " . Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Ed . William Godwin . London : Joseph Johnson , 1798 . [ Published posthumously ; unfinished ]
— . " Lessons " . Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Ed . William Godwin . London : Joseph Johnson , 1798 . [ Published posthumously ; unfinished ]
— . " Hints " . Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Ed . William Godwin . London : Joseph Johnson , 1798 . [ Published posthumously ; notes on the second volume of Rights of Woman , never written ]
— .Contributions to the Analytical Review ( 1788 – 1797 ) [ published anonymously ]
= = = Primary works = = =
Butler , Marilyn , ed . Burke , Paine , Godwin , and the Revolution Controversy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 28656 @-@ 5 .
Wollstonecraft , Mary . The Collected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft . Ed . Janet Todd . New York : Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 @-@ 231 @-@ 13142 @-@ 9 .
Wollstonecraft , Mary . The Complete Works of Mary Wollstonecraft . Ed . Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler . 7 vols . London : William Pickering , 1989 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8147 @-@ 9225 @-@ 1 .
Wollstonecraft , Mary . The Vindications : The Rights of Men and The Rights of Woman . Eds . D. L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf . Toronto : Broadview Press , 1997 . ISBN 1 @-@ 55111 @-@ 088 @-@ 1 .
Wollstonecraft , Mary ( 2005 ) , " On the pernicious effects which arise from the unnatural distinctions established in society " , in Cudd , Ann E. ; Andreasen , Robin O. , Feminist theory : a philosophical anthology , Oxford , UK Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishing , pp. 11 – 16 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4051 @-@ 1661 @-@ 9 .
= = = Biographies = = =
Flexner , Eleanor . Mary Wollstonecraft : A Biography . New York : Coward , McCann and Geoghegan , 1972 . ISBN 0 @-@ 698 @-@ 10447 @-@ 1 .
Godwin , William . Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman . 1798 . Eds . Pamela Clemit and Gina Luria Walker . Peterborough : Broadview Press Ltd . , 2001 . ISBN 1 @-@ 55111 @-@ 259 @-@ 0 .
Gordon , Lyndall . Vindication : A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft . Great Britain : Virago , 2005 . ISBN 1 @-@ 84408 @-@ 141 @-@ 9 .
Hays , Mary . " Memoirs of Mary Wollstonecraft " . Annual Necrology ( 1797 – 98 ) : 411 – 460 .
Jacobs , Diane . Her Own Woman : The Life of Mary Wollstonecraft . USA : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 @-@ 349 @-@ 11461 @-@ 7 .
Paul , C. Kegan . Letters to Imlay , with prefatory memoir by C. Kegan Paul . London : C. Kegan Paul , 1879 @.@ full text
Pennell , Elizabeth Robins . Life of Mary Wollstonecraft . ( Boston : Roberts Brothers , 1884 ) . full text
St Clair , William . The Godwins and the Shelleys : The biography of a family . New York : W. W. Norton and Co . , 1989 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8018 @-@ 4233 @-@ 6 .
Sunstein , Emily . A Different Face : the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . , 1975 . ISBN 0 @-@ 06 @-@ 014201 @-@ 4 .
Todd , Janet . Mary Wollstonecraft : A Revolutionary Life . London : Weidenfeld and Nicholson , 2000 . ISBN 0 @-@ 231 @-@ 12184 @-@ 9 .
Tomalin , Claire . The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft . Rev. ed . 1974 . New York : Penguin , 1992 . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 016761 @-@ 7 .
Wardle , Ralph M. Mary Wollstonecraft : A Critical Biography . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1951 .
= = = Other secondary works = = =
Conger , Syndy McMillen . Mary Wollstonecraft and the Language of Sensibility . Rutherford : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8386 @-@ 3553 @-@ 9 .
Detre , Jean . A most extraordinary pair : Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin , Garden City : Doubleday , 1975
Falco , Maria J. , ed . Feminist Interpretations of Mary Wollstonecraft . University Park : Penn State Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 @-@ 271 @-@ 01493 @-@ 8 .
Favret , Mary . Romantic Correspondence : Women , politics and the fiction of letters . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 41096 @-@ 7 .
Holmes , Richard . " 1968 : Revolutions " , in Footsteps : Adventures of a Romantic Biographer . Hodder & Stoughton , 1985 . ISBN 0 @-@ 00 @-@ 720453 @-@ 1 .
Janes , R. M. " On the Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft 's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman " . Journal of the History of Ideas 39 ( 1978 ) : 293 – 302 .
Johnson , Claudia L. Equivocal Beings : Politics , Gender , and Sentimentality in the 1790s . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 @-@ 226 @-@ 40184 @-@ 7 .
Jones , Chris . " Mary Wollstonecraft 's Vindications and their political tradition " . The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft . Ed . Claudia L. Johnson . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 78952 @-@ 4 .
Jones , Vivien . " Mary Wollstonecraft and the literature of advice and instruction " . The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft . Ed . Claudia Johnson . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 78952 @-@ 4 .
Kaplan , Cora . " Mary Wollstonecraft 's reception and legacies " . The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft Ed . Claudia L. Johnson . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 78952 @-@ 4 .
Kaplan , Cora . " Pandora 's Box : Subjectivity , Class and Sexuality in Socialist Feminist Criticism " . Sea Changes : Essays on Culture and Feminism . London : Verso , 1986 . ISBN 0 @-@ 86091 @-@ 151 @-@ 9 .
Kaplan , Cora . " Wild Nights : Pleasure / Sexuality / Feminism " . Sea Changes : Essays on Culture and Feminism . London : Verso , 1986 . ISBN 0 @-@ 86091 @-@ 151 @-@ 9 .
Kelly , Gary . Revolutionary Feminism : The Mind and Career of Mary Wollstonecraft . New York : St. Martin 's , 1992 . ISBN 0 @-@ 312 @-@ 12904 @-@ 1 .
McElroy , Wendy ( 2008 ) . " Wollstonecraft , Mary ( 1759 – 1797 ) " . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE Publications , Cato Institute. pp. 545 – 546 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4129 @-@ 6580 @-@ 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 .
Myers , Mitzi . " Impeccable Governess , Rational Dames , and Moral Mothers : Mary Wollstonecraft and the Female Tradition in Georgian Children 's Books " . Children 's Literature 14 ( 1986 ) : 31 – 59 .
Myers , Mitzi . " Sensibility and the ' Walk of Reason ' : Mary Wollstonecraft 's Literary Reviews as Cultural Critique " . Sensibility in Transformation : Creative Resistance to Sentiment from the Augustans to the Romantics . Ed . Syndy McMillen Conger . Rutherford : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8386 @-@ 3352 @-@ 8 .
Myers , Mitzi . " Wollstonecraft 's Letters Written ... in Sweden : Towards Romantic Autobiography " . Studies in Eighteenth @-@ Century Culture 8 ( 1979 ) : 165 – 85 .
Orr , Clarissa Campbell , ed . Wollstonecraft 's daughters : womanhood in England and France , 1780 – 1920 . Manchester : Manchester University Press ND , 1996 .
Poovey , Mary . The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer : Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft , Mary Shelley and Jane Austen . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 @-@ 226 @-@ 67528 @-@ 9 .
Richardson , Alan . " Mary Wollstonecraft on education " . The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft . Ed . Claudia Johnson . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 78952 @-@ 4 .
Sapiro , Virginia . A Vindication of Political Virtue : The Political Theory of Mary Wollstonecraft . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 @-@ 226 @-@ 73491 @-@ 9 .
Taylor , Barbara . Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 66144 @-@ 7 .
Todd , Janet . Women 's Friendship in Literature . New York : Columbia University Press , 1980 . ISBN 0 @-@ 231 @-@ 04562 @-@ X
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= The Girl ( 2012 TV film ) =
The Girl is a 2012 British television film directed by Julian Jarrold , written by Gwyneth Hughes and produced by the BBC and HBO Films . The film stars Sienna Miller as Tippi Hedren and Toby Jones as Alfred Hitchcock . It is based on Donald Spoto 's 2009 book , Spellbound by Beauty : Alfred Hitchcock and His Leading Ladies , which discusses British @-@ born film director Hitchcock and the women who played leading roles in his films . The Girl 's title was inspired by Hitchcock 's alleged nickname for Hedren .
The film depicts Hitchcock 's alleged obsession with Hedren , the American model and actress he brought from relative obscurity to star in his 1963 film The Birds . Hitchcock becomes infatuated with his leading lady ; when she rebuffs his advances , he subjects her to a series of traumatic experiences during the filming of The Birds . Hitchcock 's obsession with Hedren continues when she stars in his next production , Marnie . Hedren grows increasingly uncomfortable with his attentions , and decides that she needs to escape the situation . However , she cannot work elsewhere because of her exclusive contract with Hitchcock ; this effectively ends her Hollywood career .
The Girl made its television debut in the United States on 20 October 2012 on HBO and aired in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on 26 December . Jones and Miller were nominated for awards at the 2013 Golden Globe Awards and the British Academy Television Awards for their roles in the film , which received mixed reviews from critics . The Daily Mirror 's Jane Simon praised Miller 's portrayal of Hedren . Although she endorsed the film , Hedren said its length kept it from showing some of the positive aspects of her relationship with Hitchcock . Others who knew ( and worked with ) Hitchcock criticised the film because of its portrayal of him as a sexual predator . Kim Novak ( who starred in one of Hitchcock 's films ) and Nora Brown ( widow of one of Hitchcock 's close friends ) disputed the film 's version of events .
= = Plot summary = =
The film is a partially fictionalised account of the relationship between Alfred Hitchcock and Tippi Hedren . In 1961 , Hitchcock notices Hedren in a television commercial for a diet drink . He wants to turn her into the next Grace Kelly , with whom he had worked extensively during the 1950s . Hedren passes her screen test and is groomed for the starring role in Hitchcock 's latest film , The Birds ; the director instructs her about her dress and appearance .
Captivated by Hedren 's Nordic looks , Hitchcock becomes infatuated with her . While filming The Birds , he makes advances to her in the back of a limousine but she rebuffs him . In retaliation for her rejection , Hitchcock exposes Hedren to terrifying encounters with birds . A mechanical bird breaks the apparently shatterproof glass of a telephone booth during filming , showering Hedren with glass . After arriving on set to shoot a scene where Hedren 's character ( Melanie Daniels ) is trapped in an attic with aggressive birds , she discovers that Hitchcock has ordered the mechanical birds to be replaced with live ones . He demands the scene be repeated until he is satisfied that Hedren 's reaction looks authentic . This takes several days , leaving Hedren traumatised .
With The Birds a box @-@ office success , Hitchcock and Hedren begin work on Marnie . However , Hedren finds the film 's content ( including a marital @-@ rape scene ) and Hitchcock 's obsession with her mentally and emotionally exhausting . The director is frustrated by what he sees as Hedren 's coldness towards him . During a conversation with writer Evan Hunter , Hitchcock admits that he has erectile dysfunction and his only sexual partner is his wife ( screenwriter Alma Reville ) . He later declares his love for Hedren ; she walks away , leaving him to imagine her reciprocating his feelings .
Hitchcock refuses Hedren 's request for time off to attend the Photoplay Awards in New York City ( where she is nominated for the Most Promising Actress award ) , and tells her he will include in her contract a clause requiring her to make herself sexually available to him on demand . Hedren quits working for Hitchcock after completing Marnie , but he refuses to release her from her contract ; this prevents her from working for another production company , effectively ending her Hollywood career . Two notes before the titles inform the viewer that Hitchcock and Hedren never worked together again , and The Birds and Marnie are considered his last classic films .
= = Cast = =
Toby Jones as Alfred Hitchcock
Sienna Miller as Tippi Hedren
Penelope Wilton as Peggy Robertson
Imelda Staunton as Alma Reville
Candice D 'Arcy as Josephine Milton
Carl Beukes as Jim Brown
Conrad Kemp as Evan Hunter
= = Production = =
= = = Background and development = = =
The Girl is based on Donald Spoto 's 2009 book , Spellbound by Beauty : Alfred Hitchcock and His Leading Ladies , which examines the relationships between Alfred Hitchcock and the female stars of his films . Spoto wrote that Hitchcock attempted to turn Tippi Hedren ( star of The Birds and Marnie ) into his perfect woman , choosing the clothes and lipstick he thought she should wear . Hedren told Spoto that Hitchcock fantasised about running off with her .
Details of a film examining Hitchcock 's obsession with Hedren were reported in December 2011 . The Girl , written by Gwyneth Hughes , would star Toby Jones as Hitchcock and Sienna Miller as Hedren . In a post @-@ production BBC press release about the film in November 2012 , Hughes described her enthusiasm when she was approached about the project while on holiday : " [ I ] got a phone call from producer Amanda Jenks . She only managed to get out the words ' Alfred Hitchcock and Tippi Hedren ' before I was already shouting ' yes yes yes ! ' to this seductive , sinister , deeply touching story of love and obsession among Hollywood royalty . " Hughes interviewed Hedren and members of Hitchcock 's crew before preparing a script . She described her discussions with Hedren : " Her wisdom and insights have helped me to put her real life ordeal on to the screen . I know Tippi is absolutely thrilled , as I am , with the casting of Sienna Miller to play her . " The film 's title was inspired by the name Hitchcock used for Hedren after she stopped working for him .
Diana Cilliers designed the costumes , recreating what Hedren wore ( including Melanie Daniels ' green suit ) in Hitchcock 's films : " [ T ] here were certain items that we just copied – such as the Birds suit and the yellow Marnie bag , but otherwise we looked at clean lines , colours . Nothing too fussy . "
= = = Filming = = =
Filming began on 8 December 2011 . As part of her research Miller ( who was in the early stages of pregnancy ) spoke to Hedren several times during filming , and the two became friends . Live birds were used to recreate the filming of the attic scene in The Birds . Miller told the Radio Times , " I did go through a bird attack for two hours . It pales in comparison to what [ Hedren ] was subjected to , but it was pretty horrible . There were men off @-@ camera with boxes of birds , throwing seagulls and pigeons in my face " .
Jones 's role as Hitchcock required him to spend four hours each day being made up with prosthetic makeup and a fatsuit , and he did daily twenty @-@ minute vocal exercises to imitate Hitchcock 's distinctive speech . In a December 2012 interview with The Scotsman , Jones said " [ Hitchcock 's ] voice was so beautiful . There 's something in the rhythm and roll of it that is connected to the way Hitchcock thinks and moves . Then there is everything he ingested – the cigar smoking and drinking that 's imprinted on his voice . And everywhere he lived ; you can hear cockney London , California , and a plummy received pronunciation in that voice " .
= = = Release = = =
As part of its marketing campaign for The Girl , HBO released a 30 @-@ second trailer in August 2012 . During a Television Critics Association press tour promoting the film , Hedren said " I have to say that when I first heard Toby 's [ Jones ] voice as Alfred Hitchcock , my body just froze " . Hedren 's daughter , Melanie Griffith , attended a screening ; when the film ended , the audience was silent until Griffith said " Well , now I have to go back into therapy again ! " Hedren attended a London screening in October . The Girl made its US television debut on HBO and HBO Canada on 20 October 2012 . It had its UK premiere on 26 December , as part of BBC Two 's Christmas programming . The film was released on DVD in the UK on 7 January 2013 .
= = Controversy = =
Hedren gave Spoto an account of the director as a sexual predator for his 1983 book , The Dark Side of a Genius ( 1983 ) . Spoto wrote that Hitchcock made " an overt sexual proposition that she could neither ignore nor answer casually . " Hedren alleged in Spoto 's 2009 book , Spellbound by Beauty : Alfred Hitchcock and His Leading Ladies , that Hitchcock actually asked her to " make myself sexually available and accessible to him – however and whenever and wherever he wanted . " Spoto was the first person Hedren told her story to . She said : " It was embarrassing and insulting — there were a lot of reasons why I didn ’ t want to tell the story . I didn ’ t want it to be taken advantage of , twisted , turned and made into an even uglier situation than it was . It wasn ’ t until years later that I told Donald the story . ( ... ) He is absolutely true and honest in this book . " She previously said , in 1973 , while Hitchcock was still alive , that a major life @-@ style difference caused a split in their relationship . " He was too possessive and too demanding . I cannot be possessed by anyone . But , then , that 's my own hangup . "
Hedren 's account contrasted with the many interviews she gave about her time with Hitchcock , her warm tribute she paid to him when he was honoured with the AFI Life Achievement Award by the American Film Institute in 1979 , and her presence at his funeral . When asked about it , Hedren answered , " He ruined my career , but he didn ’ t ruin my life . That time of my life was over . I still admire the man for who he was . "
Shortly before the film was due to air on British television in December 2012 , Hedren gave an interview to the Daily Mail in which she repeated her claims about Hitchcock : " He made it very clear what was expected of me , but I was equally clear that I wasn 't interested ... Nobody is denying that Hitchcock was a brilliant moviemaker and I enjoyed working with him before I realised he was starting to take an almost obsessive interest in me . " Other actresses have spoken about the close attention Hitchcock paid to details of the leading ladies ' characters and appearances in his films , but they said that no harassment was involved . Eva Marie Saint , who starred in 1959 's North by Northwest , told The Daily Telegraph " Hitchcock was a gentleman , he was funny , he was so attentive to me , with the character , and he cared about everything my character Eve Kendall wore . He had an eye for the specifics of the character . "
Kim Novak , who worked on Hitchcock 's 1957 Vertigo , disputed Hedren 's ( and the film 's ) view of the director . Novak told The Daily Telegraph , " I feel bad about all the stuff people are saying about him now , that he was a weird character . I did not find him to be weird at all . I never saw him make a pass at anybody or act strange to anybody . " Louise Latham , who played Hedren 's mother in Marnie , dismissed claims of Hitchcock 's predatory nature in Broadcast : " I find some of the allegations hard to believe ... I wasn 't aware of her being hassled on the set . "
Nora Brown ( widow of James H. Brown , first assistant director on The Birds and Marnie , who knew Hitchcock for several years ) said that her husband would not have endorsed The Girl 's interpretation of events and the film 's portrayal of Hitchcock would have saddened him . Gwyneth Hughes interviewed James Brown as part of her background research for the film , but he died before the film was completed . In October 2012 , Nora Brown told The Daily Telegraph that she had written to Hughes expressing her anger . Hughes has said that James H. Brown backed up Hedren 's claims of sexual harassment . Tony Lee Moral , author of two books about the making of the Hitchcock films in which Hedren starred , echoed Brown 's comments . Writing for Broadcast in December 2012 , Moral ( who interviewed Jim Brown at length for his 2013 book , The Making of Hitchcock 's The Birds ) recalled a remark Brown made about Hitchcock . " Some of the things that are expressed about [ Hitchcock ] are highly over exaggerated . I think Hitch became upset because he thought Tippi wasn 't fulfilling the star quality that he thought she had or was looking for . "
In an interview with FT Magazine 's Rosie Millard , Hedren discussed Hitchcock 's attitude towards her after she decided not to work for him again : " He did ruin my career . He kept me under contract , paid me to do nothing for close on two years . " Hitchcock sold her contract to Universal Studios , which dismissed her when she refused to work on one of its television shows . However , her acting career continued and she appeared in a number of film and television productions . Hedren said that while she was still under contract to Hitchcock , he turned down several film roles on her behalf , and was particularly disappointed when she heard from French director François Truffaut that he had wanted her for his film Fahrenheit 451 . Truffaut 's daughter Laura disputed this , telling Moral her mother had expressed surprise at the mention of Hedren 's possible involvement in the project . Laura Truffaut was also sceptical of the story . " It is extremely unlikely in my view that my father seriously entertained this project without sharing it with my mother as he was not secretive about the other actors who were considered for casting . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Criticism and reaction = = =
The film 's portrayal of Hitchcock as a sexual predator was criticised . Some audience members at a British Film Institute private screening expressed their concerns that writer Gwyneth Hughes and director Julian Jarrold unfairly represented Hitchcock . On the day of its UK television premiere , David Millward of The Daily Telegraph quoted Eva Marie Saint , Doris Day and Kim Novak ( who worked with Hitchcock ) ; all refuted Hedren 's account of him . Writing for savehitchcock.com ( a website established in response to the media 's portrayal of Hitchcock ) , John Russell Taylor – author of the 1978 biography Hitch – said the film is " totally absurd " .
In an interview with London 's Evening Standard in January 2013 , Anthony Hopkins ( who played the eponymous role in the 2012 Alfred Hitchcock biopic Hitchcock ) questioned The Girl 's portrayal of the director and the need for a film about that period of Hitchcock 's career : " I talked to Tippi Hedren one day ... and she never mentioned that ... Whatever his obsession was , she didn 't want to dwell on it ... I don 't think it 's necessary to put all that into a movie . " Speaking to The Independent later that month , Hitchcock director Sacha Gervasi said , " [ The Girl ] seems a rare one @-@ note portrayal of a man who was a little more complex than that . A lot of people , who were there , do not recognise this portrayal of him as this monster " . Danny Huston , who played screenwriter Whitfield Cook in Hitchcock , told WENN.com that he believed Hitchcock would not have contested Hedren 's account of him : " Hitchcock was such a deliciously dark character that I don 't think he would dismiss what Tippi was saying as not true . "
Tony Lee Moral questioned the accuracy of events depicted in the film , particularly their chronology ( which does not tally with his research into the production archives of The Birds and Marnie ) : " Why for example would Hitchcock offer Tippi the coveted part of Marnie on June 7 , 1962 , during filming of the sand dune scene in The Birds , only to deliberately attempt to physically harm her ... by smashing the glass telephone booth , which was filmed on June 12 only a few days later ? "
In October 2012 Hedren said although she believed the film accurately portrays Hitchcock 's negative behaviour towards her , the time constraints of a 90 @-@ minute film prevented telling the entire story of her career with him . She told television critic Rob Salem , " It wasn 't a constant barrage of harassment . If it had been constantly the way we have had to do it in this film , I would have been long gone " .
= = = Reviews = = =
Before the film 's US television debut , Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times was critical of the film 's objectives : " [ T ] he trouble with The Girl is that it tries to psychoanalyze Hitchcock but fails by trying to know the man too much . It 's a movie about Hitchcock that ignores his best advice : ' Suspense is like a woman . The more left to the imagination , the more the excitement ' " . Richard Brody of The New Yorker also gave the film a negative review , writing that instead of a drama the film is an unoriginal work of criticism which " points to what everyone ought already to have been talking about in the first place : not least , that it 's no surprise to learn that a filmmaker whose art is devoted to pain , fear , control , and sexual obsession also experienced and inflicted them in life " . On the day of its UK premiere , James Rampton of The Independent wrote that The Girl was " no mere black @-@ and @-@ white hatchet job on Hitch . It does not seek to portray him as an unambiguous monster ; rather , it highlights the profound psychological damage that plagued the director throughout his life " . The Guardian 's Deborah Orr was generally positive about the film : " [ T ] here was only one thing wrong with The Girl . There was no Hitchcock in the director 's chair to make it the utterly compelling psychological drama that it could have been . "
The Telegraph 's Nigel Farndale praised the film 's balanced view of the director : " [ E ] ven though he was portrayed in this exquisite drama as a manipulative , vindictive martinet , the portrait was not unsympathetic . " The Daily Mirror 's Jane Simon echoed this view , praising Jones 's Hitchcock and writing that the actor " managed to give [ Hitchcock ] touches of humanity , too . There are moments when you feel a real pang of sympathy for Hitchcock , although admittedly they don 't last long " . " [ G ] liding gracefully through it all ( and with an impeccable American accent ) Sienna Miller brings untouchable beauty and icy glamour , but also captures the extraordinary resilience Hedren must have had to withstand everything Hitchcock threw at her . " In The Telegraph , Clive James said " [ a ] better choice [ to play Hedren ] could not have been made than Sienna Miller , who is even lovelier than Hedren was ... Toby Jones , quite believably looked stunned " . John Doyle of Canada 's The Globe and Mail was less impressed with the actors ' performances . Of Miller ( whom he described as " good but not great " ) he wrote , " She doesn 't have the iciness that Hedren had in her youth and she struggles to convey Hedren 's enormous strength of character as a woman unwilling to let Hitchcock have his way " . Doyle was equally critical of Jones , describing him as someone who " seems to be imitating Hitchcock rather than inhabiting the role " .
Historian Alex von Tunzelmann gave the film a mixed review in The Guardian : " The Girl is perhaps a more effective piece of film @-@ making than Hitchcock , though it is also more questionable in its portrayal of the director [ ... ] [ t ] he film depicts [ the attic scene ] accurately , though Jones 's Hitchcock appears to be more gratified by the spectacle than the real Hitch was " . Simon quotes Donald Spoto 's book The Dark Side of Genius ( 1983 ) , in which Hedren told Spoto " [ Hitchcock ] was terribly upset by all this " ; screenwriter Evan Hunter said , " [ h ] e wanted to shoot it , but something in him didn 't want to shoot it , and everybody could hear how nervous he was " . Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the film should not be viewed in terms of truths or untruths , but instead as " an exquisitely lurid morality play in the Hitchcock style " , calling The Girl " an original masterpiece that pays tribute to Hitchcock 's talent and vision " .
= = = Ratings = = =
According to viewing figures collected by Nielsen Media Research , The Girl 's US television premiere ( at 9 : 00 pm on Saturday , 20 October 2012 ) was watched by an average audience of 722 @,@ 000 . The first UK screening ( at the same time , on 26 December ) attracted an audience of 1 @.@ 8 million , according to The Guardian .
= = = Accolades = = =
Jones was nominated for a Best Actor Award at the 2013 Golden Globe Awards for his role as Hitchcock , and Miller 's portrayal of Hedren earned her a nomination for Best Actress . Miller and Jones also received equivalent nominations at the 2013 British Academy Television Awards . The film received four nominations at the 2013 British Academy Television Craft Awards .
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= Starflight =
Starflight is a space exploration role @-@ playing adventure video game developed by Binary Systems and published by Electronic Arts in 1986 . Originally developed for IBM compatible and Tandy systems , it was later released for the Amiga , Atari ST , Macintosh and Commodore 64 . A fully revamped version of the game was developed for the Sega Mega Drive / Genesis in 1991 .
Set in the year 4620 , the game puts players in the role of a starship captain sent to explore the galaxy . There is no set path , allowing players to switch freely between mining , ship @-@ to @-@ ship combat , and alien diplomacy . The broader plot of the game emerges slowly , as the player discovers that an ancient race of beings is causing stars to flare and destroy all living creatures .
The game has been widely praised by both contemporary and modern critics , and is one of the earliest instances of a sandbox game . It led to the development of a sequel , Starflight 2 : Trade Routes of the Cloud Nebula , and influenced the design of numerous other games for decades after its release .
= = Gameplay = =
The player begins inside a space station called Starport orbiting the planet Arth . Here they buy and sell minerals , Endurium ( fuel ) , and artifacts , recruit and train crew members , and upgrade parts of the ship . The player hires a crew from five species to man the ship 's six posts : navigator , science officer , engineer , communications officer , doctor , and captain . A crewman 's proficiency is determined by the relevant skill : a science officer with a high science skill can determine more of a planet 's properties and detect aliens at a greater range , for example . Skills are increased through training , which must be purchased . One crewman can man multiple posts , but different species have different maximum skill levels . The ship is initially equipped only with engines and a limited supply of Endurium , a type of crystal used as fuel . The ship can be modified and upgraded through the purchase of weapons , armor , and shields .
The goals of the game include exploration , collection of lifeforms and minerals , and finding habitable colony worlds . Eventually , a larger goal of finding out why stars in the region are flaring dangerously and stopping the process , if possible , comes to the forefront . The main sources of income are selling minerals , artifacts , and lifeforms and recommending planets for colonization . The ship is equipped with a Terrain Vehicle that the crew can use to look for minerals and life @-@ forms . The most lucrative source of income is finding planets suitable for human life . If the science officer 's analysis shows a planet to be within acceptable parameters , the player can have the captain log a planet for colonization .
Starflight has 270 star systems , each containing from zero to eight planets for a total of 800 . All star systems can be entered and all planets landed on , though this destroys the ship if the gravity is greater than 8 @.@ 0 g . The science officer can scan and analyze the planet for information about it , including its temperature , gravity , and chemical composition . When a landing is ordered , a Mercator projection map shows the topography of each planet , as well as a cursor to select a landing point . Once the ship lands , a Terrain Vehicle can be deployed to drive across the terrain , which is periodically scanned for new information , in search of minerals , lifeforms , and alien ruins . As is the case in outer space , a heads @-@ up display monitors the Terrain Vehicle 's status .
Space is also crisscrossed with continuum fluxes , coordinate pairs that allow instantaneous travel between them without consuming fuel . Travel via fluxes cuts down significantly on fuel costs and travel time , though it causes all but the most accomplished navigators to lose their bearings .
Aliens may be cautious , friendly , or hostile , and all have distinctive speech patterns ; the player can influence alien reactions by arming weapons and shields or hailing the aliens with varying communication styles . Alien ships can be also scanned for information . Combat involves maneuvering the ship and firing weapons , either instantly damaging short range lasers or avoidable , but more powerful long range missiles . The weapon used depends on how far away enemy ships are and what the player 's ship is armed with . The player 's ship has ablative armor and regenerative shields , and can take damage to its hull and individual components .
= = Story = =
= = = Setting = = =
The galaxy is composed of eight space @-@ faring races , five of which can be hired as part of the player 's crew . Humans only exist on Arth and are not found among the stars . Other species include Veloxi , large insects who demand bribes from ships which violate their space ; Mechan , androids left over from the days of the Old Empire ; Elowan , a pacifistic race of sentient plants ; Thrynn , reptile creatures who are primarily interested in money ; Spemin , gelatinous blobs who are known for their cowardice ; Gazurtoid , octopus @-@ like religious zealots who regard all " air @-@ breathers " as infidels ; and Uhlek , a destructive fleet of ships with a hive mind . Humor also plays a role within Starflight .
= = = Plot = = =
The story begins on the planet Arth , a haven for the survivors of the Old Empire . Due to heavy radiation , the inhabitants have been forced to live beneath the planet 's crust for centuries . In recent times , the radiation has finally dissipated from the surface , allowing the population to unearth long @-@ lost technology belonging to Arth 's original settlers . The inhabitants of Arth have recently discovered two things : first , that they were once a colony world of Earth ; and second , Endurium , a crystalline mineral that fuels interstellar flight .
An independent company called Interstel is dispatching ships to mine for resources , particularly Endurium . In addition , Interstel employees are instructed to seek information about Arth 's history , alien artifacts , and planets with optimum environments for colonization . Early in the game , Arth scientists discover that stars throughout the local region of the galaxy are flaring , and the home planet of Arth is in danger .
By following clues given in Interstel announcements and through contact with alien races in space , the crew discovers an Old Empire starship adrift in space . An endlessly repeating distress call has been transmitting from the ship for over a thousand years . Before the fall of the Old Empire , a scientific expedition known as the Noah 9 left Earth in search of Heaven , a paradise world to which humans could immigrate . The expedition never arrived , leaving a fleet of Mechan ships forever waiting for their arrival . Once their coded questions are answered correctly , the Mechans assume that the crew is , in fact , the long @-@ awaited Noah 9 . Further investigation leads the crew to Earth , the home world of the Old Empire . The planet lies in ruins and is devoid of all life , but contains information about the history of Old Empire and its fate .
Additional clues are found in the Four Seedlings , a quadrilaterally symmetrical system made up of four suns . Centuries ago , the leaders of the Old Empire realized something was causing hostile aliens to flee from the center of the galaxy . The greatest minds from each of the races gathered at this location , where they discovered that the Crystal Planet was slowly eradicating all life . In a last act , they sent a human named Commander McConnell to end it , but he failed . At the start of the game , the Crystal Planet is slowly moving through the galaxy . The planet causes nearby stars to flare up and destroy all life in the system .
The player must explore solar systems , gather clues , and find special artifacts that grant access to the Crystal Planet , ultimately destroying it before the player 's home system flares . Commander McConnell 's last journal entry can be found on the surface of the Crystal Planet ; in it , he shares his discovery that Endurium is actually a race of living , sentient beings who are being burned up as fuel for interstellar travel . Because their metabolism is extremely slow due to their crystalline makeup , they are not even aware of outside life and have come to view other races as a virus . The game is won after the player successfully plants an artifact on the Crystal Planet 's surface and retreats back into space , causing the planet to explode , though the game can still be played after the Crystal Planet is destroyed .
= = Development = =
Starflight was developed by Binary Systems , a five @-@ man team consisting of Rod McConnell , Greg Johnson ( lead designer ) , Alec Kercso ( programming ) , Tim C. Lee ( graphics and programming ) , and Bob Gonsalves ( sound ) . Then @-@ vice president of Electronic Arts Joe Ybarra was also closely involved , and produced the work . The original idea for making a video game was conceived by McConnell and Ybarra in 1983 . McConnell hired colleague Dave Boulton , who had an idea for using fractals to generate an endless virtual universe , along with Kercso , Gonsalves , Lee , and Johnson , all of whom were first time game designers . Boulton quit the project early on in development , saying it was too ambitious , with Lee replacing him .
The team coded the game mostly in Forth with a few key routines written in assembler for speed . Forth was chosen since it was easier to use than assembler and more compact . This was important because the game had to fit into 128K of RAM . Many tools , techniques , and concepts used in the game were learned from other individuals in the Forth community . Some of the reference material included the " The Journal of Forth Application and Research " , FORML conference proceedings , and " Forth Dimensions " magazine .
It took " fifteen man @-@ years " and three actual years to develop the game . In a 2006 interview , lead designer Johnson said , " I had never really designed a game before ... It 's funny looking back on it now — just by happenstance I ended up creating a very open ended system where players could go anywhere and do whatever and a story sort of unfolded . " Ybarra stated that the game was almost cancelled more than once , and came out about a year behind schedule . Johnson was guided by Archon designer Paul Reiche III during development . Reiche advised him to draft a " story network " that would highlight all the most important points of the story and list the in @-@ game objects necessary to advance from one to the next . The designers rewrote the script multiple times . The group designed what they called a " fractal generator " , which took six man @-@ years to develop and allowed them to increase the number of planets in the game from 50 to 800 . They created a separate ecosystem generator over the course of two man @-@ years of work . The alien names were created by randomly combining syllables until they had names they liked , and their code for simulating communications was rewritten four times before completion .
Starflight was released for PC on August 15 , 1986 . Originally available only on IBM , Tandy , and compatible DOS systems , it was released for the Amiga and Commodore 64 systems in 1989 and the Atari ST and Macintosh systems in 1990 , and was ported to the Sega Genesis in 1991 . The Sega version features a few changes to the overall game , such as new graphics , modifications to the ship , and upgrades for the Terrain Vehicle , including equipment to allow amphibious mining .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Critical response to Starflight upon its release was extremely positive . Hartley and Patricia Lesser complimented the game in their " The Role of Computers " column in the December 1986 issue of Dragon , calling it " stunning in its presentation and play " . In 1986 and 1987 , Computer Gaming World declared it " the best space exploration game in years " and " the best science fiction game available on computer " . The magazine named Starflight its Adventure Game of the Year for 1987 , and in August 1988 , it joined the magazine 's Hall of Fame for games highly rated over time by readers , with the third @-@ highest rating for action / adventure games on the list , and the fourth @-@ highest overall .
Science fiction writer Jerry Pournelle named Starflight his game of the month for January 1987 , stating that it was " as much a career as a game " and " fascinating " . Fellow writer Orson Scott Card wrote , " Starflight is the first science fiction computer game that actually gives you something of the experience of roaming through the galaxy . ... I have found this game obsessively fascinating — and the graphics and player interface are superb " . He called it the " Star Wars of science fiction games . Brilliantly designed and programmed ... the standard against which all other space @-@ exploration games must be measured " . Compute ! listed it in May 1988 as one of " Our Favorite Games " , stating that " Starflight captures the feel of a certain type of science fiction ... the game can take hundreds of hours to play fully , yet those hours are anything but boring " .
By December 1987 , the game had sold over 100 @,@ 000 copies , and it eventually went on to sell over a million copies . Ybarra said at the time that the game had created a " beachhead in the arena of sci @-@ fi " for Electronic Arts . Lee said in 2010 , " I knew it was a classic while we were building it " . Starflight was one of the earliest games to use procedurally generated content for its planets and everything on them . The techniques used created a type of roguelike environment on each planet , with the contents randomly distributed . The story network was also one of the earliest examples of a sandbox game design .
Starflight had a sequel , Starflight 2 : Trade Routes of the Cloud Nebula . Ybarra went on to create Protostar , another space exploration adventure . Reiche was inspired by the game to create Star Control , with Johnson coding three of the alien species in the game ; Computer Gaming World called Star Control II a spiritual successor to Starflight . Mass Effect director Casey Hudson tweeted in 2011 that " Starflight was a key inspiration for the ME series . " Starflight is often cited along with Elite , which appeared two years earlier with similar gameplay , as early open world space exploration games . Dwarf Fortress 's forgotten beasts were inspired by the procedurally generated lifeforms within Starflight .
Starflight has also received favorable reviews from critics and commentators decades after its release . Erin Hoffman of The Escapist in 2010 called it " one of the great breakthroughs in gaming " . In 2012 , Lee Hutchinson of Ars Technica called the game " a thing of awe and reverence " and said it " defined the genre of space exploration games " .
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= Winsor McCay =
Zenas Winsor McCay ( c . 1867 – 71 or September 26 , 1869 – July 26 , 1934 ) was an American cartoonist and animator . He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo ( 1905 – 14 ; 1924 – 26 ) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . For contractual reasons , he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend .
From a young age , McCay was a quick , prolific , and technically dextrous artist . He started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums , and began illustrating newspapers and magazines in 1898 . He joined the New York Herald in 1903 , where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In 1905 , his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted , a fantasy strip in an Art Nouveau style , about a young boy and his adventurous dreams . The strip demonstrated McCay 's strong graphic sense and mastery of color and linear perspective . McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page , arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative . McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a popular performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit .
McCay was an early animation pioneer ; between 1911 and 1921 he self @-@ financed and animated ten films , some of which survive only as fragments . The first three served in his vaudeville act ; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur . McCay and his assistants worked for twenty @-@ two months on his most ambitious film , The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) , a patriotic recreation of the German torpedoing in 1915 of the RMS Lusitania . Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as the earlier films , and McCay 's later movies attracted little attention . His animation , vaudeville , and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , his employer since 1911 , expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations .
In his drawing , McCay made bold , prodigious use of linear perspective , particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes . He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching , and made color a central element in Little Nemo . His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators . The technical level of McCay 's animation — its naturalism , smoothness , and scale — was unmatched until Walt Disney 's feature films arrived in the 1930s . He pioneered inbetweening , the use of registration marks , cycling , and other animation techniques that were to become standard .
= = Personal history = =
= = = Family history = = =
McCay 's paternal grandparents , farmers Donald and Christiana McKay , immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid @-@ 1830s . McCay 's father , Robert McKay ( 1840 – March 21 , 1915 ) was born in Woodstock , Upper Canada , the third of six children . McCay 's maternal grandparents , Peter and Mary Murray , were also Scottish immigrants , and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada . Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children .
Robert was a member of King Solomon 's No. 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock . In 1862 , Robert first traveled to the U.S. Robert and the twenty @-@ five @-@ year @-@ old Janet married on January 8 , 1866 , at Woodstock 's Methodist Episcopal Church . The couple moved across the American border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake , Michigan , on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan . Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G. Winsor ( 1814 – 90 ) , with whom he had made contact in Canada .
Records of McCay 's birth are not extant . He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869 , and this is the year listed on his grave marker . Late in life , he told friends he was born September 26 , 1871 , in Spring Lake , and they published this information in a magazine . Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W. McKay , who was born in Canada in 1867 . No Canadian birth record has been found , and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had . His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated , " not even Mr. McCay knew his exact age " .
The McCays had two more children : Arthur in 1868 , and Mae in 1876 . Both were born in Michigan . Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor , and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land . From 1879 to 1881 he worked as a retail grocer . In 1885 he moved the family to Stanton , Michigan , and expanded his land holdings ; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh , who moved from Canada in 1887 .
By 1905 , Robert was also a notary public . He had settled in Edmore , Michigan , and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from " McKay " to " McCay " . His son related this story about the change :
" Three Scotsmen of the clan McKay were looking for a fourth member to fight four members of the Irish clan Magee ... ' I 'm not one of you , ' my father pointed out . ' You see , I 'm one of the clan M @-@ c @-@ C @-@ A @-@ Y. ' And that is how I got both my name and my sense of humor . "
= = = Early life = = =
McCay came to be known by his middle name , Winsor . His drawing skills emerged early . According to a story told within the family , McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake : he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane . Drawing became obsessive for him ; he drew anything he saw , and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age . He was able to draw accurately from memory even things he had never before drawn — what McCay called " memory sketching " . His father thought little of his son 's artistic talents , though , and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti , Michigan . McCay rarely attended classes . He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum . He drew portraits there for 25 ¢ apiece , of which he kept half .
McCay thrived on the attention he received , and his talents soon drew wider attention . John Goodison , a geography and drawing professor at Michigan state Normal School , offered to teach art to McCay privately , and McCay eagerly accepted . The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective . Goodison , a former glass stainer , influenced McCay 's use of color . McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard , and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past .
= = = Early career ( 1889 – 1903 ) = = =
McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers . He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin , whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged , and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company .
In 1891 , McCay moved to Cincinnati , where he did more dime museum work while living in a boarding house near his workplace . He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum , and later Heck and Avery 's Family Theater ( 1896 ) , Avery 's New Dime Museum ( 1898 ) , and Will S. Heck 's Wonder World and Theater ( 1899 ) on Vine Street . At the museum in 1896 , a demonstration of Thomas Edison 's Vitascope was given , which was likely McCay 's first exposure to the young medium of film . He also did work during this time for Ph. Morton 's printing and lithography company . McCay 's ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public .
His first year at Kohl & Middleton , McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting . He rushed to his studio to change into a custom @-@ tailored suit , returned , and introduced himself to the fourteen @-@ year @-@ old Maude . Soon they eloped in Covington , Kentucky .
McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune , where he learned to draw with a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander . In 1898 , he accepted a full @-@ time position there . His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork . Soon after , he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well .
In 1900 , McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer . There , he produced a prolific number of drawings , did some reporting , and became head of the art department . In his drawings , he began using line thickness to indicate depth , and used thick lines to surround his characters in an Art Nouveau @-@ inspired style that became a trademark of his work .
= = = Comic strips ( 1903 – 1911 ) = = =
From January until November 1903 , McCay drew an ongoing proto @-@ comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . Before the last two instalments appeared in print , McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett , Jr . ' s New York Herald , at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons . He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F. Outcault , who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald . A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer , William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal .
McCay 's first continuing comic strip , Mr. Goodenough , debuted in the Evening Telegram on January 21 , 1904 . The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active , with embarrassing results . Sister 's Little Sister 's Beau , McCay 's first strip with a child protagonist , lasted one instalment that April , and his first color strip , Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipe 's Phunny Phrolics , appeared in the Herald 's Sunday supplement that May .
McCay 's first popular comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze . The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released , with explosively disastrous results , for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected . The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906 .
McCay 's longest @-@ running strip , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , first appeared in the Evening Telegram in September 1904 . The strip was aimed at an adult audience , and had no recurring characters . The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic , sometimes terrifying dreams , only to wake up in the last panel , cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before , which they blamed for bringing on the dream . Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher Frederick A. Stokes . It was adapted to film by Edwin S. Porter , and plans were made for a " comic opera or musical extravaganza " for stage that failed to materialize . McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name " Silas " , as his contract required that he not use his real name for his Evening Telegram work .
The McCays had been living in Manhattan , close to the Herald offices ; before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn , New York , a seaside resort on Long Island . It was an hour commute from the Herald offices , but they believed it to be a better place to raise children . They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three @-@ story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue , where McCay resided for the rest of his life . As his reputation grew , his employers allowed him to work from his home studio more often .
While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily , McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905 . In January , he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta , in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week , and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents . A Pilgrim 's Progress by Mister Bunion was another " Silas " strip for the Evening Telegram , which ran from June 1905 until December 1910 . Mr. Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase , labeled " Dull Care " .
McCay got " an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk " , and in October 1905 the full @-@ page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald . Considered McCay 's masterpiece , its child protagonist had fabulous dreams , interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel . Nemo 's appearance was based on McCay 's son Robert . McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page : he made inventive use of timing and pacing , the size and shape of panels , perspective , and architectural and other details . The Herald was considered to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time ; its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color , and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers .
Impresario F. F. Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit . For $ 500 per week he was to draw twenty @-@ five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences , as a pit band played a piece called " Dream of the Rarebit Fiend " . In his The Seven Ages of Man routine , he drew two faces and progressively aged them . His first performance was on June 11 , 1906 , in a show that also featured entertainer W. C. Fields . It was a success , and McCay toured with the show throughout 1907 , while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time , often working in hotel rooms or backstage .
As early as 1905 , several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo . In mid @-@ 1907 , Marcus Klaw and A. L. Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $ 100 @,@ 000 , with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B. Smith . It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo , Joseph Cawthorn as Dr. Pill , and Billy B. Van as Flip . Reviews were positive ; it played to sold @-@ out houses in New York and toured for two seasons . McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played . When the Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act , McCay switched to the William Morris circuit , with a $ 100 @-@ a @-@ week raise . In several cities , McCay brought his son , who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo .
As part of an improvised story , Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a " Whiffenpoof " . The word caught on with the public , and became the name of a hit song and a singing group . Despite the show 's success , it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses and came to an end in December 1910 .
McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald , Poor Jake . Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs. Stall , who exploit him . The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911 .
McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe . McCay requested the Herald 's permission , but the plans never materialized . His show stayed within the eastern U.S. until he ceased performing in 1917 . Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCay 's request to tour Europe was turned down , and that the refusal added to McCay 's growing frustration with the Herald . A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCay 's work around this time , including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business magnate .
= = = Animation ( 1911 – 1921 ) = = =
McCay said he was most proud of his animation work . He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921 , and three more were planned .
Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay " came to see the possibility of making moving pictures " of his cartoons . He claimed to be " the first man in the world to make animated cartoons " , though he was preceded by others such as James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl . McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short , which starred his Little Nemo characters . They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blackton 's supervision . Live @-@ action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film , in which McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move . Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny . Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8 , 1911 , and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act . Its good reception motivated him to hand @-@ color each of the frames of the originally black @-@ and @-@ white animation .
McCay had become frustrated with the Herald , partly over money issues and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom . He accepted a higher @-@ paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemo 's characters with him . The Herald held the strip 's copyright , but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters , which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams . The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip .
McCay began work that May on his next animated film , How a Mosquito Operates , based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5 , 1909 , in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito , which drinks itself so full that it explodes . The animation is naturalistic — rather than expanding like a balloon , with each sip of blood the mosquito 's abdomen swells according to its body structure . The film was completed in January 1912 , and McCay toured with it that spring and summer .
Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCay 's vaudeville act . McCay introduced Gertie as " the only dinosaur in captivity " , and commanded the animated beast with a whip . Gertie seemed to obey McCay , bowing to the audience , and eating a tree and a boulder , though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled . When McCay admonished her , she cried . McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple — in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen . In the finale , McCay walked offstage , reappeared in animated form in the film , and had Gertie carry him away . Producer William Fox 's Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters . This version was prefaced with a live @-@ action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with intertitles .
Gertie was McCay 's first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds . McCay drew the foreground characters , while art student neighbor John A. Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds . McCay pioneered the " McCay Split System " of inbetweening , in which major poses or positions were drawn first , and the intervening frames drawn after . This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the film 's actions . McCay refused to patent his system , and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray , who took advantage of McCay 's lapse by patenting many of McCay 's techniques , including the use of registration marks , tracing paper , the Mutoscope action viewer , and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued — he thereafter received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques .
Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCay 's newspaper work . Infuriated that he couldn 't reach McCay during a vaudeville performance , Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed . Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was " a serious artist , not a comic cartoonist " , and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations . Hearst pressured McCay 's agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances , and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New York , with occasional exceptions . In February 1917 , Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire , though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows . Hearst increased McCay 's salary to cover the loss of income .
McCay was expected to report daily to the American building , where he shared a ninth @-@ floor office with humorist Arthur " Bugs " Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk . There , he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane , who often sent back McCay 's drawings with instructions for changes . The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment , whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed , and on events in his personal life . For example , in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs. Lambkin , who was seeking a divorce from her husband . Lambkin alleged that McCay 's wife Maude was seeing her husband . With McCay 's level of fame , such a story would likely be in the papers , and Mrs. Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $ 1 @,@ 000 . McCay did not believe the allegations , and gave testimony at the Lambkins ' divorce trial . The blackmail failed , and the divorce was not granted .
Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915 , and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen . McCay was initially listed as one of them , but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations . McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself . Begun in 1916 , The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow @-@ up to Gertie . The film was not a fantasy but a detailed , realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania . The event counted 128 Americans among its 1 @,@ 198 dead , and was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I.
McCay 's daughter Marion married military man Raymond T. Moniz , eighteen years her senior , on October 13 , 1917 . She gave birth to McCay 's first grandchild , Ray Winsor Moniz , on July 16 , 1918 . Moniz and McCay 's son Robert were called up for service when the U.S. entered World War I.
McCay 's self @-@ financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete . With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp " Ap " Adams , McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate ( or " cels " ) with white and black India ink at McCay 's home . It was the first film McCay made using cels , a technology animator Earl Hurd had patented in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios . The film was naturalistically animated , and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live @-@ action film .
Jewel Productions released the film on July 20 , 1918 . Advertising touted it as " the picture that will never have a competitor " ; the film itself called McCay " the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons " and drew attention to the fact that it took 25 @,@ 000 drawings to complete . The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCay 's investment — after a few years ' run in theaters , it netted $ 80 @,@ 000 .
McCay continued to produce animated films using cels . By 1921 , he had completed six , though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments : The Centaurs , Flip 's Circus , and Gertie on Tour . In 1921 , he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend : Bug Vaudeville , in which insects and other creepy @-@ crawlies perform on stage ; The Pet , in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong ; and The Flying House , in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt . McCay 's son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film , but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first @-@ time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation .
= = = Later career ( 1921 – 1934 ) = = =
After 1921 , McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations . Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans ' role in World War I.
McCay 's son Robert married Theresa " Tedda " Munchausen on April 9 , 1921 . McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift . The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren : Janet ( named after McCay 's mother ) in 1922 , and Robert in 1928 . Robert suffered shell shock during World War I , and following the war had difficulty drawing . McCay tried to boost his son 's confidence by finding him cartooning work , and some of the elder McCay 's editorial cartoons were signed " Robert Winsor McCay , Jr . "
In 1922 , McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit . He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924 .
McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924 , bitter over not having received a promised $ 5 @,@ 000 bonus . He returned to the Herald Tribune , and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August . The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old , but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid . Nemo took a more passive role in the stories , and there was no continuity . The strip came to an end in December 1926 , as it was not popular with readers . Hearst executives had been trying to convince McCay to return to the American , and succeeded in 1927 . While McCay was gone , his place had been filled by Mel Cummin , who was let go after McCay 's return . Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemo 's success , the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar .
In 1927 , McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York . After a considerable amount of drinking , McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer . McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice , but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention , he berated his audience , saying , " Animation is an art . That is how I conceived it . But as I see , what you fellows have done with it , is making it into a trade . Not an art , but a trade . Bad Luck ! " That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC , and on November 2 he was interviewed by Frank Craven for The Evening Journal 's Woman 's Hour . During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation .
An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial " sum in excess of his annual salary " . Brisbane refused , noting that McCay 's contract didn 't allow outside work . When the executive stormed into Brisbane 's office threatening to pull American Tobacco 's advertising dollars from the American , Brisbane provided a written release for the work .
In 1932 , McCay found himself in what he recalled as " the wildest ride " in his life when Hearst 's son " Young Bill " drove him at 85 miles per hour ( 137 km / h ) to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby . They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police , and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public . McCay sketched the scene , the staff , and the ladders the kidnappers used , which he was allowed to see up close .
McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life . On July 26 , 1934 , he complained to his wife of a severe headache . To his horror , he found his right arm — his drawing arm — was paralyzed . He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon , with his wife , children , and son @-@ in @-@ law by his side . He had died of a cerebral embolism , and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot . He had a Masonic funeral in his home , attended by his newspaper colleagues , Hearst and his son , and the Society of Illustrators , among others .
Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay . Due to his lavish lifestyle , McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected . By the early 1940s , Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue . When she died of a heart attack on March 2 , 1949 , she was living with her daughter and son @-@ in @-@ law . Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance , and less successful in art than his father . He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers , and tried unsuccessfully to get a job at the Disney studios , before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids / Special Services at Fort Ord.
= = Personal life = =
Self @-@ conscious and introverted in private , McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self @-@ promoter , and maintained several lifelong friendships . McCay was a light but frequent drinker ; he drank for camaraderie rather than for a love of drinking . To his wife 's chagrin , McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes . He was self @-@ taught at the piano , and was an avid reader of poetry , plays and novels ; he admired W. B. Yeats , knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats , and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare .
McCay stood barely five feet ( 150 cm ) tall , and felt dominated by his wife , who was nearly as tall as he was . McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour , the youngest of three daughters of French @-@ Canadian carriage painter John Dufour . About a decade separated the couple 's ages : Winsor was 24 and Maude only 14 when they married . Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCay 's birthdate , even by McCay himself , as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenage girl . Maude was also notably age @-@ conscious , as she preferred her grandchildren to call her " Nan " instead of " Grandma " and also dyed her hair as she got older . The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time , in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker . Neither spouse got along well with the other 's mother .
The couple had two children : Robert Winsor , born June 21 , 1896 ; and Marion Elizabeth , born August 22 , 1897 . McCay was said to be easygoing with the children , and left discipline to their stern mother . Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mother 's favorite ; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him . Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself . He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo .
The McCays lived lavishly . McCay disliked driving , so kept a chauffeur who also served as bodyguard , as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters . Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale downtown Brooklyn with other well @-@ to @-@ do wives . Maude often complained to her husband , but he refused to discuss matters with her .
McCay 's politics are unclear , and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the viewpoints displayed in his editorial cartoons . He was agnostic and believed in reincarnation . He was a lifelong member of the Freemasons , which he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago . His father had also been a Freemason , and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites , with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock , Ontario , and Edmore , Michigan . His mother often visited him in Brooklyn , and attended Little Nemo 's Philadelphia premiere . She died in Edmore , Michigan , in 1927 .
McCay 's brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City , Michigan on March 7 , 1898 , where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15 , 1946 . He never received family visits . McCay never let his children know about his brother , nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae , who died in 1910 .
= = Legacy = =
In 1937 , McCay 's son Robert attempted to carry on his father 's legacy by reviving Little Nemo . Comic book packager Harry " A " Chesler 's syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip , credited to " Winsor McCay , Jr . " Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown @-@ up versions of Nemo and the Princess . Neither project lasted long . In 1947 , Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate , Inc. to revive the original Nemo strip from McCay 's original art , modified to fit the size of modern newspaper pages . This revival also did not last .
McCay 's original artwork has been poorly preserved . McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him , and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s . His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces , so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house . The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash . Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn , then later to daughter Marion . By the early twenty @-@ first century , most of McCay 's surviving artwork remained in family hands .
McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space . Of what film he kept , much has not survived , as it was photographed on original 35mm nitrate film , which deteriorates and becomes inflammable in storage . Mendelsohn 's son and a friend , both young animators , discovered the film in Mendelsohn 's possession in 1947 and rescued what they could . In some cases , such as The Centaurs , only fragments could be saved . A negative and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals , a film of animals playing instruments that may have been intended for McCay 's vaudeville act ; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed .
In 1966 , cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCay 's son Robert had worked . Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A. Hyatt Mayor . In 1973 , Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy . His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University .
McCay 's work , grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective , presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disney 's feature films . Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland . The episode , " The Story of Animated Drawing " , gave a history of animation , and dramatized McCay 's vaudeville act with Gertie . Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode , where Disney told him , " Bob , all this should be your father 's " .
Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay , narrated by McCay 's animation assistant John Fitzsimmons . Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCay 's films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York , which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975 – 76 . Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . In 2005 , a revised and expanded version of the biography was released , which comics scholar Jeet Heer called " far and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist " . Animation scholar Paul Wells stated , " McCay 's influence on the history of animation cannot be understated " . Film critic Richard Eder lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work . Eder compared McCay to the Italian primitives of the early Renaissance , highly skilled " in the limited techniques they could command " . Heer wrote that McCay 's strength was in his visuals , but that his writing and characters were weak .
Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the children 's magazine Il corriere dei piccoli , and the strip was a " powerful influence " on the filmmaker , according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella . Comics historian R. C. Harvey has called McCay " the first original genius of the comic strip medium " and in animation . Harvey said that McCay 's contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations , so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon .
McCay 's work has inspired cartoonists from Carl Barks to Art Spiegelman . Robert Crumb called McCay a " genius " and one of his favorite cartoonists . Art Spiegelman 's 1974 " Real Dream " strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend , and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCay 's imagery , and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix . Maurice Sendak 's children 's book In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) was an homage to McCay 's work , as was Rick Veitch ' comic book series Roarin ' Rick 's Rarebit Fiends ( 1994 – 96 ) . Kim Deitch and Simon Deitch 's graphic novel The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton , based on an aged McCay . Cartoonist Berke Breathed lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCay 's time that , had he worked later in the century , he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full @-@ page fantasies .
As Sigmund Freud 's The Interpretation of Dreams first appeared in print in 1899 , McCay 's major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence . A comic strip that appeared in Freud 's book , " A French Nurse 's Dream " , strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme , pacing Art Nouveau style , and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed . However , the English translation of Freud 's book was not published until 1913 .
The Winsor McCay Award was established in 1972 to recognize individuals for lifetime or career contributions in animation , and is presented as part of the Annie Awards . The Hammer Museum in Los Angeles devoted a room to McCay 's work as part of the Masters of American Comics exhibit in 2005 . In 2014 , Taschen published a complete edition covering all spreads of Little Nemo , entitled The Complete Little Nemo .
= = Work = =
= = = Style = = =
Virtually from the beginning , McCay innovated with the forms of his chosen media . He varied the size and shape of comic strip panels for dramatic effect , as in the second instalment of Little Nemo ( October 22 , 1905 ) , where the panels grow to adapt to a growing forest of mushrooms . Few of McCay 's contemporaries were so bold with their page layouts . Near @-@ contemporary George Herriman with Krazy Kat was the most notable example , but it was not until a generation later that cartoonists such as Frank King with Gasoline Alley , Hal Foster with Prince Valiant , and Roy Crane with Captain Easy attempted such daring designs on their Sunday pages .
McCay 's detailed hatching mastery of perspective enhanced the illusions in his drawings , particularly in Little Nemo . Fantastic grotesqueries such as what McCay witnessed during his time at the Wonderland and Eden Musee appeared often in McCay 's work . McCay was noted for the speed and accuracy with which he could draw ; crowds of people would gather around to watch him paint billboards .
McCay had a taste for the ornate . The architecture he drew was inspired by that of carnivals and the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago . The detailed illustrations in British illustrated newspapers The Illustrated London News and The Graphic . The Maison Quantin of Paris published a series of illustrated books called Images Enphantines , whose pages bear a striking resemblance to McCay 's early Little Nemo strips , both in their graphic sense and their imaginative layouts .
To Canemaker , McCay had an " absolute precision of line " akin to those of Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer and 19th @-@ century French illustrator Gustave Doré . McCay drew with Higgins black drawing ink , Gillott # 290 pens , art gum , a T @-@ square and angle , and an assortment of Venus lead pencils . In his early magazine cartoons McCay often painted in gouache .
McCay used metafictional techniques such as self @-@ referentiality in his work . This was most frequent in Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , where McCay sometimes put himself in the strip , or had characters address the reader . Sometimes characters become aware of the strip itself — a jealous lover tears the very strip apart in which he appears ; another character fastens panel borders to his strip when he realizes the artist has forgotten them ; and in a Sammy Sneeze episode Sammy 's sneeze destroys the panel borders .
In contrast to the high level of skill in the artwork , the dialogue in McCay 's speech balloons is crude , sometimes approaching illegibility , and " disfigur [ ing ] his otherwise flawless work " , according to critic R. C. Harvey . This is further highlighted by the level of effort and skill apparent in the title lettering . McCay seemed to show little regard for the dialogue balloons , their content , and their placement in the visual composition . They tended to contain repetitive monologues expressing the increasing distress of the speakers , and showed that McCay 's gift was in the visual and not the verbal .
In his comics and animation McCay used stock ethnic stereotypes common in his era . A conscious attempt to offend is not apparent . He depicted blacks as savages , or wishing they could be white . Most prominent were a pair of characters in Little Nemo : the ill @-@ tempered Irishman Flip and the rarely speaking grass @-@ skirted African Little Imp . In the animated Little Nemo , the Anglo @-@ Saxon Nemo is shown drawn in a dignified Art Nouveau style , and controls by magic the more grotesquely caricatured Flip and Imp . Women were few in McCay 's work , and were depicted as superficial , jealous , and argumentative ; the Princess in Little Nemo never partook in the camaraderie the males shared .
= = = List of comic strips = = =
= = = Filmography = = =
= = = = Books = = = =
= = = = Magazines and journals = = = =
= = = = Newspapers = = = =
= = = = Web = = = =
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= Stay Together for the Kids =
" Stay Together for the Kids " is a song recorded by American rock band Blink @-@ 182 for their fourth studio album , Take Off Your Pants and Jacket ( 2001 ) . It was released as the third and final single from the album on February 19 , 2002 . The track was composed primarily by guitarist Tom DeLonge , who based its lyrics on his parents ' divorce and its effect on him .
The song 's original music video , directed by Samuel Bayer , depicts the band performing in a home being destroyed by a wrecking ball in a metaphor for divorce . The clip was re @-@ shot following the 9 / 11 attacks , with both the band and label deeming its imagery too similar to the collapse of the World Trade Center .
The song received positive reviews from contemporary music critics , who complimented its serious tone . It was a hit on rock radio in the United States , where it peaked at number seven on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in 2001 .
= = Background = =
" Stay Together for the Kids " is written about divorce from the point of view of a helpless child . Its heavier sound was inspired by bands the group 's members were listening to in the two weeks they wrote their fourth album , Take Off Your Pants and Jacket , such as Fugazi and Refused . Primarily written by guitarist Tom DeLonge , the song is biographical in nature . He and bassist Mark Hoppus were growing up when their parents divorced . For Hoppus , he was eight years old when he was sent to live with his father . " The thing you realize as you get older is that parents don ’ t know what the hell they ’ re doing and neither will you when you get to be a parent . You ’ ve just got to understand that people are human and they make mistakes , " he said . DeLonge remembered learning of his parents ' divorce when he discovered scrape marks on the driveway of their home . " Right then , I knew my dad had dragged out his furniture single @-@ handedly , " he recalled . He spoke on the song 's inspiration in 2001 :
Due to its tone and subject matter , it is considered one of the band 's darker songs , alongside " Adam 's Song " , their 2000 single revolving around suicide . Hoppus told an interviewer at the time of the album 's release that " There 's always a song or two where we really try to really push ourselves [ ... ] On this new record I think we 've done a lot of different stuff that people wouldn 't ever expect from us . [ ... ] On the new one , it 's ' Stay Together for the Kids . ' " DeLonge later confirmed he had received emails from fans thanking him for the song 's message . " With " Stay Together " , we get emails — just kid after kid after kid — saying , ' I know exactly what you 're talking about ! That song is about my life ! ' " In 2002 , divorce statistics were four times higher than their average just over thirty years prior , with over 50 percent of marriages ending in divorce . " You look at statistics that 50 percent of parents get divorced , and you ’ re going to get a pretty large group of kids who are pissed off and who don ’ t agree with what their parents have done , " said DeLonge . " Stay Together " was the final song completed during the recording sessions ; it was created one day before the album was handed off to the mixing engineer .
= = Composition = =
" Stay Together for the Kids " is set in the time signature of common time , with a tempo of 72 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of D major with vocals spanning the tonal nodes of A3 to B5 . Hoppus and DeLonge split vocals on the song , with the former handling verses and the latter singing the choruses . In the verses , the lyrics detail a marriage gone awry : " Rather than fix the problems / They never solve them / It makes no sense at all . " The song fades out with DeLonge singing " It ’ s not right . "
= = Commercial performance = =
" Stay Together for the Kids " was released as a single and EP with live tracks and video extras . It debuted on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart in the issue dated September 22 , 2001 at number 36 , before gradually rising to a peak of position seven in the issue dated November 24 , 2001 . The single spent 26 weeks on the chart as a whole , before appearing for the last time in the issue dated March 16 , 2002 . It also peaked at number 16 and spent five weeks on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , which documents top singles that have yet to chart on the main chart , the Billboard Hot 100 . By June 2002 , the song had accumulated over 80 @,@ 000 spins on radio in the United States , and it received a BDS Certified Spin Award . Outside of the US , the song charted in Germany , where it reached a peak of 73 .
= = Reception = =
" Stay Together for the Kids " received positive reviews from contemporary music critics . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone deemed the song " bleak , " describing it as a " broken @-@ family snapshot . " Eric Aiese of Billboard wrote that the song " remains compelling throughout , " suggesting it could be a " MacArthur Park " or " Hey Jude " within the band ’ s catalogue . Slant Magazine 's Aaron Scott called it " the best track on the album , " writing , " The surprising content about a marriage that is resisting divorce will certainly appeal to a generation of youth subjected to a massive divorce epidemic . Blink hints at something here , but resists saying anything concrete . "
William Shaw of Blender compared the song to then @-@ popular songs by rock bands about divorce , such as Papa Roach ( " Broken Home " ) , Staind ( " For You " ) and Nickelback ( " Too Bad " ) , commenting , " The ’ 90s had Generation X — have we ended up with Generation Whine ? " He interviewed DeLonge , who remarked in response to divorce 's effect on children , " Is this a damaged generation ? Yeah , I ’ d say so . "
In popular culture , the song is played on acoustic guitar by a soldier in the War in Afghanistan near the end of the film Restrepo ( 2010 ) .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Stay Together for the Kids " was directed by Samuel Bayer , best known for his work with Metallica and Nirvana . In the clip , Blink @-@ 182 perform in a suburban home that is destroyed with a wrecking ball in a metaphor for a " crumbling marriage . " The video opens with a statistic , claiming that " 50 percent of American households are destroyed by divorce . "
The band filmed the music video on September 9 – 10 , 2001 in Los Angeles , in days preceding the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks . Following those events , the band and its label MCA felt the clip ’ s images were " too evocative " of the footage of the collapse of the World Trade Center . The band ended up re @-@ recording the entire video with the same production crew , with the setting changed to an empty mansion populated by shouting teens .
The original , uncut video was first released on The Urethra Chronicles II : Harder Faster Faster Harder , a 2002 home video on the band . The video has since widely become available online on sites like YouTube .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Blink @-@ 182 .
= = Chart positions = =
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= Leander Paes =
Leander Adrian Paes ( born 17 June 1973 ) is an Indian professional tennis player who is considered to be one of the best doubles and mixed doubles players of all time .
He has won eight doubles and ten mixed doubles Grand Slam titles , and is the oldest man to have won a Grand Slam title . He holds a career Grand Slam in men 's doubles and mixed doubles , and achieved the rare men 's doubles / mixed doubles double at the 1999 Wimbledon tournament . His mixed doubles Wimbledon title in 2010 made him the second man ( after Rod Laver ) to win Wimbledon titles in three decades .
One of the most successful professional Indian tennis players , he has received the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award , India 's highest sporting honour , in 1996 – 97 ; the Arjuna Award in 1990 ; the Padma Shri award in 2001 and its 3rd Highest Civilian Award the Padma Bhushan in January 2014 for his outstanding contribution to tennis in India .
He won a bronze medal for India in singles in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games . He competed in consecutive Olympic appearances from 1992 to 2012 , and will compete in 2016 , making him the first Indian and only tennis player to compete at seven Olympic Games .
He is famous for his several memorable Davis Cup performances and is a former team captain .
He also plays in World TeamTennis for the Washington Kastles , being on the 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 championship teams and was named Male MVP for 2009 and 2011 for all of World Team Tennis .
He is the sports ambassador of the Indian state of Haryana .
= = Early life = =
Leander was born in Calcutta , India , on 17 June 1973 to a Goan father . Vece Paes and Jennifer Paes were his parents and he was raised in Kolkata ( Calcutta ) . He was educated at La Martiniere Calcutta , and the St. Xavier 's College of the University of Calcutta . His parents were both sports persons . Vece was a midfielder in the bronze medal @-@ winning Indian field hockey team at the 1972 Munich Olympics . His mother captained the Indian basketball team in the 1980 Asian basketball championship . Paes enrolled with the Britannia Amritraj Tennis Academy in Madras ( Chennai ) in 1985 , where he was coached by Dave O 'Meara . The academy played a key role in his early development . Leander earned international fame when he won the 1990 Wimbledon Junior title and rose to no . 1 in the junior world rankings .
= = = Personal life = = =
Paes is a direct descendant of the great 19th century Bengali poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta through his mother . Paes had a live @-@ in @-@ relationship with Rhea Pillai in 2005 . The couple has a daughter , Aiyana . She has filed a case against Paes and his father alleging domestic violence in June 2014 at a local metropolitan court .
In 2010 , he joined the Board of Directors of Olympic Gold Quest , a foundation co @-@ founded by Geet Sethi and Prakash Padukone to support talented athletes from India in winning Olympic medals .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career ( 1991 – 1997 ) = = =
Paes first won titles at the Junior US Open and the Junior Wimbledon and he turned professional in 1991 . He rose to the number 1 in the world junior rankings . In 1992 , he reached the quarter finals of the doubles event in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics with Ramesh Krishnan .
He went one better at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics , where he beat Fernando Meligeni to win the bronze medal , thus becoming the first Indian to win an individual medal since KD Jadhav won bronze at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics more than four decades earlier . Paes cited the match as one of his greatest performances on the court , in part because his wrist was severely injured . He was awarded the highest sporting honour by the government of India , the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna in 1996 . His first successful year in the ATP circuit came in 1993 , when he partnered Sébastien Lareau to reach the US Open doubles semifinal . After having a moderate season in 1994 , he reached the quarter @-@ finals of the 1995 Australian Open doubles with Kevin Ullyett . From 1996 , he partnered with fellow @-@ Indian Mahesh Bhupathi , which would prove to be a winning combination . Their first year was not a very successful one , especially in the Grand Slams , with a round of 32 finish at Wimbledon being the best . 1997 proved to be a much better year for the team of Paes and Bhupathi , with the semifinals of the US Open their best Grand Slam result . Paes climbed the doubles ranking from no . 89 at the beginning of the year to no . 14 at the end of the year . That year he also made his best singles performance in a Grand Slam , getting to the third round of the 1997 US Open , beating Carlos Costa and Arnaud Boetsch before losing to Cédric Pioline .
= = = Rise in doubles ( 1998 – 2002 ) = = =
The doubles team of Paes and Bhupathi grew stronger in 1998 , reaching the semifinals of three Grand Slams , the Australian Open , the French Open , and the US Open . In the same year , Paes had two of his biggest singles results in the ATP tour . The first one came by winning his only ATP singles title at Newport , and the second was beating Pete Sampras , 6 – 3 , 6 – 4 , at the New Haven ATP tournament in their only meeting throughout the career . In 1999 , the duo reached the finals of all four Grand Slams , winning Wimbledon and the French Open , thus becoming the first Indian pair to win a doubles event at a Grand Slam . Paes also teamed up with Lisa Raymond to win the mixed doubles event at Wimbledon . The year also marked his ascent to the no . 1 ranking in doubles . The following year , Paes partnered with Sébastien Lareau for the Australian Open and Jan Siemerink for the French Open , losing in the first round on both occasions . Paes teamed up again with Bhupathi for the US Open , but lost in the first round again . The duo had a disappointing second round exit to Australian duo of Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde at the Sydney Olympics , despite high hopes . Paes was given the honour of carrying the Indian Flag at the opening ceremony of the Sydney Olympics . In spite of a winning the French Open in 2001 , the team of Bhupathi and Paes had first @-@ round exits in the other three Grand Slams . Paes was awarded the Padmashri by the Government of India in 2001 . The duo of Paes and Bhupathi won the gold medal at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan . In 2002 , Leander paired up with Michael Hill for a number of tournaments , with moderate success .
= = = 2003 – 2007 = = =
Between 2003 and the present , Paes has increasingly focused on his doubles and mixed doubles game . Leander won the mixed doubles events at the Australian Open and Wimbledon with Martina Navratilova , both in 2003 . Weeks after the win at Wimbledon , Paes was admitted to the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando for a suspected brain tumour that was later found to be neurocysticercosis , a parasitic brain infection . While being treated , he had to miss the US Open , but he recovered by the end of that year . In the 2004 Athens Olympic Games , he paired up with Bhupathi , failing again at the semifinals stage . His next Grand Slam success was in the US Open doubles event in 2006 with Martin Damm . Paes led the Indian tennis team at the Doha Asian Games in 2006 and won two golds in the men 's doubles ( partnering Bhupathi ) and mixed doubles ( partnering Sania Mirza ) . Paes maintained his doubles ranking in the top 20 in the world between 2005 and 2007 . With wins in the Rotterdam and Indian Wells , Paes took his doubles tally to 38 .
= = = 2008 = = =
Paes and Bhupathi took part in the men 's doubles at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . They were eliminated in the quarter @-@ finals by Roger Federer and Stanislas Wawrinka , who went on to win the men 's doubles gold medal . Later in 2008 , with Cara Black , he won the 2008 US Open mixed doubles title .
= = = 2009 = = =
In 2009 , he won the French Open and US Open Men 's doubles titles with Lukáš Dlouhý and was the runner @-@ up in mixed doubles at the US Open .
= = = 2010 = = =
He began the 2010 season in good form , again winning the Australian Open mixed doubles title with Cara Black . This was the pair 's third consecutive Grand Slam final and the fourth overall
= = = 2012 = = =
Paes and Radek Štěpánek 's journey at Wimbledon championship 2012 came to an end when the duo lost against Ivan Dodig and Marcelo Melo .
Paes and Elena Vesnina reached the finals of the mixed doubles at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships after beating Bob Bryan and Liezel Huber , 7 – 5 , 3 – 6 , 6 – 3 on 7 July 2012 @.@ but they lost on the final to Lisa Raymond and Mike Bryan 3 – 6 , 7 – 5 , 4 – 6 .
In the 2012 Summer Olympics , the Indian pair ( partner Vishnu Vardhan ) lost to French team Michaël Llodra and Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga , 6 – 7 , 6 – 4 , 3 – 6
Paes and Štěpánek advanced to the final of the men 's doubles at the 2012 US Open after their Spanish opponents , Marcel Granollers and Marc López , retired because of injury . However the duo lost in the final of US Open 2012 to the Bryan brothers .
Paes and Štěpánek kicked off the ATP World Tour Finals with a win against Pakistan 's Aisam @-@ ul @-@ Haq Qureshi and Dutchman Jean Julien Rojer , 6 – 4 , 7 – 5 . They made it to the semifinals , where they were eliminated by eventual runners @-@ up Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna .
= = = 2013 = = =
Paes won the 2013 US Open men 's doubles with Radek Štěpánek defeating Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares 6 – 1 , 6 – 3 . This is Paes ' 3rd US Open men 's doubles title and 14th Grand Slam title . In January 2014 , Government of India announced its 3rd Highest Civilian Award Padma Bhushan for Paes .
= = = 2014 = = =
Paes won the 2014 Malaysian Open men 's doubles with Marcin Matkowski .
= = = 2015 = = =
Paes started his 25th season on the ATP World Tour by partnering Klaasen to the Chennai final , where the team lost to Lu / Marray . On 17 January , he won his 55th tour @-@ level title in his 93rd final at Auckland , again with Klaasen . The team recorded three match tie break victories en route to the final . With the win , Paes has won at least one trophy every season since 1997 .
On 1 February , Paes captured his seventh Grand Slam mixed doubles crown at the 2015 Australian Open with Martina Hingis . It was his 15th major crown overall and his third mixed doubles triumph at Melbourne Park . The pair beat defending champions Daniel Nestor and Kristina Mladenovic in the final . As No. 7 seed with Klaasen in men 's doubles , Paes lost to eventual champions Bolelli / Fognini in the second round .
At the 2015 French Open , Paes started a new partnership with Daniel Nestor . The pair crashed out in the third round ; however Paes became just the seventh male player in Open Era to complete 700 match wins in Doubles .
At Wimbledon 2015 , Paes teamed up with Martina Hingis to win the mixed doubles championship . The final with a 6 – 1 , 6 – 1 score against fifth seeds Alexander Peya and Tímea Babos lasted only 41 minutes . In men 's doubles , Paes and Nestor reached the third round . By winning his 4th Wimbledon mixed doubles title , Paes now shares the record for most such titles won in the gentlemen 's section in the open era with Owen Davidson .
On September 12 , 2015 , Paes won the mixed doubles at the 2015 US Open partnering Martina Hingis , defeating Sam Querrey and Bethanie Mattek @-@ Sands in three sets .
= = = 2016 = = =
On June 3 , 2016 , Paes completed his Career Grand Slam in mixed doubles tennis by winning the 2016 French Open with Martina Hingis , thus joining an elite league of players to do so . He also broke Owen Davidson 's record for most such titles in gentlemen 's section . He has qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Men 's Doubles , and will partner with Rohan Bopanna .
= = = Davis Cup career = = =
Leander Paes started his Davis Cup career in 1990 at the young age of 16 , when he partnered Zeeshan Ali in doubles to beat the Japanese team in a gruelling five @-@ set encounter . He is considered one of the top Davis cup players for his country , with a record of 89 – 32 overall , as of July 2015 . He played an important role in the Indian Davis cup team that reached the World Group from 1991 – 1998 . He was part of the Indian Davis Cup team that reached the semifinals of the 1993 Davis Cup with wins against Switzerland and France , eventually losing to Australia . In singles , his major wins came against French duo of Arnaud Boetsch and Henri Leconte in Fréjus , France in 1993 , Wayne Ferreira in 1994 , and Goran Ivanišević in 1995 when India defeated Croatia , Jan Siemerink in 1995 to defeat Netherlands , and Jiří Novák in 1997 . He teamed up with Bhupathi to beat Hirszon and Ivanisevic of Croatia in 1995 , Martin Damm and Petr Korda of the Czech Republic in 1997 , Nicolás Massú and Marcelo Ríos of Chile in 1997 , Broad and Tim Henman in 1998 , and Simon Aspelin and Jonas Björkman of Sweden in 2005 . In 2007 , Leander has three wins ( two doubles and one singles ) and no losses in the Davis Cup .
In 1993 , ranked No. 197 he lost to No. 238 Fernon Wibierin the first round of qualifying at Wimbledon . Three weeks later he beat No. 25 Arnaud Boetsch on clay ( not his best surface ) in straight sets in the Davis Cup . He also defeated Henri Leconte in that same week and even though Ramesh Krishnan closed the tie out by beating Rodolphe Gilbert in a thrilling five @-@ setter , the architect of that victory was Paes . Even as his career as a singles player on the ATP circuit floundered , Paes would always find a way to do the trick for India in Davis Cup .
In 1994 , ranked No 143 , he lost in the first round of a Challenger to No 208 Louis Gloria . Four weeks later , he conjured up a miracle of sorts to destroy World No. 13 Wayne Ferreira in straight sets in the Davis Cup .
In 1995 , ranked No 130 , he managed to beat Croatia 's World No 7 Goran Ivanišević ( 1992 and 1994 Wimbledon singles finalist ) in a controversial five @-@ setter on grass . Jan Siemerink , in 1996 , then ranked No. 20 , also fell to Paes ' Davis Cup inspired play . As did Czech Jiří Novák .
= = = Year @-@ end finals = = =
Paes appeared with Bhupathi in six season finales .
In 2011 , they appeared , for the first time since 2002 , after securing qualification in mid @-@ October . They were eliminated in the semifinals .
Paes played at the year @-@ end championships with Bhupathi from 1997 – 2000 and in 2002 , reaching three finals . In 1997 , they lost the final to Rick Leach and Jonathan Stark . They lost the 1999 final to Sébastien Lareau and Alex O 'Brien . In 2000 , they lost the final to Donald Johnson and Pieter Norval .
= = Playing style = =
Leander has been described as having a strange playing style by Andre Agassi . He varies his play as the match goes on ; he is one of the best volleyers and a talented dropshotter . His volleying techniques were learnt from former Indian player Akhtar Ali .
= = Acting career = =
Leander made his film debut in Ashok Kohli 's Rajdhani Express , a socio @-@ political thriller . He has also been offered his first Hollywood script .
= = Major finals = =
= = = Olympic finals = = =
= = = = Singles : 1 ( 1 bronze medal ) = = = =
Bronze medal final
= = = = Doubles : 0 = = = =
= = ATP career finals = =
= = = Singles : 1 ( 1 – 0 ) = = =
= = = Doubles : 94 ( 55 titles , 39 runners @-@ up ) = = =
= = Grand Slam performance = =
= = = Men 's doubles : 16 ( 8 – 8 ) = = =
By winning the 2012 Australian Open title , Paes achieved the career Grand Slam .
= = = Mixed doubles : 18 ( 10 – 8 ) = = =
= = Singles performance timeline = =
= = Doubles performance timeline = =
= = Mixed Doubles performance timeline = =
= = Partnerships = =
Leander Paes is known for changing partnerships and he has had 100 different partners over his career . Paes has also teamed with 23 players in Grandslam Mixed Doubles . He 's currently playing with Martina Hingis in Mixed Doubles .
= = = Partners in Men 's doubles = = =
= = = Partners in Mixed doubles = = =
These lists only consists of players who played with Leander Paes in ATP ( & ITF ) -recognized tournaments which include the Olympics , Grand Slams , World Tour Finals , World Tour Masters , World Tour Series , Davis Cup Ties , and ATP Challengers . They do not include the players who played with him in the other unrecognised multi @-@ sport events and leagues such as World TeamTennis . The lists might be incomplete when all the other tournaments are considered . The order of the players in the list is based on their first partnering with Leander Paes . Sania Mirza had also earlier played with Leander Paes in 2006 , 2010 in Asian Games and Commonwealth Games .
= = = Other partners = = =
= = = = India – Asian Games / Commonwealth Games / Other events = = = =
= = = = WorldTeam Tennis = = = =
= = = = Champions Tennis League = = = =
= = Partnership with Mahesh Bhupathi = =
The duo of Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi were nicknamed the ″ Indian Express ″ . Leander Paes ' off @-@ and @-@ on partnership with Bhupathi drew constant media attention in their home country India . In the 2006 Asian Games , a loss to the Chinese Taipei team in the team event led Leander to question Bhupathi 's commitment to Team India . He once stated in an interview that although he and Bhupathi are friends , he did not consider pairing with his former teammate . However , for the 2008 Beijing Olympics , they decided to play together for their country , and lost in the quarterfinals to the eventual champions Roger Federer and Stanislas Wawrinka .
In 2011 , the " Indian Express " pair won the doubles title at Chennai Open . They reunited to play in a Grand Slam Tournament after nine years and claimed runners @-@ up in the 2011 Australian Open and reached the semifinals in the year @-@ end championships .
The Indian duo has a 303 – 103 career record together . They have a higher success rate against various top teams . They have a Davis Cup record of longest winning streak in doubles , with 23 straight wins .
Leander Paes was paired with Vishnu Vardhan at the London Olympics 2012 , following the refusal of Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna to play with him at the Olympics . Paes threatened to withdraw from the Olympics rather than play with Vardhan , whose world ranking was 296 , but withdrew the threat a week later . Paes and Vardhan reached the second round of the tournament , losing to eventual silver medalists Michaël Llodra and Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga of France .
= = = Davis Cup Record = = =
The Duo has the longest doubles streak in Davis Cup History .
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= Majura Parkway =
The Majura Parkway is an 11 @.@ 5 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 7 @.@ 1 mi ) north – south parkway under construction in the Majura district of the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . It links at its northern end to the Federal Highway and Horse Park Drive at the edge of the Gungahlin district , and at its southern end to the Monaro Highway in Pialligo .
The parkway has been in planning since the 1970s and is considered as being an important access road to and from the Gungahlin district . It largely replaces Majura Road , which lacks the capacity to cope with future increases in traffic . Majura Road will be largely retained to provide access to various facilities in the area . The parkway will provide a more efficient transport link in the area and convey large numbers of freight vehicles . The project has been jointly funded by both the ACT and Australian Governments , at a total cost of A $ 288 million . Major construction works commenced in February 2013 and are expected to be completed by June 2016 .
= = Route description = =
The Majura Parkway will traverse the length of the largely rural Majura Valley within the ACT , providing a parkway standard link between the northern terminus of the Monaro Highway in territory 's east and the Federal Highway at the north close to the New South Wales border . The parkway largely replaces Majura Road , which is now the main route through the valley and carries approximately 18 @,@ 000 vehicles each day . This road is single carriageway , and rural in design and quality ; the need for the replacement with a more efficient , higher capacity roadway has been highlighted in several studies . Majura Road will remain largely intact to serve local traffic to various facilities located in the Majura Valley , multiple rural properties and Canberra Airport 's business precinct . Other benefits of the Majura Parkway include more efficient freight transportation , relieving traffic congestion , supporting future growth of Canberra Airport , and easier movement between Canberra 's northern and southern suburbs .
The roadway will start as a continuation from the northern end of the Monaro Highway . It will then cross the Molonglo River , and Morshead Drive as part of a singular bridge structure , just to the west of the current Morshead Drive / Pialligo Avenue intersection . The next section of the parkway entirely replaces the northern arm of Morshead Drive with a raised section of roadway , before crossing over Fairbairn Road at the location of the current Morshead Drive / Fairbairn Road intersection .
From this point the roadway enters farmland , and grasslands ; the parkway itself aligned just to the west of Woolshed Creek . Towards the northern end of the valley , the parkway bisects the Majura Pine Plantation . North of the plantation the parkway way will gain a service road along its western side , allowing southbound access via an overpass to businesses in that area . This service road continues a short distance to the north until it meets the access road to the Mount Majura air navigation facility , which is located atop the nearby Mount Majura .
The remainder of the roadway from the plantation to the north follows the existing Majura Road alignment , with the addition of a second carriageway constructed to the east . It curves towards the west and joins onto the existing interchange with the Federal Highway . The roadway itself then continues on through the interchange into the Gungahlin district as Horse Park Drive .
The parkway will be dual carriageway for the entirety of its length . Each traffic lane will be 3 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 11 ft ) wide , with a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) wide outside shoulder , and a 1 @-@ metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) wide median shoulder . The speed limit is to be 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) . By 2030 , the Majura Parkway is expected to carry approximately 40 @,@ 000 vehicles each day , with 6 @,@ 000 of those being freight vehicles . The stated cost is A $ 288 million , and is jointly funded by the ACT Government and the Australian Government , both committing $ 144 million to the project .
= = History = =
The planning of Majura Parkway began with the Tomorrow 's Canberra ( 1970 ) National Capital Development Commission ( NCDC ) report which identified the Majura Valley corridor as a component of Canberra 's peripheral road system . Further NCDC and National Capital Authority ( NCA ) studies including Metropolitan Canberra ( 1984 ) and the Canberra Spatial Plan ( 2004 ) identified the need for a primary road link in the area . This was also backed up by the Gungahlin External Travel Study Information Report ( 1989 ) identifying four main access roads needed for residents of the Gungahlin district .
From the SMEC Concept Evaluation Report ( 2006 ) , Roads ACT identified two preferred alignments , which were known as the western and the eastern alignments . The eastern alignment was later scrapped because of environmental , heritage , and social issues along that corridor , leaving the western alignment as the only preferred alignment . The scrapped eastern alignment would have also included a link to a future urban area in the Kowen District . Resumption of land for the parkway mostly involved farmland , although part of the Majura Pine Plantation was acquired for the new road alignment . The Royal Military College , Duntroon has also lost some parts of its playing fields , though the historic Oval No.1 is preserved .
Some concerns were raised about the parkway occupying land now used for offroad recreational cycling in the Majura Pine Plantation ; however by the later stages of the planning process , two large culverts had been planned in this area which would ease access between both sides of the plantation for recreational cyclists and other users . Concerns were also raised by the Geological Society of Australia in regards to the construction works affecting a fossil site on Woolshed Creek in the vicinity of the Fairbairn Avenue southbound offramp . The Geological Society of Australia later accepted assurances from the ACT Government that the site would be protected .
Preparatory roadworks on nearby roads began in 2008 , with the main project beginning in September 2012 when Fulton Hogan was awarded the contract to build . Major construction then began in January 2013 .
The parkway is expected to be completed by approximately mid @-@ 2016 . Construction of the parkway will create around 350 jobs .
= = Intersections and interchanges = =
The completed Majura Parkway will have multiple intersections and interchanges along its length providing access to facilities in the Majura Valley , and several arterial roads .
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= We Belong Together =
" We Belong Together " is a song by American singer Mariah Carey from her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . The song was released on March 29 , 2005 , through Island Records , as the second single from the album . " We Belong Together " was written by Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Manuel Seal , and Johntá Austin , and produced by the former three . As the song samples lyrics from Bobby Womack 's " If You Think You 're Lonely Now " ( 1981 ) and the Deele 's " Two Occasions " ( 1987 ) , several other songwriters are credited . " We Belong Together " is built on a simple piano arrangement with an understated backbeat . The lyrics chronicle a woman 's desperation for her former lover to return .
Following her decline in popularity between 2001 and 2005 , critics dubbed the song her musical comeback , as many had considered her career over . " We Belong Together " earned her several music industry awards and nominations throughout 2005 – 06 . The song broke chart records in the United States and became Carey 's sixteenth topper on the US Billboard Hot 100 . After staying at number one for fourteen non @-@ consecutive weeks , it was placed as the second longest running number one song in US chart history , behind Carey 's own " One Sweet Day , " collaboration with Boyz II Men ( 1995 ) . Billboard listed it as the " song of the decade " and the ninth most popular song of all time . Additionally , it broke several airplay records , gathering both the largest one @-@ day and one @-@ week audiences in history . " We Belong Together " also topped the charts in Australia and reached the top two in Canada , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom .
The song 's music video was filmed as a two @-@ part story with " It 's Like That " , which featured Carey at her bachelorette party . The video for " We Belong Together " is a continuation focusing on Carey 's wedding to an older and powerful man and ends with the singer eloping with her ex @-@ lover . Rumors arose of the video 's connection to her 1993 marriage to Tommy Mottola . Carey performed the song on several award shows and television appearances around the world , namely 2005 MTV Movie Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , Macy 's Fourth of July Parade , The Oprah Winfrey Show and the 48th Grammy Awards . In Europe the song was performed at the Live 8 charity concert , the Fashion Rocks in Monaco , and the German Bambi Awards . Carey performed the song on both her Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours .
= = Background = =
Carey had produced back @-@ to @-@ back commercially and critically unsuccessful albums , Glitter ( 2001 ) and Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) . Though fueled by strong media attention regarding Carey 's return to music , as well as her new deal with Island Records , the albums failed to deliver the type of success she had been accustomed to throughout the 1990s , and only managed sales of five million copies globally . After the album 's release , and its succeeding tour , Carey began conceptualizing and working on a new project , eventually titled The Emancipation of Mimi , her tenth studio effort . " We Belong Together " became a song that critics considered Carey 's " return to form " and " the return of The Voice " , after several questioned her vocal abilities following the release of Charmbracelet .
By November 2004 , Carey had already recorded several songs for The Emancipation of Mimi . Island Records chairman L.A. Reid suggested Carey that she compose a few more strong singles to ensure the project 's commercial success . Noting that she had written some of her best work with Jermaine Dupri , Reid recommended her to meet with Dupri for a brief studio session . Carey headed to Atlanta to collaborate with Dupri where the duo wrote and produced " Shake It Off " and " Get Your Number " , which were eventually released as the album 's third and fourth singles . ( Following this recording session , " Shake It Off " was briefly selected as the album 's lead single , replacing the originally planned " Say Somethin ' " . ) Carey returned to Atlanta for a second meeting with Dupri ; during this trip , Carey and Dupri penned the last two songs to be included on the album , " We Belong Together " and " It 's Like That " . In an interview with Billboard , Carey described her sentiments regarding the song during the production stage :
I had the chills . I had a great feeling about it when we finished writing the song , and I was flying back from Atlanta at some crazy hour of the morning ... But we were listening to it on the plane ride on the way home , and even from the demo version , I really felt something very special .
Carey and her management then decided to release " It 's Like That " , which Carey called " the right fire @-@ starter " , as the album 's lead single . She later reminisced about her experience with Dupri : " I am so grateful I went to Atlanta , " she said . " And I have to say , we wrote some of my favorite songs on the album . I 'm so proud of Jermaine – he 's so focused , and he knew what had to be done . "
= = Music and structure = =
" We Belong Together " is a R & B ballad . Rolling Stone called it " soulful . " The song is propelled by a programmed Roland TR @-@ 808 @-@ styled kick and hi @-@ hat , which is prominently utilized in hip hop music . Reviewer Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News commented that Carey 's spare and understated singing approach gave the song more power , which would not have been achieved if she had belted . The song also incorporates 1980s retro @-@ soul music by " cleverly " referencing Bobby Womack 's " If You Think You 're Lonely Now " ( 1981 ) and the Deele 's " Two Occasions " ( 1987 ) , with Babyface . In the second verse of " We Belong Together " , Carey sings : " Bobby Womack 's on the radio / Singing to me , ' If you think you 're lonely now ' . " She then flips across a radio dial : " So I turn the dial , tryin ’ to catch a break / And then I hear Babyface / ' I only think of you ... ' . " The line " If you think you 're lonely now " is from the song of the same name and " I only think of you " is from the chorus of " Two Occasions . " In the remix she also says " I only think of you / On two occasions / That 's day and night ... " Due to the inclusion of the lyrics from both songs , the songwriters were given co @-@ writing credits on the song . " We Belong Together " follows the common verse @-@ chorus form and is structured into three distinct sections , with each section presenting the protagonist in different emotions . The first section chronicles the break @-@ up of the couple , and a sorrowful tone is established as she laments her former mistakes . In the second section , the narrative switches to the present , and the protagonist becomes increasingly agitated and feels " all out of her element " when she attempts to distract herself by listening to the radio , but fails . " We Belong Together " does not have a bridge ; instead , Carey transitions into the third section by raising the pitch an octave , which emphasizes the sheer frustration and desperation of the protagonist . Metro Times writer Johnny Loftus described the song 's production , lyrics and vocals in detail :
It ’ s straightforward , heartfelt and classy . Mariah pleads with her departed lover – ' When you left I lost a part of me / It ’ s still so hard to believe ' – and the song ’ s gentle R & B roll is perfectly understated , built from a few piano chords and a slowed @-@ down So So Def rhythm . It has a homebody quality , almost like an autumn song would – you can imagine a split @-@ up couple singing it quietly , separately , as the world goes on around them . She ’ s on a porch with tea ; he ’ s stuck in traffic when he finds Mariah on the radio . It even cleverly references that feel , with Mariah finding the Bobby Womack and Babyface songs on her radio just too tough to hear . There ’ s no tired ' I tried to 2 @-@ way you ' retorts , no trash @-@ technology love affair ' I was at the grocery store and this guy had the same ring tone as you , and I cried . ' No , there ’ s a classic sensibility to the lyrics and sound of ' We Belong Together ' that makes for perfect – and perfectly universal – pop / R & B songwriting . In other words , it ’ s the jam . And there ’ s probably a happy ending , too : Mariah ’ s triumphant octave shift finale makes the song ’ s title an emphatic .
" We Belong Together " is a simple , understated musical arrangement set in F lydian and composed in 4 / 4 time . Similarly , within the song , Carey 's voice spans from G3 to the high note of A5 . Carey 's vocal range is demonstrated with a greater emphasis in the ending chorus , where the chorus is raised an octave higher , lying from G4 to A5 . As such , Carey ends with an anticipated coda , completing both the chorus and the song with a potent , belted note of C5 for approximately four semibreves ( around 17 seconds ) . It follows the common verse @-@ chorus form and is structured into three sections that portray the protagonist in a range of emotions ; from doleful and resigned in the first section , to desperate and agitated in the second . In the last section the song climaxes with an octave raise , which not only emphasizes the protagonist 's heightened desperation , but her determination to be with her lover . The song is written in the key of C major with a slow tempo of 70 beats per minute . Carey 's vocals span from G3 to A5 , and the song follows a chord progression of Am – G – Em – F.
= = Critical response = =
" We Belong Together " became a " career re @-@ defining " song for Carey , at a point when many critics had considered her career over . Unlike most of Carey 's recent singles at that time , " We Belong Together " received generally positive reviews from critics , most of whom hailed the song as her " return to form " , following reviews for Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) , that suggested Carey had lost her signature vocal range and power . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote " the ... diva [ keeps ] cool with breathy , rapid @-@ fire verses until the final full strong @-@ voiced climax that ... proves that ' The Voice ' has indeed returned . " Additionally , he said that " The song is as ' innovative ' as Mariah has been in years . " Other critics commended Carey on her novel singing style which , according to Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times , gave the song its propulsion , writing " This style is part of the reason why she has been able to turn a ballad into a summer smash . ' We Belong Together ' doesn 't have a guest rapper , or a hard @-@ hitting beat , but Ms. Carey 's tricky vocal lines give the song more propulsion than you 'd expect , with tightly coiled counter @-@ rhythms that tug against the beat . " Johnny Loftus from Metro Times called it a " summer hit " and wrote " We all know it ’ s the intangibles that make a summer single anyway , those untraceable currents that grab the heart and feet , and despite not being an anthem , ' We Belong Together ' is that rousing . "
Writing for Vibe , Michael Ehrlich claimed the song would " cut across generations " , while Cinquemani felt it would revive " faith in Mariah the balladeer " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic chose " We Belong Together " as a " top Pick " from the album , while Todd Burns from Stylus Magazine described it as " beautifully cadenced " . Echoing Cinquemani 's comments about the song and Carey 's past as a balladeer , Jozen Cummings from PopMatters wrote " Carey makes the song her own , reminding fans of her ' Hero ' days with full , throaty vocals and a crashing climax at the end . The dichotomy between ' The Emancipation of Mimi 's ' first two tracks is the album ’ s bread and butter . " Since first hearing the song on the radio , Sherri Winston from South Florida Sun @-@ Sentinel claimed she " knew it would be a smash " , complimenting its understated beat and Carey 's vocals . Billboard 's Michael Paoletta described " We Belong Together " as one of the album 's strongest cuts , claiming that it highlighted the strongest focal point on the song : Carey 's voice . Slant Magazine ranked it 2nd on their best songs of 2005 list .
= = Chart performance = =
Between 2001 and 2004 , Carey 's popularity had substantially declined and many had considered her career over . The song spent fourteen non @-@ consecutive weeks at number one on both the US Billboard Hot 100 — after making its debut at number 81 — and on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . It had major cross @-@ over success , becoming the first song to simultaneously occupy the number one position on nine Billboard charts on the week ending August 6 , 2005 : the Hot 100 , Billboard Hot 100 Airplay , Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Airplay , Pop 100 Airplay , Top 40 Mainstream , Rhythmic Airplay Chart , Hot Dance Club Songs , and the Hot Ringtones charts . Spending fourteen weeks atop the Hot 100 , " We Belong Together " became the one of the second longest running number one songs in US chart history , behind only Carey 's 1995 collaboration with Boyz II Men , " One Sweet Day " , which spent sixteen weeks at number one . Aside from its chart success , the song broke several airplay records , and according to Mediabase and Nielsen BDS , gathered both the largest one @-@ day and one @-@ week audiences in BDS history , reaching 32 @.@ 8 million and 223 million impressions respectively . This record was held until it was broken by Robin Thicke 's " Blurred Lines " in 2013 , with 234 @.@ 65 million listeners on July 28 .
During the week of September 25 , 2005 , Carey set another record , becoming the first female to occupy the first two spots atop the Hot 100 , as " We Belong Together " remained at number one , and her next single , " Shake It Off " held the number two spot . Additionally , the song held the top position on the official Hot 100 Airplay chart for sixteen weeks , tying for the second all time spot with No Doubt 's " Don 't Speak " ( 1996 ) . " We Belong Together " was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of a million copies throughout the United States . On the Billboard Hot 100 Year @-@ end Chart of 2005 , the song was declared the number one song , a career first for Carey . Billboard listed " We Belong Together " ninth on The Billboard Hot 100 All @-@ Time Top Songs and second on Top Billboard Hot 100 R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . The song was also declared the most popular song of the 2000s decade by Billboard , which makes Carey the first artist to have more than one song being the most popular of a decade , as " One Sweet Day " was the most popular song of the 1990s .
Besides its success in the United States , " We Belong Together " achieved strong charting throughout Europe and Australia . On the ARIA Charts , the song debuted atop the singles chart in Australia during the week dated July 3 , 2005 . The following week , it held the number one spot for a second week , and stayed on the chart for a total of eleven weeks . To date , " We Belong Together " was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of 70 @,@ 000 units . The song finished at number seventeen on the 2005 Australian Year @-@ End Chart . In both Flemish and Wallonian territories in Belgium , " We Belong Together " peaked at numbers twelve and twenty @-@ four , spending a total of fifteen and fourteen weeks fluctuating in the singles chart , respectively . The song finished at number forty @-@ seven on the Flemish Year @-@ End Chart of 2005 . " We Belong Together " made its debut at number fifteen on the Danish Tracklisten chart during the week of August 7 , 2005 , eventually peaking at number three . In France , the song peaked at number twelve , and spent nineteen weeks fluctuating within the French singles chart . On the Dutch Top 40 chart , " We Belong Together " reached number one in its fourth week , and spent a total of sixteen weeks in the chart , four of which were at the number two position . The song finished at number forty @-@ one on the Dutch Year @-@ End Chart of 2005 . In New Zealand , the song spend three weeks at number two on the singles chart , and a total of twelve before making its exit on October 3 , 2005 . At the end of 2005 , " We Belong Together " finished at number thirty @-@ six , and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . In both Norway and Spain , the song peaked at number nine and three , and spent nine and seven weeks within the charts . In Switzerland , the song peaked at number four on the official singles chart , and charted for thirteen weeks . During mid @-@ week predictions in the United Kingdom , " We Belong Together " was positioned to become Carey 's third UK number one single . However , it wound up debuting at number two on the UK Singles Chart . In its second week , the song dropped to number three , before re @-@ surfacing to number two in its third week , this time blocked by James Blunt 's " You 're Beautiful " . The song spent a total of eighteen weeks within the singles chart , and has estimated sales of over 240 @,@ 000 units in the United Kingdom .
= = Awards and nominations = =
" We Belong Together " was awarded several prestigious music industry awards throughout 2005 and 2006 . At the 2005 Billboard Music Awards ceremony , Carey won five awards , with the song receiving awards in the " Rhythmic Top 40 Title of the Year " , " Hot 100 song of the Year " and " Hot 100 Airplay of the Year " categories . On November 6 , 2005 , Carey earned two awards for " We Belong Together " at the Radio Music Awards ceremony , in the " Song of the Year / Mainstream Hit Radio " and " Song of the Year / Urban and Rhythmic Radio " categories . Similarly , " We Belong Together " won the " Best R & B / Soul Single " and " Best R & B / Soul Single , Female " awards at the 20th annual Soul Train Music Awards , " Choice Love Song " at the Teen Choice Awards , " Best R & B Song " at the Vibe Awards , and " World 's Most @-@ Played Single " at the 2005 World Music Awards .
At the 48th annual Grammy Awards , held at the Shrine Auditorium on February 8 , 2006 , Carey was nominated for eight awards , the most she had received in one night throughout her career . " We Belong Together " was nominated for Song of the Year and Record of the Year ; however , it won two awards : " Best R & B Song " and " Best Female R & B Vocal Performance " . The song was named " Song of the Year " at the ASCAP Awards , and " Song of the Year " , " Most Performed Song " and " Number @-@ one Billboard Song " at the BMI Awards . Towards the summer of 2006 , Carey took home " Song of the Year " , " Best Pop Female Song Performance " and " Best R & B / Soul Female Song Performance " at the GrooveVolt Music & Fashion Awards .
= = Remixes = =
Carey recorded an official remix version for " We Belong Together " , which she produced with DJ Clue . The remix features vocals from rappers Jadakiss and Styles P , two @-@ thirds of the hip @-@ hop trio the LOX . The remix is fundamentally different from the original , described as having " a faster , springier backbeat " by Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times . Lyrically , the song is similar to the album version of the song , in which both rappers ' verses contemplate on past memories . Styles P raps " Past is the past , just let it be bygones / Matter of fact I know a fly song that we could vibe on " , which Sanneh writes " Cheerfully out of place , he sounds like a man who has wandered into the wrong summertime party , but so what ? He figures he might as well stick around and enjoy it . " In two separate reviews of The Emancipation of Mimi , Sanneh referred to the song as both " great " and " excellent " , in regards to the remix .
Aside from the album version 's main remix , several others were commissioned and released , although none contained new vocals from Carey . Peter Rauhofer created the " Reconstruction Mix / Atlantic Soul Vocal Mix " and " Atlantic Soul Vocal Mix " , which both feature a synthetic bass line , a piano and guitar line , and distinctive hi @-@ hats that produce a more up @-@ tempo , hard @-@ hitting beat .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
The song 's music video premiered worldwide on April 11 , 2005 , although MSN offered an exclusive look at the music video on April 9 . Carey 's " We Belong Together " is Yahoo ! Music 's most watched video of 2005 with 7 @.@ 5 million streamed performances . The video was shot by film director Brett Ratner in Los Angeles alongside the video for Carey 's previous single , " It 's Like That " . Carey had collaborated with Ratner several times in the past , having worked on the video for " Heartbreaker " , which became one of the most expensive of all time , costing an estimated $ 2 @.@ 5 million . The video was filmed through February 9 to February 10 , 2005 , in conjunction with " It 's Like That " and serves as the second half to the two @-@ part story . The music video for " It 's Like That " features Carey at her bachelorette party set to wed an older and powerful man , played by Eric Roberts . Towards the end of the video , her ex @-@ lover and past flame , played by Wentworth Miller , arrives at the event , and the video concludes with them staring into each other 's eyes as Carey 's soon @-@ to @-@ be husband watches from a balcony . The video for " We Belong Together " finishes their tale of love , and features Carey on her wedding day . For the scenes of Carey 's wedding to the older man , she wore her Vera Wang gown she originally wore during her nuptials to Tommy Mottola in 1993 . In an interview with MSNBC , when asked if there was a connection to the use of the dress in the video and reality , Carey responded :
The wedding dress was a Vera Wang original dress from a while ago that I actually wore on a certain occasion and had it in storage and when we came up with the concept for the video that had the element of a wedding in it , I said , ‘ well , I do have my old wedding dress , ’ . ' It ’ s still worth [ sic ] for me ’ cause I can ’ t believe I was ever married but whatever , end of story . And I knew that we wouldn ’ t be able to get a fabulous dress like in two days so I just took that dress out of the storage – it has a 27 @-@ foot train and it was just all hand @-@ beaded and stuff and so I figured we might as well get a use out of it.'
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video features Carey readying for her wedding , and follows her to the altar , as well as her escape from the reception . Many of the actors featured in Carey 's " It 's Like That " video were in that of " We Belong Together " , which was shot as a continuation from the " It 's Like That " video . It begins with a scene of a large mansion , apparently owned by the older man who she is to marry . Carey is seen walking barefoot in a room , shedding a black sheer robe and laying down on a bed draped with white linens . Dressed in lingerie , Carey 's face is shown close @-@ up , as scenes of her tossing in the bed are shown . As the song begins , Carey is seen sitting in front of a large mirror , preparing for her wedding by putting on earrings and shoes , and staring at the ring on her finger . Additional scenes of Carey sitting on a small blue sofa , wearing a purple dress , and Carey staring at the camera during a shower moment are interspersed . The wedding is then shown , with Miller approaching the reception through a stairwell in the back . Small children as seen throwing flowers on the white carpet , followed by Roberts and Carey walking down the aisle .
As Carey , now dry and clothed , is shown in another scenario following the dressing scene , a still of Carey and Miller in the video for " It 's like That " is shown , during the lyrics " I can 't sleep at night / When you are on my mind " . After several other scenes of Carey dressed in the purple gown and white shirt are interspersed , the altar is displayed , where before being ordained by the minister , Carey looks into her ex @-@ lover 's eyes once more . She turns to Roberts , and begins running towards Miller , leaving the reception . As the song 's climax is reached , Carey and Miller are shown running from the reception , as the guests stand up in awe , and watch the pair leave . Carey , dressed in the white shirt , is shown with growing anticipation , crying to the camera and moving her hands and hair . Back at the wedding scene , Carey and her lover get into his vehicle , and drive away as her 27 @-@ foot train hangs behind the car . The video was nominated for " Best R & B Video " and " Best Female Video " at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards .
= = Live performances = =
Due to its continued chart success , Carey performed " We Belong Together " on several live televised performances and included it on the set @-@ lists of all of her tours following its release . In the United Kingdom , Carey filmed a two @-@ part appearance on the British music program Top of the Pops , performing " It 's Like That " , " We Belong Together " , and " Shake It Off " . Additional European and Asian appearances included an interview on the French talk show Le Grand Journal , and a performance of " We Belong Together " on both Music Station and Riponggi Hills in Japan . After returning to the United States for a string of televised performances , Carey launched the release of the album on Good Morning America , in the form of a five @-@ piece outdoor concert . The concert , taking place in Times Square and featuring the largest crowd in the plaza since the 2004 New Year 's Eve celebration , featured the first three singles from the album , as well as " Fly Like a Bird " and " Make It Happen " ( 1991 ) . The following week , she performed " We Belong Together " at the 2005 BET Awards , with an additional appearance at the annual VH1 Save the Music special , filmed live on April 17 from the Beacon Theatre . Throughout May , Carey appeared on several US television programs , performing " We Belong Together " on the Late Show with David Letterman ( May 5 ) , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( May 11 ) , and The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( May 13 ) , which included a performance of " It 's Like That " . As June approached , Carey made an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show ( May 24 ) , featuring a live rendition of " We Belong Together " . She appeared on stage wearing a long blue evening gown , and featured a four piece band , as well as three background vocalists . Eleven days later on June 4 , she performed at the annual Macy 's Fourth of July Parade , singing " America the Beautiful " and " We Belong Together " .
The following week , Carey made a live appearance at the 2005 annual MTV Movie Awards . The recital aired on television in black and white format , with Carey wearing a red Armani Privé and sporting a retro curled hairstyle , appearing in color . She performed " We Belong Together " on a white runway @-@ styled stage with four male and female dancers . Following the stateside promotion of the album , Carey traveled to the United Kingdom on July 2 , 2005 for a benefit concert held in Hyde Park , London titled Live 8 . The televised event was watched by over 9 @.@ 6 million British citizens and held a live audience of over 200 @,@ 000 . Carey performed a three song set @-@ list , opening with " Make It Happen " and " Hero " , which featured a live choir of African children , and followed by " We Belong Together " , accompanied by actors Chris Barrie , Judy Flynn , Michael Burns and Julia St. John . On August 3 , USA Today announced that Carey would be added to the roster of performers at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards , held on the 28th of the month . The ceremony was held at the American Airlines Arena in downtown Miami Beach Florida , with Carey 's performance taking place at the National Hotel in South Beach . Apart from the Killers , she was the only performer to tape their appearance from an undisclosed location in Miami . After being introduced by Eva Longoria , Carey appeared on a long stage in the hotel 's courtyard , with Dupri opening the song in a nearby cabana . After performing " Shake It Off " and the official remix version of " We Belong Together " , Carey made her way into the shallow pool , followed by Dupri and the back @-@ up dancers . Following the awards ceremony , Carey once again took to Europe , being featured as a head @-@ lining performer at the 2005 Fashion Rocks , held in Monaco . Following her introduction by Donatella Versace , Carey performed the Peter Rauhofer Remix for " We Belong Together " on a suspended rafter , while wearing a metallic Versace gown . Carey played a similarly @-@ choreographed performance of the song 's Peter Rauhofer Remix at the German Bambi Awards , held in October 2005 . Two months later , she celebrated the new year on television , placing as the featured performer at the Times Square Ball drop on New Year 's Eve in New York . The special , titled Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest , aired on ABC at 10 pm on December 31 , and featured Carey on stage wearing a short sparkling dress , and performing a selection of the album 's singles .
At the 48th Grammy Awards , held on February 8 , 2006 , Carey was nominated for eight awards — the most she had ever received in one night . That night , Carey returned to the Grammy stage for the first time since 1996 . Her performance opened with a pre @-@ taped video in which she discussed the importance of God and religion in her life . Carey then came to the stage , dressed in a white Chanel gown , and sang a shortened version of " We Belong Together " . Next , Carey 's pastor Clarence Keaton read a Bible passage to open Carey 's performance of " Fly Like a Bird " , as he did in the studio recording of the song . Midway through the song , a black temporary wall was removed , revealing a large choir who joined Carey for the song 's gospel climax . The performance earned the night 's only standing ovation , prompting Teri Hatcher , who was presenting the next award , to exclaim , " It 's like we 've all just been saved ! " Carey 's performance earned rave reviews from critics . Gary Susman from Entertainment Weekly called Carey the " comeback queen " , noting that her voice " soar [ ed ] into the rafters like only Carey 's can . " Carey included " We Belong Together " on both succeeding tours following its release , the Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours . On the former , the song was featured as the encore number , with Carey re @-@ entering the arenas in a form fitting beige evening gown . Backed by three background vocalists , Trey Lorenz , Sherry Tatum , and MaryAnn Tatum , Carey began the song as confetti dropped the arena rafters . According to Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News , the performance was " a major accomplishment " , and the highlight of the show , and found Carey re @-@ connect with the audience in ways that she was unable throughout most of the show . Similarly , during her Angel 's Advocate Tour , the song was placed as one of the final numbers on the set @-@ list . Dressed in a black Herve Leger gown , Carey introduced the song as the Billboard 's " song of the decade " , and thanked the audience for making it her 16th number @-@ one single in the United States . Following the song 's completion , Carey exited the arena for a few moments , before returning to perform " Hero " as the encore .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for The Emancipation of Mimi adapted from the album 's liner notes .
Mariah Carey – songwriting , producer , lead vocals , background vocals
Jermaine Dupri – songwriting , producer
Manuel Seal – songwriting , producer
Johntá Austin – songwriting
Bobby Womack – songwriting
Patrick Moten – songwriting
Kenneth Edmonds – songwriting
Darnell Bristol – songwriting
Sandra Sully – songwriting
Brian Frye – engineer
Herb Power – mastering
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= History of York City F.C. ( 1980 – present ) =
York City Football Club is a professional association football club based in York , North Yorkshire , England . Its history from the 1980 – 81 to the current season saw fluctuating fortunes in the 1980s and 1990s , and relegation from and return to the Football League .
York made their seventh re @-@ election bid after 1980 – 81 , before the club won its first and only league title after finishing first in the Fourth Division in 1983 – 84 with 101 points . They were the first team to score this many points in a Football League season . After four seasons in the Third Division in 1987 – 88 , York were relegated . They beat Crewe Alexandra on penalties at Wembley Stadium in the play @-@ off final in 1992 – 93 , winning promotion back into the third tier of English football , now renamed as the Second Division . The following season , York competed in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final , when they were beaten by Stockport County . Later in the 1990s , they knocked Premier League clubs Manchester United and Everton out of the League Cup in successive seasons . After six seasons , York were relegated into the Third Division in 1998 – 99 .
In the following years , the club experienced financial troubles ; chairman Douglas Craig offered the club and its ground for sale in December 2001 . The club was bought by John Batchelor in March 2002 , but the following December they went into administration . In March 2003 , York were taken over by the club 's Supporters ' Trust , and were relegated into the Conference National in 2003 – 04 , ending seventy @-@ five years of Football League membership . The team were unsuccessful in the play @-@ offs in the 2006 – 07 and 2009 – 10 seasons , and were beaten in the 2009 FA Trophy Final at the newly rebuilt Wembley Stadium . In 2011 – 12 , York defeated Newport County in the 2012 FA Trophy Final at Wembley , and shortly after returned to the Football League with a 2 – 1 win over Luton Town in the play @-@ off final . In their second season in League Two , the club reached the play @-@ offs but were knocked out in the semi @-@ final by Fleetwood Town .
= = 1980 – 98 : Fourth Division championship and first play @-@ off success = =
The 1980 – 81 season started comfortably for York City , and the team were fourteenth in the table by mid @-@ January 1981 . However , three wins from the last eighteen matches saw them finish in bottom place . York 's seventh application for re @-@ election was successful with forty @-@ six votes . Poor form at home contributed to York occupying the bottom half of the table for most of 1981 – 82 , and a club record of twelve successive matches without a home win . Barry Lyons was sacked as manager in December 1981 , and under caretaker manager Kevin Randall the club dropped into the bottom four . Former York player and club director Barry Swallow took over as caretaker manager in March 1982 , and several convincing home wins toward the end of the season helped the team to seventeenth place . Denis Smith , who had played on loan from Stoke City the previous season , was appointed player @-@ manager in May 1982 , with Viv Busby as his assistant player @-@ coach . York finished 1982 – 83 in seventh place ; their inconsistent away form in the last half of the season led to them missing out on promotion . The club occupied one of the top two places in 1983 – 84 from the second week of the season onwards , and won the Fourth Division championship with 101 points . They became the first team to achieve a three @-@ figure points total in a Football League season . The Yorkshire Evening Press billed them the " Team of the Century " . York set new club records for most wins ( thirty @-@ one ) , most away wins ( thirteen ) and most goals ( ninety @-@ one ) . For the first time since 1954 – 55 , York had two players score over twenty league goals in a season ; these were John Byrne and Keith Walwyn . A profit of almost £ 15 @,@ 000 was posted and the club aspired to further progress and promotion .
Winning six of their first eight matches in 1984 – 85 , York were top of the Third Division by early @-@ October 1984 . After a run of two wins from eleven matches they slipped to eleventh place in mid @-@ December 1984 , though they continued to occupy a top half position before finishing the season in eighth place . In January 1985 , York beat First Division side Arsenal 1 – 0 at home in the FA Cup fourth round , courtesty of a late penalty scored by Keith Houchen . They reached the fifth round for the third time and drew 1 – 1 at home to European Cup holders Liverpool . They lost 7 – 0 in the replay at Anfield — the club 's record cup defeat . York started 1985 – 86 well and were second in the table by late @-@ November 1985 , before a poor mid @-@ season spell saw them drop into mid @-@ table . After being unbeaten in the last nine matches , they finished seventh in the table , marking the fifth consecutive season in which York 's end @-@ of @-@ season league placing improved . They reached the FA Cup fifth round for the second consecutive season , again drawing 1 – 1 at home to Liverpool , before losing 3 – 1 after extra time at Anfield . York made a strong start to 1986 – 87 , and in late @-@ September 1986 they were in second place . They won only seven of their remaining thirty @-@ eight matches and needed a point from their last match to avoid the danger of relegation , which they achieved with a 1 – 1 draw against Notts County . York finished 1986 – 87 in twentieth place .
Smith left to take over at Sunderland in May 1987 , and former Blackburn Rovers manager Bobby Saxton was appointed in June . Only two players were under contract at the time of Saxton 's arrival ; his hastily arranged squad struggled from the start of 1987 – 88 , and only won their first match in late @-@ October 1987 . York were bottom of the table for most of the season , and were relegated after finishing in twenty @-@ third place . The season was statistically the club 's worst in the Football League , with the fewest wins ( eight ) , most defeats ( twenty @-@ nine ) and the fewest points since the three points for a win system was introduced ( thirty @-@ three ) . York made a poor start to 1988 – 89 , and Saxton resigned with the club bottom of the Fourth Division in mid @-@ September 1988 . Swallow took over on a caretaker basis before the former Hartlepool United manager John Bird was appointed in October 1988 . York 's away form improved in the second half of the season , and in the last week they had a slim chance of reaching the play @-@ offs . They missed out on a play @-@ off place and finished the season in eleventh place . A record loss of £ 190 @,@ 000 was posted for the season , but the club carried no overdraft because of interest @-@ free loans from directors and a £ 100 @,@ 000 share issue . York started 1989 – 90 strongly and were in third place by mid @-@ December 1989 . Successive home defeats in late @-@ December 1989 marked the start of a decline that saw them finish the season thirteenth in the table .
In September 1990 , York player David Longhurst collapsed and died after suffering heart failure during a home match against Lincoln City . A few months later , a newly built , covered stand at the Shipton Street End of Bootham Crescent was named after him . York were the Fourth Division 's second lowest scorers in 1990 – 91 , as they finished twenty @-@ first in the table . Douglas Craig , who had been on the board since 1978 , succeeded Michael Sinclair as chairman in June 1991 . York had won two of eleven matches by mid @-@ October 1991 ; Bird was sacked and was replaced in November by Aston Villa assistant manager John Ward . York continued to be placed in lower mid @-@ table , and finished fourth from bottom for the second year running in 1991 – 92 . They started 1992 – 93 with a club @-@ record start of four wins , and led the table until late @-@ December 1992 . Ward left for Bristol Rovers in March 1993 , shortly after a mid @-@ season slump in which York won only one of thirteen matches . Ward 's assistant Alan Little took over and York finished the season in fourth place . They played Bury in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final , drawing the first leg 0 – 0 at Gigg Lane before winning the second leg 1 – 0 at home with a goal from Gary Swann . In the final at Wembley Stadium , York beat Crewe Alexandra 5 – 3 on penalties , after the score had finished 1 – 1 after extra time . Wayne Hall scored the decisive penalty as York won promotion into the third tier , now named the Second Division after the formation of the Premier League in 1992 .
York made a good start to 1993 – 94 , before a series of poor results saw them slip to seventeenth place in late @-@ November 1993 . They only lost five of their last thirty fixtures to finish the season fifth in the Second Division table — their highest league placing since 1976 . They lost to Stockport County in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final , being beaten 1 – 0 in the second leg at Edgeley Park after drawing 0 – 0 at home in the first leg . York were in lower mid @-@ table for the first half of 1994 – 95 , but improving form saw them move up the table , before finishing in ninth place . They struggled through most of 1995 – 96 , and only avoided relegation by winning their last match away to Brighton & Hove Albion ; they finished in twentieth place . This season saw York record a 4 – 3 aggregate victory over Manchester United in the League Cup second round . York defeated a strong United side including some younger players 3 – 0 at Old Trafford in the first leg ; in the second leg United fielded some more experienced players , but York defeated them 3 – 1 to progress on aggregate . United went on to win the Premier League and FA Cup double . York finished twentieth in 1996 – 97 , only securing safety in the penultimate match with an away win over Rotherham United . For the second consecutive season , they eliminated Premier League opponents from the League Cup in the second round , with a 4 – 3 aggregate win over Everton . After drawing the first leg 1 – 1 at Goodison Park , York progressed after winning the second leg 3 – 2 at home . In mid @-@ December 1997 , York were fourth in the table , but declining form after New Year saw them finish 1997 – 98 in sixteenth place .
= = 1998 – 2010 : Financial problems and relegation from Football League = =
By mid @-@ October 1998 , York were placed eighth in the Second Division . They slipped to the bottom third of the table after winning one point from a possible twenty @-@ one . Despite improved results over Christmas , York played eleven consecutive matches without a win . In mid @-@ March 1999 , the club was just above the bottom four places , when Little was sacked and player @-@ coach Neil Thompson appointed caretaker manager . A flurry of transfers , including the departure of leading scorer Richard Cresswell to Premier League side Sheffield Wednesday for a club @-@ record fee of £ 950 @,@ 000 , followed . After losing away to Manchester City on the last day of 1998 – 99 , York dropped into the bottom four for the first time that season , and were relegated in twenty @-@ first place . The club 's trading loss for the season was £ 483 @,@ 096 , despite a record profit of £ 1 @,@ 274 @,@ 202 from lucrative transfers . Club historian David Batters said , " the stark reality was that the club had to sell to survive " . In July 1999 , the club and its real property assets , including the ground , were transferred to a holding company called Bootham Crescent Holdings ( BCH ) for £ 165 @,@ 000 . Thompson was sacked in February 2000 after a run of one win from twelve matches during the middle of 1999 – 2000 . Former Hull City manager Terry Dolan took over , and York finished the season in twentieth place after conceding only five goals in the last twelve matches . Losses for the season were £ 667 @,@ 255 , and the wage bill of £ 1 @,@ 635 @,@ 736 was twice that of 1995 .
By mid @-@ February 2001 , York were bottom of the Third Division table , but after losing only two of their last sixteen matches they finished 2000 – 01 in seventeenth . They reached the FA Cup third round for the second time since 1986 , but were beaten 3 – 0 by Premier League side Leicester City at Filbert Street . Record losses of £ 1 @,@ 261 @,@ 038 were reported in November 2001 , before Craig announced in December that the club and the ground had been put up for sale for £ 4 @.@ 5 million . Craig later said Bootham Crescent would close by June 2002 , and the club would resign from the Football League if a buyer was not found . The club was taken over by motor racing driver John Batchelor in March 2002 . He pledged to give the Supporters ' Trust ( ST ) two seats on the board and announced a sponsorship deal with Persimmon that would see an undisclosed amount split between the club and his racing team . By late @-@ March 2002 , York were second from bottom , before a run of five wins from the last eight matches saw them finish 2001 – 02 in fourteenth place . They reached the FA Cup fourth round for the first time since 1986 , losing 2 – 0 at home to Premier League team Fulham .
In May 2002 , the club was rebranded York City Soccer Club as part of Batchelor 's plan to market it in the United States . Persimmon , which had bought ten percent of the shares in BCH , submitted planning applications for ninety @-@ three homes on the site of Bootham Crescent , and Batchelor spoke of building York a new stadium at Clifton Moor . The club entered a creditors ' voluntary agreement in November 2002 , and the York Evening Press said York had been " plunged into the darkest , coldest days of its history " . The club went into administration in December 2002 , and was given five weeks to find a buyer or face bankruptcy . The ST donated £ 92 @,@ 000 to give the club a temporary reprieve . The ST took control over the club in March 2003 after the Inland Revenue accepted an offer of £ 100 @,@ 000 as payment for £ 160 @,@ 000 owed in tax . Steve Beck became the new chairman . Batchelor had diverted almost all of the £ 400 @,@ 000 Persimmon sponsorship money away from York to his racing team , and his promise of having ST members on the board never materialised . He left the club with a profit of £ 120 @,@ 000 and admitted to asset stripping during his time as owner . Despite the off @-@ field problems , York pushed for promotion in 2002 – 03 and were in an automatic promotion place by late @-@ March 2003 . They won none of their last six games and finished the season in tenth place .
Dolan was sacked in May 2003 , the new board citing financial reasons for his departure . At twenty @-@ seven years , York player Chris Brass was appointed player @-@ manager in June 2003 , which made him the youngest Football League managerial appointment since 1946 . The club 's lease of Bootham Crescent was extended to May 2004 , and plans proceeded to develop Huntington Stadium ahead of a possible move , but problems bringing the ground to Football League standards were encountered . The board preferred to stay at Bootham Crescent , and they bought the site in February 2004 after six months of negotiations . The deal came after York were lent £ 2 million by The Football Stadia Improvement Fund ( FSIF ) , with which they bought 75 @.@ 89 % of BCH shares and all of the 20 @,@ 000 shares owned by Persimmon . Once plans for a new stadium were settled , the loan would be converted a grant to help fund the move . York equalled a club record by winning the first four matches of 2003 – 04 , and by mid @-@ January 2004 were tenth in the table . They won none of their final twenty fixtures , garnering only five more points as they finished bottom of the Third Division . York were relegated into the Conference National after seventy @-@ five years of Football League membership . Beck renounced his title of chairman in September 2004 because he favoured a more democratic approach for a fan @-@ owned club . The board was restructured and Jason McGill became the managing director .
In November 2004 , Brass was sacked after a home defeat to Forest Green Rovers , which left York fourth from the bottom of the table . His assistant Viv Busby took over as caretaker manager before former Derby County coach Billy McEwan was appointed in February 2005 . Under McEwan , York avoided relegation into the Conference North , with a seventeenth @-@ place finish in 2004 – 05 . One @-@ third into 2005 – 06 , York were in second place but poor mid @-@ season results saw them slide down the table . They pushed for the play @-@ offs after six consecutive wins but finished in eighth place after faltering in the run @-@ in . With twenty @-@ two goals , Andy Bishop was the Conference National top scorer in 2005 – 06 . Financial problems arose again ; a loss of £ 150 @,@ 000 was reported for the season , and there were problems meeting the first annual payment of £ 100 @,@ 000 to the FSIF . McGill 's company JM Packaging made a proposal to the ST to become majority shareholders , and would lend the club £ 650 @,@ 000 to cover the current losses and meet the loan repayments for the next five years . ST members approved the proposal in June 2006 , and JM Packaging became seventy @-@ five percent shareholders , reducing the ST 's previous eighty @-@ five percent ownership to twenty @-@ five percent . York made a good start to 2006 – 07 , and were never out of the top five from early @-@ November 2006 . They finished the season in fourth place and played Morecambe in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final ; after drawing 0 – 0 at home in the first leg they were beaten 2 – 1 at Christie Park in the second leg .
York started 2007 – 08 by losing seven of their first ten matches . Despite improving form , their home results remained poor , leading to McEwan 's sacking in November 2007 . He was succeeded by his assistant Colin Walker , after the team won five of his six matches as caretaker manager . York finished the season in fourteenth place , and reached the semi @-@ final of the FA Trophy , losing 2 – 1 on aggregate to Torquay United . In May 2008 , City of York Council announced its commitment to build a community stadium , to be used by York and the city 's rugby league club , York City Knights . An agreement with the FSIF was reached in September 2008 ; the club would stop making loan repayments and would repay the outstanding amount once Bootham Crescent was sold . At the start of 2008 – 09 , York won only five of their nineteen league matches , resulting in Walker 's sacking in November 2008 . Under his replacement , former Port Vale manager Martin Foyle , the team avoided relegation in the penultimate game of the season against Weymouth , and they finished seventeenth in the table . York participated in the 2009 FA Trophy Final at the new Wembley Stadium , where they were beaten 2 – 0 by Stevenage Borough . After starting 2009 – 10 with only one win from five matches , York won eight successive matches in a bid for promotion . They finished in fifth place and faced Luton Town in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final , winning each leg 1 – 0 , but were beaten 3 – 1 by Oxford United in the final at Wembley . They reached the FA Cup third round that season , and were beaten 3 – 1 by Premier League Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium . Richard Brodie was the Conference Premier joint top scorer in 2009 – 10 , with twenty @-@ six goals .
= = 2010 – present : Return into Football League = =
After winning only three of their first ten matches of 2010 – 11 , Foyle resigned as manager in September 2010 , and was replaced with Tamworth manager Gary Mills the following month . Improving form saw York challenge for the play @-@ offs , and by mid @-@ March 2011 they were sixth in the table — one place away from a play @-@ off spot . They won only three of ten matches in the run @-@ in and missed out on the play @-@ offs to finish the season in eighth place . York reached the FA Cup third round for the second consecutive year , and lost 2 – 0 to Premier League club Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium . York won three of the opening seven matches in 2011 – 12 and were only once below a play @-@ off place from early @-@ October 2011 , finishing the season in fourth place . Playing a passing style of football but producing results when needed , they earned eighty @-@ three points that season — the second highest in the club 's history . York drew 1 – 1 at home to Mansfield Town in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final first leg and won the second leg 1 – 0 after extra time at Field Mill . They then beat Newport County 2 – 0 at Wembley in the 2012 FA Trophy Final , which was the first time the club had won a national knockout competition . A week later they returned to Wembley for the play @-@ off final , where they beat Luton Town 2 – 1 , with goals from Ashley Chambers and Matty Blair . The club was promoted into League Two , returning to the Football League after an eight @-@ year absence . In between the two matches at Wembley , City of York Council granted planning permission for a new community stadium to be built at Monks Cross .
York started 2012 – 13 by winning five of fourteen matches , and by late @-@ October 2012 were ninth in the table . They dropped down the table in the following months , but were still in contention for a play @-@ off place after beating Burton Albion 3 – 0 in the New Year . After this match , York failed to win eleven consecutive matches , and Mills was sacked in March 2013 after a 2 – 0 home defeat to Bradford City . Under his replacement , former Northern Ireland manager Nigel Worthington , York avoided relegation by winning four of their last five matches . They finished their first League Two season in seventeenth place . York won four of their first twenty @-@ three matches of 2013 – 14 , and by late @-@ December 2013 were third from the bottom of the table . A number of influential signings in January 2014 helped York improve their form , and from early @-@ February they were unbeaten in seventeen consecutive matches , conceding no goals from open play . York finished in seventh place and played Fleetwood Town in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final . After losing the first leg 1 – 0 at home , they drew 0 – 0 at Highbury Stadium in the second leg . Worthington resigned as manager in October 2014 after York won only one of their opening fourteen matches of 2014 – 15 . He was succeeded by former Scunthorpe United manager Russ Wilcox . York remained in the lower reaches of the table . They avoided relegation with a late @-@ season run of four wins from five matches , and they finished the season in eighteenth place .
With York twenty @-@ first in the table after a nine @-@ match run without a league win , Wilcox was sacked in October 2015 . He was succeeded in November 2015 by the former Dundee United manager Jackie McNamara .
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= June 2009 Washington Metro train collision =
During the afternoon rush hour of June 22 , 2009 , a subway train @-@ on @-@ train collision occurred between two southbound Red Line Washington Metro trains in Northeast , Washington , D.C. , United States . A moving train collided with a train stopped ahead of it ; the train operator and eight passengers were killed , making it the deadliest crash in the history of the Washington Metro . Several survivors were trapped for hours , and approximately 80 were injured .
The NTSB investigation found that after a June 17 replacement of a track circuit component at what became the site of the June 22 collision , the track circuit had been suffering from parasitic oscillations which left it unable to reliably report when that stretch of track was occupied by a train . The struck train came to a stop because of traffic ahead . Because the entire train was within the faulty circuit , it became invisible to the Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) system . The train behind it was therefore commanded to proceed at 55 mph . The operator of the striking train applied the emergency brake after the stopped train came into full view but there was not enough time to prevent the collision , which occurred at approximately 44 mph .
= = Collision = =
At approximately 4 : 57 pm EDT ( 20 : 57 UTC ) on Monday , June 22 , 2009 , Washington Metro Train 112 , bound from Glenmont for Shady Grove , left the Takoma station . Minutes later at 5 : 02 pm , Train 112 rear @-@ ended Train 214 , which was stopped between the Takoma and Fort Totten stations while waiting for another train to leave the Fort Totten station . Nine people were killed , including the operator in the lead car of the moving train , Jeanice McMillan , 42 , of Springfield , Virginia ; at least 80 people were injured . The death toll makes the crash the deadliest in Metro history .
The NTSB found that Train 214 had come to a stop entirely within the faulty circuit B2 @-@ 304 , making it effectively invisible to the automatic train control system . Other trains had received speed commands of 0 when traveling through this circuit but had enough forward momentum to make it to the next circuit and resume detection and receipt of speed commands from the ATC system . Train 214 was going slower than normal because it was being driven in manual mode by its operator , and it came to a stop while remaining on circuit B2 @-@ 304 and was therefore invisible . Train 112 behind it was given full speed commands by the ATC to proceed on the track . The investigation found that the emergency brakes had been applied by the operator of train 112 when train 214 came into view but it was too late to avert the collision .
A series of almost @-@ collisions in 2005 in similar circumstances in the tunnel between Foggy Bottom and Rosslyn stations led to a new test procedure which would have identified the faulty circuit after installation . However , by 2009 , Metro engineers were unaware of this incident or the tests developed to detect the failure condition .
= = = Rolling stock involved = = =
Train 112 ( the moving train ) was made up of cars 1079 , 1078 , 1071 , 1070 , 1130 and 1131 — all from the 1000 @-@ Series . Train 214 ( the stationary train ) was made up of cars 3036 , 3037 , 3257 , 3256 , 5067 and 5066 , from the Breda 3000 @-@ Series and the CAF 5000 @-@ Series . The cars are equipped with on @-@ board systems called Automatic Train Operation and Automatic Train Control , which allow autonomous operation with little human intervention .
= = Response = =
At 5 : 20 pm , rescuers first entered car 1079 , the lead car of train 112 . This car had telescoped over the rear car of the stationary train , trapping many passengers who required rescue by emergency workers using ladders for access . Survivors described the crash as " like ... hit [ ting ] a concrete wall , " with air clouded by smoke and debris , and panic among passengers when car doors did not immediately open .
Dennis Oglesby and Martin Griffith , two United States Army soldiers who were in the lead train and were uninjured in the collision , helped passengers , most of whom appeared to have minor injuries , evacuate from their train . Oglesby and Griffith then noticed that six to eight people from the other train had been ejected by the force of the collision and were more seriously injured . One person from the overtaking train had been thrown onto the roof of the stationary train and had suffered a severe head wound . The soldiers gave first aid to the more seriously injured victims until help arrived , and informed responding emergency personnel that the rails were still powered and needed to be shut down .
Immediately following the collision , firefighters and paramedics from District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services were dispatched to the Takoma Metro station , and arrived at the location of the collision soon after . D.C. Fire Chief Dennis Rubin stated that the initial 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 emergency calls made the incident seem small , but after firefighters arrived on scene , they dispatched mass casualty incident teams . Within two hours , more than 200 firefighters were on @-@ scene in response to the three @-@ alarm incident . Rescuers worked through the night of June 22 , using cranes and heavy rescue equipment to free trapped passengers and search for bodies .
Chief Rubin initially confirmed four fatalities ( including the train operator ) and 74 injuries , 14 of which were considered moderate and 6 critical . Five of the dead were discovered in the wreckage and removed from the site of the collision on the morning of June 23 , as cranes dismantling the wrecked trains revealed the bodies . Nine fatalities were eventually confirmed . Major General ( ret . ) David F. Wherley , Jr. of the District of Columbia Air National Guard – known for deploying fighter jets to defend Washington , D.C. during the September 11 attacks – was killed in the collision along with his wife , Ann ; the other passengers killed in the crash were Lavonda King , Veronica DuBose , Cameron Williams , Dennis Hawkins , Mary Doolittle , and Ana Fernandez .
According to Daniel Kaniewski , a former George W. Bush administration homeland security official now with the Homeland Security Policy Institute at George Washington University , the overall emergency response was " calm and ordered " , indicating that U.S. emergency response " during extraordinary incidents [ has ] significantly improved " since the September 11 attacks .
= = = Service disruption = = =
Immediately following the incident , Red Line services were suspended between the Fort Totten and Takoma stations , and New Hampshire Avenue was closed . Service between the Silver Spring and Rhode Island Ave – Brentwood stations was suspended pending the completion of the initial investigation and the clearing of debris . This section was expected to remain shut down at least through June 23 . Washington Mayor Adrian Fenty said that transportation " all along the East Coast will be significantly impacted " , as Amtrak and MARC Trains run on tracks adjacent to the crash site . Bus services were effected to route Metrorail passengers around the closed track , but area commuting was severely affected . The federal government urged its employees in the capital area to telecommute on June 23 if possible . The Red Line was projected to be very crowded after resumption of service and the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) advised people to take alternate bus routes . The replacement bus shuttle between the affected stations was expected to be subjected to long delays .
Services were restored in both directions on Saturday , June 27 , but with a reduced maximum speed of 35 mph on the entire Red Line , and slower speeds in the area of the collision .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Initial inquiry = = =
Shortly after the incident , WMATA General Manager John Catoe stated that the cause was not known but that " the system is safe . " The National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) began an investigation . WMATA and NTSB investigators considered several possible causes , which might include operator error , brake failure , fault in the computerized signal and operation system , or a combination of the three . During rush hour operation , train movement is typically controlled by a centralized computer system , and a separate decentralized system can automatically apply the brakes to prevent a collision . These systems had failed at least once in the past , and the NTSB subsequently identified incompatible specifications , from the maximum deceleration capability of the trains to the deceleration rates used in the wayside system design . The train has a manual emergency brake , which can be applied by the driver in the event of an imminent collision , if the driver can see and identify the hazard with sufficient time to stop . Officials indicated that the manual brake was indeed engaged . It is possible that the brake system failed to perform as designed , or that the operator applied the brake too late . The lead car of the moving train was two months overdue for scheduled brake maintenance . In a press conference the evening of June 22 , Catoe stated that the last car on the stopped train was a CAF 5000 @-@ Series car ( car 5066 ) , which entered service in 2001 , and that the lead car on the moving train was a Rohr Industries 1000 @-@ Series car . WMATA later confirmed that all of the cars on the moving train were 1000 @-@ Series .
The 1000 @-@ Series entered service in 1976 when the Metro system opened , and were refurbished and had their motors converted from DC to AC propulsion by Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie in the mid @-@ 1990s . In 2006 , the NTSB cited the 1000 @-@ Series cars as " vulnerable to catastrophic telescoping damage and complete loss of occupant survival space in a longitudinal end @-@ structure collision " . It recommended refurbishment of the entire series after a 2004 collision at the Woodley Park station in which a 1000 @-@ Series Rohr car telescoped into another train . In this case , NTSB 's Hersman confirmed that , " the first car [ of the striking train ] overrode the rear car [ of the struck train ] , and much of the survivable space on that first car of the striking train was compromised " . The NTSB called for the accelerated retirement of the 1000 @-@ Series cars , or urged that they be " retrofitted with crashworthiness collision protection that is comparable to 6000 @-@ Series car railcars . " Additionally , the 1000 @-@ Series cars lack data recorders that could be used in determining the cause of a crash . During the press conference , Catoe stated that he had " no basis to suspend the use of 1000 @-@ Series cars at this time " . However , WMATA later announced a decision to no longer use the 1000 @-@ Series cars as the lead or trailing units of any trains .
On June 24 , WMATA issued a press release stating that the agency is " not likely to know the cause for several weeks or months as the investigation unfolds . " Twenty @-@ four hours after the incident , the NTSB confirmed that evidence indicated that the emergency brake had been engaged by the operator . Additionally , the striking train was in automatic mode and so the on @-@ board software should have stopped the train .
On June 25 , NTSB tests of the 740 @-@ foot ( 230 m ) long track circuit below the stopped train showed that it did not work correctly , failing to detect the presence of a test train that investigators had placed on it . Hersman said , " These circuits are vital . It 's a signal system . It 's providing information , authorization and speed commands to the following train , " but stopped short of blaming them in this case . WMATA had replaced all 20 @,@ 000 track circuit relays system @-@ wide in 1999 , after a component designed to last 70 years began failing after only 25 years in service , but the agency claims that none of the newer relays had failed prior to this event . WMATA ordered the inspection of all track circuits on its 106 miles ( 171 km ) of track after the NTSB test . On July 23 , the NTSB announced that the track circuit at the accident site had been malfunctioning since 2007 , 18 months prior to the collision , and WMATA has since found six other circuits within the system that have been behaving unusually . WMATA disabled each circuit that could not be immediately fixed and created an online circuit tracking system , similar to its elevator outage tracker .
= = = NTSB report = = =
The NTSB report on the accident was released on July 27 , 2010 , and blamed a faulty track circuit , part of the automatic train control system , for causing the crash . WMATA made a press release detailing changes on July 26 in anticipation of the release of the report .
= = Memorials = =
On June 22 , 2015 , the sixth anniversary of the accident , the Legacy Memorial Park in honor of the victims was opened ; ground was broken exactly one year previously by Mayor Vincent C. Gray . The park features a memorial wall and nine inscribed sculptures , one in honor of each person killed in the crash . The sculptures were created by sculptor Barbara Liotta , and the memorial was designed by the firm of Hunt Laudi ; the design is titled A Sacred Grove . Representatives of victims ' families and city government officials attended the dedication , but Metro officials did not . The park is located at the entrance to Blair Memorial Gardens , which is close to the site of the collision .
The same week as the memorial dedication , the National Transportation Safety Board held hearings related to another fatal incident in the Metro system , one which happened earlier in 2015 ; the juxtaposition of the two events was noted by some commentators .
On the third anniversary of the crash , a plaque on the Charles Landley Bridge was unveiled . The bridge crosses the rail tracks at the site of the accident , and a makeshift memorial had been maintained there by victims ' families . NTSB chairwoman Deborah Hersman attended the unveiling along with Mayor Gray . Another memorial plaque was also installed , by Metro officials , at Fort Totten station ; it was subject to complaints from relatives of the dead , who claimed that it was insensitive .
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= Angry Dad : The Movie =
" Angry Dad : The Movie " is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons ' twenty @-@ second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 20 , 2011 . The plot of the episode involves Bart winning many awards for his new short film based on his web cartoon series Angry Dad , which was first introduced in " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " , while Homer takes credit for the film during acceptance speeches .
" Angry Dad : The Movie " was written by John Frink and directed by Matthew Nastuk , with Ricky Gervais , Halle Berry , Russell Brand , Maurice LaMarche , Nick Park and J. B. Smoove guest starring . Cultural references in the episode include Pixar Animation Studios , Toy Story , Wallace and Gromit , Kung Fu Panda , Ms. Pac @-@ Man , SpongeBob SquarePants and the 68th Golden Globe Award ceremony .
The episode was viewed in an estimated 6 @.@ 35 million households , with a 2 @.@ 8 Nielsen rating , marking a slight rise in audience from the previous episode , while the episode was the twenty @-@ fifth most viewed show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 – 49 . Critical reception of the episode was generally positive , with critics praising the episode 's use of visual gags and cultural references .
= = Plot = =
Bart is visited by Ermon Millwood , whose company makes films out of web cartoon series . Millwood offers Bart a chance to make a film adaptation of the web cartoon Angry Dad . Bart accepts , and Millwood takes him to film studio animators . Homer is soon offered the opportunity to voice Angry Dad , as the voice actor from the original Angry Dad series has dropped out of frustration of never being paid . The film is test screened to a horrible reception . Lisa convinces Bart to remove all of the parts the audience did not like , thus making the Angry Dad a short film . The film is shortly thereafter nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Animated Short .
At the Golden Globe ceremony , Angry Dad wins , and Homer takes credit in his acceptance speech for creating the film , to the dismay of Bart. Homer takes credit at many other awards ceremonies . Angry Dad soon receives an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short Film . Out of frustration against Homer for taking the credit , Bart attempts to distract Homer from going by making him and Marge go on an attraction tour in Los Angeles while he and Lisa attend the awards . However , Homer gets recognized by others who take him to the ceremony . Homer arrives in time to see Angry Dad win the Oscar . Bart goes up to accept the Oscar and thanks Lisa for having the idea to make the film into a short film , the animation studio , and Homer . Touched by this , Homer gets up on stage with Bart and apologizes to him for taking all the credit , and the two agree to cut up the Oscar and give a piece to everyone on the animation team . Bart asks if Homer had gotten a replacement from the Academy , but Homer confides to him that the Award is only five dollars on eBay , while Maggie is sucking on the replacement .
= = Production = =
Angry Dad first appeared in the season 13 episode " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " . In the show , it is a comic book and web series that Bart created based on Homer 's constant fits of rage . In this episode , Bart and Homer make a short film about the character , which wins a number of awards . Executive producer Al Jean said it is " a bit of a satire of the different Oscar acceptances where two people clearly race to the stage to get there first , and Homer and Bart are fighting to be the one that accepts . " Academy Award winner Halle Berry guest starred as herself . She was designed to be wearing a similar dress to the one she wore at the 74th Academy Awards in 2002 . Ricky Gervais appeared as himself , his second guest appearance on the show after season 17 's " Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife " . The episode aired a month after Gervais hosted the 68th Golden Globe Awards , which was criticized by some as being mean @-@ spirited .
Comedian Russell Brand guest starred as himself . He told The Sun that , " I was having an amazing birthday party and found out I was going into space . Then my agent says , ' Oh , The Simpsons want you in an episode . ' Once you 've gone yellow , you 've made it . My ideal show would be where I have a cartoon relapse with Barney and Homer and get smashed out of my mind with them . "
= = Cultural references = =
This episode of The Simpsons featured multiple references to animation and Hollywood . Pixar is referenced in the episode as " Mixar " . In the 1999 era of the studio you can hear the song " Bye Bye Bye " by NSYNC . The short film Condiments serves as a parody of the Pixar film Toy Story , and the song " You 've Got an Enemy " ( sung by Castellaneta impersonating Randy Newman ) references " You 've Got a Friend in Me " . Willis and Crumble parodies Wallace and Gromit , and uses the same style of stop @-@ motion animation . Nick Park , the creator of Wallace and Gromit , has a voice cameo as himself . Multiple other short film fragments further lampooned other movies including The Triplets of Belleville and Persepolis . The episode also references Ricky Gervais 's controversial hosting stunt at the 68th Golden Globe Awards , with a sign featuring a picture of him alongside a caption reading " Do Not Allow This Man To Host " . The montage of Angry Dad winning awards uses the theme from Jurassic Park . The opening Itchy & Scratchy skit is a parody of The Bride being trained in Kill Bill : Volume 2 and a composition similar to Ennio Morricone 's " L 'arena " ( used in the film ) can be heard . Homer thanks " the cute one from The Bangles " during his acceptance speech .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Angry Dad : The Movie " was viewed by an estimated 6 @.@ 35 million households , with a 2 @.@ 8 Nielsen rating and 8 % share of the audience among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode marked a slight rise in the ratings from the previous episode , " The Blue and the Gray " . " Angry Dad : The Movie " was the twenty @-@ fifth most viewed show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 – 49 .
" Angry Dad : The Movie " received generally positive reviews from critics , with many of them praising the " visual gags " featured in the episode . TV Squad writer Brad Trechak praised the episode 's use of Hollywood references writing that " that 's what good episodes of ' The Simpsons ' are made of " . He also praised Gervais 's performance calling his two monologues " classic " . The A.V. Club 's Rowan Kaiser praised the multiple references layered in the episode commenting that they saved the episode from being " mediocre " . Despite this , he criticized the plot commenting that it did not come " from the heart of the show " . He ultimately gave the episode a B- , being beaten only by Bob 's Burgers episode " Hamburger Dinner Theater " . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly mostly praised the short films competing against " Angry Dad " calling them " the truly amusing stuff " and adding that Condiments was a " very accomplished replication of Pixar " . However , he was critical of the guest stars , noting that , " None of them were very funny , but that was the joke — they were parodying the toadying tone of awards patter . Well , Brand and Berry were ; Gervais seemed to have improvised a lot of Gervais @-@ y stream @-@ of @-@ jokiness blather that he may well have intended to be funny " . Aly Semigran of MTV praised the episode for its animation parodies , writing , " Sure , Toy Story and Wallace and Gromit might enjoy more Oscar love than their animated brethren , but The Simpsons send @-@ ups were nothing if not a brilliant tip @-@ of @-@ the @-@ hat to all of those films " .
The episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards , but lost to the Futurama episode " The Late Philip J. Fry " .
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= Pygmy three @-@ toed sloth =
The pygmy three @-@ toed sloth ( Bradypus pygmaeus ) , also known as the monk sloth or dwarf sloth , is a sloth endemic to Isla Escudo de Veraguas , a small island off the coast of Panama . The species was first described by Robert P. Anderson of the University of Kansas and Charles O. Handley Jr . , of the Smithsonian Institution in 2001 . The pygmy three @-@ toed sloth is significantly smaller than the other three members of its genus , but otherwise resembles the brown @-@ throated three @-@ toed sloth . According to Anderson and Handley Jr . , the head @-@ and @-@ body length is between 48 and 53 centimetres ( 19 and 21 in ) , and the body mass ranges from 2 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 5 kg ( 5 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 7 lb ) .
This sloth , like other sloths , is arboreal ( tree @-@ living ) and feeds on leaves . It is symbiotically associated with green algae , that can provide it with a camouflage . Details of mating behavior and reproduction have not been documented . The pygmy three @-@ toed sloth is found exclusively in the red mangroves of Isla Escudos de Veraguas , restricted to an area of 4 @.@ 3 square kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 sq mi ) . A 2012 census of pygmy three @-@ toed sloths estimated the total population at 79 . The IUCN lists the pygmy three @-@ toed sloth as critically endangered .
= = Discovery and taxonomy = =
The pygmy three @-@ toed sloth was first described by Robert P. Anderson of the University of Kansas and Charles O. Handley Jr . , of the Smithsonian Institution in 2001 . The researchers noted that the three @-@ toed sloths endemic to Isla Escudo de Veraguas , a small island off the coast of Panama , are significantly smaller than those that occur on the nearby outer islands of Bocas del Toro Province . Moreover , they differ from other populations in terms of pelage and cranial characteristics . Hence , they considered the three @-@ toed sloths in Isla Escudo de Veraguas to be an independent species and formally described it from the skin and skull of an adult female . The researchers further pointed out that Isla Escudos de Veraguas is the oldest island and located farthest from the mainland , that began breaking up into small islands due to rises in sea levels 10 @,@ 000 years ago . They proposed that this species evolved from an isolated population that had originated from the mainland population of brown @-@ throated three @-@ toed sloths ; it gradually differentiated enough to become an independent species through insular dwarfism . In another study the following year , the researchers observed that the mean body size of three @-@ toed sloths on an island decreases linearly as the age of the island increases ; the area of the island and the distance from the mainland , however , do not appear to significantly affect dwarfing .
The pygmy three @-@ toed sloth is one of the four members of the genus Bradypus , and is classified under the family Bradypodidae . A 2004 phylogenetic analysis suggested that Bradypus is sister to all other folivorans . The generic name Bradypus is the combination of two Greek words : brady ( " slow " ) and pous ( " foot " ) . The specific name pygmaeus comes from the Greek pugmaios ( " as small as a fist " ) . ' Monk sloth ' and ' dwarf sloth ' are two other names for this sloth .
= = Characteristics = =
The pygmy three @-@ toed sloth is significantly smaller than the other members of its genus , but otherwise resembles the brown @-@ throated sloth . According to Anderson and Handley Jr . , the head @-@ and @-@ body length is between 48 and 53 centimetres ( 19 and 21 in ) , and the body mass ranges from 2 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 5 kg ( 5 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 7 lb ) . The brown @-@ throated sloth is nearly 40 % heavier and 15 % smaller in head @-@ and @-@ body length than the pygmy three @-@ toed sloth . Moreover , the brown @-@ throated sloth is lighter on the crown . The face is buff to tan ; a dark band runs across the brow , surrounded by an orange patch . The throat is gray to brown , lighter than the underbelly ; the dark brown back is spotted and has a dark stripe along the midline . Facial hair is short , while the long , rough hair on the crown and shoulders forms a hood . The grayish limbs have three claws each . The tail is 4 @.@ 5 to 6 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) long .
They have a relatively small and slender skull , with a large external auditory meatus , narrow squamosal and mandibular processes , a minuscule stylomastoid foramen , and usually lack foramina for the external carotid artery and anterodorsal ( meaning in front and toward the back ) nasopharynx . The dental formula of three @-@ toed sloths is : 54 – 5 Two of the teeth in each jaw are incisor @-@ like , although those in the upper jaw are small or may be absent . Many of the features found in pygmy sloths are thought to be indicative of a relatively rapid evolution of a new species in an isolated , island habitat .
= = Distribution and status = =
The pygmy three @-@ toed sloth is unique in that it is found exclusively in the red mangroves of Isla Escudos de Veraguas ; it is confined to a small area of approximately 4 @.@ 3 square kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 sq mi ) . A 2012 census of pygmy three @-@ toed sloths estimated the total population at 79 – of which 70 occurred on mangroves and 9 in the surroundings . The population density was calculated as 5 @.@ 8 per hectare . The total area occupied by mangroves on the island was estimated to be around 10 @.@ 67 hectares ( 0 @.@ 0412 sq mi ) . While their population has presumably always been low due to their restricted range , the 2012 census found far lower numbers than had been estimated ( less than 500 ) by the IUCN in 2010 .
The IUCN lists the pygmy three @-@ toed sloth as critically endangered ; it is also listed in CITES Appendix II . According to the IUCN , conservation efforts are being hampered by conflict between locals and the government . Threats to the sloth 's survival include timber harvesting and human settlement , that might lead to habitat degradation . Studies in 2010 and 2013 suggested a recent population bottleneck and decline in genetic variability .
= = Ecology and behavior = =
The pygmy three @-@ toed sloth , like others in its genus , is an arboreal ( tree @-@ living ) animal . This sloth can spend as many as 15 to 20 hours on trees . It moves at an extremely slow speed of 0 @.@ 24 kilometres per hour ( 0 @.@ 15 mph ) , making it one of the slowest animals . The pygmy three @-@ toed sloth is symbiotically related to green algae ; a 2010 study investigated this in detail . Different sloths harbour different types of algae – only Tricophilus species were found on the brown @-@ throated and pygmy three @-@ toed sloths . These algae discolor the fur of the sloth , giving it a greenish hue – this serves as an efficient camouflage . Some of these algae might be transferred to offspring through the mother , others may be picked up from the surroundings over time . The smaller size of pygmy sloths reduces their energy requirements for survival and reproduction , making them an apparent example of insular dwarfism . A BBC documentary , in which English naturalist Chris Packham recognizes the pygmy three @-@ toed sloth as the first in his list of the top ten discoveries in the 2000s , shows a rare clip of a swimming pygmy three @-@ toed sloth .
Like other sloths , the pygmy three @-@ toed sloth feeds on leaves . It feeds on red mangrove leaves , which are relatively poor in nutrients and coarser than the tender leaves of Cecropia species eaten by brown @-@ throated sloths on the mainland . Details of mating behavior and reproduction have not been documented .
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= Alaska Airlines =
Alaska Airlines is an American airline based in the Seattle metropolitan area , Washington . Before this they were McGee Airways in 1932 , offering flights from Anchorage , Alaska . Today , Alaska has flights to more than one hundred destinations in the contiguous United States , Alaska , Hawaii , Canada , Costa Rica and Mexico . The airline is a major air carrier and , along with its sister airline Horizon Air , is part of the Alaska Air Group . The airline has been ranked by J. D. Power and Associates as having the highest customer satisfaction of the traditional airlines for nine consecutive years .
The airline operates its largest hub at Seattle – Tacoma International Airport ( known as Sea @-@ Tac ) . Although most of its revenue and traffic comes from locations outside of Alaska , the airline plays a major role in air transportation in the state . It operates many flights linking small towns to major transportation hubs and carries more passengers between Alaska and the contiguous United States than any other airline .
Alaska Airlines is not a member of any of the three major airline alliances . However , it has codeshare agreements with some members of oneworld , such as American Airlines , British Airways , and LATAM Chile , and with some SkyTeam members , including Air France , Korean Air and Delta Air Lines . Delta , despite cooperating through codeshares , is a major competitor to Alaska Air in its Sea @-@ Tac market . The Alaska Air Group has been a part of the Dow Jones Transportation Average since 2011 , when it replaced the then @-@ parent company of American Airlines , AMR Corporation , in the index .
= = History = =
= = = Early years ( 1932 – 1945 ) = = =
The airline traces its roots to McGee Airways , which was started by Linious " Mac " McGee in 1932 . The airline flew its inaugural service between Anchorage and Bristol Bay with a Stinson single @-@ engined , three @-@ passenger aircraft . At the time , there were no scheduled flights ; a flight took place when there were passengers or a load of cargo or mail .
It was the middle of the Great Depression and the airline was struggling financially . There were too many airlines in Anchorage at the time , and not enough demand to support them . In the next few years the airline performed many mergers and acquisitions that produced changes in the name and saw business expand throughout Alaska . The first of these mergers was in 1934 , when McGee sold his namesake airline for US $ 50 @,@ 000 to Star Air Service , an airline also located in Anchorage . This allowed McGee to enter the mining industry . With a fleet of fifteen aircraft , Star Air Service was a dominant airline in Alaska . But Star continued to struggle financially because of high maintenance costs for its wooden planes .
In 1937 , McGee came back to the airline and opened a liquor store , and the airline began flying liquor to remote Alaskan communities . That year , Star Air Service purchased Alaska Interior Airlines and was incorporated as Star Air Lines . Star was again sold later that year to a group of miners .
In 1938 , federal regulation began when Congress created the Civil Aeronautics Board ( CAB ) . The CAB awarded the airline most of the routes that it wanted in Alaska , but the coveted route between Seattle and Anchorage was awarded to Pan American Airways .
In 1941 , Star Air Service was purchased by Raymond Marshall , a businessman from New York . In 1942 , the airline purchased three other airlines in Alaska , Lavery Air Service , Mirow Air Service , and Pollack Flying Service as well as a hangar at the Anchorage airport . That year , the airline 's name was changed to Alaska Star Airlines . The name Alaska Airlines was adopted on May 2 , 1944 having narrowly beaten a competitor who was also applying for the name . In the 1940s Alaska 's headquarters were in Anchorage .
When the United States entered World War II in December 1941 , Alaska Airlines faced a shortage of pilots . During the war , the airline lacked funds and equipment , and pilots were often forced to buy fuel for their planes out of their own pockets . The company , which was frequently subjected to lawsuits , also went through many different presidents during this time . In 1943 , Alaska Airlines purchased the Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar , its first multi @-@ engine aircraft . That same year the company 's stock was traded for the very first time on the American Stock Exchange .
= = = Expansion after World War II ( 1945 – 1949 ) = = =
In 1945 , Alaska Airlines hired its first stewardesses . In 1947 , James Wooten became president of the airline and he began to expand the airline greatly . Under his leadership , the company purchased many surplus military aircraft from the government that were used during World War II . The airline purchased Douglas DC @-@ 3s , Douglas DC @-@ 4s and Curtiss @-@ Wright C @-@ 46 Commandos . Alaska Airlines was the first carrier certified to operate DC @-@ 3s on skis .
Alaska Airlines ' large charter business made it profitable , and the airline moved its base of operations to Paine Field , an airport north of Seattle . It kept a branch office in Anchorage , however . Despite its success , Alaska Airlines ' worldwide charter business was short @-@ lived . In 1949 , the CAB tightened its regulations and placed heavy fines on the airline and shut it down completely for safety violations . The airline was prohibited from operating worldwide charter flights , and president James Wooten left the company . Also in 1949 , Alaska Air began operating five Bell 47B helicopters in order to support oil exploration on the North Slope thus becoming the first airline in Alaska to operate rotary @-@ wing aircraft .
In 1949 , the airlines lifted many Jews out of Yemen to Israel in what became known as Operation Magic Carpet . C @-@ 46 or DC @-@ 4 aircraft were used for the nearly 3000 miles flight , From Eritrea to Aden then along the Gulf of Aqaba to Tel @-@ Aviv . The planes then flew to Cyprus in fear of the bombings . More than 40 @,@ 000 Yemenite Jews were airlifted by Alaska Airlines and other carriers .
= = = New leadership ( 1950s ) = = =
Alaska Airlines started the 1950s without its worldwide charter business and operations restricted to the state of Alaska . In 1950 , it purchased two smaller Alaskan airlines , Collins Air Service and Al Jones Airways .
Though the airline had grown much under the ownership of Raymond Marshall , the CAB forced him out in 1951 due to continuing financial troubles . Also , Marshall had owned Alaska Airlines with the intent of getting money for himself and he was not concerned about the long @-@ term stability of the company . In 1951 , the CAB awarded Alaska Airlines with a temporary certificate allowing them to operate on routes from the Alaskan cities of Anchorage and Fairbanks to Seattle and Portland in the contiguous United States ; this award would become permanent in 1957 .
In 1952 , the CAB appointed Nelson David as president , and he began to improve the financial stability of the airline . By 1957 , with the carrier in a better financial situation , David left and Charles Willis , Jr. became the company 's new president and CEO . A pilot during WWII , Willis introduced several marketing gimmicks that set the airline apart from other ones of the day . Under his leadership , Alaska Airlines became the first to show inflight movies . The company began service of the Douglas DC @-@ 6 , the airline 's first pressurized plane , enabling flights above clouds and weather disturbances . On these DC @-@ 6 's , the airline introduced " Golden Nugget " service , which included an on @-@ board saloon and piano .
= = = The jet age ( 1960s ) = = =
In 1961 , competitors began introducing jets on routes Alaska Airlines flew . To counter this competition , Willis negotiated with aircraft manufacturer Convair to purchase a Convair 880 jetliner with no money down for use on routes between Alaska and the contiguous United States . The company introduced the new jet aircraft the same year . In 1966 the company received its first Boeing 727 @-@ 100 jets and also removed the Convair 880 from the fleet as a financing condition by Boeing concerning the purchase of the 727 jetliners . Several of Alaska 's first 727s were series 100C models which could be operated either as all cargo freighters , in an all passenger configuration or as mixed passenger / freight combi aircraft . In the spring of 1967 , greatly increased passenger loads required quick addition of fleet aircraft and Alaska purchased a Convair 990 jetliner formerly operated by Brazilian air carrier Varig as PP @-@ JVE which then became Alaska Airlines N987AS . This aircraft remained in service along with an increased fleet of Boeing 727 @-@ 100 's which were then joined by stretched Boeing 727 @-@ 200s which in turn became Alaska Airlines ' signature aircraft for the next 25 years . It also became the first carrier to fly the Lockheed L @-@ 100 Hercules ( L382 model ) , the civil version of the military C @-@ 130 cargo turboprop , which was used to transport oil drilling rigs to Alaska 's North Slope and later to Ecuador . Alaska also owned Lockheed Constellation propliners including two Lockheed L @-@ 1649A Starliners from 1962 to 1968 , and three L @-@ 1049 's which were used for Military Air Transport Service operations . Smaller prop and turboprop aircraft were also operated , including the Convair 240 , de Havilland Canada DHC @-@ 6 Twin Otter and Super Catalina amphibian aircraft as well as two versions of the Grumman Goose amphibian aircraft , one with piston engines and the other model being a conversion to turboprop engines which the airline called the " Turbo @-@ Goose " .
During this time , Alaska Air faced some tough competition with other airlines such as Northwest Airlines , Pan Am and Pacific Northern Airlines , the latter being an Alaska @-@ based air carrier operating Boeing 720 jetliners which was subsequently acquired by and merged into Western Airlines in 1967 . Northwest and Pan Am at different times operated Boeing 747 wide body jetliners on their services to Alaska with Northwest flying Seattle @-@ Anchorage nonstop with the jumbo jet and Pan Am flying Seattle @-@ Fairbanks nonstop with the 747 . To set itself apart from the competition , Alaska Air turned to some cheap but imaginative gimmicks such as having safety instructions read as rhymes , staging fashion shows in the aisles and having bingo games on board while en route .
In December 1962 Air Guinée signed a contract with Alaska Airlines which saw the latter company providing management expertise , in addition to two Douglas DC @-@ 6s . The deal would have seen Alaska Airlines contracting with the airline over a seven @-@ year period but the contract ended after only six months , leading to the United States Agency for International Development paying a US $ 700 @,@ 000 debt owed by the Guinean airline to Alaska Airlines .
In 1965 , Alaska Airlines turned over some routes between small Alaskan communities , as well as some smaller aircraft , to Wien Air Alaska . This allowed Alaska to focus on more heavily traveled routes and allowed them to sell off smaller aircraft .
Throughout the 1960s , Alaska Airlines worked to promote tourism to Alaska by offering charter flights to the continental United States . In an attempt to increase the state 's appeal , Alaska Airlines conducted a promotional tour of Japan in 1963 . In 1967 , as the state of Alaska celebrated its centennial , Alaska Airlines introduced a promotional " Gay Nineties " theme with stewardesses dressed in Edwardian outfits . That year , Alaska Airlines expanded to southeast Alaska with the introduction of service to Sitka . This led to the purchase of two smaller airlines , Alaska Coastal Airlines and Cordova Airlines , in 1968 .
= = = Economic hardship ( 1970s ) = = =
In the beginning of the 1970s , Alaska Airlines began charter service to Siberia in the Soviet Union . This was the result of three years of secret negotiations between Alaska Airlines and Soviet authorities , in which the US Department of State reluctantly chose not to block the plan for fear of a potentially negative response from the Soviets . The airline gained permission to fly more than two @-@ dozen flights in 1970 , 1971 and 1972 . Alaska Airlines was also operating Boeing 707 , Boeing 720 and Boeing 720B jetliners during the early and mid 1970s .
However , the airline was not in good financial shape at that time . Like much of the airline industry , Alaska Airlines was hit with rising fuel and operating costs and was on the verge of bankruptcy . Revenues were significantly reduced when work on the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System was delayed . The airline 's cargo aircraft had played a key role in building the pipeline , but now sat idle . The airline took another blow on September 4 , 1971 , when a Boeing 727 @-@ 100 jetliner crashed on landing in Juneau , killing 111 people and resulting in the worst single @-@ plane crash at the time . Because the airline was struggling financially , the airline 's board ousted the president and CEO Charles Willis . Former board member Ronald Cosgrave succeeded him . The airline was US $ 22 million in debt when Cosgrave took over , so Cosgrave began to make major cuts . The airline 's cargo business was dropped completely , as well as many flights and employees . Cosgrave also sought to improve the airline 's tarnished image of " Elastic Airlines . " The logo was changed to an image of a smiling Eskimo , which remains today . As a result of these efforts , the airline made a profit in 1973 and continued to be profitable thereafter .
= = = Post @-@ deregulation expansion ( 1978 – 1990 ) = = =
Alaska Airlines was one of only three US carriers that supported the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act , knowing that they would reap significant growth and other benefits from deregulation . After deregulation , the company 's real @-@ estate division was spun off into its own company , with Cosgrave becoming its chairman . Leadership of the airline was passed to Bruce Kennedy , a close associate of Cosgrave . Cosgrave made an alliance with Alaska Airlines to purchase competitor Wien Air Alaska , but this ultimately failed and resulted in fines for Alaska Air and its leaders for improprieties during the attempted acquisition .
At the time of deregulation , Alaska Airlines served ten cities in Alaska and one in the contiguous US — the city of Seattle — , and it had only ten planes in its fleet . Immediately after deregulation , the airline began to expand , adding the cities of Portland and San Francisco to its network . Soon later , the airline resumed services to the Alaskan cities Nome and Kotzebue , and it also introduced service to Palm Springs , California . Burbank and Ontario were added in 1981 . In 1979 , Alaska also studied the possibility of acquiring and merging with Hughes Air West , however this never came to fruition . Other cities in the continental US that were added to the airline 's route map by 1985 were Oakland and San Jose in California , Spokane in Washington , Boise in Idaho , and Phoenix and Tucson in Arizona .
Deregulation also brought challenges to the airline , however . The airline was faced with increased competition and inflation that put tremendous pressure on costs , profits and salaries . By 1979 , competitors Northwest Airlines and Western Airlines were both flying wide body McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 jets on the core Anchorage @-@ Seattle nonstop route with additional competition being provided by Wien Air Alaska which had begun flying nonstop jet service between Anchorage and Seattle . Northwest was operating nonstop DC @-@ 10 service on the Fairbanks @-@ Seattle route at this time as well . There were also tensions with unions , particularly mechanics and flight attendants . In 1985 , the company had a three @-@ month @-@ long strike with its machinists . By June the same year , it was able to end the strike by promising to reduce labor costs and maintain peace with unions . In November 1985 , the airline introduced a daily air @-@ freight service called Gold Streak with service to and from Alaska .
In the 1980s , Alaska Airlines began acquiring McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 80s to replace their aging 727s . Alaska was the launch customer for the MD @-@ 83 , taking delivery of their first MD @-@ 80s in 1985 .
Also in 1985 , the Alaska Air Group was formed as a holding company for Alaska Airlines . In 1986 Alaska Air Group acquired regional airline Horizon Air , which remained a separate brand from Alaska Airlines ; since then , both airlines have been subsidiaries of Alaska Air Group . In 1987 , Alaska Airlines purchased Jet America Airlines . Alaska initially operated Jet America as a separate airline , but this proved economically unviable and Jet America 's operations were merged into Alaska 's . Alaska also discontinued all flights to the Midwest and the East coast formerly operated by Jet America . Additional MD @-@ 80s entered the fleet via the acquisition of Jet America Airlines in 1987 .
There was also a big seasonal imbalance in travel to Alaska , which mainly took place in the summer . In an effort to compensate for this , the airline introduced service to Mexican resorts , where most travel takes place in the winter . In 1988 , the airline began servicing the Mexican resort cities of Mazatlan and Puerto Vallarta . By the end of the 1980s , 70 percent of Alaska Airlines ' passengers flew south of Seattle and the airline served 30 cities in six states outside Alaska . The airline had successfully used the state of Alaska as a springboard to expand into larger , more profitable markets .
= = = New competition , new technologies ( 1990s ) = = =
The airline began the 1990s with plans to lease 24 Boeing 737 – 400s from International Lease Finance Corporation ( ILFC ) , all of which remain in Alaska 's fleet to this day . The first aircraft was delivered in April 1992 .
In 1991 , Alaska Airlines added several routes . In the Russian Far East , it added the cities of Magadan and Khabarovsk , as well as service to Toronto , its first Canadian city and the first city east of the Rocky Mountains . However , Toronto was later dropped , in 1992 .
As the airline marked its 19th consecutive year of profits in a turbulent industry and racked up many awards for customer service , Bruce Kennedy retired in May 1991 and was succeeded by Raymond J. Vecci .
Alaska Airlines also faced increased competition from low @-@ cost carriers . One carrier that competed with Alaska was MarkAir . Since it began operating in 1984 , competition had been reduced because it had worked out feeder agreements with Alaska Airlines . However , after Alaska Air declined to buy the airline in the fall of 1991 , it intensified competition with Alaska . The airline offered low @-@ cost service on the Anchorage @-@ Seattle route and other routes in Alaska , where Alaska Airlines earned almost one @-@ third of its revenues . This hurt Alaska Airlines ; for the first time in 20 years , it posted a loss of US $ 121 million . To save money , the airline canceled two proposed maintenance facilities and deferred a large aircraft purchase worth US $ 2 billion . It was able to increase utilization on its existing planes , though . The airline also cut labor costs , but this ended up making relations with unions tense .
The cost reductions produced quick results . In 1993 , their losses decreased to US $ 45 million and they made a US $ 40 million profit the next year . Eight percent of these revenues were generated by record @-@ setting cargo operations .
Alaska had more competition in 1993 when low @-@ cost airline Southwest Airlines entered the Pacific Northwest by purchasing Morris Air . Nevertheless , Alaska Airlines was able to keep its costs down , but it maintained its high level of customer service . The airline also promoted itself as " the last great airline " and with the motto " For the same price , you just get more " , yet analysts felt that Alaska Air needed deeper cost cuts . At the same time , the company had many strikes by the flight attendants ' union .
Alaska continued to take delivery of new MD @-@ 83s during the 1990s , both to meet the demands of a growing route system , and to replace its aging and fuel inefficient 727 fleet . Their last 727 was retired in March 1994 . The airline 's MD @-@ 80 fleet peaked at 44 aircraft in 1996 .
Vecci was dismissed in 1995 and replaced with John Kelly , former Horizon Air CEO . The airline soon expanded West Coast routes to take advantage of an " open skies " agreement between the US and Canada .
Alaska Airlines also pioneered some new technologies through the 1990s . It added a heads @-@ up guidance system in 1989 to operate better in foggy conditions , becoming the first airline to use this technology . In 1995 , the airline became the first to sell tickets on the Internet . By 2000 , all the airline 's planes carried automated external defibrillators , for use in in @-@ flight emergencies . The airline also installed self @-@ service kiosks called " Instant Travel Machines " that printed boarding passes , allowing customers to bypass the traditional ticket counter . An X @-@ ray device , an addition to the unit allowing passengers to check their own baggage was being tested in 1999 at Anchorage . This concept , known as " Airport of the Future " by the airline , was first tested in Anchorage and was later brought to its Seattle hub , and it drew attention from other airlines as well . The airline would also become the first airline in the world to integrate GPS and Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System ( EGPWS ) technology , adding a real @-@ time , three @-@ dimensional display of terrain . The system was operational in all the carrier 's Boeing 737 @-@ 400s by April 1999 .
The late 1990s also saw the carrier recording much profitability . The airline added new training and maintenance facilities . Also , the airline began buying new 737s , ordering three Boeing 737 – 700s and ten Boeing 737 – 900s . Alaska Airlines became the launch customer for the 737 – 900 when it placed an order for it in November 1997 .
= = = Introducing flights across the U.S. ( 2000s ) = = =
With the delivery of Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft starting in 1999 , Alaska began launching more medium @-@ haul flights . In 2000 , Alaska started service between Anchorage and Chicago . On May 15 , 2001 , the airline took delivery of its first 737 – 900 . In 2001 , the airline was granted slot exemptions by the Department of Transportation to operate a nonstop flight from Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport to Seattle , but it was halted after only a week due to the September 11 , 2001 attacks . The airline resumed service to Reagan Airport on December 4 , 2001 to meet the demand .
In January 2002 , William Ayer was named CEO of Alaska Airlines , who was replaced by Brad Tilden in 2012 . Ayer had been serving as president under Kelly since 1997 , having come to Alaska from Horizon two years earlier after spending 13 years with the smaller airline . Ayer took over as chairman and CEO of the Alaska in 2003 upon Kelly 's retirement . He led the company through a transformation called Alaska 2010 that was intended to insulate the airline from the traditional boom @-@ bust cycle of the airline industry .
In 2002 , flights to Newark , New Jersey were launched and in 2003 , services to Orlando began . In 2003 , service to Boston began .
In 2003 , Alaska Airlines won the Technology Leadership Award from the magazine Air Transport World for its pioneering of new technologies both in the airport and within the airplane itself .
In 2005 , due to the greater efficiency of the Boeing 737 Next Generation and rising costs for maintenance , fuel , and crew training , Alaska Airlines decided to phase out its remaining 26 MD @-@ 80s and trained its pilots to fly the newer Boeing 737 – 800s that were being ordered to replace them . According to the airline , the MD @-@ 80 burned 1 @,@ 100 US gallons ( 4 @,@ 200 l ) of fuel per hour , while the 737 – 800 burns just 850 US gallons ( 3 @,@ 200 l ) per hour . The last MD @-@ 80 flights flew on August 25 , 2008 , with one flight from San Jose , California to Seattle , Washington and another from Sacramento , California to Seattle , Washington . To mark its transition to an all @-@ Boeing fleet , Alaska Airlines unveiled a 737 – 800 with Boeing 's house colors painted on the fuselage and the airline 's Eskimo logo painted on the tail fin . The aircraft , called Spirit of Seattle , shows Alaska 's commitment to Boeing and the fact that the airline now has an all @-@ Boeing fleet .
Also in 2005 , Alaska Airlines contracted out many of its jobs , including ground crew positions , to Menzies Aviation . In some cases this resulted in an almost 40 % decline in wages . This agreement was found to be a violation of union agreements in 2008 and the new ground crews caused enough damage to aircraft in the first year to make the savings negligible . In addition , Menzies contractors gained a reputation of stealing from checked bags after a few incidents in 2007 .
In February 2007 , Alaska Airlines introduced its first two Boeing 737 – 400 Combis to their fleet in order to replace their aging Boeing 737 – 200 Combi aircraft . The − 400 Combis have 20 % more passenger and cargo capacity than the aircraft they replaced , and can carry a combination of four cargo pallets and 72 passengers . The aircraft were originally introduced as passenger aircraft in 1992 , but have now been converted by Pemco Air Services . Pemco Air Services also converted the airline 's Boeing 737 @-@ 400F .
On September 9 , 2007 , Alaska Airlines introduced daily nonstop service between Portland , Oregon to Boston , Massachusetts . On October 12 , 2007 , the airline began service to Hawaii with a flight to Honolulu from Seattle . Seattle – Kauai service began on October 28 , 2007 and Anchorage – Honolulu service began on December 6 , 2007 .
On October 26 , 2008 , Alaska launched service from Seattle to Minneapolis @-@ Saint Paul . On August 3 , 2009 , service from Seattle to Austin , Texas began . Service from Seattle to Houston began on September 23 , 2009 and from Seattle to Atlanta on October 23 , 2009 .
= = = 2010s = = =
In March 2010 , Alaska Airlines began service from San Jose , California to Kahului and Kona , Hawaii , and also from Sacramento , California to Kahului , Hawaii .
On September 27 , 2010 Alaska Airlines began service between Seattle and Lambert @-@ St. Louis International Airport .
On August 23 , 2010 , Alaska Air Group , the parent company , unveiled a capacity purchase agreement in which all decisions regarding route choices and marketing services for Horizon Air were to be made by Alaska Airlines by early 2011 . Therefore , all ticket revenue from Horizon would go directly to Alaska , while Horizon 's operating costs would be covered . Subsequently , Alaska retired the Horizon brand . All Horizon aircraft were repainted in the Alaska livery , with Horizon 's pre @-@ existing services remaining intact .
In January 2011 , Alaska Airlines placed an order for thirteen 737 @-@ 900ERs . The aircraft will be delivered between 2012 and 2014 Alaska also ordered two 737 @-@ 800s as part of this order .
The airline also recorded record profits for 2010 , as well as record profits for the fourth quarter of 2010 . The profit for the entire year was $ 251 @.@ 1 million , an increase from $ 121 @.@ 6 million a year earlier . Alaska ’ s 2010 fourth @-@ quarter profit of $ 64 @.@ 8 million was up from $ 24 @.@ 1 million from the fourth quarter of the previous year . Also in 2010 , Alaska ranked as the most efficient airline operating in The United States .
Alaska Airlines continues pioneering new technologies today . In 2011 Alaska Airlines partnered with Boeing and Fujitsu to be the first to use a new technology called Component Management Optimization , which will streamline maintenance checks . It will do this by allowing mechanics to point a handheld device at little RFID tags attached to certain parts of the aircraft , which will display information about when parts were last replaced . This will allow mechanics to perform inspections quicker than conventional methods . The program is scheduled to launch in 2012 . Also in mid @-@ 2011 , the airline issued iPads to its pilots to replace 25 pounds of paper flight manuals that pilots are currently required to carry on flights . Alaska Airlines is the first major airline to use iPads on flights ; all pilots had iPads by the middle of June 2011 . This was the first part of the airline 's initiative to do away with the flight bag ; the airline is also considering using iPads for displaying aeronautical charts .
In November 2011 Alaska Airlines flew 75 commercial passenger flights in the U.S. powered by biofuel using a 20 percent blend of sustainable biofuel made from used cooking oil that meets rigorous international safety and sustainability standards .
On February 16 , 2012 , Alaska Airlines ' CEO , Bill Ayer , retired . Ayer became the airline 's CEO in 2002 and has been credited for reducing costs and keeping the airline profitable without going through bankruptcy . The airline 's president Brad Tilden officially became the new CEO on May 15 , 2012 .
On March 9 , 2012 , Alaska Airlines began service from Seattle to Kansas City and on June 11 , 2012 began service to Philadelphia . Seattle @-@ Miami flights ended on July 15 , 2012 , but service to nearby Fort Lauderdale began on July 16 . New service to San Antonio began on September 17 , 2012 . Alaska Airlines also began service from San Diego to Orlando on October 11 , 2012 .
In October 2012 ( 2012 @-@ 10 ) , Alaska placed the largest order in its history when it ordered a total of 50 Boeing 737s in a deal worth US $ 5 billion at list prices . The order consists of 20 Boeing 737 MAX 8s , 17 Boeing 737 MAX 9s and 13 Boeing 737 @-@ 900ERs .
Alaska Airlines announced a plan in June 2013 to begin replacing Boeing 737s on flights between Fairbanks and Anchorage , Alaska with Bombardier Q400s operated by Horizon Air and based out of Anchorage beginning in March 2014 . The plan was intended to reduce operating expenses and eventually lower fares , but was met with a great deal of skepticism by Fairbanks residents who expressed their frustration about safety of the aircraft and outside boarding in the cold winter climate through social media . Alaska Airlines responded to the comments on Facebook attempting to reassure passengers of the safety of the Bombardier Q400s as well as promising to address the unusual aspects of flying in Alaska . The airline ended up modifying one of the jetways at Fairbanks International Airport so that passengers would not have to go outside to board .
Alaska Airlines has announced 3 new nonstop destinations from Seattle . These services to Charleston , Nashville and Raleigh @-@ Durham will begin in late 2015 using their 737 aircraft . Alaska is additionally starting service between Los Angeles and Baltimore @-@ Washington , starting September 9 , 2015 .
On January 25 , 2016 , Alaska Airlines unveiled a new update to its brand , including a new logo and livery , for the first time in 25 years .
On April 4 , 2016 , Alaska Air Group announced it will acquire Virgin America for $ 57 per share . The acquisition is expected to be completed by January 1 , 2017 . The total price for the acquisition will be approximately $ 2 @.@ 6 billion . Alaska Air Group will continue to honor the Loyalty programs of both groups with no foreseen changes . Virgin America 's founder Richard Branson is " sad " and disappointed with the merger . Virgin America shareholders have voted to approve the merger .
= = Corporate affairs = =
= = = Employees = = =
As of November 2014 , Alaska Airlines has 12 @,@ 998 employees . Alaska 's pilot group consists of approximately 1 @,@ 550 pilots represented by the Air Line Pilots Association , International and its almost 3 @,@ 400 flight attendants are represented by the Association of Flight Attendants .
Since May 2005 ( 2005 @-@ 05 ) , the airline 's baggage @-@ handling operations have been outsourced to Menzies Aviation . This was in response to rejection of a contract between IAM ( the union which represented the baggage handlers ) , and Alaska Airlines . It also allowed the airline to save an estimated $ 13 million a year .
= = = Alaska Airlines Foundation = = =
The Alaska Airlines Foundation , headquartered on the grounds of Ted Stevens International Airport in Anchorage , gives grants to 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non @-@ profit organizations that are classified as charities in the U.S. states of Alaska and Washington .
= = = Alaska Air Cargo = = =
Alaska Air Cargo has regional operations in parts of the United States and has the most extensive air cargo operations on the west coast of the U.S. , larger than that of any other passenger airline . Alaska 's cargo operations are focused primarily on the northwestern contiguous states and Alaska , between Anchorage and Seattle . South from Alaska , goods that are carried primarily include fresh Alaskan seafood , while products carried north from Seattle primarily include US Postal Service mail ; in addition , the airline also carries goods for remote Alaskan communities and personal packages .
= = = Sponsorships = = =
Seattle Mariners ( MLB )
Portland Trail Blazers ( NBA )
Portland Timbers ( MLS )
= = Destinations = =
Alaska 's route system spans more than 92 cities in the United States , Canada , Costa Rica and Mexico . Some of the locations served in the carrier 's namesake state include Anchorage , Adak , Barrow , Cordova , Fairbanks , Juneau , Ketchikan , Kodiak , Kotzebue , King Salmon , Nome , Prudhoe Bay and Sitka , several of which are inaccessible by road . The airline began scheduled operations to the Russian Far East in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union , but suspended the service in 1998 following the 1998 Russian financial crisis .
Alaska has historically been one of the largest carriers on the West Coast of the United States as well as to and within the state of Alaska , with strong presences in Seattle and Portland , and serving all four major airports in the San Francisco Bay Area and all five airports in the Los Angeles metropolitan area .
In May 2011 , SkyWest Airlines began operating six of Alaska Airlines ' West Coast routes . They are operating five CRJ @-@ 700s purchased from Horizon Air under a capacity purchase agreement . This means that SkyWest would own and operate the aircraft , while Alaska Airlines would be responsible for marketing and selling tickets for the flights . The CRJ @-@ 700s are operating on routes that would not be feasible to operate with Horizon 's Bombardier Q400s nor with Alaska 's Boeing 737s .
= = = Codeshare agreements = = =
Alaska Airlines does not participate in any major global airline alliances , but the airline has codeshare agreements with several carriers . However , many of these airlines are members of global airline alliances . Alaska Airlines ' codeshare partners are as follows :
Since 2008 , Alaska Airlines flights , as well as Horizon Air flights , have been part of Oneworld Global Explorer fares .
= = Fleet = =
= = = Current fleet = = =
With the exception of Bombardier Q400s operated by Horizon Air and Bombardier CRJ700s and Embraer 175s operated by SkyWest Airlines , Alaska Airlines has an all @-@ Boeing 737 fleet . As of July 2016 , the fleet consists of the following aircraft :
Since the retirement of its McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 80s in 2008 , Alaska Airlines has been operating a fleet consisting of only Boeing 737s . Alaska Airlines became the launch customer of the Boeing 737 – 900 in 1997 and currently operates twelve of the aircraft .
In January 2011 , Alaska Airlines placed an order for 15 737s , worth US $ 1 @.@ 3 billion at list prices . The order consists of two 737 @-@ 800s and thirteen 737 @-@ 900ERs . The 737 @-@ 900ERs are a new addition to Alaska Airlines ' fleet and will be used on the airline 's long @-@ haul routes . Thanks to its increased range , the 737 @-@ 900ER will be able to fly transcontinental routes with more passengers , such as the Seattle @-@ Orlando route . " Depending on the ultimate configuration , the larger 737 @-@ 900ER will have between 21 and 27 seats more than our existing B737 @-@ 800 [ sic ] aircraft and will be a perfect fit for our longer @-@ haul and high @-@ traffic West Coast markets , " Alaska Airlines President Brad Tilden said in his company ’ s release . The airline put its first 737 @-@ 900ER into service on November 8 , 2012 on a flight from Seattle to San Diego . The airline expects to take delivery of the planes between 2012 and 2017 .
In October 2012 ( 2012 @-@ 10 ) , a new order was placed by the carrier in a deal worth more than US $ 5 billion , this time for a total 50 Boeing 737s . The largest single order in the airline 's history , it consists of 20 Boeing 737 MAX 8s , 17 Boeing 737 MAX 9s and 13 Boeing 737 @-@ 900ERs .
In 2014 the airline ordered a further 10 Boeing 737 @-@ 900ER aircraft , increasing their outstanding orders for the aircraft to 74 . They will be used to replace Boeing 737 @-@ 400s due for retirement by the end of 2017 .
= = = Fleet history = = =
Since the 1960s , Alaska has consistently operated Boeing jet aircraft in its fleet although the first jetliner type operated by the airline was the Convair 880 . Alaska also operated the Convair 990 jetliner . Besides the current Boeing 737 models flown by Alaska , the airline previously operated the Boeing 707 and Boeing 720 as well as the Boeing 727 @-@ 100 , 727 @-@ 200 and 737 @-@ 200 . The last 727 was retired in May 1994 .
In the 1980s , Alaska began acquiring McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 80s . Alaska acquired additional MD @-@ 80s via the acquisition of Jet America Airlines in 1987 . Alaska was the launch customer for the MD @-@ 83 , and took delivery of the first airplanes in 1985 . Alaska continued to take delivery of new MD @-@ 83s during the 1990s , both to meet the demands of a growing route system , and to retire its aging and fuel inefficient 727 fleet . In 2005 , due to the greater efficiency of the Boeing 737 Next Generation and rising costs for maintenance , fuel and crew training , Alaska Airlines decided to phase out the remaining 26 MD @-@ 80s and trained the pilots to fly the newer 737 @-@ 800s that were being ordered to replace them . The last MD @-@ 80 flights took place on August 25 , 2008 .
Alaska also used eight Boeing 737 – 200 Combi / QCs to suit the unique needs of flying in the state of Alaska . These aircraft were valued for their ability to be rapidly reconfigured ( hence the moniker QC or " Quick Change " ) to match the specific cargo and passenger loads for any given flight . In the all @-@ freight configuration , the 737 @-@ 200 Combis carried up to six cargo containers , known as " igloos . " The palletized floor allowed for passenger seating to range from 26 to 72 seats . The 737 @-@ 200s were also gravel @-@ kitted , which allowed them to be used at airports such as Red Dog , which formerly featured a gravel runway . Alaska replaced the 737 @-@ 200s with six reconfigured 737 @-@ 400s between 2006 and 2007 . Five feature a mixed cargo / passenger " Combi " arrangement , and one is a " freighter " carrying only cargo . Unlike the 737 @-@ 200 Combi , the 737 @-@ 400 Combis feature a fixed seating capacity of 72 seats . The last 737 @-@ 200 Combi ( short for combination ) was retired in 2007 and is now displayed at the Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum .
= = = Livery = = =
The airline 's livery consists of the word Alaska on the fuselage , with painting of a native Alaskan on the vertical stabilizer . The " Eskimo face , " as it is often called , was introduced in the early 1970s . In 1988 , Alaska considered replacing the Eskimo face with a new logo resembling a mountain , but later decided to keep the Eskimo face logo after many Alaskans were unhappy with plans to remove it .
Today most of its aircraft are white with a black and green stripe running the length of the left and right sides of the fuselage , with " Alaska " in the company 's present @-@ day wordmark displayed prominently on the sides , and the native Alaskan portrait on the vertical stabilizer . The carrier also has several special liveries :
Four aircraft feature special Disney paint schemes , all of which promote vacations to the Disneyland Resort :
One 737 – 900 is dubbed the Spirit of Disneyland II , prominently featuring Mickey Mouse and other classic Disney characters . This aircraft replaced the original " Spirit of Disneyland " 737 @-@ 400 retired at the end of November 2009 .
Magic of Disneyland , a Boeing 737 – 400 , features Tinkerbell and was painted to promote the Disneyland Resort 's 50th Anniversary .
Spirit of Make @-@ A @-@ Wish is a cross @-@ promotion with the Make @-@ a @-@ Wish Foundation . It features the Genie from the Disney film Aladdin and was painted to promote the Resort 's Year of a Million Dreams promotion .
The newest overall and latest Disney aircraft Adventure of Disneyland was introduced on November 7 , 2013 . The 737 @-@ 800 aircraft features Mater on the tail , Lightning McQueen , Luigi , and Guido from the Disney @-@ Pixar Cars and Cars 2 films . The aircraft also has the Cars graphic just forward of the L1 and R1 cabin doors .
One 737 @-@ 400 was painted to look like a giant salmon in partnership with the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute , and was known in aviation circles as the Salmon @-@ Thirty @-@ Salmon . In the fall of 2012 , the Salmon @-@ Thirty @-@ Salmon II livery was put on a Boeing 737 @-@ 800 , after the original Salmon @-@ Thirty @-@ Salmon was repainted .
One 737 @-@ 400 has been converted to a full freighter and features Alaska Air Cargo titles .
One 737 – 800 features a " reverse color scheme " livery with alaskaair.com painted on the sides .
One 737 – 800 , dubbed Starliner 75 , features Alaska 's first color scheme , painted to celebrate the carrier 's 75th anniversary . The aircraft features the carrier 's 75th anniversary logo on the vertical stabilizer , as well as a Boeing logo from the same period on the fuselage below the flight deck windows .
One 737 – 800 , dubbed Spirit of Seattle , is a hybrid of two companies ' liveries , with the fuselage painted in Boeing 's corporate livery , the " Alaska " wordmark near the aft end of the fuselage , and native Alaskan from Alaska 's livery on the vertical stabilizer . This aircraft was painted to commemorate Alaska 's conversion to an all @-@ Boeing fleet , as well as the Seattle roots of both companies ( Boeing was founded in Seattle and still accomplishes final assembly for all its commercial aircraft in the Seattle area ) .
One 737 @-@ 400 features a musher and sled dog , state ferry , Native Alaskan canoe , bear and whale , along with the statement , " We 're all pulling together " to celebrate 50 years of Alaska statehood . The unique design dubbed The Spirit of Alaska Statehood was created by 16 @-@ year @-@ old Sitka student Hannah Hamberg .
One 737 @-@ 700 has a professional sports team livery , and is known as the Timbers Jet , which features the colors and logo of the Portland Timbers soccer team .
One 737 @-@ 800 , which is ETOPS certified so it can cross the Pacific Ocean , features graphics depicting a voyaging canoe , bright yellow hibiscus , the Hawaiian Island chain , and the phrase " Spirit of the Islands . " It was designed by a Hawaiian high school student , Aaron Nee , from Kaiser High School . This livery was the winning design of the second " Paint the Plane " contest that Alaska Airlines has sponsored .
One 737 @-@ 800 was presented to Alaska employees at a company meeting on October 8 , 2013 . The livery features " Employee Powered " near the tail on each side , two teal to navy blended curved strips , and thousands of signatures between the strips by Alaska Airlines employees that attended company Flight Path meetings .
On January 25 , 2016 Alaska introduced a new livery to its employees . The words Alaska were changed to a different font style and the plane tail is blue with a more modern eskimo in green and blue .
= = = Fleet gallery = = =
= = Services = =
= = = On @-@ board meals and beverages = = =
Complimentary meals or light snacks are served to passengers in the first class cabin . In 2006 the airline launched its buy on board meal program , known as Northern Bites , on most flights over 2 ½ hours , including all transcontinental flights . As part of the buy on board program , the airline offers various " Picnic Packs " for a charge in coach / economy class on all flights .
On February 1 , 2012 , Alaska Airlines started serving coffee from fellow Seattle company Starbucks on all of its flights . Previously Starbucks coffee was only offered on Horizon Air flights . Horizon Air had offered Starbucks coffee since February 1 , 1990 and was the first airline in the world to serve Starbucks coffee onboard its flights . Alaska also provides local offerings such as Beecher 's Cheese , Tim 's Cascade potato chips and Alaskan Amber beer .
In 2015 , Alaska updated inflight hot entrées with options created by Seattle Chef Tom Douglas .
= = = On @-@ board entertainment = = =
Alaska Airlines is recognized by the World Airline Entertainment Association ( WAEA ) as having an " historic first " in Inflight entertainment by introducing in October 2003 the first portable , hard @-@ drive based , audio @-@ video @-@ on @-@ demand ( AVOD ) players that deliver a variety of film , TV and audio programs . The device , called the digEplayer was conceived and brought to market by an Alaska Airlines baggage handler named Bill Boyer Jr. digEplayers are available for rent on most long @-@ haul flights for a fee , although they are complimentary to passengers seated in First Class .
Alaska Airlines received the " Airline IFE Service of the Year " award at the March 2004 IPEC / LARA Inflight Online Awards Dinner based upon the implementation of the digEplayer , which was awarded " IFE Product of the Year . "
In 2015 Alaska introduced Alaska Beyond ™ with Inflight Entertainment Tablets to replace the digEplayers . It is available on all wi @-@ fi enabled aircraft ( most Boeing 737s and Embraer 175 jets ) — Alaska Beyond ™ allows flyers in First Class and Coach to also use the Gogo ® Video Player on their own device in lieu of purchasing the Inflight Entertainment Tablet .
= = = On @-@ board internet access = = =
Alaska launched trials of In @-@ flight Wi @-@ Fi internet service in 2009 . On February 24 , 2010 Alaska decided on offering the AirCell Gogo land @-@ based Internet Service for all its planes after it finished testing it on a 737 – 800 . It was initially testing the competing Row44 satellite @-@ based system .
In October 2010 , Wi @-@ Fi was available on flights between Anchorage and Fairbanks . It has since been expanded to cover all routes served by the airline with the exception of to and from Hawaii . There are only nine aircraft without Wi @-@ Fi , those being three of its 737 @-@ 400s as well as the 737 @-@ 400 freighter and combi aircraft . The service is fee @-@ based for all passengers , depending on the length of the flight .
= = = Lounge = = =
Board Room is the Alaska Air Group airport lounge and are located in four west coast airports : Anchorage , Los Angeles , Portland and Seattle . Board Room Members also have access to Delta Air Lines Sky Club at airports across the country . Memberships start at $ 45 for a single @-@ day pass , up to $ 875 for a new three @-@ year membership . MVP members receive a 50 % discount on the initiation fee and MVP Gold members have their initiation fee waived . Both MVP and MVP Gold are still responsible for the actual annual membership fee .
= = Mileage Plan = =
Mileage Plan is the frequent @-@ flyer program of Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air . The program 's airline partners also include Oneworld member airlines American Airlines , British Airways , Cathay Pacific , Japan Airlines ( from June 29 , 2016 ) , LAN and Qantas ; SkyTeam member airlines Aeromexico , Air France , Delta Air Lines , KLM and Korean Air ; as well as Fiji Airways , Emirates , Era Alaska , Mokulele Airlines , PenAir and Hainan Airlines . The Mileage Plan program has no membership fee , allows one @-@ way redemption and accumulated miles never expire .
MVP , MVP Gold and MVP Gold 75K are Mileage Plan 's elite tiers for frequent travelers . Higher @-@ tiered members are provided with increased travel benefits such as bonus mileage , priority boarding and complimentary upgrades to first class . MVP is achieved when the member flies 20 @,@ 000 miles ( 32 @,@ 000 km ) on Alaska Airlines or Horizon Air , MVP Gold is achieved when the member flies 40 @,@ 000 miles ( 64 @,@ 000 km ) , and MVP Gold 75K is achieved when the member flies 75 @,@ 000 miles ( 121 @,@ 000 km ) on Alaska Airlines or Horizon Air .
= = = Club 49 = = =
On November 1 , 2011 , Alaska Airlines began a new program called Club 49 exclusively for Mileage Plan members who are residents of the state of Alaska . Benefits include free checked bags , and email notifications about fare sales and discounts . The program has no joining fee and memberships are valid for a year after joining before they need to be renewed .
= = Accidents and incidents = =
Alaska Airlines has had ten major aviation accidents in its history , eight of which resulted in fatalities , with the other two resulting in the aircraft being written off but no fatalities .
November 30 , 1947
Flight 009 , a Douglas C @-@ 54A ( NC91009 ) , with routing Anchorage @-@ Yakutat @-@ Port Hardy @-@ Seattle , crash landed while attempting to make an ILS approach at Seattle @-@ Tacoma International Airport in Seattle . The plane went off the runway , rolled down an embankment , struck a ditch , and continued into the intersection of Des Moines Highway and South 188th Street where it struck an automobile , caught fire and spilled fuel all over the area . Of the 28 occupants , there were eight fatalities , plus the driver of the car . The crash was attributed to pilot error .
January 20 , 1949
Flight 8 , a Douglas C @-@ 47A ( NC91006 ) , was on routing Homer , Alaska @-@ Kenai , Alaska when the plane struck the side of Ptarmigan Head 9 miles ( 14 km ) east of the center of the airway to Kenai . Of the six passengers on board , there were five fatalities . The cause was determined to be the pilot straying off the designated airway .
August 8 , 1954
An Alaska Airlines C @-@ 47A ( N91008 ) operating the routing of McGrath , Alaska @-@ Colorado Creek , Alaska crashed into the side of a mountain about 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of McGrath . Both pilots perished .
March 2 , 1957
Flight 100 , a Douglas C @-@ 54B ( N90449 ) on the routing of Seattle @-@ Fairbanks @-@ Seattle , hit a mountain 3 @.@ 8 miles ( 6 @.@ 1 km ) from Blyn while on approach to Seattle . All five occupants perished . The cause of the crash was the pilot 's decision to enter an area of low overcast in mountainous terrain , as well as a navigation error .
July 21 , 1961
Flight 779 , a Douglas DC @-@ 6A ( N6118C ) operating Seattle @-@ Shemya crashed short of the runway , killing the six crew . The cause of the crash was due to the fact that the air traffic controller in the tower had forgotten to turn on the runway and approach lighting systems during a landing at night .
April 17 , 1967
An Alaska Airlines Lockheed L @-@ 1049H Super Constellation ( N7777C ) with 28 passengers and four crew members aboard landed with landing gear retracted during heavy snowfall at Kotzebue Airport . Everyone on board survived but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair .
September 4 , 1971
Flight 1866 , a Boeing 727 – 193 operating Anchorage @-@ Cordova @-@ Yakutat @-@ Juneau @-@ Sitka , crashed into a mountain in the Chilkat Mountain Range about 18 @.@ 5 miles ( 29 @.@ 8 km ) from the airport while on approach to Juneau . All seven crew members and 104 passengers were killed . The cause of the crash was determined to be misleading navigational information given to the flight crew , the failure of the crew to use all navigational aids and not performing the required audio identification of the navigational facilities .
April 5 , 1976
Flight 60 , a Boeing 727 – 81 ( N124AS ) operating Juneau @-@ Ketchikan , overran the runway while landing in Ketchikan after the captain decided to attempt a go around at the last moment . One passenger died in the accident . The cause of the crash was determined to be pilot error for initiating a go @-@ around after commitment to landing and the pilot 's " unprofessional decision " to abandon the precision approach .
June 9 , 1987
An Alaska Airlines Boeing 727 @-@ 90C ( N766AS ) at Anchorage International Airport with two people on board struck a jetway while taxiing and caught fire , destroying the aircraft . The avionics technician inadvertently deactivated the brake pressurization system .
January 31 , 2000
Flight 261 , an McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 83 , plunged into the Pacific Ocean near Point Mugu , California while preparing to attempt an emergency landing at Los Angeles International Airport en route from Puerto Vallarta , Mexico , to San Francisco and Seattle , killing all 88 people on board . In its final report , the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) determined the cause of the accident to be failure of acme nut threads which were part of the jackscrew assembly for the horizontal stabilizer 's trim system . The failure of the acme nut threads happened because of insufficient lubrication of the jackscrew assembly which was the result of Alaska 's extended lubrication and inspection intervals and from the Federal Aviation Administration 's ( FAA ) approval of those intervals . NTSB also found that the lack of a fail @-@ safe mechanism for the failure of the acme nut threads on the MD @-@ 80 design contributed to the accident . This incident , along with an earlier ValuJet Flight 592 crash , led to closer FAA oversight of airline maintenance operations . The accident was also the subject of episode 6 , season 1 , of the documentary series , Mayday .
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= Departures ( 2008 film ) =
Departures ( Japanese : おくりびと , Hepburn : Okuribito , " one who sends off " ) is a 2008 Japanese drama film directed by Yōjirō Takita and starring Masahiro Motoki , Ryōko Hirosue , and Tsutomu Yamazaki . Loosely based on Coffinman , a memoir by Shinmon Aoki , the film follows a young man who returns to his hometown after a failed career as a cellist and stumbles across work as a nōkanshi — a traditional Japanese ritual mortician . He is subjected to prejudice from those around him , including from his wife , because of strong social taboos against people who deal with death . Eventually he earns their respect and learns the importance of interpersonal connections through the beauty and dignity of his work .
The idea for Departures arose after Motoki , affected by having seen a funeral ceremony along the Ganges when travelling in India , read widely on the subject of death and came across Coffinman . He felt that the story would adapt well to film , and Departures was finished a decade later . Because of Japanese prejudices against those who handle the dead , distributors were reluctant to release it — until a surprise grand prize win at the Montreal World Film Festival in August 2008 . The following month the film opened in Japan , where it went on to win the Academy Prize for Picture of the Year and become the year 's highest @-@ grossing domestic film . This success was topped in 2009 , when it became the first Japanese production to win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film .
Departures received mixed to positive reviews , with aggregator Rotten Tomatoes indicating an 81 % approval rating from 103 reviews . Critics praised the film 's humour , the beauty of the encoffining ceremony , and the quality of the acting , but took issue with its predictability and overt sentimentality . Reviewers highlighted a variety of themes , but focused mainly on the humanity which death brings to the surface and how it strengthens family bonds . The success of Departures led to the establishment of tourist attractions at sites connected to the film and increased interest in encoffining ceremonies , as well as adaptation of the story for various media , including manga and a stage play .
= = Plot = =
Daigo Kobayashi ( Masahiro Motoki ) loses his job as a cellist when his orchestra is disbanded . He and his wife Mika ( Ryōko Hirosue ) move from Tokyo to his hometown in Yamagata , where they live in his childhood home that was left to him when his mother died two years earlier . It is fronted by a coffee shop that Daigo 's father had operated before he ran off with a waitress when Daigo was six ; since then the two have had no contact . Daigo feels hatred towards his father and guilt for not taking better care of his mother . He still keeps a " letter @-@ stone " — a stone which is said to convey meaning through its texture — which his father had given him many years before .
Daigo finds an advertisement for a job " assisting departures " . Assuming it to be a job in a travel agency , he goes to the interview at the NK Agent office and learns from the secretary , Yuriko Kamimura ( Kimiko Yo ) , that he will be preparing bodies for cremation in a ceremony known as encoffinment . Though reluctant , Daigo is hired on the spot and receives a cash advance from his new boss , Sasaki ( Tsutomu Yamazaki ) . Daigo is furtive about his duties and hides the true nature of the job from Mika .
His first assignment is to assist with the encoffinment of a woman who died at home and remained undiscovered for two weeks . He is beset with nausea and later humiliated when strangers on a bus detect an unsavoury scent on him . To clean himself , he visits a public bath which he had frequented as a child . It is owned by Tsuyako Yamashita ( Kazuko Yoshiyuki ) , the mother of one of Daigo 's former classmates .
Over time , Daigo becomes comfortable with his profession as he completes a number of assignments and experiences the gratitude of the families of the deceased . Though he faces social ostracism , Daigo refuses to quit , even after Mika discovers a training DVD in which he plays a corpse and leaves him to return to her parents ' home in Tokyo . Daigo 's former classmate Yamashita ( Tetta Sugimoto ) insists that the mortician find a more respectable line of work and , until then , avoids him and his family .
After a few months , Mika returns and announces that she is pregnant . She expresses hope that Daigo will find a job of which their child can be proud . During the ensuing argument , Daigo receives a call for an encoffinment for Mrs Yamashita . Daigo prepares her body in front of both the Yamashita family and Mika , who had known the public bath owner . The ritual earns him the respect of all present , and Mika stops insisting that Daigo change jobs .
Sometime later , they learn of the death of Daigo 's father . A reluctant Daigo goes with Mika to another village to see the body . Daigo is at first unable to recognize him , but takes offence when local funeral workers are careless with the body . He insists on dressing it himself , and while doing so finds a stone @-@ letter which he had given to his father , held tight in the dead man 's hands . The childhood memory of his father 's face returns to him , and after he finishes the ceremony , Daigo gently presses the stone @-@ letter to Mika 's pregnant belly .
= = Production = =
= = = Cultural background = = =
Japanese funerals are highly ritualized affairs which are generally — though not always — conducted in accordance with Buddhist rites . In preparation for the funeral , the body is washed and the orifices are blocked with cotton or gauze . The encoffining ritual ( called nōkan ) , as depicted in Departures , is rarely performed , and even then only in rural areas . This ceremony is not standardized , but generally involves professional morticians ( 納棺師 , nōkanshi ) ritually preparing the body , dressing the dead in white , and sometimes applying make @-@ up . The body is then put on dry ice in a casket , along with personal possessions and items necessary for the trip to the afterlife .
Despite the importance of death rituals , in traditional Japanese culture the subject is considered unclean as everything related to death is thought to be a source of kegare ( defilement ) . After coming into contact with the dead , individuals must cleanse themselves through purifying rituals . People who work closely with the dead , such as morticians , are thus considered unclean , and during the feudal era those whose work was related to death became burakumin ( untouchables ) , forced to live in their own hamlets and discriminated against by wider society . Despite a cultural shift since the Meiji Restoration of 1868 , the stigma of death still has considerable force within Japanese society , and discrimination against the untouchables has continued .
Until 1972 , most deaths were dealt with by families , funeral homes , or nōkanshi . As of 2014 , about 80 % of deaths occur in hospitals , and preparation of the bodies is frequently done by hospital staff ; in such cases , the family often does not see the body until the funeral . A 1998 survey found that 29 @.@ 5 % of the Japanese population believed in an afterlife , and a further 40 % wanted to believe ; belief was highest among the young . Belief in the existence of a soul ( 54 % ) and a connection between the worlds of the living and the dead ( 64 @.@ 9 % ) was likewise common .
= = = Conception and preproduction = = =
In the early 1990s , a 27 @-@ year @-@ old Motoki and his friend travelled to India ; just before going , at the friend 's recommendation he read Shin 'ya Fujiwara 's Memento Mori ( Latin for " remember that you will die " ) . While in India , he visited Varanasi , where he saw a ceremony in which the dead were cremated and their ashes floated down the Ganges . Witnessing this ceremony of death against a backdrop of bustling crowds going about their lives deeply affected Motoki . When he returned to Japan , he read numerous books on the subject of death , and in 1993 wrote a book on the relationship between life and death : Tenkuu Seiza — Hill Heaven . Among the books he read was Shinmon Aoki 's autobiographical Coffinman : The Journal of a Buddhist Mortician ( 納棺夫日記 , Nōkanfu Nikki ) , which exposed Motoki to the world of the nōkanshi for the first time . Motoki said he found a sense of mystery and near @-@ eroticism to the profession that he felt had an affinity with the film world .
Getting funding for the project was difficult because of the taboos against death , and the crew had to approach several companies before Departures was approved by Toshiaki Nakazawa and Yasuhiro Mase . According to the film 's director , Yōjirō Takita , a consideration in taking on the film was the age of the crew : " we got to a certain point in our lives when death was creeping up to become a factor around us " . Kundō Koyama was enlisted to provide the script , his first for a feature film ; his previous experience had been in scripting for television and stage . Takita , who had begun his career in the pink film genre before entering mainstream filmmaking in 1986 with Comic Magazine , took on the director 's role in 2006 , after producer Toshiaki Nakazawa presented him with the first draft of the script . In a later interview he stated " I wanted to make a film from the perspective of a person who deals with something so universal and yet is looked down upon , and even discriminated against " . Although he knew of the encoffining ceremony , he had never seen one performed .
Production of Departures took ten years , and the work was ultimately only loosely adapted from Coffinman ; later revisions of the script were worked on collaboratively by the cast and crew . Although the religious aspects of funerals were important in the source work , the film did not include them . This , together with the fact that filming was completed in Yamagata and not Aoki 's home prefecture of Toyama , led to tensions between the production staff and the author . Aoki expressed concern that the film was unable to address " the ultimate fate of the dead " . The first edition of the book was broken into three parts ; the third , " Light and Life " , was an essay @-@ like Buddhist musing on life and death , regarding the " light " seen when one perceived the integration of life and death , that is absent from the film . Aoki believed the film 's humanistic approach did away with the religious aspects that were central to the book — the emphasis on maintaining connections between the living and the dead that he felt only religion could provide — and refused to allow his name and that of his book to be used . For the new title , Koyama coined the term okuribito as a euphemism for nōkanshi , derived from the words okuru ( " to send off " ) and hito ( " person " ) .
While the book and film share the same premise , the details differ considerably ; Aoki attributed these changes to the studio making the story more commercial . Both feature a protagonist who endures uneasiness and prejudice because of his job as a nōkanshi , undergoes personal growth as a result of his experiences , and finds new meaning in life when confronted with death . In both , the main character deals with societal prejudices and misunderstandings over his profession . In Coffinman , the protagonist was the owner of a pub @-@ café that had gone out of business ; during a domestic squabble his wife threw a newspaper at him , in which he found an ad for the nōkanshi position . He finds pride in his work for the first time when dealing with the body of a former girlfriend . Koyama changed the protagonist from a bar owner to cellist as he wanted cello orchestration for the film score . Other differences included moving the setting from Toyoma to Yamagata for filming convenience , making the " letter @-@ stone " a greater part of the plot , and an avoidance of heavier scenes , such as religious ones and one in which Aoki talks of seeing " light " in a swarm of maggots . Koyama also added the subplot in which Daigo is able to forgive his late father ; taken from a novel he was writing , it was intended to close the story with " some sense of happiness " .
= = = Casting = = =
Motoki , by then in his early 40s and having built a reputation as a realist , was cast as Daigo . Veteran actor Tsutomu Yamazaki was selected for the role of Sasaki ; Takita had worked with Yamazaki on We Are Not Alone ( 1993 ) . Although the character of Mika was initially planned as being the same age as Daigo , the role went to pop singer Ryōko Hirosue , who had previously acted in Takita 's Himitsu ( Secret ) in 1999 . Takita explained that a younger actress would better represent the lead couple 's growth out of naivety . In a 2009 interview , Takita stated that he had cast " everyone who was on my wish list " .
Motoki studied the art of encoffinment first @-@ hand from a mortician , and assisted in an encoffining ceremony ; he later stated that the experience imbued him with " a sense of mission ... to try to use as much human warmth as I could to restore [ the deceased ] to a lifelike presence for presentation to her family " . Motoki then drilled himself by practising on his talent manager until he felt he had mastered the procedure , one whose intricate , delicate movements he compared to those of the Japanese tea ceremony . Takita attended funeral ceremonies to understand the feelings of bereaved families , while Yamazaki never participated in the encoffinment training . Motoki also learned how to play a cello for the earlier parts of the film .
To provide realistic bodies while preventing the corpses from moving , after a lengthy casting process the crew chose extras who could lie as still as possible . For the bath house owner Tsuyako Yamashita , this was not possible owing to the need to see her alive first , and a search for a body double was unfruitful . Ultimately , the crew used digital effects to transplant a still image of the actor during the character 's funeral scene , allowing for a realistic effect .
= = = Filming and post @-@ production = = =
The non @-@ profit organization Sakata Location Box was established in December 2007 to handle on @-@ location matters such as finding extras and negotiating locations . After deciding to shoot in Sakata , Location Box staff had two months to prepare for the eighty members of the film crew . Negotiations were slow , as many local property owners lost interest after learning that the filming would involve funeral scenes ; those who agreed insisted that shooting take place outside of business hours .
Toyama was both the setting of Coffinman and Takita 's home prefecture , but filming was done in Yamagata ; this was largely because the national Nōkan Association , headquartered in Hokkaido , had a branch office in Sakata . Some preliminary scenes of snowy landscapes were shot in 2007 , and primary filming began in April 2008 , lasting 40 days . Locations included Kaminoyama , Sakata , Tsuruoka , Yuza , and Amarume . The NK Agent office was filmed in a three @-@ storey , Western @-@ style building in Sakata built between the mid @-@ Meiji and Taishō periods ( 1880s – 1920s ) . Originally a restaurant named Kappō Obata , it went out of business in 1998 . The Kobayashis ' café , called Concerto in the film , was located in Kaminoyama in a former beauty salon . From a hundred candidates , Takita chose it for its atmosphere as an aged building with a clear view of the nearby river and surrounding mountain range . The scene of the shooting of the training DVD took place in the Sakata Minato @-@ za , Yamagata 's first movie theatre , which had been closed since 2002 .
The soundtrack to Departures was by Joe Hisaishi , a composer who had gained international recognition for his work with Hayao Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli . Before shooting began , Takita asked him to prepare a soundtrack which would represent the separation between Daigo and his father , as well as the mortician 's love for his wife . Owing to the importance of cellos and cello music in the narrative , Hisaishi emphasized the instrument in his soundtrack ; he described the challenge of centring a score around the cello as one of the most difficult things he had ever done . This score was played during shooting , which according to Takita " allowed [ the crew ] to visualize many of the emotions in the film " and thus contributed to the quality of the finished work .
Upon completion , Takita declared Departures " perfect " , and praised the crew for their self @-@ reliance in developing the content and the humble , " hand @-@ made " quality of the film . That the film 's initial success depended largely on word @-@ of @-@ mouth was also a source of pride for the director . Coffinman author Shinmon Aoki praised Motoki 's performance and the film 's ability to show the importance of family and interpersonal connections , despite his disappointment at the dropping of the story 's religious aspect .
= = Style = =
As they are the movie 's " central dramatic piece " , the encoffining ceremonies in Departures have received extensive commentary . Mike Scott , for instance , wrote in The Times @-@ Picayune that these scenes were beautiful and heartbreaking , and Nicholas Barber of The Independent described them as " elegant and dignified " . James Adams of The Globe and Mail wrote that they were a " dignified ritual of calming , hypnotic grace , with sleights of hand bordering on the magicianly " . As the film continues , Paul Byrnes of The Sydney Morning Herald opined , the audience gains an improved knowledge of the ceremony and its importance . Viewers see that the ceremonies are not simply about preparing the body , but also about " bring [ ing ] dignity to death , respect to the deceased and solace to those who grieve " , through which the encoffiners are able to help repair broken family ties and heal damage done to those left behind .
There is an idealization of the nōkanshi as presented in the film . In all but one case , the dead are either young or already made @-@ up , such that " the viewer can easily tolerate these images on the screen " . The one corpse that had not been found for several days is never shown on screen . No bodies show the gaunt figure of one who has died after a long illness , or the cuts and bruises of an accident victim . Japanologist Mark R. Mullins writes that the gratitude shown in Departures would probably not have occurred in real life ; according to Coffinman , there " is nothing lower on the social scale than the mortician , and the truth of the matter is that [ the Japanese people ] fear the coffinman and the cremator just as much as death and the corpse " .
In a montage , scenes of Daigo playing his childhood cello while sitting outdoors are interspersed with scenes of encoffining ceremonies . Byrnes believes that this scene was meant to increase the emotional charge of the film , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times considered it a " beautiful fantasy scene " through which the camera is " granted sudden freedom " from the generally standard shots . Yoshiko Okuyama of the University of Hawaii at Hilo found that Daigo 's deft movements while playing the cello mirrored the high level of professionalism which he had reached . Several reviewers , such as Leigh Paatsch of the Herald Sun , questioned the need for the shot . Throughout the film 's soundtrack , cello music remains dominant . Takita drew parallels between the instrument and the encoffining ceremony , stating that
... ironically , there is something similar between the process of encoffinment and the act of playing the cello . When you play the cello , the instrument has a human , curvaceous form . The cellist embraces that form when playing the instrument , very loving , affectionate . That 's very similar , physically , to the actions of the encoffiner , cradling the body , being tender and gentle with it .
Byrnes found that Departures used the symbol of the cherry blossom , a flower which blooms after the winter only to wither soon afterwards , to represent the transience of life ; through this understanding , he wrote , Japanese people attempt to define their own existence . Natural symbols are further presented through the changing seasons , which " suggest delicate emotional changes " in the characters , as well as the letter @-@ stones , which represent " love , communication , [ and ] the baton being passed from generation to generation " . The film 's settings are used to convey various sensations , including the solitude of the countryside and the intimacy of the public bath house . The colour white , manifested through snow , chrysanthemums , and other objects , is prominent in the film ; Okuyama suggests that this , together with the classical music and ritualized hand gestures , represents the sacredness and purity of the death ceremonies .
Departures incorporates aspects of humour , an " unexpected " complement to the theme of death which Ebert suggested may be used to mask the audience 's fears . Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times opines that , through this use of humour , the film avoids becoming too dark and instead acts as a " warmhearted blend " of whimsy and irony . This humour manifests in a variety of manners , such as a scene in which " a mortified Daigo , naked except for a pair of adult diapers , is the reluctant model " for an educational video regarding the encoffining process , as well as a scene in which Daigo discovers that the person he is preparing is a trans woman . Takita stated that the addition of humour was deliberate , as " humans are comical by nature " , and that the humour did not conflict with the film 's darker themes .
= = Themes = =
Several critics discussed the theme of death found in Departures . Scott highlighted the contrast between the taboo of death and the value of jobs related to it . He also noted the role of the encoffiner in showing " one last act of compassion " by presenting the dead in a way which preserved proud memories of their life . Initially , Daigo and his family are unable to overcome the taboos and their squeamishness when faced with death . Daigo is alienated from his wife and friends owing to traditional values . Ultimately it is through his work with the dead that Daigo finds fulfilment , and , as Peter Howell of the Toronto Star concluded , viewers realize that " death may be the termination of a life , but it 's not the end of humanity " . Okuyama writes that , in the end , the film ( and the book on which it was based ) serves as a " quiet yet persistent protest " against the discrimination which people who deal with death continue to face in modern Japan : death is a normal part of life , not something repulsive .
Along with this theme of death , Takita believed Departures was about life , about finding a lost sense of feeling human ; Daigo gains a greater perspective on life and comes to know the diversity of people 's lives only after encountering them in death . This life includes family bonds : Daigo 's coming to terms with his father is a major motif , encoffinment scenes focus on the living family members rather than the dead , and even in the NK Agent office , conversation often revolves around family issues . Mika 's pregnancy is the catalyst for her reconciliation with Daigo .
Ebert writes that , as with other Japanese films such as Tokyo Story ( Yasujirō Ozu ; 1953 ) and The Funeral ( Juzo Itami ; 1984 ) , Departures focuses on the effect of death on the survivors ; the afterlife is not given much discussion . He considered this indicative of a " deep and unsensational acceptance of death " in Japanese culture , one which is to be met not with extreme sorrow , but with contemplation . Takita stated that he intended to focus on the " dialogue between people who have passed away and the families that survive them " . The film touches on the question of the afterlife : the cremator likens death to " a gateway " , and Okuyama writes that in this sense the cremator is a gatekeeper and the encoffiners are guides .
Byrnes found that Departures leads one to question the extent of modernity 's effect on Japanese culture , noting the undercurrent of " traditional attitudes and values " which permeated the film . Although the encoffining ceremony was traditionally completed by the dead person 's family , a decreased interest in it opened a " niche market " for professional encoffiners . Okuyama wrote that , through this film , Takita was filling a " spiritual loss " caused by the departure from tradition in modern Japan . Tadao Sato connected this theme of modernity to that of death , explaining that the film 's unusually non @-@ bitter treatment of death demonstrated an evolution in Japanese feelings about life and death . He considered the film 's treatment of nōkan as an artistic rather than religious ceremony to reflect the agnostic attitudes of modern Japan .
= = Release = =
The taboo subject of Departures made prospective distributors wary of taking on the film . Surveys conducted at pre @-@ release screenings placed it at the bottom of the list of films audiences wanted to see . Ultimately , the film 's debut at the Montreal World Film Festival in August 2008 , which was rewarded with the festival 's grand prize , provided the necessary incentive for distributors to select Departures ; it finally received its domestic Japanese release on 13 September 2008 . Even then , owing to the strong taboo against death , Takita was worried about the film 's reception and did not anticipate commercial success , and others expressed concern that the film lacked a clear target audience .
This fear was misplaced ; Departures debuted in Japan at fifth place , and during the fifth week of its run hit its peak position at third place . It sold 2 @.@ 6 million tickets in Japan and generated 3 @.@ 2 billion yen ( $ 32 million ) in box office revenue in the five months after its debut . The film was still showing in 31 theatres when its success at the Academy Awards in February 2009 renewed interest ; the number of screens on which it was showing was increased to 188 and the film earned another ¥ 2 @.@ 8 billion ( $ 28 million ) , making a total of ¥ 6 billion ( $ 60 million ) . This made Departures the highest @-@ grossing domestic film and 15th top @-@ grossing film overall for 2008 . Executive producer Yasuhiro Mase credited this success to the effects of the Great Recession on Japan : viewers who were seeking employment after recently being downsized empathized with Daigo .
From the beginning an international release of the film was intended ; as English is considered a key language in international film festivals , English subtitles were prepared . The translation was handled by Ian MacDougall . He believed that the workings of the mortician 's world were as far from the experience of most Japanese as from that of a non @-@ Japanese audience . As such he felt a faithful translation was best , without going far to accommodate foreign audiences to unfamiliar cross @-@ cultural elements .
In September 2008 , ContentFilm acquired the international rights to Departures , which by that time had been licensed for screening in countries such as Greece , Australia , and Malaysia ; the film was ultimately screened in 36 countries . North American distribution was handled by Regent Releasing , and Departures received a limited release in nine theatres beginning on 29 May 2009 . Overall , the film earned almost $ 1 @.@ 5 million during its North American run before closing on 24 June 2010 . In the United Kingdom , Departures premiered on 4 December 2009 and was distributed by Arrow Film Distributors . The film attained a worldwide gross of nearly $ 70 million .
= = = Adaptations and other media = = =
Before Departures premiered , a manga adaptation by Akira Sasō was serialized in twelve instalments in the bi @-@ weekly Big Comic Superior , from February to August 2008 . Sasō agreed to take on the adaptation as he was impressed by the script . He had the opportunity to view the film before beginning the adaptation , and came to feel that a too @-@ literal adaptation would not be appropriate . He made changes to the settings and physical appearances of the characters , and increased the focus on the role of music in the story . Later in 2008 the serial was compiled in a 280 @-@ page volume released by Shogakukan .
On 10 September 2008 , three days before the Japanese premiere of Departures , a soundtrack album for the film — containing nineteen tracks from the film and featuring an orchestral performance by members of the Tokyo Metropolitan and NHK Symphony Orchestras — was released by Universal Music Japan . Pop singer Ai provided lyrics to music by Hisaishi for the image song " Okuribito / So Special " ; performed by Ai with an arrangement for cellos and orchestra , the single was released by Universal Sigma on 10 September 2008 along with a promotional video . Sheet music for the film 's soundtrack was published by KMP in 2008 ( for cello and piano ) and Onkyō in 2009 ( for cello , violin , and piano ) .
Shinobu Momose , a writer specializing in novelizations , adapted Departures as a novel . It was published by Shogakukan in 2008 . That year the company also released Ishibumi ( Letter @-@ Stone ) , an illustrated book on the themes of the film told from the point of view of a talking stone ; this book was written by Koyama and illustrated by Seitarō Kurota . The following year Shogakukan published an edition of Koyama 's first draft of the screenplay . A stage version of the film , also titled Departures , was written by Koyama and directed by Takita . It debuted at the Akasaka ACT Theater on 29 May 2010 , featuring kabuki actor Nakamura Kankurō as Daigo and Rena Tanaka as Mika . The story , set seven years after the close of the film , concerns the insecurities of the couple 's son over Daigo 's profession .
= = = Home releases = = =
A dual @-@ layer DVD release , with special features including trailers , making @-@ of documentaries , and a recorded encoffining ceremony , was released in Japan on 18 March 2009 . A North American DVD edition of Departures , including an interview with the director , was released by Koch Vision on 12 January 2010 ; the film was not dubbed , but rather presented with Japanese audio and English subtitles . A Blu @-@ ray edition followed in May . This home release received mixed reviews . Franck Tabouring of DVD Verdict was highly complimentary toward the film and the digital transfer , considering its visuals clean and sharp and the audio ( particularly the music ) " a pleasure to listen to " . Thomas Spurlin , writing for DVD Talk , rated the release as " Highly Recommended " , focusing on the " unexpected powerhouse " of the film 's quality . Another writer for the website , Jeremy Mathews , advised readers to " Skip It " , finding the DVD an apt presentation of the source material — which he considered to " reduce itself to clumsy , mug @-@ filled attempts at broad comedy and awkward , repetitive tear @-@ jerker scenes " . Both DVD Talk reviews agreed that the audio and visual quality were less than perfect , and that the DVD 's extra contents were poor ; Mathews described the interview as the director answering " dull questions in a dull manner " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Reviews = = =
Departures received generally positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes sampled 103 reviewers and judged 81 % of them to be positive , with an average score of 7 @.@ 0 out of 10 . The aggregator Metacritic gives the film 68 out of 100 , based on 27 reviews .
= = = = Domestic reviews = = = =
Initial reviews in Japan were positive . In Kinema Junpo , Tokitoshi Shioda called Departures a turning point in Takita 's career , a human drama capturing both laughter and tears , while in the same publication Masaaki Nomura described the film as a work of supple depth that perhaps indicated a move into Takita 's mature period , praising the director for capturing a human feeling from Motoki 's earnest encoffining performance . Writing in the Yomiuri Shimbun , Seichi Fukunaga complimented Takita for using a moving , emotive story laden with humour to reverse prejudice against a taboo subject . He commended the performances of Motoki and Yamazaki , particularly their playing the serious Daigo against the befuddled Sasaki .
In the Asahi Shimbun , Sadao Yamane found the film admirably constructed and extolled the actors ' performances . Yamane was especially impressed by the delicate hand movements Motoki displayed when he performed the encoffinment ceremony . Tomomi Katsuta in the Mainichi Shimbun found Departures a meaningful story that made the viewer think about the different lives people live , and the significance of someone dying . Writing in the same newspaper , Takashi Suzuki thought the film memorable but predictable , and Yūji Takahashi opined that the film 's ability to find nobility in a prejudiced subject was an excellent accomplishment . Shōko Watanabe gave Departures four out of five stars in The Nikkei newspaper , praising the actors ' unforced performances .
Following the success of Departures at the Academy Awards , critic Saburō Kawamoto found the film to show a Japan that the Japanese could relate to , in that , in a nation whose customs put great weight on visits to ancestral graves , a death was always a family affair . He believed the film had a samurai beauty to it , with its many scenes of families sitting seiza . Critic Yūichi Maeda gave the film a 90 % rating , and credited the performances of the two leads for much of the film 's success . He praised its emotional impact and its balance of seriousness and humour , but was more critical of the father – son relationship , which he considered overdone . Maeda attributed the film 's international success , despite its heavily Japanese content , to its clear depiction of Japanese views on life and death . He found the film 's conceptual scale to have an affinity to that of Hollywood ( something he considered lacking in most Japanese films ) .
Reviewer Takurō Yamaguchi gave the film an 85 % rating , and found the treatment of its subject charming . He praised its quiet emotional impact and humour , the interweaving of northern Japan scenery with Hisaishi 's cello score , and the film 's Japanese spirit . Media critic Sadao Yamane found a moving beauty in the dextrous hand movements Sasaki teaches Daigo for preparing bodies , and believed that a prior reading of the original script would deepen the viewer 's understanding of the action . Mark Schilling of The Japan Times gave the film four stars out of five , praising the acting though criticizing the apparent idealization of the encoffiners . He concluded that the film " makes a good case for the Japanese way of death . "
= = = = International reviews = = = =
Internationally , Departures has received mixed — mostly positive — reviews . Ebert gave the film a perfect four stars , describing it as " rock @-@ solid in its fundamentals " and highlighting its cinematography , music , and the casting of Yamazaki as Sasaki . He found that the end result " functions flawlessly " and is " excellent at achieving the universal ends of narrative " . Derek Armstrong of AllMovie gave the film four stars out of five , describing it as " a film of lyrical beauty " which is " bursting with tiny pleasures " . In a four @-@ star review , Byrnes described the film as a " moving meditation on the transience of life " which showed " great humanity " , concluding " it 's a beautiful film but take two hankies . " Howell gave the film three stars out of four , praising its acting and cinematography . He wrote that Departures " quietly subverts aesthetic and emotional expectations " without ever losing its " high @-@ minded intent " . In a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half star review , Claudia Puig of USA Today described Departures as a " beautifully composed " film which , although predictable , was " emotional , poignant " and " profoundly affecting " .
Philip French of The Observer considered Departures to be a " moving , gently amusing " film , which the director had " fastidiously composed " . Sharkey found it an " emotionally wrenching trip with a quiet man " , one which was well cast with " actors who move lightly , gracefully " in the various settings . In Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman gave the film a B − , considering it " tender and , at times , rather squishy " , though certain to affect anyone who had lost a parent . Barber found Departures to be " heartfelt , unpretentious , [ and ] slyly funny " , worth watching ( though ultimately predictable ) . Mike Scott gave the film three and a half stars out of four , finding that it was " a surprisingly uplifting examination of life and loss " , with humour which perfectly complemented the " moving and meaningful story " , but lent itself to characters " mug [ ging ] for the camera " .
Meanwhile , Kevin Maher of The Times described Departures as a " verklempt comedy " with wearisome " push @-@ button crying " , though he considered it saved by the quality of the acting , " stately " directing , and " dreamy " soundtrack . Another mixed review was published in The Daily Telegraph , which described the film as a " safe and emotionally generous crowd @-@ pleaser " that was not worthy of its Academy Award . Philip Kennicott wrote in The Washington Post that the film was " as polished as it is heavy @-@ handed " , predictable yet ready to break taboos , immersed in death yet incapable of escaping " the maddening Japanese taste for sentimentality " . In Variety , Eddie Cockrell wrote that the film offered " fascinating glimpses " of the encoffining ceremony but should have had a much shorter run time . Paatsch gave Departures three stars out of five , describing it as a " quaintly mournful flick " that " unfolds with a delicacy and precision that slowly captivates the viewer " but considering some scenes , such as the montage , " needlessly showy flourishes " . Edward Porter of The Sunday Times wrote that the film 's success at the Academy Awards could be blamed on " a case of the Academy favouring bland sentimentality " .
The A.V. Club 's Keith Phipps gave Departures a C − , writing that though it featured " handsome shots of provincial life " and encoffining scenes with a " poetic quality " , ultimately the film " drips from one overstated emotion to the next " . A. O. Scott wrote in The New York Times that the film was " perfectly mediocre " , predictable , and banal in its combination of humour and melodrama . Despite its sometimes touching moments , he considered Departures " interesting mainly as an index of the Academy ’ s hopelessly timid and conventional tastes " . Tony Rayns of Film Comment gave a scathing review in which he denounced the script as " embarrassingly clunky and obvious " , the acting as merely " adequate " , and the film as but a " paean to the good @-@ looking corpse " . Adams gave Departures two out of four stars , praising the emotionally and visually arresting scenes of encoffinments and " loving attention to the textures , tastes and behaviours of semi @-@ rural Japan " but condemning the predictability of the plot ; he wrote that " Forty @-@ five minutes in , [ viewers have ] prepared a mental checklist of every turn that Daigo Kobayashi will face , then negotiate – and be danged if Takita doesn 't deliver on every one " .
= = = Awards = = =
At the 32nd Japan Academy Prize ceremony held in February 2009 , Departures dominated the competition . It received a total of thirteen nominations , winning ten , including Picture of the Year , Screenplay of the Year ( Koyama ) , Director of the Year ( Takita ) , and Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role ( Motoki ) . In the Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role category , Hirosue lost to Tae Kimura of All Around Us , while in the Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction category Departures 's Tomio Ogawa lost to Paco and the Magical Book 's Towako Kuwashima . Hisaishi , nominated for two Outstanding Achievement in Music awards , won for his scoring of Studio Ghibli 's animated film Ponyo . In response to the wins , Motoki said " It feels as if everything miraculously came together in balance this time with Okuribito " .
Departures was submitted to the 81st Academy Awards as Japan 's submission for the Best Foreign Language Film award . Although eleven previous Japanese films had won Academy Awards in other categories , such as Best Animated Feature or Best Costume Design , the as @-@ yet unattained Best Foreign Language Film award was highly coveted in the Japanese film industry . Departures was not expected to win , owing to strong competition from the Israeli and French submissions ( Ari Folman 's Waltz with Bashir and Laurent Cantet 's The Class , respectively ) , but was ultimately the victor at the February 2009 ceremony . This was considered a surprise by several film critics , and The New York Times 's David Itzkoff termed Departures " The Film That Lost Your Oscars Pool for You " . Motoki , who was expecting the " wonderful " Israeli submission to win , was also surprised ; he described himself as a " hanger @-@ on who just observes the ceremony " , and regretted " not walk [ ing ] with more confidence " upon his arrival .
Departures received recognition at a variety of film festivals , including the Audience Choice Award at the 28th Hawaii International Film Festival , the Grand Prix des Amériques at the 32nd Montreal World Film Festival , and Best Narrative Film the at the 20th Palm Springs International Film Festival . Motoki was selected as best actor at several ceremonies , including at the Asian Film Awards , the Asia Pacific Screen Awards , Blue Ribbon Awards ; he was also viewers ' choice for best actor at the Golden Rooster Awards . At the 29th Hong Kong Film Awards , Departures was selected as Best Asian Film , beating three Chinese films and Ponyo . Following the 21st Nikkan Sports Film Award ceremony , in which Departures won Best Film and Best Director , Takita expressed surprise at the film 's awards , saying " I did not know how well my work would be accepted . " By December 2009 the film had won 98 awards .
= = = Impact = = =
The international success of Departures received considerable attention from the press in Japan , particularly its win at the Academy Awards . The win led to a theatrical re @-@ release in Japan and to Aoki 's book selling out in stores — more than 230 @,@ 000 copies were purchased .
After the film 's success , Sakata Location Box set up a hospitality service called Mukaebito — a pun on the film 's Japanese title indicating " one who greets or picks up " another , rather than " one who sends off " . The service maintains shooting locations and provides maps of these locations for tourists . In 2009 , Location Box opened the building that served as the NK Agent office to the public . For a fee , visitors could enter and view props from the film . Under a job creation program , between 2009 and 2013 the organization received ¥ 30 million from Yamagata Prefecture and ¥ 8 million from Sakata City for the building 's maintenance and administration . The site attracted nearly 120 @,@ 000 visitors in 2009 , though numbers quickly fell ; in 2013 there were fewer than 9 @,@ 000 visitors . Safety fears due to the building 's age led to the Sakata municipal government ending the organization 's lease , and the building was closed again at the end of March 2014 . At the time , the City Tourism division was considering options , such as limiting visits to the first two floors . The building used as the Concerto café has been open to the public since 2009 as the Kaminoyama Concerto Museum , and the Sakata Minato @-@ za cinema has also been opened to tourists . Takita 's hometown of Takaoka , Toyama , maintains a Film Resources Museum ; staff have reported that at times over a hundred Takita fans visit per day .
The film 's success generated greater interest in encoffining and the nōkanshi . Even the model of hearse driven in the film was merchandised : the Mitsuoka Limousine Type 2 @-@ 04 , a smaller , less expensive version of the film 's vehicle , was put on the market on 24 February 2009 . The manufacturer , Mitsuoka Motors , is located in Takita 's home prefecture of Toyama . In 2013 , Mitsuki Kimura , from a family of nōkanshi , founded the Okuribito Academy together with nurse and entrepreneur Kei Takamaru . It offers training in encoffining , embalming , and related practices .
= = Explanatory notes = =
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= Amaranthus brownii =
Amaranthus brownii is an annual herb in the Amaranthaceae family . The plant is found only on the small island of Nihoa in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands , growing on rocky outcrops at altitudes of 120 – 215 m ( 394 – 705 ft ) . It is one of nine species of Amaranthus in the Hawaiian Islands , but the only endemic Hawaiian species of the genus . It was first discovered during the Tanager Expedition in 1923 by botanist Edward Leonard Caum . A. brownii differs from other Hawaiian species of Amaranthus with its spineless leaf axils , linear leaves , and indehiscent fruits .
It is one of 26 vascular plants on Nihoa , 17 of which are indigenous , six alien , and three endemic only to Nihoa , including A. brownii , the Nihoa fan palm or loulu , and the Nihoa carnation . A. brownii is considered the rarest plant on Nihoa and has not been directly observed on the island since 1983 . Past expeditions collected plant samples and seeds , but no specimens have managed to survive ex @-@ situ conservation efforts outside of its native habitat . There are no known plants or seeds from A. brownii in any botanical gardens .
Conservation and recovery plans for A. brownii have been proposed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) which administers the island of Nihoa as part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument . In 1996 , the plant was listed by the FWS as an endangered species . In 2003 , the FWS designated the island of Nihoa as a critical habitat for the plant and it was classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List . The plant is one of 51 endangered or threatened plants in the Hawaiian Islands listed under the Endangered Species Act .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species was first collected during a ten @-@ day visit to the island of Nihoa by the Tanager Expedition . Botanist Edward Leonard Caum collected the first specimen on June 17 , 1923 , and a second was collected by cartographer Charles S. Judd on June 20 , 1923 . Forest B. H. Brown , botanist of the Bayard Dominick Expedition to the Marquesas Islands ( 1921 – 1922 ) , helped provide descriptions and comments for some of the species described by Erling Christophersen and Caum . They named A. brownii after Brown in 1931 with the publication of their paper " Vascular plants of the Leeward Islands , Hawaii " . In the paper they originally described A. brownii as one of 20 vascular plant species on the island of Nihoa . The FWS does not recognize a common name .
= = Description = =
A. brownii is the only endemic species of Hawaiian Amaranthus in the Hawaiian Islands . It is an herbaceous annual plant that grows to a height of 30 – 90 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 – 2 @.@ 95 ft ) and has narrow , linear leaves , small green flowers , and fruit that holds a single , dark red seed . A. brownii is monoecious ; that is , the male and female flowers are found together on the same plant . It differs from other Hawaiian species of Amaranthus with its spineless leaf axils , linear leaves , and indehiscent fruits ( fruit which does not open to release seeds when ripe ) . The fruits are ovoid and between 0 @.@ 8 – 1 mm long and 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 8 mm wide . The plant is thought to be anemophilous ( pollinated by wind ) .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
A. brownii has a very limited range ; it is found only on the 0 @.@ 65 km2 ( 0 @.@ 25 sq mi ) island of Nihoa , located 275 km ( 171 mi ) northwest of Kauai . It is thought that this endemic plant has probably always been rare and restricted to Nihoa . Its habitat is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and protected as part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument . A. brownii is one of three endemic and endangered species only found on Nihoa , along with the Nihoa fan palm ( Pritchardia remota ) and the Nihoa carnation ( Schiedea verticillata ) . At least nine other native plant species can be found in its habitat , including Hawaiian goosefoot ( Chenopodium oahuense ) , lovegrass ( Eragrostis variablis ) , koali ʻawa ( Ipomoea indica ) , goat 's foot ( Ipomoea pes @-@ caprae ssp. brasiliensis ) , Panicum torridum , naupakas ( Scaevola sericea ) , Sicyos pachycarpus , ʻilima ( Sida fallax ) , and Nelson 's horsenettle ( Solanum nelsonii ) .
The plant grows during the moist , winter season from December through July in Nihoa 's coastal dry shrubland habitat in shallow soil on rocky outcrops in exposed areas between 120 – 215 m ( 394 – 705 ft ) . At the time of its discovery in 1923 , botanists first observed the plant growing in great quantity on the ridges towards Miller Peak and on eastern ridges of the island . Expeditions in the early and mid @-@ 1960s failed to identify any specimens , but in 1969 , ethnobotanist Douglas E. Yen of the Bishop Museum collected specimens near Miller Peak . Derral R. Herbst and Wayne Takeuchi of the FWS collected the last known specimen on July 27 , 1980 . Carl C. Christensen also visited Nihoa in 1980 to reevaluate endemic species last observed on the Tanager Expedition . Sheila Conant and Mark S. Collins visited Nihoa in 1980 as well ; Conant returned twice in 1981 , first with Mark J. Rauzon and later with Audrey L. Newman . In 1983 , Conant visited the island with Wayne C. Gagné . Conant found A. brownii growing on the island in 1981 and 1983 , by which time only two populations of 35 plants were thought to exist : 23 plants were found near Miller Peak and 12 plants in Middle Valley . The two plant populations are separated by a distance of approximately 0 @.@ 4 km ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) .
Prehistoric Polynesian habitation on Nihoa may have initially led to a decrease in the plant population of A. brownii . Major threats to the plant include invasive species , fire , and hybridization with other Amaranthus species . Inbreeding is a serious threat , as the small plant population must reproduce within its own circle resulting in genetic defects . A. brownii is also forced to compete with the non @-@ native weed ( Portulaca oleracea ) , the plant 's main alien species threat . In 2002 and 2004 , the invasive gray bird grasshopper ( Schistocerca nitens ) presented an even larger threat to A. brownii . First recorded on the island in 1977 , the increasing population density of gray bird grasshoppers led to massive defoliation on the island , leaving A. brownii at greater risk of predation . In 2004 alone , an estimated 400 @,@ 000 gray bird grasshoppers destroyed almost 90 % of the vegetation on Nihoa .
= = Conservation = =
According to zoologist and conservationist Sheila Conant , A. brownii is important due to its uniqueness in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands as " the only Hawaiian endemic in this large genus which contains many economically and nutritionally important species . " However , in more than a decade of field surveys on Nihoa , no living plants have been identified . Wildlife refuge staff have visited the island during the dry season at least 21 times between 1983 and 1996 . The absence of the plant in recent field surveys might be explained by the time of visit . Because winter surveys of Nihoa tend to be difficult and dangerous due to poor landing conditions , surveys have not been conducted during the moist , winter growing season from December through March when the plant is easiest to find . Most of the surveys have been completed during the summer months , when it is easiest to visit Nihoa , but during this time , the stems of A. brownii dry up and cannot be distinguished from other herbaceous plants . A seven @-@ day visit to the island in April 2006 still did not find any specimens but botanists are optimistic that the species has survived . Additional winter surveys are required to accurately assess the conservation status of the plant .
Ex @-@ situ conservation efforts to propagate A. brownii by seed in botanical gardens have been unsuccessful . During the 1981 expedition , A. bronwii seeds were collected by Sheila Conant and presented to the Waimea Arboretum on the Hawaiian island of Oahu and the Kew Gardens in London , England . Although the seeds at the Waimea Arboretum germinated and grew for a while , no plants survived beyond the stage of seedling development . Information about the outcome of the seeds sent to Kew Gardens is unavailable .
A proposal for listing A. brownii under the U.S. Endangered Species Act was originally submitted on June 16 , 1976 , but was withdrawn on December 10 , 1979 as out of date and incomplete . It was proposed again on March 24 , 1993 , and was federally listed as an endangered species on August 21 , 1996 . On May 22 , 2003 , the FWS designated 171 acres ( 69 ha ) on the island of Nihoa as a critical habitat for A. brownii , as well as Pritchardia remota , Schiedea verticillata , and two other species also found on Nihoa and other Hawaiian islands , ʻohai ( Sesbania tomentosa ) and Mariscus pennatiformis . In the same year , A. brownii was internationally classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List . As of 2010 , A. brownii was one of 51 Hawaiian plant species listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act .
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= The Cat in the Hat =
The Cat in the Hat is a children 's book written and illustrated by Theodor Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and first published in 1957 . The story centers on a tall anthropomorphic cat , who wears a red and white @-@ striped hat and a red bow tie . The Cat shows up at the house of Sally and her unnamed brother one rainy day when their mother is away . Ignoring repeated objections from the children 's fish , the Cat shows the children a few of his tricks in an attempt to entertain them . In the process he and his companions , Thing One and Thing Two , wreck the house . The children and the fish become more and more alarmed until the Cat produces a machine that he uses to clean everything up . He then says his goodbyes and disappears just before the children 's mother walks in .
Geisel created the book in response to a debate in the United States about literacy in early childhood and the ineffectiveness of traditional primers such as those featuring Dick and Jane . Geisel was asked to write a more entertaining primer by William Spaulding , whom he had met during World War II and who was then director of the education division at Houghton Mifflin . However , because Geisel was already under contract with Random House , the two publishers agreed to a deal : Houghton Mifflin published the education edition , which was sold to schools , and Random House published the trade edition , which was sold in bookstores .
Geisel gave varying accounts of how he created The Cat in the Hat , but in the version he told most often he was so frustrated with the word list from which he could choose words to write his story that he decided to scan the list and create a story based on the first two words he found that rhymed . The words he found were cat and hat . The book met with immediate critical acclaim and financial success . Reviewers praised it as an exciting alternative to traditional primers . Three years after its debut , the book had already sold over a million copies , and in 2001 Publishers Weekly listed the book at number nine on its list of best @-@ selling children 's books of all time . The book 's success led to the creation of Beginner Books , a publishing house centered on producing similar books for young children learning to read . In 1983 , Geisel said , " It is the book I 'm proudest of because it had something to do with the death of the Dick and Jane primers . " The book was adapted into a 1971 animated television special and a 2003 live @-@ action film .
= = Plot = =
The story begins as a girl named Sally and her unnamed brother , who serves as the narrator of the book , sit alone in their house on a cold , rainy day , staring wistfully out the window . Then they hear a loud bump which is quickly followed by the arrival of the Cat in the Hat , a tall anthropomorphic cat in a red and white striped hat and a red bow tie . The Cat proposes to entertain the children with some tricks that he knows . The children 's pet fish refuses , insisting that the Cat leave . The Cat responds by balancing the fish on the tip of his umbrella . The game quickly becomes more complicated , as the Cat balances himself on a ball and tries to balance lots of household items on his limbs until he falls on his head , dropping everything he was holding . The fish admonishes him again , but the Cat in the Hat just proposes another game .
The Cat brings in a big red box from outside , from which he releases two identical creatures with blue hair and red suits called Thing One and Thing Two . The Things cause more trouble , such as flying kites in the house , knocking pictures off the wall and picking up the children 's mother 's new polka @-@ dotted gown . All this comes to an end when the fish spots the children 's mother out the window . In response , Sally 's brother catches the Things in a net , and the Cat , apparently ashamed , stores them back in the big red box . He takes it out the front door as the fish and the children survey the mess he has made . But the Cat soon returns , riding a machine that picks everything up and cleans the house , delighting the fish and the children . The Cat leaves just before their mother arrives , and the fish and the children are back where they started at the beginning of the story . As she steps in , the mother asks the children what they did while she was out , but the children are hesitant and do not answer . The story ends with the question , " What would you do if your mother asked you ? "
= = Background = =
Theodor Geisel , writing as Dr. Seuss , created The Cat in the Hat partly in response to the May 24 , 1954 , Life magazine article by John Hersey titled " Why Do Students Bog Down on First R ? A Local Committee Sheds Light on a National Problem : Reading " . In the article , Hersey was critical of school primers like those featuring Dick and Jane :
In the classroom boys and girls are confronted with books that have insipid illustrations depicting the slicked @-@ up lives of other children ... All feature abnormally courteous , unnaturally clean boys and girls .... In bookstores anyone can buy brighter , livelier books featuring strange and wonderful animals and children who behave naturally , i.e. , sometimes misbehave ... Given incentive from school boards , publishers could do as well with primers .
After detailing many issues contributing to the dilemma connected with student reading levels , Hersey asked toward the end of the article :
Why should [ school primers ] not have pictures that widen rather than narrow the associative richness the children give to the words they illustrate — drawings like those of the wonderfully imaginative geniuses among children 's illustrators , Tenniel , Howard Pyle , " Dr. Seuss " , Walt Disney ?
This article caught the attention of William Spaulding , who had met Geisel during the war and who was then the director of Houghton Mifflin 's education division . Spaulding had also read the best @-@ selling 1955 book Why Johnny Can 't Read by Rudolf Flesch . Flesch , like Hersey , criticized primers as boring but also criticized them for teaching reading through word recognition rather than phonics . In 1955 , Spaulding invited Geisel to dinner in Boston where he proposed that Geisel create a book " for six- and seven @-@ year olds who had already mastered the basic mechanics of reading " . He reportedly challenged , " Write me a story that first @-@ graders can 't put down ! "
At the back of Why Johnny Can 't Read , Flesch had included 72 lists of words that young children should be able to read , and Spaulding provided Geisel with a similar list . Geisel later told biographers Judith and Neil Morgan that Spaulding had supplied him with a list of 348 words that every six @-@ year @-@ old should know and insisted that the book 's vocabulary be limited to 225 words . However , according to Philip Nel , Geisel gave varying numbers in interviews from 1964 to 1969 . He variously claimed that he could use between 200 and 250 words from a list of between 300 and 400 ; the finished book contains 236 different words .
= = Characters = =
The Cat in the Hat
Thing One
Thing Two
Sally
Sally 's brother
Fish
Mother
= = Creation = =
Geisel gave varying accounts of how he conceived of The Cat in the Hat . According to the story Geisel told most often , he was so frustrated with the word list that William Spaulding had given him that he finally decided to scan the list and create a story out of the first two words he found that rhymed . The words he found were cat and hat . Near the end of his life , Geisel told his biographers , Judith and Neil Morgan , that he conceived the beginnings of the story while he was with Spaulding , in an elevator in the Hougton Mifflin offices in Boston . It was an old , shuddering elevator and was operated by a " small , stooped woman wearing ' a leather half @-@ glove and a secret smile ' " . Anita Silvey , recounting a similar story , described the woman as " a very elegant , very petite African @-@ American woman named Annie Williams " . Geisel told Silvey that , when he sketched the Cat in the Hat , he thought of Williams and gave the character Williams ' white gloves and " sly , even foxy smile " .
Geisel gave two conflicting , partly fictionalized accounts of the book 's creation in two articles , " How Orlo Got His Book " in The New York Times Book Review and " My Hassle with the First Grade Language " in the Chicago Tribune , both published on November 17 , 1957 . In " My Hassle with the First Grade Language " , he wrote about his proposal to a " distinguished schoolbook publisher " to write a book for young children about " scaling the peaks of Everest at 60 degrees below " . The publisher was intrigued but informed him that , because of the word list , " you can 't use the word scaling . You can 't use the word peaks . You can 't use Everest . You can 't use 60 . You can 't use degrees . You can 't ... " Geisel gave a similar account to Robert Cahn for an article in the July 6 , 1957 , edition of The Saturday Evening Post . In " My Hassle With the First Grade Language " , he also told a story of the " three excruciatingly painful weeks " in which he worked on a story about a King Cat and a Queen Cat . However , " queen " was not on the word list , nor did his first grade nephew , Norval , recognize it . So Geisel returned to the work but could then think only of words that started with the letter " q " , which did not appear in any word on the list . He then had a similar fascination with the letter " z " , which also did not appear in any word on the list . When he did finally finish the book and showed it to his nephew , Norval had already graduated from the first grade and was learning calculus . Philip Nel notes , in his dissection of the article , that Norval was Geisel 's invention . Geisel 's niece , Peggy Owens , did have a son , but he was only a one @-@ year @-@ old when the article was published .
In " How Orlo Got His Book " , he described Orlo , a fictional , archetypal young child who was turned off of reading by the poor selection of simple reading material . To save Orlo the frustration , Geisel decided to write a book for children like Orlo but found the task " not dissimilar to ... being lost with a witch in a tunnel of love " . He tried to write a story called " The Queen Zebra " but found that both words did not appear on the list . In fact , like Geisel wrote in " My Hassle with the First Grade Language " , the letters " q " and " z " did not appear on the list at all . He then tried to write a story about a bird , without using the word bird as it did not appear on the list . He decided to call it a " wing thing " instead but struggled as he discovered that it " couldn 't have legs or a beak or a tail . Neither a left foot or a right foot . " On his approach to writing The Cat in the Hat he wrote , " The method I used is the same method you use when you sit down to make apple stroodle [ sic ] without stroodles . "
Geisel variously stated that the book took between nine and 18 months to create . Donald Pease notes that he worked on it primarily alone , unlike with previous books , which had been more collaborative efforts between Geisel and his wife , Helen . This marked a general trend in his work and life . As Robert L. Bernstein later said of that period , " The more I saw of him , the more he liked being in that room and creating all by himself . " Pease points to Helen 's recovery from Guillain – Barré syndrome , which she was diagnosed with in 1954 , as the marker for this change .
= = Publication history = =
Geisel agreed to write The Cat in the Hat at the request of William Spaulding of Houghton Mifflin ; however , because Geisel was under contract with Random House , the head of Random House , Bennett Cerf , made a deal with Houghton Mifflin . Random House retained the rights to trade sales , which encompassed copies of the book sold at book stores , while Houghton Mifflin retained the education rights , which encompassed copies sold to schools .
The Houghton Mifflin edition was released in January or February 1957 , and the Random House edition was released on March 1 . The two editions featured different covers but were otherwise identical . The first edition can be identified by the " 200 / 200 " mark in the top right corner of the front dust jacket flap , signifying the $ 2 @.@ 00 selling price . The price was reduced to $ 1 @.@ 95 on later editions .
According to Judith and Neil Morgan , the book sold well immediately . The trade edition initially sold an average of 12 @,@ 000 copies a month , a figure which rose rapidly . Bullock 's department store in Los Angeles , California , sold out of its first , 100 @-@ copy order of the book in a day and quickly reordered 250 more . The Morgans attribute these sales numbers to " playground word @-@ of @-@ mouth " , asserting that children heard about the book from their friends and nagged their parents to buy it for them . However , Houghton Mifflin 's school edition did not sell as well . As Geisel noted in Jonathan Cott 's 1983 profile of him , " Houghton Mifflin ... had trouble selling it to the schools ; there were a lot of Dick and Jane devotees , and my book was considered too fresh and irreverent . But Bennett Cerf at Random House had asked for trade rights , and it just took off in the bookstores . " Geisel told the Morgans , " Parents understood better than school people the necessity for this kind of reader . "
After three years in print , The Cat in the Hat had sold nearly one million copies . By then , the book had been translated into French , Chinese , Swedish , and Braille . In 2001 , Publishers Weekly placed it at number nine on its list of the best @-@ selling children 's books of all time . As of 2007 , more than 10 million copies of The Cat in the Hat have been printed , and it has been translated into more than 12 different languages , including Latin , under the title Cattus Petasatus . In 2007 , on the occasion of the book 's fiftieth anniversary , Random House released The Annotated Cat : Under the Hats of Seuss and His Cats , which includes both The Cat in the Hat and its sequel , with annotations and an introduction by Philip Nel .
= = Reception = =
The book was published to immediate critical acclaim . Some reviewers praised the book as an exciting way to learn to read , particularly compared to the primers that it supplanted . Ellen Lewis Buell , in her review for The New York Times Book Review , noted the book 's heavy use of one @-@ syllable words and lively illustrations . She wrote , " Beginning readers and parents who have been helping them through the dreary activities of Dick and Jane and other primer characters are due for a happy surprise . " Helen Adams Masten of the Saturday Review called the book Geisel 's tour de force and wrote , " Parents and teachers will bless Mr. Geisel for this amusing reader with its ridiculous and lively drawings , for their children are going to have the exciting experience of learning that they can read after all . Polly Goodwin of the Chicago Sunday Tribune predicted that The Cat in the Hat would cause seven- and eight @-@ year @-@ olds to " look with distinct distaste on the drab adventures of standard primer characters " .
Both Helen E. Walker of Library Journal and Emily Maxwell of The New Yorker felt that the book would appeal to older children as well as to its target audience of first- and second @-@ graders . The reviewer for The Bookmark concurred , writing , " Recommended enthusiastically as a picture book as well as a reader " . In contrast , Heloise P. Mailloux wrote in The Horn Book Magazine , " This is a fine book for remedial purposes , but self @-@ conscious children often refuse material if its seems meant for younger children . " She felt that the book 's limited vocabulary kept it from reaching " the absurd excellence of early Seuss books " .
Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named The Cat in the Hat one of its " Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children " . In 2012 it was ranked number 36 among the " Top 100 Picture Books " in a survey published by School Library Journal – the third of five Dr. Seuss books on the list .
It was awarded the Early Readers BILBY Award in 2004 and 2012 .
= = Analysis = =
Philip Nel places the book 's title character in the tradition of con artists in American art , including the title characters from Meredith Willson 's The Music Man and L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . Nel also contends that Geisel identified with the Cat , pointing to a self portrait of Geisel in which he appears as the Cat , which was published alongside a profile about him in The Saturday Evening Post on July 6 , 1957 . Michael K. Frith , who worked as Geisel 's editor , concurs , arguing that " The Cat in the Hat and Ted Geisel were inseparable and the same . I think there 's no question about it . This is someone who delighted in the chaos of life , who delighted in the seeming insanity of the world around him . " Ruth MacDonald asserts that the Cat 's primary goal in the book is to create fun for the children . The Cat calls it " fun that is funny " , which MacDonald distinguishes from the ordinary , serious fun that parents subject their children to .
Geisel once called the fish " my version of Cotton Mather " , the Puritan moralist who advised the prosecutors during the Salem witch trials . Betty Mensch and Alan Freeman support this view , writing , " Drawing on old Christian symbolism ( the fish was an ancient sign of Christianity ) Dr. Seuss portrays the fish as a kind of ever @-@ nagging superego , the embodiment of utterly conventionalized morality . " Philip Nel notes that other critics have also compared the fish to the superego . Anna Quindlen called the Cat " pure id " and marked the children , as mediators between the Cat and the fish , as the ego . Mensch and Freeman , however , argue that the Cat shows elements of both id and ego .
In her analysis of the fish , MacDonald asserts that it represents the voice of the children 's absent mother . Its conflict with the Cat , not only over the Cat 's uninvited presence but also their inherent predator @-@ prey relationship , provides the tension of the story . She points out that on the last page , while the children are hesitant to tell their mother about what happened in her absence , the fish gives a knowing look to the readers to assure them " that something did go on but that silence is the better part of valor in this case " . Alison Lurie agrees , writing , " there is a strong suggestion that they might not tell her . " She argues that , in the Cat 's destruction of the house , " the kids — and not only those in the story , but those who read it — have vicariously given full rein to their destructive impulses without guilt or consequences . " For a 1983 article , Geisel told Jonathan Cott , " The Cat in the Hat is a revolt against authority , but it 's ameliorated by the fact that the Cat cleans up everything at the end . It 's revolutionary in that it goes as far as Kerensky and then stops . It doesn 't go quite as far as Lenin . "
Donald Pease notes that The Cat in the Hat shares some structural similarities with other Dr. Seuss books . Like earlier books , The Cat in the Hat starts with " a child 's feeling of discontent with his mundane circumstances " which is soon enhanced by make believe . The book starts in a factual , realistic world , which crosses over into the world of make believe with the loud bump that heralds the arrival of the Cat . However , this is the first Dr. Seuss book in which the fantasy characters , i.e. the Cat and his companions , are not products of the children 's imagination . It also differs from previous books in that Sally and her brother actively participate in the fantasy world ; they also have a changed opinion of the Cat and his world by the story 's end .
= = Legacy = =
Ruth MacDonald asserts , " The Cat in the Hat is the book that made Dr. Seuss famous . Without The Cat , Seuss would have remained a minor light in the history of children 's literature . " Donald Pease concurs , writing , " The Cat in the Hat is the classic in the archive of Dr. Seuss stories for which it serves as a cornerstone and a linchpin . Before writing it Geisel was better known for the ' Quick , Henry , the Flit ! ' ad campaign than for his nine children 's books . " The publication and popularity of the book thrust Geisel into the center of the United States literacy debate , what Pease called " the most important academic controversy " of the Cold War era . Academic Louis Menand contends that " The Cat in the Hat transformed the nature of primary education and the nature of children 's books . It not only stood for the idea that reading ought to be taught by phonics ; it also stood for the idea that language skills — and many other subjects — ought to be taught through illustrated storybooks , rather than primers and textbooks . " In 1983 , Geisel told Jonathan Cott , " It is the book I 'm proudest of because it had something to do with the death of the Dick and Jane primers . "
The book led directly to the creation of Beginner Books , a publishing house centered on producing books like The Cat in the Hat for beginning readers . According to Judith and Neil Morgan , when the book caught the attention of Phyllis Cerf , the wife of Geisel 's publisher , Bennett Cerf , she arranged for a meeting with Geisel , where the two agreed to create Beginner Books . Geisel became the president and editor , and the Cat in the Hat served as their mascot . Geisel 's wife , Helen , was made third partner . Random House served as distributor , until 1960 , when Random House purchased Beginner Books . Geisel wrote multiple books for the series , including The Cat in the Hat Comes Back ( 1958 ) , Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) , Hop on Pop ( 1963 ) , and Fox in Socks ( 1965 ) . He initially used word lists of limited vocabularies to create these books , as he had with The Cat in the Hat , but moved away from the lists as he came to believe " that a child could learn any amount of words if fed them slowly and if the books were amply illustrated " . Other authors also contributed notable books to the series , including A Fly Went By ( 1958 ) , Sam and the Firefly ( 1958 ) , Go , Dog . Go ! ( 1961 ) , and The Big Honey Hunt ( 1962 ) .
The book , or elements of it , has been mentioned multiple times in United States politics . The image of the Cat balancing many objects on his body while in turn balancing himself on a ball has been included in political cartoons and articles . Political caricaturists have portrayed both Bill Clinton and George W. Bush in this way . In 2004 , MAD magazine published " The Strange Similarities Between the Bush Administration and the World of Dr. Seuss " , an article which matched quotes from White House officials to excerpts taken from Dr. Seuss books , and in which George W. Bush 's State of the Union promises were contrasted with the Cat vowing ( in part ) , " I can hold up the cup and the milk and the cake ! I can hold up these books ! And the fish on a rake ! " In 2007 , during the 110th Congress , Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid compared the impasse over a bill to reform immigration with the mess created by the Cat . He read lines of the book from the Senate floor . He then carried forward his analogy hoping the impasse would be straightened out for " If you go back and read Dr. Seuss , the cat manages to clean up the mess . " In 1999 , the United States Postal Service issued a stamp featuring the Cat in the Hat .
The Cat in the Hat 's popularity also led to increased popularity and exposure for Geisel 's previous children 's books . For example , 1940 's Horton Hatches the Egg had sold 5 @,@ 801 copies in its opening year and 1 @,@ 645 the following year . In 1958 , the year after the publication of The Cat in the Hat , 27 @,@ 643 copies of Horton were sold , and by 1960 the book had sold a total of over 200 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Adaptations = =
The Cat in the Hat has been adapted for various media , including theater , television , film , and educational software . The animated musical TV special premiered in 1971 and starred Allan Sherman as the Cat . In 2003 , a live @-@ action film adaptation was released , starring Mike Myers as the Cat , Spencer Breslin as Conrad , and Dakota Fanning as Sally . Boxoffice.com reports that the film grossed $ 133 @,@ 960 @,@ 541 worldwide on an estimated $ 165 million budget . In 2012 , following the financial success of The Lorax , the animated film adaptation of the Dr. Seuss book of the same name , Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment announced plans to produce a CGI adaptation of the book . Rob Lieber will write the script , Chris Meledandri will produce , and Audrey Geisel will be the executive producer .
In 2009 , the Royal National Theatre created a stage version of the book , adapted and directed by Katie Mitchell . Seussical , a musical adaptation that incorporates aspects of many Dr. Seuss works , features the Cat in the Hat as narrator . The musical received weak reviews when it opened , in November 2001 , but eventually became a staple in regional and school theaters . The Cat also stars in the 1982 television film The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat and the 2010 animated television series The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! A ride at Universal Studios ' Islands of Adventure park in Orlando , Florida , is based around The Cat in the Hat .
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= Jæren Commuter Rail =
The Jæren Commuter Rail ( Norwegian : NSB Lokaltog Jæren , previously Jærbanen ) is a commuter train service operated along the westernmost part of the Sørland Line in Jæren , Norway . It is operated by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) with nine Class 72 electric multiple units . The service acts as a commuter rail connecting Stavanger to its suburbs , including Sandnes , and to towns further south , in Klepp , Time , Hå and Eigersund . Although passenger services have operated along the lines since 1878 , the commuter train service was inaugurated in 1992 with a significant increase of service , using existing rolling stock . The system has an annual ridership of 2 @.@ 5 million passengers to date .
The service runs from Stavanger Station to Egersund Station , a distance of 75 kilometers ( 47 mi ) . It has four hourly services from Stavanger to Sandnes Station , of which two continue to Nærbø Station and one to Egersund . The section from Stavanger to Sandnes is double track , while the rest is single track . The infrastructure is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration and the line is also used by intercity and freight trains . Several proposed upgrades to the system have been made system , such as a branch along the Ålgård Line , a branch to Stavanger Airport , Sola and reestablishing double track from Sandnes to Egersund .
= = Route = =
The commuter rail service runs along the full length of the Jæren Line , the old name of the section of the Sørland Line from Stavanger to Egersund . The line is standard gauge , electrified at 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC and owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration . The line starts as double track at Stavanger Station , which is located in the central business district of Stavanger and is the terminal station of the Sørland Line . The station is manned , serves intercity trains and is 10 minutes from the city 's ferry terminal . Paradis Station is 1 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 0 @.@ 87 mi ) from Stavanger and serves the residential areas of Storhaug and Våland . Around the station there will be established new office real estate . The station is within walking distance of Stavanger University Hospital and Godalen Upper Secondary School , and is adjacent to the offices of the County Governor .
Mariero Station is 4 @.@ 1 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from Stavanger and serves a mixed residential and commercial area , including Hetland Upper Secondary School . Jåttåvågen Station serves a new neighborhood and is within a minutes walk of Viking Stadion , the home ground of Tippeligaen side Viking FK , Jåttå Upper Secondary School and the future offices of Aker Solutions . Gausel Station is located from 9 kilometers ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) from Stavanger and serves a mixed commercial and residential area . In addition to being next to the offices of NOKAS , the station is the main interchange with buses towards Forus , which contains the offices of companies such as Statoil , Telenor and BP , and Stavanger Airport , Sola .
Sandnes Sentrum Station ( " Sandnes Center " ) is the first station located within Sandnes , and is located on a viaduct above the city center . Located 14 @.@ 8 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 2 mi ) from Stavanger , it is also served by intercity trains and staffed . The station is the southern end of the double track . Sandnes Station is 15 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 6 mi ) from Stavanger and is located slightly south of city center of Sandnes . Some of the commuter trains terminate at Sandnes . Ganddal Station is 18 @.@ 5 kilometers ( 11 @.@ 5 mi ) from Stavanger and serves the mixed residential and industrial area of Ganddal . The Ålgård Line branches off at the station .
Øksnevadporten Station is the first in Klepp and is located 22 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 13 @.@ 9 mi ) from Stavanger . Klepp Station is located 24 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 15 @.@ 4 mi ) from Stavanger and serves the municipal center of Klepp . Bryne Station is the only station in Time and located at Bryne , 29 @.@ 8 kilometers ( 18 @.@ 5 mi ) from Stavanger . The station is staffed and also serves intercity trains .
Nærbø Station is the first station in Hå and serves the municipal center of Nærbø . Some commuter trains terminate at Nærbø . Varhaug Station is located 43 @.@ 1 kilometers ( 26 @.@ 8 mi ) from Stavanger , while Vigrestad Station is located 40 @.@ 2 kilometers ( 25 @.@ 0 mi ) from Stavanger . Brusand Station serves the residential area of Brusand and is located 54 @.@ 2 kilometers ( 33 @.@ 7 mi ) from Stavanger . Ogna Station serves the residential area of Ogna and is located 58 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 36 @.@ 3 mi ) from Stavanger . Sirevåg Station is located 60 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 37 @.@ 5 mi ) from Stavanger and serves the fishing village of Sirevåg .
Hellvik Station is the first station in Eigersund and located 66 @.@ 8 kilometers ( 41 @.@ 5 mi ) from Stavanger . Egersund Station is the terminal station of the line , and all remaining commuter trains stop there . The station is staffed and also served by intercity trains , and has correspondence with buses . The station located 74 @.@ 7 kilometers ( 46 @.@ 4 mi ) from Stavanger is about 10 minutes north of the city center of Egersund .
= = Service = =
The operating deficits are covered through subsidies by the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications . The trackage and other infrastructure is owned by the government agency Norwegian National Rail Administration , while the rolling stock is owned and operated by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) . The service between Stavanger and Sandnes operate with a fixed schedule every 15 minutes . Of the trains to Sandnes , half continue onwards to Nærbø , giving a 30 @-@ minute headway . One train per hour operate all the way to Egersund . On weekends and late evenings , there is a reduced service . Travel time from Stavanger to Sandnes is 19 minutes , from Stavanger to Nærbø is 37 minutes , and from Stavanger to Egersund is 1 hour and 7 minutes .
= = Rolling stock = =
Class 72 is a series of 36 four @-@ car electric multiple units built by AnsaldoBreda . The units are permanently coupled together using Jacobs bogies . Each unit has a power output of 2 @,@ 550 kilowatts ( 3 @,@ 420 hp ) , allowing a top speed of 160 kilometers per hour ( 99 mph ) . The trains are 85 @.@ 57 meters ( 280 @.@ 7 ft ) long and weigh 156 tonnes ( 154 long tons ; 172 short tons ) , and have seating for 310 passengers and one toilet . The trains have better accessibility than the older units and unlike their predecessors are equipped with an electronic public information system . Nine of the units are used on the Jæren Commuter Rail , while the remaining 25 units are used on the Oslo Commuter Rail .
= = = Retired = = =
Class 69 is a series of 88 two and three @-@ car electric multiple units built by Strømmens Værksted between 1970 and 1993 . A motor car has a power output of 1 @,@ 188 kilowatts ( 1 @,@ 593 hp ) , allowing a speed of 130 kilometers per hour ( 81 mph ) . Each car is 24 @.@ 85 meters ( 81 @.@ 5 ft ) long , with motor cars weighing 64 @.@ 0 to 53 @.@ 9 tonnes ( 63 @.@ 0 to 53 @.@ 0 long tons ; 70 @.@ 5 to 59 @.@ 4 short tons ) and end cars weighing down to 28 @.@ 8 tonnes ( 28 @.@ 3 long tons ; 31 @.@ 7 short tons ) . Typical seating capacity is 96 passengers in the motor cars and 112 passengers in the end cars . The class was delivered in four versions , named A through D. After the initial delivery of fifteen 69As in 1970 and 1971 , twenty 69Bs were delivered in 1974 and 1975 . These were designed to operate on longer sections and were equipped with only one door per car . This turned out to extend stopping time too much , and the C and D versions were delivered with two doors per car . From 1975 to 1977 , NSB took delivery of fourteen 69Cs and from 1983 to 1993 thirty @-@ nine 69Ds . The latter is distinguishable because of its different front . NSB operates both two- and three @-@ car sets , and up to three units can be run in multiple , allowing NSB to operate any train length from two to nine cars . Eighty @-@ two units remain in service ; although they have been retired from the Jæren Commuter Rail , NSB still uses them on the Oslo Commuter Rail , the Bergen Commuter Rail and the Arendal Line .
= = History = =
The Jæren Line opened as a narrow gauge railway between Stavanger and Egersund on 1 March 1878 . The railway was extended from Egersund to Flekkefjord on 1 November 1904 as the Flekkefjord Line . On 21 December 1924 , the Jæren Line 's only branch opened , the Ålgård Line from Ganddal to Ålgård . On 1 March 1944 , the Jæren Line became part of the Sørland Line , when the line opened between Sira and Kristiansand and the Jæren Line was converted to standard gauge . The Sørland Line from Egersund to Stavanger was opened as electric on 3 June 1956 . This resulted in Class 65 and Class 67 electric multiple units being used on local trains on the line . In 1960 , the services were replaced by Class 68 units . The section from Stavanger to Sandnes became the first part of the Norwegian railway network , after the Ofoten Line , to centrally controlled . The centralized traffic control opened from Stavanger to Sandnes on 20 March 1964 , and from Sandnes to Egersund on 7 July . The whole line received partial automatic train control on 31 December 1986 .
The commuter rail system was introduced from 1 January 1992 , after an agreement between NSB , Rogaland County Municipality and the six municipalities along the line . NSB introduced new Class 69 multiple units , while the county municipality introduced a fare coordination with the corresponding bus services . The increase in service involved 15 departures per direction per day , and the travel time from Stavanger to Egersund was reduced from 80 to 55 minutes . In addition , NSB started with a half @-@ hour headway between Stavanger and Sandnes . A new station , Sandnes Sentrum , was opened in the city center of Sandnes at the time the new service started . NSB stated that the goal was to increase the daily ridership from 2 @,@ 900 to 5 @,@ 000 passengers by 1994 . The stations were also upgraded , including new sheds . The Scanet train radio system was installed between 1993 and 1996 .
The service was a success , and NSB received a 112 % increase in ridership the first year . This resulted in the company introducing a similar service between Trondheim and Innherred , the Trøndelag Commuter Rail , in 1993 . In 1993 , NSB won Statens Byggeskikkpris , among other things for the new sheds on the Jæren Line . By 1995 , ridership was up 150 % from before the service started . In 1997 , NSB announced that they would order 36 new electric multiple units , which would among other things replace the aging trains on the Jæren Commuter Rail . The new Class 72 trains were put into service on 8 August 2002 , several years behind schedule . In April 2004 , the rail administration opened Jåttå Station , which was located close to Viking Stadion , the new home ground of Tippeligaen side Viking FK .
By 2005 , ridership had increased to 2 @.@ 5 million per year , up 278 % from 1991 , giving a 7 % market share in the corridor . To further increase capacity and regularity , the Norwegian National Rail Administration decided to rebuild the section from Stavanger to Sandnes to double track . At the same time , a new freight terminal was to be built at Ganddal , meaning that the section would only have to be shared with intercity trains . The upgrade involved closing Hillevåg Station , and building three new stations : Paradis , Jåttåvågen and Gausel . Construction was started in 2006 and was estimated to be completed by 2009 . It was estimated to cost 2 @.@ 2 billion Norwegian krone . From April to November 2009 , the section from Ganddal to Stavanger was closed while the last part of the upgrade was completed . The new line was opened on 16 November 2009 and from 14 December , the 15 @-@ minute headway was introduced between Stavanger and Sandnes .
= = Future = =
The National Rail Administration has developed a plan for possible expansion of the commuter rail . The main possibilities have been discussed : rebuilding the section from Sandnes to Egersund to double track , taking back into use the Ålgård Line , which branches off at Ganddal , and building a new branch from south of Gausel to Stavanger Airport , Sola . An alternative to several of the options is a light rail , which may or may not be built as a tram @-@ train , which would use parts of the existing double track between Stavanger and Sandnes .
The Ålgård Line is a 12 @.@ 24 @-@ kilometer ( 7 @.@ 61 mi ) long railway which branches from the Sørland Line at Ganddal . It runs via Foss @-@ Eikeland and Figgjo to Ålgård , and was opened on 20 December 1924 . Passenger services were terminated on 1 November 1955 , making it the line with the most frequent passenger traffic in Norway to be closed . Freight trains operated until 1988 . The first 3 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) are used for freight trains to access a cement factory . The line has officially been closed , but has not been abandoned . The National Rail Administration retains ownership and can in the future renovate the line for operation . The annual traffic potential for the Ålgård Line is 600 @,@ 000 passengers . Plans call for stations at Vagle , Figgjo , Kongeparken and Ålgård . It is possible to operate the trains that currently terminate at Sandnes to Ålgård without new infrastructure investments to the Sørland Line . However , the line would need a full upgrade , including new tracks , electric system and signaling . Ålgård is also a good location for a park and ride for European Route E39 .
A branch to Sola has been considered to allow the trains to operate to Sola and the airport . The line would branch from the Sørland Line south of Gausel , and be built so trains from the branch could run both northwards and southwards . Proposed stations include the airport , Solakrossen , Forus West , Statoil 's head office and possibly the shopping center Kvadrat . This would give a travel time of 17 minutes from the airport to the city center , and 10 minutes from the airport to Sandnes . This route has , however , also been proposed as part of the light rail system . It would give about 2 @.@ 5 million annual passengers .
Plans have been made that would either double or triple the frequency on all the services on the existing commuter rail network . However , increased frequency south of Sandnes will require double track . Should the frequency be doubled , double track would have to be built to where the current service to Nærbø terminates . Plans call for these trains to possibly be extended to either Varhaug or Vigrestad . Should the frequency be tripled , double track would be needed all the way to Egersund . Parts of the Jæren Line is straight enough to permit speeds between 200 and 250 kilometers per hour ( 120 and 160 mph ) . However , several shorter parts need to be rebuilt to allow this , particularly between Egersund and Ogna , and from Bryne to Ganddal . In particular , the section from Ogna to Egersund would probably have to follow an all @-@ new route , should it be rebuilt to double track . The effect of higher maximum speeds is greatest for intercity trains , as the commuter trains have so frequent stops they have little to gain from the increased speeds .
When the Jæren Line was built , the station in Egersund was located in the city center . With the opening of the Sørland Line , the station was moved 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) north of the city center . Egersund Station has been proposed moved back to its old location for the commuter rail , giving Egersund two stations : one for commuter trains and one for regional trains . The right @-@ of @-@ way still exists for this route , making construction easy . A new Sørland Line has also been proposed , which would run south instead of north from Egersund . This would mean that a city center location for Egersund Station would be better for intercity trains as well .
Rogaland County Municipality is in the planning process of building a light rail in Greater Stavanger . The initial plans call for a Y @-@ shaped service which could be operational by 2018 , with possibilities for further expansion . As of 2010 , the plans call for a 16 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 10 @.@ 1 mi ) line from Stavanger to Sandnes , and a 7 @.@ 7 or 8 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 8 or 5 @.@ 5 mi ) branch to the airport . The travel time from Sandnes to Stavanger would be 29 minutes , and is therefore a supplement to the commuter rail . The light rail would have interchange with the light rail at Stavanger , Paradis , Jåttåvågen , Gausel and Sandnes Sentrum . Several new branches of the light rail have been proposed for later construction .
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= Tengu =
Tengu ( 天狗 , " heavenly dog " ) are a type of legendary creature found in Japanese folk religion and are also considered a type of Shinto god ( kami ) or yōkai ( supernatural beings ) . Although they take their name from a dog @-@ like Chinese demon ( Tiangou ) , the tengu were originally thought to take the forms of birds of prey , and they are traditionally depicted with both human and avian characteristics . The earliest tengu were pictured with beaks , but this feature has often been humanized as an unnaturally long nose , which today is widely considered the tengu 's defining characteristic in the popular imagination .
Buddhism long held that the tengu were disruptive demons and harbingers of war . Their image gradually softened , however , into one of protective , if still dangerous , spirits of the mountains and forests . Tengu are associated with the ascetic practice known as Shugendō , and they are usually depicted in the distinctive garb of its followers , the yamabushi .
= = Image = =
The tengu in art appears in a large number of shapes , but it usually falls somewhere between a large , monstrous bird and a wholly anthropomorphized being , often with a red face or an unusually large or long nose . Early depictions of tengu show them as kite @-@ like beings who can take a human @-@ like form , often retaining avian wings , head or beak . The tengu 's long nose seems to have been conceived in the 14th century , likely as a humanization of the original bird 's bill . The tengu 's long noses ally them with the Shinto deity Sarutahiko , who is described in the Japanese historical text , the Nihon Shoki , with a similar proboscis measuring seven hand @-@ spans in length . In village festivals the two figures are often portrayed with identical red , phallic @-@ nosed mask designs .
Some of the earliest representations of tengu appear in Japanese picture scrolls , such as the Tenguzōshi Emaki ( 天狗草子絵巻 ) , painted c . 1296 , which parodies high @-@ ranking priests by endowing them the hawk @-@ like beaks of tengu demons . Tengu are often pictured as taking the shape of some sort of priest . Beginning in the 13th century , tengu came to be associated in particular with the yamabushi , the mountain ascetics who practice Shugendō . The association soon found its way into Japanese art , where tengu are most frequently depicted in the yamabushi 's distinctive costume , which includes a small black cap ( 頭襟 , tokin ) and a pom @-@ pommed sash ( 結袈裟 , yuigesa ) . Due to their priestly aesthetic , they are often shown wielding the Shakujo , a distinct staff used by Buddhist monks .
Tengu are commonly depicted holding magical ha @-@ uchiwa ( 羽団扇 , " feather fan " ) , fans made of feathers . In folk tales , these fans sometimes have the ability to grow or shrink a person 's nose , but usually they are attributed the power to stir up great winds . Various other strange accessories may be associated with tengu , such as a type of tall , one @-@ toothed geta sandal often called tengu @-@ geta .
= = Origins = =
The term tengu and the characters used to write it are borrowed from the name of a fierce demon from Chinese folklore called tiāngoǔ . Chinese literature assigns this creature a variety of descriptions , but most often it is a fierce and anthropophagous canine monster that resembles a shooting star or comet . It makes a noise like thunder and brings war wherever it falls . One account from the Shù Yì Jì ( 述異記 , " A Collection of Bizarre Stories " ) , written in 1791 , describes a dog @-@ like tiāngoǔ with a sharp beak and an upright posture , but usually tiāngoǔ bear little resemblance to their Japanese counterparts .
The 23rd chapter of the Nihon Shoki , written in 720 , is generally held to contain the first recorded mention of tengu in Japan . In this account a large shooting star appears and is identified by a Buddhist priest as a " heavenly dog " , and much like the tiāngoǔ of China , the star precedes a military uprising . Although the Chinese characters for tengu are used in the text , accompanying phonetic furigana characters give the reading as amatsukitsune ( heavenly fox ) . M.W. de Visser speculated that the early Japanese tengu may represent a conglomeration of two Chinese spirits : the tiāngoǔ and the fox spirits called huli jing .
How the tengu was transformed from a dog @-@ meteor into a bird @-@ man is not clear . Some Japanese scholars have supported the theory that the tengu 's image derives from that of the Hindu eagle deity Garuda , who was pluralized in Buddhist scripture as one of the major races of non @-@ human beings . Like the tengu , the garuda are often portrayed in a human @-@ like form with wings and a bird 's beak . The name tengu seems to be written in place of that of the garuda in a Japanese sutra called the Emmyō Jizō @-@ kyō ( 延命地蔵経 ) , but this was likely written in the Edo period , long after the tengu 's image was established . At least one early story in the Konjaku Monogatari describes a tengu carrying off a dragon , which is reminiscent of the garuda 's feud with the nāga serpents . In other respects , however , the tengu 's original behavior differs markedly from that of the garuda , which is generally friendly towards Buddhism . De Visser has speculated that the tengu may be descended from an ancient Shinto bird @-@ demon which was syncretized with both the garuda and the tiāngoǔ when Buddhism arrived in Japan . However , he found little evidence to support this idea .
A later version of the Kujiki , an ancient Japanese historical text , writes the name of Amanozako , a monstrous female deity born from the god Susanoo 's spat @-@ out ferocity , with characters meaning tengu deity ( 天狗神 ) . The book describes Amanozako as a raging creature capable of flight , with the body of a human , the head of a beast , a long nose , long ears , and long teeth that can chew through swords . An 18th @-@ century book called the Tengu Meigikō ( 天狗名義考 ) suggests that this goddess may be the true predecessor of the tengu , but the date and authenticity of the Kujiki , and of that edition in particular , remain disputed .
= = Evil spirits and angry ghosts = =
The Konjaku Monogatari , a collection of stories published in the late Heian Period , contains some of the earliest tales of tengu , already characterized as they would be for centuries to come . These tengu are the troublesome opponents of Buddhism , who mislead the pious with false images of the Buddha , carry off monks and drop them in remote places , possess women in an attempt to seduce holy men , rob temples , and endow those who worship them with unholy power . They often disguise themselves as priests or nuns , but their true form seems to be that of a kite .
Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries , accounts continued of tengu attempting to cause trouble in the world . They were now established as the ghosts of angry , vain , or heretical priests who had fallen on the " tengu @-@ realm " ( 天狗道 , tengudō ) . They began to possess people , especially women and girls , and speak through their mouths ( kitsunetsuki ) . Still the enemies of Buddhism , the demons also turned their attention to the royal family . The Kojidan tells of an Empress who was possessed , and the Ōkagami reports that Emperor Sanjō was made blind by a tengu , the ghost of a priest who resented the throne .
One notorious tengu from the 12th century was himself the ghost of an emperor . The Hōgen Monogatari tells the story of Emperor Sutoku , who was forced by his father to abandon the throne . When he later raised the Hōgen Rebellion to take back the country from Emperor Go @-@ Shirakawa , he was defeated and exiled to Sanuki Province on Shikoku . According to legend he died in torment , having sworn to haunt the nation of Japan as a great demon , and thus became a fearsome tengu with long nails and eyes like a kite 's .
In stories from the 13th century , tengu began to abduct young boys as well as the priests they had always targeted . The boys were often returned , while the priests would be found tied to the tops of trees or other high places . All of the tengu 's victims , however , would come back in a state of near death or madness , sometimes after having been tricked into eating animal dung .
The tengu of this period were often conceived of as the ghosts of the arrogant , and as a result the creatures have become strongly associated with vanity and pride . Today the Japanese expression tengu ni naru , literally , " becoming a tengu " , is still used to describe a conceited person .
= = Great and small demons = =
In the Genpei Jōsuiki , written in the late Kamakura period , a god appears to Go @-@ Shirakawa and gives a detailed account of tengu ghosts . He says that they fall onto the tengu road because , as Buddhists , they cannot go to Hell , yet as people with bad principles , they also cannot go to Heaven . He describes the appearance of different types of tengu : the ghosts of priests , nuns , ordinary men , and ordinary women , all of whom in life possessed excessive pride . The god introduces the notion that not all tengu are equal ; knowledgeable men become daitengu ( 大天狗 , greater tengu ) , but ignorant ones become kotengu ( 小天狗 , small tengu ) .
The philosopher Hayashi Razan lists the greatest of these daitengu as Sōjōbō of Kurama , Tarōbō of Atago , and Jirōbō of Hira . The demons of Kurama and Atago are among the most famous tengu .
A section of the Tengu Meigikō , later quoted by Inoue Enryō , lists the daitengu in this order :
Sōjōbō ( 僧正坊 ) of Mount Kurama
Tarōbō ( 太郎坊 ) of Mount Atago
Jirōbō ( 二郎坊 ) of the Hira Mountains
Sanjakubō ( 三尺坊 ) of Mount Akiba
Ryūhōbō ( 笠鋒坊 ) of Mount Kōmyō
Buzenbō ( 豊前坊 ) of Mount Hiko
Hōkibō ( 伯耆坊 ) of Daisen ( mountain )
Myōgibō ( 妙義坊 ) of Mount Ueno ( Ueno Park )
Sankibō ( 三鬼坊 ) of Itsukushima
Zenkibō ( 前鬼坊 ) of Mount Ōmine
Kōtenbō ( 高天坊 ) of Katsuragi
Tsukuba @-@ hōin ( 筑波法印 ) of Hitachi Province
Daranibō ( 陀羅尼坊 ) of Mount Fuji
Naigubu ( 内供奉 ) of Mount Takao
Sagamibō ( 相模坊 ) of Shiramine
Saburō ( 三郎 ) of Mount Iizuna
Ajari ( 阿闍梨 ) of Higo Province
Daitengu are often pictured in a more human @-@ like form than their underlings , and due to their long noses , they may also called hanatakatengu ( 鼻高天狗 , tall @-@ nosed tengu ) . Kotengu may conversely be depicted as more bird @-@ like . They are sometimes called Karasu @-@ Tengu ( 烏天狗 , crow tengu ) , or koppa- or konoha @-@ tengu ( 木葉天狗 , 木の葉天狗foliage tengu ) . Inoue Enryō described two kinds of tengu in his Tenguron : the great daitengu , and the small , bird @-@ like konoha @-@ tengu who live in Cryptomeria trees . The konoha @-@ tengu are noted in a book from 1746 called the Shokoku Rijin Dan ( 諸国里人談 ) , as bird @-@ like creatures with wings two meters across which were seen catching fish in the Ōi River , but this name rarely appears in literature otherwise .
Creatures that do not fit the classic bird or yamabushi image are sometimes called tengu . For example , tengu in the guise of wood @-@ spirits may be called guhin ( occasionally written kuhin ) ( 狗賓 , dog guests ) , but this word can also refer to tengu with canine mouths or other features . The people of Kōchi Prefecture on Shikoku believe in a creature called shibaten or shibatengu ( シバテン , 芝天狗 , lawn tengu ) , but this is a small childlike being who loves sumō wrestling and sometimes dwells in the water , and is generally considered one of the many kinds of kappa . Another water @-@ dwelling tengu is the kawatengu ( 川天狗 , river tengu ) of the Greater Tokyo Area . This creature is rarely seen , but it is believed to create strange fireballs and be a nuisance to fishermen .
= = Protective spirits and deities = =
The Shasekishū , a book of Buddhist parables from the Kamakura period , makes a point of distinguishing between good and bad tengu . The book explains that the former are in command of the latter and are the protectors , not opponents , of Buddhism - although the flaw of pride or ambition has caused them to fall onto the demon road , they remain the same basically good , dharma @-@ abiding persons they were in life .
The tengu 's unpleasant image continued to erode in the 17th century . Some stories now presented them as much less malicious , protecting and blessing Buddhist institutions rather than menacing them or setting them on fire . According to a legend in the 18th @-@ century Kaidan Toshiotoko ( 怪談登志男 ) , a tengu took the form of a yamabushi and faithfully served the abbot of a Zen monastery until the man guessed his attendant 's true form . The tengu 's wings and huge nose then reappeared . The tengu requested a piece of wisdom from his master and left , but he continued , unseen , to provide the monastery with miraculous aid .
In the 18th and 19th centuries , tengu came to be feared as the vigilant protectors of certain forests . In the 1764 collection of strange stories Sanshu Kidan ( 三州奇談 ) , a tale tells of a man who wanders into a deep valley while gathering leaves , only to be faced with a sudden and ferocious hailstorm . A group of peasants later tell him that he was in the valley where the guhin live , and anyone who takes a single leaf from that place will surely die . In the Sōzan Chomon Kishū ( 想山著聞奇集 ) , written in 1849 , the author describes the customs of the wood @-@ cutters of Mino Province , who used a sort of rice cake called kuhin @-@ mochi to placate the tengu , who would otherwise perpetrate all sorts of mischief . In other provinces a special kind of fish called okoze was offered to the tengu by woodsmen and hunters , in exchange for a successful day 's work . The people of Ishikawa Prefecture have until recently believed that the tengu loathe mackerel , and have used this fish as a charm against kidnappings and hauntings by the mischievous spirits .
Tengu are worshipped as beneficial kami ( gods or revered spirits ) in various Japanese religious cults . For example , the tengu Saburō of Izuna is worshipped on that mountain and various others as Izuna Gongen ( 飯綱権現 , incarnation of Izuna ) , one of the primary deities in the Izuna Shugen cult , which also has ties to fox sorcery and the Dakini of Tantric Buddhism . Izuna Gongen is depicted as a beaked , winged figure with snakes wrapped around his limbs , surrounded by a halo of flame , riding on the back of a fox and brandishing a sword . Worshippers of tengu on other sacred mountains have adopted similar images for their deities , such as Sanjakubō ( 三尺坊 ) or Akiba Gongen ( 秋葉権現 ) of Akiba and Dōryō Gongen ( 道了権現 ) of Saijō @-@ ji Temple in Odawara .
= = In popular folk tales = =
Tengu appear frequently in the orally @-@ transmitted tales collected by Japanese folklorists . As these stories are often humorous , they tend to portray tengu as ridiculous creatures who are easily tricked or confused by humans . Some common folk tales in which tengu appear include :
" The Tengu 's Magic Cloak " ( 天狗の隠れみの , Tengu no Kakuremino ) : A boy looks through an ordinary piece of bamboo and pretends he can see distant places . A tengu , overwhelmed by curiosity , offers to trade it for a magic straw cloak that renders the wearer invisible . Having duped the tengu , the boy continues his mischief while wearing the cloak . Another version of this story tells of an ugly old man who tricks a tengu into giving him his magical cloak and causes mayhem for his fellow villagers . The story ends with the tengu regaining the coat through a game of riddle exchange and punishes the man by turning him into a wolf .
" The Old Man 's Lump Removed " ( 瘤取り爺さん , Kobu @-@ tori Jiisan ) : An old man has a lump or tumor on his face . In the mountains he encounters a band of tengu making merry and joins their dancing . He pleases them so much that they want him to join them the next night , and offer a gift for him . In addition , they take the lump off his face , thinking that he will want it back and therefore have to join them the next night . An unpleasant neighbor , who also has a lump , hears of the old man 's good fortune and attempts to repeat it , and steal the gift . The tengu , however , simply give him the first lump in addition to his own , because they are disgusted by his bad dancing , and because he tried to steal the gift .
" The Tengu 's Fan " ( 天狗の羽団扇 , Tengu no Hauchiwa ) A scoundrel obtains a tengu 's magic fan , which can shrink or grow noses . He secretly uses this item to grotesquely extend the nose of a rich man 's daughter , and then shrinks it again in exchange for her hand in marriage . Later he accidentally fans himself while he dozes , and his nose grows so long it reaches heaven , resulting in painful misfortune for him .
" The Tengu 's Gourd " ( 天狗の瓢箪 , " Tengu no Hyōtan " ) : A gambler meets a tengu , who asks him what he is most frightened of . The gambler lies , claiming that he is terrified of gold or mochi . The tengu answers truthfully that he is frightened of a kind of plant or some other mundane item . The tengu , thinking he is playing a cruel trick , then causes money or rice cakes to rain down on the gambler . The gambler is of course delighted and proceeds to scare the tengu away with the thing he fears most . The gambler then obtains the tengu 's magic gourd ( or another treasured item ) that was left behind .
" The Tengu , and the Woodcutter " : A tengu bothers a woodcutter , showing off his supernatural abilities by guessing everything the man is thinking . The woodcutter swings his axe , and a splinter of wood hits the tengu on the nose . The tengu flees in terror , exclaiming that humans are dangerous creatures who can do things without thinking about them .
= = Martial arts = =
During the 14th century , the tengu began to trouble the world outside of the Buddhist clergy , and like their ominous ancestors the tiāngoǔ , the tengu became creatures associated with war . Legends eventually ascribed to them great knowledge in the art of skilled combat .
This reputation seems to have its origins in a legend surrounding the famous warrior Minamoto no Yoshitsune . When Yoshitsune was a young boy going by the name of Ushiwaka @-@ maru , his father , Yoshitomo , was assassinated by the Taira clan . Taira no Kiyomori , head of the Taira , allowed the child to survive on the grounds that he be exiled to the temple on Mount Kurama and become a monk . But one day in the Sōjō @-@ ga @-@ dani Valley , Ushiwaka encountered the mountain 's tengu , Sōjōbō . This spirit taught the boy the art of swordsmanship so that he might bring vengeance on the Taira .
Originally the actions of this tengu were portrayed as another attempt by demons to throw the world into chaos and war , but as Yoshitsune 's renown as a legendary warrior increased , his monstrous teacher came to be depicted in a much more sympathetic and honorable light . In one of the most famous renditions of the story , the Noh play Kurama Tengu , Ushiwaka is the only person from his temple who does not give up an outing in disgust at the sight of a strange yamabushi . Sōjōbō thus befriends the boy and teaches him out of sympathy for his plight .
Two stories from the 19th century continue this theme : In the Sōzan Chomon Kishū , a boy is carried off by a tengu and spends three years with the creature . He comes home with a magic gun that never misses a shot . A story from Inaba Province , related by Inoue Enryō , tells of a girl with poor manual dexterity who is suddenly possessed by a tengu . The spirit wishes to rekindle the declining art of swordsmanship in the world . Soon a young samurai appears to whom the tengu has appeared in a dream , and the possessed girl instructs him as an expert swordsman . Some rumors surrounding the ninja indicate that they were also instructed by the tengu .
= = In popular culture = =
Profoundly entrenched in the Japanese imagination for centuries , tengu continue to be popular subjects in modern fiction , both in Japan and increasingly in other countries . They often appear among the many characters and creatures featured in Japanese cinema , animation , comics , rpgs , and video games .
= = = Supplementary sources = = =
de Visser , M. W. ( 1908 ) . " The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore " . Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan ( Z. P. Maruya & Co . ) 36 ( 3 ) : 107 – 116 .
Mizuki , Shigeru ( 2003 ) . Mujara 1 : Kantō , Hokkaidō , Okinawa @-@ hen . Japan : Soft Garage . ISBN 4 @-@ 86133 @-@ 004 @-@ 1 .
Mizuki , Shigeru ( 2003 ) . Mujara 2 : Chūbu @-@ hen . Japan : Soft Garage . ISBN 4 @-@ 86133 @-@ 005 @-@ X.
Mizuki , Shigeru ( 2004 ) . Mujara 4 : Chūgoku / Shikoku @-@ hen . Japan : Soft Garage . ISBN 4 @-@ 86133 @-@ 016 @-@ 5 .
Moriarty , Elizabeth ( 1972 ) . " The Communitarian Aspect of Shinto Matsuri " . Asian Folklore Studies ( Asian Folklore Studies , Nanzan University ) 31 ( 2 ) : 91 – 140 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 1177490 . JSTOR 1177490 .
Knutsen , Roald ( 2011 ) . Tengu - The shamanic and esoteric origins of japanese martial arts . Kent : Global Oriental . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 906876 @-@ 22 @-@ 7 .
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= Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood =
The Funerary Monument ( or Equestrian Monument ) to Sir John Hawkwood is a fresco by Paolo Uccello , commemorating English condottiero John Hawkwood , commissioned in 1436 for Florence 's Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore . The fresco is an important example of art commemorating a soldier @-@ for @-@ hire who fought in the Italian peninsula and is a seminal work in the development of perspective .
The politics of the commissioning and recommissioning of the fresco have been analyzed and debated by historians . The fresco is often cited as a form of " Florentine propaganda " for its appropriation of a foreign soldier of fortune as a Florentine hero and for its implied promise to other condottieri of the potential rewards of serving Florence . The fresco has also been interpreted as a product of internal political competition between the Albizzi and Medici factions in Renaissance Florence , due to the latter 's modification of the work 's symbolism and iconography during its recommissioning .
The fresco is the oldest extant and authenticated work of Uccello , from a relatively well @-@ known aspect of his career compared to the periods before and after its creation . The fresco has been restored ( once by Lorenzo di Credi , who added the frame ) and is now detached from the wall ; it has been repositioned twice in modern times .
= = John Hawkwood = =
Hawkwood had a long military career and a complicated relationship with Florence . He fought for England during the Hundred Years War and then with the " Great Company " which had harassed the Avignon Papacy . After gaining command of the " White Company " from Albert Sterz in the 1360s , Hawkwood led the company across the Alps in 1363 in the employ of John II , Marquess of Montferrat , to take part in his war against Milan . Hawkwood and the " White Company " remained in Italy , accepting money from many city @-@ states , both to wage war and to refrain from it . Hawkwood 's reputation as one of the ablest condottieri in the peninsula developed in the ensuing decades , during which he was employed ( by both sides ) in the Pisan – Florentine War ( 1363 – 1364 ) , notably winning the Battle of Cascina ( 1364 ) for Florence , in the wars of Perugia against the Pope ( 1369 ) , and in the service of Bernabò Visconti in his war against a coalition that included Pisa and Florence , and even ( in 1372 ) the Marquis of Monteferrato .
Hawkwood then entered the service of Pope Gregory XI in his wars against Milan ( 1372 – 1375 ) and in the War of the Eight Saints ( 1375 – 1378 ) , during which Hawkwood helped put down the Florentine @-@ instigated rebellions in the Papal States . During the conflict , Hawkwood was paid 130 @,@ 000 florins — which was extracted from local clergy , bishops , abbots , monasteries , and ecclesiastical institutions — to confine his activities to suppressing the rebellions in the Papal States , rather than directly attacking Florence . Hawkwood also received a 600 florin annual salary for the next five years and a lifetime annual pension of 1 @,@ 200 florins .
Hawkwood married Donnina , the illegitimate daughter of Bernabò Visconti , in 1377 . In that same year he defected to Florence . Hawkwood 's 1377 massacre at Cesena during the twilight of his papal employment in the War of the Eight Saints continues to tarnish his legacy . Thus , until 1377 , Hawkwood had principally served the Visconti of Milan and their allies in Pisa , Lucca , and Siena , usually against the interests of Florence , making him an ironic candidate for a monument in the Duomo of Florence . At the bidding of Pisa , Hawkwood attacked the Brunelleschi family 's Villa Petraia in Castello , burned Florentine subject territories around Incisa after defeating Florentine condottiero Ranuccio Farnese il Vecchio , and even taunted Florence from outside the city walls .
However , Hawkwood was the de facto commander @-@ in @-@ chief ( Captain @-@ General ) of Florence 's military from 1377 until immediately prior to his death in 1394 . Hawkwood won many victories for Florence , including his suppression of the Ciompi revolt in January 1382 , but contemporary Florentines would have regarded Hawkwood 's successful retreat from Milan late in his career , across three rivers — including the notorious Oglio — and across a barren countryside , as his " greatest military feat " .
Hawkwood , now in his seventies , made preparations to return to England , where he had been sending money to acquire land , and set up a chantry . Just as he was liquidating his affairs in Italy , he died , on March 17 , 1394 .
In 1395 , Richard II of England petitioned Florence for the return of Hawkwood 's body , as he had done for Robert de Vere , Duke of Ireland , the local magnate to the Hawkwood family in England , in whose service he had begun his military career . Florence acquiesced to Richard II 's request in a June 3 , 1395 letter :
Our devotion can deny nothing to the eminence of your highness . We will leave nothing undone that is possible to do , so that we may fulfill your good pleasure . So , therefore , although we consider it reflected glory on us and our people to keep the ashes and bones of the late brave and most magnificent captain John Hawkwood , who , as commander of our army , fought most gloriously for us and who at public expense was interred in the principal church of Santa Reparata ... nevertheless , according to the tenor of your request , we freely concede permission that his remains shall return to their native land .
However , it remains an open question whether Hawkwood 's remains were ever transferred to England , to the tomb prepared for him at St. Peter 's in Sible Hedingham , or whether his remains were reburied in 1405 under the old choir of the Duomo , of which record has been lost since it was repaved in the 16th century . In any case , the tomb monument would have run into difficulty , as a ban on tombs above floor level in the Cathedral was passed on April 5 , 1400 .
= = Context = =
In the Quattrocento , it was traditional for condottieri like Hawkwood to be buried in major public churches , even when their careers had produced mixed results for the city @-@ state in question . The genre of the equestrian statue was revived during the Quattrocento for the purpose of commemorating condottieri ; Donatello 's Equestrian Statue of Gattamelata ( c . 1447 – 1453 ) in Padua is the first surviving bronze equestrian statue since Ancient Rome . Tibertino Brandolino was interred at San Francesco in Venice ; Jacopo de ' Cavalli at SS . Giovanni e Paolo in Rome ; Paolo Savelli at Basilica dei Frari in Venice , along with a wooden equestrian statue on a marble sarcophagus , which — along with the bronze horses on the façade of St. Mark — may have inspired Uccello 's Hawkwood ; and Konrad Aichelberg at a church in Pisa . When such burials were not possible , frescoes were an acceptable substitute : Guidoriccio da Fogliano was painted on horseback by Simone Martini in Palazzo Pubblico in Siena in 1328 ; Pietro Farnese was depicted in a papier @-@ mâché equestrian monument atop a sarcophagus in the Florence Cathedral in 1363 .
Holding ever more lavish funeral ceremonies for fallen condottieri was only one way in which Italian city @-@ states competed with each other to attract the services of the most skilled mercenaries . Hawkwood 's funeral was sandwiched between the funerals in Siena of Giovanni d 'Azzo degli Ubaldini — who had been poisoned by the Florentines in the Visconti wars — and Giovanni " Tedesco " da Pietramala . The commissioning of Uccello to repaint the fresco came at the " climax " of a war with Lucca , which had recently begun a monument to honor Niccolò Piccinino , in contrast to Piccinino 's defaming portrait in the Palazzo della Signoria in 1428 , depicting him hanging upside @-@ down in chains , which was " depaint [ ed ] " in April 1430 .
= = Commissioning = =
= = = Background = = =
On August 20 , 1393 — when the Signoria , at the suggestion of Coluccio Salutati , voted to erect a marble statue of Hawkwood in the Duomo , " that brave men may know that the commune of Florence recompenses true service " — Hawkwood was liquidating his Tuscan properties and preparing to return to England . It was unprecedented for the Signoria to vote to erect a monument to a living person in the cathedral . The ambiguous plans of the Signoria — which likely was aware of Hawkwood 's health status — might well have been for a tomb rather than a cenotaph ; Hawkwood died soon after , on March 17 , 1394 . The Signoria went to great lengths ( unsuccessfully ) to entice Donnina to remain in the city — voting to transfer various sums of money to her ( in exchange for Hawkwood 's Tuscan fortress ) , despite " thorny legal issues " which required multiple acts of the city council — indicating to some extent the market value of Hawkwood 's symbolic capital .
Hawkwood 's March 20 funeral began in the Piazza della Signoria , continued to the Battistero di San Giovanni , where his body was placed on the baptismal font for public viewing , and culminated in the Cathedral , at a cost of 410 florins , not counting the substantial expenses of the Guilds .
The plans for Hawkwood 's commemoration were modified on December 2 , 1395 , when it was decided to also rework the wooden monument of Pietro Farnese , the hero of the Pisan war , and to place marble tomb monuments to Farnese and Hawkwood on the north aisle , facing the high altar . Painters Agnolo Gaddi and Giuliano Arrighi were selected by a committee to sketch directly onto the Duomo wall models for the Hawkwood and Farnese tombs . Although neither tomb was realized , documentary evidence suggests that a painting of Hawkwood — with a figure of Hawkwood by Gaddi and a sarcophagus by Pesello — was completed by June 16 , 1396 . Historian Frances Stonor Saunders speculates that Uccello may have based his representation of Hawkwood on this early painting and that the earlier painting may have been based on a death mask of Hawkwood . The Hawkwood fresco is situated in the third bay of the northern wall , today flanked by paintings of Dante ( c . 1455 ) and a similar fresco monument to fellow mercenary Niccolò da Tolentino ( 1456 , by Andrea del Castagno ) ; fictive tombs in fresco of two humanist ecclesiasts — Bishop Corsini ( c . 1422 , probably by Giovanni dal Ponte ) and Fra Luigi de ' Marsigli ( c . 1439 by Bicci di Lorenzo ) , an Augustinian monk who founded a literary academy — are much smaller than those of the two condottieri . The fresco probably came to replace the tomb ( rather than serving as a place marker for it ) for reasons of expedience and frugality , although on these points there is little documentary evidence .
= = = Fresco = = =
The fresco was initially commissioned , decades after Hawkwood 's death , in May 1433 by the Albizzi government , just months before the regime 's collapse . Perhaps the project was an attempt by the Albizzi to hearken back to a time when the oligarchic elite of Florence had been more aligned with their own conservative interests . On July 13 , 1433 , design competition notices for the new monument were placed at the Duomo , the Baptistry , and Orsanmichele . The instigators of the renewed project were the grandsons of Guido di Soletto del Pera Baldovinetti , one of the ambassadors who ( unsuccessfully ) pleaded with Hawkwood to return to Florence 's service in 1389 , and Donato Velluti , a 14th @-@ century military and political historian . It is almost inconceivable that the commissioners of the monument would not have regarded Hawkwood as a self @-@ interested mercenary , knowing that he often acted against the interests of Florence . After the launching of the design competition , in September 1433 , Cosimo and Averardo de ' Medici were exiled from Florence , for — among other things — allegedly attempting to embroil Florence in a war with Lucca .
= = = Recommissioning = = =
After Cosimo 's triumphant return to Florence , rather than scrapping the project , in May 1436 the Medici regime hired Uccello to replace the Gaddi and Pesello fresco . Hugh Hudson suggests that it would have been too risky for the Medici to cancel the Albizzi project , so they instead shrewdly modified it to fit their interests . There is , of course , some weakness to attributing the commissioning and re @-@ commissioning of the monument to Albizzi or Medici intrigues , as only two ( maybe three ) of the eight operai on July 13 , 1433 were members of the Albizzi faction and only one was a Medici when it was resumed on May 18 , 1436 ; yet the influences of both factions doubtlessly did not require blood relation . Around this time , documents attest to multiple repairs of a nearby window , opening the possibility that the original fresco had experienced water damage , and would have needed to be restored in any case . Others have suggested that the recommissioning was part of the " refurbishing " of the cathedral associated with its rededication as Santa Maria del Fiore by Pope Eugene IV in March 1436 . Yet , Borsi concludes that " undoubtedly under pressure from the Medici " the operai discarded their plans for a straightforward restoration of the Gaddi fresco and opted for a completely new monument .
= = = Uccello = = =
The choice of Paolo Uccello ( born in Florence in 1397 ) , who had apprenticed for Lorenzo Ghiberti from June 1407 , busying himself polishing the " Gates of Paradise " , may have been an attempt to find a painter knowledgeable in bronze and statuary , which the fresco was to mimic . For centuries , art historians have regarded Uccello as a less @-@ prominent artist at the time of the Hawkwood commission : he is not mentioned in the preface of Alberti 's De Pictura , nor in Domenico Veneziano 's 1438 letter to Piero di Cosimo de ' Medici listing the major contemporary painters ; nor have art historians even attempted to speculate that he studied the frescoes at the Brancacci Chapel . One difficulty for art historians attempting to gauge Uccello 's reputation at the time of the Hawkwood 's commissioning is the 10 @-@ year blind spot in the reconstruction of Uccello 's career between 1415 — when Uccello was made a member of the Guild of Doctors and Apothecaries ( Arte dei Medici e Speziali ) — and his trip to Venice in 1425 . Similarly , all the works of Uccello 's Venetian period are either missing or else of uncertain attribution : Uccello is thought to have made a no @-@ longer @-@ existing mosaic of St. Peter on the façade of St. Mark 's Basilica , to have collaborated on the design of architectural structures for the mosaics in the Mascoli Chapel of St. Mark 's by Michele Giambono , and possibly to have made some geometrical pattern decorations for the interior of St. Mark 's .
Uccello was known to have been in Venice in 1427 and to have returned to Florence by 1431 , allowing a second window for historiographical speculation : some say he may have gone to Rome ; others say he went directly to Florence . Uccello probably painted the Creation of the Animals and Creation of Adam ( c . 1431 ) in the upper part of one of the bays of the Chiostro Verde ( the " Green Cloister " ) in Santa Maria Novella , which — like the Hawkwood , as specified in its commission — is in the " terra verde " grisaille manner . Perhaps Uccello worked on the stories from the life of the Virgin and St. Stephen in the Chapel of Our Lady of the Assumption in the Prato Cathedral around 1435 , although Pope @-@ Hennessy , Pudelko , and Salmi all dispute this attribution .
Thus , the Florence Cathedral is the repository of all the extant works of Uccello whose attribution is firmly rooted in contemporary documents : two murals — the Hawkwood and the Clock Face with Four Heads of Prophets or Evangelists ( 1443 ) — and two stained glass windows — Resurrection ( 1443 – 1444 ) and Nativity ( 1443 – 1444 ) . The Hawkwood is Uccello 's " earliest dated and fully authenticated extant work " .
= = = Modifications = = =
Uccello 's Hawkwood was completed , only to be ordered redone by the capo maestro of the Opera del Duomo , on June 28 , 1436 . Uccello was found not to have been at fault on July 6 , and paid for both his first and second versions , the latter of which was finished before August 31 . Incidentally , the second version — copied from the original , rather than direct observation — is the only true extant testimony to Hawkwood 's appearance . The demanded redesign — which was ordered soon after post @-@ Albizzi members secured a majority among the operai — is at the heart of any discussion about the political implications of the fresco . For centuries , art historians have argued that the rejection was rooted in questions of perspective and color , while more recent scholarship suggests it was the content of the fresco to which the capo maestro objected . The specific objections of the capo maestro are not documented — except that the fresco was " not painted as it should be " , but it is clear that only the portion containing the horse and rider was to be erased and redone . A preparatory drawing in the Uffizi with the same static scene is the primary clue to the appearance of the original fresco , in which Hawkwood was apparently more armored , taller , and — along with his horse — in a more militaristic stance . The Hawkwood thus both participated in and reinforced the Quattrocento trend that every Florentine public monument to a soldier of fortune employ a parade horse rather than a battle charger , in less than complete armor , and at a pace more suited for reviewing troops than charging into battle . A study which subjected the drawing to ultraviolet rays confirmed that Uccello had originally depicted Hawkwood as " more threatening " , with his baton raised and horse " at the ready " .
The fresco 's current appearance is not identical to the version redone by Uccello . The frame with candelabra @-@ pattern decorations was added by Lorenzo di Credi in 1524 , when he restored the fresco . In 1688 , it was restored again , in refurbishments celebrating the marriage of Ferdinand de ' Medici and Violante of Bavaria . The fresco was restored and transferred to canvas in 1842 by Giovanni Rizzoli and moved to the west wall of the Duomo , only to be moved back to the north wall in 1947 , after being mounted on a masonite and aluminum support . It has been argued , based on Uccello 's alleged use of Masaccio 's eye @-@ point perspective , that the painting was originally five feet higher than it stands today . The fully restored fresco was also briefly taken down in 1953 – 1954 to be shown in the " Quattro Maestri " ( " Four Masters " ) exhibition in Florence .
= = Style = =
The reworked fresco has been seen as " classicizing " the image of the condottieri , with the terra verde technique giving the conceit of an equestrian bronze statue . The horse 's proportions are based loosely upon those prescribed by Alberti in De equo animante , which in turn is based upon the anonymous Sonetto del Cavallo Perfetto ; however , in many ways the horse departs radically from Alberti 's ideal of a harmonious and " lithe " creature in the style of Leonello d 'Este 's monument to Niccolò III d 'Este , Arco del Cavallo in Ferrara . Furthermore , Uccello 's perspective in the Hawkwood monument openly flaunted Alberti 's conception of perspective as demarcated in De Pictura ( 1435 , translated into Italian as Della Pittura in 1436 ) : the vanishing point is at the eye @-@ level of the spectator rather than within the field of the fresco , for example . Alberti 's De re aedificatoria also objected to statues of soldiers and / or lay burials in churches . Although the fresco is often called " monochrome " , its background is dark red , the horse and tomb are accented in red , black , white , and orange . The Trompe @-@ l 'œil perspective from the base , the chiaroscuro relief @-@ effect of the horse and the rider , and lighting from the left are similar to Masaccio 's Holy Trinity . The connection to Masaccio is so strong ( or so often reported ) that Francesco Albertini actually attributed the work to Massaccio in 1510 . However , Uccello 's fresco has two viewpoints : the horse and rider are painted as if on level with the spectator , and the cenotaph is seen as if from below .
A variety of explanations have been proposed for this split perspective , which has even been suggested by Frederick Hartt to have been a practical joke . Entangled in these questions of perspective is Vasari 's criticism of the horse 's raising both its right legs at the same time , which would likely topple the horse , if accomplished . However , it is clear from Uccello 's other works that he was not interested in using perspective simply for realism ; rather , Uccello " placed in an unnatural , fantastic overall atmosphere , the fruit of this painter 's complex and unique imagination " . This style has even been cited as an example of synthetic realism in line with the late Gothic movement .
= = = Inscription = = =
Underscoring the classical elements of the fresco is the Latin inscription , added on December 17 , 1436 and penned by Bartolomeo Fortini de Orlandini , son of Benedetto di Ser Landi Fortini , former treasurer of Florence and apprentice of Spinello Alberti , one of the chief negotiators of Florence during the War of the Eight Saints — the first such inscription on an antique sarcophagus in a Florentine painting . The inscription reads : " Ioannes Acutus eques brittanicus dux aetatis suae cautissimus et rei militaris peritissimus habitus est " ( John Hawkwood , British knight , most prudent leader of his age and most expert in the art of war ) . The epitaph , likely a reference to Hawkwood 's aforementioned cautissimus ( " most prudent " ) retreat across the Oglio , is borrowed from the eulogy of Roman general Fabius Maximus , who wore down Hannibal by tactical retreat and avoiding battle . The eulogy of Fabius Maximus comports so distinctly with Quattrocento humanism that some scholars have even dubbed it a " Renaissance fake " .
= = Interpretation = =
By classicizing the condottieri , the portrait may have represented an opportunity to — as Leonardo Bruni had advocated — " revive the ancient form of tribute " by choosing a " long @-@ dead and uncontroversial subject " . Mallett has interpreted the fresco as a Medicean attempt to exalt " the praiseworthiness of condottieri to a populace with mixed feelings " . In fact , Cosimo may have allowed the former Albizzi project to go through merely to pave the way for a similar honor for Niccolò da Tolentino ( died 1435 ) , a condottiero whom the Medici would have favored over Hawkwood . The Tolentino fresco was commissioned 20 years after the soldier of fortune 's death , and was specified in its contract to be painted in " the same manner and form as the Hawkwood " . Thus , the recommissioning of the portrait may be read as part of an ongoing debate over the appropriateness of condottieri for a Republic . Bruni raises this subject in De militia ( 1420 ) , arguing for a standing Florentine militia , especially given the close ties between Tolentino and the Medici . Intending to depict Hawkwood as an " obedient captain conducting an inspection of troops " , the conceit of Hawkwood patiently reviewing troops is " suggestive of a loyal communal servant " .
The Medici may have wished to emphasize that point that any condottiero , no matter how hostile or fickle , could be bought off and manipulated to Florentine interests and truly Florentinized . Attempts to claim Hawkwood as Florentine were well underway even before his death ; for example , Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder wrote in 1391 that Hawkwood " no longer has any foreign blood ... and has become regenerated more strongly and more healthful in fiber and body under the moderating sky of Italy " . Such a viewpoint has even crept into modern scholarship : the 19th @-@ century Italian historian Ercole Ricotti called Hawkwood " the last of the foreign condottieri or the first of the Italian ones " ; his 18th @-@ century biography Domenico Maria Manni called him " general captain of Florentine armies " and virtually ignored two decades of Hawkwood 's service to other city @-@ states ; even in the 20th century , Friedrich Gaupp attempted to characterize Hawkwood 's direct attack on Florence as a " marriage proposal " .
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= Kacey Wong =
Dr. Kacey Wong ( born 1970 ) is a Hong Kong visual artist and educator – formerly Assistant Professor at the School of Design , Hong Kong Polytechnic University . Wong has received the Hong Kong Contemporary Arts Award by the Hong Kong Art Museum ( 2012 ) , Best Artist Award ( 2010 ) ; and Rising Artist Award and Outstanding Arts Education Award ( 2003 ) .
= = Early life and education = =
Wong Kwok @-@ choi was born in 1970 in Hong Kong . Due to concerns about the future of Hong Kong at the time , Wong was sent away at the age of 14 to Long Island in the United States as a secondary school pupil . His chosen name " Kacey " is derived from the initials of his Chinese name . Wong was admitted to Cornell University , from where he obtained a bachelor 's degree in Architecture . He has practiced internationally as an architect and artist . His sculptures explore philosophical ideas that engage the body of the viewer . He holds a master 's degree in Sculpture at Chelsea College of Arts . Wong also obtained his Doctorate in Fine Arts from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 2003 .
= = Career = =
Upon graduation from university , Wong worked as an architect for nearly six years in New York , Japan , and Hong Kong , in the fields of graphic , interior and architectural design . He set up in independent practice . Finding that the professional world as an architect did not allow for the degree of freedom he desired , he gave up a well @-@ paid professional career and left for further studies in England . After finishing the masters programme in London in 1998 , Wong returned to Hong Kong and taught sculpture and art appreciation at the Chinese University of Hong Kong for two years . Wong later became Assistant professor in the school of design at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University , until 2015 .
In 2003 , Wong was bestowed the Rising Artist Award by the Hong Kong Arts Council and Outstanding Arts Education Award . The Hong Kong Museum of Art awarded Wong their Hong Kong Contemporary Arts Award in 2012 .
= = Works = =
Wong stated that most people take for granted what they possess , and may be without identity or culture . Wong says his self @-@ awareness , and what Hong Kong represents to him , stem from the years he spent abroad . He says that only by living amidst a second culture can one fully come to realise what one represents and where one belongs . A thread that runs through much of his work is therefore the notion of home , homelessness and wandering . Since 2011 , his repertoire has taken on a political dimension .
= = = Space = = =
Home ( 1999 ) , Personal Skyscraper ( 2000 ) , and City Space ( 2001 ) were exhibitions where Wong was both exhibitor and curator .
" 10 Boxes : Everything I 've Ever Thought About , I Put Inside a Box " in 2000 was Wong 's first solo exhibition . The series of ten sculptures , housed in wall @-@ mounted boxes , each having its own name , explores a different theme or spatial relationship . For example , Office Block symbolises the power structures within companies ; Only You is based on romantic relations ; Destroy Them treats subjects like education and childhood influences .
In 2008 , Wong created Wandering Home , an installation consisting of a mobile home conceptualised on city living and the homeless , which was shown at the Venice Biennale of Architecture . The small tin hut on the back of a tricycle is a comment on Hong Kong society , and the plight of people who sleep on the streets and who are forced to move on periodically by government officials . Costing HK $ 5 @,@ 000 to make , the house is not exactly a practical solution to the homeless , but the concept was tried out on street sleepers in Sham Shui Po . In 2008 , Wong created Tin Man No.11 , an essay in space in the form of a metallic robot that transforms into a bed . He extended the concept by creating Famiglia Grande , a series of transformable cases . In 2009 , Wong attended the Subvision Festival in Hamburg as a skyscraper .
His work Paddling Home , a 4 ft × 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m × 1 @.@ 2 m ) floating house , was set to sea in January 2010 . The work , symbolising the Hong Kong 's property market where the accommodation is high @-@ density , small and pricey , was selected at the Hong Kong & Shenzhen Bi City Biennale of Urbanism Architecture exhibition that year . The design includes tiled walls , wooden floorboards , bay windows , a television , air @-@ conditioning , roof space from which to drive a few golf balls and a 5 @-@ horsepower outboard motor . It was priced at a symbolical HK $ 888 @,@ 888 ( $ 114 @,@ 000 ) . Wong said that , as the square foot price is [ an astronomical ] HK $ 55 @,@ 555 , Paddling Home is an ironic statement comparing the perils of owning a glitzily- and glossily @-@ packaged high end residence to being on the high seas . When asked in 2012 , Wong said he considers Paddling Home his most challenging work to date .
He published a photographic book , Drift City 2000 – 2010 , as the culmination of a ten @-@ year project where he travelled the world and superposed himself as a cardboard skyscraper ( Skyscraper Man ) in different surroundings as a critique of modernism . For the project , Wong collected images from over 20 locations around the world , including one at the Egyptian pyramids made when he and his wife were on honeymoon in 2002 . That image cost him a three @-@ hour art lecture to police who demanded a substantial " photography fee " .
= = = Environmentalism = = =
Wong became interested in environmentalism through visiting a waste reprocessing centre in Hong Kong , and realising just how little was recycled . His works re @-@ use or recycle materials obtained from rubbish tips . In 2010 , Wong curated " Memory of the Forest " , a collection of animal sculptures by himself and 13 students made using discarded wood , which symbolises the animals ' lost habitats . Wong contributed a similar " Mega Musical Art Piece " to the 2012 Hong Kong Cleanup campaign in the form of an octopus . Wong participated in a campaign of the Ocean Recovery Alliance in Hong Kong in April 2013 , contributing Death by Amputation – a sculpture of a life @-@ sized finned shark – to an exhibition in Stanley harbour in the hope that it will provoke thought on the source of food and the cruelty inflicted by humans on animals . In 2014 , as part of an animal @-@ themed exhibition with other artists , he unveiled Ball Ball , an imposing sculpture of his one @-@ eyed cat again made of discarded wood .
= = = Protest art = = =
Wong cites his political awakening being in 2011 , following the arrest of mainland artist Ai Weiwei . He responded by forming a group named Art Citizens ( 藝術公民 ) , and rallied some 2 @,@ 000 artists to march for Ai on 23 April . As curator for the group , he put together a month @-@ long exhibition that opened on 26 May named " Love the Future " ( 愛未來 ) – a pun on Ai 's name – with works of over 50 artists . Wong 's own showpiece , a Caonima ( alpaca ) sculpture , was one of the stars of the show . Since then , Wong has become known for his eye @-@ catching displays at public demonstrations drawing attention to Hong Kong 's political situation .
Fond of quoting Ai , Wong believes that art and politics are indissociable , and that no art is completely without political connotation . Wong sees art as one of the organic elements in the mix of political movements , playing an indirect and auxiliary role . He has variously participated in the annual 1 July protest marches riding in a pink armoured personnel carrier , walking around with a facsimile washing machine on his head , and guiding a 10 @-@ foot red robot he created . For the march on 1 July 2014 , Wong created the “ Warning Squad " , where he and several people dressed as police officers holding parody banners inspired by those increasingly seen used by police officers at protests . His signs included “ Love the Party ” – echoing the CPC slogan “ Love the country , love the Party ” ( 愛國愛黨 ) – “ Fake Commie ” ; “ Party @-@ State ” referring to the one @-@ party state within China ; “ Reddening ” referring to the gradual infiltration of the communist ethos into Hong Kong ; “ Land Grabbing ” referring to the land acquisition for development in the Northeast New Territories .
Wong was highly active during the Umbrella Revolution : he held a contest for the best logo to elevate awareness and generate more concern for the demand for " real universal suffrage " for Hong Kong . Using social media as a " safe platform " for universal participation , he generated considerable awareness and received entries from all over the world . Wong held sessions where he would draw a person 's portrait in one minute without looking at the paper – the concept inspired by Nelson Mandela 's maxim " It always seems impossible until it 's done " . He also co @-@ founded Umbrella Movement Art Preservation , to make an inventory of works and their locations at protest sites , aiming to rescue key pieces before police clearances .
For his personal exhibition in March 2015 entitled " Resisting Against Absurdity " , Wong reunited pieces he created for previous protest marches and added new works : in particular the Black Cop Candle – a set of wax statues of policemen in riot gear and raised batons . These symbolise the seven " black " ( meaning corrupt ) cops who beat up a protester and who were caught on film so doing during the 2014 protests ; lighting the candles would melt them and transform them into light .
At a march protesting at the disappearances of the staff of Causeway Bay Books in 2015 , Wong symbolically constructed a red gallows carrying the Chinese characters for " abduction " ( 綁架 ) , bound himself with red rope and gagged himself with red duct tape .
= = = Other roles = = =
Wong co @-@ founded Street Design Union to study and advance the role of artists and designers in the socio @-@ political sphere . Since 2001 , he has taken his " Personal Skyscraper Workshops " to primary schools to encourage children to admire the architecture . He does this by having pupils create wearable architectural clothing with foam boards and paper .
In 2016 , the M + in Hong Kong commissioned Wong to create the " M + Rover " – a mobile gallery for their schools outreach programme . The Rover was created out of a hollowed @-@ out container in which was installed a wooden interior using disused pallets to create the feel of a whale .
= = Personal = =
Wong is an avid fan of war @-@ games – an activity he partakes in every week which he says helps with mental agility . He also enjoys diving . Wong and his wife Margaret live with Ballball – a cat which had lost an eye in an accident . Wong chose to adopt him over other cats because he was unique . Wong said : " Imagine you were to go to a pet shop and ask for a one @-@ eyed cat ... ' Sorry we don 't do those ' would be the response " .
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= Białystok =
Białystok [ [ bʲaˈwɨstɔk ] ( byah @-@ WIH @-@ stock ; Belarusian : Беласток Bielastok , Lithuanian : Balstogė , Russian : Белосток Belostok , Yiddish : ביאַליסטאָק Byalistok ) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship .
Located in the Białystok Uplands ( Polish : Wysoczyzna Białostocka ) of the Podlaskie Plain ( Polish : Nizina Północnopodlaska ) on the banks of the Biała River , Białystok ranks second in terms of population density , eleventh in population , and thirteenth in area , of the cities of Poland . It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond , particularly from Central and Eastern Europe . This is facilitated by the fact that the nearby border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union , as well as the Schengen Area . The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok . The city has a Warm Summer Continental climate , characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters . Forests are an important part of Białystok 's character , and occupy around 1 @,@ 756 ha ( 4 @,@ 340 acres ) ( 17 @.@ 2 % of the administrative area of the city ) which places it as the fifth most forested city in Poland .
The first settlers arrived in the 14th century . A town grew up and received its municipal charter in 1692 . Białystok has traditionally been one of the leading centers of academic , cultural , and artistic life in Podlaskie and the most important economic center in northeastern Poland . In the nineteenth century Białystok was an important center for light industry , which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city 's population . But after the fall of communism in 1989 many of these factories faced severe problems and subsequently closed down . Through the infusion of EU investment funds , the city continues to work to reshape itself into a modern metropolis . Białystok in 2010 , was on the short @-@ list , but ultimately lost the competition to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016 . Over the centuries Białystok has produced a number of people who have provided unique contributions to the fields of science , language , politics , religion , sports , visual arts and performing arts . This environment was created in the mid @-@ eighteenth century by the patronage of Jan Klemens Branicki for the arts and sciences . These include Ryszard Kaczorowski , the last émigré President of the Republic of Poland ; L. L. Zamenhof , the creator of Esperanto ; and Albert Sabin , the co @-@ developer of the polio vaccine .
= = Etymology = =
The English translation of Białystok is " white slope " . Due to changing borders over the centuries , the city has been known as Belarusian : Беласток ( Byelastok ? , Biełastok ? [ bʲeɫaˈstok ] ) , Yiddish : ביאַליסטאָק ( Byalistok , Bjalistok ) , Ukrainian : Білосток ( Bilostok ) , Lithuanian : Baltstogė ( Balstogė ) , and Russian : Белосток ( Belostok ) .
Linguist A. P. Nepokupnyj proposes that the language source for Białystok is Yotvingian . Names with the -stok suffix as a second element of a hydronym are localized in the basin of the upper Narew .
= = History = =
Archaeological discoveries show that the first settlements in the area of present @-@ day Białystok occurred during the Stone Age . Tombs of ancient settlers can be found in the district of Dojlidy . In the early Iron Age a mix of Prussians , Yotvingians and Wielbark culture people settled in the area producing kurgans , the tombs of the chiefs in the area located in the current village of Rostołty . Since then , the Białystok area has been at the crossroads of cultures . Trade routes linking the Baltic to the Black Sea favored the development of settlements with Yotvingia @-@ Ruthenian @-@ Polish cultural characteristics .
The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries and during this time the fate of the city has been affected by various political and economic forces .
Surviving documents attest that around 1437 a representative of the Raczków family , Jakub Tabutowicz of the coat of arms Łabędź , received from Michael Žygimantaitis son of Sigismund Kęstutaitis , Duke of Lithuania , a wilderness area along the river Biała that marked the beginning of Białystok as a settlement .
The first brick church and a castle were built between 1617 and 1826 . The two @-@ floor castle , designed on a rectangular plan in the Gothic @-@ Renaissance style , was the work of Job Bretfus . Extension of the castle was continued by Krzysztof Wiesiołowski , starost of Tykocin , Grand Marshal of Lithuania since 1635 , and husband of Aleksandra Marianna Sobieska . In 1637 he died childless , and as a result Białystok came under the management of his widow . After her death in 1645 the Wiesiołowski estate , including Białystok , passed to the Commonwealth to cover the costs of maintaining Tykocin Castle . In the years 1645 – 1659 Białystok was managed by the governors of Tykocin and was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania .
In 1661 it was given to Stefan Czarniecki as a reward for his service in the victory over the Swedes during the Deluge . Four years later , it was given as a dowry of his daughter Aleksandra , who married Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki , thus passing into the hands of the Branicki family . In 1692 , Stefan Mikołaj Branicki , the son of Jan Klemens Branicki ( Marshal of the Crown Court ) , obtained city rights for Białystok from King John III Sobieski . He constructed the Branicki Palace on the foundations of the castle of the Wiesiołowski family . In the second half of the eighteenth century the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki . It was he who transformed the palace built by his father into a magnificent residence of a great noble .
The end of the eighteenth century saw the division of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth , in three steps , among the neighboring states . The Kingdom of Prussia acquired Białystok and the surrounding region during the third partition . The city became the capital of the New East Prussia province in 1795 . Prussia lost the territory following Napoleon Bonaparte 's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition as the resultant 1807 Treaties of Tilsit awarded the area to the Russian Empire , which organized the region into the Belostok Oblast , with the city as the regional center .
At the end of the nineteenth century , the majority of the city 's population was Jewish . According to Russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 66 @,@ 000 , Jews constituted 41 @,@ 900 ( so around 63 % percent ) . This heritage can be seen on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok . The first Anarchist groups to attract a significant following of Russian workers or peasants , were the Anarcho @-@ Communist Chernoe @-@ Znamia groups , founded in Białystok in 1903 . The Białystok pogrom occurred between 14 – 16 June 1906 in the city . During the pogrom between 81 and 88 people were killed , and about 80 people were wounded .
During World War I the Bialystok @-@ Grodno District was the administrative division of German @-@ controlled territory of Ober @-@ Ost . It comprised the city , as the capital , and the surrounding Podlaskie region , roughly corresponding to the territory of the earlier Belostok Oblast . At the end of World War I the city became part of the newly independent Second Polish Republic , as the capital of the Białystok Voivodeship ( 1919 – 1939 ) . During the 1919 – 1920 Polish @-@ Soviet War , possession of the city by the Red Army and the Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee occurred during the lead up to the Battle of Warsaw . During the resultant counteroffensive , the city returned to Polish control after the Battle of Białystok .
With the beginning of World War II , Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union , and initially the city came under Soviet control , as a result of the Molotov @-@ Ribbentrop Pact . It was incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR from 1939 to 1941 as the capital of the Belastok Voblast . After the Nazi attack on Soviet Union in 1941 , Białystok was occupied by the German Army on 27 June 1941 , during the Battle of Białystok – Minsk , and the city became the capital of Bezirk Białystok , a separate region in German occupied Poland , until 1944 . The Great Synagogue , Białystok was burnt down by Germans on June 27 , 1941 , with an estimated number of 2 @,@ 000 Jews inside .
From the very beginning , the Nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and removal of the non @-@ German population . The 56 @,@ 000 Jewish residents of the town were confined in a ghetto . On August 15 , 1943 , the Białystok Ghetto Uprising began , and several hundred Polish Jews and members of the Anti @-@ Fascist Military Organisation ( Polish : Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa ) started an armed struggle against the German troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto with deportations to the Treblinka extermination camp .
The city was liberated by the Red Army on 27 July 1944 and on 20 September 1944 transferred to Poland . After the war , the city became capital of the initial Białystok Voivodeship ( 1945 – 1975 ) of the People 's Republic of Poland . After the 1975 administrative reorganization , the city was the capital of the smaller Białystok Voivodeship ( 1975 – 1998 ) . Since 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship , Republic of Poland .
= = Geography = =
Białystok is situated in the Białystok Uplands ( Polish : Wysoczyzna Białostocka ) of the Podlaskie Plain ( Polish : Nizina Północnopodlaska ) , part of what is known collectively as the Green Lungs of Poland . The Biała River , a left tributary of the Supraśl River , passes through the city . The landscape of the Białystok Upland is diverse , with high moraine hills and kame in excess of 200 m ( 660 ft ) above sea level . Vast areas of outwash , a glacial plain formed of sediments deposited by meltwater at the terminus of a glacier , are covered by forests .
Forests are an important part of the city character , they currently occupy approximately 1 @,@ 756 ha ( 4 @,@ 340 acres ) ( 17 @.@ 2 % of the administrative area of the city ) which places it as the fifth most " wooded " city in Poland ; behind Katowice ( 38 % ) , Bydgoszcz ( 30 % ) , Toruń ( 22 @.@ 9 % ) and Gdańsk ( 17 @.@ 6 % ) .
Part of Knyszyn Forest is preserved within the city limits by two nature reserves — a total area of 105 ha ( 260 acres ) . The Zwierzyniecki Forest Nature Reserve ( Polish : Rezerwat przyrody Las Zwierzyniecki ) , which is contained within the city limits , is a fragment , 33 @.@ 48 ha ( 82 @.@ 7 acres ) , of the riparian forest with a dominant assemblage of oak and hornbeam . The Antoniuk Nature Reserve ( Polish : Rezerwat Przyrody Antoniuk ) is a 70 @.@ 07 ha ( 173 @.@ 1 acres ) park in the city that preserves the natural state of a forest fragment characteristic of the Białystok Upland , with a dominant mixed forest of hazel and spruce .
The 40 ha ( 99 acres ) of forests lying in the vicinity of the Dojlidy Ponds are administered by the Central Sports and Recreation Center in Białystok ( Polish : Miejski Ośrodek Sportu i Rekreacji w Białymstoku – MOSiR ) . The Dojlidy Ponds recreation area includes a public beach , walking trails , birdwatching and fishing .
Climate
The city has a Mild Summer Continental or Hemiboreal climate ( Dfb ) according to the Köppen climate classification system , characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters . It is substantially different from most of the other Polish lowlands . The region is one of the coldest in Poland , with the average temperature in January being − 2 @.@ 5 ° C ( 27 ° F ) . The average temperature in a year is about 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) . The number of frost days ranges from 50 to 60 , with frost from 110 to 138 days and the duration of snow cover from 90 to 110 days . Mean annual rainfall values oscillate around 580 mm ( 22 @.@ 8 in ) , and the vegetation period lasts 200 to 210 days .
| source 3 = worldweatheronline.com | source 4 = www.weatheronline.com
= = Districts and Metropolitan Region = =
Districts of Białystok
The city of Białystok is divided into 28 administrative units , known in Polish as osiedla . The first 27 of these were created on October 25 , 2004 . The 28th , Dojlidy Górne , was created by on October 23 , 2006 , out of three settlements which had been incorporated into the city : Dojlidy Górne , Kolonia Halickie , and Zagórki .
The center of the city , Osiedle Centrum , surrounds Lipowa Street , the main street of the city . Lipowa Street extends from Rynek Kościuszki ( the corner of Spółdzielczej Street ) to Plac Niepodległości im . Romana Dmowskiego ( the corner of Krakowska Street ) . Over the centuries the name of this exclusive and elegant street has taken on a number of different names ; Choroszcz , Nowolipie , Lipowa , Józef Piłsudski , Joseph Stalin , Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin , once again , to return , after the end of World War II , to its original name – Lipowa Street .
The city covers 10 @,@ 212 ha ( 25 @,@ 230 acres ) of which 3 @,@ 210 ha ( 7 @,@ 900 acres ) is agricultural land , 4 @,@ 889 ha ( 12 @,@ 080 acres ) is urbanized areas , 85 ha ( 210 acres ) is surface waters and 65 ha ( 160 acres ) is wasteland . The composition of the districts vary from residential near the city center , with a combination of multi @-@ story apartment buildings and individual houses on small parcels , to industrial and agricultural at the city edges .
Metropolitan Białystok
Metropolitan Białystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No. 52 / 05 of 16 May 2005 to help develop the region economically . In 2006 , the metropolitan area population was 450 @,@ 254 inhabitants . The municipalities adjacent to Białystok are slowly losing their agricultural character , becoming residential suburban neighborhoods with single @-@ family housing and small businesses .
= = Demographics = =
In June 2009 , the population of the city was 294 @,@ 399 , among cities of Poland , Białystok is second in terms of population density , eleventh in population , and thirteenth in area .
Historically , Białystok has been a destination for internal and foreign immigration , especially from Central and Eastern Europe . In addition to the Polish minority , there was a significant Jewish majority in Białystok . According to Russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 66 @,@ 000 , Jews constituted 41 @,@ 900 ( around 63 % percent ) . Białystok 's pre @-@ World War II Jewish population constituted about 63 percent of the city 's total population of 107 @,@ 000 . World War II changed all of this , in 1939 , around 107 @,@ 000 people lived in Białystok , but in 1946 – only 56 @,@ 759 , and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of the city 's history . Currently the city 's population is 97 % Polish , 2 @.@ 5 % Belarusian and 0 @.@ 5 % of a number of minorities including Russians , Lipka Tatars , Ukrainians and Romani . Most of the modern @-@ day population growth is based on internal migration within Poland and urbanization of surrounding areas .
= = Governance = =
City government
Białystok , like other major cities in Poland , is a city county ( Polish : Miasto na prawach powiatu ) . The Legislative power in the city is vested in the unicameral Białystok City Council ( Polish : Rada Miasta ) , which has 28 members . Council members are elected directly every four years , one of whom is the mayor , or President of Białystok ( Polish : prezydent ) . Like most legislative bodies , the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government . Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor , who may sign them into law . If the mayor vetoes a bill , the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two @-@ thirds majority vote . The current President of Białystok , elected for his first term in 2006 , is Tadeusz Truskolaski won the elections as the Civic Platform 's candidate , however , he has no official connection with the party . In the first round of the elections he received 49 % of the votes ( 42 @,@ 889 votes altogether ) . In the later runoff he defeated his rival candidate Marek Kozlowski from Law and Justice ( Polish : Prawo i Sprawiedliwość ) , receiving 67 % of the votes cast ( 53 @,@ 018 votes ) .
For the 2010 – 2011 fiscal year the city received revenue ( taxes levied + investments ) of 1 @,@ 409 @,@ 565 @,@ 525 zł , expended 1 @,@ 676 @,@ 459 @,@ 102 zł leaving a budget deficit of 266 @,@ 893 @,@ 577 zł . The deficit was covered by short @-@ term borrowing of 166 @,@ 893 @,@ 577 zł and the issuance of 100 million zł in municipal bonds .
Other levels of governmental representation
It is also the seat of government for the Podlaskie Voivodeship . The city is represented by several members of both houses of the Polish Parliament ( Sejm and Senat ) from the Białystok constituency . Białystok is represented by the Podlaskie and Warmian @-@ Masurian constituency of the European Parliament .
International relations
There are two consulates in Białystok , Belarus has a Consulate General and Romania has an Honorary Consulate . The City of Białystok is a member of several organizations such as Union of Polish Metropolises ( Polish : Unia Metropolii Polskich ) , Euroregion Niemen , Polish Green Lungs Foundation ( headquarters ) and Eurocities .
Białystok is twinned with Częstochowa , Poland , Dijon , France : , Eindhoven , Netherlands , Hrodno , Belarus , Jelgava , Latvia , Kaliningrad , Russia Kaunas , Lithuania , Milwaukee County , Wisconsin , USA and Tallinn , Estonia .
= = Military units = =
The 18th Reconnaissance Regiment ( Polish : 18 Pułk Rozpoznawczy ) of the Polish Land Forces is based in Białystok . The heritage of the unit was the former 18th Territorial Defense Battalion ( Polish : 18 Białostocka Brygada Obrony Terytorialnej ) and prior to that the former 18th Mechanized Brigade . December 31 , 2001 , as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces , 18th Mechanized Brigade ( Polish : 18 Brygada Zmechanizowana ) was disbanded and in its place created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion ( Polish : 18 Białostocka Brygada Obrony Terytorialnej ) .
Historical military units
During December 1993 an order of the Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces created the 18th Mechanized Brigade ( Polish : 18 Brygada Zmechanizowana ) at the garrison in Białystok . The unit was formed from the 3rd Mechanized Regiment ( Polish : 3 Pułk Zmechanizowany ) and was subordinated to the commander of the 1st Warsaw Mechanized Division ( Polish : 1 Warszawskiej Dywizji Zmechanizowanej im . Tadeusza Kościuszki ) . On December 31 , 2001 , as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces , the 18th Mechanized Brigade was disbanded and in its place was created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion .
The Podlaska Cavalry Brigade ( Polish : Podlaska Brygada Kawalerii ) was a military unit of the Polish Army , created on April 1 , 1937 . Its headquarters was located in Białystok and operated as part of Independent Operational Group Narew . It was formed from the Cavalry Brigade " Białystok " , which existed between February 1929 , and March 30 , 1937 . After the Soviet invasion of Poland , remnants of the Brigade fought both Wehrmacht and Red Army troops , capitulating on October 6 , 1939 .
The Cavalry Brigade " Białystok " ( BK " Białystok " ) of the Polish Army Second Republic was formed in February 1929 . April 1 , 1937 BK " Białystok " was renamed the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade .
= = Economy = =
In the nineteenth century Białystok was an important center for light industry , which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city 's population . The tradition continued with many garment factories established in the twentieth century , such as Fasty in the district of Bacieczki . However , after the fall of communism in 1989 many of these factories faced severe problems and subsequently closed down .
The unemployment rate for February 2011 in Białystok was 13 @.@ 2 % . The 2009 average household had a monthly per capita income of 1018 @.@ 77 zł and monthly per capita expenses of 823 @.@ 56 zł
The city has a number of nearby border crossings . The border with Belarus is only 50 km ( 31 mi ) away , the nearest border crossings are located in ; Bobrowniki ( road crossing located about 50 km ( 31 mi ) from the city limits ) , Kuźnica Białostocka ( road and rail crossing located 60 km ( 37 mi ) from the city limits ) , Siemianówka ( railway – freight traffic ) , Połowce ( road ) and Czeremcha ( railway ) . Since the border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union , as well as the Schengen Area the city is a center for trade in mainly from the east .
Industry
The leading industries in the city 's economy are : food processing ( production of meat products , fruit and vegetable products , the production of spirits , the production of frozen food , grain processing ) , electrical engineering ( production tools and equipment for machine tools , production of electric heaters , manufacture and production mixers household appliances ) . There is also a developed machine industry ( electronics , machinery and metal ) , plastic processing ( production of household appliances ) , textiles ( textiles and upholstery , manufacture of underwear , clothing accessories , footwear and backpacks ) , Wood ( production plywood and furniture ) building materials .
Some notable major employers who are based in Białystok include :
Dojlidy Brewery in the district of Dojlidy produces the second most popular beer in Poland , Żubr .
Polmos Białystok , the biggest vodka manufacturer in Poland , is located in the city district of Starosielce . The company produces Absolwent and Żubrówka ( bison grass vodka ) – both major exports abroad .
Standard Motor Products Poland Ltd. headquartered in Białystok began manufacturing ignition coils for original equipment manufacturers 30 years ago .
" Supon " Białystok is the leading Polish producer of fire fighting equipment .
SavaPol , Sp.z o.o. is a manufacturer of stationary and mobile concrete mixing equipment based in Białystok .
Biazet S.A. is a large manufacture of household appliances , including vacuum cleaners , coffee makers , and LED lighting located in Białystok .
Agnella , a major Polish producer of carpets and similar products is in Białystok , located in the district of Białostoczek .
Rosti ( Polska ) Sp. z o.o. , has provided for more than 60 years precision injection molded products for some of the world 's leading brands .
Biaglass Huta Szkla Białystok Sp. z o.o. , established in 1929 , produces mouth blown glass lampshades and related products . Biaglass belongs to elite group of Glass Works in Europe , where 100 % of the lighting glass is mouth @-@ blown .
Chłodnia Białystok S.A ( Cold Store Białystok S.A. ) , established in 1952 , is one of the largest Polish producers of frozen vegetables , fruits and ready @-@ to @-@ heat meals .
Podlaskie Zakłady Zbożowe S.A. was established on 1 July 2000 as a result of privatizing The Regional Establishment of Corn and Milling Industry ' PZZ ' in Białystok . It is one of the leading firms in Podlaskie region in the department of preservation and processing of grain with elevators in Białystok , Grajewo and Suwałki .
= = Culture and tourism = =
Białystok is one of the largest cultural centers in the Podlaskie Voivodeship . The attractions include performing arts groups , art museums , historical museums , walking tours of architectural / cultural aspects and a wide variety of parks and green spaces . Białystok in 2010 was on the short @-@ list , but ultimately lost the competition , to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016 .
= = = Performing arts = = =
The city has a number of performing arts facilities including :
The Białystok Puppet Theater ( Polish : Bialostocki Teatr Lalek ) , established in 1953 , is one of the oldest Polish puppet theaters . The facility is located at Kalinowskiego 1 in Białystok . The repertoire includes performances for both children and puppet adaptations of world literature for adults . Because of the high artistic level of productions , the theater has been recognized as one of the best puppetry arts centers in Poland .
The Aleksandra Węgierki Drama Theatre . Housed in a building designed by Jarosław Girina , built in the years 1933 – 1938 .
The Podlasie Opera and Philharmonic – European Art Centre in Białystok is the largest institute of arts in Northeastern Poland , and the most modern cultural center in this region of Europe . In its amphitheatre every year in the end of June Halfway Festival takes place .
= = = Museums = = =
There are a number of museums in the city including :
The Historical Museum in Białystok ( Polish : Muzeum Historyczne w Białymstoku ) is part of the Podlaskie Museum . The facility has a rich collection of archival materials and iconography illustrating the history of Białystok and Podlasie , and a number of middle @-@ class cultural relics , especially in the field of craft utility . There are also the Numismatic Cabinet of the collection of 16 000 coins , medals and securities . The museum is in possession of the only collections in the country memorabilia connected with the Tatar settlement on the Polish – Lithuanian – Belarusian region .
The Army Museum in Białystok ( Polish : Muzeum Wojska w Białymstoku ) was established in September 1968 as a branch of the Podlaskie Museum to house the research and collections of many people connected with military history of north @-@ eastern Poland .
The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre ( Polish : Centrum im . Ludwika Zamenhofa w Białymstoku ) offers the visitors a permanent exhibition , ' Bialystok of Young Ludwik Zamenhof ' , and various temporary exhibitions , concerts , film projections , and theatre performances . The Centre has a branch of Lukasz Gornicki ’ s Podlaska Library dedicated to the Esperanto language .
= = = Parks and green spaces = = =
Around 32 % of the city is occupied by parks , squares and forest preserves which creates a unique and healthy climate . The green spaces include :
Branicki Palace ( Polish : Pałac Branickich ) is a historical edifice and 9 @.@ 7 ha ( 24 acres ) park in Białystok . It was developed on the site of an earlier building in the first half of the eighteenth century by Jan Klemens Branicki , a wealthy Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth hetman , into a residence suitable for a man whose ambition was to be elected king of Poland . The palace complex with gardens , pavillons , sculptures , outbuildings and other structures and the city with churches , city hall and monastery , all built almost at the same time according to French models was the reason why the city was known in the eighteenth century as Versailles of Podlaskie ( Polish : wersalem podlaskim ) .
Planty is a 14 @.@ 94 ha ( 36 @.@ 9 acres ) park created between 1930 and 1938 , under the auspices of the then Voivode Kościałkowskiego Mariana Zyndrama in the areas adjacent to Branicki Palace . The modernist composition of the park was designed by Stanislav Gralla .
= = = Architecture = = =
The various historically driven changes have had a very significant influence on the architectural space of the city . Most other Polish cities have suffered similarly , but the processes in Białystok , have had a particularly intense course . Numerous historic works of architecture no longer exist , while many others have been rebuilt to their original configuration . Very few historic buildings of the city have been preserved – the sights are merely an echo of the old historical shape of Białystok .
Main sights include :
Palaces : Branicki Palace , Branicki Guest Palace , Lubomirski Palace , Hasbach Palace , Nowik Palace
Town hall
Catholic Cathedral
St. Roch Church
St. Adalbert Church
Orthodox Cathedral
Daughters of Charity Monastery
Former Arsenal
Former Masonic Lodge
= = Sports = =
The city has both professional and amateur sports teams , and a number of venues where they are based . Jagiellonia Białystok is a Polish football club , based in Białystok , in the Ekstraklasa League that plays at the Białystok City Stadium . Jagiellonia Białystok won the Polish Cup in 2010 , Super Cup and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League . A new 22 @,@ 500 seat stadium was completed at the beginning of 2015 .
Hetman Białystok ( formerly known as Gwardia Białystok ) is a Polish football club based in Podlaskie Voivodeship . They play in the Division IV or the ( 4th ) League .
Lowlanders Białystok is a football club , based in Białystok , that plays in the Polish American Football League ( Polish : Polska Liga Futbolu Amerykańskiego ) PLFA I Conference . The Lowlanders were the champions of the PLFA II Conference in 2010 with a perfect season ( 8 wins in eight meetings ) . Because of the win they were advanced to the upper conference ( PLFA I ) in 2011 .
= = Media = =
Białystok has a wide variety of media outlets serving the city and surrounding region . There are two locally published daily newspapers , Gazeta Współczesna ( 36 @.@ 3 % market share ) and Kurier Poranny ( 20 @.@ 3 % market share ) . In addition two national papers have local bureaus . There are a number of national and locally produced television and radio channels available both over @-@ the @-@ air from the nearby RTCN Białystok ( Krynice ) Mast , the seventh highest structure in Poland , in addition to transmitter sites within the city . TVP Białystok is one of the locally produced , regional branches of the TVP , Poland 's public television broadcaster . There is also a cable television system available within the city . The city has two campus radio stations ; Radiosupeł at the Medical University of Białystok and Radio Akadera at Białystok Technical University .
= = Religion = =
In the early 1900s , Białystok was reputed to have the largest concentration of Jews of all the cities in the world . In 1931 , 40 @,@ 000 Jews lived in the city , nearly half the city 's inhabitants . The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok . Pope John Paul II on 5 June 1991 , during a visit to Białystok , announced the establishment of the Archdiocese of Białystok which ended the period of the temporary church administration of the portion of the Archdiocese of Vilnius that had , after World War II , remained within the Polish borders . The city is also the seat of the Białystok @-@ Gdansk Diocese of the Autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church . Białystok is the largest concentration of Orthodox believers in Poland . In Białystok , the following Protestant churches exist : a Lutheran parish , two Pentecostal churches , Baptist church , a congregation of the Church of God in Christ and a Seventh Day Adventist church .
Białystok is home to more than two thousand Muslims ( mainly Tatars ) . There is an Islamic Centre a House of Prayer , and various organisations such as Muzułmańska Gmina Wyznaniowa , Stowarzyszenie Studentów Muzułmańskich and Muzułmańskie Stowarzyszenie Kształtowania Kulturalnego . There is magazine issued – " Pamięć i trwanie " ( " Memory and persistence " ) .
= = Transport = =
The city is , and has been for centuries , the main hub of transportation for the Podlaskie Voivodeship and the entire northeastern section of Poland . It is a major city on the European Union roadways ( Via Baltica ) and railways ( Rail Baltica ) to the Baltic Republics and Finland . It is also a main gateway of trade with Belarus due to its proximity to the border and its current and longstanding relationship with Hrodno , Belarus .
Railways
Passenger trains connect from Suvalki , Hrodno and Lithuania to Warsaw and the rest of the European passenger network . Passenger services are provided by two rail service providers , PKP Intercity that provides intercity passengers trains ( express , intercity , eurocity , hotel and TLK ) and Przewozy Regionalne that operates only regional passenger trains financed by the voivodeship . Passenger trains are mostly run using electrical multiple units ( on electrified lines ) or rail buses .
Buses
There is an extensive bus network that covers the entire city by three bus services , but no tram or subway exists . The three bus operators are partially owned by the city ( KPKM , KPK and KZK ) and each shares approximately a third of the lines and the bus fleet .
Roads and highways
The National Roads ( Polish : Droga krajowa ) running through Białystok :
: Rzeszów – Lublin – Bielsk Podlaski – Białystok – Kuznica ( Belarus – Polish border )
: Gołdap ( Russia – Polish border ) -Ełk @-@ Białystok @-@ Bobrowniki ( Belarus @-@ Polish border )
/ 67 : Budziska ( Polish – Lithuania border ) – Białystok – Warsaw – Wrocław – Kudowa Zdrój ( Czech – Polish border )
Airports
A civil airport , Białystok @-@ Krywlany Airport , lies within the city limits , but does not provide regularly scheduled service . There were plans in 2011 to build a new regional airport , Białystok @-@ Saniki Airport , that would have provided flights within Europe .
= = Education = =
Higher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the eighteenth century , when the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki . As a patron of the arts and sciences , Branicki encouraged numerous artists and scientists to settle in Białystok to take advantage of Branicki 's patronage . In 1745 Branicki established Poland 's first military college , the School of Civil and Military Engineering , in the city .
Since the fall of communism many privately funded institutions of higher educations have been founded and their number is still increasing . Currently Białystok is home to one principal public university ( University of Białystok ) and two other public specialist universities ( Białystok Technical University and Medical University of Białystok ) . Some institutions , such as Musical Academy in Białystok , are branches of their parent institutions in other cities , usually in Warsaw .
= = Notable residents = =
Over the centuries Białystok has produced a number of persons who have provided unique contributions to the fields of science , language , politics , religion , sports , visual arts and performing arts . This environment was created in the mid eighteenth century by the patronage of Jan Klemens Branicki for the arts and sciences . A list of recent notable persons includes , but is not limited to ; Ryszard Kaczorowski , last émigré President of the Republic of Poland , L. L. Zamenhof , the creator of Esperanto , Albert Sabin , co @-@ developer of the polio vaccine , Izabella Scorupco , actress , Max Weber , painter . Tomasz Bagiński illustrator , animator and director Oscar nominee in 2002 for The Cathedral
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= Lavanify =
Lavanify is a mammalian genus from the late Cretaceous ( probably Maastrichtian , about 71 to 66 million years ago ) of Madagascar . The only species , L. miolaka , is known from two isolated teeth , one of which is damaged . The teeth were collected in 1995 – 1996 and described in 1997 . The animal is classified as a member of Gondwanatheria , an enigmatic extinct group with unclear phylogenetic relationships , and within Gondwanatheria as a member of the family Sudamericidae . Lavanify is most closely related to the Indian Bharattherium ; the South American Sudamerica and Gondwanatherium are more distantly related . Gondwanatheres probably ate hard plant material .
Lavanify had high @-@ crowned , curved teeth . One of the two teeth is 11 @.@ 2 mm high and shows a deep furrow and , is centered laterally in the crown , a V @-@ shaped area that consists of dentine . The other , damaged , tooth is 9 @.@ 8 mm high and has at least one deep cavity ( infundibulum ) . Characters shared by the teeth of Lavanify and Bharattherium include the presence of an infundibulum and a furrow ; they both also have large , continuous bands of matrix ( unbundled hydroxyapatite crystals ) between the prisms ( bundles of hydroxyapatite crystals ) of the enamel , and perikymata — wave @-@ like ridges and grooves in the enamel surface .
= = Discovery and context = =
Two teeth of Lavanify were discovered in 1995 – 1996 during joint expeditions of the State University of New York , Stony Brook University , and the University of Antananarivo to the late Cretaceous ( mostly Maastrichtian , about 71 to 66 million years ago [ mya ] ) Maevarano Formation of northwestern Madagascar . The two teeth were found in different sites in a white sandstone unit of the Maevarano Formation near the village of Berivotra and have been deposited in the collections of the University of Antananarivo ( specimen UA 8653 ) and Field Museum of Natural History ( specimen FMNH PM 59520 ) . David Krause and colleagues described Lavanify and a sudamericid from India , which they did not name , in a 1997 paper in Nature . These were the first gondwanathere mammals to be found outside of Argentina and provided evidence that the mammal faunas of the different Gondwanan ( southern ) continents were similar to each other . The generic name , Lavanify , means " long tooth " and the specific name , miolaka , means " curved " in Malagasy ; both refer to the teeth 's shape .
Gondwanatheres are a small group of mammals of uncertain phylogenetic affinities known from the late Cretaceous to the Eocene ( ~ 56 – 34 mya ) of the Gondwanan continents , known only from teeth and a few lower jaws . Upon their discovery in the 1980s , gondwanatheres were initially thought to be xenarthrans — part of the same group as living sloths , armadillos , and anteaters — but later workers have favored affinities with multituberculates ( a diverse group of fossil mammals ) or left the relationships of the gondwanatheres open . The group comprises two families . The family Ferugliotheriidae , whose members had low @-@ crowned teeth , occurs in the Campanian ( ~ 84 – 71 mya ) to Maastrichtian of Argentina . All other gondwanatheres , including Lavanify , are placed in the Sudamericidae , which have high @-@ crowned ( hypsodont ) teeth . These include Gondwanatherium from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of Argentina ; Sudamerica from the Paleocene ( ~ 66 – 56 mya ) of Argentina ; Lavanify ; at least one species from the Maastrichtian of India ; an unnamed species related to Sudamerica from the Eocene of Antarctica ; and an unnamed possible gondwanathere , TNM 02067 , from the Cretaceous of Tanzania . In 2007 , teams led by G.P. Wilson and G.V.R. Prasad independently described this animal as Dakshina and Bharattherium respectively ; as the latter name was published first , it is the correct name for this genus according to the Principle of Priority . Gondwanatheres have been interpreted as feeding on roots , bark , and abrasive vegetation or as the earliest grass @-@ eating mammals .
Several other mammals have been recorded from the late Cretaceous of Madagascar , mostly on the basis of isolated teeth . A possible second gondwanathere is represented by a tooth that is larger and lower @-@ crowned than those of Lavanify , and a yet lower @-@ crowned tooth may also be of a gondwanathere . A lower molar , UA 8699 , may be of a marsupial or a placental and a molar fragment is referable to Multituberculata . Finally , an as @-@ yet @-@ undescribed mammal is known from a fairly complete skeleton . None of these mammals is related to the living mammals of the island , many of which belong to unique groups ( see List of mammals of Madagascar ) . The fauna also contains crocodyliforms , dinosaurs , and other animals .
= = Description = =
Lavanify is known from the complete cheektooth UA 8653 and the broken tooth FMNH PM 59520 . Krause and colleagues could not determine whether the teeth were from the lower or upper jaw and whether they were molars or molariform ( molar @-@ like ) premolars , but suggested that they represented two different tooth positions . However , Wilson and colleagues in 2007 tentatively identified UA 8653 as a left fourth ( last ) lower molariform ( mf4 ) ; because molars and premolars of gondwanatheres cannot be reliably distinguished , the term " molariform " is used instead . FMNH PM 59520 resembles the Gondwanatherium fossil MACN Pv @-@ RN 1027 , a broken tooth that may be an upper molariform . In both Lavanify teeth , the enamel surface features perikymata ( ridges and grooves arranged in a transverse , wave @-@ like pattern ) .
UA 8653 , the holotype , is hypsodont and curved . It is 11 @.@ 2 mm high , of which the crown makes up about 85 % , and the dimensions of its crown are 3 @.@ 4 x 3 @.@ 2 mm . The occlusal ( chewing ) surface is worn flat and contains a V @-@ shaped island of dentine surrounded by enamel . One side of the crown lacks enamel . Between the two arms of the V , at the lingual ( inner ) side of the tooth , is a furrow filled with cementum , which extends all the way through the tooth ; the presence of such a long furrow distinguishes it from Gondwanatherium . The enamel is made up of small , round prisms ( bundles of hydroxyapatite crystals ) that are separated by large , continuous bands of interprismatic matrix ( IPM ; the material between the enamel prisms ) .
FMNH PM 59520 is 9 @.@ 8 mm high . It is similar in many respects to UA 8653 , but is less curved and its occlusal surface contains a large infundibulum ( funnel @-@ shaped cavity ) , filled with cementum and surrounded by enamel that penetrates deeply into the tooth . There is also either a second infundibulum or a cementum @-@ filled furrow . The differences in degree of curvature and occlusal morphology suggest that this tooth represents a different tooth position than UA 8653 . Krause and colleagues tentatively placed this tooth in Lavanify in view of the considerable variation among other gondwanathere teeth of a single species and in the absence of evidence to the contrary .
= = Relationships = =
In their original description , Krause and colleagues suggested that Lavanify was most closely related to the then @-@ unnamed Indian sudamericid . They based this proposed relationship on the shared presence of prominent , continuous bands of IPM . The teams who named the Indian gondwanathere in 2007 both agreed with this proposed relationship . In their description of Dakshina , Wilson and colleagues added the presence of an infundibulum and of perikymata to the evidence for the relationship between the two . These three characters are synapomorphies ( shared derived traits ) for the Bharattherium @-@ Lavanify clade . They also share the presence of furrows on the lingual side of the teeth only , but whether this is a derived feature is uncertain . Wilson and colleagues list two autapomorphies ( unique derived traits ) of Lavanify : presence of a V @-@ shaped dentine island and absence of enamel on one side of the crown . Prasad and colleagues who named Bharattherium , noted the absence of enamel on part of the crown of a Bharattherium tooth and interpreted this trait as a synapomorphy of Bharattherium and Lavanify . They also mentioned the presence of a furrow and infundibulum as shared traits .
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= Eat , Pray , Queef =
" Eat , Pray , Queef " is the fourth episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series South Park . The 185th overall episode of the series , it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 1 , 2009 . In the episode , the men of South Park become infuriated when the fart @-@ joke oriented Terrance and Phillip show is replaced with the Queef Sisters , a show devoted to queef jokes . The women of South Park accuse the men of holding a sexist double standard when it comes to women queefing and men farting .
The episode was written and directed by series co @-@ founder Trey Parker , and was rated TV @-@ MA L in the United States . Parker and Matt Stone originally considered doing a full @-@ length Queef Sisters episode in the style of the second season premiere " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus " , but they decided against it based on the negative fan reaction to that episode .
The episode received generally positive reviews and , according to Nielsen Media Research , was seen by more than three million households in its original airing , making it the most @-@ watched Comedy Central production of the week . The title is a reference to the Elizabeth Gilbert book Eat , Pray , Love ; the episode also included references to Martha Stewart and the film The Road Warrior . The episode ends with the South Park men recording " Queef Free " , a charity song in the style of " We Are The World " mixed with lyrics from " I Am Woman " . " Eat , Pray , Queef " was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray along with the rest of the thirteenth season on March 16 , 2010 .
= = Plot = =
The boys of South Park Elementary School are anxiously awaiting the night 's episode of Terrance and Phillip , which ended in a cliffhanger last season , while the girls at the school express disgust over the show and the boys ' obsession with fart jokes . Cartman retaliates by farting in a little girl 's face , which causes all the boys to laugh . After school , the boys gather in Cartman 's house to watch the episode . To their horror , it is then revealed that , as an April Fools Day joke , the channel is airing a new show called the Queef Sisters , about Canadian sisters Katherine ( voiced by Trey Parker ) and Katie Queef ( voiced by Matt Stone ) . They are very similar to Terrance and Phillip , but instead of fart jokes , they make queef jokes . The show starts a queefing movement across the country , and men everywhere get upset and disgusted by the queefs , although the women do not understand what the problem is . Though the women of South Park argue that there is no difference between queefing and farting , the men are revolted by queefs , while still finding their own fart jokes amusing .
Meanwhile , Terrance and Phillip are furious their show got replaced with The Queef Sisters , sharing the American Men 's disgust of queef jokes . When the producer asks why they think fart jokes are funny , but are revolted by queef jokes , Terrance says it 's " because babies come from there . "
As a joke mirroring Cartman 's , one of the girls at school queefs on Butters ' face , causing him to run screaming and crying out of the school building . The other boys are shocked and their fathers , outraged , go to the Colorado General Assembly and demand a law banning queefing , much to the anger of the town 's women . Meanwhile , the Queef Sisters appear on Regis and Kelly to promote their book Eat , Pray , Queef , and Terrance and Philip 's show gets canceled due to the rising popularity of the Queef Sisters . Terrance and Philip attempt to kill the Queef Sisters , but the plan backfires when they end up becoming attracted to them after the Queef Sisters mention that Terrence and Phillip are the sisters ' idols . They pair off into couples and travel the Canadian Wine Country together . Meanwhile , after Stan 's mother Sharon queefs , she and Stan 's sister , Shelley , start laughing at the dinner table , causing Stan and his father Randy to leave .
Feeling sorry for Butters , the South Park boys testify in the case in the Colorado State Senate about the girl who queefed on Butters . A debate on the senate floor culminates with a female senator queefing almost exact lines of dialogue from the The Road Warrior film . The next day , the newspapers announce that , partly due to the senator 's stunt the previous day , the queefing ban has passed . As Stan and his father Randy celebrate , Sharon and Shelley are hurt and insulted by the decision , describing it as an example of sexism that still pervades society , and finally sarcastically congratulate the men for " getting their own way ... again . " Stan and Randy finally understand the issue was not simply about queefing , but a larger point about women 's rights . The two get all the South Park men together and record an inspirational song called " Queef Free " , declaring women should have the right to queef , while photographs of women working various careers are displayed on a television screen . Terrance and Philip , despite a continued disgust with the constant queefing , attempt to marry the two Queef Sisters . The vicar leaves the ceremony in disgust as the couples repeatedly fart and queef on him , pronouncing them " Farts and Queefs " as he leaves .
= = Production = =
" Eat , Pray , Queef " was written and directed by series co @-@ founder Trey Parker . It first aired on April 1 , 2009 in the United States on Comedy Central . Although Parker and fellow co @-@ creator Matt Stone acknowledged it was a particularly juvenile episode , Parker said it was his favorite show of the season to produce . He said , " I seriously never laughed as hard doing retakes , just going shot @-@ by @-@ shot , sitting there in the editing room laughing . " During the writing process , the female producers and employees with the show found the script largely unfunny , disgusting and offensive . They reportedly claimed vaginal flatulence would not bloom into a proud women 's movement as it did in the episode , but Parker and Stone insisted that was what made the concept even funnier .
Originally , Parker and Stone considered making a full @-@ length episode of The Queef Sisters . The duo had pulled a similar stunt with the second season premiere . Instead of the expected follow @-@ up to " Cartman 's Mom Is a Dirty Slut " , in which the identity of Cartman 's father was to be revealed , Parker and Matt Stone showed the episode " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus " , a Terrance and Phillip @-@ centered episode as an April Fools ' Day prank . Since " Eat , Pray , Queef " was coincidentally also set to air on April Fools ' Day , they considered a similar joke revolving around Katherine and Katie . However , since " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus " infuriated South Park fans at the time , they decided not to do it and wrote a full script for " Eat , Pray , Queef " instead . The original prank is referenced in the episode , when The Canada Channel announces that it will not air a much @-@ anticipated part two episode of Terrance and Phillip , and instead will show the Queef Sisters as an April Fools ' Day prank . The angry reaction from the boys mirrors the real @-@ life fan reaction to the South Park second season premiere .
The episode uses the characters ' conflicting responses to the comedic value of farts and queefs to demonstrate a double standard between rights of men and women , even in the 21st century , as both genders hold unfair opinions toward the other sex , and the episode suggests men and women are , and should be , equals . Shortly after " Eat , Pray , Queef " was originally broadcast , the site also featured T @-@ shirts and hooded sweatshirts based on the episode . One featured Katherine and Katie queefing and saying , " Babies come from there ! "
= = Cultural references = =
The book Eat , Pray , Queef by the Queef Sisters , which is also the source of the episode 's title , is a satirical reference to the book Eat , Pray , Love written by Elizabeth Gilbert . There is a brief scene in which television host Martha Stewart provides instruction on ways to decorate queefs on The Martha Stewart Show . Television show hosts Regis Philbin and Kelly Ripa interview Katie and Katherine on their show , Live with Regis and Kelly . One of the queefs released by a woman in the episode includes exact dialogue from the 1981 action film The Road Warrior . The montage sequence where Terrance and Phillip take Katherine and Katie on a tour of Canadian wine country is a parody of a similar montage sequence in the 2004 comedy film " Sideways " . The men 's anthem " Queef Free " is a parody of " We Are The World " , the 1985 celebrities @-@ for @-@ charity song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie .
Within the episode , The Canada Channel announces that , as an April Fools ' Day prank , it will be airing the new Queef Sisters show instead of the much @-@ anticipated part two episode of Terrance and Phillip . This is a reference to the South Park second season premiere . Instead of the expected follow @-@ up to " Cartman 's Mom Is a Dirty Slut " , in which the identity of Cartman 's father was to be revealed , Parker and Matt Stone showed the episode " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus " , a Terrance and Phillip @-@ centered episode as an April Fools ' Day prank . The move infuriated South Park fans .
= = Reception = =
A preview clip of the episode listed on South Park Studios , the official South Park website , during the week before the episode 's broadcast was viewed more than 50 @,@ 000 times . In its original American broadcast , " Eat , Pray , Queef " was watched by three million households overall , according to the Nielsen Media Research , making it the most @-@ watched Comedy Central production of the week . It had over one million more household viewers than the second most watched Comedy Central show that week , the April 1 episode of The Daily Show .
Niki Payne of the Philadelphia Examiner said " Eat , Pray , Queef " was " probably one of my all @-@ time favorite episodes of South Park right now " because it was so on point concerning the double standards between men and women . She particularly praised the scene in which Stan and Randy are disgusted and uncomfortable when Stan 's mom and sister started queefing at the dinner table . Carlos Delgado of If Magazine said the episode was " shocking , disgusting and obscenely funny " and demonstrated South Park 's ability to tackle any type of issue " in a uniquely South Park manner " . He particularly enjoyed the Martha Stewart segment , which he described as " just haunting " . Josh Modell of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B grade . Modell said the Katie and Katherine cartoon was particularly funny , but queefing was referred to in so many jokes that it became a bit tired by the end .
Some reviewers were less laudatory . Travis Fickett of IGN said the episode was " a textbook example of a disappointing South Park " . He said the jokes were predictable , lazy , boring , and that Terrance and Phillip are not funny enough to carry large portions of an episode .
= = Home release = =
" Eat , Pray , Queef " , along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's thirteenth season , were released on a three @-@ disc DVD set and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set in the United States on March 16 , 2010 . The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode , a collection of deleted scenes , and a special mini @-@ feature Inside Xbox : A Behind @-@ the @-@ Scenes Tour of South Park Studios , which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson .
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= Ed Miliband =
Edward Samuel " Ed " Miliband ( born 24 December 1969 ) is a British politician who was Leader of the Labour Party as well as Leader of the Opposition between 2010 and 2015 . He has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Doncaster North since 2005 and served in the Cabinet from 2007 to 2010 under Prime Minister Gordon Brown . He and his brother , David Miliband , were the first siblings to sit in the Cabinet simultaneously since Edward and Oliver Stanley in 1938 .
Born in London , Miliband graduated from Corpus Christi College at the University of Oxford , and the London School of Economics , becoming first a television journalist , a Labour Party researcher and a visiting scholar at Harvard University before rising to become one of Chancellor Gordon Brown 's confidants and Chairman of HM Treasury 's Council of Economic Advisers .
Miliband was elected to Parliament in 2005 , succeeding the retiring Labour MP Kevin Hughes in Doncaster North . Prime Minister Tony Blair made Miliband Parliamentary Secretary to the Cabinet Office in May 2006 and when Gordon Brown became Prime Minister in 2007 , he appointed Miliband Minister for the Cabinet Office and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . Miliband was subsequently promoted to the new post of Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change , a position he held from 2008 to 2010 .
After Labour was defeated in the May 2010 general election , Brown resigned as leader and in September 2010 , Miliband was elected Leader of the Labour Party . Miliband 's tenure as Labour leader was characterised by a leftward shift in his party 's policies and opposition to the Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition government 's cuts to the public sector . He led his party into several elections , including the 2014 European Parliament election and the 2015 general election . Following Labour 's loss to the Conservative Party at the general election , Miliband announced his resignation as leader on 8 May 2015 and instructed the party to put into motion the processes to elect a new leader . He was succeeded in the ensuing leadership election by Jeremy Corbyn .
= = Early life and education = =
Born in University College Hospital in Fitzrovia , London , Miliband is the younger son of immigrant parents . His mother , Marion Kozak , a human rights campaigner and early CND member , is a Polish Jew who survived the Holocaust thanks to being protected by Catholic Poles . His father , Ralph Miliband , was a Belgian @-@ born Polish Jewish Marxist academic whose father fled with him to England during World War II . The family lived on Edis Street in Primrose Hill , London . His elder brother , David Miliband , still owns the house today .
Ralph Miliband left his academic post at the London School of Economics in 1972 to take up a chair at the University of Leeds as a Professor of Politics . His family moved to Leeds with him in 1973 and Miliband attended Featherbank Infant School in Horsforth between 1974 and 1977 , during which time he became a fan of Leeds United .
Due to his father 's later employment as a roving teacher , Miliband spent two spells living in Boston , Massachusetts , one year when he was seven and one middle school term when he was twelve . Miliband remembered his time in the US as one of his happiest , during which he became a fan of American culture , watching Dallas and following the Boston Red Sox and the New England Patriots .
Between 1978 and 1981 , Ed Miliband attended Primrose Hill Primary School , near Primrose Hill , in Camden and then from 1981 to 1989 , Haverstock Comprehensive School in Chalk Farm . He learned to play the violin while at school , and as a teenager , he reviewed films and plays on LBC Radio 's Young London programme as one of its fortnightly " Three O 'Clock Reviewers " . After completing his O @-@ levels , he worked as an intern to family friend Tony Benn , the MP for Chesterfield .
In 1989 , Miliband gained four A Levels – in Mathematics ( A ) , English ( A ) , Further Mathematics ( B ) and Physics ( B ) – and then read Philosophy , Politics and Economics at Corpus Christi College , Oxford . In his first year , he was elected JCR President , leading a student campaign against a rise in rent charges . In his second year he dropped philosophy , and was awarded an upper second class Bachelor of Arts degree . He went on to graduate from the London School of Economics with a Master of Science in Economics .
= = Early political career = =
= = = Special Adviser = = =
In 1992 , after graduating from the University of Oxford , Miliband began his working career in the media as a researcher to co @-@ presenter Andrew Rawnsley in the Channel 4 show A Week in Politics . In 1993 , Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury Harriet Harman approached Rawnsley to recruit Miliband as her policy researcher and speechwriter . At the time , Yvette Cooper also worked for Harman as part of Labour 's Shadow Treasury team .
In 1994 , when Harriet Harman was moved by the newly elected Labour Leader Tony Blair to become Shadow Secretary of State for Employment , Miliband stayed on in the Shadow Treasury team and was promoted to work for Shadow Chancellor Gordon Brown . In 1995 , with encouragement from Gordon Brown , Miliband took time out from his job to study at the London School of Economics , where he obtained a Masters in Economics . After Labour 's 1997 landslide victory , Miliband was appointed as a special adviser to Chancellor Gordon Brown from 1997 to 2002 .
= = = Harvard = = =
On 25 July 2002 , it was announced that Miliband would take a 12 @-@ month unpaid sabbatical from HM Treasury to be a visiting scholar at the Center for European Studies of Harvard University for two semesters . He spent his time at Harvard teaching economics , and stayed there after September 2003 for an additional semester teaching a course titled " What 's Left ? The Politics of Social Justice " . During this time , he was granted " access " to Senator John Kerry and reported to Brown on the Presidential hopeful 's progress . After Miliband returned to the UK in January 2004 Gordon Brown appointed him Chairman of HM Treasury 's Council of Economic Advisers as a replacement for Ed Balls , with specific responsibility for directing the UK 's long @-@ term economic planning .
= = = Parliament = = =
In early 2005 , Miliband resigned his advisory role to HM Treasury to stand for election . Kevin Hughes , then the Labour MP for Doncaster North , announced in February of that year that he would be standing down at the next election due to being diagnosed with motor neurone disease . Miliband applied for selection to be the candidate in the safe Labour seat and won , beating off a close challenge from Michael Dugher , then a SPAD to Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon . Dugher would later become an MP in 2010 .
Gordon Brown visited Doncaster North during the general election campaign to support his former adviser . Miliband was elected to Parliament on 5 May 2005 , with over 50 % of the vote and a majority of 12 @,@ 656 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 23 May , responding to comments made by future Speaker John Bercow . In Tony Blair 's cabinet reshuffle in May 2006 , he was made the Parliamentary Secretary to the Cabinet Office , as Minister for the Third Sector , with responsibility for voluntary and charity organisations .
= = = Cabinet = = =
On 28 June 2007 , the day after Gordon Brown had become Prime Minister , Miliband was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Minister for the Cabinet Office and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster , being promoted to the Cabinet . This meant that he and his brother , Foreign Secretary David Miliband , became the first brothers to serve in a British Cabinet since Edward and Oliver Stanley in 1938 . He was additionally given the task of drafting Labour 's manifesto for the 2010 general election .
On 3 October 2008 , Miliband was promoted to become Secretary of State for the newly created Department of Energy and Climate Change in a Cabinet reshuffle . On 16 October , Miliband announced that the British government would legislate to oblige itself to cut greenhouse emissions by 80 % by 2050 , rather than the 60 % cut in carbon dioxide emissions previously announced .
In March 2009 , while Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change , Miliband attended the UK premiere of climate @-@ change film The Age of Stupid , where he was ambushed by actor Pete Postlethwaite , who threatened to return his OBE and vote for any party other than Labour if the Kingsnorth coal @-@ fired power station were to be given the go @-@ ahead by the government . A month later , Miliband announced to the House of Commons a change to the government 's policy on coal @-@ fired power stations , saying that any potential new coal @-@ fired power stations would be unable to receive government consent unless they could demonstrate that they would be able to effectively capture and bury 25 % of the emissions they produce immediately , with a view to seeing that rise to 100 % of emissions by 2025 . This , a government source told the Guardian , effectively represented " a complete rewrite of UK energy policy for the future " .
Miliband represented the UK at the 2009 Copenhagen Summit , from which emerged a global commitment to provide an additional US $ 10 billion a year to fight the effects of climate change , with an additional $ 100 billion a year provided by 2020 . The conference was not able to achieve a legally binding agreement . Miliband accused China of deliberately foiling attempts at a binding agreement ; China explicitly denied this , accusing British politicians of engaging in a " political scheme " .
During the 2009 parliamentary expenses scandal , Miliband was named by the Daily Telegraph as one of the " saints " of the scandal , due to his claiming one of the lowest amounts of expenses in the House of Commons and submitting no claims that later had to be paid back .
= = Leadership of the Labour Party = =
= = = Leadership election = = =
Following the formation of the Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition Government on 11 May 2010 , Gordon Brown resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party with immediate effect . In accordance with the Labour constitution , Deputy Leader Harriet Harman took over as Acting Leader and became Leader of the Opposition . On 14 May , Miliband announced that he would stand as a candidate in the forthcoming election for the leadership of the Labour Party . He launched his campaign during a speech given at a Fabian Society conference at the School of Oriental and African Studies and was nominated by 62 fellow Labour MPs . The other candidates were left @-@ wing backbencher Diane Abbott , Shadow Education Secretary Ed Balls , Shadow Health Secretary Andy Burnham and Miliband 's elder brother , Shadow Foreign Secretary David Miliband .
On 23 May , former Labour Leader Neil Kinnock announced that he would endorse Ed Miliband 's campaign , saying that he had " the capacity to inspire people " and that he had " strong values and the ability to ' lift ' people " . Other senior Labour figures who backed the younger Miliband included Tony Benn and former Deputy Leaders Roy Hattersley and Margaret Beckett . By 9 June , the deadline for entry into the leadership election , Miliband had been nominated by just over 24 % of the Parliamentary Labour Party , double the amount required . By September , Miliband had received the support of six trade unions , including both Unite and UNISON , 151 of the 650 Constituency Labour Parties , three affiliated socialist societies , and half of Labour MEPs .
Ed Miliband subsequently won the election , the result of which was announced on 25 September 2010 , after second , third and fourth preferences votes were counted , achieving the support of 50 @.@ 654 % of the electoral college , defeating his brother by 1 @.@ 3 % . In the fourth and final stage of the redistribution of votes after three candidates had been eliminated , Ed Miliband led in the trade unions and affiliated organisations section of the electoral college ( 19 @.@ 93 % of the total to David 's 13 @.@ 40 % ) , but in both the MPs and MEPs section ( 15 @.@ 52 % to 17 @.@ 81 % ) , and Constituency Labour Party section ( 15 @.@ 20 % to 18 @.@ 14 % ) , came second . In the final round , Ed Miliband won with a total of 175 @,@ 519 votes to David 's 147 @,@ 220 votes .
= = = Leader of the Opposition = = =
On becoming Leader of the Labour Party on 25 September 2010 , Miliband also became Leader of the Opposition . At 40 , he was the youngest leader of the party ever . At his first Prime Minister 's Questions on 13 October 2010 , he raised questions about the government 's announced removal of a non @-@ means tested child benefit . During the 2011 military intervention in Libya , Miliband supported UK military action against Muammar Gaddafi . Miliband spoke at a large " March for the Alternative " rally held in London on 26 March 2011 to protest against cuts to public spending , though he was criticised by some for comparing it to the anti @-@ apartheid and American civil rights movements .
A June 2011 poll result from Ipsos MORI put Labour 2 percentage points ahead of the Conservatives , but Miliband 's personal rating was low , being rated as less popular than Iain Duncan Smith at a similar stage in his leadership . The same organisation 's polling did find that Miliband 's personal ratings in his first full year of leadership were better than David Cameron 's during his first full year as Conservative leader in 2006 .
In July 2011 , following the revelation that the News of the World had paid private investigators to hack into the phones of Milly Dowler , as well as the families of murder victims and deceased servicemen , Miliband called for News International chief executive Rebekah Brooks to resign , urged David Cameron to establish a public , judge @-@ led inquiry into the scandal , and announced that he would force a Commons vote on whether to block the News International bid for a controlling stake in BSkyB . He also called for the Press Complaints Commission to be abolished – a call later echoed by Cameron and Nick Clegg – and called into question Cameron 's judgement in hiring former News of the World editor Andy Coulson to be his Director of communications . Cameron later took the unusual step of saying that the government would back Miliband 's motion that the BSkyB bid be dropped , and an hour before Miliband 's motion was due to be debated , News International announced that it would withdraw the bid .
Following the riots in England in August 2011 , Miliband called for a public inquiry into the events , and insisted society had " to avoid simplistic answers " . The call for an inquiry was rejected by David Cameron , prompting Miliband to say he would set up his own . In a BBC Radio 4 interview shortly after the riots , Miliband spoke of an irresponsibility that applied not only to the people involved in the riots , but " wherever we find it in our society . We 've seen in the past few years ... MPs ' expenses , what happened in the banks " . Miliband also said Labour did not do enough to tackle moral problems during its 13 years in office . In December 2011 Miliband appointed Tim Livesey , a former adviser to the Archbishop of Canterbury , to be his full @-@ time chief of staff .
In his first speech of 2012 , Miliband said that if Labour won the 2015 general election the times would be difficult economically , but Labour was still the only party capable of delivering " fairness " . He also said he would tackle " vested interests " , citing energy and rail companies . Following the announcement in late January 2012 that the chief executive officer of nationalised The Royal Bank of Scotland , Stephen Hester , would receive a bonus worth £ 950 @,@ 000 , Miliband called the amount " disgraceful " , and urged David Cameron to act to prevent the bonus . Cameron refused , saying it was a matter for the RBS board , leading Miliband to announce that Labour would force a Commons vote on whether or not the government should block it . Hester announced that he would forego his bonus , and Miliband said Labour would carry on with a Commons vote regardless , focusing instead on the bonuses of other RBS executives . Following George Galloway 's unexpected win in the March by @-@ election in Bradford West , Miliband announced he would lead an inquiry into the result , saying , it " could not be dismissed as a one @-@ off " . In April 2012 , in the midst of a debate about the nature of political party funding , Miliband called on David Cameron to institute a £ 5 @,@ 000 cap on donations from individuals and organisations to political parties , after it had been suggested that the government favoured a cap of £ 50 @,@ 000 . On 14 July 2012 , Miliband became the first Leader of the Labour Party to attend and address the Durham Miners ' Gala in 23 years . In the same month , Miliband became the first British politician to be invited to France to meet the new French President , François Hollande .
On 23 January 2013 , Miliband stated that he was against holding a referendum on the UK 's membership of the European Union because of the economic uncertainty that it would create . On 18 March 2013 , Miliband reached a deal with both Cameron and Nick Clegg on new press regulation laws following the Leveson Inquiry , which he said " satisfied the demands of protection for victims and freedom of the press " . In August 2013 , following the recall of Parliament to discuss an alleged chemical attack in Syria , Miliband announced that Labour would oppose any military intervention on the basis that there was insufficient evidence . David Cameron had been in favour of such action but lost the ensuing vote , making it the first time that a British prime minister had been prevented from instigating military action by parliament since 1956 .
At the Labour conference in September 2013 , Miliband highlighted his party 's stance on the NHS and announced if elected Labour would abolish the bedroom tax . The conference included several ' signature ' policies , such as strengthening the minimum wage , freezing business rates , building 200 @,@ 000 houses a year , lowering the voting age to 16 , and the provision of childcare by primary schools between 8am and 6pm . The policy that attracted the most attention was the commitment to help tackle the ' cost @-@ of @-@ living crisis ' by freezing gas and electricity prices until 2017 to give time to ' reset the market ' in favour of consumers . In January 2014 Miliband extended the concept of reform to include the ' big five ' banks , in addition to the ' big six ' utility companies , and discussed the impact of the cost @-@ of @-@ living on the ' squeezed middle ' saying " the current cost @-@ of @-@ living crisis is not just about people on tax credits , zero @-@ hour contracts and the minimum wage . It is about the millions of middle @-@ class families who never dreamt that life would be such a struggle " .
Throughout 2014 , Miliband changed Labour 's policy on immigration , partly in response to UKIP 's performance in the European and local elections in May , and the close result in the Heywood and Middleton by @-@ election in October . Miliband committed to increase funding for border checks , tackle exploitation and the undercutting of wages , require employers who recruit abroad to create apprenticeships , and ensure workers in public @-@ facing roles have minimum standards of English . In November 2014 , Labour announced plans to require new EU migrants wait two years before claiming benefits .
Miliband campaigned in the Scottish independence referendum with the cross @-@ party Better Together campaign , supporting Scotland 's membership of the United Kingdom . Opinion polls showed solid leads for the ' no ' campaign , with a 20 point @-@ lead on 19 August . However , by the end of the month , the lead has fallen to just 6 points , with YouGov analysis showing a big shift in support among Labour supporters . Miliband made an unplanned visit to Lanarkshire to draw a contrast between a Labour and Conservative future for Scotland within the UK . A poll on 7 September showed a 2 @-@ point lead for the ' yes ' campaign , leading to a joint commitment by Miliband , Cameron and Clegg for greater devolution to Scotland through a version of home rule . The results on 19 September showed victory for the ' no ' campaign , 55 @.@ 3 % to 44 @.@ 7 % .
The day after the referendum , Cameron raised the issue of ' English votes for English laws ' , with Miliband criticising the move as a simplistic solution to a complex problem , eventually coming out in favour for a constitutional convention to be held after the general election .
The Labour party conference in Manchester on 21 – 24 September occurred days after the Scottish referendum result . Miliband 's conference speech was criticised , particularly after he missed sections on the deficit and immigration , after attempting to deliver the speech without notes . At the conference , Miliband pledged to focus on six national goals for Britain until 2025 , including boosting pay , apprenticeships and housing ; a mansion tax and levy on tobacco companies to fund £ 2 @.@ 5 billion a year ' time to care ' fund for the NHS ; a commitment to raise the minimum wage to £ 8 or more by 2020 ; and a promise to lower the voting age to 16 ready for elections in 2016 .
In February 2015 , Labour pledged to reverse the privatisation of the railways by getting rid of the franchising system , after previously saying that they would allow the public sector to bid for franchises .
= = = Shadow Cabinet = = =
The first election to the Shadow Cabinet that took place under Miliband 's leadership was on 7 October 2010 . Ending days of speculation , David Miliband announced that he would not seek election to the Shadow Cabinet on 29 September , the day nominations closed , saying he wanted to avoid " constant comparison " with his brother Ed . The three other defeated candidates for the Labour leadership all stood in the election , though Diane Abbott failed to win enough votes to gain a place . Following the election , Miliband unveiled his Shadow Cabinet on 8 October 2010 . Among others he appointed Alan Johnson as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer , Yvette Cooper was chosen as Shadow Foreign Secretary , and both defeated Labour leadership candidates Ed Balls and Andy Burnham were given senior roles , becoming Shadow Home Secretary and Shadow Education Secretary respectively . Burnham was also given responsibility for overseeing Labour 's election co @-@ ordination . Sadiq Khan , who managed Miliband 's successful leadership campaign , was appointed Shadow Justice Secretary and Shadow Lord Chancellor , and continuing Deputy Leader Harriet Harman continued to shadow Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg , as well as being made Shadow International Development Secretary . Alan Johnson would later resign , stepping down for " personal reasons " on 20 January 2011 , necessitating Miliband 's first reshuffle , in which he made Balls Shadow Chancellor , Cooper Shadow Home Secretary and Douglas Alexander Shadow Foreign Secretary .
On 24 June 2011 , it was reported that Miliband was seeking to change the decades @-@ old rule that Labour 's Shadow Cabinet would be elected every two years , instead wanting to adopt a system where he alone had the authority to select its members . Miliband later confirmed the story , claiming that the rule represented " a legacy of Labour 's past in opposition " . On 5 July , Labour MPs voted overwhelmingly by a margin of 196 to 41 to back the rule change , paving the way for NEC and conference approval , which was secured in September 2011 . This made Miliband the first Labour leader to have the authority to pick his own Shadow Cabinet . ` On 7 October 2011 , Miliband reshuffled his Shadow Cabinet . John Denham , John Healey and Shaun Woodward announced that they were stepping down , while Meg Hillier , Ann McKechin and Baroness Scotland also left the Shadow Cabinet . Veteran MPs Tom Watson , Jon Trickett , Stephen Twigg and Vernon Coaker were promoted to the Shadow Cabinet , as were several of the 2010 intake , including Chuka Umunna , Margaret Curran and Rachel Reeves , with Liz Kendall and Michael Dugher given the right to attend Shadow Cabinet . Lord Wood and Emily Thornberry were also made Shadow Cabinet attendees .
On 15 May 2012 , Miliband appointed Owen Smith to replace Peter Hain – who retired from frontline politics – as Shadow Welsh Secretary , and also promoted Jon Cruddas to the Shadow Cabinet , putting him in charge of overseeing Labour 's ongoing policy review with a view to draft Labour 's manifesto for the next election . On 4 July 2013 , Miliband effectively sacked Tom Watson from the Shadow Cabinet after allegations of corruption over the selection of a Parliamentary candidate for Falkirk . Watson had offered his resignation , but when Miliband was asked by a journalist specifically whether he had sacked Watson , he replied , " ... I said it was right for him to go , yes . "
On 7 October 2013 , Miliband reshuffled his Shadow Cabinet for the third time , saying that this would be the last reshuffle before the general election . In a move similar to his 2011 reshuffle , several MPs from the 2010 intake were promoted , while more long @-@ serving MPs were moved . Tristram Hunt and Rachel Reeves received promotions , while Liam Byrne and Stephen Twigg were among those demoted .
Miliband conducted a final mini @-@ reshuffle ahead of the 2015 general election in November 2014 , when Jim Murphy resigned as Shadow International Development Secretary to become Leader of the Scottish Labour Party .
= = = Local and European elections = = =
Miliband 's first electoral tests as Labour Leader came in the elections to the Scottish Parliament , Welsh Assembly and various councils across England , excluding London , on 5 May 2011 . The results for Labour were described as a " mixed bag " , with the party performing well in Wales – falling just one seat short of an overall majority and forming the next Welsh Government on its own – and making large gains from the Liberal Democrats in northern councils , including Sheffield , Leeds , Liverpool and Manchester . Results were less encouraging in the south of England , and results in Scotland were described as a " disaster " , with Labour losing nine seats to the SNP , which went on to gain the Parliament 's first ever majority . Miliband said that following the poor showings in Scotland " lessons must still be learnt " .
Miliband launched Labour 's campaign for the 2012 local elections with a speech in Birmingham , accusing the coalition government of " betrayal " , and claiming that it " lacked the values " that Britain needed . The Labour results were described as a success , with the party building on its performance the previous year in the north of England and Wales , consolidating its position in northern cities and winning control of places such as Cardiff and Swansea . Labour performed well in the Midlands and South of England , winning control of councils including Birmingham , Norwich , Plymouth and Southampton . Labour was less successful in Scotland than England and Wales , but retained control of Glasgow despite predictions it would not . Overall , Labour gained over 800 councillors and control of 22 councils .
In April 2013 , Miliband pledged ahead of the upcoming county elections that Labour would change planning laws to give local authorities greater authority to decide what shops can open in their high streets . He also said that Labour would introduce more strenuous laws relating to pay @-@ day lenders and betting shops . Labour subsequently gained nearly 300 councillors , as well as control of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire County Councils .
In May 2014 , Miliband led Labour through the European Parliament elections , where the party increased its number of Members of the European Parliament from 13 to 20 . Labour came second with 24 @.@ 4 % of the vote , finishing ahead of the Conservatives but behind the UK Independence Party . This was the first time since the European elections of 1984 that the largest opposition party had failed to win the most seats . On the same day , Labour polled ahead of all other parties at the local elections , winning 31 % of the vote and taking control of six additional councils .
= = = 2015 general election and resignation = = =
On 30 March 2015 , the Parliament of the United Kingdom dissolved and a general election was called for 7 May . Miliband began his campaign by launching a " manifesto for business " , stating that only by voting Labour would the UK 's position within the European Union be secure . Miliband subsequently unveiled five pledges at a rally in Birmingham which would form the focus of a future Labour government , specifically identifying policies on deficit reduction , living standards , the NHS , immigration controls and tuition fees . He included an additional pledge on housing and rent on 27 April . On 14 April , Labour launched its full manifesto , which Miliband said was fully funded and would require no additional borrowing . Also in April , he claimed he would attempt to create legislation against Islamophobia .
Throughout the campaign for the 7 May elections , Miliband insisted that David Cameron should debate him one on one as part of a televised election broadcast in order to highlight differences in policies between the two major parties , but this was never to happen , with the pair instead being interviewed separately by Jeremy Paxman as part of the first major televised political broadcast of the election involving multiple parties .
Despite opinion polls leading up to the general election predicting a tight result , Labour decisively lost the 7 May general election to the Conservatives . Although gaining 22 seats , Labour lost all but one of its MPs in Scotland and ended up with a net loss of 48 seats , failing to win a number of key marginal seats that it had expected to win comfortably . After being returned as MP for Doncaster North , Miliband stated that it had been a " difficult and disappointing " night for Labour . Following David Cameron 's success in forming a majority government , Miliband resigned as Leader of the Labour Party on 8 May , with Harriet Harman becoming acting leader while a leadership election was initiated .
Miliband has remained on Labour 's backbench since he stepped down as leader , declining to serve in new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn 's shadow cabinet .
= = Policies and views = =
= = = Self @-@ described views = = =
Miliband described himself as a new type of Labour politician , looking to move beyond the divisiveness of Blairism and Brownism , and calling for an end to the " factionalism and psychodramas " of Labour 's past . He also repeatedly spoke of the requirement for a " new politics " .
During the Labour leadership campaign , he described himself as a socialist , and spoke out against some of the actions of the Blair ministry , including criticising its record on civil liberties and foreign policy . Though he was not an MP at the time of the 2003 vote , Miliband was a strong critic of the Iraq War . He backed UK military action and intervention in Afghanistan and Libya respectively .
Miliband called for " responsible capitalism " when Google 's Eric Schmidt commented on his corporation 's non @-@ payment of tax . He also supported making the UK 's 50 % top rate of tax permanent , as well as the institution of a new financial transaction tax , mutualising Northern Rock , putting limits on top salaries , scrapping tuition fees in favour of a graduate tax , implementing a living wage policy and the scrapping of the ID cards policy , and spoke in favour of a " National Care Service " .
Miliband worked closely with the think tank Policy Network on the concept of predistribution as a means to tackle what he described as ' the growing crisis in living standards ' . His announcement that predistribution would become a cornerstone of the UK Labour Party 's economic policy was jokingly mocked by Prime Minister David Cameron during Prime Minister 's Questions in the House of Commons .
Though Labour remained officially neutral , he in a personal capacity supported the ultimately unsuccessful " Yes to AV " campaign in the Alternative Vote referendum on 5 May 2011 , saying that it would benefit Britain 's " progressive majority " . In September 2011 , Miliband stated that a future Labour Government would immediately cut the cap on tuition fees for university students from £ 9 @,@ 000 per year to £ 6 @,@ 000 , though he also stated that he remained committed to a graduate tax in the long @-@ run . Together with Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls , Miliband also promoted a " five @-@ point plan for jobs and growth " aimed at helping the UK economy , involving extending the bonus tax on banks pioneered by Alistair Darling , bringing forward planned long @-@ term investment to help reduce unemployment , cutting the rate of VAT from 20 % back to 17 @.@ 5 % , cutting VAT on home improvements to 5 % for a temporary one @-@ year period , and instigating a one @-@ year National Insurance break to encourage employers to hire more staff . Miliband also endorsed the Blue Labour trend in the Labour Party , founded by Maurice Glasman . Blue Labour talks about family and friendships at the heart of society , rather than just material wealth ; it also offers a very strong critique of the free market as well as the big state . This was seen to have influenced his 2011 conference speech , signalling " predatory and productive capitalism " .
Miliband is progressive in regard to issues of gender and sexuality . He publicly identifies as a feminist . March 2012 Miliband pledged his support for same sex marriage . As he signed an ' equal marriage pledge ' , he said , " I strongly agree gay and lesbian couples should have an equal right to marry and deserve the same recognition from the state and society as anyone else . "
In June 2014 , while speaking to the Labour Friends of Israel , Miliband stated that if he became Prime Minister he would seek " closer ties " with Israel and opposed the boycott of Israeli goods , saying that he would " resolutely oppose the isolation of Israel " and that nobody in the Labour Party should question Israel 's right to exist . He also stated that as a Jew and a friend of Israel , he must also criticise Israel when necessary , opposing the " killing of innocent Palestinian civilians " and calling Hamas a terrorist organisation .
= = = Comments on other politicians = = =
Miliband has criticised Conservative Leader and Prime Minister David Cameron for " sacrificing everything on the altar of deficit reduction " , and has accused him of being guilty of practising " old politics " , citing alleged broken promises on areas such as crime , policing , bank bonuses , and child benefit .
Miliband has also been particularly critical of Liberal Democrat Leader and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg following the Conservative – Liberal Democrat coalition agreement , accusing him of " betrayal " and of " selling @-@ out " his party 's voters . He has also stated that he would demand the resignation of Nick Clegg as a precursor to any future Labour @-@ Liberal Democrat coalition . In the 2011 Alternative Vote referendum , Miliband refused to share a platform with Clegg , stating that he had become " too toxic " a brand , and that he would harm the " Yes to AV " campaign . He shared platforms during the campaign with former Liberal Democrat Leaders Lord Ashdown and Charles Kennedy , as well as current Liberal Democrat Deputy Leader Simon Hughes , the Green Party Leader Caroline Lucas and Business Secretary Vince Cable , among others . Since becoming Labour leader , Miliband has made speeches aimed at winning over disaffected Liberal Democrats , identifying a difference between the " Orange Book " Lib Dems , who were closer to the Conservatives , and Lib Dems on the centre @-@ left , offering the latter a role in helping Labour 's policy review .
Following the death of former Prime Minister and Conservative Leader Margaret Thatcher in 2013 , Miliband spoke in a House of Commons sitting specially convened to pay tributes to her . He noted that , although he disagreed with a few of her policies , he respected " what her death means to the many , many people who admired her " . He also said that Thatcher " broke the mould " in everything she had achieved in her life , and that she had had the ability to " overcome every obstacle in her path " . He had previously praised Thatcher shortly before the Labour Party Conference in September 2012 for creating an " era of aspiration " in the 1980s .
Miliband has previously spoken positively of his brother David , praising his record as Foreign Secretary , and saying that " his door was always open " following David 's decision not to stand for the Shadow Cabinet in 2010 . Upon David 's announcement in 2013 that he would resign as a Labour MP and move to New York to head the International Rescue Committee , Miliband said that British politics would be " a poorer place " without him , and that he thought David " would once again make a contribution to British public life . "
When asked to choose the greatest British Prime Minister , Miliband answered with Labour 's post @-@ war Prime Minister and longest @-@ serving Leader , Clement Attlee . He has also spoken positively of his two immediate predecessors as Labour leader , former Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown , praising their leadership and records in government .
= = = Media portrayal = = =
Miliband was portrayed during Labour 's 2015 election campaign as being genuine in his desire to improve the lives of working people and to display progression from New Labour , but unable to defeat interpretations of him as being ineffectual , or even cartoonish in nature . Political illustrators perceived a resemblance to Wallace of the British animation Wallace and Gromit and greatly exaggerated this in caricatures ; various images also surfaced of Miliband performing tasks such as eating a sandwich , donating money to a beggar , smiling , and giving a kiss to his wife , all while displaying apparently unnatural or awkward facial expressions . In a March 2015 Newsnight election debate , he was challenged by Jeremy Paxman as to whether or not he was ' tough enough ' to be Prime Minister , famously responding , " Hell yes , I 'm tough enough , " in reference to his reluctance to support air strikes against extremist targets in Syria .
= = Personal life = =
Miliband is married to a barrister , Justine Thornton . The pair met in 2002 and lived together in North London before becoming engaged in March 2010 and married in May 2011 . They have two sons , Daniel , born 2009 , and Samuel , born 2010 .
Miliband is of Jewish heritage — the first Jewish leader of the Labour Party — and describes himself as a Jewish atheist . After marrying Thornton in a civil ceremony on 27 May 2011 , he paid tribute to his Jewish heritage by following the tradition of breaking a glass . In 2012 , Miliband wrote , " Like many others from Holocaust families , I have a paradoxical relationship with this history . On one level I feel intimately connected with it – this happened to my parents and grandparents . On another , it feels like a totally different world . "
= = Ancestry = =
= = Styles = =
Mr. Edward Samuel Miliband ( 1969 – 2005 )
Mr. Edward Samuel Miliband MP ( 2005 – 2007 )
The Right Honourable Edward Samuel Miliband MP ( 2007 – present )
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= Feeder =
Feeder are a Welsh rock band formed in Newport , Wales . They have released eight studio albums , three compilations , two EPs , and 34 singles . They have spent a total of 180 weeks on the singles and albums charts combined as of 2012 , and have accumulated 25 top 75 singles between 1997 and 2012 .
Feeder 's music has been inspired by a wide variety of artists and styles , including The Police , Nirvana , and The Smashing Pumpkins . Their early material showcased a heavy rock sound reminiscent of grunge , but the band would later introduce more acoustic aspects into their music , including elements of pianos and string orchestras .
The band was formed in 1992 under the name of " Reel " by vocalist and guitarist Grant Nicholas , drummer Jon Lee and bassist Simon Blight , three of the four members of Raindancer , after the departure of that band 's other member , guitarist John Canham . However , Blight left Reel later in 1992 , and the band played with many session bassists before hiring Taka Hirose in 1995 , a year after the band signed with The Echo Label .
Feeder garnered media attention in 2001 for their third album , Echo Park , and its lead single , " Buck Rogers " , which later become a UK Top 5 single . In January 2002 , Jon Lee committed suicide in his Miami home , after which the remaining members began to record and play with former Skunk Anansie drummer Mark Richardson . They released their fourth album , Comfort in Sound later that year , which touched on themes such as loss and coming to terms with death , while also exploring themes of positivity . Richardson was ultimately made an official member , remaining so until May 2009 when he returned to a reformed Skunk Anansie . Feeder employed Australian Damon Wilson and former Mexicolas drummer Tim Trotter for sessions and touring commitments for Renegades ( 2010 ) , and they have since employed drummer Karl Brazil . Although the band have not had a top 10 release since 2008 , they have still charted two more Top 20 albums , with the latest being 2012 's Generation Freakshow .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early releases ( 1991 – 96 ) = = =
At the age of 14 , singer and guitarist Grant Nicholas joined a band called ' Sweet Leaf ' , named after a song by Black Sabbath , who were the first band he had seen play live . At this time Japanese bassist Taka Hirose and drummer Jon Lee were playing in different covers bands , but did not know each other . While playing in different bands on the Newport gig circuit , Grant and Jon became friends . They formed an electronic duo called ' Temper Temper ' after Jon left Newport band The Darling Buds . Shortly thereafter , they formed a band called Raindancer . Both of these bands failed to win a recording contract , with the sound of the latter once being compared by Grant with that of The Waterboys . On 20 June 1991 , Raindancer were invited to appear on Stage One , a late night television show on ITV Central , showcasing up and coming bands . The gig was filmed at The Town and Country Club , London without an audience present .
Going back to the drawing board , Raindancer reformed as three @-@ piece band called ' Reel ' after John Canham departed . Their bass player Simon Blight later departed from the band and the music business , before changing their name to ' Real ' . During this time in 1994 they recruited Taka Hirose via an advert in Loot , which Taka placed himself . The band then changed their name to Feeder , named after Grant 's pet goldfish . They won their recording contract with Echo after sending a demo tape , and then completed the deal after an employee from the label witnessed one of the band 's gigs . A track called " Don 't Bring Me Down " , which featured on the demo appeared as a b @-@ side on the " Day In Day Out " single , albeit a different version to the demo recording . After signing with The Echo Label in 1994 , the group toured with Scarborough band B.l.o.w. who at the time , recently formed from the ashes of Little Angels . It was this tour where Feeder met Mark Richardson for the first time .
Feeder 's first official release was a two @-@ track EP entitled Two Colours , released in 1995 which was only available at the band 's early gigs . It was limited to 1 @,@ 500 CDs and 1 @,@ 000 7 " vinyls . In 1996 , the band released their first commercially available release , being the EP Swim and received a 4 / 5 review in Kerrang ! magazine ( KKKK ) . Swim was later re @-@ released in July 2001 with extra tracks , being a selection of b @-@ sides from their earlier singles , alongside the videos for the Polythene singles " Crash " and " Cement " . Overall unit sales for Swim stand at 40 @,@ 000 as of February 2005 .
Shortly before the release of Swim , a cassette tape titled Two Tracker was given away free with the magazines Kerrang ! and Edge and contained the tracks " Sweet 16 " and " Waterfall " . The latter was described on the inlay card , as one of the tracks that would be on their forthcoming debut album proper , with the working title Here in the Bubble ( whose name was soon changed to Polythene ) . The photography for the inlay of Swim was produced by Grant himself , while Chris Sheldon produced the recordings . The band released " Stereo World " as a single after appearing at the Reading festival .
= = = Polythene ( 1997 – 98 ) = = =
After building a strong fanbase with the release of Swim , the band released their first full @-@ length album in 1997 . The result Polythene , was one of the most critically acclaimed albums of 1997 with Metal Hammer and Kerrang ! , placing the album at first and sixth in their respective end of year lists . Kerrang ! later included the album in their 200 Albums For the Year 2000 list in the " Essential Britrock " category . Two tracks from Swim were used for the album , being " Descend " and " Stereoworld " .
After the recording sessions were completed , the album 's first single " Tangerine " was released and charted at # 60 in the UK singles chart . This was followed by " Cement " , charting at # 53 and then the release of the album which charted at # 65 . Two more singles were released before and after their main stage debut at the Reading festival , with " Crash " making number # 48 , while " High " charted at number # 24 .
The album as of February 2005 , has sold 89 @,@ 000 copies . They also re @-@ issued the album in October 1997 , with " High " included and the " Stereo World " b @-@ side " Change " replacing " Waterfall " from the original track list . Also included as an enhanced element was the video for " High " . The album caused many critics to label the band " The UK 's answer to the Smashing Pumpkins " , and also draw comparisons to The Pixies and Talk Talk .
In early 1998 , following the band 's final 1997 tour in support of Polythene , the band travelled to the United States as a support act for Everclear . During their U.S. tour , the band released a re @-@ worked version of " Suffocate " for UK release , which charted at # 37 . After their return to the UK , they played their own headline tour with Everclear this time in the supporting position . Later that year , Feeder started to play various music festivals in the United States , alongside a headline tour with " High " being released to radio stations and charting at # 24 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart ; it was the follow @-@ up to " Cement " which had charted at # 31 , also on the same listing . During the band 's first U.S. tour , Grant broke his ankle and picked up other injuries , while finding it hard to sleep at nights . This inspired him to write " Insomnia " , which later appeared on their second album . They stayed in the U.S. for the majority of the year , with a trip back to the UK for their V98 appearance . Feeder later included live @-@ only guitarist Dean Tidey ; Grant once said in an interview with Kerrang ! , that he was considering bringing in another guitarist for their live gigs .
= = = Yesterday Went Too Soon ( 1999 ) = = =
For 1999 's Yesterday Went Too Soon , the band decided to self @-@ produce the album , brought in Matt Sime for engineering duties and had the album mixed in New York by Andy Wallace . " Dry " was re @-@ recorded as a full band version after the original acoustic version appeared on " Suffocate " as a b @-@ side . That single 's b @-@ sides featured tracks from the sessions for that album , therefore revealing what sort of direction it would take on . The working title for the album was originally A Life Through Headphones , and was originally set to be a double album . The name change was due to former Take That singer Robbie Williams releasing his solo debut album Life Thru a Lens , with the band not wanting to be compared to him .
When the album was released , the band 's reputation was on the rise and it entered the UK albums chart at number eight , which was at the time an unexpected chart position for the band . Before that , the band had released the album 's first single , " Day In Day Out " , in March 1999 which charted at # 31 followed by " Insomnia " at # 22 , resulting in their first appearance on Top of the Pops . A week before the album 's release , the band played the main stage of the Reading and Leeds festivals , while the title track from the album was at # 20 in the singles chart . The album was then released on 30 August 1999 . Only one single was lifted from the album after its release , in which a re @-@ recorded version of " Paperfaces " charted at # 41 .
Some of the album 's lyrical themes were derived from Grant 's personal perspective of working in a menial supermarket job on a daily basis ( " Day in Day Out " ) , his experiences after gigs on their US tour ( " Insomnia " and " You 're My Evergreen " ) , past relationships ( the title track and " Dry " ) , the music industry ( " Hole in My Head " ) and " fear of commitment in relationships " ( " Anaesthetic " ) amongst others . Musically , the album employed an indie rock feel to it , which also featured extended appearances of an acoustic guitar on some of its tracks .
The album was due for release in June , but this was delayed until August to include material written after its completion which the band felt was too good to leave off . Upon its release , the UK music press immediately warmed to the album , which also received Melody Maker ' s Album of the Week accolade . The year ended with the band providing support for the Red Hot Chili Peppers at Wembley Arena and Manic Street Preachers at the Millennium Stadium . As of March 2003 , the album has been certified gold shipping 100 @,@ 000 units in the UK , with total counter sales standing at 110 @,@ 000 as of February 2005 . The album was Melody Maker 's # 24 album of 1999 , while Metal Hammer placed the album in at # 6 and Kerrang ! ranked it at # 16 .
= = = Echo Park and mainstream breakthrough ( 2000 – 01 ) = = =
Feeder spent most of 2000 at Great Linford Manor studios , writing and recording for their next album . The band also continued playing festivals around the country previewing the new material they were working on , such as V2000 and Glastonbury , but would end the year promoting " Buck Rogers " , their first single since November 1999 and then playing a mini @-@ tour at the end of the year to mainly showcase the new material . The release of the single on 8 January 2001 was coupled with a signing session at London 's now defunct Tower Records store and then a TV appearance on Top of The Pops before the single charted . The single charted at number five , becoming the band 's first top 10 entry in the singles chart before appearing on Top of the Pops again . " Buck Rogers " then spent a second week in the top 10 .
Grant wrote " Buck Rogers " with The Pixies as an influence , but " on a comic book level " . He had originally written the track for another band Echo Park producer Gil Norton was working with , but decided not to give it away , as he felt Feeder could have a hit with it themselves . " Buck Rogers " still receives regular airplay on alternative radio stations in the United Kingdom . Kerrang ! ' s writers have also approved of the track as one of their " 666 Songs You Must Own " , when it appeared at # 5 in their rock songs list in November 2004 .
After a sell @-@ out tour of two legs ending at the London Astoria , the album Echo Park entered at number five in the UK album charts , shortly after " Seven Days in the Sun " , the album 's second single charted at # 14 . Shortly before the single 's release , the band 's rise up to the mainstream was recognised by the now defunct Scottish Television live music show Boxed Set , where a half @-@ hour @-@ long live @-@ set with a studio audience was played . A third single , " Turn " reached # 27 in July before festival season . " Just a Day " , a b @-@ side from " Seven Days in the Sun " , later reached # 12 in December . The response the album received on a critical level was mixed , with Dan Genroe of Q magazine claiming that the listener will still be " feeling hungry half an hour later " , alongside suggesting that the album is " hard to love " . Ben Myers of Kerrang ! gave the album 4 / 5 ( KKKK ) which indicates " blinding " , while citing that the band " hit their stride " on the album , alongside suggesting that the album is " fat free and stripped to the bone " .
The album saw the band take on much more of a commercially influenced sound , and also the appearance of Moog synthesizers , while being lyrically focused on a comedic approach , as with " Seven Days in the Sun " , but also dark emotions , such as those shown on " Turn " , " Oxygen " , and " Satellite News " . It was during the campaign for Echo Park that the band played another slot on the main stage at the Reading and Leeds festival , including T in the Park . As of August 2003 , the album has shipped 300 @,@ 000 units in the UK going platinum , with counter sales standing at 293 @,@ 000 as of February 2005 . Grant said in a Melody Maker interview that if the album did not sell well enough the band would probably split up ; he said at the time that " It 's the same with any band . That 's just the way the music business is . There is only a certain amount of money a label will put into a band . I 'm just being realistic . We 've been around for seven or eight years and I am not planning on giving up , but we 're putting everything into this record and I 'm just hoping that people like it " . The album campaign helped the band in August 2001 win the " Best British Live Act " accolade at the Kerrang ! awards , before ending the year supporting the Stereophonics , and then releasing the " Just a Day " single in December . In February 2015 , " Buck Rogers " gained a silver certification for 200 @,@ 000 physical sales , digital downloads and streaming points combined .
= = = Jon Lee 's death and Comfort in Sound ( 2002 – 03 ) = = =
In January 2002 , Jon Lee committed suicide in his Miami home , resulting in the band keeping out of the public eye for most of the year . It was during this time that lead @-@ singer Grant Nicholas wrote a series of songs relating to their emotions and reactions to Jon 's death , which formed their fourth album Comfort in Sound . The band brought in former Skunk Anansie and Little Angels member Mark Richardson for drumming duties . The album focused mainly on themes such as loss , depression , grief and positivity , while dedicating " Quickfade " to Jon . The album was released in October of the same year to widespread critical acclaim in the British music press , with Kerrang ! alongside the heavy rock magazine Metal Hammer giving the album their respective Album of the Week accolades . The band were invited to the Reading and Leeds festivals that year , headlining the second stage at Reading on the first day which took place on 23 August , before heading off to Leeds the next . Grant also mentioned that at the time their fourth album already had a series of backing tracks recorded , with a total of 15 when recording is completed with then 10 chosen for the final album , when the final track listing was revealed , this was increased to 12 . The album is currently Feeder 's best @-@ seller with an estimated 503 @,@ 706 units sold as of April 2012 . The album charted at # 98 in Japan and # 28 in Ireland , beating the peak position of # 57 that Echo Park managed during the previous year . In Japan , it would be the first time Feeder ever charted there . The album charted at number six in the UK .
Musically , the album was much more mellow , with the use of a string orchestra on " Forget About Tomorrow " , while other tracks on the album also used an accordion , trumpet , and a piano played by their manager Matt Page , with " Godzilla " being one of two tracks on the album to use loud guitars . The album was their first release to be certified platinum , ( with Echo Park going platinum later on ) . It also spawned their second top 10 single , with " Just the Way I 'm Feeling " in January 2003 . In December of the same year they took on their only arena tour , after the album 's first nationwide tour was a sell out with 50 @,@ 000 tickets sold , and visited 21 different towns and cities in the United Kingdom over 23 different dates . In reaction to this , the band were invited to the Glastonbury Festival being placed third on the last day , playing the " Pyramid Stage " . Shortly after the release of the single , the band were invited to support Coldplay on their UK and European tour , due to their frontman Chris Martin often saying how much he liked the Comfort in Sound album and their live shows . Their show at the Birmingham National Indoor Arena was reviewed by Kerrang ! , which seen Steve Beebee give the band 4 / 5 ( KKKK ) for their performance .
The album 's final single , being the title track , was only available to buy as a limited edition of 3 @,@ 000 CDs on their 2003 arena tour . Four singles were released commercially , with those being " Come Back Around " ( # 14 ) , " Just the Way I 'm Feeling " ( # 10 ) , " Forget About Tomorrow " ( # 12 ) , and " Find the Colour " ( # 24 ) , which was released following their V2003 appearance and Kerrang ! award win for " Best British Band " , beating competition from Muse and the Stereophonics , which Grant dedicated to Jon saying it was the award he had always wanted the band to win . The band later went on to win an Internet Music Award for their " Just The Way I 'm Feeling " video , while the album became their first to appear on the end of year top 75 album charts , appearing at # 66 . The album 's commercial reception helped Echo experience their most successful financial year . Feeder then received their only nomination to date at The BRIT Awards , in which they appeared in the " Best British Rock " category at the 2004 event , before making their only appearance in the charts that year as part of Bob Geldof 's Band Aid 20 charity ensemble . The single was the Christmas number one , and became the year 's biggest @-@ selling UK single . Alongside only making one chart appearance in 2004 , Feeder also only made one live appearance during the year as part of the Carling Live 24 event , playing their show at the Hammersmith Apollo on 1 May .
= = = Pushing the Senses ( 2004 – 05 ) = = =
Feeder returned to the studio to record their fifth album Pushing the Senses . The album was seen by Grant as more of an extension to Comfort in Sound , as it focused on the same lyrical themes and musical styles , and also said that it had more of an organic sound , with more upbeat tracks added into the mix . It also seen a number of piano driven tracks , with " Frequency " being an example . " Frequency " was produced by Coldplay producer Ken Nelson , while for the rest of the album , Gil Norton was on production duties . Grant told Kerrang ! in May 2004 , " I 've done some recording on my own in a little studio up by where I live in North London . I demo the album in its full form before the rest of the band play on it . Its difficult to know at this stage what it will turn out like , but so far its slightly more mature sounding " . Grant later added " Each album is a journey and a reflection of the past , there is some stuff that touches on what has happened , but there are songs about love , songs of loss and songs about the future . I don 't want to give too much away but there 's one track called " Bitter Glass " . Its quite dark but uplifting too . Its about pulling yourself out of a big hole " .
The album was Feeder 's highest charting release , at number two on the UK album chart selling 42 @,@ 951 units in its first week , while receiving a gold certification , and becoming a top 100 album in six other countries . Press response to the album was mixed . Kerrang ! were brutal towards the band for all of their review , with Ben Meyers referring to them as a " Radio Friendly Unit Shifter " , including comparisons to a " Pastel box " . Grant later said in a documentary with Kerrang ! Radio that he was " pissed off " with the review their magazine counterpart gave them , while citing " It was a very unfair review and reviewed by the wrong person " .
The album helped them win their only major headline slot to date , being at 2005 's Download Festival , shortly before supporting U2 for a brief period on their Vertigo Tour , which was followed by an appearance at the Live 8 concert in Edinburgh ( the second charity event the band played that year after Tsunami Relief Cardiff ) . The campaign in total spawned four UK top 40 singles , which included " Shatter " , a reworked version of the " Tumble and Fall " b @-@ side that became a double A @-@ side with " Tender " ( # 11 ) . Other singles included " Tumble and Fall " ( top five ) , " Feeling A Moment " ( # 13 ) , and " Pushing the Senses " ( # 30 ) . A fan @-@ petition had been launched to see " Shatter " released as a single in its own right . The album was after ten weeks on sales of 111 @,@ 214 units , 22 percent ahead of Comfort in Sound at that stage . However , the album did not keep up this momentum while also not going platinum . The last reported sales were that of 160 @,@ 183 in October of the same year , which fell below Echo 's expectations . It is however the band 's most successful record based on peak chart positions in each country of release , while also being their only album so far to spawn a charting single outside of the UK and Ireland when " Feeling a Moment " peaked at # 32 in Australia . Feeder already at the time charted four top 50 singles in Ireland , with " Tumble and Fall " being their first and only top 40 to date reaching a peak position of # 26 . The album itself made the Irish top 20 artist album chart at # 16 , one week before its UK release .
Feeder would end the year seeing their then latest album appear at # 39 on Q 's end of year list , with " Feeling a Moment " voted the 98th best song of the year by its readers . However , on 3 December 2005 , they were forced to postpone a winter tour , after Grant picked up bleeds on his vocal cords the night before during a gig in Brighton , causing the show to be abandoned and later rescheduled along with the rest of the outstanding dates . During the year , Feeder 's domestic studio album sales passed the one million units mark .
= = = The Singles and Silent Cry ( 2006 – 08 ) = = =
In late 2005 , Feeder already returned to the studio , with Stephen Street working as the band 's producer to record three new tracks to appear on their then forthcoming singles collection . " Lost and Found " ( which Grant described as " an urban love song " ) became the first single to promote the collection , and would reach # 12 in the UK singles chart in May 2006 , after completing their delayed winter tour , which ended at the LG Arena in Birmingham in front of 8 @,@ 000 fans . The Singles , released in the same month as " Lost and Found " , was the first Feeder album to have involvement from a major label , with EMI taking part in a one @-@ off collaboration with Echo as the album 's distributor . The album reached number two on the UK albums chart with first week sales of 50 @,@ 003 entering at number three , and was certified platinum in under three months , with a total of 497 @,@ 700 units sold as of April 2012 , including a gold certification in Ireland after charting at # 13 . The album also made the top ten in Europe with a debut top 40 peak in Japan at # 37 , while " Save Us " was its second and final single in the UK , charting at # 34 in late July . A version of the album included a DVD of all their videos filmed up to that point , along with extensive sleevenotes by Ben Johncock . The album became only their second to appear on the end of year top 75 this time at # 48 , while becoming their first album to spend more than one week on the top 10 . Sales of The Singles , alongside a series of changes at Echo making them into an " Incubator label " , enabled the company to report a " modest profit " for 2006 . Feeder returned to the Reading and Leeds festivals after a four @-@ year break , having a late slot on the main stage , before ending the year with a small tour of London , playing The Roundhouse , and The Coronet . These were in aid of War Child who the band are patrons of , having earlier in the year visited The Congo as part of their work for the charity .
In 2007 Feeder returned to the studio to record their sixth album . Most of the year was spent on the recording , and in 2006 the band announced in an interview with XFM that the album would be reminiscent of their earlier material . The resulting album Silent Cry was released on 16 June 2008 . The album overally received moderate reviews . While some like Guardian were negative towards the album. others like Rock Louder were more positive . On its release week the album charted at number eight with sales of 16 @,@ 029 . In its second week the album then fell to number 30 , with a third week drop to number 60 before leaving the top 75 albums listing . In Japan it peaked at # 53 which is currently higher than all their studio albums , but lower than the peak of The Singles . Before the release of the album , " We Are the People " charted at # 25 in the singles chart , making it their lowest chart position for a lead single since 1999 's " Day in Day Out " . " Miss You " from the album was given away by the band 's official website as a free download in April , and gained over 8 @,@ 000 downloads on its first day of release . As of December 2008 , sales of Silent Cry stand at less than 50 @,@ 000 units , less than was what hoped for by their label . Shortly after album release , the band recorded a cover of Public Image Ltd 's 1978 self @-@ titled single " Public Image " , for a compilation album to celebrate Independents Day which celebrated independently released music . The second single from Silent Cry was Feeder 's first download @-@ only single , consisting of " Tracing Lines " and the album 's title track which failed to make the charts .
In May 2008 , the band played a small eight date tour to promote the album to the fanbase , which sold out in six hours . This was followed by a one @-@ off gig on 12 June at the Proud Galleries in Camden , which sold out in six minutes . The band then went on to play at the iTunes festival in July , which saw a live six @-@ track EP release of their performance , before playing the 2008 Reading and Leeds festivals in August , on the main stage . In July the band played at T in the Park , with an appearance at the Isle of Wight Festival the month previous . In 2008 , the band also introduced live keyboard player Dean Deavall , of the band Casino . During the same year , on 25 October at 06 : 00 GMT after playing the Glasgow Barrowlands as part of their 29 date UK tour , the band 's crew bus caught fire on the M62 motorway whilst travelling between Glasgow and Lincoln , destroying it and the crew 's personal items . It was also announced by Chrysalis later on in the year , that Echo have been restructured into a copyright exploitation company , in which its main duty is maintaining the copyright on existing releases while no longer releasing any new records or signing any more artists . As a result , Feeder were until 2010 no longer on a record contract in their own country , while still being signed to their Japanese label Victor and Play it Again Sam ( PIAS ) , their European label . Their 2008 UK tour , seen their first ever gig in Loughbrough , and their last ever show at the London Astoria on 18 November 2008 . The venue was later torn down in early 2009 and was also their last ever show as an Echo Label artist .
After ending their tour at the Portsmouth Pyramids Centre , a six track EP titled Seven Sleepers was released in Japan , the same time they toured there in March . It included a collection of B @-@ sides from the Silent Cry album , plus two new songs .
= = = Mark 's departure and Renegades ( 2009 – 10 ) = = =
After starting 2009 with two warm @-@ up shows for their tour of Japan in Scarborough and Crewe , the band later on in May announced that Feeder had " ended their partnership " with drummer Mark Richardson , who returned to his original band Skunk Anansie . Mark was replaced by session drummer Karl Brazil who had just come off tour with James Blunt , and had also played drums for British band Ben 's Brother . Karl 's first live appearances with the band , after a series of university events were at the UK leg of the Sonisphere Festival , stating that this would be their only UK festival appearance of 2009 , as they would be working on their seventh studio album . It was then later announced that they would be appearing at the Hevy Music Festival in Folkestone . Here they previewed a new track titled " Sentimental " , with the announcement that they have been in a recording studio in South Wales .
At first , Tim Trotter then of Mexicolas was filling in on drum duties in the studio also as a session drummer , before Karl stepped in . With Karl playing drums for Robbie Williams , Natalie Imbruglia and Ben 's Brother , Tim once again took over drum duties in the studio . On 2 December , the band 's official webpage was changed to display the word " RENEGADES " and the names of each of the band members by their surname , with " BRAZIL " mentioned amongst these . On 17 December a sample of a new song " Sentimental " was added to their website , which was later replaced with a 20 @-@ second clip of another song called " Renegades " . Later on that month the website announced a six date tour and the release of a tour @-@ only EP which was released on " Big Teeth Music " , also their own record label . After the tour was completed , another six date tour was shortly announced with the band this time playing bigger venues . Another EP was released to coincide with the tour , which included a further four new songs with one of these being titled " Home " ; one of the new songs the band performed on their first tour under this alias . The side @-@ project was used as a method to promote the seventh Feeder studio album titled Renegades at live shows where they would mainly play the new songs , thus avoiding having to play any of their hits if they played as Feeder . The side @-@ project would cease in 2010 after playing their final gig as Renegades at that year 's Sonisphere Festival .
In an April 2010 interview with South Yorkshire newspaper The Star , Grant expressed his disappointment with the side @-@ project band 's sudden increase in success and awareness , in which he claimed that he wanted the band to continue playing in clubs with a slower ascendency to the bigger venues . The tour promoter however suggested that Renegades should play slightly bigger venues for the second tour than of those seen on their debut . Looking back on this version of the band , Grant Nicholas explained in an interview with Culture Deluxe , that the project was not a big marketing plan , but announced it without saying exactly what was happening . Some people thought it was a name change , Grant recording a solo album , while others got the idea from the start . He described problems with promoters printing " Feeder " on the tickets , leading to a misunderstanding that a more mainstream set was expected .
After completing their second and final tour as Renegades , the band then announced their new single " Call Out " under the name of Feeder before shortly revealing the name of their seventh album as Renegades . All of the new songs performed live as Renegades were listed on the album with the free download track " Fallen " being a b @-@ side on " Call Out " and was released as a download and vinyl single , with the album released on 5 July . Renegades peaked at # 16 in the UK album charts , giving them their seventh top 20 album with sales of 8 @,@ 729 , before being followed @-@ up by the single release of the title track , also only on vinyl and download . In Japan , the album charted at # 93 , making it their least successful since Comfort in Sound . Dean Deavall then departed from Casino to concentrate more on his time with Feeder , including his own band The High Hurts . The album received mostly favourable reviews , although some critics as Will Dean of BBC Online did not praise the album giving it a mixed response
After a tour of Japan which saw Luna Sea guitarist Inoran join them on stage at the Daikanyama Unit for a performance of " Breed " ( originally recorded by Nirvana ) , Feeder returned to the UK for a sell @-@ out tour in late October which started at the Leeds Metropolitan University , before ending at Southampton University . This was followed by a small tour of Europe , South Africa and Australia , before a brief return to the UK ended their year . " Down to the River / This Town " also became the final single from the album , released only as a download and vinyl on 6 December .
= = = Generation Freakshow and hiatus ( 2011 – 2015 ) = = =
In 2010 , during the Renegades sessions , a number of tracks were left off the album before then being considered for inclusion for the follow @-@ up to that album . As there were not enough to fit on the album , more were recorded during the closing stages of the year , with the band taking a break from recording on 19 December , before resuming recording on 10 January 2011 . Between 16 January and 24 January a production session began in New York City , this included overdubs , guitars and keyboards with Grant also flying over to record vocals , while some of the album was already recorded in London . On 19 January 2011 a photo of song lyrics written on a sheet of paper was posted on their official Facebook page . The first of these songs to enter public knowledge , with different working titles was " Borders " , with other working titles being " Jessie " and " White City Rock " . In an interview with Heineken Music , on 27 January 2011 Grant revealed that 19 or 20 songs are so far in the recording stages , while the album is planned to be released after their tour of the United Kingdom and Europe ends in March , and like Renegades , looks likely to be released domestically on their own Big Teeth Music imprint .
" Side By Side " , which was a chart @-@ eligible paid download in aid of the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan , charted at # 91 , before it ultimately did not appear on the UK version of the album , although did appear on the Japanese release . Grant Nicholas cited on the band 's Facebook page , that the single was released purely for the Japanese Tsunami disaster with the chart position not being as important . During their 2011 touring , Feeder introduced drummer Damon Wilson as a live regular and session musician . In September 2011 , the band revealed on their Facebook page that the recording of their yet @-@ untitled eighth studio album is complete with only mixing on the final song to be finalised , before mastering then began on 30 September in New York . Feeder hosted a trailer on YouTube titled " Coming Soon " on 2 December 2011 and had a message written in Morse code as " - ... --- .- . - .. . .- . ... " , which translates to " Borders " . On 6 December 2011 another trailer was released , announcing " Borders " as the first single from the new album , including a four @-@ date tour . On 19 January 2012 the official music video for " Borders " was uploaded on YouTube . " Borders " was released on CD , cassette and 7 " on 30 January 2012 , with the parent album Generation Freakshow originally scheduled with a release date of 26 March 2012 but later delayed until 23 April 2012 . This was the first time Feeder released a cassette single since 2001 's " Just a Day " . In February 2012 after Feeder had completed a mini @-@ tour , which ended in Inverness and started in Exeter , " Borders " charted at # 52 giving the band their 25th top 75 single and their first official chart visit since 2008 's " We Are the People " .
Critical response , much like the previous few Feeder albums , was mixed . BBC Music praised the album , while Drowned in Sound , despite negative reviews in the past , credited Feeder for creating another strong addition to their back catalogue . The album which was released to coincide with a week @-@ long tour , however improved upon the respectable commercial response of Renegades by charting at # 13 , which increased the band 's UK album charts span to fifteen years , while selling 7 @,@ 338 units in the same week . In Japan , Generation Freakshow improved upon the relatively disappointing chart position of Renegades , when it entered at # 57 and became their most successful studio album in almost four years . The only track from the sessions of the Renegades album to end up on Generation Freakshow , was that of " Tiny Minds " . The week following the album 's release , " Children of the Sun " was released as the album 's second single and saw the band revert to the vinyl and download formats . Because of this , the single failed to chart while not attracting the same radio attention as " Borders " . The title track was due to be a single , but was later pulled despite promotional CDs already being pressed and sent to radio . " Idaho " became the third single from the album , released on 27 August 2012 . Like " Children of the Sun " , this also failed to chart .
The band continued their year with a main stage appearance at the Isle of Wright Festival , opening the event . This was then followed by a first appearance in four years at the Reading Festival , although in their lowest position since their 1996 debut , headlining the fourth stage . Their appearance at the T in the Park festival that year was later cancelled , due to a band illness . It was announced in July that " Idaho " will be the third single from Generation Freakshow , and will be released on 27 August . The band played at Hyde Park in August as part of a series of concerts to celebrate the 2012 Summer Olympics , which was preceded by an appearance at Lusty Glaze in Newquay , alongside performances in Wales and Ireland , with the video shoot for " Idaho " in between .
Later on in 2012 , Feeder took on one last tour for the year . The tour lasted for five dates starting at the O2 Academy Glasgow , before ending at the Brixton Academy in November . At the Brixton show , Grant Nicholas announced that the band would be going away for a while , before deciding what to do next . Earlier on before the tour began , Nicholas was interviewed by website Mancunian Matters in which he told them that the band would take a break next year with no shows planned , although a follow @-@ up album was mentioned alongside possible side @-@ projects .
Although 2013 was their first full year on hiatus , they played one show that year at Reading University as a private event , while no other shows were played . Their back catalog which was initially issued on The Echo Label , was later re @-@ issued by Sony Music Entertainment , thus allowing the distribution of this material to continue .
During 2013 , Hirose 's side @-@ project band Muddy Apes released their second album in Japan , which also features Tidey . Later , on 3 March 2014 , Nicholas announced a solo project via the launch of a Twitter handle and Facebook page , while an official website is to be launched .
On 31 May 2014 , Grant 's debut solo recording " Soul Mates " , was played on BBC Radio 2 , with the release of his album Yorktown Heights on 9 August 2014 in Japan and 11 August 2014 in the United Kingdom . Shortly after the download release of " Soul Mates " , Grant later posted a handwritten note on Facebook announcing the release date of his solo album , while also revealing " Feeder 's heart still beats strong " and has been working on new material .
In March 2015 Grant revealed that " there will be a new Feeder record next year " .
= = = Return and All Bright Electric ( 2016 – present ) = = =
In January 2016 , the band posted photos of themselves recording in Grant 's home studio , ' The Treehouse ' . It was then announced on 29 January 2016 that Feeder would headline the Big Top stage at the Isle of Wight Festival in June , with the band stating that it would be one of their only UK festival appearances that year . On the 25th of February 2016 , the band posted on their Facebook page , a CDR bearing their name in marker pen .
On 23 March , they announced on their Facebook page that they will headline LoopalluFestival in Ullapool , Highlands , Scotland on Friday September 30 as well as a picture of Grant performing on guitar at the tree house as the band continue to record their ninth studio album which is expected to be released later in 2016 .
In June 15 , the band announced that the album would be titled All Bright Electric and it 's scheduled to be released on September 30 , 2016 . The lead single from album , " Universe of Life " was released on the same day .
= = Criticism = =
In a 2008 interview with Kerrang ! on a selection of the band 's singles , Nicholas expressed his annoyance with comparisons between Coldplay and the album Pushing the Senses ; he said that those comparisons were only made because he played a piano on many of the tracks that were on the album . In a 2011 interview with Cambridge @-@ based webzine The Tab , he elaborated on his position regarding these comparisons , saying , " Feeder have a much broader music dynamic musically , and we are a much heavier band , both live and on record . I have a lot of respect for Coldplay and we have toured with them , but we are two totally different bands , both dynamically and musically . I just think it 's lazy journalism . "
= = Sales and legacy = =
Over the course of their career , Feeder has come to domestically accumulate a total of eight gold and platinum records , with a gold record in Ireland for The Singles , bringing their British Isles ( and worldwide ) total to nine . In 2015 , " Buck Rogers " received a Silver award for 200 @,@ 000 UK sales , 14 years after release .
Despite having completely dropped out of mainstream radio play since 2008 , while being relegated almost solely to alternative rock stations in the United Kingdom , Silent Cry reached # 8 on the albums chart in its first week of release in 2008 with 16 @,@ 000 units sold . It has sold less than 50 @,@ 000 units to date according to Chrysalis , the owners of the now defunct Echo Label . The subsequent Silent Cry tour was Feeder 's longest playing up to 29 different dates , with many selling out . Nevertheless , Silent Cry remains their first album since 1997 's Polythene not to achieve at least gold status . The 2010 follow @-@ up Renegades , was less successful only spending two weeks in the chart after entering at # 16 , while also being their first since the aforementioned Polythene not to chart within the Top 10 .
However , the charting of Renegades , marked the third decade in which a Feeder album had been released and charted at least in the Top 20 . This marked their 6th studio album to appear in the Top 20 and the band 's 9th album to appear on the chart regardless of position over the course of their career . The album also debuted at # 1 on the Official UK Rock Albums chart . Still , Renegades has yet to accumulate sales that approach or eclipse any of their other studio albums before this . 2012 follow @-@ up Generation Freakshow , charted higher at # 13 although on lower debut week sales . 2002 's Comfort in Sound is the band 's best selling release , shifting over 503 @,@ 706 units in the United Kingdom alone with The Singles taking second spot with 497 @,@ 700 units . At the end of 2006 , when the campaign for The Singles was drawing to a close , Feeder ranked as one of the UK 's most successful chart acts of the past 50 years , with a total of 166 weeks across both charts without reaching the number one spot .
In Japan , Feeder have also gained a cult following , in which their last five studio albums have all charted in the top 100 between 2002 and 2012 . Their most successful of these is 2008 's Silent Cry charting at # 53 , although their most successful and only top 40 entry to date is their 2006 singles compilation , meaning the band have charted six albums regardless of format . In addition , much of their music has been featured in the Gran Turismo racing video game series , which is developed by the Japanese video game development studio Polyphony Digital .
Feeder are also one of Wales ' most popular rock bands , highlighted in October 2003 , by the display of Taka 's bass guitar from the " Seven Days in the Sun " video at the Hard Rock Cafe in Cardiff and Grant 's attendance at the branch 's opening the same year . The Cardiff branch later closed in late 2010 , one day shy of its seventh anniversary of opening .
Although the band 's record sales are not of major totals , Feeder have however accumulated 25 top 75 singles between 1997 @-@ 2012 , a run which started with 1997 's " Tangerine " charting at # 60 , before ending in 2012 with " Borders " at # 52 . Their top 75 singles tally , ties with artists such as Coldplay . Feeder have also headlined many of the United Kingdom 's major venues , such as Wembley Arena , Birmingham National Indoor Arena , Birmingham LG Arena , Bournemouth International Centre and the Cardiff International Arena . Alongside this , Feeder also headlined a major festival for the first ( and currently only ) time in their career , which was at the 2005 Download festival .
In an April 2012 interview with British rock monthly Total Guitar , the band were praised by Rob Laing citing " All the way from their very first release , the Two Colours EP in 1995 , through tragedy and triumph , he 's [ Grant ] gone the distance with Feeder while other British alternative rock bands of the 90s crashed or faded " .
= = Discography = =
Polythene ( 1997 )
Yesterday Went Too Soon ( 1999 )
Echo Park ( 2001 )
Comfort in Sound ( 2002 )
Pushing the Senses ( 2005 )
Silent Cry ( 2008 )
Renegades ( 2010 )
Generation Freakshow ( 2012 )
All Bright Electric ( 2016 )
= = Members = =
Current
Grant Nicholas - Lead vocals , lead guitars , piano ( 1992 – present )
Taka Hirose - Bass guitars , backing vocals ( 1995 – present )
Karl Brazil - Drums , percussion ( 2009 – present )
Former
Jon Lee - drums ( 1992 – 2002 ; died 2002 )
Simon Blight - bass ( 1992 )
Mark Richardson - drums ( 2002 – 2009 )
Live / Session
Dean Tidey - guitars ( 1999 – 2000 , 2002 – 2009 )
Matt Sime - keyboards ( 2000 @-@ 2001 )
Dean Deavall - keyboards ( 2008 – present )
Tim Trotter - drums ( 2009 – present )
Damon Wilson - drums ( 2011 – present )
= = Awards = =
Major ceremonial awards
Gold and platinum records
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= Herbert Greenfield =
Herbert W. Greenfield ( November 25 , 1869 – August 23 , 1949 ) was a Canadian politician who served as the fourth Premier of Alberta from 1921 until 1925 . Born in Winchester , Hampshire , in England , he immigrated to Canada in his late twenties , settling first in Ontario and then in Alberta , where he farmed . He soon became involved in the United Farmers of Alberta ( UFA ) , a farmers ' lobby organization that was in the process of becoming a political party , and was elected as the organization 's vice president . Greenfield did not run in the 1921 provincial election , the first provincial general election in which the UFA fielded candidates , but when the UFA won a majority in the Legislature in that election he was chosen by the UFA caucus to serve as Premier .
Like most of the UFA caucus , Greenfield had no experience in government and he struggled in the position . He relied extensively on his Attorney General , John E. Brownlee , for counsel on policy and strategy . He was unable to control his caucus , which did not generally believe in party discipline , and his government almost lost several votes in the Legislature despite its majority . He was unable to effectively address the problems facing farmers ( including drought and low grain prices ) , bitter labour disputes in the coal industry , or the pronounced divisions in public opinion that had sprung up around prohibition ( which his government ended ) . Despite this , his time as Premier saw the elimination of the provincial deficit , substantial progress in negotiating the transfer of natural resource rights from the federal government , and the creation of the Alberta Wheat Pool . He also named Irene Parlby as the province 's first female cabinet minister .
By 1924 , many UFA Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) wanted to see Greenfield leave office , both because they were frustrated with his failings and because they thought it likely that a Greenfield @-@ led government would be defeated in the next election . Their first attempt to replace him failed when Brownlee , their intended replacement , refused to have anything to do with the plan , but a second attempt , in 1925 , was successful when Brownlee agreed to take office if Greenfield personally requested that he do so . Greenfield had not wanted the job in the first place , and agreed to resign in Brownlee 's favour .
After his retirement from politics , Greenfield represented Alberta in London , England for several years before returning to Canada to work in the oil and gas industry . He died in 1949 at the age of 79 .
= = Early life = =
Herbert W. Greenfield was born November 25 , 1869 , in Winchester , Hampshire , England , the son of John Greenfield ( c . 1830 – 1909 ) and Mary Leake ( c . 1835 – 1904 ) . He attended Wesleyan School in Dalston , but dropped out as a result of his father 's bankruptcy . He worked aboard a cattle boat in 1892 before emigrating to Canada in 1896 .
In Canada , he worked in the oil fields near Sarnia , Ontario , and as a farmer in Weston , Ontario . He married Elizabeth Harris on February 28 , 1900 . The couple had two sons , Franklin Harris Greenfield and Arnold Leake Greenfield . In 1904 , the family went west for economic reasons and homesteaded near Edmonton . He found work in a lumber mill and later turned to farming . During his first year in Alberta , a fire destroyed his home , and he and his wife spent the winter in an abandoned sod hut . In 1906 , they resettled to a large home four kilometers south of Westlock .
In 1922 , while Greenfield was Premier , Elizabeth died suddenly as a result of routine surgery . He remarried in 1926 , to Marjorie Greenwood Cormack , who brought two children of her own into the marriage .
= = Early political career = =
Greenfield entered public life on a local level soon after moving to his new farm . He was elected to the local school board , where he spent twelve years , including stints as chair , secretary , and treasurer . He also served as Vice President of the Alberta Educational Association , as President of the Westlock Agricultural Society , and as co @-@ founder and President of the Alberta Association of Municipal Districts . Greenfield also was an officer of the province @-@ wide Association of Local Improvement Districts , which advocated for reforms such as a change from a ten @-@ hour to an eight @-@ hour work day , on the grounds that many Local Improvement Districts ( LIDs ) were having trouble competing with railways for labour . John E. Brownlee later said of Greenfield 's involvement in the ALID that it was there " that he was first initiated into the discussion of public subjects , and it became the training ground for his subsequent success . "
Provincially , Greenfield was originally a Liberal , but along with many other farmers , began to grow dissatisfied with the Liberal government 's treatment of farmers . He became involved with the United Farmers of Alberta , which prior to 1919 was a non @-@ partisan lobby group that eschewed direct involvement in the political process . He was elected to the organization 's executive in 1919 and chaired its mass conventions in 1920 and 1921 . He headed an extremely successful membership drive , Despite this involvement , he did not seek election to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1921 election . When the UFA , which as part of its resistance to old @-@ style politics had contested the election without designating a leader , won 38 of 61 seats , it found itself needing to form a government without having decided who would head it . Greenfield meanwhile had been named interim Vice President of the organization after the death of Percival Baker .
The logical choice was UFA President Henry Wise Wood . However , Wood had little taste for the minutiae of government , preferring to remain at the head of what he saw as a broader political movement ( saying he would " sooner be President of the UFA than the USA " ) , and saw party lawyer Brownlee as the best choice . Brownlee , who , like Wood , had not contested the election , said he felt that the Premier must be a farmer for the aspirations of the UFA 's base to be fulfilled . George Hoadley , one of the two UFA members with previous legislative experience ( Hoadley had been a sitting Conservative MLA prior to the election ; UFA MLA Alex Moore had been elected in a by @-@ election a few months before the general election ) , was considered , but since his previous experience had been as a Conservative — one of the old line parties so disdained by the UFA — he was deemed unacceptable . There was even some speculation that incumbent Liberal Premier Charles Stewart , who had become a member of the UFA before it entered politics directly , would stay on as Premier , but he immediately announced that he would serve only until the UFA selected a leader . A meeting of the UFA caucus in Calgary selected Greenfield , and he took office as Premier on August 13 , 1921 .
= = Premier = =
Greenfield took office as Premier amid great expectations : the Lethbridge Herald called him " the only new Moses that can bridge the Red Sea " , while the Calgary Herald noted that " No government ever went into office in this country carrying better wishes for its success " . He also took office without a seat in the legislature . This latter circumstance was addressed through the voluntary resignation of Donald MacBeth Kennedy , who had won the riding of Peace River for the UFA . Greenfield won the seat by acclamation December 9 , 1921 .
= = = Legislature and cabinet = = =
Once in the legislature , however , Greenfield faltered in his leadership of his caucus . The UFA MLAs came from a determinedly independent and non @-@ partisan background and proved nearly impossible to whip . When Greenfield selected his cabinet and was about to announce it to his caucus for their vetting , he was interrupted by Lorne Proudfoot who asked whether , in addition to the rumoured inclusion of Labour members , the cabinet would include any of the fourteen Liberal MLAs . Proudfoot argued that to exclude them would be to " start out much after the matter of the old parties " . Greenfield had not intended this , and suggested that no Liberals would likely be amenable to it . Irene Parlby , the caucus 's only woman ( who Greenfield would shortly name as Alberta 's first female cabinet minister ) agreed , and suggested that the UFA 's ideal of securing representation for all economic groups in society did not apply to the Liberals , who were not an economic group and were not democratically organized in any event . Proudfoot 's proposal was defeated sixteen votes to fourteen . Greenfield went on to name the seven member cabinet he had intended , including Labour MLA Alex Ross as Minister of Public Works , Parlby as Minister Without Portfolio , and Greenfield himself as Provincial Treasurer .
Once the legislature convened in 1922 , the inexperience of the Premier and his caucus was further laid bare . Greenfield , devastated by the sudden death of his wife , turned in a poor performance . Faced with an aggressive attack by new Liberal leader John R. Boyle , Greenfield relied heavily on Attorney General John Brownlee , who sat next to him in the Legislature , to provide the defense . The session got off to an inauspicious start : Greenfield nominated the government 's preferred candidate for speaker , Oran McPherson , only to have one of his backbenchers , Alex Moore , nominate Independent Conservative John Smith Stewart ; Stewart spared the government embarrassment by declining the nomination .
Moore , along with fellow UFA backbencher John Russell Love , caused the government further trouble with a resolution aiming to limit the circumstances under which the government would have to resign . By convention of the Westminster system , a government was required to resign on the defeat of any piece of its legislation that was critical to its program . Moore and Love objected to the manner in which this provision could be expected to pressure UFA MLAs to back government legislation that they might otherwise be inclined to oppose , and introduced a resolution in the Legislature that called for a policy by which the government would resign only upon passage of an explicit motion of no confidence . The resolution caught the attention of politicians across Canada , including future Prime Minister R. B. Bennett , who warned that it was unconstitutional . Brownlee moved an amendment that reduced the resolution to a vague statement of principle , which passed and was not heard of again .
UFA members also objected to the concept of a caucus , in which MLAs from one party debate policy behind closed doors . They believed that the role of an MLA was to represent the views of his or her constituents directly on the floor of the Legislature . This belief too proved problematic to the government . The Dairyman 's Act had been adopted by the Liberal government to provide low @-@ interest loans to dairy farmers . It was unpopular among farmers , and Greenfield 's government aimed to amend it . Many UFA backbenchers , however , wanted to see it repealed all together , but because of their objection to caucus discussions Greenfield was not aware of this by the time his amendments came to the floor of the legislature . They passed through the house with little debate , until just after third reading , when one of the backbenchers rose to ask if the time had come to speak against the bill . Brownlee suggested that , in view of the legislators ' inexperience with parliamentary procedure , the legislature consider the motion to adopt the bill on third reading as not yet having passed , that debate might ensue . This suggestion adopted , several UFA members attacked the Act . They were joined in this by the Liberals , despite the fact that it was a Liberal act that had been co @-@ authored by Boyle . In the end , the bill passed only by virtue of the support of the four Labour members .
More trouble with the legislature struck Greenfield in August 1922 , during a special session called for the purpose of passing enabling legislation for a provincial wheat board . The session lasted only a week , and on August 31 the only item of business that remained was the members ' pay for the session . The government was proposing $ 100 per member , but some MLAs complained that this was insufficient in light of the long travel times between Edmonton and their constituencies . Greenfield , lacking the counsel of the vacationing Brownlee and wanting to avoid trouble , proposed upping the amount to $ 200 . Independent MLA Robert Pearson proposed increasing it once again , to $ 250 , to match what their counterparts in Saskatchewan had received . This suggestion was carried . While Greenfield had hardly been the driving force behind the increases , he had facilitated them and had been blind to the appearance of paying MLAs more for six afternoons of work than some farmers were able to earn in a year . The grassroots of his own party condemned the move , all the more so when the wheat board that had been the purpose of the special session failed to come to fruition .
= = = Agriculture = = =
Greenfield became Premier at a time of agricultural depression , especially in the province 's south . The region , which was responsible for approximately 75 % of Alberta 's wheat production , was in the midst of its fifth consecutive year of drought , and the farmers who had been responsible for putting the UFA into office were now demanding action . Initially , the government offered direct financial assistance , with $ 5 million provided in seed and grain relief by the end of 1922 . However , this effort was driving the province close to bankruptcy , and in 1923 Greenfield announced an end to the handouts ( the bill authorizing the last of these was a source of chagrin for MLAs from all parties , both because it marked the end of direct assistance for farmers and because the last of the assistance was itself so expensive ) . Farmers and political representatives from the affected areas criticized the government bitterly , referencing Greenfield 's earlier pledge that " if the south country should fall , then we are prepared to fall with it " .
The government did not give up on addressing the problem when it ended subsidies . It had previously commissioned a number of studies on the agricultural situation and related factors , and converted some of the results of these studies into legislation . The Debt Adjustment Act of 1923 was designed to adjust farmers ' debts to a level that they could actually pay , thus allowing them to carry on while still ensuring that creditors received as much as was feasible . In the words of University of Calgary professor David C. Jones , the bill offered " solace , but no real satisfaction " . According to Jones , Greenfield 's attempts to rescue southern Alberta from agricultural calamity were probably doomed to failure . Even so , Greenfield had called the situation his top priority , and his failure to bring it to a successful resolution cost him politically .
Another preoccupation of the UFA and the Greenfield government was the marketing of wheat . From 1919 to 1920 there had been a federally established wheat pool to stabilize wheat prices . When it was disbanded , wheat prices tumbled by two @-@ thirds , prompting many farmers to call for its re @-@ introduction . At the call of the UFA and farmers ' organizations in other provinces , the federal government ( whose razor @-@ thin majority in the House of Commons was often widened by the support of farmer @-@ friendly Progressive members ) created a new , mandatory agency , pending the appointment by the provincial governments of Alberta and Saskatchewan of a board of directors for the agency . This they proved unable to do . Greenfield 's government ultimately admitted defeat and gave up on re @-@ establishing the pool , opting instead to guarantee loans to farmer @-@ run cooperative pools . With government assistance , the Alberta Wheat Pool came into existence in time for the 1923 harvest .
= = = Labour unrest = = =
During Greenfield 's premiership , Alberta 's major non @-@ agricultural industry was coal mining , and the industry was not prospering . Production was more than 50 % greater than demand , and fewer than half of the province 's mines were profitable . The industry as a whole was earning a profit of less than one cent per ton of coal . Miners ' wages had more than doubled ( in nominal terms ) between 1909 and 1920 but had barely held their own against the wartime inflation . In the 1920s mine owners began to roll them back . Besides the low wages , miners were unsatisfied with working conditions in an industry that saw more than 3 @,@ 300 workplace accidents per year . The results had been labour militancy and violence . A general strike in the industry in 1920 had seen strikers assault strikebreakers , throw them off their bicycles , and throw rocks through the windows of buses . Police were used to aid the strikebreakers and had been sometimes attacked as well . One constable was partially paralyzed from the beating he received . Provincial police commissioner W.C. Bryan was warned against inspecting one strike site in a note reading " You spoilt the strike , and if you go ... you will be killed . " He went anyway , and was greeted by an ambush in which three bullets were fired into his car , missing him .
The situation was still unsettled after Greenfield became premier in autumn 1921 . Greenfield was at a loss as to how to respond to this crisis , complaining that both employees and employers were the most difficult people in the province to deal with and that they showed " very little spirit of compromise " . He tried to be balanced in his approach to this labour @-@ employer friction but was not aided by his own Minister of Public Works , Labour MLA Alex Ross , who took the side of the miners and objected to the government 's provision of police escorts for strikebreakers . Though the problems originated before Greenfield took office , many Albertans felt that a stronger leader might have been more successful than Greenfield in achieving industrial peace .
= = = Prohibition = = =
Prohibition had been introduced in Alberta following a 1916 referendum , during which the UFA had advocated for the prohibitionist side . The Liberal version of prohibition was weak , and Greenfield came into office intending to strengthen the legislation . Even by 1920 , however , it was becoming apparent that the policy was not working ( or , as the Medicine Hat News noted , " Prohibition is now working smoothly . The only thing left is to stop the sale of liquor ! " ) . Greenfield 's own MLAs began to grumble about the policy — Archibald Matheson expressed in 1923 the view that " This government has acted as philosopher , guide , and God to the people long enough . " Public opinion , too , began to shift against the policy , more rapidly after 1922 when three police officers were killed in the line of duty by bootleggers . The last and most dramatic of these was the murder of Steve Lawson in front of the barracks where he and his family lived , by Emil " Pic " Picariello and Florence Lassandra . Public opinion ran high both for and against the pair , and their 1923 hangings only served to unite both factions against prohibition .
An autumn 1923 referendum saw Albertans vote decisively for the repeal of prohibition , despite the UFA 's continuing support for the policy . In response , the government resolved to repeal the Prohibition Act and replaced it with government @-@ controlled liquor sales . Greenfield attempted to make the move more palatable to prohibitionists by proposing that liquor profits be shared with impoverished municipalities . However , the scheme proved unworkable , and the re @-@ legalization went ahead without any such profit @-@ sharing . In 1924 , the government introduced legislation to replace prohibition with the regulation of liquor sales by the government , and subjected it to a free vote . While the legislation passed , the new measures were divisive , pitting community leaders who wanted their towns to remain " dry " against those who wanted to apply for liquor licences , and different would @-@ be saloon @-@ keepers against one another in competing for the government @-@ issued licences .
= = = Provincial finances = = =
At the outset of his premiership , Greenfield served as Provincial Treasurer as well as Premier . In both of these capacities , he was faced with a provincial deficit , which reached an accumulated total of $ 4 million between his taking office and the end of the 1922 fiscal year . One reason for this was the government 's involvement in railways : it had found itself the owner of four uncompleted money @-@ losing railway lines after the private syndicates set up to run them collapsed due to construction cost overruns . By 1922 , the government had lost a total of $ 6 @.@ 7 million on the endeavor , with an additional $ 5 million expected to follow that year — 37 % of the estimated 1922 provincial budget . Greenfield wanted to sell the lines to the Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) , a course of action that was endorsed by Brownlee , but many farmers despised the CPR and most UFA MLAs preferred to keep the lines government @-@ operated . Moreover , Greenfield 's own Minister of Railways , Vernor Smith , was among this faction . This problem plagued Greenfield for his entire term as Premier , and it was not until Brownlee succeeded him that a resolution came in the form of a $ 25 million sale to the major lines .
Absent a solution to the railway problem , the government continued its deficits . Brownlee advocated deep cuts in spending to bring them under control , and , when Greenfield demurred , began to cut staff in his own department . He found an ally in Richard Gavin Reid in 1923 when Greenfield , exhausted by his responsibilities , appointed the latter to replace him as Provincial Treasurer . Reid impressed on the cabinet the need for drastic economy in all departments and , by 1925 ( the last year of Greenfield 's Premiership ) , the government at last showed a surplus , a state that would persist until the beginning of the Great Depression , with the exception of a small deficit in 1927 .
= = = Natural resources = = =
At the time that Alberta was made a province in 1905 , the federal government retained control of its natural resources ( though it provided financial compensation to the new provincial government for this ) , a fact that set it apart from the older provinces . By 1925 , negotiations to alter this state of affairs had been ongoing for more than a decade , and the two levels of government had an agreement in principle . Despite this , Alberta Liberal leader John R. Boyle sent a letter to his fellow Liberal , Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , pleading with him to delay any agreement until after the expected 1925 election so that the UFA could not claim success . Greenfield and Brownlee attended a series of meetings with federal representatives beginning May 19 in Ottawa ; these continued until June 7 , whereupon Brownlee returned home . Greenfield offered to stay , but on June 11 King told him that the cabinet would need the summer to consider the question and that no agreement would be immediately forthcoming . This decision did not help the Alberta Liberals , who went on to lose the next election soundly , and did not prevent the transfer of resource rights , which took place in 1929 , but was enough to rob Greenfield of his glory ; he left office the next year .
= = = Provincial banking = = =
It was the longstanding view of a segment of the UFA that the Alberta government should enter the banking business directly by obtaining a bank charter from the federal government ( which has responsibility for banking under the Canadian constitution ) . In fact , UFA President William John Tregillus had included the idea in a speech he gave on his goals for the organization in 1913 . At the UFA convention in 1923 , a proponent of a provincial banking , George Bevington , made a passionate speech in favour of this idea , bringing most of the membership around to his side . The convention passed a resolution in favour of the idea ( along with one calling on the provincial treasury to establish a loan department , an idea that came to fruition fifteen years later with the creation of Alberta Treasury Branches ) , against the stiff opposition of Attorney @-@ General Brownlee . Brownlee 's opposition stemmed in part from investigations that Greenfield 's government had already undertaken into the subject : information was gathered from similar experiments in New Zealand and New South Wales , leading to the conclusion that , while there would be some benefit to a provincially owned bank , Alberta " had neither the economic nor constitutional base to consider such a scheme " . This conclusion was affirmed by University of Alberta professor D. A. MacGibbon in a government @-@ commissioned study .
At the 1924 UFA convention , Bevington and his followers moved a resolution calling for immediate action on the previous year 's banking resolution . Against them stood Greenfield 's government , UFA president Henry Wise Wood ( whom Bevington was challenging for re @-@ election ) , and radical Labour Member of Parliament William Irvine . Thanks to Irvine 's surprising intervention on the side of the conservatives , the resolution was soundly defeated .
= = Departure from politics = =
Greenfield 's political stock fell during the course of his time as Premier . His arrival was heralded with great expectations of economic and political reform . After the 1921 federal election , Progressive Party of Canada leader Thomas Crerar was considering a merger of his party with the Liberal Party of Canada and asked Greenfield to join him as Alberta 's representative in the federal cabinet upon completion of this merger . This initially lofty stature was reduced by incident after incident : his reliance on Brownlee in the legislature and elsewhere , his failure to deliver on the promised economic relief , and his alienation of the radical wing of his own party . By 1924 , many of Greenfield 's own backbenchers had had enough and hatched a plan to force Greenfield 's resignation and replace him with Brownlee , who was perceived as more likely to lead the UFA to victory in the impending election . This group — which included George Johnston , George MacLachlan , William Shield , Donald Cameron , Oran McPherson , and Austin Claypool — contacted Brownlee to alert him to their intentions and were taken aback when the Attorney @-@ General told them that if Greenfield resigned , so would he .
The following year , the group approached Greenfield directly to ask for his resignation . He initially agreed , but then vacillated long enough for Brownlee to once again pledge his loyalty to the Premier . This time , Henry Wise Wood intervened to ask Brownlee to reconsider , which he agreed to do only if Greenfield himself made the request . The Premier immediately did so , saying that he had never wanted the job in the first place . On November 23 , Greenfield resigned as Premier of Alberta , tearfully telling the media that he was " through with politics " .
The media judged the rebellion harshly . The Calgary Herald mocked the rebels as a " group of farmer politicians who have always claimed to be purer than those of other parties " and yet " [ threw ] their leader to the wolves in the hope that they may save their own skins " . It concluded : " Greenfield was not a good political captain , but he had a poor set of officers and a mutinous crew . "
= = Later life = =
In 1927 , Greenfield was appointed Alberta 's Agent General in London , England . The appointment was controversial and was perceived as a patronage reward even by some UFA backbenchers . Liberals also accused the government of benefiting the Hudson 's Bay Company , which owned the London office that the government leased , more than Alberta . Even so , Greenfield 's performance in the position was well regarded : his personality was better @-@ suited for his duties there , which included the promotion of Alberta 's burgeoning oil and gas industry , attracting English immigration to Alberta , and acting as a guide for Albertans visiting London . It was in this last capacity that he welcomed Brownlee to London , where the two met together with British immigration and financial officials .
In 1931 , the Agent General 's office closed , and Greenfield returned to Alberta , settling in Calgary . There he entered the oil and gas business , serving as a director ( and later vice president ) of Calmont Oils , president of the Oil and Gas Association , president of the Alberta Petroleum Association , and director of Home Oil . He also served as managing director of the British Dominion Land Settlement Corporation and as president of the Calgary Board of Trade . He spent the rest of his life in the city , maintaining an office in the General Trusts Building .
Greenfield died at 8 : 25 in the morning of August 23 , 1949 . His funeral took place at Grace Presbyterian Church and he is buried in Union Cemetery , both of which are in Calgary . In 1968 , Greenfield School , an elementary school in Edmonton , was named in his honour .
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= 2014 Coppa Italia Final =
The 2014 Coppa Italia Final decided the winner of the 2013 – 14 Coppa Italia , the 66th season of Italy 's main football cup . It was played on 3 May 2014 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , between Fiorentina and Napoli . Napoli won the game 3 @-@ 1 , with two early goals from Lorenzo Insigne and a late third by substitute Dries Mertens , although they had Gökhan Inler sent off in the second half . Juan Manuel Vargas scored Fiorentina 's goal .
As Napoli qualified for the UEFA Champions League by their league position , Fiorentina as runners @-@ up qualified for the Group Stage of the 2014 – 15 UEFA Europa League . This was the last season in which cup runners @-@ up could qualify for the Europa League if the winner had already qualified for the Champions League . Napoli went on to play in the 2014 Supercoppa Italiana against the 2013 – 14 Serie A champions Juventus , and won .
The final was marred by pre @-@ match violence , which delayed the scheduled kick @-@ off time . Three Napoli fans were shot , one of whom died following a two @-@ month coma . Club President Aurelio De Laurentiis dedicated Napoli 's victory to the wounded fans .
= = Background = =
Fiorentina played their 10th Coppa Italia final , having won six , including their last in 2001 . It was Napoli 's ninth , and they had previously won four , including their last final in 2012 .
During the league season , Fiorentina and Napoli had already played each other twice . The first fixture , on 30 October 2013 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , resulted in a 2 – 1 away win for Napoli which ended Fiorentina 's unbeaten home record . All of the goals came in the first half — José Callejón opened the scoring , Giuseppe Rossi equalised with a penalty and Dries Mertens scored the winner in the 36th minute . In the closing stages of the game , Christian Maggio was sent off for the visitors , and Juan Cuadrado for the hosts . In the reverse fixture , at Napoli 's Stadio San Paolo on 23 March 2014 , Fiorentina were victorious as Joaquín scored the only goal of the game with three minutes remaining ; Faouzi Ghoulam had been sent off for the hosts in the first half for fouling Marko Bakić when the Fiorentina midfielder had an opportunity to score .
Prior to the cup final , Napoli were in third place in Serie A and therefore in the last position to qualify for the Champions League , eight points ahead of Fiorentina with nine points left to play for . Fiorentina manager Vincenzo Montella said before the game that his priority was to finish fourth and win the Coppa Italia . His Napoli counterpart , Rafael Benítez , warned his players not to expect to win solely based on their league position .
Players and staff of both clubs were invited to Vatican City the day before the final , where they listened to a speech by Pope Francis . Managers Montella and Benítez presented souvenirs of their clubs to the Pope .
= = Road to the final = =
= = = Fiorentina = = =
Fiorentina , of Serie A , entered the tournament in the Last 16 at home to Chievo , also of their league . They won 2 – 0 with first @-@ half goals from Joaquín and Ante Rebić , despite the dismissal of Massimo Ambrosini . In the quarter @-@ final on 23 January , again at home , they beat Serie B Siena 2 – 1 with Josip Iličić opening the scoring and Marvin Compper scoring the winner . Fiorentina 's semi @-@ final against Udinese began with a 2 – 1 away defeat on 4 February , but the second leg on 12 February was a 2 – 0 home victory with goals from Manuel Pasqual and Cuadrado .
= = = Napoli = = =
Napoli , also of Serie A , entered in the Last 16 on 15 January with a 3 – 1 home win over Atalanta , in which Callejón scored twice and Lorenzo Insigne the other goal . Their quarter @-@ final on 29 January was a 1 – 0 victory at home over cup holders Lazio , with a late goal from Gonzalo Higuaín . Like Fiorentina , Napoli began their semi @-@ final with an away defeat ( 3 – 2 against Roma ) , but secured their place in the final with a 3 – 0 victory at home on 12 February , with goals from Callejón , Higuaín and Jorginho .
= = Match = =
= = = Team selection = = =
Fiorentina were without record signing Mario Gómez , the German striker having suffered with injury all season . Their top scorer of the season , Giuseppe Rossi , had been injured since January but was included as a substitute . Montella opined that Rossi would be ready to represent Italy at the World Cup in June . Goalkeeper Neto and midfielder Borja Valero had been doubts due to recent finger and knee injuries respectively , but made the starting line @-@ up . Midfielder Cuadrado was suspended , having been given a yellow card towards the end of their semi @-@ final victory over Udinese .
Napoli 's top scorer of the season , Higuaín , started despite a bruise to his shin from his last match . Benítez said " Not everyone in the team is 100 per cent , but we are in good shape " .
= = = Pre @-@ match violence = = =
Three Napoli fans were shot outside the stadium before the match , two with arm injuries . Ciro Esposito , who was in a critical state after being shot in the chest , died in hospital on 25 June .
Police , who found the gun , have stated that they do not believe that the shootings were related to other clashes by the two sets of fans : prior to the game , there were reports of firecrackers and other projectiles being thrown between them in the Tor di Quinto area of Rome . Kick @-@ off was subsequently delayed as Napoli fans did not want the match to start without knowing the condition of the shot fans . When match organisers attempted to speak to the Napoli fans , accompanied by their midfielder Marek Hamšík , they were " pelted with flares and smoke bombs " .
= = = Summary = = =
Napoli winger Insigne opened the scoring in the 11th minute by cutting in from the left and curling a shot past Fiorentina goalkeeper Neto . He doubled the lead six minutes later by connecting to Higuaín 's cross and forcing a deflection off Nenad Tomović . With two goals in the final , he equalled the amount of goals that he had scored in the entire Serie A season . Fiorentina responded in the 28th minute , when Josip Iličić chipped the defence and Juan Vargas volleyed the ball into the goal . In the last minute of the half , Alberto Aquilani put the ball into Napoli 's goal , but it was disallowed for offside .
Fiorentina had chances to equalise in the second half , with a long shot from substitute Matías Fernández tipped over the crossbar by Napoli goalkeeper Pepe Reina , and Iličić missing a one @-@ on @-@ one . The team also brought on Rossi in place of Joaquín after 72 minutes , his first action since his injury in January . Despite being reduced to ten men for the last 10 minutes after a second booking for Gökhan Inler after he fouled Iličić , Napoli extended their lead in injury time when substitute Mertens scored a third after being set up by Callejón .
= = = Details = = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
Napoli supporters invaded the pitch to celebrate following their team 's victory . However , they were brought under control in order to allow the trophy ceremony to take place .
Aurelio De Laurentiis , club president of Napoli , dedicated the cup win to the then unidentified fan who had been shot before the match and operated on . On the pre @-@ match violence , Demetrio Albertini , vice president of the Italian Football Federation , said " It certainly wasn 't a great scene , what we displayed today alongside football , for a football lover like me , it was an ugly display . "
As cup winners , Napoli qualified for the 2014 Supercoppa Italiana in which they would face Serie A champions Juventus . The match had traditionally taken place in August , but Napoli requested it be moved due to their Champions League play @-@ off that month . The fixture was eventually played on 22 December during the league 's winter break , at the Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium in Doha , Qatar . It finished 1 – 1 after 90 minutes , 2 – 2 after extra time , and Napoli won 6 – 5 in the penalty shootout .
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= Temple of the Dog =
Temple of the Dog is an American rock band that formed in Seattle , Washington in 1990 . It was conceived by vocalist Chris Cornell of Soundgarden as a tribute to his friend , the late Andrew Wood , lead singer of the bands Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone . The line @-@ up included Stone Gossard on rhythm guitar , Jeff Ament on bass guitar ( both ex @-@ members of Mother Love Bone ) , Mike McCready on lead guitar , and Matt Cameron on drums . Eddie Vedder provided some lead and backing vocals .
The band released its only album , the self @-@ titled Temple of the Dog , in April 1991 through A & M Records . The recording sessions took place in November and December 1990 at London Bridge Studios , in Seattle , Washington with producer Rick Parashar . Although earning praise from music critics at the time of its release , the album was not widely recognized until 1992 , when Vedder , Ament , Gossard , and McCready had their breakthrough with Pearl Jam .
The band will tour in 2016 in celebration of the 25th anniversary of their self @-@ titled album .
= = History = =
Temple of the Dog was started by Soundgarden frontman Chris Cornell , who had been a roommate of Andrew Wood , the lead singer of Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone . Wood died on March 19 , 1990 of a heroin overdose , the day Cornell got back from a tour . As he went on to tour Europe a few days later , he started writing songs in tribute to his late friend . The result was two songs , " Reach Down " and " Say Hello 2 Heaven , " which he recorded as soon as he got back from touring .
The recorded material was slow and melodic , musically different from the aggressive rock music of Soundgarden . Cornell approached Wood 's former bandmates , Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament — who were still figuring out how to continue without Mother Love Bone — with the intention of releasing the songs as a single . Ament described the collaboration as " a really good thing at the time " for Gossard and him that put them into a " band situation where we could play and make music . " The band 's lineup was completed by the addition of Soundgarden ( and later Pearl Jam ) drummer Matt Cameron and future Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready . They named themselves Temple of the Dog , a reference to a line in the lyrics of the Mother Love Bone song " Man of Golden Words . "
The band started rehearsing " Reach Down , " " Say Hello 2 Heaven , " and other songs that Cornell had written on tour prior to Wood 's death , as well as re @-@ working some existing material from demos written by Gossard , Ament , and Cameron . One such demo became a song for two bands , recorded as " Footsteps " by Pearl Jam and " Times of Trouble " by Temple of the Dog . The idea of doing covers of Wood 's solo material also came up but was abandoned quickly , as they realized it would make people ( including Wood 's close friends and relatives ) think the band was " exploiting his material . "
The release of a single was soon deemed a " stupid idea " by Cornell and dropped in favor of an EP or album . The album was recorded in only 15 days , produced by the band themselves . Gossard described the recording process as a " non @-@ pressure @-@ filled " situation , as there were no expectations or pressure coming from the record company . Eddie Vedder , who had flown from San Diego , California to Seattle , Washington to audition to be the singer of Mookie Blaylock ( which eventually became Pearl Jam ) , ended up providing backing vocals . " Hunger Strike " ( sample ) became a duet between Cornell and Vedder . Cornell was having trouble with the vocals at practice , when Vedder stepped in . Cornell later said , " He sang half of that song not even knowing that I 'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it , just instinctively . "
Temple of the Dog was released on April 16 , 1991 , through A & M Records and initially sold 70 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . Ament recalled that they requested a Pearl Jam sticker on the cover — as they had just picked their new name — because " it 'll be a good thing for us , " but they were refused . The album received favorable reviews but failed to chart . Critic Steve Huey of AllMusic later rated the album with four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , stating that the " record sounds like a bridge between Mother Love Bone 's theatrical ' 70s @-@ rock updates and Pearl Jam 's hard @-@ rocking seriousness . " David Fricke of Rolling Stone also wrote in retrospect that the album " deserves immortality . " The band members were pleased with the material , as it achieved its purpose ; Cornell believed that " Andy really would have liked " the songs , and Gossard also asserted that he thought Wood would be " blown away by the whole thing . " Soon after the album 's release , Soundgarden and Pearl Jam embarked on recording their next albums , and the Temple of the Dog project was brought to a close .
In the summer of 1992 , the album received new attention . Although it had been released more than a year earlier , A & M Records realized that they had in their catalog what was essentially a collaboration between Soundgarden and Pearl Jam , who had both risen to mainstream attention in the months since the album 's release with their respective albums , Badmotorfinger and Ten . A & M decided to reissue the album and promote " Hunger Strike " as a single with an accompanying music video . The attention allowed both the album and single to chart on Billboard and resulted in a boost in album sales . The album was among the 100 top @-@ selling albums of 1992 . Temple of the Dog ended up selling more than a million copies , achieving platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America .
Ament , Cameron , Cornell , and McCready later reunited under the name M.A.C.C. to record a cover of Jimi Hendrix 's " Hey Baby ( Land of the New Rising Sun ) " for the 1993 tribute album Stone Free : A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix . In a 2007 interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive , Cornell stated he would be open for a Temple of the Dog reunion , or " some collaboration with any combination of those guys . " He also revealed that Temple of the Dog was the reason he joined Audioslave , as the experience made him " keep an open mind " about collaborations with musicians from other bands .
= = Live performances = =
The only time Temple of the Dog played a full one @-@ hour set was while rehearsing and writing the material for the album . The band ( with the exception of Vedder ) performed in Seattle at the Off Ramp Café on November 13 , 1990 . They also opened for Alice in Chains , following the short lived Seattle group Panic , on December 20 , 1990 at the Moore Theater in Seattle . In the time since the album 's release , the band reformed for short live performances on four occasions where both Soundgarden and Pearl Jam were performing . Temple of the Dog performed " Hunger Strike " on October 3 , 1991 at the Foundations Forum in Los Angeles , California ; a three @-@ song set on October 6 , 1991 at the Hollywood Palladium in Hollywood for the RIP Magazine 5th anniversary party ( Temple of the Dog played after secret headlining act Spinal Tap ) ; and " Hunger Strike " on both August 14 , 1992 at Lake Fairfax Park in Reston , Virginia and September 13 , 1992 at Irvine Meadows Amphitheater in Irvine , California ( both shows were part of the Lollapalooza festival series in 1992 ) . The band also played " Reach Down " on the latter occasion .
At a Pearl Jam show at the Santa Barbara Bowl in Santa Barbara , California on October 28 , 2003 , Cornell joined the band on @-@ stage , effectively reuniting Temple of the Dog ( Cameron had been the drummer for Pearl Jam since 1998 ) for renditions of " Hunger Strike " and " Reach Down " . The version of " Reach Down " recorded that night later appeared on Pearl Jam 's 2003 fan club Christmas single . Pearl Jam has also been known to perform " Hunger Strike " live without Cornell on rare occasions .
Cornell 's post @-@ Soundgarden band , Audioslave , added " All Night Thing , " " Call Me a Dog , " and " Hunger Strike " to its live set in 2005 . Additionally , Cornell has added the aforementioned songs , plus " Pushin Forward Back , " " Wooden Jesus , " " Reach Down , " and " Say Hello 2 Heaven , " to his solo live set .
On October 6 , 2009 , Cornell joined Pearl Jam onstage to perform " Hunger Strike " in Los Angeles , collectively reuniting Temple of the Dog once again . Following the brief 2009 reunion show , a fan group emerged on Facebook in April 2010 supporting a 20th anniversary benefit reunion tour to take place beginning April 16 , 2011 .
During Labor Day weekend , 2011 , Cornell joined Pearl Jam onstage at Alpine Valley in Wisconsin for PJ20 ( Pearl Jam 's twentieth anniversary celebration ) . On September 3 , he joined them for a four @-@ song set , which included the songs " Stardog Champion " ( a Mother Love Bone cover with Cornell on vocals ) , " Say Hello 2 Heaven , " " Reach Down , " and " Hunger Strike . " The September 4 appearance included a four @-@ song set with Cornell joining in on " Hunger Strike , " " Call Me a Dog , " " All Night Thing , " and " Reach Down " ( which also included Glen Hansard , Dhani Harrison of Thenewno2 , Davíd Garza , and Liam Finn ) .
On both October 25 and 26 , 2014 , Cornell joined Pearl Jam onstage to perform " Hunger Strike " at Shoreline Amphitheater in Mountain View , California during the 28th Annual Bridge School Benefit .
On January 30 , 2015 , Pearl Jam bandmates ( minus Vedder ) Stone Gossard , Jeff Ament , and Matt Cameron joined Chris Cornell and Mike McCready during the Mad Season Sonic Evolution Concert at Benaroya Hall with the Seattle Symphony . The group performed 2 songs , " Reach Down " , and " Call Me A Dog " .
The band will tour in 2016 in celebration of the 25th anniversary of their self @-@ titled album .
= = Discography = =
= = = Studio albums = = =
= = = Singles = = =
= = = Music Videos = = =
1991 - Hunger Strike
= = Members = =
Chris Cornell – lead vocals , banjo , guitar , harmonica
Mike McCready – lead guitar , backing vocals
Stone Gossard – rhythm guitar , backing vocals
Jeff Ament – bass , backing vocals
Matt Cameron – drums , backing vocals
Guest
Eddie Vedder – backing vocals , co @-@ lead vocals , guitar
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= George ( Blackadder ) =
George was a supporting character who appeared in various adaptations of the BBC sitcom Blackadder , played by Hugh Laurie . Each series saw a different incarnation of the character , because each was set in a different period of history . He was most prominently featured in the third and fourth series , shouting almost all of his lines throughout both . The character was added to the series as a replacement for the Lord Percy Percy character , who did not appear in the third instalment because Tim McInnerny , the actor playing him , feared being typecast .
The first incarnation of the character was a caricature of George , Prince of Wales , serving as the main antagonist of the third series . The second , Lt. The Hon. George Colthurst St Barleigh , was a young officer in the British Army during World War I , a supporting protagonist in the fourth series . Both portrayals were of " dim @-@ witted upper @-@ class twits " , who depended greatly on Edmund Blackadder ( Rowan Atkinson ) . The character garnered positive responses from critics .
= = Personality = =
Both Prince George and Lt. George are portrayed as dim @-@ witted " upper class twits " . The son of King George III , Prince George is represented as a childish , spoiled , bumbling foppish fool who spends money extravagantly ( especially on impressive trousers and socks ) . Lieutenant George , stationed in the trenches of World War I , retains his enthusiastic naiveté , despite being stuck in the trenches for 3 years , revealing a lack of awareness of the seriousness of his circumstances ; Robert Bianco of USA Today stated the character " smiles through in the face of certain death " .
Both men are portrayed as very incompetent , in " Nob and Nobility " , it takes Prince George a week to put on a pair of trousers by himself , eventually putting them on his head . George relies heavily on Blackadder in the third ( Mr. E. Blackadder ) series , even while Blackadder despises George for his immense wealth and complete inability to rectify problems in his life . While George is considered " moronic " and " idiotic " , he is helpful , loyal , and is aware he is not very intelligent , describing himself as " thick as a whale omelette " . In a 2008 retrospective , co @-@ star Stephen Fry said George 's keenness for self @-@ improvement was one of the things he felt made the character likeable . In " Duel and Duality , " the final episode of the third series , after a sexual encounter with the Duke of Wellington 's nieces , this princely incarnation of George is struck by a point @-@ blank shot from the vengeful Wellington 's pistol and killed . George briefly awakes , believing that he may have a cigarillo case on him that deflected the blow , but when he realises that he must have left the case at home , promptly falls dead again in Baldrick 's arms .
George 's incarnation as Lieutenant The Honourable George Colthurst St. Barleigh MC , in Blackadder Goes Forth , is a frontline officer – strongly reminiscent in both manner and personality of Bertie Wooster ( as whom Laurie would later go on to appear ) – who joined the army on the first day of World War I , along with nine other students at Cambridge University . The ten men named themselves the Trinity College tiddlywinks , or the " Trinity Tiddlers " . It is revealed later , in the fourth series ' finale , that George is the only surviving member of the group . Although he lacks any kind of skill , competence , or authority as an officer , his upper @-@ class status and educational background meant he went straight into the commissioned ranks upon enlisting . George is shown to have a special friendship with General Melchett ( Fry ) , an old family friend with whom he shares his public school " tally @-@ ho " attitude towards the war . Melchett even offers George a way out of the trenches for the " final push " , which he refuses , much to Blackadder 's incredulity . Although George is shown to have benefited from his background of privilege he still remains a generally kind and hopeful individual , and shortly before the big push at the end of the final episode George finally expresses some genuine fear and sadness that he may indeed die .
In the 1989 sketch Shakespeare Sketch Laurie portrays a very George @-@ like William Shakespeare . Lord Blackadder is his agent and manages to persuade him to condense his new play Hamlet .
= = Development = =
Tim McInnerny , who had starred in The Black Adder and Blackadder II as Lord Percy Percy , was afraid to be typecast in comedic roles and decided not to appear in the third instalment of Blackadder , though he did appear in the episode " Nob and Nobility " , as Lord Topper , a snobby aristocrat who claims to be The Scarlet Pimpernel , and returned in the fourth series playing Captain Kevin Darling . The Prince George character was created as a new " incompetent sidekick " for the title character . He was modelled after George IV of the United Kingdom , who served as Prince Regent between 1811 and 1820 . Laurie had previously guest starred in the final two episodes of Blackadder II , and the producers decided to cast him in the role of Prince George . Laurie 's physical appearance differed significantly from George IV 's appearance , who was obese during the time of his regency . Writers Ben Elton and Richard Curtis were unfazed by this , referring to George as " a fat , flatulent git " , an appropriate description for the real Prince rather than Laurie .
Laurie was supposed to wear a monocle as Lt. George , the character 's second incarnation , but eventually decided against it after it kept falling out of his eye . Laurie reprised the role of Prince George in the Christmas special Blackadder 's Christmas Carol , and portrayed a new character , Lord Pigmot , set in the distant future . He also appeared in the millennium special Blackadder : Back & Forth , playing the Roman Consul Georgius and the modern day Major George Bufton @-@ Tufton , The Viscount Bufton @-@ Tufton . Although no new series or specials were made , the creators of the series have commented on various proposals over the years ; one possibility was a film in which the main characters return as a 1960s ' rock band , with George playing the guitar and keyboard . Curtis later said Laurie 's international success with House would make a new instalment difficult .
= = Reception = =
George , as well as Laurie , drew positive responses from critics . Tara Ariano and Sarah Bunting of Television Without Pity considered Laurie one of the best actors in the series ' cast . Richard Barber of People lauded Laurie 's performance as George as " hilarious " and " brilliant " . David Smith of the Guardian highlighted the pathos of the performance , writing that Laurie 's performance as Lt. George , as he was about to go over the top to his death , " elicited tears of both laughter and grief " .
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= North Community High School =
North Community High School , or simply Minneapolis North , is a public , four @-@ year high school located in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The school has existed for over 120 years in several buildings all located on the North Side of Minneapolis . North once had a predominately Jewish student body but by 1982 , the school and the neighborhood it is located in had become mostly African @-@ American . Desegregation efforts , such as magnet school programs , have attempted to attract students from throughout Minneapolis and nearby suburbs .
In recent years , the school has been known for its highly successful boys ' and girls ' basketball programs . Both teams have had numerous state tournament appearances and state championship titles . North offers several college preparatory classes and operates , Minneapolis Public Schools ' radio station , KBEM @-@ FM . The school has often struggled academically in terms of graduation rate and state standardized tests. and suggestions by a Minneapolis City Council member to burn the school down .
= = History = =
There have been four separate buildings in which North has operated . The first housed just three grades when North opened in 1888 . Three years later the first class graduated in 1891 . The building grew to be too small for the school and a new building was built , opening in 1896 at a new location . On June 18 , 1913 a fire burned down most of the building , forcing a new building to be rebuilt . A new building was built over the destroyed one and was completed in 1914 . Later additions were added in 1921 , 1923 and 1939 . In 1963 it was determined that for the building was " to be retained as a secondary educational facility over a long period of time by the Minneapolis Public School system , it needs extensive rehabilitation and modernization to meet present day health , safety and educational adequacy . " . A new building was built on a new site and funded as part of a $ 18 million bond referendum in 1964 , that funded improvements to North and several other Minneapolis public schools . The building was finished and opened in 1973 . The building is described as " resembling a giant bunker with few windows , double doors that are often locked from outside during the day to keep out unwanted visitors and painted @-@ over graffiti on outside walls . " Another description calls it a " series of brick boxes arranged around a courtyard " that " doesn 't allow it to connect well with the community " . The building used to house adult education classes , a school for teenage mothers and a separate charter school , Dunwoody Academy . All of these programs have now relocated to other buildings .
As the North Side neighborhood has changed , so has Minneapolis North . During the 1920s and 1930s the North Side was the center of Minneapolis ' Jewish population . In 1936 almost half of the students were Jewish . The North Side has since transitioned into a diverse working @-@ class neighborhood with the highest rate of housing foreclosures in Minneapolis . North used to be a very large school and was overcrowded with over 2800 students attending the school in 1931 . Now , residents are able to choose which schools they attend , and as a result only about half of the North Side 's students attend local schools such as North . The Minneapolis Public Schools Board of Education 's decision to close several North Side middle and elementary schools led to North 's enrollment plummeting from 1 @,@ 143 students in 2004 @-@ 05 to 265 students in 2010 . On October 11 , 2010 Minneapolis Public Schools Superintendent Bernadeia Johnson recommend to the Board of Education the phasing out of North High Community High School beginning the 2011 @-@ 12 school year . However , this decision resulted in backlash from the North Minneapolis community . It was decided that North Community High School would remain open , but change its curriculum standards to focus more on arts and communications . It is now called North Academy of Arts and Communications ( NAAC ) .
= = Student body = =
In the 2006 @-@ 2007 school year , 964 students attended North . North 's minority enrollment has grown in the last twenty years despite attempts to keep it low . In 1987 North 's minority enrollment was 46 % . Minority enrollment continued to grow , becoming over 60 % in 1991 . Today , only three percent of students are white , with the majority of students , 69 % , being black . Currently , 82 % of students qualify for free or reduced priced lunch , an indicator of poverty . 16 % of the students had limited English proficiency and 22 % of students qualified for special education .
= = Academics = =
During the 2012 @-@ 2013 school year and with its inaugural class of freshman , North Academy of Arts and Communication ( NAAC ) , began as a small college preparatory school that cultivates scholarly global citizens through inquiry , art , exploration and communication skills . Its highly qualified , multi @-@ talented , and caring staff is dedicated to fostering a school culture that supports students academically , socially , and emotionally through the implementation of research @-@ based teaching strategies , integrated art and communication curricula .
North 's framework is based on the Seven Guiding Principles of the Institute for Student Achievement ( ISA ) :
College Preparatory Instructional Program
Dedicated Team of Teachers and Counselor
Distributed Counseling
Continuous Professional Development
Extended School Day and School Year
Family Involvement
Continuous Organizational Improvement
The school has an Advanced Placement program that offers several different courses .
North is slated to open a second academy in the fall of 2016 : N @-@ STEM ( North Academy of Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ) which is an iteration of the school 's successful Summatech program which was closed in 2007 .
North 's low academic results have led to criticism . In February 2007 Minneapolis City Council member Don Samuels suggested burning North down . " My children will not darken the door of a Minneapolis public school in this city at this time under these conditions . I 've said burn North High School down ! I can 't be paying as a taxpayer for the education of my neighbors and 72 percent of them are failing — meaning black boys . Something worse than vouchers could come along . If it works , if it sacrifices the entire school system , fine ! Get rid of the damn thing ! It hasn 't worked ! " His suggestion caused uproar in the community , and his remarks were heavily criticized . Samuels later apologized for the " extreme language " but stated that he did not regret making the comments .
= = Radio station = =
North High School is home to KBEM @-@ FM , a radio station owned by the Minneapolis Public Schools . The station signed on the air in October , 1970 , and moved to North in 1983 when the Minneapolis Area Vocational Technical Institute , where the station had been located from its launch ( as Vocational High School ) , closed and the building sold . Students are responsible for much of the station 's operation , and 35 hours of airtime a week is devoted to student programming . Approximately 150 students are involved in the radio station 's operation , with the majority attending North . Students typically enroll in the program as ninth @-@ graders and are prepared for on @-@ air duties by their junior or senior year .
The station broadcasts traffic reports for the Minneapolis @-@ Saint Paul metro area with data provided by the Minnesota Department of Transportation . From 1989 to 2005 , the station was paid approximately $ 400 @,@ 000 by the DOT for this service . MnDOT had planned to cancel the contract , but due to public demand the state continued the relationship .
= = Extracurricular activities = =
North offers a variety of musical programs . A beginning band , concert band , Jazz ensemble and drum line are offered . Choir , varsity choir , vocal ensembles and a gospel choir are available . Other extracurricular activities include a variety of academic competitions , a chess club , culture @-@ specific clubs including an award winning Asian Club , debate and mock trial teams , a school newspaper and yearbook , science club and student government . North 's Math team competes in the Minnesota State High School Mathematics League . The school has a chapter of National Honor Society .
= = Sports = =
North is a member of the Minnesota State High School League . North offers eleven boys ' and twelve girls ' varsity sports . These include football ( boys ) , wrestling ( boys ) , tennis ( boys and girls ) , basketball ( boys and girls ) , baseball ( boys ) , softball ( girls ) , golf ( boys and girls ) , soccer ( boys and girls ) , volleyball ( girls ) , swimming ( boys and girls ) , gymnastics ( girls ) , badminton ( girls ) , ice hockey ( boys and girls ) , cross country ( boys and girls ) and track and field ( boys and girls ) . North has Adapted Bowling . Both boys ' and girls ' teams are called " Polars " . All of the sports teams participate , like all public high schools in Minneapolis , in the Minneapolis City Conference . North has won the state title in Boys ' Track and Field in 1943 and 1948 .
Basketball
The boys ' basketball team was dominant in the 1980s . Coached by Tony Queen , the team won eight of ten Minneapolis City Conference championships and went to the state tournament eight times , winning in 1980 and placing second in 1984 and 1985 . In 1988 Queen was suspended from coaching for one year following attempts to recruit basketball players , which is illegal under Minnesota State High School League rules . He lost a battle to be rehired in U.S. District court . Queen was fired in 1990 for having sex with a student in the early1980s . In the mid @-@ 1990s the boys ' team had a dominating resurgence . Led by Khalid El @-@ Amin , North tied a state record with three state championships in a row , from 1995 to 1997 . The boys ' team won another championship in 2003 .
The girls ' team went to the state title game every year except for one from 1997 to 2005 . They won in 1998 , 1999 , and had three straight wins in 2003 , 2004 and 2005 .
= = Notable alumni = =
Farrell Dobbs ( 1907 @-@ 1983 ) , American Trotskyist and trade unionist
William Gallagher ( 1894 ) , former U.S. Representative from Minnesota 's 3rd congressional district
Cyril A. Stebbins ( 1898 ) , agricultural educator
Roy Wier ( 1906 ) ? , former U.S. Representative from Minnesota 's 3rd congressional district
Floyd B. Olson ( 1909 ) , 22nd Governor of Minnesota
Irving S. Shapiro ( 1924 ) ? , former chairman and CEO of DuPont
Sid Gillman ( 1930 ) , professional football coach
The Andrews Sisters ( 1930s ) , singing group
Bob Bjorklund , American football player
Sid Hartman ( 1939 ) , sports journalist
W. Harry Davis ( 1942 ) , civil rights activist , amateur boxing coach , civic leader and businessman
Robert Vaughn ( 1950 ) ? , actor
Tom Barnard ( 1969 ) , radio talk show host
Terry Lewis , Morris Day and other members of Flyte Tyme / The Time , musicians
Wayne Robinson ( 1948 ) ? NFL football player Philadelphia Eagles ( 1952 @-@ 1956 ) professional football coach ( 1957 @-@ 1976 )
Rafael Rodriguez ( 1964 ) Professional welter weight boxer of Minnesota ( 1970 's ) Inducted in Minnesota 's boxing Hall Of Fame ( 2010 )
Rohene Ward ( 2001 ) Olympic Figure Skating Coach and Choreographer . Former US Figure Skating Competitor and Puerto Rico 's 2004 Champion .
Khalid El @-@ Amin ( 1997 ) Professional NBA Player
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= Simele massacre =
The Simele massacre ( Syriac : ܦܪܡܬܐ ܕܣܡܠܐ pramta d @-@ Simele , Arabic : مذبحة سميل maḏbaḥat Summayl ) was a massacre committed by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Iraq during a campaign systematically targeting the Assyrians of northern Iraq in August 1933 . The term is used to describe not only the massacre in Simele , but also the killing spree that took place among 63 Assyrian villages in the Dohuk and Mosul districts that led to the deaths of between 5 @,@ 000 and 6 @,@ 000 Assyrians .
= = Background = =
= = = The Assyrians of the mountains = = =
The majority of the Assyrians affected by the massacres were adherents of the Church of the East ( often dubbed Nestorian ) , who originally inhabited the mountainous Hakkari and Barwari regions covering parts of the modern provinces of the Hakkâri , Şırnak and Van in Turkey and Dohuk in Iraq , with a population ranging between 75 @,@ 000 and 150 @,@ 000 . Most of these Assyrians were massacred during the Genocide of 1915 , at the hands of the Ottoman Turks . The rest endured two winter marches to Urmia in 1915 and to Hamadan in 1918 . Many of them were relocated to refugee camps by the British in Baquba and later to Habbaniyah , and in 1921 some were enlisted in the pro @-@ British Assyrian Levies which helped quell Kurdish revolts in the British Mandate of Mesopotamia . Most Hakkari Assyrians were resettled after 1925 in a cluster of villages in northern Iraq . Some of the villages where the Assyrians settled were leased directly by the government , while others belonged to Kurdish landlords who had the right to evict them at any time .
The Assyrians did not share an amicable relation with their neighbours . Their historical feud with the Kurds , which culminated in 1915 , was centuries old . Bitterness between the Assyrians and the Arabs was reported by British historians as far back as 1920 . This was made worse by the British officers of the Levies who encouraged the Assyrians to think that they were first @-@ class troops , which had the effect of increasing the natural pride of the Assyrians . This , coupled with the fact that the British and Assyrian Levies succeeded in suppressing Kurdish revolts when the Iraqi Army failed created an inferiority complex among some Iraqi corps towards the British and the Assyrians .
The conclusion of the British mandate of Iraq caused considerable unease among the Assyrians who felt betrayed by the British . For them , any treaty with the Iraqis had to take into consideration their desire for an autonomous position similar to the Ottoman Millet system . The Iraqis , on the other hand felt that the Assyrian demands were , alongside the Kurdish disturbances in the north , a conspiracy by the British to divide Iraq by agitating its minorities .
= = = Iraqi independence and crisis = = =
With Iraqi independence , the new Assyrian spiritual @-@ temporal leader , Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII the Catholicos Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East , demanded the Assyrians be given autonomy within Iraq , seeking support from the United Kingdom and pressing his case before the League of Nations in 1932 . His followers planned to resign from the Assyrian Levies ( a military force under the command of the British that served British interests ) and to re @-@ group as a militia and concentrate in the north , creating a de facto Assyrian enclave .
In spring 1933 , Malik Yaqu , a former Levies ' officer , was engaged in a propaganda campaign on behalf of Mar Shimun trying to persuade the Assyrians not to apply for an Iraqi nationality or accept the settlement offered to them by the central government . Yaqo was accompanied by 200 armed men which was seen as an act of defiance by the Iraqi authorities . His activities caused distress among the Kurds and the Iraqi government started sending its army to the Dohuk region in order to intimidate Yaqu and dissuade the Assyrians from joining his cause .
In June 1933 , the Mar Shimun was invited to Baghdad for negotiations with Hikmat Sulayman 's government and was detained there after refusing to relinquish temporal authority . He would eventually be exiled to Cyprus .
= = Massacres = =
= = = Clashes at Dirabun = = =
On 21 July 1933 , more than 600 Assyrians , led by Malik Yaqu , crossed the border into Syria in hope of receiving asylum from the French Mandate of Syria . They were however disarmed and refused asylum , and were subsequently given light arms and sent back to Iraq on 4 August . They then decided to surrender themselves to the Iraqi Army . While crossing the Tigris in the Assyrian village of Dirabun , a clash erupted between the Assyrians and an Iraqi army brigade . Despite the advantage of heavy artillery , the Iraqis were driven back to their military base in Dirabun . The Assyrians , convinced that the army had targeted them deliberately , attacked the army 's barracks with little success . They were driven back to Syria upon the arrival of Iraqi aeroplanes . The Iraqi army lost 33 soldiers during the fighting while the Assyrian irregulars took fewer casualties . Historians do not agree on who started the clashes at the border . The British Administrative Inspector for Mosul Lieutenant Colonel R. R. Stafford wrote that the Assyrians had no intention of clashing with the Iraqis , while the Iraqi historian and son of the prominent Arab nationalist Sati ' al @-@ Husri , Khaldun Husry claims that it was Yaqu 's men who provoked the army at Dirabun . Husry supports propaganda rumours which circulated among Iraqi nationalist newspapers of the Assyrians mutilating the bodies of killed Iraqi soldiers , which further enraged the Iraqi public opinion against the Assyrians .
= = = Beginning of the massacres = = =
Even though all military activities ceased by 6 August , stories of atrocities committed by the Assyrians at Dirabun and rumours that Christians were planning to blow bridges up and poison drinking water in major Iraqi cities spread . According to some historians , the agitation against Assyrians was also encouraged by Rashid Ali al @-@ Gaylani 's Arab nationalist government , which saw it as a distraction to the continuous Shiite revolt in the southern part of the country .
The Iraqi army led by Bakr Sidqi , an experienced brigadier general of Kurdish ethnicity , moved north in order to crush the Assyrians once and for all . They started executing every Assyrian male found in the mountainous Bekher region between Zakho and Duhok starting from 8 August . Assyrian civilians were transported in military trucks from Zakho and Dohuk to uninhabited places in batches of eight or ten where they were shot with machine guns and run over by heavy armoured cars to make sure no one survived .
= = = Looting of villages = = =
While these killings were taking place , nearby Kurdish , Arab and Yazidi tribes were encouraged to loot Assyrian villages . Kurdish tribes of Gulli , Sindi and Selivani were encouraged by the mayor of Zakho to loot villages to the northeast of Simele , while Yazidis and Kurds also raided Assyrian villages in Shekhan and Amadiya . Most women and children from those villages took refuge in Simele and Dohuk .
On 9 August , the Arab tribes of Shammar and Jubur started crossing the east bank of the Tigris and raiding Assyrian villages on the plains to the south of Dohuk . They were mostly driven by the loss of a large amount of their own livestock to drought in the previous years .
More than 60 Assyrian villages were looted . Even though women and children were mostly left to take refuge in neighbouring villages , men were sometimes rounded up and handed over to the army , by whom they were duly shot . Some villages were completely burned down and most of them were later inhabited by Kurds .
= = = The massacre of Simele = = =
The town of Simele became the last refuge for Assyrians fleeing from the looted villages . The mayor of Zakho arrived with a military force on 8 and 9 August to disarm the city . During that time thousands of refugees flocked around the police post in the town , where they were told by officials that they would be safe under the Iraqi flag . 10 August saw the arrival of Kurdish and Arab looters who , undeterred by the local police , took away the freshly cut wheat and barley . During the night of 10 – 11 August , the Arab inhabitants of Simele joined the looting . The Assyrian villagers could only watch as their Arab neighbours drove their flocks before them .
On 11 August the villagers were ordered to leave the police post and return to their homes , which they began to do with some reluctance . As they were heading back Iraqi soldiers in armoured cars arrived , and the Iraqi flag flying over the police post was pulled down . Without warning or obvious provocation , the troops began to fire indiscriminately against the defenseless Assyrians . Ismael Abbawi Tohalla , the commanding officer , then ordered his troops not to target women . Stafford , describes the ensuing massacre as follows :
A cold blooded and methodical massacre of all the men in the village then followed , a massacre which for the black treachery in which it was conceived and the callousness with which it was carried out , was as foul a crime as any in the blood stained annals of the Middle East . The Assyrians had no fight left in them , partly because of the state of mind to which the events of the past week had reduced them , largely because they were disarmed . Had they been armed it seems certain that Ismail Abawi Tohalla and his bravos would have hesitated to take them on in fair fight . Having disarmed them , they proceeded with the massacre according to plan . This took some time . Not that there was any hurry , for the troops had the whole day ahead of them . Their opponents were helpless and there was no chance of any interference from any quarter whatsoever . Machine gunners set up their guns outside the windows of the houses in which the Assyrians had taken refuge , and having trained them on the terror stricken wretches in the crowded rooms , fired among them until not a man was left standing in the shambles . In some other instance the blood lust of the troops took a slightly more active form , and men were dragged out and shot or bludgeoned to death and their bodies thrown on a pile of dead .
In his depiction of the massacre , Mar Shimun , mentions that :
Girls were raped and made to march naked before Iraqi commanders . Children were run over by military cars . Pregnant women were bayonetted . Children were flung in the air and pierced on to the points of bayonets . Holy books were used for the burning of the massacred .
The official Iraqi account that the Assyrian casualties were sustained during a short battle with Kurdish and Arab tribes has been discredited by all historians . Khaldun Husry claims that the mass killing was not premeditated , and that the responsibility lies on the shoulder of , Ismael Abbawi , a junior officer in the army .
On 13 August , Bakr Sidqi moved his troops to Alqosh , where he planned to inflict a further massacre on the Assyrians who found refuge there .
= = Targeted villages = =
Today , most of these villages are inhabited by Kurds . The main campaign lasted until 16 August , but violent raids on Assyrians were being reported up to the end of the month . The campaign resulted in one third of the Assyrian population of Iraq fleeing to Syria .
= = Aftermath = =
On 18 August , Iraqi troops entered Mosul where they were given an enthusiastic reception by its Muslim inhabitants . Triumphant arches were erected and decorated with melons pierced with daggers , symbolising the heads of murdered Assyrians . The crown prince Ghazi himself came to the city to award ' victorious ' colours to those military and tribal leaders who participated in the massacres and the looting . Anti @-@ Christian feeling was at its height in Mosul , and the Christians of the city were largely confined to their homes during the whole month in fear of further action by the frenzied mob .
The Iraqi army later paraded in the streets of Baghdad in celebration of its victories . Bakr Sidqi was promoted ; he later led Iraq 's first military coup and became prime minister . Popular support for a compulsory conscription bill rose after the massacres .
Immediately after the massacre and the repression of the alleged Assyrian uprising , the Iraqi government demanded a conscription bill . Non @-@ Assyrian Iraqi tribesmen offered to serve in the Iraqi army in order to counter the Assyrians . In late August , the government of Mosul demanded that the central government ' ruthlessly ' stamp out the rebellion , eliminate all foreign influence in Iraqi affairs , and take immediate steps to enact a law for compulsory military service . The next week , 49 Kurdish tribal chieftains joined in a pro @-@ conscription telegram to the government , expressing thanks for punishing the ' Assyrian insurgents ' , stating that a " nation can be proud of itself only through its power , and since evidence of this power is the army , " they requested compulsory military service . Rashid Ali al @-@ Gaylani presented the bill to the parliament , his government fell , however , before it was legislated and Jamil al @-@ Midfai 's government enacted conscription in February 1934 .
From the nationalists ' point of view , the Assyrian Levies were British proxies to be used by their ' masters ' to destroy the new Iraqi state whose independence the British had consistently opposed . The British allowed their Assyrian auxiliary troops to retain their arms and granted them special duty and privileges : guarding military air installations and receiving higher pay than the Iraqi Arab recruits . Under British protection , the Assyrian Levies did not become Iraqi citizens after until 1924 . The nationalists believed the British were hoping for the Assyrians to destroy Iraq 's internal cohesion by becoming independent and by inciting others such as the Kurds to follow their example .
The massacres and looting had a deep psychological impact on the Assyrians . Stafford reported their low morale upon arrival in Alqosh :
When I visited Alqosh myself on August 21st I found the Assyrians , like the Assyrians elsewhere , utterly panic @-@ stricken . Not only were they disturbed , but their spirit was completely broken . It was difficult to recognize in their cowed demeanour the proud mountaineers whom everyone had known so well and admired so much for the past dozen years .
Because of the massacre , around 6 @,@ 200 Assyrians left Nineveh plains immediately for the neighbouring French Mandate of Syria , and were later joined by 15 @,@ 000 refugees the following years . They concentrated in the Jazira region and built a number of villages on the banks of the Khabur River .
King Faysal , who recently returned to Iraq from a medical vacation , was very stressed during the crisis . His health deteriorated even more during the hot summer days in Baghdad . The British Chargé d 'Affaires met him in his Pajamas squatting in his bed on 15 Augusts where he denied that a massacre was committed in Simele . Faysal left Iraq again on 2 September seeking a cooler climate in London where he died 5 days later .
Mar Shimun who was detained since June 1933 was forced into exile along with his extended family despite initial British reluctance . He was flown to by an RAF plane to Cyprus in 18 Augusts , and later to the United States in 1949 , thus later forcing the head of the Assyrian Church of the East to relocate to Chicago where it remained until 2015 , with the newly consecrated Mar Gewargis 3rd returning the patriarchal seat of the Assyrian Church of the East to North Iraq . In 1948 , Mar Shimun met with the representatives of Iraq , Syria and Iran in Washington subsequently calling upon his followers to " live as loyal citizens wherever they resided in the Middle East " relinquishing his role as a temporal leader and the nationalistic role of the church . This left a power vacuum in Assyrian politics that was filled by the Assyrian Universal Alliance in 1968 .
= = = Responsibility for the massacres = = =
Official British sources estimate the total number of all Assyrians killed during August 1933 at around 600 , while Assyrian sources put the figure at 3 @,@ 000 . Historians disagree as to who holds responsibility for ordering the mass killings . Stafford blames Arab nationalists , most prominently Rashid Ali al @-@ Gaylani and Bakr Sidqi . According to him , Iraqi Army officers despised the Assyrians , and Sidqi in particular was vocal of his hate for them . This view was also shared by British officials who recommended to King Faysal not to send him to the north during the crisis . Husry , on the other hand , blamed the Assyrians for starting the crisis and absolved Sidqi from ordering the mass killing in Simele . He hinted that King Faysal I was the authority who might have issued orders to exterminate Assyrian males . Kanan Makiya , a leftist Iraqi historian , presents the actions taken by the military as a manifestation of the nationalist anti @-@ imperialist paranoia which was to culminate with the Ba 'athists ascent to power in the 1960s . Fadhil al @-@ Barrak , an Iraqi Ba 'athist historian , puts Sidqi as the author of the whole campaign and the ensuing massacres . For him the events were part of a history of Iraq prior to the true nationalist revolution .
= = = British role = = =
Iraqi – British relations faced a short cooling down period during and after the crisis . The Iraqis were previously encouraged by the British to detain Mar Shimun in order to defuse tensions . The British were as well wary of Iraqi military leaders and recommended to transfer Bakr Sidqi , a senior ethnic Kurdish general who was stationed in Mosul , to another region due to his open animosity towards the Assyrians . Later , they had to intervene to dissuade King Faysal from personally leading a tribal force to punish the Assyrians . The general Iraqi public opinion promoted by newspapers , was that the Assyrians were proxies used by the British to undermine the newly established kingdom , was also shared by some leading officials including the prime minister himself . The British and European protests following the massacre only confirmed to them that the " Assyrian rebellion " was the work of European imperialism .
Both King George V of England and Cosmo Gordon Lang the Bishop of Canterbury took a personal interest in the Assyrian affair . British representatives at home demanded from Faysal that Sidqi and other culprits be tried and punished . The massacres were seen in Europe as a Jihad against a small Christian minority .
In the long term , however , the British backed Iraq and rejected an international inquiry into the killings , fearing that this may provoke further massacres against Christians . They also didn 't insist on punishing the culprits , who were now seen as heroes by Iraqis . The official British stance was to defend the Iraqi government for its perseverance and patience in dealing with the crisis and to attribute the massacres to rogue army units . A report on the battle of Dirabun blames the Assyrians , defends the actions of the Iraqi Army , and commends Bakr Sidqi as a good officer .
The change in British attitude towards the Assyrians gave rise to the notion of the British betrayal among some Assyrian circles . An idea which first gained popularity after 1918 when the Assyrians who were concentrated in Urmia did not receive the British relief which led to their massacre by the Turks and Kurds and their deportation to Hamadan .
= = Cultural impact and legacy = =
7 August officially became known as Martyrs Day or National Day of Mourning by the Assyrian community in memory for the Simele massacre , as it was declared so by the Assyrian Universal Alliance in 1970 .
In 2004 , the Syrian government banned an Assyrian political organization from commemorating the event and threatened arrests if any were to break the ban .
Assyrian music artist Shlimon Bet Shmuel has written a song about the event . A number of poems and stories have been written about the incident , including one by the American William Saroyan , titled " Seventy Thousand Assyrians " , written in 1934 ;
... We 're washed up as a race , we 're through , it 's all over , why should I learn to read the ( Assyrian ) language ? We have no writers , we have no news — well , there is a little news : once in a while the English encourage the Arabs to massacre us , that is all . It 's an old story , we know all about it .
The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide . In 1933 , Lemkin made a presentation to the Legal Council of the League of Nations conference on international criminal law in Madrid , for which he prepared an essay on the Crime of Barbarity as a crime against international law . The concept of the " crime of barbarity " evolved into the idea of genocide , and was based on the Simele massacre and the Armenian Genocide , later to include the Jewish Holocaust .
The massacres also had a deep impact on the newly established Kingdom of Iraq . Kanan Makiya argues that the killing of Assyrians transcended tribal , religious , ideological and ethnic barriers as Sunni Arabs , Shia Arabs , Sunni Kurds , Sunni Turkmen , Shia Turkmen , and Yazidis ; Monarchists , Islamists , nationalists , royalists , conservatives , Leftists , federalists , and tribalists , were all united in their anti @-@ Assyrian and anti @-@ Christian sentiments . According to him , the pogrom was " the first genuine expression of national independence in a former Arab province of the Ottoman Empire " and that the killing of Assyrian Christians was seen as a national duty .
The British were standing firmly behind the leaders of their former colony during the crisis , despite the popular animosity towards them . General Headlam of the British military mission in Baghdad was quoted saying " the government and people have good reasons to be thankful to Colonel Bakr Sidqi " .
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= Audience ( Ayumi Hamasaki song ) =
" Audience " is a song by Japanese recording artist Ayumi Hamasaki from her third studio album Duty ( 2001 ) . It was released as the album 's fifth and final single on 1 November 2000 by Avex Trax . Hamasaki wrote the track and Max Matsuura Lewis produced it . Dai Nagao and HΛL composed both the single and album version . The single artwork was shot by Japanese photographer Toru Kumazawa and features duplicate clones of Hamasaki , resembling an audience . Musically , " Audience " is a dance – pop and disco song .
" Audience " received positive reviews from music critics ; many highlighted it from the parent album and her music career . It achieved lukewarm success in compare to her previous singles , with a peak position of number three on the Oricon Singles Chart and a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) . The single remains Hamasaki 's twenty – seventh best selling single in Japan . No music video was shot for the single .
= = Background and composition = =
Ayumi Hamasaki 's track " Audience " appeared on her third studio album , Duty ( 2000 ) . Hamasaki begun work on Duty and followed a similar musical concept like her first two albums A Song for × × ( January 1999 ) and Loveppears ( November 1999 ) . " Audience " was written by Hamasaki . Majority of the lyrics were about loneliness , chaos , confusion , and the burden of her responsibilities , aimed mostly towards her public image as an recording artist . In contrast to " Audience " , the trilogy singles focused on hopelessness , a reflection of Hamasaki 's disappointment that she had not expressed herself thoroughly in any of her previous lyrics . She described her feelings after the writing as " unnatural " and was constantly " nervous " for the final result .
The song was recorded in mid – 2000 in Tokyo , Japan . Max Matsuura produced both the single version and the album version , with additional production handling by Naoto Suzuki for the single version . HΛL played the keyboard , Suzuki played the guitar and all other instruments were handled by Dai Nagao . " Audience " is a dance song that employs elements of disco music . In comparison , Duty was a rock – influenced album and " Audience " was the only dance track on the album .
" Audience " was her third song to incorporate an English – language phrase , alongside her single " Whatever " ( February 1999 ) and the b – side to " Love ( Destiny ) " , " Love : Since 1999 " ( May 1999 ) . But because " Audience " and " Whatever " used one – worded phrases and " Love : Since 1999 " was not written by Hamasaki , it does not count in using English – language conversation like she did in her 2002 album Rainbow .
= = Release and promotion = =
" Audience " was released on 1 November 2000 in CD format by Avex Trax , as the fifth single from Duty . The maxi single features over nine remixes , one instrumental and an acapella of " Seasons " . The cover sleeve features several clones of Hamasaki , representing an audience . The cover shoot was photographed by Japanese photographer Toru Kumazawa with a total off seven make – up and hair assistants . Shinichi Hara had directed the cover sleeve and has been Hamasaki 's creative director for promotional work and began collaborating with her in 1998 . His final work was directing the sleeve for Hamasaki 's 2009 single " Sunrise / Sunset ( Love Is All ) " . A digital release of the single was released in Australia , New Zealand , North America and the United Kingdom . A vinyl was released by Rhythm Republic Records and was distributed in Japan only . " Audience " has featured on three greatest hits compilation albums by Hamasaki including the white deluxe edition of A Best 2 ( 2007 ) , A Complete : All Singles ( 2008 ) and A Summer Best ( 2012 ) .
No music video was shot for the single . Only a video commercial for the single was aired in Japan . This became Hamasaki 's first single to not feature a music video ; her next single to not feature a music video was her 2001 single " Unite ! " .
= = Reception = =
" Audience " received favorable reviews from most music critics . Alexey Eremenko , who had written her extended biography at Allmusic , highlighted the song as an album and career stand out . A reviewer for CDJournal was positive towards the track , commending the production and calling it “ fun ” but “ aggressive ” Hamasaki hosted an online voting poll for fans to choose their favorite tracks to be featured on her Ayumi Hamasaki 15th Anniversary Tour Best Live Tour . As a result , " Audience " were featured on the list .
" Audience " debuted at number three on the Japanese Count Down TV chart . The song was unable to pass Misia 's single " Everything " and Southern All Stars ' single " Blue in Green " . It fell to number eight the next week . It fell to sixteen in its third week , and fell at number thirty and forty @-@ six in its fourth and fifth week , respectively . The song fell outside the top fifty at number fifty @-@ four and fell to seventy @-@ nine . " Audience " debuted at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart and lasted eight weeks . In the 2000 annual Count Down TV chart , " Audience " was placed at ninety @-@ two .
" Audience " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipment of 200 @,@ 000 units . " Audience " resulted in the lowest selling single off Duty , with only the lead " trilogy " singles selling over 500 @,@ 000 units in Japan . Despite this result , " Audience " now remains Hamasaki 's second best selling limited edition single to date with sales over 293 @,@ 000 units , just behind " Fly High " which sold 300 @,@ 000 units . " Audience " is her twenty – seventh best selling single .
= = Live performances = =
Hamasaki has performed " Audience " in all of her New Years countdown concerts up until the Ayumi Hamasaki Countdown Live 2006 – 2007 A , which became the songs last live performance at the countdown shows . Additionally , Hamasaki has performed " Audience " twice in her involvement with Avex Trax 's concert A Nation , being performed in 2006 and the last performance being held in 2008 .
" Audience " has also been featured on several of Hamasaki 's national and international tours that has spread throughout many Asian territories . The song had made its debut tour performance on Hamasaki 's 2001 Ayumi Hamasaki Dome Tour 2001 A. Ever since the songs debut performance , " Audience " has appeared on several of Hamasaki 's arena tours including Ayumi Hamasaki Arena Tour 2002 A , 2002 Stadium Tour and 2005 My Story Tour . The song 's last live performance was her 2014 Ayumi Hamasaki PREMIUM SHOWCASE : Feel the love , in which was supported by her 2014 studio album Colours .
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from the single 's liner notes .
= = = Song credits = = =
Ayumi Hamasaki – songwriting , vocal production
Dai Nagao – vomposition
Yasuyuki Tomita – A & R
Shigeo Miyamoto – mastering , engineering
Shinji Hayashi – additional production
Max Matsuura – executive producer , vocal production , additional production
= = = Cover credits = = =
Shinichi Hara – art direction
Shigeru Kasai and Takuma Noriage – design
Naoki Ueda – creative coordinator
Toru Kumazawa – photographer
Koji Matsumoto – fashion director
Hiroyuki Ishii and Takako Mishima – stylist
CHIKA – hair assistant and make – up stylist
Kanako Miura – nail artist
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Ayumi Hamasaki .
= = Charts , peaks and positions = =
= = Release history = =
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= HIStory / Ghosts =
" HIStory " / " Ghosts " is a double A @-@ side single from Michael Jackson 's 1997 remix album Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix . The original version of " HIStory " was released as a track on Jackson 's 1995 studio album HIStory , but was never released as a single . " Ghosts " was a brand new recording . " HIStory " was composed by Michael Jackson , James Harris III and Terry Lewis before it was remixed by Tony Moran in 1997 . The original version contained many historic audio clips and samples . The remix does not have the audio clips and samples .
" Ghosts " was written , composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley in 1997 . Commentators made observations about the paranoid lyrics , a common theme in Jackson 's work . The double A @-@ side was promoted with a music video for each song . " HIStory " was set in a nightclub , in a futuristic era , and recalled Jackson 's filmography . " Ghosts " was a five @-@ minute clip taken from the much longer film of the same name . The song would become a top five hit in the UK and Italy , but did not chart as highly elsewhere .
= = HIStory = =
" HIStory " was originally written and composed by Michael Jackson , James Harris III and Terry Lewis in 1995 . It was the thirteenth track on the studio album HIStory , but was not released as a single . The song sampled multiple musical compositions and historical audio quotes , all of which were dispersed throughout the track . Early in the track , one even included quotes from an interview with a young Michael Jackson from 1970 . Musical compositions sampled include " Beethoven Lives Upstairs " and " Pictures at an Exhibition " . In reissues of the album , the " Pictures at an Exhibition " piece was replaced by a similar improvised orchestra piece , but the original sample was used in Jackson 's live performances in the HIStory Tour . Audio quotes sampled were the " Charles Lindbergh Report " by Lowell Thomas , a report on Hank Aaron , " Robert Kennedy Eulogy " by Ted Kennedy , " Farewell to Baseball " by Lou Gehrig , " Greetings to the Children of England " by Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret , quotes from Muhammad Ali , Thomas Edison , and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . ' s " I Have a Dream " .
In 1997 , Jackson issued the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix ; the second single from the album would be the double A @-@ side " HIStory " / " Ghosts " . The " HIStory " portion was a Tony Moran remix of the original 1995 composition . The remix was entitled " Tony Moran 's HIStory Lesson " in the album booklet .
The music video that accompanied the remix opens with the scene of a woman , relaxing on a futuristic sofa , watching the music video through metallic virtual reality goggles . The video is set in a nightclub . Inside the club , televisions , monitors and walls display the history of Jackson 's filmography such as " Don 't Stop ' til You Get Enough " , " Rock with You " , " Beat It " , " The Way You Make Me Feel " , " Man in the Mirror " , " Dirty Diana " , " Smooth Criminal " , " Black or White " , " Remember the Time " , " In the Closet " , " Jam " , " Will You Be There " , " Scream " , " Earth Song " , " They Don 't Care About Us " , " Stranger in Moscow " , " Blood on the Dance Floor " , scenes from his short film Ghosts , and live performances from the Bad World Tour and the Dangerous World Tour . Wearing the goggles , the woman is led to believe she is in the nightclub too . The video ends with the woman removing the goggles .
= = Ghosts = =
= = = Production , music and commentary = = =
" Ghosts " was one of the five new tracks on the album . It was written , composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley . Instruments played on the track include a guitar and piano . Jackson 's vocal range on the song is G3 @-@ A5 , the song is in the key E minor . The Washington Post noted , " ' Ghosts ' is another new jack swing collaboration with Teddy Riley for a similarly titled short film . It is a bit unsettling , particularly when Jackson spits out this line : ' Who gave you the right to shake my family tree ? ' " . Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly , also highlighted those particular lyrics , speculating that " armchair psychologists will have a field day with the words " .
The Dallas Morning News described " Ghosts " as an angry tale of a back @-@ stabbing woman . Michael Saunders of The Boston Globe said that album cuts like " Is It Scary " and " Ghosts " " trample well @-@ trodden ground " . Sonia Murray of The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution said of the track , " ' Ghosts ' pounds with funk until Jackson 's weak vocals come in . Anthony Violanti of The Buffalo News said " Ghosts " ... [ is ] programmed plastic soul that makes you wonder how someone as talented as Jackson can churn out such tracks . Jim Farber of New York Daily News said of the single " ' Ghosts ' ... boast a few innovative sounds but no real melodies " . Roger Catlin of The Hartford Courant stated , " The most intriguing pairing is ' Ghosts ' and ' Is It Scary ' in which he asks those who 've only read about him in tabloids if he seems monstrous " .
Jennifer Clay of Yahoo ! Music noted that " Ghosts " sounded like material from the Thriller era . A longtime commentator on Jackson 's public life , J. Randy Taraborrelli , gave a retrospective analysis of the album in the biography , The Magic & the Madness . Taraborrelli explained , " Several of the other songs on Blood are also memorable . ' Ghosts ' stands out , perhaps because it 's so evocative of Michael 's spell @-@ binding Ghosts long @-@ styled video ... it 's classic , must @-@ see Michael Jackson " .
= = = Music video = = =
The music video for " Ghosts " was a five @-@ minute clip taken from a film entitled Ghosts . Jackson unveiled the film at the Cannes Film Festival , as part of the album promotion . It was released theatrically in the US in October 1996 , as for the UK , it debuted at the Odeon Leicester Square in May 1997 . The UK event attracted fans , media and business organizations . It was released on cassette in most parts of the world . The film was written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston . The story was based loosely on the events and isolation Jackson felt after he was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993 . The music video won the Bob Fosse Award for Best Choreography in a Music Video .
In the plot , the Maestro — played by Jackson — is nearly chased out of his town by the residents and the mayor — who deliberately looks very similar to Tom Sneddon , a prosecutor who led the child sexual abuse investigation against Jackson several years previously — because they believe him to be a " freak " . The film had similar imagery and themes to that of Thriller . It features many special effects and dance moves choreographed to original music , which Jackson himself authored . The film includes several songs and music videos from the albums HIStory and Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix . The video for Ghosts is over thirty @-@ eight minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world 's longest music video . The short version is included in Michael Jackson Vision 's Video Collection .
= = Chart performance of HIStory / Ghosts = =
" HIStory / Ghosts " did generally well of music charts worldwide , having charted within the top — ten and top — twenty in multiple countries . The song 's highest peak position was in Italy , charting at number three . In the Netherlands , Belgium and Sweden " HIStory / Ghosts " spent seventeen to eighteen weeks on the charts . In Australia " HIStory / Ghosts " peaked at forty @-@ three before falling off the chart . The single did not appear on any United States Billboard charts .
= = Track listing = =
UK limited edition CD maxi single
" HIStory " ( 7 " HIStory Lesson Edit ) – 4 : 08
" Ghosts " ( Mousse T 's Radio Rock ) – 4 : 25
" Ghosts " ( Mousse T 's Club Mix ) – 6 : 03
" Ghosts " ( radio edit ) – 3 : 50
" HIStory " ( Tony Moran 's HIStory Dub ) – 7 : 56
12 " vinyl maxi
" HIStory " ( MARK ! ' s Vocal Club Mix ) – 9 : 14
" HIStory " ( MARK ! ' s Keep Movin ' Dub ) – 9 : 23
" HIStory " ( The Ummah DJ Mix ) – 3 : 04
" HIStory " ( The Ummah Main a Cappella ) – 4 : 04
" Ghosts " ( radio edit ) – 3 : 50
Cassette single
" HIStory " ( 7 " HIStory Lesson Edit ) – 4 : 08
" HIStory " ( radio edit ) – 4 : 04
" Ghosts " ( radio edit ) – 3 : 50
European CD promo
" HIStory " ( 7 " HIStory Lesson Edit ) – 4 : 08
" Ghosts " ( radio edit ) – 3 : 50
HIStory ( Mark Picchiotti Remixes ) 12 " promo
" HIStory " ( MARK ! ' s Phly Vocal ) – 9 : 10
" HIStory " ( MARK ! ' s Future Dub ) – 9 : 16
Ghosts ( Mousse T Mixes ) 12 " promo
" Ghosts " ( Mousse T 's Club Mix ) – 6 : 03
" Ghosts " ( Mousse T 's Club Mix TV ) – 6 : 03
= = Charts = =
= = Personnel = =
= = = " HIStory " ( Tony Moran 's HIStory Lesson ) = = =
Written and composed Michael Jackson , James Harris III and Terry Lewis
Produced by Michael Jackson , Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis
Remix by Tony Moran
Additional production by Tony Moran and Bob Rosa
Mixed by Bob Rosa
Engineered and programming by Tony Coluccio
Additional programming by Giuseppe D.
Vocals by Michael Jackson and Boyz II Men
= = = " Ghosts " = = =
Written , composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley
Engineered by Teddy Riley and Eddie DeLena
Mixed by Dave Way
Solo and background vocals , vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson
Teddy Riley , Brad Buxer and Doug Grigsby : Keyboards and synthesizers
Matt Carpenter , Doug Grigsby , Andrew Scheps , Rob Hoffman and Alex Breuer : Drum programming
Additional engineering by Bobby Brooks , Matt Forger , Andrew Scheps , Armand Volker and Albert Boekholt
Assistant engineers : Tony Black , Mike Scotell , Greg Collins , Gerd Krenz , Patrick Ulenberg , Paul Dicato , Andy Strange , Rob Hoffman and Tom Bender
|
= Debora Green =
Debora Green ( née Jones ; February 28 , 1951 ) is an American physician who pleaded no contest to setting a 1995 fire which burned down her family 's home and killed two of her children , and to poisoning her husband with ricin with the intention of causing his death . The case was sensational , and covered heavily by news media , especially in the Kansas – Missouri area , where the crimes occurred . Though Green has petitioned for a new trial twice in recent years , her requests have not been successful .
Green married Michael Farrar in 1979 while practicing as an emergency physician . The marriage was tumultuous , and Farrar filed for divorce in July 1995 . Between August and September 1995 , Farrar repeatedly fell violently ill , and despite numerous hospitalizations his doctors could not pinpoint the source of his illness . Green 's emotional stability deteriorated and she began to drink heavily , even while supervising her children . On October 24 , 1995 , the Farrar family home , occupied by Green and the couple 's three children , caught fire . Kate Farrar and Debora Green escaped without harm , but despite the efforts of firefighters , Timothy and Kelly Farrar died in the blaze . Investigation showed that trails of accelerant in the house led back to Green 's bedroom , and that the source of Michael Farrar 's intractable illness had been ricin , a poison served to him in his food by Green .
Upon her arrest on November 22 , 1995 , Green was charged with two counts of first @-@ degree murder , two counts of attempted first @-@ degree murder , and one count of aggravated arson . She was held on $ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 bail — the highest ever required at that point in time by Johnson County , Kansas — and maintained her innocence throughout pre @-@ trial motions and a show cause hearing . However , when the defense 's own investigators verified the strength of forensic evidence against Green , she agreed to an Alford plea to all charges . On May 30 , 1996 , she was sentenced to two concurrent forty @-@ year prison sentences . Green has petitioned for a new trial twice since her conviction . Her first request , which she eventually withdrew , was based on a claim of having been rendered incompetent for plea bargaining by the psychiatric medications she was taking at the time of her hearings ; her second , which was denied by a judge , claimed that the evidence used to convict her of arson had been rendered obsolete by scientific advances .
= = Early life and medical training = =
Green was born February 28 , 1951 , the second of two daughters to Joan and Bob Jones of Havana , Illinois . She showed early intellectual promise , and is reported to have taught herself to read and write before she was three years old . Green participated in a number of school activities at the two high schools she attended and was a National Merit Scholar and co @-@ valedictorian of her high school class . Those who knew her at the time later described her as " [ fitting ] right in " and someone who was " going to be successful " .
Green attended the University of Illinois from the fall of 1969 , where she took a major in chemistry . Though she had intended to pursue chemical engineering as a career , she opted to attend medical school after graduating in 1972 , believing the market was flooded with engineers . She attended the University of Kansas School of Medicine from 1972 to her graduation in 1975 . Green chose emergency medicine as her initial specialty and undertook a residency in the Truman Medical Center Emergency Room after her graduation from medical school .
Throughout her undergraduate and medical school attendance , she dated Duane M. J. Green , an engineer . The couple married while she was studying at the University of Kansas . The couple lived together in Independence , Missouri , while Debora finished her residency , but by 1978 they had separated and then divorced . Debora cited basic incompatibility as the reason for the divorce — " [ ... W ] e had absolutely no common interests " , she was later quoted as saying — but the divorce was friendly .
During the period the Greens were separated , Debora met Michael Farrar , a student in his twenties completing his last year of medical school . Farrar was struck by Green 's intelligence and vitality , though he was embarrassed by her habit of explosively losing her temper at minor slights . In contrast , Green felt that Farrar was a stable , dependable presence . The couple were married on May 26 , 1979 . When Farrar was accepted for an internal medicine residency at the University of Cincinnati , the couple moved to Ohio . Green went into practice at Jewish Hospital as an emergency physician , but grew dissatisfied and eventually switched specialties . She began a second residency in internal medicine , joining Farrar 's program .
= = Farrar – Green marriage = =
= = = Children and medical career = = =
By the early 1980s , the Farrars were living in Cincinnati , Ohio . During this time Green suffered a number of medical issues , including surgery on an infected wrist , cerebellar migraines , and insomnia . The Farrars ' first child , Timothy , was born on January 20 , 1982 . After a six @-@ week maternity leave , Green returned to her fellowship in hematology and oncology at the University of Cincinnati .
Two years later , a second child , Kate , was born . Green again returned to her studies after maternity leave , and by 1985 had completed her fellowship . She went into private practice in hematology and oncology while Farrar finished the last year of his cardiology fellowship . Later Green and Farrar both joined established medical practices in the Kansas City , Missouri , area . After a year , Green started her own private practice , which prospered until she became pregnant and took time off work for another maternity leave . The couple 's third child , Kelly , was born on December 13 , 1988 .
As the Farrar children grew old enough , they were enrolled in The Pembroke Hill School , a private school in Kansas City . Green was reportedly a good mother who wanted the best for her children and encouraged them in their activities of choice . Though she attempted to resume her medical career after her last maternity leave , her practice faltered and her chronic pain increased . In 1992 , she gave up her practice and became a homemaker , working part @-@ time from the family 's house on medical peer reviews and Medicaid processing . Medical professionals who worked with her during this time described her as being distant and cold towards her patients and displaying obsessive behaviour towards her husband .
Farrar later alleged that Green had been self @-@ medicating with sedatives and narcotics to treat pain from infections and injuries periodically throughout their marriage . He recounted several episodes to author Ann Rule in which he had confronted Green with issues regarding her demeanor , handwriting , and speech patterns which indicated drug intoxication , and said that Green had agreed to stop using the medications each time he confronted her .
The Farrar children were all engaged in activities outside the home . Timothy played both soccer and ice hockey , while Kate was a ballerina with the State Ballet of Missouri by the age of ten . During this time , Farrar worked long hours and Green accompanied the children to their activities , though perception of her by other parents at the activities varied — some felt she was a supportive mother , while others believed she drove her children too hard and put down their efforts too often .
= = = Green and Farrar = = =
Farrar admitted that the marriage was never ideal . He later said that neither had expressed their love to each other , even at the early stages of marriage . Farrar recounted that Green seemed to lack the coping skills most adults bring to bear in challenging times ; when she went into a rage , she sometimes harmed herself or broke things , and rarely gave any thought to whether she was in private or in public during these episodes . By the early 1990s , Farrar worked long hours away from the home to avoid arguments and what he perceived as his wife 's shortcomings as a homemaker . When the couple fought , Green responded by treating the children , especially Tim , as small adults and telling them about what their father had done wrong . Swayed by their mother 's opinions about their father , the children began to resent and disobey Farrar , to the point where Timothy and Farrar had physical altercations .
In January 1994 , Farrar asked Green for a divorce . Although she believed Farrar was having affairs outside the marriage , she later claimed to have been taken by surprise by his desire to end the marriage and responded to his asking for a divorce explosively , shouting and throwing things . Farrar moved out of the family home , though the two remained in contact and informally shared custody of the children . With the pressure of living together removed , they attempted reconciliation , and decided that a larger house would ease some of the disorganization that had affected their marriage . In May , after four months of separation , they put in a bid on a six @-@ bedroom home in Prairie Village , Kansas , but backed out before the sale went through . Farrar later said that he had " backed down " in the face of his ongoing worries about the state of his marriage and the couple 's debt load .
Shortly after the Prairie Village home purchase fell through , however , the couple 's Missouri home caught fire while the family was out . Insurance investigators later determined that the fire was caused by an electrical short in a power cord . Though the house was reparable and the couple 's home insurance paid out on the damage and lost property , the couple decided to move on , and Green and the children moved into the apartment in which Farrar had been living during the separation while the purchase of the Prairie Village home was re @-@ negotiated .
The couple put extra effort into avoiding the issues that had caused strife before their separation : Despite being an indifferent cook and housekeeper , Green tried to focus on cooking and keeping the new house cleaner , while Farrar vowed to curtail his work hours so that he could spend more time with the family . The improvements lasted mere months , however , and by the end of 1994 , both Green and Farrar had fallen back to their old habits and the marriage was again foundering . Fearful of another confrontation with Green , and looking forward to a trip to Peru the family had planned for June 1995 , Farrar nevertheless decided to wait until after the trip to raise the issue of a divorce again .
= = = Divorce = = =
During their trip to Peru in June 1995 , sponsored by The Pembroke Hill School , Farrar met and befriended Margaret Hacker , whose children also attended the school . Hacker was a registered nurse married to an anesthesiologist , and also unhappy with her marriage . The two began an affair shortly after both families returned from Peru . In late July , Farrar again asked Green for a divorce . Green responded hysterically and told the children that their father was leaving them . Green was especially upset that a broken home might later disqualify the children from debutante events such as the Belles of the American Royal .
Despite the impending divorce , Farrar initially declined to move out of the family home . He was concerned that Green , who had never been a heavy drinker of alcohol , was suddenly consuming large quantities of it while supervising the children . Though Green continued her routine of ferrying the children to after @-@ school activities , she would spend her evenings drinking at home , sometimes to the point of unconsciousness and nearly always until she lost what inhibitions she had left about her language in front of the children . On one occasion , Farrar was called home from work by the children , who had found their mother unresponsive . Green had disappeared from the home by the time Farrar arrived there , and though he eventually discovered that she had been hiding in the basement while he searched for her , she claimed at the time to have been wandering the town , hoping to be hit by a car . Farrar moved out of the family home in early autumn due to concerns about his personal safety .
= = Fire = =
On October 24 , during the early morning , Farrar received a phone call at his apartment from a neighbor who shouted that his house — meaning the Farrar – Green family home in Prairie Village — was on fire . Farrar immediately drove there . A 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 call placed from the house at 12 : 20 a.m. alerted police dispatchers to possible trouble , though the caller did not speak before hanging up . A police cruiser found the house on fire . Fire trucks were dispatched at 12 : 27 to what was classed as a " two @-@ alarm " fire . The first firefighters on the scene reported that Green and her ten @-@ year @-@ old daughter Kate were safely outside the house by the time they had arrived . Both were in their nightclothes . Kate begged firefighters to help her brother and sister , six @-@ year @-@ old Kelly and thirteen @-@ year @-@ old Timothy , who were still inside . Green stood next to her daughter , and was reported to have been " very calm , very cool " . At least two firefighters attempted to search inside the home for the missing children , but the building was so consumed by flames that they could only access a small portion of the ground level before the structure became unsafe .
By the time the fire was under control , the house was almost totally destroyed , leaving behind only the garage and some front stonework . The fire had spread rapidly , and although high winds contributed to the intensity , authorities deemed the speed with which the house had become fully involved suspicious enough to bring in arson investigators . The bodies of Tim and Kelly were not recovered until the following morning , when the house had cooled enough to permit safe searching . Kelly had perished in her bed , most likely of smoke inhalation . Tim 's body was found on the ground floor , near the kitchen . Investigators at first assumed he had died trying to escape , but later determined that he had perished in or near his bedroom , most likely of smoke inhalation and heat , and that his body had fallen through burned flooring to where it was discovered .
= = Police questioning = =
The surviving members of the Farrar – Green family were taken from the fire scene to police headquarters for questioning . Detectives were sent to the house to begin an investigation . Local Prairie Village detectives separated Green , Farrar , and their daughter ( who was accompanied by Farrar 's parents ) and began to question Green .
= = = Green 's account = = =
According to video of the police interview , Green reported that the family had a normal day before the fire . The children went to school and performed their chores before attending various after @-@ school activities — Kate went to her dance class , Tim to a hockey game . Farrar had taken Tim and Kelly to the hockey game , while Green took Kate to ballet lessons . The family regrouped around 9 p.m. when Tim and Kelly were dropped back at the Prairie Village house for dinner .
Green told police that she had one or two drinks after dinner and went to her bedroom , leaving it only to speak to Tim in the kitchen some time between ten and eleven in the evening , shortly before he went to bed . Kelly and Kate had gone to bed earlier , each taking one of the family 's two dogs with them . Green said that she had fallen asleep around eleven @-@ thirty . At some point before falling asleep , she recalled , she had spoken to Farrar , who had phoned asking which member of the household had paged him . She told police that she and Farrar were in the process of divorce , though she did not know how far along they were , and that although the children were very upset at the prospect , she herself was not and was looking forward to being able to rebuild her life .
Green was awoken some time after midnight by the sound of the home 's built @-@ in fire alarm system . She initially assumed that the sound was a false alarm caused by her dogs triggering the burglar alarm , but when she tried to shut off the alarm at the control panel in her bedroom and it continued sounding , she opened her bedroom door and found smoke in the hallway . She exited the house using a deck that connected to her first @-@ floor bedroom . While standing on the deck , she heard her son Tim on the home 's intercom system , calling to ask her what he should do . " He used to be my thirteen @-@ year @-@ old " , Green explained to police , and said that she had told him to stay in the house and wait for firefighters to rescue him . She had then knocked on a neighbor 's door to ask them to call 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 . When she returned to the house , she found Kate , who had climbed through her second @-@ floor bedroom window , on the roof of the home 's garage . Green called to Kate to jump , and Kate landed safely on the ground in front of Green .
Detectives noted that during her interview Green did not appear to be or have been crying , and her manner was " talkative , even cheerful " . She repeatedly referred to Tim and Kelly Farrar in the past tense , and referred to all of her children by their ages rather than their names . Her accounts of times from the previous evening varied , and she seemed uncertain what time she had done things like gone to bed .
At 5 : 30 a.m. , a detective arrived from the fire scene to advise those at the police station that Tim and Kelly Farrar had been found dead in the home . Green initially reacted with sadness that quickly changed to anger . She shouted at detectives , claiming that firefighters had not done enough to save the children . Where previously she had been cooperative and friendly with the detectives interviewing her , she now began to attack them verbally , calling investigators and their methods " pathetic " , alleging that they had withheld from her knowledge of the children 's deaths , and demanding to be allowed to see Farrar and the remains of the family 's house . Though Green stressed to police that she wanted to be the one to " tell my husband our babies are dead , " her request was not granted .
Green was released from the police station in the early morning of October 24 after questioning . With the family home burned down , she had nowhere to stay . Farrar refused to let her stay in his apartment , but gave her some cash , and she rented a room in a local hotel . Ellen Ryan , Green 's divorce lawyer , found her there later in the day in a distraught state . She repeatedly asked Ryan whether her children had died , chanted rhythmically about their deaths , and seemed unable to care for herself . Green was transported to a local hospital for treatment but remained emotionally unstable , suffering from insomnia and appearing to Ryan to be unable to take care of day @-@ to @-@ day life , even after her release from the hospital .
= = = Farrar 's account = = =
Police interviewed Farrar at 6 : 20 a.m , informing him immediately that the bodies of Tim and Kelly had been recovered . He told police about the deterioration of his marriage and health over the past six months . In August 1995 , Farrar had fallen ill with nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea . He initially assumed it was a residual effect of the traveler 's diarrhea many people on the Peru trip had contracted while there . Though he recovered from the initial bout of symptoms , he relapsed about a week later , and on August 18 Farrar was hospitalized with severe dehydration and high fever . In the hospital , he developed sepsis . Doctors identified Streptococcus viridans , which had probably leaked through damaged digestive tissue as a result of Farrar 's severe diarrhea , as the source of the sepsis ; however , they could not pinpoint the root cause of the gastrointestinal illness itself . Though Farrar 's illness was severe and possibly life @-@ threatening , he eventually recovered and was released from the hospital on August 25 . That night , however , shortly after eating a dinner that Green had served him , Farrar again suffered vomiting and diarrhea and had to be hospitalized . A third bout of symptoms struck on September 4 , days after he was released from the hospital for the second time . Basing their conclusions on the likelihood that his illness was related to the Peru trip , doctors narrowed down the possible causes for Farrar 's gastrointestinal issues to a handful , though none fitted his symptoms perfectly : typhoid fever , tropical sprue , or gluten @-@ sensitive enteropathy . Farrar had noticed that each time he returned home from the hospital , he became ill again almost immediately , and he speculated that it may have been due to the stress of his dissolving marriage or the change from a bland hospital diet to a normal home one . When Farrar 's girlfriend , Margaret Hacker , told him she suspected Green was poisoning him , he initially wrote off the idea as ridiculous .
Though Green was caring for Farrar in the family home while he recovered from his repeated bouts of illness , she was also continuing to drink heavily and , increasingly often , claiming to be contemplating suicide or to want Margaret Hacker dead . In late September , Farrar searched the house and her belongings . In her purse , he discovered seed packets labeled as castor beans , a copy of a supposedly @-@ anonymous letter that had been sent to Farrar urging him to not divorce Green , and empty vials of potassium chloride . He removed all three items from her purse and hid them .
The next day , he asked Green — who had no interest in gardening that he knew of — what she had intended to do with the seeds . Though she initially claimed that she was going to plant them , when pressed she said that she intended to use them to commit suicide . Green 's drinking was especially heavy that day , and as her behavior grew stranger , Farrar contacted the police for assistance in placing Green into psychiatric care . Police who responded to the home described Farrar and the children as " shaken " and Green 's behavior as " bizarre " . Though Green did not seem to hold the police 's presence against them and gave them no resistance , she denied being suicidal and called Farrar a series of obscenities . Farrar showed police the seed packets and other items he had found in her purse the day before , and the police transported Green to a nearby emergency room . The physician who attended her there found Green to be smelling strongly of alcohol , but not visibly drunk . Though Green appeared unkempt , the doctor felt her demeanor was not unusual for someone going through a bitter divorce and noted that Green professed no desire to hurt herself or others when the doctor interviewed her privately . However , when Farrar came into view in the hospital , Green 's demeanor changed . According to the doctor , Green spat at him , called him obscene names , and stated that " You 're going to get these kids over our dead bodies " . Though Green , with some persuasion by the doctor , initially agreed to a voluntary commitment , she shortly thereafter left the ER without informing anyone . She was found hours later , apparently having decided to walk home from the hospital , and brought back to the hospital . There , she agreed again to a voluntary commitment to the Menninger Clinic in Topeka , Kansas .
While in the hospital for treatment , Green was diagnosed with " major bipolar depression with suicidal impulses " and placed on Prozac , Tranxene , and Klonopin . She returned home after four days in the hospital . Farrar , who had researched castor beans in the interim and came to the conclusion that Green had poisoned his food with the ricin that could be derived from the beans , moved out immediately upon Green 's return home .
Farrar said that the day of the fire , about a month after Farrar 's last release from the hospital , he had taken the day off from work — the first day of what he intended to be a week @-@ long vacation to recover some strength after restarting his job post @-@ hospital . He had spent the afternoon with Margaret Hacker and then picked up Tim and Kelly for Tim 's hockey game . After dropping the children back off with their mother at about 8 : 45 , he had dinner with Hacker , leaving her around 11 : 15 in the evening .
Throughout the evening on October 23 , a series of phone calls between Green and Farrar escalated into a confrontation . Farrar was convinced that Green was continuing to drink heavily while she should have been caring for the children , and he told Green that he knew she had poisoned him and that Social Services might be called to protect the children if she failed to get her life in order . After the last call between Green and Farrar , Farrar watched television alone in his apartment until about 12 : 30 , when a neighbor 's phone call alerted him to the fire .
During his police interview after the fire , Farrar 's red eyes and trembling voice were apparent to detectives . He stated that Green had been " very concerned about money " in the context of their impending divorce , and that she may have set fire to the house to garner an insurance payout , but that she had never given any indication of intending to harm her children .
After his interview with the police , Farrar immediately filed for divorce from Green and for custody of Kate , who had been taken in by his parents while Green and Farrar dealt with the police . A court later awarded temporary custody of Kate to Farrar 's parents , due to Green 's instability and Kate 's professed anger with her father . Green was allowed supervised access during this period , while Farrar 's visits were not required to be supervised .
= = = Kate Farrar 's account = = =
Kate Farrar was interviewed by investigators on October 26 . She stated that on the night she had woken up to find the fire already burning . Seeing smoke seeping into her room , she opened the bedroom door and called to her brother , then closed the door and placed the hang @-@ up 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 call that alerted police . She then crawled out of her bedroom window to escape the fire .
Kate reported to police that when she called to her mother after escaping onto the garage roof , Green had been " terribly upset " and called to Kate to jump into her arms . Though Green missed catching her daughter when she did jump , Kate was not hurt . When the two ran into Farrar minutes later , Kate said that Farrar had been accusatory toward Green and Green had been crying and worried about her missing children .
According to Kate , Farrar had moved out of the family home and spurned Green 's desire for an amicable separation . Kate stressed that she loved and respected her mother and that all of the children had had good relationships with her , but that she was angry at her father for upsetting her mother by leaving . Pressed , she acknowledged that her mother had begun to drink large quantities of alcohol . She denied that she had ever seen matches in the house and expressed surprise that Tim had not escaped by the same route she had , which was via a bedroom window onto the roof .
= = Investigation = =
= = = Fire investigation = = =
The Eastern Kansas Multi @-@ Agency Task Force was called to conduct an arson investigation on the Prairie Village house on October 24 . Staffed by fire investigators and search teams from throughout the area , they focused on determining the origin and cause of the fire , searching through debris for usable evidence and interviewing witnesses . A dog trained to detect the scent of fire accelerants was brought in to assist in searching the house .
The investigators ruled out common causes of accidental fires , including electrical panels and furnaces . They determined that the basement level of the home , which contained the furnaces , had not been a point of origin , though two small orphan fires unconnected to the main burning had occurred in that area . Pour patterns were found on the ground and second floors , indicating that a flammable liquid had been poured there and covered many areas of the ground floor , blocked off the stairway from the second floor to the ground floor , and covered much of the hallway on the second floor . The pour patterns stopped at the door of the house 's master bedroom , but had soaked into carpeting in the hallway leading to the children 's bedrooms . Investigators could not determine the precise liquid used as an accelerant , though they proved that a can of gasoline the family kept in a shed had not been used . The amount of accelerant used was identified as between 3 and 10 US gallons ( 11 and 38 L ) . Concluding that the fire was a result of arson , the investigators on October 26 called in a second area task force , this one focused on homicide investigation . On October 27 , the district attorney for Johnson County was informed that the investigation was now criminal .
= = = Police investigations = = =
= = = = Arson case = = = =
In seeking to find who had set fire to the Farrar – Green home , investigators looked first for physical evidence of fire @-@ setting upon those who had been in the house . They suspected that because of the use of accelerant , the fire may have flashed over at the point of ignition and singed or burned the setter . Accordingly , they tested clothing worn by both Farrar and Green that night and took samples of the hair of both . Neither Green 's nor Farrar 's clothing showed evidence of having been in contact with accelerant ; Farrar 's hair showed no singeing , but Green 's — which had been cut twice between the time of the fire and the time the police took hair samples from her — showed " significant singeing " . Detectives recalled that Green had denied ever having been in close proximity to flames ; she had reported leaving the house after seeing smoke and not coming into contact with the fire either on the deck outside her bedroom or in the process of coaxing Kate off the garage roof . Neighbors of the family reported that when Green had come to their door to ask them to call for help , her hair had been wet . Though their suspicions pointed to Debora Green , investigators continued to receive tips attributing the fire to any number of people and the investigation continued with no public statement about suspects .
= = = = Poisoning case = = = =
When alerted to the possibility of Michael Farrar having been poisoned in the months before the fire , detectives investigated the origin of the castor beans that had led to police investigating the September domestic dispute . The label on the seed packets identified them as a product of the Earl May chain of stores . An officer found contact information for the Olathe , Kansas Earl May store in Green 's address book . The detectives contacted nearby Earl May stores to find if any employees remembered selling castor beans , which are out of season in the fall . A clerk in Missouri recalled that in September a woman had ordered ten packets of the out @-@ of @-@ season seeds and explained that she needed them for schoolwork . The clerk gave a description of the buyer that corresponded to Green , and tentatively identified her in a photo line @-@ up as the buyer . Register tapes in the store 's records showed that a purchase price corresponding to ten packets of castor beans had been rung up on either September 20 or 22 . No records were found in any Earl May store of earlier such purchases that would have corresponded to Farrar first having become ill earlier in the year .
Farrar underwent surgery in November 1995 to treat an aneurism that his doctors believed had been caused by the poisoning . Before the surgery , he submitted blood samples to Johnson County 's crime lab to be tested for ricin antibodies .
= = = Arrest = = =
Media reports in the first week of November 1995 suggested the investigation had narrowed the field of suspects , first to those intimately familiar with the house , and later to one person . Based on the trajectory of the police investigation , news reports in the following days speculated that the apparent poisoning of Michael Farrar may have been linked to the case , but officials declined to name the person suspected in either the arson or the poisoning .
Green was arrested on November 22 in Kansas City , Missouri , shortly after dropping off her daughter for ballet practice . Though Green 's attorneys had requested that if arrested , Green be allowed to turn herself in voluntarily , the police and district attorney felt that her behavior was too unpredictable , and chose to arrest her without warning . Green was charged with two counts of first @-@ degree murder , two counts of attempted first @-@ degree murder , and one count of aggravated arson . In a subsequent press conference , District Attorney Paul J. Morrison cited a " domestic situation " as the motive for Green 's alleged crimes . Green was initially held in a Missouri jail , then extradited to Johnson County Adult Detention Center in Kansas , on $ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 bond , the highest bail ever asked for in Johnson County .
= = Show cause hearing = =
A pretrial show cause hearing in the Green case began in January 1996 , with Green represented by Dennis Moore and Kevin Moriarty . Green 's defense claimed that the fire in the family home had been set not by Debora Green , but by her son , Tim Farrar , who had once been caught by local police setting off Molotov cocktails . The defense also attempted to attribute Farrar 's poisoning to Tim , who did much of the cooking in the household .
= = = State testimony = = =
Michael Farrar underwent surgery in December 1995 to treat an abscess in his brain caused by the poisoning . Fearful that Farrar would not survive the proceedings , and knowing that his testimony was key to their case , prosecutors videotaped his testimony beforehand . The surgery was successful , and Farrar testified in person and recounted Green 's problems with alcohol and the break @-@ up of their marriage . Under cross @-@ examination by Green 's counsel , he admitted that both he and Green had contributed to the problems in the couple 's marriage and that his relationship with his son had been so adversarial that they had sometimes come to blows .
Witnesses called by the State supported Farrar 's and the prosecutors ' earlier claims that police had been called to the home a month before the fire , that Green 's behavior had been cause for concern at the time , and that Farrar had turned in to police at that time seed packets containing castor beans . The Earl May store clerk who had identified Green as the purchaser of multiple packets of castor bean seeds testified to that effect . Medical evidence was presented that Farrar 's illness had not fit neatly within the parameters of any known disease , but that its presentation matched the symptoms of ricin poisoning . An FBI criminologist provided testimony that he had tested for ricin antibodies in Farrar 's blood approximately two months after Farrar 's last acute symptoms , and found antibodies there in such large amounts that he could confidently state that Farrar had been subjected to repeated exposures to ricin .
A police officer testified that as the first responder to the fire scene in the early morning of October 24 , he had found Kate Farrar to be " very frantic " with worry over her siblings , but that Debora Green had showed little , if any , emotion or concern . The defense argued that the psychiatric medications Green had been taking since her September hospitalization could cause blunted affect , which could have led police and fire personnel to erroneously report that Green had been unemotional .
Arson investigators testified as to how they had located the origin and cause of the house fire , stressing that the multiple unconnected , small fires they had found in the home 's basement were evidence of the fire having been set purposely and that char patterns on the house 's floors were evidence of a liquid accelerant having been used to start the fire . The living room floor had contained the most significant amount of accelerant , and the trail of accelerant had ended at the door of the master bedroom , which had been open while the fire burned . The state of the bedroom door contradicted Green 's prior testimony to investigators that her bedroom door had been closed and she had only opened it briefly to look into the hallway .
Detectives who had spoken to both Green and Farrar the night of the fire testified as to Green 's unusual demeanor during their interview , and a videotape of the questioning was played , including Green 's statements about having urged Tim Farrar to stay in the burning house and her references to her children in the past tense .
The State rested on January 31 , 1996 .
= = = Defense testimony = = =
Defense testimony focused on the theory that Tim Farrar , angry at his father , had set fire to the home . Friends of Tim 's testified that Tim had had a fascination with fire and that he had told friends that he knew how to make bombs . A neighbor testified that he had once caught Tim burning some grass in the neighbor 's yard . A former nanny testified that she had heard Tim speak about wanting his father dead and planning to burn down the family 's house , and had caught him multiple times setting or with the implements to set fires . On cross @-@ examination , she admitted that she had not seen Tim Farrar for years and agreed that she had not reported Tim 's fascination with fire to his parents or the police when he had expressed it to her .
The defense rested on February 1 . The presiding judge ruled that probable cause had been shown to hold Debora Green for trial and her arraignment date was set for February 8 , with her trial being projected to start in the summer .
= = Post @-@ hearing events = =
As the crime involved more than one victim , the prosecutors decided to request the death penalty when the case went to trial . When faced with this possibility , Green 's defense team brought in Sean O 'Brien , a representative of a Missouri anti @-@ capital @-@ punishment group .
A series of legal maneuverings involving both sides took place in the late winter and early spring of 1996 . Defense attorneys requested that cameras be barred from Green 's eventual trial , but the request was rejected . Green was judged by court @-@ appointed psychologists to be competent to stand trial and denied a reduction in bail . The presiding judge ruled that she would stand trial once , for all of the charges against her , rather than be tried separately on each .
Her defense team undertook its own investigation , hoping to disprove state witnesses ' testimony identifying the fire as arson . They found that accelerant had , indeed , been used to stoke the fire and that a robe belonging to Green had been on the floor of the master bathroom , burned in a manner that indicated it had been worn while one of the unconnected fires was set . According to Ellen Ryan , when confronted with this evidence , Green acknowledged having set the fire that destroyed her home , but denied any clear memory of the event . She continued to claim that Tim Farrar had been the one who poisoned his father . Green agreed to place an Alford plea of " no contest " .
= = = Plea bargain = = =
On April 13 , the defense team notified Paul Morrison that Green wished to plea bargain . On April 17 the plea was made public when Debora Green appeared in court to plead no contest to five charges — two counts of capital murder , one of arson , and two of attempted first @-@ degree murder . In exchange for avoiding the death penalty , the no contest plea called for Green to accept a prison sentence of a minimum of forty years without the possibility of parole . Green denied being under the influence of any drug which would affect her judgment in making her plea or her ability to understand the proceedings in which she was participating .
After listening to a reading of the prosecution 's case against her , Green read a statement to the court in which she said that she understood that the state had " substantial evidence " that she had caused her children 's deaths , and that though her attorneys were prepared to provide evidence that she had not been in control of herself at the time of the children 's deaths , she was choosing not to contest the state 's evidence in the hope that the end of the case would allow her family , especially her surviving daughter , to begin to heal . In a subsequent press conference , defense counsel Dennis Moore told reporters , " She is accepting responsibility for [ the crimes ] " but said that " I don 't think she ever intended to kill her children . "
Green was formally sentenced on May 30 , 1996 , following testimony by the psychologist who had adjudged her competency . According to Dr. Marilyn Hutchinson , Green was immature and lacked the adult @-@ level ability to cope with emotion . Green read another statement to the court and was formally sentenced to two concurrent forty @-@ year prison sentences , minus the one hundred and ninety @-@ one days she had already served . Green is serving her sentence at the Topeka Correctional Facility . As of August 2012 , Kansas Department of Corrections records show her earliest possible release date as November 21 , 2035 — when she will be 84 years old .
= = After conviction = =
After her sentencing Green continued to maintain that her recall of the night of the fire was limited . In the summer of 1996 , she wrote to her daughter claiming that she had taken more than the recommended doses of her medications that night . Similar letters to Michael Farrar varied from claims that she had no recollection of the night to firmly stating that she was innocent of the arson . She theorized that Margaret Hacker had set fire to the family 's house , and reiterated her claim from the show @-@ cause hearing that Tim had been the one to poison his father . Green wrote to author Ann Rule in 1996 asserting that , due to alcohol abuse , she had not had the mental capacity to start a fire . In a later interview with Rule , she blamed her cloudy thinking during the court hearings on her Prozac prescription , and stated that once she was off the drug , her mind became much clearer .
In 2000 , represented by a new legal team , Green filed a request for a new trial on the basis of having been rendered incompetent by the psychiatric medications she was taking at the time of her hearings . She alleged that her original attorneys had failed to represent her adequately , instead focusing on avoiding a trial and the death penalty . She withdrew the request when prosecutors determined that they would seek the death penalty if a new trial was awarded . When , in 2004 , the Kansas Supreme Court ruled the state 's death penalty unconstitutional , she filed a second request for a new trial based on a claim of " manifest injustice " . Green 's attorneys claimed that new scientific techniques invalidated the evidence that the fire had been caused by arson . The request was denied in February 2005 .
= = = Evaluations of psychological state and motivation = = =
Though Green has granted no interviews regarding her mental state , a number of sources have attempted to classify her pathology , if any , and her motivation for committing the crimes of which she was convicted . During Green 's sentencing hearing , Marilyn Hutchinson , a psychologist hired by the defense , testified about Green 's mental state and capabilities . She characterized Green as cognitively competent and capable of controlling her emotion at a basic level , but noted that Green appeared to be lacking in emotion beyond the level of basic competence . Green was prone to monosyllabic answers during her interview with Hutchinson , and described herself as " tuning out " to avoid excessive emotion . Hutchinson described an affidavit from the doctor who had treated Green during her commitment to the Menninger Clinic , which reported that she had been admitted on the basis of having either major or bipolar depression . Evaluations at the Clinic showed Green to be minimally able to cope with the world , and her treating physician reported that Green had been found to have the emotional capabilities of " a very young child " , pursuant to unspecified " life experiences " she had undergone as a preadolescent . Hutchinson 's diagnosis for Green was schizoid personality disorder . Hutchinson 's opinion was that Green 's intelligence had generally allowed her to compensate for her limited emotional ability in day @-@ to @-@ day life , but that the external stressors of her impending divorce and the interpersonal conflict between Michael and Tim Farrar had overwhelmed her ability to compensate . She denied that Green was sociopathic .
Ann Rule began corresponding with Green in 1996 , and interviewed her in person in 1997 . Rule recalls in her book on the case that Green 's letters denied any unhappy childhood memories . Green claimed that though her behavior in the summer and fall of 1995 had been neglectful , she had neither the desire nor the wherewithal to set fire to her house or harm her children or her husband . Rule — who is neither a doctor nor a psychologist , but has a background in criminology and law enforcement — believes that even Green does not understand what caused her to attempt to murder Michael Farrar beyond the fact that she had come to hate him . Rule 's theory is that in destroying Farrar , Green would have been able to preserve her own ego , in that Farrar would not have been able to leave her for another woman . Psychiatrist Michael H. Stone , using Rule 's book as a source of information about Green , identifies Green as showing characteristics of psychopathy , borderline personality disorder , and narcissistic personality disorder .
Authors Cheryl Meyer , Michelle Oberman , and Michelle Rone , discussing the Green case in their book Mothers Who Kill Their Children : Understanding the Acts of Moms from Susan Smith to the " Prom Mom " , point out that Green was adjudged psychologically competent at what would be commonly considered the least @-@ controlled point of any mental illness from which she was suffering : she was on a cocktail of drugs which could treat the symptoms of mental illness but not the illness itself , she had been drinking alcohol in amounts which she had been warned could interfere with her medications , and she was coping with the loss of her children . Nevertheless , she spoke for her own mental competence at the time , a judgment which was echoed by the court . Meyer , Oberman , and Rone speculate that Green could meet the diagnostic criteria for several mental illnesses , including antisocial personality disorder , but add that the fact that her crimes were a combination of impulsive — arson and the murder of her children — and premeditated — the poisoning of Michael Farrar — makes any mental illness extremely difficult to diagnose .
= = In media = =
A May 1996 issue of Redbook featured an essay by Ann Slegman , a friend of Green 's who lived in the same neighborhood as the Farrar family . The article covered the author 's personal history with Green , the fire , and the subsequent investigation and ended with the author 's statement that " It is also possible that an entirely different personality — disassociated from the Debora I knew — committed this crime . [ ... ] The Debora I knew would not have killed her children . "
Crime author Ann Rule covered the case in her book Bitter Harvest : A Woman 's Fury , a Mother 's Sacrifice , which provided extensive detail on both the case 's development and Green 's personal biography . The book was a New York Times Bestseller , though one reviewer felt that Rule failed to address Green 's motivation for her crimes and that she had treated Green unsympathetically and Farrar over @-@ sympathetically .
Deadly Women , a true @-@ crime documentary program that focuses on crimes committed by women , featured Green 's case in a 2010 episode about women who kill their children .
A 2002 working paper on bioterrorism , intended to " enable policymakers concerned with bioterrorism to make more informed decisions " , included the Green case in a survey of illegal uses of biological agents . The paper noted that Green had refused to provide any detail on the manner in which she extracted and administered the ricin she used against her husband .
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= The Amazing Spider @-@ Man ( 2012 film ) =
The Amazing Spider @-@ Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider @-@ Man , and sharing the title of the character 's longest @-@ running comic book of the same name . It is the fourth theatrical Spider @-@ Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment , and a reboot of Sam Raimi 's 2002 – 2007 trilogy preceding it . The film was directed by Marc Webb . It was written by James Vanderbilt , Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves and it stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider @-@ Man , Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy , Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curtis Connors , Denis Leary as NYPD Captain George Stacy , along with Martin Sheen and Sally Field as the uncle and aunt of Peter Parker , Ben Parker and May Parker . The film tells the story of Peter Parker , a teenager from New York who becomes Spider @-@ Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider . Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated lizard , from spreading a mutation serum to the city 's human population .
Development of the film began with the cancellation of Spider @-@ Man 4 in 2010 , ending director Sam Raimi 's Spider @-@ Man film series that had starred Tobey Maguire as the titular superhero . Columbia Pictures opted to reboot the franchise with the same production team along with James Vanderbilt to stay on with writing the next Spider @-@ Man film while Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves helped with the script as well . During pre @-@ production , the main characters were cast in 2010 . New designs were introduced from the comics , such as artificial web @-@ shooters . Using Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED Epic camera , principal photography started in December 2010 in Los Angeles before moving to New York City . The film entered post @-@ production in April 2011 . 3ality Technica provided 3D image processing , and Sony Pictures Imageworks handled CGI . This was also the final American film to be scored by James Horner and released during his lifetime , before his death in 2015 from an aircraft accident .
Sony Pictures Entertainment built a promotional website , releasing many previews and launched a viral marketing campaign , among other moves . Tie @-@ ins included a video game by Beenox . The film premiered on June 30 in Tokyo , and was released in the United States on July 3 in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D and released in home media in November 2012 . The reboot was well received by critics , praising mostly Andrew Garfield 's performance , the visual style , James Horner 's musical score , and the realistic portrayal of the title character . Both critics and audiences were mixed about the introduction of the character , the Lizard , which was considered too surreal for the film , and the reinvention of the title character , which was regarded as too soon after Spider @-@ Man 3 . The film was a box office success , grossing over $ 757 million worldwide , becoming the seventh @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of 2012 , and the highest @-@ grossing remake of all time . The film 's sequel , The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 , was released on May 2 , 2014 . This film included Marc Webb and most of the first film 's main cast who returned to their previous roles .
= = Plot = =
A young Peter Parker discovers his father Richard Parker 's study has been burgled . Gathering up hidden documents , Peter 's parents take him to the home of his Aunt May and Uncle Ben , then mysteriously depart .
Years later , a teenaged Peter attends Midtown Science High School , where he is bullied by Flash Thompson and has caught the eye of the beautiful Gwen Stacy . At home , Peter finds his father 's papers and learns he worked with fellow scientist Dr. Curt Connors at Oscorp . Sneaking into Oscorp , Peter enters a lab where a " biocable " is under development from genetically modified spiders , one of which bites him . On the subway ride home , he discovers that he has developed spider @-@ like abilities , such as sharp senses , reflexes and speed .
After studying Richard 's papers , Peter visits the one @-@ armed Connors , reveals he is Richard Parker 's son and gives Connors his father 's " decay rate algorithm " , the missing piece in Connors ' experiments on regenerating limbs . Connors is being pressed by his superior , Dr. Ratha , to devise a cure for the dying ( but unseen ) head of Oscorp , Norman Osborn . In school , Peter gets into trouble after a basketball challenge with Flash in which Peter accidentally shatters the backboard glass . His uncle changes work shifts to meet with the principal and asks Peter to replace him walking home with May that night . Peter gets distracted and helps Connors regenerate the limb of a laboratory mouse . Peter 's failure causes an argument with Ben and he leaves . At a nearby deli , a cashier refuses to let Peter buy milk when Peter is two cents short ; when a thief suddenly raids the store , Peter indifferently observes . While searching for Peter , Ben attempts to stop the thief and is killed . The thief escapes as Peter finds Ben on the sidewalk .
Afterward , Peter uses his new abilities to hunt criminals matching the killer 's description . After a fall lands him inside an abandoned gym , a luchador @-@ wrestling poster inspires him to create a mask to hide his identity . He adds a spandex suit and builds mechanical devices to attach to his wrists to shoot a biocable " web " . Peter accepts a dinner invitation from Gwen , where he meets and has a tense conversation with her father , police captain George Stacy , over Spider @-@ Man 's motives . After dinner , Peter reveals his identity to Gwen and they kiss .
After seeing success with the mouse using lizard DNA , Ratha demands Connors begin human trials immediately if Osborn is to survive . Connors refuses to rush the drug @-@ testing procedure and put innocent people at risk . Ratha fires Connors and decides to test Connors ' serum at a Veterans Administration hospital under the guise of a flu shot . In an act of desperation , Connors tries the formula on himself . After passing out , he awakens to find his missing arm has regenerated . Discovering that Ratha is on his way to the VA hospital , Connors , whose skin is turning green and scaly , goes to intercept him . By the time he gets to the Williamsburg Bridge Connors has become a violent hybrid of lizard and man , tossing cars , including Ratha 's , over the side of the bridge . Peter , now calling himself Spider @-@ Man , snatches each falling car with his web @-@ lines .
Spider @-@ Man suspects Connors is Lizard and unsuccessfully confronts the creature in the sewers . Lizard learns Spider @-@ Man 's real identity via the name on an abandoned camera and follows Peter to school where they fight . In response , the police start a manhunt for both Spider @-@ Man and Lizard . The police corner Spider @-@ Man and Captain Stacy discovers that he is really Peter . Lizard plans to make all humans lizard @-@ like by releasing a chemical cloud from Oscorp 's tower , to eliminate the weaknesses he believes plague humanity . Spider @-@ Man eventually disperses an antidote cloud instead , restoring Connors and earlier victims to normal , but not before Lizard mortally wounds Captain Stacy . Before his death , Captain Stacy requests Peter to leave Gwen out of it to keep her safe . Peter initially does so , but later at school suggests to Gwen he may see her after all .
In a mid @-@ credits scene , Connors , in a prison cell , speaks with a man in the shadows who asks if Peter knows the truth about his father . Connors replies , " No " , and demands Peter be left alone before the man disappears.2
= = Cast and characters = =
Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider @-@ Man :
A teenager struggling to find his place in life ever since his parents disappeared when he was a child . A spider bites him on the back of his neck , giving him spider @-@ powers . He becomes Spider @-@ Man . Garfield described Parker as someone he can relate to and stated that the character had been an important influence on him since he was little . Garfield drew from his life experiences as inspiration for the role , revealing , " I was thinking of my history and thinking of the kid at school who I wasn 't as strong as , who behaved badly to a lot of people – including myself – and who I constantly tried to stand up to but never had the physical prowess to " . Discussing his predecessor , Garfield said he respects Tobey Maguire as an actor and that when he first saw Maguire play Spider @-@ Man he " was blown away by his interpretation . " Garfield said in interviews , including one in which he was interviewed by Maguire , that when he watched the film Spider @-@ Man when he was younger , he would jokingly recite Maguire 's lines in the mirror with a friend who joked that he would never be Spider @-@ Man . On accepting the role Garfield explained , " I see it as a massive challenge in many ways ... To make it authentic . To make the character live and breathe in a new way . The audience already has a relationship with many different incarnations of the character . I do , as well . I 'm probably going to be the guy in the movie theater shouting abuse at myself . But I have to let that go . No turning back . And I wouldn 't want to . " After taking the role , Garfield studied the movements of athletes and spiders and tried to incorporate them , saying Parker is " a boy / spider in terms of how he moves , and not just in the suit . " He did yoga and Pilates for the role in order to be as flexible as possible . When first wearing his costume Garfield admitted to shedding tears and trying to imagine " a better actor in the suit " , which he described as " uncomfortable " and admitted to wearing nothing beneath it since it is skintight . When filming Garfield explained that he had four months of training and described his physical roles on stunts as terribly challenging and exhausting.Max Charles portrayed Peter Parker as a 4 @-@ year @-@ old .
Emma Stone as Gwendolyn " Gwen " Stacy :
A high school classmate and love interest of Parker 's , a smart and charismatic girl who is the chief Intern at Oscorp . For the role , Stone went back to her natural blonde hair color , from her previously known color of red . She felt that she had a responsibility to educate herself on Spider @-@ Man , admitting she " hadn 't read the comic book growing up , and my experience was with the Sam Raimi movies ... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love " , and having only been familiar with her The Help co @-@ star Bryce Dallas Howard 's portrayal in Spider @-@ Man 3 . Stone said , " There 's a part of me that really wants to please people [ who ] love Spider @-@ Man or Gwen Stacy and want her to be done justice . I hope they 'll give me license to interpret her my way . "
Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curt Connors / the Lizard :
One of Oscorp 's leading scientific minds who attempts to engineer a revolutionary regeneration serum to help regrow limbs and human tissue . Something goes wrong , and he is transformed into the monster known as the Lizard . Ifans said his character spends the majority of the film as a human . While playing the 9 @-@ foot @-@ tall reptile , Ifans was required to wear a CGI suit . Initially , a large stunt @-@ double was used as a stand @-@ in for the role , but Ifans insisted on portraying the transformed character . Commenting on the technology used to bring his character to life , Ifans continued , " I had a green suit on , and then this cardboard head , and these small claws ... Each and every time you see the Lizard , the technology is so advanced now that when the Lizard 's eyes move , they 're my eyes . If I frown or show any emotion , they 're my emotions . That 's how spectacularly advanced technology is . " Ifans said that he voiced the man @-@ beast as well , explaining , " I 'm sure the voice will be toyed with in the eventual edits , but when I was shooting the CGI moments , when I wasn 't actually human , when I was Lizard , I looked like a crash @-@ test dummy in a green leotard thing . There were many moments when I had to speak to Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone as the Lizard . "
Denis Leary as Captain George Stacy :
Gwen 's father and a New York City Police Department captain who hunts both Spider @-@ Man out of distrust and the Lizard for his rampage . Leary explained that he did not know much about Spider @-@ Man in the comics and was " more of a Batman guy . Not the ' 60s [ TV version ] but the really dark Batman . But my wife was a Spider @-@ Man nut , which was why I went to Tobey Maguire ones . " He added that long before he was cast as George Stacy his friend Jeff Garlin , a Spider @-@ Man fan , " said to me , ' The first time I met you , I thought you were George Stacy ! ' This was like 30 years ago . I was like , ' What ? ! ' " Director Webb said of his casting , " [ W ] e all trust Denis Leary . He 's got this attitude , but you love him . In this movie , he puts pressure on Peter Parker . He 's on Spider @-@ Man 's case , but you understand him . I 've said this before , but good drama comes from competing ideas of what 's good . "
Martin Sheen as Ben Parker :
Peter 's uncle . Sheen admitted he was unfamiliar with Spider @-@ Man other than Maguire 's portrayal , and knew little of the character Ben Parker except for knowing Cliff Robertson had played the part . Sheen described his character as a surrogate father , saying , " I 'm dealing with this adolescent who is having problems with changes , with hormones changing and his getting out of hand . I have to give him the marching orders and so forth . " Webb said , " You think of Martin Sheen as President Bartlet [ of TV 's The West Wing ] . He has that sense of benevolent authority , but there 's something else that 's important , in terms of the dynamic that I wanted to explore , vis @-@ à @-@ vis Peter 's relationship with his absent parents . " Webb felt that unlike the scientifically inclined Peter , Uncle Ben represented the blue @-@ collar working man , a gap that could create a dynamic between the characters .
Sally Field as " Aunt " May Parker :
Ben Parker 's wife and Peter 's aunt . Field said the main reason she felt she had to be in the film was because of producer Laura Ziskin ( they worked together on the 1985 film Murphy 's Romance ) because she had an instinct that this was to be Ziskin 's last film . After Ziskin 's death Field expressed her gratitude of being a part of both Ziskin 's first and last films . Director Webb felt that " when you cast someone like Sally , they come with a certain level of awareness and real genuine affection , which for Aunt May is an incredibly important thing to have . " Webb said that while " we all love Aunt May " , he wanted to create a tension between May and Peter . " He 's got bruises on his face , and what happens in that moment ? That can create some tension , but you want there to be love there . That 's what someone like Sally Field gives you . "
Irrfan Khan as Dr. Rajit Ratha :
An Oscorp executive , Connors ' immediate superior . Khan said he was offered what he described as this " pivotal role " after appearing in the TV drama series In Treatment . Webb described himself as a fan of the actor when watching the series along with the films The Namesake and The Warrior . Khan said he was uninterested in the project at first , but that his sons were excited about it and insisted he take the role .
Chris Zylka as Flash Thompson :
A high school bully who picks on Parker . On playing the role , Zylka said , " You just try to focus . As an artist or as an actor , you just try to focus and stay in that world and block it all out . "
Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portray Peter 's parents , Richard and Mary Parker . Leif Gantvoort plays the burglar who robs the convenience store . Hannah Marks portrays Missy Kallenback , an unpopular girl who has a crush on Peter . Kelsey Chow 's brief role is simply credited as " Hot Girl " during the end credits of the film , but the actress revealed to media outlets around the time of the film 's release that her character is in fact Sally Avril . Similarly , C. Thomas Howell 's character is credited as " Jack 's Father " at the end of the film ( Jack being a boy that Spider @-@ Man rescues on the Williamsburg Bridge ) but he is referred to as Troy by one of his fellow construction workers in the film itself . Unlike the previous films , J. Jonah Jameson does not appear . Spider @-@ Man co @-@ creator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance , as he did in the previous films . At the 2011 Dallas Comic Con , Lee detailed that he plays a librarian listening to music on his headphones while stamping books , oblivious to the ongoing battle . Michael Massee plays the mysterious man in the shadows who talks with Connors in his prison cell in a teaser scene during the end credits . As to the man 's identity , director Marc Webb said , " It 's intentionally mysterious . And I invite speculation ... " In The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 , the character was revealed to be Gustav Fiers . Michael Papajohn , who played Uncle Ben 's killer in the 2002 film , has a cameo as Alfred , Dr. Ratha 's limo driver . Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy and Simon Stacy respectively .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Following the release of Spider @-@ Man 3 , Sony Pictures Entertainment had announced a May 5 , 2011 , release date for Sam Raimi 's next film in the earlier series . By this time , screenwriters James Vanderbilt , David Lindsay @-@ Abaire and Gary Ross had all written rejected versions of a script and Ziskin 's husband Alvin Sargent , who wrote the second and third films , was working on yet another attempt . Raimi wanted John Malkovich to play his next villain . However , on January 11 , 2010 , Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that rather than continue the earlier saga , they were rebooting the series with a new cast and crew . Industry reports claimed that Raimi had admitted that he could not meet the scheduled release date and retain creative integrity . Avi Arad , Matt Tolmach and Ziskin continued as producers .
Arad later explained , " We were working on what we called Spider @-@ Man 4 and it was the same team [ as with the first three films ] . The problem was we didn 't have a story that was strong enough and warranted ... another movie . And Sam Raimi ... realized we [ didn 't ] have a good reason to make another one . And between [ him ] and Tobey and obviously the studio , we all went into it not feeling good about the next story . " Tolmach said one reason to restart the series was that the producers felt the core Spider @-@ Man story was that of a boy becoming a man . Screenwriter Steve Kloves did a polish of Sargent 's script , saying he had originally declined the opportunity to do so but relented " as a favor " to the filmmakers . " I also really wanted to write for Emma Stone , because I like to write for women and I particularly like Emma , " he explained . " So ... I did basically character and dialogue , and that was enjoyable for me . So that was my hand in it . And I did a little plot work , but a lot of the plot was done . " He did " a little bit " of dialog for Peter Parker / Spider @-@ Man . In April 2012 , writer @-@ director Paul Feig said that Webb " invited me on set , and I did a little bit of writing for that movie , for one of the high school scenes " .
Days after announcing Raimi 's departure , the studio announced that Webb , whose previous film ( 500 ) Days of Summer was his directorial debut , would direct the reboot . Tolmach , now president of Columbia Pictures and Amy Pascal , co @-@ chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment , said they looked for a director who could give sharp focus to Parker 's life . Webb said he " was a little sceptical at first — you feel the presence of those other movies . But then I was like , ' How could I walk away from this ? What an opportunity ! ' " Webb said in the press release announcing him that , " Sam Raimi 's virtuoso rendering of Spider @-@ Man is a humbling precedent to follow and build upon . The first three films are beloved for good reason . But I think the Spider @-@ Man mythology transcends not only generations but directors as well . I am signing on not to ' take over ' from Sam . That would be impossible . Not to mention arrogant . I 'm here because there 's an opportunity for ideas , stories , and histories that will add a new dimension , canvas , and creative voice to Spider @-@ Man . " Webb felt Spider @-@ Man is different from the Harry Potter franchise , which is based on a few novels and " more like James Bond " because " there 's so much material in Spider @-@ Man that there are so many stories to tell and so many characters . " He described the film as " not a remake " explaining that " we 're not making Sam 's movie again . It 's a different universe and a different story with different characters . "
= = = Casting = = =
In May 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter said the actors who met with Webb to be considered for the lead role included Jamie Bell , Alden Ehrenreich , Frank Dillane , Ose Hayble , Garfield and Josh Hutcherson . In June 2010 the Los Angeles Times reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Aaron Johnson and Anton Yelchin . At least Bell , Ehrenreich , Garfield , Yelchin , Logan Lerman and Michael Angarano had screen tests . On July 1 , 2010 , the choice of Garfield was confirmed . Webb stated that he felt he knew Garfield was the right guy when they were filming a cutscene where he was eating a cheeseburger while telling Gwen to calm down .
Sony then held auditions for the role of the young Peter , who needed to resemble Garfield . Webb said , " I think we saw the origin of Spider @-@ Man before but not the origin of Peter Parker . " Webb felt that when you try to build the film you must build the protagonist from the ground up . That 's why he wanted Parker to begin as a child .
It was reported originally that the film would feature both Mary Jane Watson and Gwen Stacy as love interests , but the website The Wrap later reported that only Gwen Stacy would appear . In August 2010 , the list of candidates included Lily Collins , Ophelia Lovibond , and Imogen Poots , with Teresa Palmer , Emma Roberts , and Mary Elizabeth Winstead cited by The Hollywood Reporter as " potentially in the mix " . In September 2010 , Variety reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Stone and Mia Wasikowska . The shortlist was reported to then include Dianna Agron , Georgina Haig and Dominique McElligott . On October 5 , 2010 , the choice of Stone was confirmed . Webb noted that the chemistry between Stone and Garfield made her the clear choice . That chemistry inspired their off @-@ screen romance .
On October 11 , 2010 , Rhys Ifans was confirmed to be the unnamed villain , and two days later his character was revealed to be Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard . Arad said that Lizard is his favorite Spider @-@ Man villain , and he had long wanted to use him in a film . Well before the choice of villain , Arad had had conceptual drawings prepared for the character .
In November , Martin Sheen was reported to be Uncle Ben while Sally Field was in negotiations to play Aunt May . That same month , Denis Leary was reported to accept the role of George Stacy . In December 2010 , Campbell Scott and Julianne Nicholson were in negotiations to play Peter 's parents . Khan was originally reported as playing Van Adder until the character 's name was revealed to be Dr. Ratha . Embeth Davidtz then replaced Nicholson . Annie Parisse was originally reported to play " the villain 's wife " , and Miles Elliot was reported to portray Billy Connors , son of Dr. Connors ; but they did not appear in the final cut of the film .
= = = Design = = =
Webb felt a responsibility to reinvent Spider @-@ Man . One departure from the preceding trilogy was to have Spider @-@ Man build artificial web @-@ shooters , as the character does in the comics . In February 2011 , with the launch of the official website , the title and first official image of Garfield as Spider @-@ Man depicting both his costume and web @-@ shooters for the first time were revealed . Writer Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times was skeptical of the change , feeling that it was too hard to believe that a financially strapped young man could conceive a wrist @-@ worn device that can instantly produce a strand of synthetic webbing and noted " the suit lives up to the challenge of being different from the Sam Raimi films but not too different from the classic suit that stands as one of the great comic @-@ book costumes ever . " Matt Goldberg of Collider admitted that he was not crazy about the costume , explaining that the bug @-@ yellow eyes felt weird to him and the mesh @-@ pattern felt too busy . He explained that the design of the gloves caused flashbacks to the Spider @-@ Man 2099 costume which he did not like , although he felt that the web @-@ shooters looked fine . Webb explained that he felt that " the web @-@ shooters were able to dramatize Peter 's intellect " . Webb paid attention to the question of " How would a kid make it ? " and then took some license with it . About the new costume , Webb explained that he and the crew " wanted a design that would make the body longer and more lithe , more of an acrobat , someone incredibly agile and the legs of the spider [ symbol on the chest ] were something we used to emphasize that . " He revealed that the film used varying suits for different lighting conditions . They made the webbing on the costume a little darker . Webb stated that " With the costume and the web @-@ shooters we wanted to emphasize that these are things that Peter Parker made " . Webb also looked at the Mark Bagley art in Ultimate Spider @-@ Man for the hero 's body .
While Webb introduced a few elements from Ultimate Spider @-@ Man , he wanted to keep the mainstream version of Gwen Stacy instead of that world 's punk rocker .
The release of Lizard merchandise designs along with unconfirmed concept art featuring a humanoid @-@ shape with a layer of scales on top instead of a pronounced snout ( similar to a dinosaur or crocodile ) as in the most recent comics , produced a mixed reaction . Many commenters compared it to other fictional characters instead of his rendering in comics . Russ Fischer of / Film described the character as looking more " Steve Ditko derived " ( the character 's original artist ) . Webb felt that there are different incarnations of Lizard in the comic book . He felt that he should do it without the snout because he was interested more in human emotions and wanted to keep Rhys ' presence in the creature . Webb wanted him to have emotion , have a face and have feeling . He stated " that in a comic book , you just put that thing up there , and you can say , oh , thought bubble , whatever . But when you try to do that and make it look real , it 's a different challenge , and I 'm creating a movie , I 'm not creating a comic book . That was part of the design . "
Webb " wanted to do something that felt more contemporary , and was less based in representing panels from the comics " and focus on spirit over style .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography began on December 6 , 2010 , in Los Angeles . The working title was Fiona 's Tale . The 90 @-@ day shoot included two weeks in New York City , while the bulk of filming occurred in and around Los Angeles , including such locations as the Henry Fonda Theater in Hollywood , St. John Bosco High School 's Gym , Immanuel Presbyterian Church in Mid @-@ Wilshire and various locations around South Pasadena , San Pedro and Woodland Hills . Sony Entertainment spokesman Steve Elzer explained , " [ T ] here is a comfort level in producing a project of this size and scope on your own backlot ... Basing the film on the lot also makes it easier for producers to interact with Sony 's in @-@ house visual effects team , and gives the studios greater control of quality and security . "
Some location shooting took place in New York City . The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House served as the exterior for NYPD headquarters , and an apartment house at 15 West 81st Street , on Manhattan 's Upper West Side , was used as the exterior for the home of Gwen Stacy and her family . A row of houses on Fuller Place in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Windsor Terrace stood in for the Forest Hills , Queens neighborhood of Ben and May Parker . A web @-@ swinging stunt sequence takes place along the Riverside Drive Viaduct in Harlem .
The film was the first Hollywood production to be filmed with the Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED Epic camera and was shot in 3 @-@ D at 5K resolution . Cinematographer John Schwartzman had this to say about the camera : " Today was Epic , Monday December 6 marks the first day the Red Epic camera was used to shoot a major studio motion picture . I can say for certainty the camera does exist and boy is it ready for primetime , as a matter of fact it 's a true game changer . " Schwartzman felt that the 3D would have been impossible without it . He said , " I can tell you without these cameras it would be impossible to move a 3D rig in the ways that THIS story demands , if Jim and the crew hadn 't made these cameras available to us I don 't think we could have shot this movie the way our director envisioned it in 3D . " Webb wanted cameras small enough to fit on the rigs and swing around very fast , saying that the " RED Epic cameras were the right cameras to do that . " Webb continued that " you need to shoot it with a level of velocity and 3D cameras can be very large ... and so we need those cameras to mount on rigs that could fly to the air and run to the streets in a certain pace . That allowed us to do it . " The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 's climax was filmed in a 1 : 78 : 1 aspect ratio for its IMAX DMR release .
On April 2011 , Stone revealed that the cinematography had wrapped and that post @-@ production began in May although some reshooting took place in New York City in November 2011 and in Los Angeles in December 2011 .
= = = = Stunts = = = =
Webb stated that he and the crew wanted to keep the stunts more grounded physically , a challenge for a superhuman character . The stunt performers included the Armstrong family , Vic and Andy , along with Richard Norton who plays a SWAT team member . Andy Armstrong was the stunt coordinator while Vic was the second unit director . To determine how Spider @-@ Man should swing , Andy videotaped an Olympic Games gymnast swinging on a horizontal bar . Andy noted that in the computer @-@ generated swing in the earlier Spider @-@ Man films , " he swings down at the same speed as he swings up , " and this " constant " speed is unlike a real gymnast 's movement where " he 's accelerating until he reaches the bottom , then as he starts to come up , he 's decelerating until he gets to the top of his swing and he actually gets negative gravity , where he 'll go weightless for a second , and then the next swing starts , and it becomes another violent swing again . " Vic felt that Spider @-@ Man 's moves were comparable to those of Tarzan , and he wanted to add that in the film . While filming in New York City , they swung a man through traffic down the street . Then , while the crew built a rig hundreds of feet long over Riverside Drive in Harlem , Andy built a car rig with a series of wires to help with effects which Webb said required an " incredible wealth of acrobatics " . These rigs were over 200 – 300 feet long and demanded months of rehearsals and design . According to Andy , operating the rigs " was a combination of a lot of human skills and mechanical engineering . " The purpose of the rigs was to depict Spider @-@ Man 's swing in a way that wasn 't computer @-@ generated . Garfield was reported to be involved with some of the stunts . Leaked pictures reveal Garfield with a nosebleed that reports claimed was from swinging . Arad explained that " Andrew is not only a brilliant actor but he is a sportsman . This gave us the opportunity to try things with him that were it not so it would have been almost impossible . "
= = = Effects = = =
The company 3ality Technica of Burbank , California produced some of the equipment . The film was reported to be the first to adopt 3ality Digital 's TS @-@ 5 wireless and handheld beamsplitter mirror rig . 3ality technology helped make it possible to avoid 2D to 3D conversion . Webb wanted a new 3D experience for Spider @-@ Man : " Because we 're shooting in 3D , I wanted to conceive of certain things very specifically for 3D . There 's an experimental component to 3D that 's fascinating and we 're experimenting with generating that point of view – so you feel what Peter Parker feels , you feel what Spider @-@ Man feels when he 's jumping over buildings and over the streets . " He felt that Spider @-@ Man was ideal for 3D , admitting that they " started making the movie around the time Avatar came out " which made every studio want 3D . This was Webb 's first film using the technique , and he did not want a force @-@ fit or clumsy conversion as he had seen in other films . Webb cited childhood films such as Creature from the Black Lagoon and House of Wax for inspirations to push the 3D in his film even further than the type of depth that James Cameron uses in his film .
The Vancouver branch of Sony Pictures Imageworks was responsible for the digital touch @-@ up . The group improved the sewer and high school battle scene with many of Spider @-@ Man 's poses and environments that were used in the film . The comic book was cited as a basic source for Spider @-@ Man 's poses . The visual designers helped bring the Lizard to life by first building a digital version of a production design maquette . Many of the staff were involved with the process . They also started by thinking about lizard biology and how his muscles would work . A large man referred to as " Big John " stood in as the character during shooting , performing much of the interaction with other characters . The computer @-@ generated Lizard replaced him in post @-@ production . The creators would then fuse the design of the Lizard with the actor Rhys Ifans . Ifans then used motion capture for the Lizard 's speaking parts , which Webb found challenging to incorporate into the character 's final version .
= = = Music = = =
James Horner scored the film . Webb described Horner 's first musical cue as " spectacular " . Webb said , " I wanted to create a score that felt massive and huge but also intimate and small . " The film also features the Coldplay song " ' Til Kingdom Come " from the album X & Y. In May 2012 , Sony Classical revealed details about the soundtrack .
= = Release = =
On February 10 , 2010 , Sony announced that the film would be released in 3D and IMAX 3D on July 3 , 2012 . Release dates outside the US were moved up to June in other countries to increase first @-@ week sales . Premieres took place in Tokyo , Japan on June 13 . The film is rated PG @-@ 13 for sequences of action and violence .
= = = Marketing = = =
= = = = Merchandising = = = =
Spider @-@ Man and Lizard PEZ dispensers were revealed at the November 2011 Comic @-@ Con first depicted the film 's Lizard . In December 2011 , it was revealed that Mega Brands had the rights to produce construction sets . A Marvel Select Spider @-@ Man action figure by Diamond Select Toys was announced on January 2012 — the fifth Marvel Select Spider @-@ Man figure , but the first based on a film . The first look at a Hasbro action figure of the film 's version of Spider @-@ Man was revealed at the July 2011 Comic @-@ Con. Hasbro made a radio control speed @-@ climbing figure . Minimates made action figures from the film . Other companies releasing action figures for the film include Hot Toys , MediCom and Kaiyodo . OPI Products released a collection of The Amazing Spider @-@ Man nail polish . Trading cards were also available .
CKE Restaurants , parent company of Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's , helped sponsor the film . Chief marketing officer Brad Haley said they would market a new burger as part of the promotion . The burger was dubbed " The Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger " . It was promoted through film @-@ themed commercials and radio ads featuring Stan Lee . Spider @-@ Man @-@ themed premiums were offered as part of the Cool Kid 's Combo . Tours and PlayStation 3 game prizes were part of the promotion along with a video game . Stan Lee then helped spread the word that fans would also have been treated for a free Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger in Independence Day if dressed as Spider @-@ Man .
Big Cola was reported to enter a deal for promoting the film . The Kellogg Company and the Keebler Company built marketing campaigns around clips from the film . Sony launched a new augmented reality mobile application for the film using Qualcomm 's Vuforia platform . Sony 's Dwight Caines felt that the " use of augmented reality technology is a fun way of embracing the 3D aspects of the movie while nurturing the playful kid inside all of us who wants to collect items from their favorite superhero character to share with their friends and family . " Twizzlers challenged fans nationwide to help the hero build a virtual web of Twizzlers Twists to unlock prizes and exclusive content . D @-@ Box Technologies provide motion simulation for the film in select theaters .
As is common in Sony films , Sony product placements abounded , replacing the ubiquitous Apple Computer products often used by other studios . The film 's mobile phones , tablets , monitors and laptops all came from other Sony divisions . Other placements included Microsoft 's Bing search engine .
= = = = Previews = = = =
A teaser trailer was leaked on the Internet and aired at San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in July 2011 , attached to the superhero film Captain America : The First Avenger . Rob Keyes of Screen Rant felt that " it takes on a noticeably different tone from that of Raimi trilogy of Spider @-@ Man movies , and presents itself in a similar fashion to what Christopher Nolan did with Batman Begins . " Some writers observed that the trailer very closely resembles the 2008 video game Mirror 's Edge . After the third trailer was released , Webb defended the point of view footage , saying it was an early rendering and that the CGI was still in production .
A " sneak peek screening " of The Amazing Spider @-@ Man was held on February 6 , 2012 in 13 cities internationally : Berlin , London , Los Angeles , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , New York City , Paris , Rio de Janeiro , Rome , Seoul , Sydney and Tokyo . On January 8 , 2012 , the Spider @-@ Man logo appeared on some of the world 's most iconic buildings , such as the Sydney Opera House , the Colosseum of Rome , the Kremlin in Moscow and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . The screening revealed a second trailer in 3D , which thereafter appeared online . Glen Levy of Time magazine felt that the trailer 's " dialogue goes hand in hand with the action , rather than be dominated by it " and that the action scenes from the film looked " polished and slick " . The special screening included an eight and a half minute extended trailer . Scott Mantz of Access Hollywood felt that the extended footage seemed is edgier and more character @-@ driven and that " the Lizard looks like a great villain " . Peter Sciretta of / Film said that the trailers had left him " impressed " and had captured a feeling of dark naturalism alongside Spider @-@ Man 's trademark wisecracking . With the second official trailer and the sizzle reel , Webb felt that it was important to provide a more specific idea of the film , such as showcasing Peter and Gwen 's relationship and the visual effects , just to display the attitude of the film that he and the crew were trying to create . On February 7 , 2012 it was reported that the latest official trailer revealed a link to the viral marketing internet site for the film .
A third official trailer debuted on iTunes on May 3 , 2012 . The trailer was attached to the 3D première of The Avengers , the day after . The trailer contains what most reporters called a better and more fleshed Lizard . Adam Chitwood of Collider said , " The webslinging has an edge to it and The Lizard has much more texture . I like Andrew Garfield a whole lot , and the biggest draw for me here is the character work between Garfield and Emma Stone . They look to have some great chemistry and Garfield brings out a ... side of Peter Parker that we didn 't really see in Sam Raimi 's trilogy . " Sandy Schaefer of ScreenRant felt that " the darker color palette and 3D visuals shown here look overall quite crisp , even without the benefit of the big screen . " Webb felt that " there 's a small , intimate little indie movie at the heart of Spider @-@ Man " .
In May 9 , 2012 the first television trailer was revealed which teased an " 4 minute Super Preview " on NBC with the season premiere of America 's Got Talent on May 14 . The super preview revealed Spider @-@ Man saving a boy near a bridge . Fans and writers rated that scene the highest in the trailer . Angela Watercutter of Wired called the rescue scene " pretty freaking epic . " Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant felt that the biggest thing to note " is the tone and composition of the film " and that most of the footage " manages to showcase a version of Peter Parker / Spider @-@ Man that is both familiar and fresh . "
A six @-@ minute 3D preview was tied in with IMAX 3D showings of Men in Black 3 . Sony 's Rory Bruer explained that the audience of Men in Black 3 should be a perfect match for this footage and that the six minutes should get everyone excited . The footage revealed an exchange between Peter and Gwen that Brad Williams from WhatCulture.com described as " brief and cutesy " . Brad found the CGI fairly clean and felt that the film seemed like a perfect match for 3D .
= = = = Viral campaign = = = =
The main viral marketing site was revealed in the second trailer in February 2012 . The official Twitter account revealed a scavenger hunt by posting " Property of Peter Parker ... Lost " with the longitude and latitude coordinates of direct markets in major US cities . The missing items included a JanSport backpack . One of the clues hidden in the backpack was a link to a page on the viral site that unlocked countdown timers for the cities of Los Angeles , New York City , Atlanta , Denver , Seattle and Phoenix , Arizona . Once the countdown was up , each of the city @-@ specific Twitter accounts for the marketing campaign sent out five locations in each city . A person at each spot waited to give the first person with the password a package and the tag @-@ name " operative " . These operatives painted the Spider @-@ Man logo as graffiti . The operatives then could view a scene related to the film . The main viral website revealed hints to other websites , such as a photo blog that expressed Peter Parker 's point of view . An unlocked puzzle there revealed the words " evolve " , " through " and " engineering " which when put together led to another website with design sketches on how to build a web @-@ shooter .
A Daily Bugle website revealed Denis Leary as George Stacy , lamenting the appearance of the wall @-@ crawler and asking whoever spots Spider @-@ Man to e @-@ mail the police . The site hosted the best fan @-@ made Spider @-@ Man scenes . People who uploaded images of " Spider @-@ Man " on the " Webbed Menace " viral site received a poster that sent them to a website for a boxing gym called " Jerera 's Boxing Gym " . The gym was funded by Peter Parker 's school . A viral website of that class was discovered . Entering the correct password revealed Parker 's class schedule . The Midtown High School site then revealed a Twitter user tracking down Lizard and asked people in Los Angeles , New York City , Atlanta , Chicago , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , Phoenix , Austin , Tampa , Minneapolis and New Orleans to stay tuned for details . A viral site for Oscorp Industries was available . The Twitter account that coordinated a nationwide effort to track Lizard sightings revealed locations that had packages containing Connors ' shredded lab coat , an Oscorp ID badge and scientific samples of reptilian skin . When unscrambling the letters listed on each sample , the words " animal dynamics lab " led players to a new Oscorp Industries site focusing on a science program about reptile genetics . The site depicts Doctor Connors search for interns who could begin applying on May 14 . Completing the application and supplying the keyword " Mutagen " unveiled a Lizard featurette . The Oscorp Industries website contained puzzles that revealed two in @-@ game documents , two video updates featuring Connors and a following cipher that as of July 2012 had yet to be cracked . From there images were then unscrambled , revealing a research project with spiders , a letter from Mary Parker to Richard Parker that exposed his workaholic habits and a Daily Bugle newspaper that contained notes about Oscorp .
On May 30 , 2012 , the third ( and apparently final ) set of challenges in the Animal Dynamics Lab was launched with two new video updates of Doctor Connors , an image of Richard and Mary Parker , letters from Rajit Ratha to Doctor Connors , one from Doctor Connors to Richard Parker and another note to Richard from Mary . In June 1 , 2012 , a Carl 's Jr. in Glendale , California hosted the next viral campaign by decorating webs and declaring a crime scene due to Spider @-@ Man 's apprehension of a serial car and motorcycle thief . It was announced via The Mark of the Spider @-@ Man Twitter feed , and with the code word " Web of Crime " , a hidden message was discovered , entitled a " Spider cipher " . The code name " adhere " named another sub @-@ site of the Mark of the Spider @-@ Man campaign that revealed crime reports .
Oliver Lyttleton of indieWire felt that viral ads such as the webbed menace website seemed a little forced and cribbed heavily from the example set by The Dark Knight with viral games . Silas Lesnick of SuperheroHype ! , on the other hand , described the film 's viral as " one of the most comprehensive film virals to date " .
= = = = Philanthropy = = = =
T @-@ shirts depicting the film 's Spider @-@ Man to help the cause for Stand Up to Cancer were available . Garfield wore the shirt , explaining that " these shirts underscore the idea that anyone has the power to be a hero . Cancer is one of our greatest villains . I 'm proud to join others in standing up to this disease . " Ziskin 's death from cancer was used as inspiration for the cause . Sony created a website for the cause . Columbia Pictures teamed up with New York City cultural institutions to create " Spider @-@ Man week " by helping out in the community .
= = = Home media = = =
The Amazing Spider @-@ Man was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu @-@ ray , Blu @-@ ray 3D , and digital download on November 9 , 2012 in North America . These releases contain a ninety @-@ minute behind @-@ the @-@ scenes documentary for the film along with UltraViolet download . Other special features include " Rite of Passage : The Amazing Spider @-@ Man reborn " and " The Oscorp Archives - Production Art Gallery " . The discs also contain audio commentary from Marc Webb , Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach . The deleted scenes included relationship @-@ building between Peter and Connors which Joey Esposito of IGN thought gives the Lizard a sense of sympathy that is lacking in the final film . The Blu @-@ ray / DVD combo pack contains three disks and also contains a second screen app for the iPad . Sony also included a limited edition gift set on November 9 , 2012 containing four disks with the special editions along with figurines of Spider @-@ Man and the Lizard from the film .
While released , the film was reported as dominating the sales chart on its first release until the end of November 11 , 2012 while its rental chart had The Amazing Spider @-@ Man at number two behind Prometheus . It then became number one in rental and dropped to number two in sales chart after its second week . FX has acquired the TV commercial rights to the film to air in late 2014 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
The Amazing Spider @-@ Man earned $ 262 million in North America and $ 495 @.@ 9 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $ 757 @.@ 9 million . It is the 58th highest grossing film , the seventh @-@ highest @-@ grossing 2012 film , the 13th highest @-@ grossing superhero film , the fourth @-@ grossing Spider @-@ Man film , the sixth @-@ highest @-@ grossing film distributed by Sony / Columbia and the highest @-@ grossing reboot of all @-@ time worldwide .
In North America , the film earned $ 7 @.@ 5 million during its midnight run at 3 @,@ 150 locations , including $ 1 @.@ 2 million from 300 IMAX venues . On its opening day , a pre @-@ holiday Tuesday , it set a Tuesday @-@ gross record with $ 35 million ( previously held by Transformers ) . The next day , the film dropped 33 @.@ 4 percent to $ 23 @.@ 3 million — the second @-@ highest non @-@ opening Wednesday . Over the three @-@ day weekend , it grossed $ 62 @.@ 0 million . This pushed the film 's six @-@ day gross to $ 137 @.@ 0 million , which was smaller than those of Transformers ( $ 155 @.@ 41 million ) and Spider @-@ Man 2 ( $ 180 @.@ 07 million ) among past Fourth of July releases . Although the film did not match its predecessors , Sony Pictures stated , " In the world of relaunched franchises , this is a spectacular success by any measure " . For example , both Batman Begins ( $ 79 @.@ 5 million ) and X @-@ Men : First Class ( $ 69 @.@ 9 million ) ( both were non 3D @-@ movies ) opened significantly below The Amazing Spider @-@ Man . It remained at the number 1 spot for ten consecutive days , until the opening day of Ice Age : Continental Drift .
Outside North America , The Amazing Spider @-@ Man grossed $ 51 @.@ 1 million on its five @-@ day opening weekend ( June 27 – July 1 , 2012 ) from 13 markets , with strong openings in many Asian countries . In India , it earned $ 6 @.@ 0 million , a record opening for a Hollywood film . Kercy Daruwala of Sony Pictures in India felt very confident that the presence of famed Indian actor Irrfan Khan would enhance attendance . Opening in an additional 61 markets , the film made $ 127 @.@ 5 million over its second weekend . The movie ranked number one in over 30 countries . In Indonesia , it broke the opening @-@ weekend record with $ 4 @.@ 5 million while , in the UK , it opened to £ 11 @.@ 1 million ( $ 18 @.@ 1 million ) which is about equal with Spider @-@ Man 3 ( £ 11 @.@ 8 million ) . In its last market , China , The Amazing Spider @-@ Man grossed $ 33 @.@ 3 million over its seven @-@ day debut , which is more than Spider @-@ Man 3 ’ s lifetime box office in China . China is also the movie 's highest @-@ grossing territory with $ 48 @.@ 8 million .
= = = Critical reaction = = =
The Amazing Spider @-@ Man received generally favorable reviews by critics upon release with critics praising the performance of Andrew Garfield . The review aggregator film site Rotten Tomatoes reported a 72 % approval rating , based on 302 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 6 / 10 . The consensus : " A well @-@ chosen cast and sure @-@ handed direction allows The Amazing Spider @-@ Man to thrill despite revisiting many of the same plot points from 2002 's Spider @-@ Man . " On Metacritic , as of July 5 , the film had received an average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , signifying " Generally favorable reviews " . According to Rotten Tomatoes yearly lists ( by using a weighted formula of the critics review in the site ) , it was placed number 32 on its list of best comic @-@ book movies in 2012 and was placed number 36 in 2013 . CinemaScore 's audience graded it an A- .
Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter felt that the film was satisfying , explaining that Webb directed with emotional and comedic touches and provided a darker depiction and a stronger romance than the original . Boyd Van Hoeija of Variety described the film as a " mostly slick , entertaining and emotionally involving recombination of fresh and familiar elements " . A columnist of The Village Voice , Chris Pakham felt that the film was faithful to the comics and that " Garfield 's spindly physicality evokes the Marvel illustrations of the 1960s . " Conversely , Lou Lemenick of the New York Post wrote that the film was dull and uninspiring and felt that it did not compare to Batman Begins and was " a pointless rehash in the mode of Superman Returns . " New Yorker critic Anthony Lane described the film as " running out of nimbleness and fun , and the promise contained in its title seems ever more tendentious . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called the film " memorable in pieces but not as a whole " and said that its best element is the relationship between Peter and Gwen , while the Lizard " is not quite an opponent for the ages . "
Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A- describing the film as " a friskier , sweeter @-@ natured variation " when compared to Raimi 's work . She explained that the most " amazing " element was not the " blockbuster wow ! " but instead the " intimate awww . " Claudia Puig of USA Today explained that " as a new chapter in the superpowered arachnid saga , it stands on its own quite nicely , focusing more on human emotions than on a panoply of special effects . " She said " where Tobey Maguire in the original Spider @-@ Man trilogy was earnest , Garfield 's Spider @-@ Man is whip @-@ smart and likably cheeky , with an undercurrent of teenage angst . " She also called the film " as much a coming @-@ of @-@ age story as a crime @-@ fighting action saga . " Christy Lemire of the Associated Press described Garfield 's Spider @-@ Man as an arrogant and misunderstood outsider , giving the film a " restless , reckless energy and a welcome sense of danger . " She also concluded that Webb was a different sort of director , saying that while Webb 's big set pieces lacked Raimi 's imagination , they conveyed " emotional truth " and " a pervasive sense of humanity " . However , Ty Burr of The Boston Globe felt that the film lacked the original 's pop grace and the pulpy joy , saying the film was " dumbed down , tarted up " and " almost shockingly uninspired " . Burr evaluated it as " the worst superhero film since Green Lantern " . Colin Covert of the Star Tribune also felt that The Amazing Spider @-@ Man is weaker than its predecessor and described it as " The Notebook in spandex " . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times felt that the reboot provided better reasons for why Peter Parker adopts his superhero role , even if the origin story didn 't need to be told once again . He also remarked that it was " probably the second best " of the four Spider @-@ Man films after Spider @-@ Man 2 , explaining that Lizard was lackluster compared to that film 's villain , Doctor Octopus , and had the dramatic range of Godzilla .
Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal , pointed out that " the truly amazing thing is that most of what happens to Peter Parker in the first half of the film has already happened in previous chapters of the Spidey saga " , that " what 's old is old again . " However , Randy Myers from the San Jose Mercury News found it " the best Spidey yet " , describing it as " strong , bold and well @-@ acted . " He felt that a viewer couldn 't help but feel déjà vu , but that the work shows greater " dimension " . Dana Stevens at Slate magazine believed that the film was an " absolutely unnecessary " retelling of the origin story , although it avoided " the common comic @-@ book adaptation trap of gloomy self @-@ seriousness " . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also opined that the " unnecessary " reboot pulled stellar performances from Garfield and Stone and touches the heart .
Andrew Garfield received good notices for his performance . Bob Mondello of NPR said , " Here comes another Spider @-@ dude : This Andrew Garfield guy . So he 'd better be really something , right ? Well , as it happens , he is . " Tom Charity of CNN found Garfield 's " combination of fresh @-@ faced innocence , nervous agitation and wry humor ... immediately appealing . " Stephanie Zacharek of Movieline said she " had no specific desire to see the series resuscitated . But watching Garfield and Stone made me think doing so wasn 't such a bad idea " . Mary F. Pols of Time said that even though the story was familiar Garfield and Webb made it feel " convincingly fresh and exciting . "
= = = Accolades = = =
= = = Themes and analysis = = =
Webb described the film as " a story about a kid who grows up looking for his father and finds himself . " Both Webb and star Garfield described Parker as an outsider by choice , someone hard to get close to . As in the early comic books , the character " is a science whiz . If you look back to the early Stan Lee and Steve Ditko comics , he 's a nerd with big glasses , " said Webb . He explained " the idea of what a nerd is has changed in 40 or 50 years . Nerds are running the world . Andrew Garfield made a movie [ called The Social Network ] about it . ... What was important in those early comics was this notion that Peter Parker is an outsider and how we define that in a contemporary context . " Garfield compared his Spider @-@ Man façade as a metaphor for internet anonymity , saying , " You feel the power of it , the power of not being seen , the power of the mask . Peter becomes witty when he 's got that protective layer . It 's like he 's on a message board . He 's got the anonymity of the Internet within that suit , and he can say whatever the @ # ! * % he likes , and he can get away with anything . " Garfield tried to explore Parker as an orphan , whom he feels " are the strongest human beings on the planet . " He said Parker is " a human hero [ who ] goes through all of the same struggles that we all have gone through , especially the skinny ones [ who ] want more power than they feel they have . " He believes Parker represents " a very inspiring , aspirational character that symbolizes goodness — and how difficult it is to be good — but how worth it it is . " Rhys Ifans compared this film to William Shakespeare 's Hamlet on the grounds that Spider @-@ Man can be redone over and over in different ways . He felt that they are similar in that they both represent meaningful archetypal young men grappling with the loss of their father . Critics like Claudia Puig of USA Today felt that Garfield 's character as the superhero " embodies the nerdy Parker , the anguished fatherless teen and the cocky super @-@ hero in equal doses " . Boyd Hoij of Variety noted that Garfield 's character as Spider @-@ Man makes an interesting hero in the film because of how it establishes early on that Peter 's growing pains along with his search for an identity are common to any teenager and that " his struggles involve real people — and real lives . "
Stone described her character as " a daddy 's girl " who is very responsible and protective of her family and loves science . She said of her character , " she offers Parker a world of stability , of a family unit not marred with parental loss and , beyond physical allure , the two forge an intellectual connection over their shared love of science . " Her character , she explained , " is stuck between [ her father ] the Captain and Peter Parker and Spider @-@ Man , who have different ways about going about finding justice in their lives " which she felt was a fun thing to explore . Dana Stevens of Slate described her character " as the stuff of a comic nerd 's dreams : a sweet , smart , wisecracking dame in demure sweaters , miniskirts , thigh @-@ high stockings and boots . " Webb felt that the Lizard was the best villain because , " He 's the literal embodiment of the theme of the movie , which is we all have a missing piece . He has no arm . Peter has no parents , and he fills that void with Spider @-@ Man . " Producer Avi Arad felt likewise , explaining , " [ Y ] ou look at Peter , he misses the parents , [ and ] Connors has one arm . ... [ E ] motionally , [ it ] is a very similar problem . It is a cautionary tale . " Webb said that the Lizard " is not the worst villain on the planet . He 's not a mustache @-@ twirling guy who wants to terrorize people . He believes he 's doing the right thing . " Actor Rhys Ifans described his character as a flawed character comparable to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . " Curt Connors is by no means an evil villain , " Ifans stated . " He 's not like the Batman villains , like the Joker , who are the embodiment of evil . Curtis Connors is a great man who makes a bad decision . ... [ T ] hat 's the whole magic of the Spider @-@ Man idea . These people are the embodiment of our flaws and our desires that lead to tragedy . " Ifans described Connors as a force for good throughout his life : " He 's a geneticist who wants to help people , like him , who are limbless . In his eagerness to advance that science , he makes a mistake and that 's an occurrence we 've seen throughout time , sometimes to our benefit , sometimes to our detriment . " " ... He is a broken man who wants to fix himself . " Ifans added , " I 'm not portraying a villain in any sense . Connors does feel cheated by God , and he 's looking for answers in science . God seems to intervene . "
Webb said that Oscorp Tower is pivotal as a part of a new mythology of the film . He liked that Parker was connected to the building in some way and to think of it as " a Tower of Babel in the middle of Manhattan that has something dark and seedy going on in there . " The critic Roger Ebert described the place as a " typical comic @-@ book mega @-@ corporation with a madman at the top . "
= = Legacy = =
The comic @-@ book website Newsarama placed The Amazing Spider @-@ Man on its top 10 list of comic @-@ book films . Mark Hughes of Forbes ranked the film as the seventh greatest comic book superhero film being the highest Spider @-@ Man film in the list while Jacob Hall of ScreenCrush ranked the film as 13th greatest modern Marvel film being the lowest Spider @-@ Man film in the list .
A scientist from Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center referenced the film to news organizations in explaining how scientists from the medical center are working on a long @-@ term project involving spider silks and potential human regeneration along with deciphering fact and fiction from the film .
= = = Other media = = =
A video game of the same name developed by Beenox was announced at the 2011 New York Comic Con. They were the development team behind the previous two Spider @-@ Man games , Spider @-@ Man : Shattered Dimensions and Spider @-@ Man : Edge of Time . The game was released on June 26 , 2012 , in Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , personal computer , Nintendo Wii , Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS . Dee Brown of Beenox noted , " The fact that our game is based on the movie , and the movie is re @-@ approaching the universe in a completely different way — a more grounded , more realistic approach — gives us an incredible setting to play with " . The game takes place after the events of the film . Sony and Gameloft teamed up again to create an official mobile game for the film . Sky Betting and Gaming 's online casino website Sky Vegas created a related casino game .
The comic was released in June , named Amazing Spider @-@ Man : The Movie # 1 – 2 , written by Tom Cohen and illustrated by Neil Edwards . A trade paperback was published collecting the two @-@ parter a week before the film 's release , entitled Amazing Spider @-@ Man : The Movie Prelude , which also included The Amazing Spider @-@ Man issues # 75 – 77 .
The soundtrack album of the film was released the same day as the film , under the Sony Classical banner .
= = = Sequels and reboot = = =
The Amazing Spider @-@ Man was originally reported as being the first of at least three planned sequels . The first sequel , The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 was released on May 2 , 2014 . On June 17 , 2013 Sony announced two more sequels to follow The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 , which were scheduled to release on June 10 , 2016 and May 4 , 2018 , respectively . However , in July 2014 , the third film was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018 @,@
In November 2013 , Sony Pictures Entertainment chief Michael Lynton told analysts , " We do very much have the ambition about creating a bigger universe around Spider @-@ Man . There are a number of scripts in the works " . A Venom spinoff had been in early stages of planning at the studio since 2008 . In December 2013 , Sony announced plans for spinoffs featuring the supervillains Sinister Six and Venom .
In February 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that Spider @-@ Man will appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , with the character appearing in an MCU film and Sony releasing a Spider @-@ Man film produced by Feige and Pascal on July 7 , 2017 . Sony will continue to finance , distribute , own and have final creative control of the Spider @-@ Man films . Marvel Studios will also explore opportunities to integrate other characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe into future Spider @-@ Man films .
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= Geology of Somerset =
Somerset is a rural county in the southwest of England , covering 4 @,@ 171 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 610 sq mi ) . It is bounded on the north @-@ west by the Bristol Channel , on the north by Bristol and Gloucestershire , on the north @-@ east by Wiltshire , on the south @-@ east by Dorset , and on the south west and west by Devon . It has broad central plains with several ranges of low hills . The landscape divides into four main geological sections from the Silurian through the Devonian and Carboniferous to the Permian which influence the landscape , together with water @-@ related features .
The low lying areas of the North Somerset Levels and Somerset Levels have been subject to thousands of years of flooding and man 's attempts to control the flow of water . In the north of the county the Limestone of the Mendip Hills dominates the landscape , while in the south the Blackdown and Quantock Hills rise out of the levels . The highest areas are on Exmoor . The wide variety of landscapes has led to several areas being designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest for geological reasons , and support a range of flora and fauna as can be seen from the List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset
= = Rock ages = =
The oldest rocks are of Silurian age ( 443 – 419 million years ago ) , the most southerly known outcrop of rocks of this age in Britain . They make up a sequence of lavas , tuffs ( volcanic ash ) , shales and mudstones in a narrow outcrop to the northeast of Shepton Mallet , in the eastern Mendip Hills .
Rocks from the Devonian ( 419 – 359 million years ago ) are found across much of Exmoor , the Quantocks ( including Hangman Sandstone and Cockercombe tuff ) , and in the cores of the folded masses of the Mendip Hills .
Carboniferous Period ( 359 – 299 million years ago ) rocks are represented by the Carboniferous Limestone that forms the Mendip Hills , rising abruptly out of the flat landscape of the Somerset Levels and Moors . The limestones are very fossiliferous , and contain evidence of the abundant marine life that existed at the time of their creation , including fossil crinoids ( sea @-@ lilies ) , corals and brachiopods .
At the end of the Permian ( 299 – 252 million years ago ) and Triassic periods , the Variscan orogeny resulted in the formation of several mountainous areas including Dartmoor in the south , Exmoor and the Quantocks , and the Mendips .
In the Taunton area Permian ( 299 – 252 million years ago ) red sandstones and breccia outcrop , although rocks of Triassic age ( 252 – 201 million years ago ) underlie much of Somerset and form the solid geology of the Somerset Moors and Levels . There are no glacial deposits .
The Triassic rocks consist of red marls , sandstones , breccias and conglomerates which spread over the older rocks . The Dolomitic Conglomerate is an old shingle beach of Keuper Marl age . The Rhaetic Beds are full of fossils due to invasion of the Jurassic Sea . The Lias consists of clays and limestones , the latter being quarried and are famous for their fossils . Blue Lias was burnt locally to provide a source of lime for making lime mortar . It is still used as a decorative building stone . Blue Lias is believed to have been quarried on the Polden Hills as early as the 15th century and was quarried in Puriton from the early 19th century until 1973 , when the local cement works closed .
Above the Lias is the Lower Oolite Series which are chiefly clays and oolitic limestone . The famous Bath Stone is obtained from the Great Oolite bed . Oxford Clay is the chief member of the Middle Oolite Series ; and above this are the Upper Cretaceous rocks with Gault , Upper Greensand and Chalk . Alluvial flats and peat bogs occupy much of the centre of Somerset .
= = Coastline = =
In prehistoric times the coastline of Somerset was very different from the present one , the sea level at the last glacial maximum being several hundred feet lower than today so that the Bristol Channel was almost non @-@ existent . The Bristol Channel has one of the largest tidal ranges in the world , up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) at Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea for example , behind only the Bay of Fundy and Ungava Bay in Canada . Normal high tide may be enhanced by between 3 metres ( 10 ft ) and 4 metres ( 13 ft ) during storm surges . This feature has meant that large areas of the county have been liable to flooding by the sea . Thus the present coastline is partly due a belt of marine clay at the coast and partly due to seawalls built to reclaim areas previously flooded at high tide . The coastline contains exposures of Devonian sediments and tectonics west of Minehead adjoining the classic exposures of Mesozoic sediments and structural features which extend eastward to the Parrett estuary forming cliffs along the coastline near Clevedon and near Minehead , with low sandhills near Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea . There are sandy beaches mainly at Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea , Brean and Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . There are also storm ridges , salt marsh , and sand dunes .
= = Main river valleys = =
The main valleys between the hills are filled with alluvial deposits from the hills or sea . The county has many small rivers , most of which flow into the Bristol Channel . Many of the latter rivers now have clysts ( the local name for a sluice ) on them to control the sea , but formerly they were tidal for some way inland . The main exception to this is the River Parrett , which still has a tidal bore . However the Chew and the Frome flow into the Avon which forms most of the northern county boundary with Gloucestershire . The Cale flows into Dorset through the Blackmore Vale , while the Exe flows into Devon . The ( Dorset ) Axe , the Culm and the Otter rise in Somerset but flow into Dorset .
The courses of the rivers Parrett , Somerset Axe , Brue and Cary run across the Somerset Levels and have generally been changed to improve the flow . The River Axe rises from Wookey Hole Caves , due to water draining into the ground at swallet holes on top of the Mendips . The river passes through Panborough Moor , Wedmore Moor , Ox Moor , Stoke Moor and Mark Moor and reaches the sea at Uphill ( near Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare ) on Bridgwater Bay .
The River Brue rises at Brewham , close to the county border with Wiltshire . It flows through Bruton and is joined by the rivers Pitt and Alham . The river then flows past East and West Lydford to Baltonsborough and then turns north to Street across Butts Moor , South Moor and Kennard Moor . Originally it then joined the Axe but now it flows west across Westhay Moor , Tealham and Tadham Moors , Chilton Moor , Mark Moor and Huntspill Moor . It is joined by the North Drain and the Hartlake river . In Huntspill Moor the Brue is linked to the man @-@ made Huntspill river by the artificial Cripps river . The Brue reaches the sea near Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea .
The River Cary originates in Castle Cary in the east of Somerset . It flows south @-@ west through Cary Moor to Cary Fitzpaine . The river then turns north @-@ west to the north of Somerton . It then used to turn south to join the Parrett but now passes through Somerton Moor and crosses Kings Sedgemoor in an artificial channel , the King 's Sedgemoor Drain , joining the Parrett at Dunball north of Bridgwater .
The River Parrett originates at Cheddington , Dorset , just over the border with Somerset . It enters Somerset at Haselbury Plucknett where it is joined by the Broad river . It passes to the east of South Petherton and flows north through Thorney Moor and Muchelney Level and it is then joined by the Isle and Yeo ( Ivel ) rivers . The Parrett flows through Langport and then through Middle Moor , Aller Moor to Burrowbridge where it is joined by the River Tone . It then passes through Earlake Moor , Hartlake Moor , Weston Level and South Moor . It continues north through Bridgwater , Horsey Level , past Pawlett Ham and Pawlett Level to the coast near Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea .
The River Tone originates at Beverton Pond on the Brendon Hills in the west of Somerset . It flows south into Clatworthy reservoir and then to Greenham where it changes course to go north @-@ east to Taunton . It continues east through West Moor , Curry and Hay Moors and Stan Moor to Burrowbridge where it meets the Parrett .
The River Exe rises at Exehead on Exmoor and flows south @-@ east to Exton where it is joined by the River Quarme . It then flows south to Exebridge where it meets the Barle and passes into Devon .
= = Levels and moors = =
The North Somerset Levels are to the east of Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , while the Axe valley is separated by the Isle of Wedmore from the Brue valley . The latter is separated by the Polden Hills from the main wetland of the Parrett / Tone / Cary valleys . The Poldens are a low narrow ridge of Blue Lias with alternating bands of limestone and clay . Because of the nature of the Levels and Moors , the Poldens have a significant visual impact .
The Somerset Levels run from the coast up to 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) inland . These wetlands cover 600 square kilometres ( 232 sq mi ) , most of which is no higher than 8 metres ( 26 ft ) above sea level . There are coastal marine clay deposits , and further inland there are many peaty areas . Dotted within this wetland landscape are slightly raised inter @-@ glacial " islands " called burtles . These have been settled from the Mesolithic onward , with wooden causeways linking them to higher ground . There are also rocky outcrops , such as Brent Knoll and Glastonbury Tor which have also housed ancient settlements .
The water levels in the moors and levels are controlled by a series of small narrow canals called rhynes ( known as ' rhines ' in Avonmouth and Gloucestershire - both are pronounced ' reens ' ) . along with larger drains , gates and pumping stations . The rhynes are often used as field boundary ditches instead of hedges . Some parts are allowed to flood in winter . The area is mainly used for grazing but some peat extraction is carried out .
= = Northern uplands = =
This is the area between the River Avon to the north and the Axe valley . The north of Somerset is dominated by the tableland of the Mendip Hills , an area of outstanding natural beauty , stretching from Frome in the east to Crook Peak in the west , with outliers of Bleadon Hill and Brean Down as well as Steep Holm in the Bristol Channel . The highest point is Black Down at 324 metres ( 1 @,@ 063 ft ) . There is an escarpment facing south to the Levels and Moors while the dip slope to the north is broken up .
To the north of Bath are Lansdown , Langridge and Solsbury hills . These are outliers of the Cotswolds . Bath is noted for its thermal waters ( 48 ° C ) that are rich in calcium and sodium sulphates .
The Old Red Sandstone is a series of red sandstones , marls and conglomerates . It rises as an anticline in the Mendips and appears in the Avon Gorge and at Portishead . Carboniferous Limestone , of marine origin , covers the sandstone and appears in the Avon Gorge and at Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare where it contains volcanic rocks . There are outlying hills at Worlebury , Middle Hope , the Failand Ridge , Broadfields Down , Portishead Down and Wrington Hill .
The main geological component of the Mendips is Carboniferous Limestone . It represents the remnants of a much higher range of hills that existed hundreds of millions years ago . This has allowed the formation of features such as Cheddar Gorge , Ebbor Gorge and Burrington Combe . There are a wide variety of caves and swallet holes caused by dissolution of the rock by water . Further east there are Silurian volcanoes , Carboniferous Limestone outcrops , Variscan thrust tectonics , Permo @-@ Triassic conglomerates , sediment @-@ filled fissures , a classic unconformity , Jurassic clays and limestones , Cretaceous Greensand and chalk topped with Tertiary remnants including Sarsen Stones . These sediments have yielded a fairly rich fossil fauna of brachiopods and trilobites indicating that they were deposited in a shallow marine sea into which the lavas were extruded . The rocks are quarried at Moons Hill near Stoke St Michael for aggregate .
Coal measures appear in the Radstock district , and surrounding Somerset Coalfield ( largely concealed by Triassic and newer rocks ) . There are two series of coal @-@ bearing sandstones and shales separated by Pennant Sandstone . Locally the beds are folded and faulted . There were mines in the Radstock and Nailsea areas but these have closed . This was one of the first areas in the world to undergo systematic geological study and mapping by John Strachey and William Smith in the 18th century . They observed the rock layers , or strata , which led Smith to the creation of a testable hypothesis , which he termed the Principle of Faunal Succession .
The Mendips were mined for lead , silver , coal , ochre , fuller 's earth and zinc but this has finished . They were also quarried for stone , notably at Bath and Doulting . Today the Mendips are a major source of aggregates .
= = Southern uplands = =
To the south of Somerset there is an upland with a series of rolling valleys and scarps , from Penselwood in the east to the Blackdown Hills , another designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty , in the west . This is a geologically complex area of clays , limestone and marl . The honey @-@ coloured limestone at Ham Hill ( also known as Hamdon Hill ) is particularly important to geologists because of the assemblages of fossils which it contains , the sedimentary features which it displays and the way it relates to other rocks of equivalent age in the close vicinity . It has been quarried since Roman times at least .
The Blackdowns are on the south @-@ west border of Somerset , extending into Devon . They are composed of Upper Greensand . The scarp faces north and is steep and wooded , with a south facing dip slope . There is an open plateau , which is not as high as the Mendips .
The Quantock Hills are a 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) long broad ridge from the coast near Watchet in the north to near Taunton in the south . They reach 384 metres ( 1 @,@ 260 ft ) high at Wills Neck and are separated from Exmoor and the Brendons by a rift valley . The Quantocks and the Brendon Hills at the eastern end of Exmoor are formed by thick sequences of slates and sandstones of Devonian age that were deposited by large deltas that built out into a shallow sea .
The Quantock Hills are largely formed by rocks of the Devonian Period , which consist of sediments originally laid down under a shallow sea and slowly compressed into solid rock . In the higher north western areas older Early Devonian rocks , known as Hangman Grits , predominate , and can be seen in the exposed rock at West Quantoxhead quarry , which were worked for road building . Further south there are newer Middle and Late Devonian rocks , known as Ilfracombe beds and Morte Slates . These include sandstone and limestone , which have been quarried near Aisholt . At Great Holwell , south of Aisholt , there is a limestone cave , which is the only one in the Devonian limestone of North Devon and West Somerset . The lower fringes around the hills are composed of younger rocks of the Triassic period , these are known as New Red Sandstone rocks which represent the deposits of large river systems that crossed a desert plain , and often contain irregular masses or veins of gypsum , which was worked on the foreshore at Watchet . The scarp is to the west with a dip slope to the east . The west side is cut by combes with broad valleys on the east . The hill tops are open heathland with woods on the slopes .
Several areas have outcrops of slates and between St Audries and Kilve , younger rocks of the Jurassic Period can be found . This area falls within the Blue Anchor to Lilstock Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) and is considered to be of international geological importance . At Kilve are the remains of a red brick retort , built in 1924 , when it was discovered that the shale found in the cliffs was rich in oil . At Blue Anchor the coloured alabaster found in the cliffs gave rise to the name of the colour " Watchet Blue " .
= = Exmoor = =
Exmoor is a dissected plateau of Devonian sedimentary rock , rising to 517 metres ( 1 @,@ 696 ft ) at Dunkery Beacon . It extends into Devon but the majority of the area is in Somerset . Much of the area is a National Park . The landscape is one of rounded hills , with hogs @-@ back cliffs at the coast due to geological movements . Because of high rainfall there are boggy areas and the part by the Chains is a Geological Conservation Review site recognised as being nationally important for its south @-@ western lowland heath communities and for transitions from ancient semi @-@ natural woodland through upland heath to blanket mire . The Chains provides palynological record of a mid to late Flandrian vegetation history on Exmoor . The pollen sequence in the peat is calibrated by radiocarbon dating . The Glenthorne area demonstrates the Trentishoe Formation of the Hangman Sandstone Group . The Hangman Sandstone represents the Middle Devonian sequence of North Devon and Somerset . These unusual freshwater deposits in the Hangman Grits , were mainly formed in desert conditions .
As this area of Britain was not subject to glaciation , the plateau remains as a remarkably old landform . Quartz and iron mineralisation can be detected in outcrops and subsoil . The underlying rocks are covered by moors are supported by wet , acid soil . The highest point on Exmoor is Dunkery Beacon ; at 519 metres ( 1 @,@ 703 ft ) it is also the highest point in Somerset .
Exmoor has 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) of coastline , including the highest cliffs in England , which reach a height of 1 @,@ 350 feet ( 411 m ) at Culbone Hill . However , the crest of this coastal ridge of hills is more than 1 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 0 mi ) from the sea . If a cliff is defined as having a slope greater than 60 degrees , the highest cliff on mainland Britain is Great Hangman near Combe Martin at 318 metres ( 1 @,@ 043 ft ) high , with a cliff face of 214 metres ( 702 ft ) . Its sister cliff is the 218 metres ( 715 ft ) Little Hangman , which marks the edge of Exmoor .
Exmoor 's woodlands sometimes reach the shoreline , especially between Porlock and The Foreland , where they form the single longest stretch of coastal woodland in England and Wales . The Exmoor Coastal Heaths have been recognised as a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the diversity of plant species present .
The high ground forms the catchment area for numerous rivers and streams . There are about 300 miles ( 483 km ) of named rivers on Exmoor . The River Exe , from which Exmoor takes its name , rises at Exe Head near the village of Simonsbath , close to the Bristol Channel coast , but flows more or less directly due south , so that most of its length lies in Devon . The river and the Barle Valley are both designated as biological sites of Special Scientific Interest . Another tributary , the River Haddeo , flows from the Wimbleball Lake .
The action of streams has cut combes through the hills down to the sea , which are now wooded , although much of Exmoor is open heathland . There is an outlier of Exmoor at North Hill near Minehead . Iron working was formerly carried out , probably from the Roman period onward .
Because Exmoor was a royal forest , i.e. a hunting reserve , it was unpopulated in Medieval times . The first house on the moor was only built at Simonsbath in 1654 . It was not until the 19th century that farms were built around the moor .
The Brendon Hills are to the east of Exmoor and are an outlier of it . They are separated from Exmoor by the valley of the River Avill . They have the same undulating landscape . The Brendons reach a height of 422 metres ( 1 @,@ 385 ft ) at Lype Hill . Iron ore mining was carried out from Roman times up to the early 20th century .
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= Blackford County Courthouse =
The Blackford County Courthouse is a historic building located in Hartford City , Indiana , the county seat of Blackford County . The building stands on a public square in the city 's downtown commercial district . Built during the Indiana Gas Boom , most of the construction work was completed in 1894 . The current courthouse was preceded by an other courthouse building on the same site , which was declared inadequate by a judge in 1893 , and was torn down . Following the condemnation of the original courthouse , the county ’ s judicial activities were temporarily located in a building across the street .
The current courthouse was designed by architects Arthur LaBelle and Burt L. French , who were from nearby Marion , Indiana . The building ’ s architectural style is Richardsonian Romanesque , which was popular during the second half of the 19th century . The large corner tower of the building is the tallest structure in the downtown commercial district . Considered " the county 's most outstanding landmark " , the structure is often pictured on web sites associated with the area , and continues to house local government over 100 years after its construction .
In addition to the courthouse building , the buildings around the courthouse square are also historic in nature and considered contributing properties to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District . The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and was included as a contributing property to the historic district in 2006 . Most of the buildings in the Courthouse Square Historic District continue to have facades that look similar to their original design . Although the interior has been remodeled , the exterior of the courthouse also retains its original appearance .
= = History = =
The small cluster of log cabins called Hartford was designated the county seat of Blackford County in 1837 , when legislation to create the county was proposed . Despite being created in 1838 , no county government was organized until 1839 , and there was some dissent over the location of the county seat . During June 1939 , Indiana Governor David Wallace appointed Nicholas Friend as the new county ’ s sheriff , and elections were held soon thereafter . The log cabin homes of county officials served as county government buildings during the first year of the county ’ s organized existence . County affairs were first handled at the log cabin home of Andrew Boggs , which was located just north of Little Lick Creek in Licking Township . This cabin was , in effect , the capitol of Blackford County for about three months .
= = = Site = = =
Among the first orders made by the new county government was a survey of 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of wilderness located to the north of Boggs ’ cabin , parts of which had been donated for the purpose of housing the seat of government . A public square was to be located on 1 acre ( 0 @.@ 4 ha ) of land , on which the seat of justice was to be located . It was also ordered that the seat of justice was to be named Hartford . The 40 acres ( 16 ha ) were owned by three individuals living in an adjacent county . The owners donated every other lot to the county as part of a plan to ensure that the county seat was located there — and increase the value of their property . Despite the county government 's orders and plans , no action was taken on constructing a courthouse . In September 1839 , the county commissioners began conducting business in the home of Jacob Emshwiller . For a few months , the Emshwiller home was the new capitol of Blackford County .
Montpelier , Indiana , is located in the northeastern portion of Blackford County , in Harrison Township . In late 1839 , the location of the county seat was formally contested , as the citizens of Montpelier believed their community would be a better location . Montpelier had been platted in 1837 , while the " town " of Hartford was still wilderness north of a cluster of log cabins . However , Licking Township , where Hartford was located , contained more of the county 's population . Licking township did not have a platted community like Montpelier , but had attracted farmers because the land near Lick Creek had acceptable drainage .
The board of commissioners ruled against Montpelier in a January 1840 , session . In November 1840 , the board ordered the construction of a courthouse — which was to be located in Hartford . The plan was for a 25 @-@ foot -square ( 8 m ) , two @-@ story , " hewed @-@ log " courthouse . The commissioners went into considerable detail describing the building . However , the courthouse was not constructed because of continuing controversy over the location ( Hartford or Montpelier ) of the county seat .
In 1841 , the commissioners again settled on Hartford as the location for the county seat , and planning for Blackford County ’ s original courthouse began . On September 11 , 1841 , the Blackford County board of commissioners ordered that written proposals should be received to build a courthouse on the public square in the town of Hartford . The building was to be 40 feet ( 12 m ) square , 25 feet ( 8 m ) high , and built of brick on a stone foundation . The courthouse grounds occupied 1 @.@ 5 acres ( 0 @.@ 6 ha ) instead of the 1 acre ( 0 @.@ 4 ha ) proposed in 1839 .
= = = Original courthouse = = =
The contract for Blackford County 's first courthouse was let on December 7 , 1841 , and construction was supervised by Charles and William F. Jones . The proposed cost for the courthouse was $ 5 @,@ 600 . Until the courthouse was ready , rooms were rented from various members of the community for conducting county government . By May 1845 , an arrangement was made for the upper floor to be used for court proceedings until the entire building was completed . Finally , in a special session held October 31 , 1845 , the board of commissioners found that the courthouse had been completed according to contract . The total cost for the courthouse building was $ 5 @,@ 750 .
The small community grew to a population of 250 by 1850 , and it took 30 more years to get close to a population of 1 @,@ 500 . Early during that period , " Hartford " became known as " Hartford City " because another Hartford existed elsewhere in the state . In 1887 , Hartford City Gas and Oil Company drilled Hartford City 's first natural gas well , and Hartford City 's participation in the Indiana Gas Boom began . The area experienced a period of economic growth and prosperity as manufacturers moved to the region to utilize the low @-@ cost energy .
An 1887 description of the courthouse called it " a plain building … its architecture characteristic of the pioneer times " . It also said the building " is still good enough were it only in better repair . " On January 19 , 1893 , Judge Joseph L. Custer declared the " courtroom to be an inadequate place for the transaction of the business of this court " , and that court business " be held elsewhere in some suitable place in the county seat . "
= = = Current courthouse = = =
The county commissioners responded in March 1893 , to the Judge ’ s declaration that the ( original ) courthouse was inadequate . The three commissioners , T. T. McGeath , I. L. Hughs , and A. W. Miles , ordered that a new courthouse was necessary . A week later , they engaged the Marion firm of LaBelle and French as architects for the new courthouse . Since the original courthouse was condemned , and Judge Custer ( of the 48th Circuit Court of Indiana ) refused to use it , arrangements were made to use the nearby opera house for courtroom proceedings until a new courthouse was available . On May 20 , 1893 , the old courthouse building was sold for $ 20 , and removed from the grounds to enable construction of the new structure . In October , it was decided that the opera house was not suitable for courtroom proceedings because of possible theatrical conflicts , so rooms were rented at the newly built Briscoe Block building located on the south side of the courthouse square . Two rooms , with gas heat included , were rented for a total of $ 400 per year . One room would be for the circuit court , while the other was for the county clerk ’ s office .
On June 8 , 1893 , LaBelle and French provided the county commissioners with a complete plan for the new courthouse . The architects designed a monumental stone courthouse in the Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style that was popular in the United States at that time . The four @-@ story building measured 71 by 126 feet ( 22 by 38 m ) . It featured enormous arches on the northern and southern facades , semicircular towers on the east and west sides , and a 165 @-@ foot ( 50 m ) clock tower on the southwest corner .
Although the community planned to build the courthouse as a monument to the city ’ s ( Gas Boom @-@ related ) prosperity , the commissioners were still concerned with costs . In late July 1893 , the commissioners awarded the courthouse construction contract to the Fort Wayne firm of Boseker & Son . The price was cut to $ 97 @,@ 000 by altering some of the architect ’ s specifications . The stone chosen for the building was Amherst Blue from quarry number 9 in Amherst , Ohio . Work on the foundation was conducted in August , and the foundation stones were brought to town from Montpelier quarries located on the other side of the county .
On November 1 , 1893 , the city held a ceremony for the laying of the courthouse cornerstone . The local Free and Accepted Masons Lodge Number 106 ran the program . The ceremony included a parade , a welcome by prosecutor J. A. Hindman , a Masonic ceremony , an address by Mason Past Grand Master Martin H. Rice , and an address by historian Benjamin G. Shinn .
Although a harsh winter sometimes made work difficult , construction of the courthouse progressed far enough that work on the large ( 3 stories high ) arch on the southern façade began during February 1894 . Around the same time , work to carve the frieze above the second story was sublet to Gustave Steuber . Much of the carving work around the building 's entrances was conducted under Mr. Steuber 's direction . The building ’ s cornice was finished in April , and nearly all of the structure ’ s stone was cut by that time . By June , work was started on the clock tower , and almost all of the roof was completed in August . The tower 's 4 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 2 @,@ 000 kg ) clock arrived by rail in August from New Haven , Connecticut — although the tower was not ready to accommodate the timepiece until October . Installation of the clock was completed in November . By February 1895 , the courthouse contractor considered the courthouse finished .
On February 27 , 1895 , county officials began moving into the new courthouse . Total cost for the new courthouse was $ 129 @,@ 337 . Most of that expense was paid to the contractor , Boseker and Son . Among other expenses included in the total were $ 2 @,@ 000 paid to the E. Howard Clock Company of Boston , $ 7 @,@ 000 for furniture paid to the H. Ohmer and Sons Company , and $ 6 @,@ 158 for architecture .
After the courthouse was completed , it was discovered that some modifications were needed for its plumbing and heating system . Outside of the courthouse , steps were also taken to beautify the surrounding grounds . Sidewalks were added , and eventually hitching racks for horses . A war memorial was added to the northeast corner of the courthouse grounds in 1921 , and this was the first of the major war memorials that occupy the corners of the courthouse lawn . A total of nine memorials , monuments and commemorative plaques have been added to the grounds within the courthouse square .
Today , the courthouse is still used by local government , and has a mailing address of 110 West Washington Street , Hartford City , Indiana . Hartford City 's ZIP code is 47348 . Courtroom facilities on the second floor of courthouse are used by the Blackford County Circuit Court and Blackford County Superior Court . The Blackford County Prosecutor also maintains an office in the building . The Blackford County commissioners meet on the first floor of the courthouse , and the county Clerk ’ s office is also located on that floor . Additional office space is provided in the Blackford County Courthouse Annex , which is located across the street on the west side of the courthouse . The annex has an address of 121 North High Street . Among the offices housed in the annex building are the Blackford County Community Foundation , the Blackford County Emergency Operations Center , and the Blackford County Economic Development Corporation ( including the County Assessor ) .
= = Architecture = =
Designed by the firm known as LaBelle and French of Marion , Indiana , the Blackford County Courthouse is considered an excellent example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture , which was popular at the time . LaBelle and French also designed the White County courthouse in Monticello , Indiana ; the Trumbull County courthouse in Warren , Ohio ; and other buildings in the region . Listed December 31 , 1974 , the Trumbull County courthouse is also part of the National Register of Historic Places . Unfortunately , the White County courthouse was severely damaged by a " direct hit " from a 1974 tornado ( rated as " EF4 " using the Enhanced Fujita Scale ) , and therefore demolished . LaBelle and French also designed one of Hartford City ’ s hotels , and one of the city 's many glass factories .
= = = Exterior = = =
The courthouse was built using Henry Hobson Richardson 's variation of the Romanesque Revival style of architecture — which later became known as Richardsonian Romanesque . Constructed mostly during 1894 , the four – story building features a 165 @-@ foot clock tower located on the southwest corner , and is the tallest structure in the area . The roof is a high pitched hip roof , and exterior walls are made from stone .
The northern and southern facades of the structure are similar — each consisting of three bays . The central bay is occupied by a massive round @-@ arched portal with enriched archivolts and a fan window . From the ground @-@ floor doorway to the top of the large central bay arch measures about three stories high . A gabled dormer rises above the central arch . The dormer has three double @-@ hung windows , and a central arched window resides above the middle . Each of the side bays has a set of windows for each floor , and the third floor windows are crowned with arched windows .
The huge clock tower is the main difference between the north and south facades . Located on the southwest corner of the courthouse , it is topped by a steeply @-@ pitched roof with round corner piers . Blind arcading is used on the upper portion of the tower between the clock faces and the roof of the main portion of the building . Three rows of slit windows are utilized within the blind arcading . A clock face can be seen on all four sides of the tower . An arch supported by Corinthian pilasters houses each face of the clock .
The east and west sides of the courthouse are identical up to the roofline . The west side also has the corner clock tower , which appears on the right when viewing toward the east . Both east and west sides have six bays . The first , third , fourth , and sixth bays have dual windows on each floor . A fan window crowns the dual windows on the third floor . The second and fifth bays are occupied by semicircular towers that rise above the bottom of the main roofline . The towers have three main windows on each floor , and the third floor windows are crowned with transoms that are crowned with fan windows . Above the towers ’ third floor fan windows , near the top of the tower , are small arched windows resting above belt courses .
As time has passed , renovations and updates have been made to the courthouse and surrounding grounds . However , the courthouse exterior has retained its original form . Many of the nearby buildings , which were also built in the 1890s , also retain much of their original form . In 1940 , the hitching racks around the courthouse square were removed , as automobiles had replaced horses as the preferred mode of transportation . Parking meters were added to the square in 1952 . The building 's stone exterior was refreshed by a sandblasting treatment in 1963 . Exterior spotlights were added during the 1980s . The latest project to refurbish the courthouse moved forward during 2010 . On December 6 , 2010 , the county commissioners decided to proceed with a courthouse preservation project that was estimated to cost in excess of $ 325 @,@ 000 .
= = = Interior = = =
The interior of the Blackford County courthouse has a twenty @-@ two feet wide main hallway that runs between the northern and southern facades . The original floors were tiled , and the walls were wainscoted with marble . Stairways to the second floor are located on both the north and south sides . The south side stairway continues from the second floor to the third floor . The north side of the third floor is occupied by the courtroom , and this room accounts for about half of the floor . The space adjacent to the north @-@ south hallway on all three floors is used for offices with the exception of the third @-@ floor courtroom and a small library . The fourth floor is unfinished and used for storage . From the fourth floor , one can ascend a narrow stairway to the top of the bell tower .
The three finished interior floors have been renovated , modernized , and updated since the original construction . One step in modernization occurred in 1965 , when an elevator was installed in the building . Among various renovations , the second and third floors were updated around 1980 . Currently , the first floor has carpeting , fluorescent lighting , and acoustic ceiling tiles . The north and south facades now have modern glass doors that form vestibules at the entrances . The hallway ceilings have been molded with stenciling . Some painted scenes , which are not original to the building , can be found in the main hallway . One such scene includes a painting of the original courthouse surrounded by paintings of tablets representing each of the county 's four townships , each with local scenes .
= = Other features = =
The public square where the Blackford County Courthouse stands is the heart of the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District . In addition to the courthouse in the center of the square , each corner of the square is the site of a war memorial , including one that is considered a contributing property to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District . Additional memorials are also located on the grounds .
= = = Revolutionary War memorial = = =
On the southwest corner of the courthouse stands the county ’ s Revolutionary War memorial . Consisting of a commemorative plaque on a large stone , the memorial was placed in honor of Blackford County ’ s five Revolutionary War veterans buried within the county . A dedication ceremony was conducted on June 17 , 1933 , by the Nancy Knight Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution . The dedicatory address was given by the Reverend H. C. Cornuelle , paster of the local First Presbyterian Church . The stone was from the Twin Hills gravel pit in nearby Jay County .
= = = World War I memorial = = =
Blackford County ’ s World War I memorial was unveiled on the northeast corner of the courthouse square on September 28 , 1921 , in a dedication ceremony with James Taylor , president of Taylor University as the speaker . The memorial is a reproduction of a sculpture known as the " Spirit of the American Doughboy " , which was created by Ernest Moore Viquesney . Beneath the Doughboy sculpture is a list of Blackford County residents that served in World War I. The monument was partially funded by a contribution from the ladies of the Service Star Legion .
= = = World War II memorial = = =
Blackford County ’ s World War II memorial is located on the northwest corner of the courthouse square . Its dedication ceremony was held on May 30 , 1950 . City attorney Robert Bonham gave the dedication address . The monument lists over 1 @,@ 880 names of veterans associated with Blackford County .
= = = Korea and Vietnam War memorial = = =
Blackford County ’ s monument to veterans of the Korean and Vietnam wars is located on the southeast corner of the courthouse square . Congressman David Dennis spoke at the 1973 dedication of this monument . The monument , originally contained a list of the county ’ s war dead from the two wars . It was expanded in 1987 to include all of the county ’ s veterans of the two wars . A tablet on the left of the monument lists veterans of the Korean War , while a tablet on the right side lists veterans of the Vietnam War .
= = = Monument to Veterans of the Civil War = = =
Blackford County ’ s Civil War monument is located on the southwest corner of the courthouse square . The Blackford County Civil War Re @-@ enactment Club is responsible for the monument . The project began with a Memorial fund in 1997 , and progressed for about 10 years to completion of the project . Construction of the monument began in 2004 with a granite base , pedestal , and walkway . A dedication for that portion of the monument was held on October 9 , 2004 . The sculpture of the civil war soldier was added a few years later . Stacks of black granite cannonballs were added to each corner of the monument in 2007 . The monument recognizes all soldiers associated with Blackford County : soldiers who lived in the county at the start of the war , soldiers who enlisted in the county , soldiers buried in the county , and veterans who moved to the county after the war .
= = = Other monuments and commemorative plaques = = =
The Blackford County Courthouse lawn is also the site of some smaller commemorative plaques . An early addition was the Orville Whitacre Memorial Marker , which was added in 1922 . The H. C. Cornuelle Memorial Marker was added in 1936 . The Reverend Herbert C. Cornuelle served in World War I as a chaplain in the United States Army . After the war , the American Legion named him chaplain for the state of Indiana . He also became the minister of Hartford City ’ s First Presbyterian Church — serving from 1928 until 1936 . During Work War I , Cornuelle suffered permanent injury from a gas attack , and his injury contributed to his death from pneumonia on April 21 , 1936 . A second plaque , the Bicentennial Capsule Marker , was also added in 1936 . Many years later , a Blackford County Courthouse Cornerstone Rededication Marker was added in a ceremony on November 13 , 1993 . The Free and Accepted Masons conducted the ceremony , and a time capsule was presented by the presidents of the Blackford County Historical Society and the Montpelier Historical Society . A Blackford County Courthouse Historical Marker was placed on October 1 , 1994 , by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Blackford Lodge Number 106 of the Free and Accepted Masons .
= = Significance = =
The Blackford County Courthouse was added to National Register of Historic Places on August 11 , 1980 . On June 21 , 2006 , its historic importance was reasserted when it was included as a contributing property in the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District 's listing on the National Register . On its original National Register nomination form , the building was cited as significant in the areas of " architecture " and " politics / government . " The courthouse has been " the focus of governmental , political and civic affairs , " and " its size and architecture dominate " downtown Hartford City . In addition , the war memorials on the courthouse grounds contribute to the sense of time and place that the Hartford City Courthouse Historic District conveys .
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= Shotgun Willie =
Shotgun Willie is a 1973 album by Willie Nelson . The recording marks a change of style for Nelson , who later stated that the album " cleared his throat " . When Nelson refused to sign an early extension of his contract with RCA in 1972 , the label decided not to release any further recordings . Nelson hired Neil Reshen as his manager , and while Reshen negotiated with RCA , Nelson moved to Austin , Texas , where the ongoing hippie music scene at the Armadillo World Headquarters renewed his musical style . In Nashville , Nelson met producer Jerry Wexler , vice president of Atlantic Records , who was interested in his music . Reshen solved the problems with RCA and signed Nelson with Atlantic Records as their first country music artist .
The album was recorded in the Atlantic Records studio in New York City in February 1973 . Nelson and his backup musicians were joined by Doug Sahm and his band . After recording several tracks , Nelson was still not inspired . Following a recording session , he wrote " Shotgun Willie " — the song that would become the title track of the album — on the empty packaging of a sanitary napkin while in the bathroom of his hotel room . The album , produced mostly by Arif Mardin , included covers of two Bob Wills songs — " Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) " and " Bubbles in My Beer " — that were co @-@ produced by Wexler . Waylon Jennings and Jessi Colter collaborated on the album , providing vocals and guitar .
Shotgun Willie was released in June 1973 . In spite of poor sales , the album received good reviews and gained Nelson major recognition with younger audiences . The recording was one of the first albums of outlaw country — a new subgenre of country music and an alternative to the conservative restrictions of the Nashville sound , the dominant style in the genre at the time .
= = Background = =
In April 1972 , after Nelson recorded " Mountain Dew " , his final RCA single , the label requested that he renew his contract ahead of schedule , with the implication that RCA would not release any further recordings if he did not sign . Neil Reshen , who Nelson hired as his manager to negotiate with the label , got RCA to agree to end the contract upon repayment of US $ 1 @,@ 400 that Nelson had been overpaid . At the same time , Nelson had moved to Austin , Texas , to take a short break . Austin 's burgeoning hippie music scene at venues like Armadillo World Headquarters rejuvenated the singer . His popularity in Austin soared as he played his own brand of music that was a blend of country , folk , and jazz influences .
During a trip to Nashville , Tennessee , Nelson attended a party in Harlan Howard 's house , where he sang the songs that he had written for the album Phases and Stages . Another guest was Atlantic Records vice @-@ president Jerry Wexler , who previously had produced works for artists such as Ray Charles and Aretha Franklin . Wexler was interested in Nelson 's music , so when Atlantic opened a country music division of their label , he offered Nelson a contract that gave him more creative control than his deal with RCA . When Nelson was released from his RCA contract , he signed with Atlantic for US $ 25 @,@ 000 per year , becoming the label 's first country artist .
= = Recording = =
The recording sessions took place in February 1973 , Wexler provided Nelson and his band with a studio in New York City , where most of the recordings were produced . Doug Sahm and his band were also invited to the sessions . During the first session , Nelson recorded the songs for The Troublemaker . Later , he proceeded with Shotgun Willie . Wexler had encouraged Nelson after singing the gospel album to start with the new one , to couple old material with new , and covers . He initially recorded twenty @-@ three tracks along with his and Sahm 's band , but Nelson still was not inspired . He wrote the title song after one of the sessions . Pacing in his hotel room , he went to the bathroom , where he sat on the toilet and took the empty envelope from a sanitary napkin from the sink , and penned the song on that . The title of the song refers to the nickname Nelson received after his daughter , Susie , warned him of the domestic abuse suffered by her sister Lana . Nelson drove to Lana 's house , where he fought with her husband Steve Warren , and threatened to kill him if he repeated the assault . Soon after Nelson returned home , Warren arrived in his truck with his brothers . The men shot at the house with .22 caliber rifles . In response , Nelson and Paul English shot at the aggressors that retreated . When they returned later , Nelson took English 's M1 Garand and shot the truck , causing them to surrender . He completed the rest of the song with a reference to John T. Floore , owner of the honky @-@ tonk Floore 's Country Store . After hearing the completed song , Wexler decided that the album was to be named after it .
Most of the tracks were produced by Arif Mardin , with the exception of the two Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys covers , " Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) " and " Bubbles in My Beer , " which were produced by Mardin and Jerry Wexler . The album also included Johnny Bush 's " Whiskey River " . During the recording , there were rumors that there would be appearances by George Jones , Leon Russell , and Kris Kristofferson that ultimately did not happen . Waylon Jennings joined the backing band playing guitar , and provided backing vocals for " Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) " , along with Jessi Colter and Doug Sahm . Parts of the album were recorded in the Quadraphonic studios in Nashville , as well as in the Sam Phillips Recording studio in Memphis .
= = Release and reception = =
The album was released in June 1973 . Although it received good reviews , it did not sell well , except in Austin , where it sold more copies than earlier records by Nelson did nationwide . The recording led Nelson to a new style ; he later stated regarding his new musical identity that Shotgun Willie had " cleared his throat . " It became his breakthrough record , and one of the first of the outlaw movement , music created without the influence of the conservative Nashville Sound . The album — the first to feature Nelson with long hair and a beard on the cover — gained him the interest of younger audiences . It peaked at number 41 on Billboard 's album chart and the songs " Shotgun Willie " and " Stay All Night ( Stay A Little Longer ) " peaked at number 60 and 22 on Billboard Hot 100 respectively .
Rolling Stone wrote : " With this flawless album , Willie Nelson finally demonstrates why he has for so long been regarded as a Country & Western singer @-@ songwriter 's singer @-@ songwriter ... At the age of 39 , Nelson finally seems destined for the stardom he deserves " . Robert Christgau wrote : " This attempt to turn Nelson into a star runs into trouble when it induces him to outshout Memphis horns or Western swing . "
Billboard wrote : " This is Willie Nelson at his narrative best . He writes and sings with the love and the hurt and the down @-@ to @-@ earth things he feels , and he has a few peers . " Texas Monthly praised Nelson and Wexler regarding the change in musical style : " They 've switched his arrangements from Ray Price to Ray Charles — the result : a revitalized music . He 's the same old Willie , but veteran producer Jerry Wexler finally captured on wax the energy Nelson projects in person " . School Library Journal wrote : " Willie Nelson differs ( from ) rock artists framing their music with a country & western facade — in that he appears a honky @-@ tonk stardust cowboy to the core . This album abounds in unabashed sentimentalism , nasal singing , lyrics preoccupied with booze , religion , and love gone bad , and stereotyped Nashville instrumentation ( twangy steel guitars , fiddles , and a clean rhythm section characterized by the minimal use of bass drum and cymbals , both of which gain heavy mileage with rock performers ) .
Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote in his review for Allmusic : " Willie Nelson offered his finest record to date for his debut – possibly his finest album ever . Shotgun Willie encapsulates Willie 's world view and music , finding him at a peak as a composer , interpreter , and performer . This is laid @-@ back , deceptively complex music , equal parts country , rock attitude , jazz musicianship , and troubadour storytelling " .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Willie Nelson , except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
= = Chart positions = =
= = = Album = = =
= = = Singles = = =
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= Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser =
The Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser , often referred to simply as the Virginia Argus , was a weekly newspaper published between July 1850 and August 1861 in Romney , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) . The paper 's circulation of 800 copies was the second @-@ highest in Hampshire County , after the South Branch Intelligencer 's . The Virginia Argus ceased publication following its closure by the Union Army during the American Civil War , after which it was not revived .
The Virginia Argus documented the pursuit of fugitive slave Jacob Green by the Parsons family of Romney in 1856 , and the ensuing dispute between the Parsons family and Charles James Faulkner over legal fees in 1857 . At the time of the dispute , Faulkner was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia 's 8th congressional district ; he later served as the United States Minister to France , and again as a member of the United States House of Representatives from West Virginia 's 2nd congressional district .
Among the newspaper 's proprietors was Alexander W. Monroe , a prominent Romney lawyer who had previously served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates ( 1850 – 1851 ) . Monroe and co @-@ owner Job N. Cookus left the newspaper to serve in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . Following the war , Monroe represented Hampshire County in the West Virginia House of Delegates ( 1875 – 1877 and 1879 – 1883 ) . During the 1875 – 1877 legislative session , he was the Speaker of the West Virginia House of Delegates .
= = History = =
A. S. Trowbridge founded the Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser as a Democratic weekly newspaper in Romney in July 1850 . Trowbridge had been an educator in New Orleans , Louisiana , before moving to Romney . The Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser newspaper billed itself as " A Family Newspaper — Devoted to Politics , Agriculture , Education , General News , and Amusement . " By October 7 , 1852 , the Virginia Argus was being published by Trowbridge & Drinkard ; on May 26 , 1853 , it reverted to being published by Trowbridge alone . After Trowbridge had edited and published the newspaper for seven years , its limited success did not meet his expectations , and in 1857 he sold the operation to Samuel R. Smith and John G. Combs .
Smith and Combs operated the newspaper until 1858 , when they sold it to James Parsons ; he in turn sold it to his younger brother William Miller Parsons in 1859 . After a few months of ownership and experience , Parsons sold the newspaper to Alexander W. Monroe , a prominent Romney lawyer and onetime member of the Virginia House of Delegates , and Job N. Cookus in 1861 . Monroe and Cookus continued serving as the proprietors , editors , and publishers until the outbreak of the American Civil War , when they joined the Confederate States Army . The newspaper was closed by the Union Army in August 1861 , and was not revived after the war .
Following his service in the war , Monroe was elected to represent Hampshire County in the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1875 , during which time he served as the Speaker . He again represented Hampshire County in the House of Delegates from 1879 to 1883 . He was the first delegate to represent Hampshire County in both the Virginia General Assembly and the West Virginia Legislature .
The Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser had a circulation of 800 copies distributed per week , which was the second largest of the three newspapers published in Hampshire County ; the other two were the South Branch Intelligencer of Romney , with a weekly circulation of 960 copies , and the Piedmont Independent of Piedmont ( now in Mineral County , West Virginia ) , with a weekly circulation of 600 copies . The offices of the Virginia Argus were housed in an old stone edifice north of the Hampshire County Courthouse that had previously served as the home of the Romney Academy before its 1846 disestablishment .
= = Jacob Green affair = =
In a series of articles published in the May 14 and May 21 , 1857 issues of the Virginia Argus , Romney resident Col. Isaac Parsons chronicled the 1855 arrest of his nephew , James Parsons , for attempting to capture Col. Parsons ' fugitive slave , Jacob Green , and the resulting dispute between the Parsons family and Charles James Faulkner over legal fees in 1857 .
In August 1855 , Green escaped from Parsons ' Wappocomo plantation with four other slaves from neighboring plantations . In October of that year , he returned to Col. Parsons ' plantation in Romney , and persuaded four or five slaves from neighboring farms owned by Parsons family relatives to escape with him to Pennsylvania .
A party of eight to ten men , including Col. Parsons and two of his nephews , James Parsons and a Mr. Stump , went north in pursuit of the escapees . In the course of the pursuit , they captured two of Stump 's escaped slaves , who were sent back to Hampshire County . With information obtained from the two recaptured slaves , Col. Parsons went to Johnstown , James Parsons to Hollidaysburg , and Stump to Altoona , where they hoped to intercept Green as he headed west on the Allegheny Portage Railroad and Main Line Canal toward Pittsburgh . James Parsons intercepted Green at Hollidaysburg , but local abolitionists thwarted his attempt to capture Green , and he was arrested and arraigned for kidnapping .
Upon learning of James Parsons ' arrest , Col. Parsons sought the assistance of Charles James Faulkner , a prominent Martinsburg lawyer and United States House Representative from Virginia 's 8th congressional district , and of James Murray Mason , a United States Senator from Virginia . Faulkner and Mason both offered their legal services for James Parsons ' defense . The Virginia General Assembly pledged its support to Parsons and to Virginia 's slaveowners in defending their constitutional rights and to protect them from prosecution . Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise appointed John Randolph Tucker to attend Parsons ' trial as a " special commissioner " of Virginia . The dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania escalated , and on January 31 , 1856 , an article published in the New York Herald read " Threatened Civil War between Virginia and Pennsylvania . "
Col. Parsons , Faulkner , and Tucker traveled to Hollidaysburg for James Parsons ' trial . Faulkner provided for Parsons ' legal defense , leading to his acquittal as having acted legally under the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 .
In September 1856 , Faulkner billed Col. Parsons $ 150 for his legal services . Parsons disputed the charge . In a series of articles in the Virginia Argus , he declared that Faulkner had originally offered his services at no cost ; that he had been lauded publicly for his generosity in doing so without ever denying that he had been working pro bono ; and that he was practicing " duplicity and deception " in trying to win a reputation in his district through " specious acts of munificence " .
Faulkner later served as United States Minister to France ; following the American Civil War , he again served as a member of the United States House of Representatives , from West Virginia 's 2nd congressional district . James Parsons and his brother William Miller Parsons were later proprietors of the Virginia Argus .
= = Extant issues = =
Extant issues of the Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser are maintained by four known institutions . The American Antiquarian Society Newspaper Project in Worcester , Massachusetts , maintains a 1852 issue of the newspaper ; West Virginia University Libraries in Morgantown , West Virginia , maintain issues dating from 1852 , 1853 , 1856 , 1857 , and 1859 ; the West Virginia State Archives in Charleston , West Virginia , maintain an issue dated July 5 , 1851 ; and the Duke University Libraries in Durham , North Carolina , maintain issues dating between 1858 and 1861 . The Library of Virginia in Richmond , Virginia also maintains microforms of issues of the Virginia Argus dating from 1852 , 1853 , 1856 , 1857 , and 1859 .
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= Dinosaurs on a Spaceship =
" Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " is the second episode of the seventh series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who . It first aired on BBC One in the UK on 8 September 2012 and on BBC America on the same date in the United States . It was written by Chris Chibnall and directed by Saul Metzstein .
The episode features alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ) accompanied by Rory 's father Brian ( Mark Williams ) , Queen Nefertiti ( Riann Steele ) , and John Riddell , a British big @-@ game hunter ( Rupert Graves ) . The group lands on a large spaceship that contains dinosaurs and discover that it is a Silurian ark , though the Silurians have been murdered by Solomon ( David Bradley ) , a black market trader who is intent on finding something of value .
" Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " was conceived to be a fun episode , based on a suggestion from the special effects teams about incorporating dinosaurs into Doctor Who . The storyline and characters were developed between Chibnall and head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat . Due to budget limitations , a wider plot had to be developed because the dinosaurs could not be the centerpiece . The dinosaurs were a mix of props and computer @-@ generated imagery . Along with the third episode , " A Town Called Mercy " , " Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " was in the first production block of the seventh series , with production commencing in early 2012 on large sets and Southerndown beach , Vale of Glamorgan . The episode was watched by 7 @.@ 57 million viewers in the UK and received generally positive reviews from critics , though the reception of the gang of characters and Solomon 's robots were mixed .
= = Plot = =
While in 1334 BC Egypt with Queen Nefertiti , after an unseen adventure , the Doctor receives a call from the " Indian Space Agency " in 2367 AD about a vast spaceship which will crash into Earth in six hours . The ISA plans to destroy it with missiles unless the Doctor stops it first . Taking Nefertiti with him , he picks up Edwardian explorer John Riddell from the African plains in 1902 AD . He then materialises the TARDIS around his companions Amy and Rory ten months after he last saw them in " Asylum of the Daleks " , inadvertently taking Rory 's father Brian on the TARDIS as well . They materialise in the spaceship and find that it contains dinosaurs .
When asking the ship 's computer for the engines , the Doctor , Rory , and Brian are transported to the " engine room " , a large beach on the ship which uses the waves as hydro @-@ power . Meanwhile , with Nefertiti and Riddell , Amy discovers that the ship is a Silurian ark designed to carry the reptilian humanoids to a new planet along with flora and fauna from their time period . It left Earth 65 million years ago to escape the meteor impact that wiped out the dinosaurs . The ship , however , registers no Silurian life forms left on board . After escaping from a group of pterodactyls , the Doctor , Rory , and Brian are escorted by two robots to the only human on board , a brutal man called Solomon who has been injured in a raptor attack and requires medical help . Scanning the Doctor to see who he is , Solomon is surprised that the Doctor does not appear in his universal database . Solomon reveals himself to be a lawless exotic black market trader who has raided the spaceship in order to steal the dinosaurs . Having had the robots murder all of the Silurians , Solomon was unable to take control of the ship himself and the computer defaulted to its point of origin , causing it to return to Earth . Discovering Queen Nefertiti 's identity and value , he decides to kidnap her and leave in his own ship . Though the Doctor refuses , Nefertiti agrees to go with him to save the others , despite the man 's obvious sadistic intentions towards her .
While Amy and Riddell shoot hostile dinosaurs with a tranquiliser gun , the Doctor disables Solomon 's robots and rescues Nefertiti , then tricks the ISA missiles into targeting Solomon 's ship rather than the ark : it is destroyed , taking him with it . Rory and Brian pilot the ark away from the Earth , as the ship can only be piloted by two people of the same gene chain . The Doctor then takes Amy and Rory back to their home after letting Brian view the Earth from orbit . Nefertiti , who has been flirting and clashing with Riddell , opts to go with him rather than return to her own time . Amy and Rory receive a series of postcards from all over the world sent by the previously travel @-@ shy Brian , along with one featuring the dinosaurs , the TARDIS , and a sign saying " Siluria " .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and casting = = =
Showrunner Steven Moffat said that putting dinosaurs on a spaceship was " the secret of success " . The idea to use dinosaurs in Doctor Who came from the special effects teams The Mill and Millennium FX . As " Asylum of the Daleks " was a darker opening episode , " Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " is more about fun . In Moffat 's pitch to writer Chris Chibnall , he proposed , " Maybe it 's a ship heading towards Earth , and Earth is on alert " . Chibnall had previously written the Doctor Who episodes " 42 " ( 2007 ) , " The Hungry Earth " / " Cold Blood " ( 2010 ) , as well as work for the spinoff series Torchwood . The Doctor had previously encountered dinosaurs in the 1974 serial Invasion of the Dinosaurs . Moffat suggested the spaceship was Silurian , and Chibnall , who had written the return of the Silurians in " The Hungry Earth " / " Cold Blood " , felt that it was " a nice reveal and shows you more about them , even in a story that isn ’ t really about them " .
Chibnall suggested including a " bonkers " gang of characters picked from around time and space . He felt that Doctor Who could have " collisions of characters that no other show in the world can do " , and that it was about finding a " disparate " group of characters who would " bounce " off each other . Nefertiti 's decision not to return to her own time fits in with the historical record , as the date and cause of her death are unknown . Chibnall asked to introduce Rory 's father , as Amy and Rory would be leaving in four episodes and Rory 's family life had not been explored yet . Mark Williams who played Rory 's father previously appeared in the Fifth Doctor audio adventure The Eternal Summer . Rupert Graves , who played an Edwardian hunter in this episode , previously worked with Moffat on the BBC series Sherlock . David Bradley 's character , Solomon , was modelled on a " well @-@ known nightclub owner with long hair " . Chibnall described him as " half businessman , half Somali pirate " . Bradley and Williams had previously worked together on the Harry Potter film franchise . Bradley was later cast as the First Doctor William Hartnell for the 50th anniversary documentary drama An Adventure in Space and Time . Comedy duo Mitchell and Webb provided the voices of Solomon 's two robots ; executive producer Caroline Skinner called the casting choice " perfect " . Richard Hope , who played the Silurian Bleytal , previously appeared as Malohkeh in the episodes " The Hungry Earth " , " Cold Blood " and " The Wedding of River Song " .
= = = Filming and effects = = =
" Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " and the following episode , " A Town Called Mercy " , were the first episodes to be produced for the seventh series , both directed by Saul Metzstein . The two episodes are Metzstein 's first Doctor Who credits . The episode contains one of the biggest sets ever built for the show . The scenes in the " engine room " were filmed at Southerndown beach , Vale of Glamorgan in late February 2012 . The beach had previously been used as " Bad Wolf Bay " in " Doomsday " ( 2006 ) and " Journey 's End " ( 2008 ) , and as the planet Alfava Metraxis in " The Time of Angels " / " Flesh and Stone " ( 2010 ) .
The production team had to be mindful of the series ' budget when planning the effects and sets ; Chibnall commented that " it would be very easy to spend £ 300m on this but we don ’ t have it " . As such , the dinosaurs could not dominate the episode , and Chibnall had to tell " a big other story " . The scene where Amy , Riddell , and Nefertiti stumble upon a sleeping Tyrannosaurus rex was almost cut as it was originally intended to feature computer @-@ generated ( CGI ) raptors , which were too expensive . However , Millennium FX realised they could use a baby T @-@ Rex that had been in an exhibit they designed . The episode contains a variety of " favourite " dinosaurs ; some were built from scratch , while others were CGI . Smith had to wear padded trousers when riding the triceratops , and recalled it was " a painful couple of hours , a laugh though and definitely worth it " . Half of the triceratops was actually built and pushed by crewmen when Smith , Darvill , and Williams were riding it . The rest of it was filled in with CGI by The Mill . The Doctor Who logo in the title sequence featured the texture of a dinosaur 's hide , in keeping with the varied " blockbuster " themes for each of the opening five episodes of the series . A preview clip of the episode was released at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 8 September 2012 , and on the same date on BBC America in the United States . Overnight ratings showed that it had been watched by 5 @.@ 5 million viewers live in the UK . Final consolidated ratings rose to 7 @.@ 57 million viewers . The episode also received 1 @.@ 8 million requests during the month of September on BBC 's online iPlayer , placing it second on the chart behind " Asylum of the Daleks " . It also received an Appreciation Index of 87 , considered " excellent " . In Canada , on Space , the episode was watched by an average calculation of 575 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the most watched item on the channel that week .
= = = Critical reception = = =
" Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " received generally positive reviews from critics , with a few detractors . Dan Martin of The Guardian described it as " fun " , with praise to the expensive @-@ looking sets and dinosaurs , the usefulness of Amy and Rory , and the concept of the gang . While he admitted it was " flimsy " and " pretty much a story built around a title " , he thought it was " the finest episode two from Doctor Who in some time " . However , he was unsettled by the underscore of darkness that was " almost disturbing enough to ruin everything " . Similarly , Charlie Anders of io9 called it " the most fun I can remember Doctor Who being in years " , while also noting gradual distancing between the Doctor and the Ponds and identifying a recurrent theme in this season : the Doctor " not being recognized " . Radio Times reviewer Patrick Mulkern was pleased that the " flawlessly realised " CGI dinosaurs redeemed the ones seen in Invasion of the Dinosaurs . He also praised Bradley 's Solomon and the " fresh slant " of having the ark built by Silurians , rather than humans as previously seen in the programme . The A.V. Club 's Keith Phipps gave it a B , finding that it was formulaic but executed well . Unlike Martin , he enjoyed the dark turns . Will Barber – Taylor of The Consulting Detective , found the episode " A mixture between good CGI and a rather nicely paced story means that “ Dinosaurs on a Spaceship ” keeps you hooked to the end . "
Dave Golder of SFX gave the episode four out of five stars , describing it as " slight and fluffy and silly , with the occasional creaky bit of plotting ... but enormously entertaining " . He was pleased that the guest characters were played " straight " rather than for comedy , and found the dinosaur effects " great " and the Silurian twist " enriching continuity " . However , he felt that the teaser was too fast @-@ paced , Nefertiti was " rather bland " , and wrote that it was unlikely the Doctor would have a friendship with a big game hunter . IGN 's Matt Risley rated " Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " 7 out of 10 , noting that it " isn 't going to win any awards for scriptwriting or pathos , but it certainly succeeded on a family @-@ friendly level full of whimsy " . Though he wrote that Brian was " brilliant " , he overall criticised the " gang " , feeling that they " served little purpose other than to inject some conveniently timed plot devices when needed " . He also did not like the " bickering Marvin the Paranoid Android @-@ lite " robots . However , Neela Debnath of The Independent enjoyed the gang , writing , " the more companions there are the more variety it adds to the show because each one has their own flaws and backstory " .
Digital Spy 's Morgan Jeffery was more mixed , giving it three stars out of five . He described it as " rather over @-@ stuffed " , with Riddell and Nefertiti one @-@ dimensional and under @-@ used . He also criticised the robots and felt that the Doctor leaving Solomon to die might have been " a step too far " . However , he praised the three leads and Brian , as well as the foreshadowing with Amy and Rory . Gavin Fuller of The Daily Telegraph was even more negative , only rating it two stars out of five . He described it as " ultimately a bit of a mess " , calling the contrast between the " uneasy mix of the humorous and downright daft " gang and the " sinister " Solomon story " jarring " . Fuller also noted that the dinosaurs were " a sideshow to the main plot " . Like Morgan , he also felt that the Doctor 's actions at the end would " sit uneasily within the viewers " .
= = = Continuity = = =
A reference to the film 2001 : A Space Odyssey is made when The Doctor disables the two robots on Solomon 's ship . They begin to sing the song " Daisy Bell " , a nod to the deactivation of the HAL 9000 computer in the film .
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= USS Connecticut ( BB @-@ 18 ) =
USS Connecticut ( BB @-@ 18 ) , the fourth United States Navy ship to be named after the state of Connecticut , was the lead ship of her class of six battleships . Her keel was laid on 10 March 1903 ; launched on 29 September 1904 , Connecticut was commissioned on 29 September 1906 as the most advanced ship in the U.S. Navy .
Connecticut served as the flagship for the Jamestown Exposition in mid @-@ 1907 , which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown colony . She later sailed with the Great White Fleet on a circumnavigation of the Earth to showcase the US Navy 's growing fleet of blue @-@ water @-@ capable ships . After completing her service with the Great White Fleet , Connecticut participated in several flag @-@ waving exercises intended to protect American citizens abroad until she was pressed into service as a troop transport at the end of World War I to expedite the return of American Expeditionary Forces from France .
For the remainder of her career , Connecticut sailed to various places in both the Atlantic and Pacific while training newer recruits to the Navy . However , the provisions of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty stipulated that many of the older battleships , Connecticut among them , would have to be disposed of , so she was decommissioned on 1 March 1922 and sold for scrap on 1 November 1923 .
= = Design = =
The design that evolved into the Connecticut @-@ class battleship was conceived on 6 March 1901 when Secretary of the Navy John Davis Long asked the Board on Construction for a study of future battleship designs . When this was completed , different bureaus supported different designs .
The Board on Construction favored a ship on which 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) and 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) guns would be replaced by 24 newly designed 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) guns , which were the most powerful guns with shells that could be handled by one person . In addition , the ships would mount twenty @-@ four 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) anti @-@ torpedo boat guns . The main armor would be thinner overall because it would be distributed over the entire length . The Board 's favored design would result in a ship weighing 15 @,@ 560 long tons ( 15 @,@ 810 t ) displacement .
The Bureau of Construction and Repair , however , proposed a modified Virginia @-@ class battleship with sixteen 8 @-@ inch guns , twelve in turrets and four in casemates ; the casemate guns were later eliminated , leaving twelve 8 @-@ inch , twelve 6 @-@ inch , and eight 3 @-@ inch guns on a ship of 15 @,@ 860 long tons ( 16 @,@ 110 t ) . This design was later rejected because the reduction in anti @-@ torpedo boat guns was too drastic .
Although one of the two designs had been rejected , the debate did not end . In November , the Board decided on a different plan , with eight 8 @-@ inch guns mounted in four waist turrets and 12 7 @-@ inch guns . This arrangement was chosen because the 8 @-@ inch gun could penetrate medium armor on battleships , and the 7 @-@ inch gun was capable of rapid fire . The new design also had heavier armor and a thicker belt than the first design . Two ships of this plan , Connecticut and Louisiana , were authorized on 1 July 1902 , and three more were added on 2 March 1903 : Vermont , Kansas , and Minnesota . New Hampshire was authorized on 27 April 1904 .
= = Launch = =
Connecticut was laid down on 10 March 1903 and launched on 29 September 1904 by the Brooklyn Navy Yard . She was sponsored by Miss Alice B. Welles , granddaughter of Gideon Welles , Secretary of the Navy during the American Civil War . A crowd of over 30 @,@ 000 people attended the launch , as did many of the Navy 's ships . The battleships Texas , Massachusetts , Iowa , Kearsarge , Illinois , Alabama , Maine , and Missouri were at the ceremony , along with the protected cruisers Columbia and Minneapolis and the auxiliary cruiser Prairie .
Three attempts to sabotage the ship were discovered in 1904 . On 31 March , rivets on the keel plates were found bored through . On 14 September , a 1 ⅜ in ( 3 @.@ 5 cm ) bolt was found driven into the launching way , where it protruded some 5 in ( 11 cm ) . Shortly after the Connecticut was launched on 29 September , a hole 1 in ( 2 @.@ 5 cm ) in diameter was discovered drilled through a ⅝ in ( 1 @.@ 6 cm ) steel keel plate . The ship 's watertight compartments and pumps prevented her from sinking , and all damage was repaired . The incidents prompted the Navy to post armed guards at the shipyard , and an overnight watch was kept by a Navy tug manned by Marines who had orders to shoot to kill any unauthorized person attempting to approach the ship .
As Connecticut was only 55 % complete when she was launched , missing most of her upper works , protection , machinery and armament , it was two years before Connecticut was commissioned on 29 September 1906 . Captain William Swift was the first captain of the new battleship . Connecticut sailed out of New York for the first time on 15 December 1906 , becoming the first ship in the US Navy to ever go to sea without a sea trial . She first journeyed south to the Virginia Capes , where she conducted a variety of training exercises ; this was followed by a shakedown cruise and battle practice off Cuba and Puerto Rico . During the cruise , she participated in a search for the missing steamer Ponce .
On 13 January 1907 , Connecticut ran onto a reef while entering the harbor at Culebra Island . The Navy did not release any information about the grounding until press dispatches from San Juan carrying news of the incident reached the mainland on 23 January . Even then , Navy authorities in San Juan claimed to be ignorant of the situation , and , that same day , the Navy Department itself said that they only knew that Captain Swift thought she had touched bottom and that an examination of the ship 's bottom by divers had revealed no damage . The Navy amended this the next day , releasing a statement that Connecticut had been only slightly damaged and had returned to her shakedown cruise . However , damage to the ship was much more serious than the Navy admitted ; in contrast to an official statement saying that Connecticut had only " touched " the rocks , she actually had run full upon the reef when traversing " a course well marked with buoys " in " broad daylight " and did enough damage to probably require a dry docking . This apparent attempt at a cover @-@ up was enough for the United States Congress to consider an official inquiry into the matter .
On 21 March , the Navy announced that Swift would be court @-@ martialed for " through negligence , causing a vessel to run upon a rock " and " neglect of duty in regard to the above " . Along with the officer of the deck at the time of the accident , Lieutenant Harry E. Yarnell , Swift faced a court martial of seven rear admirals , a captain , and a lieutenant . He was sentenced to one year 's suspension from duty , later reduced to nine months ; after about six months , the sentence was remitted on 24 October . However , he was not assigned command of another ship .
Connecticut steamed back to Hampton Roads after this , arriving on 16 April ; when she arrived , Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans , commander of the Atlantic Fleet , transferred his flag from Maine to Connecticut , making her the flagship of the fleet . President Theodore Roosevelt opened the Jamestown Exposition on 25 April , and Connecticut was named as the official host of the vessels that were visiting from other countries . Sailors and marines from the ship took part in various events ashore , and foreign dignitaries , along with the governors of Virginia and Rhode Island , were hosted aboard the ship on 29 April . Evans closed the Exposition on 4 May on the quarterdeck of Connecticut . On 10 June , Connecticut joined in the Presidential Fleet Review ; she left three days later for an overhaul in the New York Naval Yard . After the overhaul , Connecticut conducted maneuvers off Hampton Roads and target practice off Cape Cod . She was ordered back to the New York Naval Yard once again on 6 September for a refit that would make her suitable for use as flagship of the Great White Fleet .
= = Flagship of the Great White Fleet = =
Connecticut left the New York Naval Yard on 5 December 1907 and arrived the next day in Hampton Roads , where the Great White Fleet would assemble with her as their flagship . After an eight @-@ day period known as " Navy Farewell Week " during which festivities were held for the departing sailors , and all 16 battleships took on full loads of coal , stores , and ammunition , the ships were ready to depart . The battleship captains paid their respects to President Theodore Roosevelt on the presidential yacht Mayflower , and all the ships weighed anchor and departed at 1000 . They passed in review before the President , and then began traveling south . After steaming past Cape Hatteras , the fleet headed for the Caribbean . They approached Puerto Rico on the 20th , caught sight of Venezuela on the 22nd , and later dropped anchor in Port of Spain , the capital of Trinidad , making the first port visit of the Great White Fleet . With the torpedo boat flotilla that had left Hampton Roads two weeks previously , and five colliers to fill the coal bunkers of the fleet , Port of Spain had a total of 32 US Navy ships in the harbor , making it " [ resemble ] a U.S. Navy base " .
After spending Christmas in Trinidad , the ships departed for Rio de Janeiro on 29 December . A ceremonial Brazilian escort of three cruisers met the task force 12 nmi ( 14 mi ; 22 km ) outside Rio , and " thousands of wildly cheering Brazilians lined the shore " ; 10 days of ceremonies , games , and festivities followed , and the stopover was so successful that the visit was the cause of a major boost in US – Brazilian relations . The fleet left Rio on 22 January 1908 , still heading south , this time bound for the coaling stop of Punta Arenas , Chile .
Four cruisers from Argentina , San Martin , Buenos Ayres , 9 De Julio , and Pueyrredon , all under the command of Admiral Hipolito Oliva , sailed 300 nmi ( 350 mi ; 560 km ) to salute the American ships on their way to Chile . The fleet arrived at Punta Arenas on 1 February and spent five days in the town of 14 @,@ 000 . Heading north , they followed the coastline of Chile , passing in review of Chilean President Pedro Montt on 14 February outside Valparaíso , and they were escorted to Callao in Peru by the cruiser Coronel Bolognesi on 19 and 20 February . Peru 's president , José Pardo , came aboard Connecticut during this time , as Rear Admiral Evans was quite ill and could not go ashore . After taking on coal , the ships steamed for Mexico on 29 February , passing in review of the cruiser Almirante Grau , which had Pardo embarked , before leaving .
Arriving in Mexico on 20 March , the fleet underwent three weeks of target practice . Rear Admiral Evans was relieved of command during this time , as he was completely bedridden and in constant pain , so on 30 March , Connecticut set sail north at full speed . She was met two days later by the schooner Yankton , which took the admiral to a hospital . Connecticut traveled back south to rejoin the fleet , and Rear Admiral Charles M. Thomas took Evans 's place on Connecticut as the commander of the fleet , which continued its journey north , bound for California .
On 5 May , Evans returned to Connecticut in time for the fleet 's sailing through the Golden Gate on 6 May , although he was still in pain . Over one million people watched the 42 @-@ ship fleet sail into the bay . After a grand parade through San Francisco , a review of the fleet by Secretary of the Navy Victor H. Metcalf , a gala reception , and a farewell address from Evans ( who was retiring due to his illness and his age ) , the fleet left San Francisco for Seattle , with Rear Admiral Charles Stillman Sperry as commander . The ships all underwent refits before the next leg of the voyage . The fleet left the West Coast again on 7 July , bound for Hawaii , which it reached on 16 July .
Leaving Hawaii on 22 July , the ships next stopped at Auckland , Sydney , and Melbourne . High seas and winds hampered the ships for part of the voyage to New Zealand , but they arrived on 9 August ; festivities , parades , balls , and games were staples of the visits to each city . The highlight of the austral visit was a parade of 12 @,@ 000 U.S. Navy , Royal Navy , and Commonwealth naval and military personnel in front of 250 @,@ 000 people .
After stopping at Manila in the Philippines , the fleet set course for Yokohama , Japan . They encountered a typhoon on the way on 12 October , but no ships were lost ; the fleet was only delayed 24 hours . After three Japanese men @-@ of @-@ war and six merchantmen escorted the Americans in , festivities began . The celebrations culminated in the Uraga , where Commodore Matthew C. Perry had anchored a little more than 50 years prior . The ships then departed on 25 October . After three weeks of exercises in the Philippines ' Subic Bay , the ships sailed south on 1 December for Singapore ; they did not stop there , however , passing outside the city on 6 December . Continuing on , they stopped at Colombo for coal from 12 – 20 December before sailing on for the Suez Canal . It took three days for all 16 battleships to traverse the canal , even though it was closed to all other traffic . They then headed for a coaling stop at Port Said , Egypt , after which the fleet split up into individual divisions to call on different ports in the Mediterranean . The First Division , of which Connecticut was a part , originally planned to visit Italy before moving on to Villefranche , but Connecticut and Illinois were quickly dispatched to southern Italy on a humanitarian mission when news of an earthquake reached the fleet . Seamen from the ships helped clear debris and unload supplies from the U.S. Navy refrigerated supply ship Culgoa ; Admiral Sperry received the personal thanks of King Victor Emmanuel III for their assistance .
After port calls were concluded , the ships headed for Gibraltar , where they found a conglomerate of warships from many different nations awaiting them " with decks manned and horns blaring " : the battleships HMS Albemarle and Albion with the cruiser HMS Devonshire and the Second Cruiser Squadron represented Great Britain 's Royal Navy , battleships Tsesarevich and Slava with cruisers Admiral Makarov , Bogatyr and Oleg represented the Imperial Russian Navy , and various gunboats represented France and the Netherlands . After coaling for five days , the ships got under way and left for home on 6 February 1909 .
After weathering a few storms , the ships met nine of their fellow U.S. Navy ships five days out of Hampton Roads : four battleships ( Maine , Mississippi , Idaho , and New Hampshire – the only sister of Connecticut to not make the cruise , two armored cruisers , and three scout cruisers . Connecticut then led all of these warships around Tail @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Horseshoe Lightship on 22 February to pass in review of President Roosevelt , who was then on the presidential yacht anchored off Old Point Comfort , ending a 46 @,@ 729 nmi ( 53 @,@ 775 mi ; 86 @,@ 542 km ) trip . Roosevelt boarded the ship after she anchored and gave a short speech , saying , " You 've done the trick . Other nations may do as you have done , but they 'll follow you . "
= = Pre @-@ World War I = =
Following her return from the world cruise , Connecticut continued to serve as flagship of the Atlantic Fleet , interrupted only by a March 1909 overhaul at the New York Navy Yard . After rejoining the fleet , she cruised the East Coast from her base at Norfolk , Virginia . For the rest of 1909 , the battleship conducted training and participated in ceremonial observances , such as the Hudson @-@ Fulton Celebration . In early January 1910 , Connecticut left for Cuban waters and stayed there until late March when she returned to New York for a refit . After several months conducting maneuvers and battle practice off the New England coast , she left for Europe on 2 November to go on a midshipman training cruise . She arrived in Portland , England on 15 November and was present during the 1 December birthday celebration of Queen Alexandra , the queen mother . Connecticut next visited Cherbourg , France , where she welcomed visitors from the town and also hosted commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the French Navy Vice @-@ Amiral Laurent Marin @-@ Darbel , and a delegation of his officers . While there , a boat crew from Connecticut engaged a crew from the French battleship Charles Martel in a rowing race ; Connecticut 's crew won by twelve lengths . Connecticut departed French waters for Guantánamo Bay , Cuba on 30 December , and stayed there until 17 March , when she departed for Hampton Roads .
Connecticut was the leader of the ships that passed in review during the Presidential Fleet Review in New York on 2 November ; she then remained in New York until 12 January 1912 , when she returned to Guantánamo Bay . During a March overhaul at the Philadelphia Naval Yard , the battleship relinquished her role as flagship to the armored cruiser Washington . After the overhaul 's completion , Connecticut 's activities through the end of 1912 included practicing with torpedoes in Fort Pond Bay , conducting fleet maneuvers , and battle practice off Block Island and the Virginia Capes . Stopping in New York , Connecticut conducted training exercises in Guantánamo Bay from 13 February to 20 March ; during this time ( on the 28th ) , she once again became the Atlantic Fleet flagship for a brief and final time when she served in the interim as Rear Admiral Charles J. Badger transferred his flag from Wyoming to Utah . After taking on stores in Philadelphia , Connecticut sailed for Mexico and arrived on 22 April ; she was to patrol the waters near Tampico and Vera Cruz , protecting American citizens and interests during disturbances there and in Haiti .
On 22 June 1912 , Connecticut departed Mexican waters for Philadelphia , where she was dry docked for three months of repairs . Upon their completion , Connecticut conducted gunnery practice off the Virginia Capes . On 23 October , Connecticut became the flagship of the Fourth Battleship Division . After the division passed in review before Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer on the 25th , Connecticut left for Genoa , Italy , where she remained until 30 November . The battleship departed Italy for Vera Cruz and arrived on 23 December . She took refugees from Mexico to Galveston and carried officers of the Army and representative from the Red Cross back in the opposite direction .
On 29 May 1914 , while still in Mexico , Connecticut relinquished the duty of flagship to Minnesota , but remained in Mexico until 2 July , when she left for Havana . Arriving there on 8 July , Connecticut embarked Madison R. Smith , the US minister to Haiti , and took him to Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , arriving five days later . Connecticut remained in Haiti for a month , then left for Philadelphia on 8 August and arrived there on 14 August .
Connecticut then went to Maine and the Virginia Capes for battle practice , after which she went into the Philadelphia Naval Yard for an overhaul . After more than 15 weeks , Connecticut emerged on 15 January 1915 and steamed south to Cuba , where she conducted training exercises before returning to Philadelphia . She remained there until 31 July , when she embarked 433 men from the Second Regiment , First Brigade , of the United States Marine Corps for transport to Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , where they were put ashore on 5 August as part of the US occupation of Haiti . Connecticut delivered supplies to amphibious troops in Cap @-@ Haïtien on 5 September and remained near Haiti for the next few months , supporting landing parties ashore , including detachments of Marines and sailors from Connecticut under the command of Major Smedley Butler . After departing Haiti , Connecticut arrived in Philadelphia on 15 December and was placed into the Atlantic Reserve Fleet .
= = World War I = =
As part of the US response to Germany 's unrestricted submarine warfare , Connecticut was recommissioned on 3 October 1916 . Two days later , Admiral Herbert O. Dunn made her the flagship of the Fifth Battleship Division , transferring his flag from Minnesota . Connecticut operated along the East Coast and in the Caribbean until the United States entered World War I on 6 April 1917 . For the duration of the war , Connecticut was based in York River , Virginia . More than 1 @,@ 000 trainees — midshipmen and gun crews for merchant ships — took part in exercises on her while she sailed in Chesapeake Bay and off the Virginia Capes .
= = Inter @-@ war period = =
At the close of the war , Connecticut was assigned to the Cruiser and Transport Force for transport duty , and from 6 January – 22 June 1919 she made four voyages to return troops from France . On 6 January , she left Hampton Roads for Brest , France , where she embarked 1 @,@ 000 troops . After bringing them to New York ( arriving on 2 February ) , Connecticut traveled back to Brest and picked up the 53rd Pioneer Regiment , a company of Marines , and a company of military police , 1 @,@ 240 troops in all . These men were delivered to Hampton Roads on 24 March . After two months , Connecticut made another run overseas : following a short period of liberty in Paris for her crew , she embarked 891 men variously from the 502nd Army Engineers , a medical detachment , and the Red Cross . They were dropped off in Newport News on 22 June . On 23 June 1919 , after having returned over 4 @,@ 800 men , Connecticut was reassigned as flagship of the Second Battleship Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet , under the command of Vice Admiral Hilary P. Jones .
While based in Philadelphia for the next 11 months , Connecticut trained midshipmen . On 2 May 1920 , 200 midshipmen boarded the ship for a training cruise . In company with the other battleships of her squadron , Connecticut sailed to the Caribbean and through the Panama Canal in order to visit four ports @-@ of @-@ call : Honolulu , Seattle , San Francisco , and San Pedro Bay ( Los Angeles and Long Beach ) . After visiting all four , the squadron made their way back through the canal and headed for home . However , the port engine of Connecticut gave out three days after transiting the canal , requiring New Hampshire to tow the battleship into Guantánamo Bay . The pair arrived on 28 August . The midshipmen were debarked there , and Vice Admiral Jones transferred his flag from Connecticut to his new flagship , Kansas . The Navy repair ship Prometheus was dispatched from New York on 1 September to tow Connecticut to Philadelphia ; they arrived at the Navy Yard there on 11 September .
On 21 March 1921 , Connecticut again became the flagship of the Second Battleship Squadron when Rear Admiral Charles Frederick Hughes took command . The ships of the squadron departed Philadelphia on 7 April to perform maneuvers and training exercises off Cuba , though they returned to take part in the Presidential Review in Hampton Roads on 28 April . After participating in Naval Academy celebrations on Memorial Day , Connecticut and her squadmates departed on a midshipman cruise which took them to Europe . On 28 June , Connecticut hosted a Norwegian delegation that included King Haakon VII , Prime Minister Otto Blehr , the Minister of Defence , and the First Sea Lord of the Royal Norwegian Navy . After arriving in Portugal on 21 July , the battleship hosted the Civil Governor of the Province of Lisbon and the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Portuguese Navy . Six days later , Connecticut hosted the Portuguese president , António José de Almeida . The battleship squadron departed for Guantánamo Bay on 29 July and , after arrival there , remained for gunnery practice and exercises . Connecticut , leaving the rest of the squadron , departed for Annapolis and disembarked her midshipmen on 30 August , then proceeded to Philadelphia .
Connecticut departed Philadelphia for California on 4 October for duty with the Pacific Fleet . After touching at San Diego on the 27th , she arrived on 28 October at San Pedro , where Rear Admiral H.O. Stickney designated her the flagship of Pacific Fleet Training . For the next few months , Connecticut cruised along the West Coast , taking part in exercises and commemorations . Under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty , which set tonnage limits for its signatory nations , the Navy designated Connecticut for scrapping . Getting under way for her final voyage on 11 December , she made a five @-@ day journey to the Puget Sound Navy Yard , where she was decommissioned on 1 March 1923 . On 1 November , the ex @-@ Connecticut was sold for scrap to Walter W. Johnson of San Francisco for the sum of $ 42 @,@ 750 .
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= Salt ( 2010 film ) =
Salt is a 2010 American action thriller film directed by Phillip Noyce , written by Kurt Wimmer , and starring Angelina Jolie , Liev Schreiber , Daniel Olbrychski , August Diehl and Chiwetel Ejiofor . Jolie plays Evelyn Salt , who is accused of being a Russian sleeper agent and goes on the run to try to clear her name .
Originally written with a male protagonist , with Tom Cruise initially secured for the lead , the script was ultimately rewritten by Brian Helgeland for Jolie . Filming took place on location in Washington , D.C. , the New York City area , and Albany , New York , between March and June 2009 , with reshoots in January 2010 . Action scenes were primarily performed with practical stunts , computer @-@ generated imagery being used mostly for creating digital environments .
The film had a panel at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con on July 22 and was released in North America on July 23 , 2010 , and in the United Kingdom on August 18 , 2010 . Salt grossed $ 294 million at the worldwide box office and received generally positive reviews , with praise for the action scenes and Jolie 's performance , but drawing criticism on the writing , with reviewers finding the plot implausible and convoluted . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc were released December 21 , 2010 , and featured two alternate cuts providing different endings for the film .
= = Plot = =
Evelyn Salt ( Angelina Jolie ) is being tortured in a North Korean prison on suspicion of being an American spy . Her boyfriend , arachnologist Mike Krause ( August Diehl ) , generates so much publicity that the CIA is forced to arrange a prisoner exchange , despite the agency 's policy against it . Salt 's CIA colleague Ted Winter ( Liev Schreiber ) greets Salt at the border . As they drive away , Mike proposes marriage , despite Salt 's admission that she is in fact a CIA operative .
Two years later , on Salt and Mike 's wedding anniversary , a Russian defector named Oleg Vasilyevich Orlov ( Daniel Olbrychski ) walks in to Salt 's office . Salt interrogates him , with Winter and CIA counterintelligence officer Darryl Peabody ( Chiwetel Ejiofor ) observing . Orlov claims that , on " Day X , " highly trained Russian sleeper agents known as ' KAs ' will destroy the U.S. Orlov tells them that Agent " KA @-@ 12 " will assassinate Russian president Boris Matveyev ( Olek Krupa ) at the funeral of the American Vice President . Orlov reveals that KA @-@ 12 is named Evelyn Salt , and lie detectors confirm his entire story . Peabody orders Salt be detained , but Orlov kills two agents and escapes . In the confusion , Salt is able to escape as well , running barefoot through the street . While she is being chased , she discovers that Mike was kidnapped .
Later , at the funeral , Salt appears to succeed in killing President Matveyev , and then surrenders herself . Matveyev is declared dead . Salt escapes again and heads to a barge where Orlov is hiding with other sleeper agents . In a series of flashbacks , Salt recalls growing up in the Soviet Union and being trained with other children . On the barge , Orlov welcomes her back and has Mike killed in front of her . When Salt shows no reaction , Orlov is convinced she is loyal and begins briefing her on her next mission . She is to rendezvous with another KA who will help her assassinate the American president . Salt then kills Orlov and all of the other agents on the barge . She then meets with KA Shnaider ( Corey Stoll ) , who uses his cover as a NATO liaison to get Salt into the White House . Once inside , Shnaider launches a suicide attack to force agents to move the President ( Hunt Block ) to an underground bunker , accompanied by Winter . Salt follows them and manages to enter the bunker before it is sealed .
The US President learns that Russia has mobilized its nuclear arsenal in response to their president 's death . He orders American nuclear weapons readied in response . CIA Agent Winter then suddenly kills everyone except the President and introduces himself as Nikolai Tarkovsky , another KA . Winter incapacitates the President and begins aiming nuclear missiles at Mecca and Tehran to incite millions of Muslims against the United States . Salt tries to persuade Winter to let her inside the sealed room , but then he sees a television report that President Matveyev is alive and well : Salt had used spider venom to cause a simulated death of Matveyev . Winter refuses her entry and reveals that Mike 's kidnapping and her blown cover were his idea . Winter plans to place full blame for the nuclear attacks on Salt . Salt breaks into the room before he can launch the missiles . The two wrestle for control of the nuclear football , with Salt aborting the missile strikes before being captured .
As Salt is being led out in chains , Winter grabs a pair of scissors , apparently to attack her or to defend himself if necessary . She unexpectedly hooks her chain around Winter 's neck and jumps over the stair railing , choking him to death . On the helicopter ride to be interrogated , Peabody questions her . Salt explains that she killed Winter because he orchestrated the death of her husband , and promises to hunt down the remaining KA agents if freed . Peabody is convinced after receiving a text that Salt 's fingerprints were found on the barge where the sleeper agents were killed , supporting her story . Salt is allowed to escape , jumping out of the helicopter into the river below and escaping into the woods . In an alternate ending Salt jumps out of the helicopter and arrives in disguise at the place where she was trained as a child in the Soviet Union , she is then seen by the water as the place blows up and Salt smiles .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development and writing = = =
The early development of the script began while Kurt Wimmer was doing interviews promoting Equilibrium . In a November 2002 interview , he discussed what scripts he was working on . He stated that " I have several scripts – foremost of which is one called The Far @-@ Reaching Philosophy of Edwin A. Salt – kind of a high @-@ action spy thriller ... " In another interview , Wimmer described the project as " very much about me and my wife " . The plot incorporated many elements from Equilibrium , with an oppressive and paranoid political system of brainwashing that gets overthrown by one of its high @-@ ranking members who rebels due to an emotional transformation . With the shortened title Edwin A. Salt , the script was sold to Columbia Pictures in January 2007 . By July 2007 , the script had attracted the attention of Tom Cruise .
Terry George was the first director to join the project , and he also did some revisions to the script , but he soon left the project . Peter Berg was the next director to consider , but he too , eventually dropped out for undisclosed reasons . A year later it was confirmed that Phillip Noyce would direct . Noyce was attracted to Salt for its espionage themes , which are present in most of his filmography , as well as the tension of a character that tries to prove his innocence yet also does what he was previously accused of .
= = = Casting = = =
Initial discussions took place in 2008 between Tom Cruise and Noyce about Cruise playing Edwin A. Salt . These discussions were ongoing for more than a year between the pair and their representatives . It was finally decided that Cruise was unable to commit to the script , because he feared that the character was too close to his Mission : Impossible character Ethan Hunt . Cruise decided to work on Knight and Day instead . The filmmakers tried to differentiate the character from Hunt , but eventually came to accept they were too similar and decided not to change the characteristics of Salt . Noyce said " But , you know , he had a valid point . It was kind of returning to an offshoot of a character that he ’ d already played . It ’ s like playing the brother , or the cousin , of somebody that you played in another movie " .
Columbia Pictures executive Amy Pascal suggested Angelina Jolie to Noyce , who had often spoken to Jolie in the past about a desire to create a female spy franchise . Pascal even invited Jolie for a Bond girl role , but the actress playfully replied that she was more interested in playing James Bond himself instead . Jolie was sent Salt 's script in September 2008 and liked it . Wimmer , Noyce , and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura went to visit Jolie at her home in France to discuss a possible script and character change . Writer Brian Helgeland helped with the character development and dialogue of the script based on the notes that came out of those discussions with Jolie and to accompany the gender change , the title character 's name was changed to Evelyn Salt .
One of Jolie 's requests was to rework the third act , which originally had Salt rescue his wife and son from a coalition of villains , because she did not believe a mother would neglect her child in this kind of situation . Wimmer decided to then make Salt more crucial to the villain 's schemes , and add a sequence where Salt breaks into " a place harder than Fort Knox " – after considering Camp David , Wimmer settled on the White House . When asked if the script written for Cruise was the same for Jolie , he said " I think that it ’ s just been a continual process , obviously accelerating by changing the central character . But the ideas – the locomotive of ideas that drive the film are the same . An undercover CIA operative is accused of being a Russian mole , and has to go on the run to defend himself . That ’ s been the same since day one . The tone of the film has changed in this evolution . In the same way , I guess , as – you know – action thrillers have changed along the lines of the Bond films and the Bourne films " .
On February 19 , 2009 , it was reported that Liev Schreiber would play the role of Ted Winter , Evelyn Salt 's friend and colleague in the CIA . Three days later Chiwetel Ejiofor named as CIA Officer Peabody , who is in pursuit of Salt . Noyce said Ejiofor , whom he first saw in Dirty Pretty Things , seemed to have the " intelligence and disarming sort of obsessiveness " that a counter @-@ intelligence officer would need . August Diehl , who played Salt 's husband Mike Krause , came after a recommendation from Jolie 's partner Brad Pitt , who had worked with Diehl in Inglourious Basterds , and Daniel Olbrychski was chosen for Orlov because Andrei Konchalovsky told Noyce that such an evil Russian character could only be played by a Polish actor .
= = = Filming = = =
On a budget of $ 110 million , principal photography took place mostly on location in New York and Washington , D.C. from March to June 2009 . Noyce decided to avoid " typical post @-@ card views of Washington DC " to reflect " the more day @-@ to @-@ day environment of massive federal buildings inhabited by the typical bureaucrat " . The opening sequence in North Korea was shot at the Floyd Bennett Field , with an extra who had experience with prisoner exchange acting as a consultant . Salt 's rendezvous with Orlov was shot on the " Frying Pan " , a former lighthouse ship , now moored in the Hudson River , at 26th Street in New York . The outside of the KA training facility was the Makaryev Monastery in Russia , while the interior was the Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Virgin Protection in New York 's East Village . Filming for a chase sequence took place in Albany on Water Street near the Interstate 787 ramp between April and May . Studio production took place at Grumman Studios in Bethpage , Long Island , New York . While the film was in post @-@ production , di Bonaventura became dissatisfied with some scenes . Steven Zaillian was brought for uncredited rewrites , and reshoots , mostly of action scenes , were held in New York during January 2010 . Filming also took place in upper Manhattan 's neighborhood Washington Heights on 157th St and Riverside Dr. Some scenes were also filmed outside of Manhattan including The Bronx , Queens , Staten Island , and in Westchester County .
After Jolie had just given birth to twins , she spent time training before filming to get fit in order to perform almost all of the stunts herself . Bonaventura said , " She is so prepared and so ready and gung @-@ ho , she 'll do any stunt . We had her jumping out of helicopters , shooting , jumping off of all sorts of things and infiltrating places that are impossible to infiltrate " . Salt 's fighting style was described as a mixture of Muay Thai , Shaolin Kung @-@ Fu , & Jeet Kune Do , which was considered by the stunt team the most fit for Jolie 's physique , and Krav Maga , for its rawness and aggressiveness . Noyce wanted to film the scene where Salt hangs from the edge of the building in a studio with chroma key , but Jolie insisted on doing it herself in the actual location . On May 29 , 2009 , filming was temporarily halted after Jolie suffered a minor head injury during filming an action scene . She was taken to a hospital as a precautionary measure and released on the same day with no serious injuries , allowing filming to resume . Salt 's escape after being captured in St. Bartholomew 's originally involved jumping her off a building into a window cleaning machine , but budgetary constraints caused the scene to be changed into a car chase .
Computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) was used extensively throughout the film to create environments and elements , such as bullet holes and flames . More dangerous objects such as a taser or the handcuffs used to strangle Winter were also made from CGI . Five companies were responsible for visual effects . The two most involved were CIS Vancouver and Framestore . CIS Vancouver recreated the White House since the crew did not have permission to shoot in the building , and made a digital elevator shaft for the scene where Salt goes down into the White House bunker . Framestore was responsible for the assassination attempt on the Russian president , which combined actual shots of St. Bartholomew 's Church , a digital recreation of the church 's interior , and scenes with actor Olek Krupa falling down a collapsing floor .
Female CIA officers were consulted about the creation of disguises , leading to the scene where Salt undergoes subtle changes to disguise herself as a Puerto Rican . The " sweet and caring " blonde Salt dyeing her hair black would represent the shift to Chenkov , the menacing Russian agent . For the scene where Salt disguises herself as a Major , pictures of Angelina Jolie were treated on Adobe Photoshop to create a believable male version , with the resulting image being used by the make @-@ up team as an inspiration for the prosthetics .
= = = Versions = = =
Director Phillip Noyce has said that due to the extensive usage of flashbacks , " there was always going to be a mountain of alternative material that would not fit into the theatrical version . " The film ended up having two extra versions , the Director 's Cut and the Extended Cut – which Noyce refers to in his audio commentary as the film 's original cut – both included on the DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc deluxe editions .
The Director 's Cut was described by Noyce as " my own personal take on the material , free from the politics and restrictions of producers , studio or censorship ratings . " Four minutes of film are added , leading to a running time of 104 minutes . More flashbacks are added , and the violence is amped up – for example Mike being drowned rather than shot to death . The ending is also different : in the bunker scene , Winter shoots the President instead of only knocking him unconscious , and a media report during the final scene reports that the new US President had been orphaned on a family visit to Russia , implying he is also a sleeper agent . Noyce has described this ending as " an ending yet just a beginning – and it 's an ending that turns the whole story on its head " .
The Extended Cut increases the running time by only one minute , but rewrites the plot by removing , rearranging and adding scenes . The ending has Salt escaping custody from the CIA and going to Russia , where she kills Orlov – his death scene at the barge does not appear in this cut – and destroys the facility where new child spies are being trained .
= = Soundtrack = =
Salt : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on July 20 , 2010 on iTunes and on August 11 , 2010 as on @-@ demand CD @-@ R from Amazon.com. The music was composed by James Newton Howard and released by Madison Gate Records . The song " Orlov 's Story " includes a Russian lullaby which music editor Joe E. Rand found at Amoeba Music , and which served for inspiration for the choir heard in other tracks – but the chants in the rest of the score are only random syllables , as Rand and Howard thought actual Russian words would spoil about Salt 's allegiance .
Track listing
All songs written and composed by James Newton Howard .
= = Release = =
The film 's marketing campaign included a panel at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con on July 22 2010 , and an episodic advergame titled " Day X Exists " , where players watched webisodes and performed missions to unveil the terrorist plot . It was released in North America on July 23 , 2010 . It was released on August 18 in the United Kingdom , despite poster advertisements suggesting it would be released on August 20 . The Deluxe Unrated Edition Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD was released on December 21 , 2010 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . It includes three versions of the film : the original theatrical film and two additional unrated extended cuts not seen in theaters with two alternate endings . A Theatrical Edition DVD was also released . In the home video charts , Salt debuted at first in the rentals and third in sales .
= = = Box office = = =
Sony predicted an opening weekend take in the low- $ 30 @-@ million range , while commentators thought it would come in closer to $ 40 million and beat Inception for the number one spot at the box office . Salt opened in 3 @,@ 612 theaters , with an opening day gross of US $ 12 @,@ 532 @,@ 333 – $ 3 @,@ 470 per theater – and on its opening weekend , $ 36 @,@ 011 @,@ 243 – $ 9 @,@ 970 per theater – behind only Inception , which made $ 42 @,@ 725 @,@ 012 in its second weekend . Salt also grossed $ 15 million from 19 minor international markets . On its second weekend , it declined in ticket sales by 45 @.@ 9 % making $ 19 @,@ 471 @,@ 355 – $ 5 @,@ 391 per theater and placed number three behind Dinner for Schmucks , but by opening in 29 countries that same weekend , it grossed $ 25 @.@ 4 million internationally . Salt ended up grossing $ 118 @,@ 311 @,@ 368 in the United States and Canada and $ 175 @,@ 191 @,@ 986 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $ 293 @,@ 503 @,@ 354 .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Salt received generally positive reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 62 % based on 231 reviews , with a rating average of 6 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : " Angelina Jolie gives it her all in the title role , and her seasoned performance is almost enough to save Salt from its predictable and ludicrous plot . " Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from film critics , gave the film a score of 65 based on 42 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews . " Many reviewers highlighted the coincidence of Salt getting released shortly after the reveal of real Russian sleeper agents in the Illegals Program , with a few comparing Salt to one of the agents , Anna Chapman .
Kirk Honeycutt of the Hollywood Reporter said that , " While preposterous at every turn , Salt is a better Bond movie than most recent Bond movies , as its makers keep the stunts real and severely limit CGI gimmickry " . Chicago Sun @-@ Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars ( his maximum ) , saying " Salt is a damn fine thriller . ... It 's gloriously absurd . This movie has holes in it big enough to drive the whole movie through . The laws of physics seem to be suspended here the same way as in a Road Runner cartoon . "
Time 's reviewer Richard Corliss praised the action scenes and Noyce 's persistence in keeping a serious tone – " he ignores the story 's preposterous elements and lets the audience decide whether to laugh , shudder or both " . Empire 's William Thomas praised Jolie 's performance remarking that " when it comes to selling incredible , crazy , death @-@ defying antics , Jolie has few peers in the action business " , and Village Voice 's Karina Longworth considered that original star Tom Cruise would never express the protagonist 's ambiguity as well as Jolie .
Among negative responses , The New Yorker 's David Denby said Salt " is as impersonal an action thriller as we ’ ve seen in years " , finding the supporting cast underexplored – " the tricky plot locks them into purely functional responses " . Claudia Puig of the USA Today considered the film a " by @-@ the @-@ book thriller " with Jolie 's performance as the only distinguished feature . Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer was mostly critical of the writing , describing the film as absurd , overplotted and incoherent , and saying the villainous schemes " would have been called off 20 years ago at the latest , when the Soviet Union dissolved " . Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer described Salt as " commendably swift and progressively inane " , saying the script was a " sloppy concoction of story elements from ' 70s espionage classics " that ended up not working right with its " nonsensical setups and wildly illogical twists " . James Berardinelli of Reelviews considered that , while the film was fast @-@ paced and the action scenes competently shot , the plot was predictable and " the spy aspects , which are by far the most intriguing elements of the movie , are shunted aside in favor of spectacular stunts and long chases " .
= = = Awards = = =
Salt received one Academy Award nomination , for Best Sound Mixing ( Jeffrey J. Haboush , Greg P. Russell , Scott Millan and William Sarokin ) , which it lost to Inception . The film won Best Action / Adventure Film at the Saturn Awards , with Angelina Jolie being nominated for Best Actress , and the Deluxe Unrated Edition being nominated for Best DVD Special Edition . At the Taurus World Stunt Awards , stuntwoman Janene Carleton 's jump on a moving truck won Best Overall Stunt by a Stunt Woman , and the film was nominated for Best Stunt Coordinator and / or 2nd Unit Director . It was also nominated for Satellite Awards for Cinematography and Original Score , a Golden Reel Award for Sound Effects and Foley , a People 's Choice Award for Favorite Action Movie , and two Teen Choice Awards .
= = Sequel = =
Director Phillip Noyce was optimistic about a sequel , saying " Hopefully within a couple of years , we 'll have another one . Angelina 's so great in this part . When audiences see the movie they 're going to feel like it 's only just the beginning . " Producer Lorenzo DiBonaventura also expressed further interest : " Angie , I know , loved that character , and would love to explore the character some more first and foremost . "
Noyce later said he had other projects and would not participate . " Those 3 Blu @-@ ray Disc cuts represent just about everything I have to offer on Evelyn Salt . If there ever is a sequel , better it 's directed by someone with a completely fresh take on what I believe could be a totally entertaining and complex series of stories . "
On June 6 , 2011 , Wimmer was announced as screenwriter , but Jolie equivocated , " if it comes together right " . On December 10 , 2012 Sony Pictures announced hiring screenwriter Becky Johnston ( known for Prince of Tides , Seven Years in Tibet , and Arthur Newman ) , as well as producers Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Sunil Perkash .
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= Climate of Florida =
The climate of the north and central parts of the US state of Florida is humid subtropical . South Florida has a tropical savanna climate . There is a defined rainy season from May through October , when air mass thundershowers that build in the heat of the day drop heavy but brief summer rainfall . Late summer and early fall bring decaying tropical lows ( and occasionally landfalling tropical cyclones ) that contribute to late summer and early fall rains .
In October the dry season sets in across much of Florida and lasts until late April in most years . Fronts regularly sweep through the northern and central parts of the state which bring winter rainfall , but winter is often quite dry and sunny in much of Florida . Towards the end of the dry season in the spring , brush fires may become common statewide . In some years the dry season becomes quite severe in Florida and water restrictions are imposed to conserve water . While most areas of Florida do not experience any type of frozen precipitation , north Florida can see fleeting snow or sleet a few times each decade .
The Gulf Stream running through the Florida Straits and then north off the Florida East Coast keeps temperatures moderate a few miles inland from around Stuart on the east coast to Ft . Myers on the west side of the state year round , with few extremes in temperature .
= = Pressure = =
The low pressure measured from an extratropical cyclone was 28 @.@ 84 inches / 976 @.@ 7 hPa during the Storm of the Century ( 1993 ) . From a tropical cyclone , the lowest pressure measured was 26 @.@ 35 inches / 892 hPa in the Florida Keys during the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 . The highest known pressure measured statewide was 30 @.@ 74 inches / 1041 @.@ 1 hPa in Tallahassee on February 5 , 1996 and January 4 , 1979 .
= = Wind = =
Over the winter prevailing winds are out of the north across the panhandle south to near Orlando , but are variable in the rest of the state . The summer season sees generally east and southeast winds across the peninsula . During the summer months , the average wind pattern implies a surface ridge axis which normally lies across central Florida , with easterly winds from Tampa southward and southwest winds across northern Florida . The peak wind gust during the 1930 through 1997 period was 115 mph ( 100 knots ) at Miami International Airport during Hurricane Andrew .
= = = African dust outbreaks = = =
In July the trade winds south of the northward @-@ moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward into Florida . On occasion , dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge moves into the state , suppressing rainfall and changing the sky from a blue to a white appearance and leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality across the Southeastern United States during the summer , by adding to the count of airborne particulates . This is in sharp contrast to the normally clean air over Florida and the southeastern USA , which on average is the cleanest air in the USA . Over 50 % of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events are possibly linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s .
= = = Winter = = =
On average , Florida has some of the mildest winters in the United States . Average lows range from 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) in Key West to near 41 ° F ( 5 ° C ) degrees Fahrenheit at Tallahassee , whereas daytime highs range from 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) at Tallahassee to 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) at Miami . Predominant easterly winds across southern Florida keep temperatures moderate during the winter , as the nearby Gulf Stream modifies cooler air moving in from the northeast . The Gulf Stream is of little effect , however , when strong cold fronts move southward down the peninsula and freezing temperatures are not unusual in the inland areas of South Florida with even Miami experiencing occasional temperatures in the thirties ( F ) . El Niño winters tend to be cooler due to increased cloud cover , but tend to have fewer freezes .
Three hardiness zones exist . USDA zone 10 is in coastal South Florida where annual extreme low temperatures range from 30 to 40 ° F ( − 1 to 4 ° C ) . Next is zone 9 , found in Central Florida , where low temperatures range from 20 to 30 ° F ( − 7 to − 1 ° C ) . The coolest , zone 8 , is located in northern Florida from roughly Gainesville and northwest including Tallahassee . Low temperatures range from 10 to 20 ° F ( − 12 to − 7 ° C ) .
= = = Summer = = =
During the summer , minima range from near 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) in northern Florida to near 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) in the Keys . High temperatures during the summer average in the lower 90s Fahrenheit statewide . Relief from the heat during the summer comes in the form of afternoon and evening thunderstorm activity , late morning and afternoon sea breezes off the relatively cooler ocean , and during the passage of a tropical cyclone . The passage of a cold front through the state is rare during the warm season . The record high temperature for the state is 109 ° F ( 43 ° C ) at Monticello in 1931 .
= = Fog = =
Like the remainder of the Southeastern United States , Florida has a winter maximum in dense fog conditions . Unlike the remainder of the region , the maximum in Florida contains roughly half of the annual occurrences per year , on average . Its summer minimum is less than the remainder of the Southeast . The annual number of heavy fog days ( with visibility of .25 miles ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) or less ) has ranged from 50 in Tallahassee , to 1 in Key West , the least foggy region in the state . The two types of fog that are most common in Florida are advection and radiational . Fog can be hazardous to early morning commuters . On January 9 , 2008 , when fog on Interstate 4 combined with smoke from a nearby fire , visibility was reduced to nearly zero . As a result , five individuals died in a 70 @-@ car pileup .
= = Precipitation = =
= = = Averages = = =
Statewide , the highest rainfall amounts occur during the summer months . In northern Florida , there is a weak winter secondary maximum while statewide the driest months of the year are during the spring . During El Niño , Florida sees greater rainfall between November and March . Due to the lack of the secondary maximum across the peninsula , a distinct dry season is seen in the averages from winter through spring . This dry season provokes brush fires annually as temperatures rise during the late spring , before they fade during early June as the rainy season gets underway .
= = = Extremes = = =
The heaviest rainfall to occur in 24 hours was measured in Yankeetown during Hurricane Easy ( 1950 ) , 38 @.@ 70 inches ( 98 @.@ 3 cm ) . This is also the highest known point storm total maximum related to any tropical cyclone which has impacted Florida , and by itself would be the highest known rainfall total for any month from any location within Florida . This rainfall amount remained the national 24 @-@ hour rainfall record until Tropical Storm Claudette ( 1979 ) . Heavy rainfall events have fallen due to stalled fronts near the state as well , and occur during the March through May and October through November timeframe .
The wettest month recorded at a Florida climate station was during May 1891 when Gainesville , Florida received 30 @.@ 90 inches ( 78 @.@ 5 cm ) . The wettest year on record for a Florida climate station was during 1879 when 127 @.@ 24 inches ( 323 @.@ 2 cm ) fell at Pensacola , Florida . The driest year for a climate station statewide was during 1974 when only 19 @.@ 99 inches ( 50 @.@ 8 cm ) fell at Key West .
One of the worst years for wildfires was in 1998 , at the end of an El Nino cycle . 480 wildfires consumed 500 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 km2 ) statewide . In 2010 , the National Weather Service issued more fire alerts in Florida than anywhere else in the nation .
A statewide drought began in November 2005 , one month after Hurricane Wilma 's passage through the state , and persisted until 2009 . The previous significant drought occurred in 2000 , which was the state 's driest year on record .
= = = Snowfall = = =
The earliest recorded occurrence of snow or sleet occurred in 1774 . The latest occurrence of snow or sleet in the spring fell on January 7 , 8 , and 9 , 2010 , as a cold front brought scattered snow flurries along with widespread sleet and freezing rain , especially in the northern and central portions of the state .
The state record for snowfall is 5 inches ( 13 cm ) , set in northern Florida during January 1800 . The earliest in the season that frozen precipitation has fallen was during the Late November 2006 Nor 'easter on November 21 across central Florida . The latest in the season that snow or sleet has fallen was on April 8 , 2007 . A trace of snowfall has been recorded as far south as Homestead , mainly during a January 19 , 1977 event .
= = Thunderstorms = =
Florida reports more thunderstorms than any other US state . Some places report in excess of 90 thunderstorm days per year , making Florida one of the most thundery regions outside of the tropics . Florida receives the highest density of lightning strikes within the United States . Several deaths per year are blamed on lightning , making lightning one of the deadliest weather @-@ related phenomenon in the state . However , since 1992 , the number of lightning deaths has been slowly dropping despite a rising population , suggesting that lightning awareness programs are effective . The most likely targets of lightning strikes are construction workers and others who work outside , though 12 percent of the cases occurred indoors to people using electronic devices . Severe thunderstorms can sometimes produce hail , very strong straight line winds and tornadoes . Very heavy rainfall from thunderstorms can result in flash flooding . Thunderstorms occur most often during the summer but can occur at any time of the year .
= = = Tornadoes = = =
There are more tornadoes per square mile in Florida than any other state . However , these tornadoes tend to be much weaker and short @-@ lived than in other states like the Midwest or Great Plains . Strong tornadoes do occasionally form in Florida , usually in conjunctions with a cold frontal passage in the winter or spring . A total of 42 people died in February 1998 from the deadliest such tornado outbreak in Central Florida , which occurred during the nighttime hours .
While tornadoes in the Midwest are more severe , a higher rate of deaths are experienced in Florida , and Brevard County , specifically , due to higher population density and quantity of manufactured homes .
= = Tropical cyclones = =
The earliest in the year a tropical cyclone has struck the sunshine state was the Groundhog Day Tropical Storm in 1952 . The latest impact was from a hurricane which struck near Tampa on December 1 , 1925 . The strongest hurricane to strike Florida was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 . Hurricane Easy in 1950 produced the wettest known point total from any tropical cyclone . The record number of hurricane strikes on the state in one season is four in 2004 . Hurricanes typically spawn tornadoes within their northeast quadrant .
Tropical cyclones have affected Florida in every month of the year but January and March . Nearly one @-@ third of the cyclones affected the state in September , and nearly three @-@ fourths of the storms affected the state between August and October , which coincides with the peak of the hurricane season . Portions of the coastline have the lowest return period , or the frequency at which a certain intensity or category of hurricane can be expected within 86 mi ( 139 km ) of a given location , in the country . Monroe County was struck by 26 hurricanes since 1926 , which is the greatest total for any county in the United States .
= = Effect of climate cycles = =
El Niño has the following effects on Florida climate : above average rainfall in the spring . This is followed by wildfire threat when rain dries up . Northern Florida is more susceptible to severe weather ; below normal temperatures , increased number of low pressure systems in the Gulf of Mexico during the winter , and " almost always " reduces the frequency of storms and hurricanes .
La Niña has the following effects : often dry conditions prevail in late fall , winter and early spring , increased risk of wildfires in spring and summer months , the temperatures average slightly above normal , and the chance of hurricane activity increases substantially .
Long term forecasts are made based on these effects . However , they are easily overridden , in winter , by the Arctic oscillation and North Atlantic oscillations , which can only be predicted about two weeks in advance . These can drop the temperature noticeably from seasonal norms .
= = Climates of selected Florida cities = =
The climate regime for much of the state is humid subtropical ( Köppen Cfa ) , though portions of the Gold Coast of southeast Florida , as well as all of the Florida Keys , qualify as tropical wet @-@ and @-@ dry ( Köppen Aw ) .
A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2 @,@ 400 and 2 @,@ 800 hours of sunshine annually . The rest of the state , including Miami , receives between 2 @,@ 800 and 3 @,@ 200 hours annually .
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= April in Quahog =
" April in Quahog " is the 16th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 11 , 2010 . The episode features the Griffin family as they attempt to live out their last day on Earth , after hearing an announcement on the local news about a black hole that is sucking in the entire solar system . As the countdown approaches zero , Peter suddenly reveals his secret dislike of being in his children 's presence , seconds before the world is expected to end . Then it is revealed that it is all an April Fools ' joke , and Peter is left to attempt to win back his children 's respect .
The episode was written by John Viener and directed by Joseph Lee . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 6 @.@ 93 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by James Burkholder , Anne Hathaway and Jason Mraz , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . " April in Quahog " was released on DVD along with ten other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .
= = Plot = =
The local news reports that Stephen Hawking has discovered a new black hole at the edge of the solar system , but the Griffin family pays no attention to the announcement . Peter alerts the family that he has been selected for jury duty , which he believes is an exclusive experience . After Brian informs him that everyone serves jury duty at some point , Peter tries to be kicked out of court by annoying the others , expressing fabricated prejudices , singing Surfin ' Bird , and attempting to discuss the trial outside of the courtroom . When Peter returns home that night , the local news announces that the Earth will be destroyed by the newly discovered , and continually expanding , black hole within the next 24 hours . Frantic over the news , everyone in Quahog attempts to live out the best last day possible . Herbert finally attempts to have sex with Chris , Quagmire has sex with Bonnie , and Peter finally manages to steal a lion from the zoo and say the " you @-@ know @-@ what word " in a black neighborhood ( he is well respected as a result ) . As the countdown reaches its final seconds , Peter confesses to Lois that while he loves her , he hates spending time with his kids . Immediately afterward , the news anchors reveal the black hole report was an April Fools ' joke .
Stunned at their father 's newly revealed hatred , Meg , Chris and Stewie avoid Peter . After realizing how angry they are , Peter tries to reconcile with his kids by spending time with each of them . However , he and his kids share no common interests and Peter only makes things worse by using the methamphetamine he had wanted to share with Chris . After a heartfelt speech does not work , Peter finally buys his kids ' love by giving them a new Xbox 360 , and they proclaim Peter " the best father ever " . At the end of the show , Peter plays Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 , albeit terribly , much to the other players ' fury , two of them being Quagmire and Joe who tell Peter he sucks at the game .
= = Production and development = =
As his first official episode for the series , the episode was directed by Joseph Lee , who had previously served as an assistant director and storyboard artist for the show . In addition , the episode was written by series regular John Viener , his second episode for the season , the first being " Jerome is the New Black " . In promoting the episode , an image of Stan and Francine Smith meeting and speaking with Lois and Peter , along with an image of Peter , Brian , Joe and Quagmire drinking cans of beer in front of the house from King of the Hill was released by 20th Century Fox . A press release of a purported crossover was also made public . Having released the information on April Fools ' Day , the crossover was revealed to be an April Fools ' joke after the episode aired without a crossover occurring .
" April in Quahog " , along with the eleven other episodes from Family Guy 's eighth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini @-@ feature which discussed the process behind animating " And Then There Were Fewer " , a mini @-@ feature entitled " The Comical Adventures of Family Guy – Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call " , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
In addition to the regular cast , voice actor James Burkholder , actress Anne Hathaway and singer and performer Jason Mraz guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Lori Alan , Johnny Brennan , Chris Cox , Ralph Garman , writer and showrunner Mark Hentemann , voice actor Phil LaMarr , writer Chris Sheridan , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener also made minor appearances . Recurring guest voice actors Adam West and Patrick Warburton made guest appearances as well .
= = Cultural references = =
In the opening scene of the episode , the Griffin family is seen watching the Channel 5 News , with Tricia Takanawa then beginning an interview with Stephen Hawking . Hawking , who is paralyzed due to neuro @-@ muscular dystrophy , is seen sitting in his wheelchair . After the camera cuts , Hawking then jumps up from his chair , and admits it is just an act , before deciding to go surfing at the nearby beach .
In mentioning that he has been summoned for jury duty , and implying its exclusivity , Peter is confronted by Brian who reveals that the only reason he was selected was because he had voted in the last election . Peter goes on to state that he actually stuffed the ballot box at the Oscars , when the nominees included Grover from Sesame Street , Bluto from Popeye , and Daniel Day @-@ Lewis , among others . Actress Anne Hathaway presented the award . Going on to find out that everyone is asked to do jury duty , Peter soon seeks to be kicked out , just as he was from the rock band Coldplay once he suggested that they write a song that is " not whiny bullcrap " . Further attempting to be kicked out of jury duty , Peter begins singing the song " Surfin ' Bird " by The Trashmen , a song that was first introduced in the series in the seventh season episode " I Dream of Jesus " .
Before Peter is preparing to leave for jury duty , the family is seen watching a television sitcom entitled How Henry Kissinger Met Your Mother , a parody of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother , which features Henry Kissinger , whose heavy accent makes his speech unintelligible . Once Peter is dressed for court , he explains that even the vending machines at the courthouse are out of order , with Brian then being shown dressed and laughing in a similar manner as the Hanna @-@ Barbera cartoon character Muttley .
Having learned of the impending doomsday , Mayor Adam West angrily writes an angry letter to outer space , expressing his intention of punching the constellation Orion . West then straps on a jetpack , as well as a fishbowl for his helmet , and flies into space , punching the constellation , causing the stars to form into the Orion Pictures company logo . After it is revealed by Channel 5 News that the impending doomsday was actually an April Fools ' Day joke , Brian reacts by angrily yelling , " You dicks ! " , a line uttered by Jeff Spicoli , as portrayed by Sean Penn , in the 1982 comedy film Fast Times at Ridgemont High . Unable to win over his children 's affection , Peter decides to buy them an Xbox 360 to earn the respect once more . Before the end credits , Peter is then shown playing the Xbox 360 game Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ( Team Deathmatch on Favela ) , much to his children 's chagrin . Peter , gamertag ' pgriffin69x ' , is killed by Infinity Ward 's former Creative Strategist Robert Bowling , gamertag FOURZEROTWO .
= = Reception = =
In a slight decrease from the previous week , the episode was viewed in 6 @.@ 93 million homes in its original airing , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 4 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , beating The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show , as well as the return episode of American Dad ! , which had been put into a temporary hiatus , in order to accommodate Sons of Tucson . In addition , the episode significantly edged out all three shows in total viewership .
Reviews of the episode were mostly mixed , calling it a " tragedy , " but " funnier than [ ... ] expected . " Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club noted that there are " funny lines tucked around the edges of every episode [ ... ] but there 's nothing here that justifies the needlessly elaborate plots . " Jason Hughes of TV Squad gave the episode a more positive review , stating that Peter 's attempts to bond with his children " brought some of the most hilarious visuals . " Ramsey Isler of IGN gave the episode a much more negative review , noting that it did not " have many redeeming qualities , " and the jokes were " mediocre . " In a subsequent review of Family Guy 's eighth season , Isler listed " April in Quahog " as being " full of the lowest of the lowest @-@ common @-@ denominator ' jokes ' , with heavy reliance on toilet humor and the characteristic cutaway gags that have steadily gotten more random and less funny . "
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= Anthony Moon =
Anthony Moon is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Matt Lapinskas . He was introduced on 25 July 2011 as an extension to the Moon family . The son of Eddie Moon ( David Essex ) , half brother of Michael Moon ( Steve John Shepherd ) and brother of Tyler Moon ( Tony Discipline ) , his storylines have focused on the friendship between him and Tyler , and his relationships with Poppy Meadow ( Rachel Bright ) , Jodie Gold ( Kylie Babbington ) , Amira Masood ( Preeya Kalidas ) and Alice Branning ( Jasmyn Banks ) .
Anthony , along with brother Tyler , were announced as new characters in May 2011 , played by Lapinskas and Discipline respectively , although Tyler made his debut at an earlier date . Described as someone who " will rely on his brains and natural wit to find a more sensitive solution to any conflict " , it is found out that Anthony has a gambling problem before his character arrived in Walford , which is later a focus of one of the storylines . Lapinskas said of his relationship with half @-@ brother Michael that Anthony " idolises " him , and that Michael " corrupted " Anthony . When Eddie leaves , Anthony takes charge of his antiques business . Executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said that the Moon brothers would bring a new element to the show . Inside Soap held a poll to see which of the new Moon family members , Eddie , Tyler or Anthony , its readers were most looking forward to seeing ; Anthony came third with 12 per cent of the vote . Lapinskas quit the show in May 2012 . He left EastEnders on 30 August 2012 .
= = Storylines = =
Anthony first appears when he poses as a member of the Walford council to help Eddie eject a squatter from a premises that they want to move their antiques business into . He then decides to remain in Walford and helps his father set up the business . Anthony buys some candlesticks from Cora Cross ( Ann Mitchell ) , though she does not know their true value , but when Cora finds out their true value , she accuses Anthony of scamming her . Eddie sells the candlesticks for £ 8000 , and when Tyler decides to take part in an unlicensed boxing match , Michael convinces Anthony that Tyler will win and that it would be a good idea to place a bet on him , knowing that Anthony suffers with a gambling addiction . Anthony steals £ 8000 from Eddie 's safe , but bets on Tyler 's opponent Artie Stiller ( Maurice Lee ) , which leaves Michael unimpressed , as he has researched Artie and found out he is tough . During the fight , however , Tyler narrowly wins so Anthony has to confess to Eddie that he has lost the money . Shortly after he does , Tyler collapses and has a seizure , so is rushed to hospital . Eddie is sickened by Anthony 's actions and tells him he wishes he was dying in a hospital bed , rather than Tyler . Distraught , Anthony storms out and attends a party run by Mandy Salter ( Nicola Stapleton ) , culminating in him kissing her . Afterwards , Anthony returns to the hospital to learn that Tyler has been taken for a life @-@ saving operation and is furious that Eddie was not around . Eddie then admits that his children would be better off without him . Tyler survives and recovers , but the brothers are told by Eddie that Michael set up an unfair fight to punish the family , leading Tyler and Anthony to reject Michael . Eddie then leaves Walford , leaving Tyler and Anthony the antiques business .
When Jodie Gold ( Kylie Babbington ) and Poppy Meadow ( Rachel Bright ) become homeless , Anthony asks them to move in with him and Tyler . The girls move in , and it soon emerges that Poppy is attracted to Anthony . He prefers Jodie though , but nevertheless asks Poppy out on a date . After he and Jodie talk , Anthony suddenly kisses her , but she pulls away immediately . Jodie later reveals she is moving out and later confesses that she and Anthony kissed , which greatly upsets Poppy . Jodie and Poppy reconcile and decide to move away from Walford which upsets Anthony . Anthony takes a romantic interest to Amira Masood ( Preeya Kalidas ) when she kisses him , however Anthony becomes frustrated when she pays more attention to her soon to be ex @-@ husband Syed ( Marc Elliott ) , who she is trying to win back . Amira later invites Anthony for a meal at her family 's home , but it is awkward .
When Derek Branning ( Jamie Foreman ) demands £ 4000 for some goods he asked Anthony and Tyler to sell , Anthony says he only has £ 3000 as he needed to pay some bills . He agrees to sell a necklace to get some of the money , but instead , he gives it to Amira . He then gambles the rest but loses it . Derek then asks Anthony and Tyler to either pay up or steal cable from the railway , otherwise he will break their legs . Anthony goes to Michael for financial help but Michael locks Anthony in his office and calls the police , who arrest Derek and Patrick Trueman ( Rudolph Walker ) , who offered to help the brothers . They are released without charge , but Derek then accuses Anthony and Tyler of calling the police , and increases their debt to £ 8000 . They realise Michael called the police and confront him , and his partner Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) discovers what is going on . She pays off the debt , but Michael takes a beating from Derek .
Amira and Anthony 's relationship continues and after having a small argument with Christian Clarke ( John Partridge ) , Amira goes over to Anthony 's house and the pair end up having sex for the first time . However , she later cries afterwards and appears to regret it . She tells him it felt wrong , but it is not his fault . She then decides to leave Walford without telling him . Anthony later learns that Amira has left after Syed tells him . When Alice Branning ( Jasmyn Banks ) takes a liking to Anthony , her father Derek forces Anthony to take her out . Anthony is not interested in Alice , but is scared of Derek so cannot refuse . They have a couple of dates , but they go badly . Several weeks later , Alice receives flowers and assumes they are from Anthony . Anthony is then forced to take her out again , as he does not want to upset her . However , he tries to put her off by behaving and dressing badly . Later , during a game of spin the bottle , Anthony and Alice kiss , and he then decides that he really does like her and invites her on a proper date . Alice decides she is ready to lose her virginity to Anthony , although he does not pressure her . Her brother Joey ( David Witts ) overhears and manipulates Anthony into playing poker with Derek . Anthony cannot resist due to his gambling addiction and ends up losing the emporium . Both Derek and Joey tell him to leave and Alice is left stood up . Joey tells her Derek drove Anthony away , so she rushes to the emporium to find Anthony , but is too late as he leaves Walford via the tube station .
= = Other appearances = =
Anthony appears in the third series of the spin @-@ off series EastEnders : E20 . In episode 8 , he is supervising Faith Olubunmi ( Modupe Adeyeye ) , Ava Bourne ( Sophie Colquhoun ) and Donnie Lester ( Samuell Benta ) while they do community service in The Queen Victoria . Anthony jokes that Ava and Donnie are a couple , which leads to Donnie attempting to attack Anthony . Phil Mitchell ( Steve McFadden ) says it makes a change for someone to show the ladies some respect . He starts to chat Ava up but Donnie interferes once again and Anthony simply ignores him .
= = Introduction , casting and characterisation = =
The character was announced on 10 May 2011 , as an extension to the Moon family , with the part being cast to Matt Lapinskas . The character was announced at the same time as Anthony 's brother Tyler , which was to be played by Tony Discipline . Lapinskas said he was over the moon over his casting and said it 's good that he will be appearing on a show that he has been a lifelong fan of . He also added that the cast and crew ere very welcoming . Executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said that Lapinskas and Discipline are great additions to the show and that along with Eddie , they could become an established family on the Square . Tyler and Anthony were suspected to be " a couple of likely lads who are more than likely to cause a stir in Albert Square . " Anthony first appears on 25 July 2011 . Lapinskas appears as Anthony in EastEnders E20 before starting in EastEnders , saying that it " broke him in " . In February 2012 , Lapinskas said to Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy that he was " really enjoying " EastEnders and that it is " a real learning curve " .
In an interview with Inside Soap , Kirkwood said that Anthony and Tyler would bring a new element to EastEnders , " There 's been no shortage of brilliant and sexy women in EastEnders over the past few years and it was about time there were some blokes to join them . Tony and Matt are great actors , and the fact that they 're easy on the eye is a great advantage " . " What the brothers bring is romance and fun , because that 's something we 've been a little short @-@ changed on in EastEnders recently . The Moons are a very interesting family to work with – they 're all big characters . It 's a great new era for that clan " . Kirkwood added that " there is more to the pair than meets the eye " saying that there " are a couple of buried secrets between Eddie and his sons " confirming it will be " a big story for the summer " . He finished , " there 'll be consequences for all concerned " . Kirkwood later added , " What I hope we 've created in Tyler and Anthony are blokes you might see in the pub on a Friday night with an appetite for life – and for women . "
When Anthony was introduced , it was revealed that he was a gambling addict . Of this , Lapinskas said , " it 's a great thing that our executive producer Bryan Kirkwood and the EastEnders team came up with for Anthony – that he does have this gambling problem and various insecurities connected with it . It adds some more depth to the character and it 's brilliant when we can explore that . With every topic and every storyline that crops up , I think Anthony 's background will always have an effect and impact on it . That 's really nice to play . "
Anthony is described as someone who " will rely on his brains and natural wit to find a more sensitive solution to any conflict " and " calm " by Digital Spy and the BBC . Tyler and Anthony were described as " heart @-@ throbs " and " ladykillers " , with the official EastEnders website adding that Anthony is a " well groomed & reliable young lad " . Anthony and Tyler 's different personalities are teased in the promotional video , which sees them recalling a prank Tyler played on his older brother before he mocks Anthony 's inability to speak to " gorgeous " girls " .
= = Development = =
= = = Notable relationships = = =
= = = = Eddie and Michael = = = =
Anthony 's relationship with father Eddie was not as good as Tyler 's relationship with Eddie , Lapinskas told Digital Spy of this , " [ Anthony ] wants to show his dad that he 's the man to take over the [ family ] business . For Anthony , his main interest is the antiques emporium – forget the girls ! " . Of his relationship with his half brother Michael ( Steve John Shepherd ) , he said that Michael " corrupted " Anthony explaining , " Anthony just idolises him , the fact of the matter is that Michael has his own business and has all this money coming in , without having to worry about all the family politics , so Anthony 's in awe of that " .
= = = = Jodie Gold and Poppy Meadow = = = =
Lapinskas previously had teased that Anthony would get a love interest and in November 2011 , Anthony started dating Poppy Meadow ( Rachel Bright ) . Lapinskas deemed his character " pleased that somebody likes him " , and said that while he was also interested in Jodie Gold ( Kylie Babbington ) , he was put " on the spot " by Poppy and so did what he thought was expected of him in asking her out . He and Jodie later kissed ; Lapinskas revealed that Jodie would be angry with herself for betraying Poppy and decide to leave London . An Inside Soap writer predicted that Anthony had landed himself in a big mess , and that he was " playing with fire " by kissing both Poppy and Jodie . A source told RTÉ , " [ Jodie ] and Poppy have never let a man come between them . Poppy may have something to say to Jodie when she finds out they have kissed . "
= = = = Amira Masood = = = =
In January 2012 , Anthony takes an interest to Amira Masood ( Preeya Kalidas ) , Amira states in EastEnders to Zainab Masood ( Nina Wadia ) that Anthony ' brightens up her life by treating her like a princess ' . Speaking of his relationship with Amira , Lapinskas told Digital Spy , " From the very first time Anthony saw Amira at the pub , he said she was a goddess . Since then , he 's been helping her out a bit , and she 's warming to him . You never know what could happen – watch this space . It could turn into something beautiful ! He added , " I think at first she might have wanted to use him to make Syed ( Marc Elliot ) jealous , but over a period of time , she might start warming to him . He is genuinely a nice guy and quite charming , so she could fall for him " .
= = = = Derek Branning = = = =
In February 2012 , Anthony and Tyler get involved with criminal Derek Branning ( Jamie Foreman ) . Of this storyline Lapinksas said , " I loved the challenge . Every time you get a big storyline and lots of scripts , it 's fantastic – there 's lots to sink your teeth into . Myself , Jamie and Tony Discipline sat down and spoke about the scenes beforehand , discussing how we were going to perform them . It 's like taking on a new project , so every time I get a new storyline , I 'm hands @-@ on and ready to go for it . " On the scenes involving Anthony , Tyler and Derek , Lapinskas said , " I think it was definitely a shock for them to see his true colours ! Anthony was really worried as he didn 't want them to get into trouble , so as we saw , he was trying his best to get them out of it . But even though they were scared of Derek , Anthony and Tyler are brothers and they 've got each other 's backs , so it was nice that we saw them standing up to Derek in some of the scenes . "
= = = Departure = = =
On 9 May 2012 , Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy reported Lapinskas would be leaving EastEnders . His character departed 30 August 2012 . Of his exit , Lapinskas said " I 'm having a fantastic time working on EastEnders and playing the role of Anthony Moon . Working with David Essex , Tony Discipline and the EastEnders cast has been an absolute pleasure . Although I will really miss EastEnders and everyone involved , I am very excited about future projects and what is next for me as an actor . " Lapinskas revealed that Anthony 's exit plot sees him make a " big mistake " . Anthony realises how much he loves Alice Branning ( Jasmyn Banks ) but is unsure how to deal with her brother and father Joey ( David Witts ) and Derek Branning ( Jamie Foreman ) respectively . Speaking to Soap Life , Lapinskas said " Joey manipulates Anthony into challenging Derek , which is a big mistake . I can 't give too much away , but I can tell you that after going up against Derek , Anthony has no choice but to leave the Square . " Magazine reports claim that Anthony packs his bags after losing everything to Joey and Derek , revising his gambling problem . Lapinskas hopes that Anthony will return someday . In an interview with Inside Soap , Lapinskas said that EastEnders was his first job outside of drama school and added that he has learnt a lot from the people he worked with . He also added " I was quite disappointed when I found out Anthony would be leaving , I 'd have liked to do a lot more stuff with him . It 's a shame to not be a part of what 's coming up . "
= = Reception = =
Inside Soap held a poll to see which of the new Moon family members , Eddie , Tyler or Anthony , its readers were most looking forward to seeing . Anthony came last with 12 % of the vote . During an Inside Soap feature on the Moon brothers vs the Mitchell brothers , Kate Woodward said " Two sexy brothers to shake up Albert Square ? That sounds familiar ! But are Anthony and Tyler really the new Grant and Phil Mitchell ? " Lapinskas commented on this , saying " It 's a lot of pressure to put us both under , but what a duo to be compared to ! ... Phil and Grant were in the show together for at least 10 years , and they were fantastic – so to be linked to them is phenomenal . It really is a lot to live up to , but Tony and I are hoping to come in with out own energy and bring something completely new to EastEnders . Rachel Tarley from the Metro said " it 's nice to have a bit of fresh blood in the soap , especially since the appearance of another one of his siblings always seems to leave Michael a little more demented than he was before . Lapinskas revealed to the Daily Mirror that because of his role in EastEnders , he is recognised in public , calling the experience " surreal " . Cecile Metcalf of the Daily Mail branded Anthony " the loveable rogue of the square , with a cheeky answer for everything " .
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= Chrystal Macmillan =
Chrystal Macmillan ( 13 June 1872 – 21 September 1937 ) was a Scottish Liberal politician , barrister , feminist and pacifist , and the first female science graduate from the University of Edinburgh as well as that institution 's first female honours graduate in Mathematics . She was an activist for women 's right to vote , and for other women 's causes . She was the first woman to plead a case before the House of Lords , and was one of the founders of the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom .
In the first year of World War I , Macmillan spoke for the peace @-@ seeking women of the United Kingdom at the International Congress of Women , a peace congress convened at The Hague . Afterward , she met with world leaders such as President Woodrow Wilson , whose countries were still neutral , to present the proposals formulated at The Hague . Wilson subsequently used these proposals as some of his Fourteen Points , his justification for making war to forge a lasting peace . At war 's end , Macmillan served as a delegate at the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 , and helped encourage the founding of the League of Nations . Macmillan tried but did not succeed in getting the League to establish nationality for women independent of the nationality of their husbands .
= = Early career = =
Macmillan was born Jessie Chrystal Macmillan on 13 June 1872 to Edinburgh tea merchant , John Macmillan and his wife Jessie Chrystal Finlayson . She was the couple 's only daughter among their eight sons . After an early education in Edinburgh she boarded at St Leonards School and St Katharines School for Girls in St Andrews on the east coast of Scotland . She returned to enroll at the University of Edinburgh in October 1892 . Among the first female students there , she was not the first to graduate , as others were more advanced in their studies when they entered as graduate students , and earned Master 's degrees before she finished her undergraduate work . Macmillan studied science subjects including Honours Mathematics with George Chrystal , Astronomy with Ralph Copeland , and Natural Philosophy with Peter Guthrie Tait and Cargill Gilston Knott . She earned her Bachelor of Science degree in April 1896 , the first woman at Edinburgh to do so .
In the summer of 1896 she went to Berlin for further university study , then returned to Edinburgh and passed an examination in Greek language to enter the Faculty of Arts in October 1896 . She studied a number of social subjects including politics , and graduated in April 1900 . Macmillan was the first woman to earn First @-@ class honours from Edinburgh in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy , also earning Second @-@ class honours in Moral Philosophy and Logic . During this time she was a member of the Edinburgh Ladies ' Debating Society , a forum which helped her gain confidence arguing in the face of opposition . She also joined the Edinburgh Mathematical Society in May 1897 , the second woman member after Flora Philip in 1896 .
= = Women 's rights = =
Macmillan was active in the Edinburgh National Society for Women 's Suffrage ( ENSWS ) . In 1897 , two women 's groups in Great Britain united to become the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) , of whom Macmillan , along with Louisa Stevenson , served as executive committee members from Edinburgh . She was known as Chrystal Macmillan — she did not use the name Jessie , her mother 's first name and her own birth name .
As graduates , Macmillan and four other women were full members of the General Council of Edinburgh University , but they were denied the opportunity to vote in February 1906 to determine the Member of Parliament who would represent the university seat . Macmillan argued that the wording of the General Council 's voting statutes used the word persons throughout , and that she and the other female graduates were indeed persons . In March , Macmillan wrote to Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy to ask for aid , as Elmy was the author of the pamphlet The Enfranchisement of Women . Macmillan told Elmy " I formed my beliefs on your pamphlet . " Elmy recommended she contact Charlotte Carmichael Stopes for additional useful arguments . Macmillan brought the case before the University Courts in 1907 but lost , and lost a subsequent appeal . Scottish suffragists banded together to raise the £ 1000 required to present a case to the House of Lords . They hoped to raise awareness in Great Britain of the absurdity and injustice of denying the vote to educated women such as themselves .
In November 1908 , Macmillan appeared in London to argue , as a university graduate , for her right to vote for Scottish University seats . During her speech , the buildings of Parliament were made to suspend the temporary arrangements put in place to prevent women from entering — such arrangements had been instituted after the first militant suffrage agitations . Macmillan was the first woman to argue a case before the bar of the House of Lords . She was backed by her contemporary , Frances Simson , one of the first eight female graduates of Edinburgh . Given audience late in the day , Macmillan spoke for three quarters of an hour . Press reports of the appearance described her as a " modern Portia . " In Scotland , Glasgow 's The Herald reported that she began nervously but warmed to her subject and " argued law in an admirable speaking voice " . Two days later she continued to plead her case , this time in " complete self @-@ possession " , wearing a dark red outfit and hat trimmed with ermine furs . Like other suffragists in Britain and the United States , she based her case on the words person and persons in the voting statutes , arguing that such unspecific words were no basis for the exclusion of one entire sex from voting . The court upheld both lower courts ' decisions that the word persons did not include women when referring to privileges granted by the state . She lost the case , but The New York Times reported that she responded to the decision against her with the words " We 'll live to fight another day " . In Wellington , New Zealand , the Evening Post wrote a less strident account , noting that Macmillan was cheerful in defeat . After the court adjourned , she said to a reporter from the London Daily Chronicle , " I don 't suppose that there is anything more to be done just now , but we shall live to fight another day . " No matter her exact words , her time at the House of Lords attracted worldwide publicity which proved valuable to the women 's cause .
In 1911 , Macmillan attended the sixth congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance ( IWSA ) in Stockholm . There , she embarked upon a long @-@ term project , in cooperation with Marie Stritt , president of the German Union for Woman Suffrage , and Maria Vérone , president of the French League for Women 's Rights , to document women 's voting conditions around the world . In May 1913 , after two years of correspondence with widely separated women 's rights activists to gather global information , the women completed Woman Suffrage in Practice , 1913 , a book to which Carrie Chapman Catt added a foreword . Published in conjunction with the NUWSS and the National American Woman Suffrage Association , the book described current women 's voting practices in 35 countries and empires , with the authors dividing the work by country . Macmillan was responsible for writing about the UK , the US , New Zealand , Australia , India , China , South Africa and five smaller countries . Macmillan noticed that in few countries and empires were women excluded specifically by statute — they were instead kept from voting by custom alone . She wrote from both personal experience and outside observation of women 's activists : " as soon as they become alive to this fact , they have tested the legality of their exclusion in the law courts . " In 1913 , Macmillan attended the seventh IWSA congress in Budapest , and began to serve the IWSA as vice president , a position she would hold for ten years . In 1914 , she authored a 30 @-@ page booklet entitled Facts versus fancies on woman suffrage published by the NUWSS .
= = Peace activism = =
When World War I began , Macmillan looked for peace activism on the part of NUWSS . Instead , she found a majority of British women were in favour of helping the men win the war . Her pacifism was not at all passive — soon after hostilities broke out , she travelled to Flushing , Netherlands on a mission of mercy . By late October 1914 she was providing food for refugees from the fall of Antwerp . Macmillan signed the Open Christmas Letter , a peace @-@ seeking exchange between women of warring nations , in late 1914 .
Elsewhere in the world , pacifist women were forced to adjust to the realities of war . After " the guns of August " , Rosika Schwimmer , a native of Austria – Hungary working in England but prevented by war from returning home , outlined her idea for an international conference of neutrals to mediate between warring nations . In September 1914 , Stritt wrote to Catt in America with " deep personal regret " for the " terrible war " . The pacifist women of Germany were forced by war to withdraw their invitation to host the annual IWSA congress which was to have been held nine months later in Berlin . In December 1914 , Canadian Julia Grace Wales , a professor at the University of Wisconsin – Madison , published her views about working toward a mediated peace in a pamphlet entitled " Continuous Mediation Without Armistice " , popularly known as the Wisconsin Plan . Taking these messages as her inspiration , Catt proposed that , rather than holding a woman suffrage convention in Berlin , an international peace congress of women should meet in The Hague for four days beginning 28 April 1915 .
When this announcement reached the UK , the NUWSS was divided on the one hand by patriots such as Millicent Fawcett who were devoted to war work and on the other by the signers of the Christmas letter who wished to send peace delegates . However , the majority of the NUWSS were nationalistic more than they were peace @-@ minded . They rejected a resolution favored by internationalists Helen Bright Clark and Margaret Bondfield which would have supported a delegation of women at The Hague . Because of this , women such as Margaret Ashton , Helena Swanwick and Maude Royden resigned from the NUWSS and made plans to attend at The Hague , some 180 women in total . Macmillan was the only internationalist executive of NUWSS who did not resign ; she was away performing relief work . Volunteering near The Hague , Macmillan prepared to join the ex @-@ NUWSS members after the group crossed the English Channel .
At The Hague 28 April to 1 May 1915 , a large congress of 1 @,@ 150 women from North America and Europe gathered to discuss peace proposals . The event was called the International Congress of Women , or the Women 's Peace Congress . The 180 @-@ strong contingent of British women was greatly reduced by Winston Churchill 's purposeful cancellation of British ferry service across the Channel , stranding most of the British activists . Already in Antwerp , Macmillan easily attended the women 's conference to speak for the UK — she was one of only three British women present . Macmillan was selected as a member of the international committee who were to travel to neutral nations and champion the proposal of the Congress . The Wisconsin Plan was unanimously adopted as the optimum method for returning peace to the world , and Macmillan , Schwimmer and the committee travelled to the neutral US to present President Woodrow Wilson with it . Many of the women 's peace proposals were used by Wilson in his Fourteen Points , and the women 's efforts helped encourage the later founding of the League of Nations .
After the war , Macmillan went to Zürich in May 1919 as a delegate to the International Congress of Women . The Congress strongly condemned the harsh surrender terms that were being planned for Germany in the Treaty of Versailles to be signed the next month . Macmillan carried the Congress ' condemnation to the ongoing Paris Peace Conference , but no changes were made to the treaty .
= = Lawyer = =
By early 1918 , British women who had attained the age of 30 were given the right to vote and hold office . Following the passing of the Sex Disqualification ( Removal ) Act 1919 , which enabled women to become members of the legal profession , Macmillan applied to Middle Temple as a pupil barrister . She was called to the bar on 28 January 1924 and in 1926 joined the Western Circuit , becoming only the second women to be elected to its Bar Mess . Between then and 1929 she acted as counsel for defence in the six cases in which she appeared on the Circuit , and she took 65 cases in the North London Session courts between 1927 and 1936 . From 1929 , she appeared at the Central Criminal Court in five cases for the prosecution , and one for defence [ court books ] . There are no records available for her civil cases . As she was studying for the bar , she co @-@ founded the Open Door Council for the repeal of legal restraints on women . Macmillan worked to lift restrictions and so give women of all stations an equal opportunity in the workplace . NUWSS was re @-@ organised in 1918 as the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship , but Macmillan disagreed with the group 's stance on protective legislation for women workers . In 1929 , she co @-@ founded a global group , the Open Door International for the Economic Emancipation of the Woman Worker — she served as president of this group until her death .
= = Politician = =
At the 1935 general election , Macmillan unsuccessfully stood for election as the Liberal candidate in Edinburgh North . She came third , with less than 6 % of the votes .
In the same period , she worked to stem the traffic in females used as sexual slaves . To that end , she worked with Alison Roberta Noble Neilans ' Association for Moral and Social Hygiene . Feminist writer Cicely Hamilton wrote of Macmillan that " she was the right kind of lawyer , one who held that Law should be synonymous with Justice ... Her chief aim in life — one might call it her passion — was to give every woman of every class and nation the essential protection of justice . She was , herself , a great and very just human being ... She could not budge an inch on matters of principle but she never lost her temper and never bore a grudge in defeat . "
= = Women 's nationality = =
In 1917 , Macmillan spoke out against the practice of assigning a woman 's national citizenship depending on whom she married . From 1905 , this had been the vocal position of Ishbel Hamilton @-@ Gordon , Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair , known as Lady Aberdeen , but Macmillan saw the issue in a new light during the war . Women who were married to foreigners were , upon declaration of war , faced suddenly with status as enemy nationals within the land of their birth . From the same legal basis , a number of British women were enjoying full citizenship in enemy territories . Macmillan was in favour of women retaining their existing citizenship through marriage . To that end , she wrote a piece entitled " The Nationality of Married Women " that was published twice in Jus Suffragii , once in July 1917 and again with updated statistics in June 1918 . However , no new laws were passed about it , and a woman 's citizenship remained tied to that of her husband .
The subject came up again in 1930 , during the Conference on Codification of International Law , held in The Hague . A strong contingent of women from America joined international women 's groups to change the existing nationality laws , but the women were unable to agree on wording . Intense lobbying by women , and a massive parade demonstration , failed to influence the conferees , and the international law continued to hold that a woman 's nationality followed her husband 's . In response , Macmillan organised an International Committee for Action on the Nationality of Married Women early the next year . Six of the most influential international women 's groups sought a broad base of support from working women . Macmillan 's stated goal was to delay ratification of the Hague Convention , and to make certain that a woman 's nationality would not change without her consent , and that the nationality of a couple 's children would not be more influenced by the father 's nationality . The new committee was successful in lobbying the League of Nations to address the problem , but when the League constituted a study group , that group was split between two intractable factions . On one side were those who wanted a married couple to have exactly one nationality , based on that of the husband , and on the other side were those like Macmillan who favoured independent citizenship between spouses , with the possibility of wives having different citizenship than their husbands , and children to be allowed dual citizenship . In 1932 , the women 's group , at an impasse , were pushed aside as ineffectual by the League of Nations , who decided in favour of ratifying the Hague Convention . The women 's group disbanded , and the Hague convention was ratified in 1937 .
= = Death = =
In 1937 , Macmillan 's health was failing . In June , a leg was amputated , and her heart was weak . On 21 September she died of heart disease , at home in bed at 8 Chalmers Crescent , Edinburgh . On 23 September her body was cremated . In her will , she specified bequests to the Open Door International for the Economic Emancipation of the Woman Worker , and to the Association for Moral and Social Hygiene .
= = Legacy = =
In 1957 , the United Nations established independent nationality for each married person , a ruling Macmillan had worked toward without success in her lifetime .
A building at the University of Edinburgh is named for her , the Chrystal Macmillan Building at the north @-@ west corner of George Square . Since 2008 , it houses the majority of the School of Social and Political Science . The Chrystal Macmillan Prize is a £ 100 award given " at the discretion of the Scholarships and Prizes Committee " of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple in London , a professional group of attorneys . The prize was founded as an annual grant to benefit female law students scoring the highest in the bar 's final examination , and to support societies with which Macmillan was associated . A Millennial Plaque honouring Macmillan is placed at the King 's Buildings , a science campus at the University of Edinburgh . The plaque notes that she was a " suffragist , founder of Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom " , as well as the being the " first woman science graduate of the University " , an honour she achieved in 1896 .
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= USS Yorktown ( PG @-@ 1 ) =
USS Yorktown ( Gunboat No. 1 / PG @-@ 1 ) was lead ship of her class of steel @-@ hulled , twin @-@ screw gunboats in the United States Navy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . She was the second U.S. Navy ship named in honor of the American Revolutionary War 's Battle of Yorktown .
Yorktown was laid down by William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia in May 1887 and launched in April 1888 . She was just over 244 feet ( 74 m ) long and 36 feet ( 11 m ) abeam , and displaced 1 @,@ 710 long tons ( 1 @,@ 740 t ) . She was equipped with two steam engines which were supplemented with three schooner @-@ rigged masts . The ship 's main battery consisted of six 6 @-@ inch ( 15 @.@ 2 cm ) guns and was augmented by an assortment of smaller @-@ caliber guns .
At launch , Yorktown joined the Squadron of Evolution of " New Navy " steel @-@ hulled ships . Detached from that squadron , Yorktown , under the command of Robley D. Evans , sailed to Valparaíso , Chile , during the 1891 Baltimore Crisis and relieved USS Baltimore at that port . After that situation was resolved , Yorktown took part in the joint British – American sealing patrol in Alaskan waters and duty on the Asiatic Station before returning to the United States in 1898 . Yorktown was out of commission during the Spanish – American War , but took part in actions in the Philippine – American War and the Boxer Rebellion in 1899 and 1900 , respectively , after she had been recommissioned .
After three years out of commission from 1903 to 1906 , Yorktown hosted the Secretary of the Navy on board when he greeted the Great White Fleet on its arrival in San Francisco in May 1908 . Over the next five years , most of Yorktown 's time was spent in sealing patrols in Alaska and duty in Latin American ports . From July 1912 , Yorktown was out of commission for alterations , but resumed duties off the Mexican , Nicaraguan , and Honduran coasts beginning in April 1913 . Through World War I , Yorktown continued in the same role , until she departed for the East Coast of the United States in April 1918 . She served an escort for one convoy headed to Halifax in August , and remained in coastal escort duties in the east until January 1919 . After arrival at San Diego in February , she was decommissioned for the final time in June 1919 ; she was sold in 1921 to an Oakland , California , firm and broken up that same year .
= = Design and construction = =
The Yorktown class gunboats — unofficially considered third @-@ class cruisers — were the product of a United States Navy design attempt to produce compact ships with good seakeeping abilities and , yet , able to carry a heavy battery . Yorktown was authorized in the 1886 fiscal year , and the contract for her construction was awarded to the William Cramp and Sons shipyard of Philadelphia . The hull for Yorktown was designed by the Navy 's Bureau of Construction and Repair while the mechanical design was left to the Cramp yard . Yorktown 's keel was laid on 14 May 1887 .
The ship was launched on 28 April 1888 and sponsored by Mary Cameron , the daughter of U.S. Senator Don Cameron of Pennsylvania . The dynamite @-@ gun cruiser Vesuvius was launched a few minutes after Yorktown in the same ceremony . According to a news account , 25 United States Senators , 180 Congressmen , the Secretary of the Navy William Collins Whitney , and the governors of six states attended the dual ceremony , many arriving from Washington , D.C. , via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 's passenger steamer SS Columbia . By 19 March 1889 , Cramp had completed Yorktown and was prepared to turn her over to the Navy .
= = = Layout = = =
As built , Yorktown was 244 feet 5 inches ( 74 @.@ 50 m ) in length and 36 feet ( 11 m ) abeam . Her steel hull had an average draft of 14 feet ( 4 m ) , which was expected to give her the ability to escape from larger ships into shallow water . At the waterline was a turtleback deck of ⅜ -inch ( 9 @.@ 5 mm ) steel that formed a watertight seal over the lower spaces . The deck had a crown at the level of the waterline and curved downwards to 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) below the waterline at the sides of the ship . Below this armored deck were twelve compartments separated by watertight bulkheads ; the spaces above were equipped with watertight doors intended to be closed during battle .
Above the armored deck , Yorktown had forecastle and poop decks with an open gun deck that spanned the length of the ship between them . The conning tower was located forward on the forecastle deck and was oval @-@ shaped to deflect shot . It was outfitted with a steam @-@ powered steering wheel , an telegraph , and speaking tubes ; it was protected by 2 inches ( 51 mm ) of steel armor plate .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Yorktown was powered by two triple @-@ expansion steam engines which each drove one of the pair of 10 @.@ 5 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) , three @-@ bladed screw propellers . The cylinders of each engine were 22 , 31 , and 51 inches ( 56 , 79 , and 130 cm ) in diameter and had a 30 @-@ inch ( 76 cm ) stroke . Each engine was rated at 3 @,@ 400 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 500 kW ) and together were designed to move the ship at 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , though the ship exceeded that in her trials .
The engines , situated in separate watertight compartments , were each fed by a pair of coal @-@ fired boilers . Each boiler was horizontally mounted and was 9 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 90 m ) in diameter and 17 feet 6 inches ( 5 @.@ 33 m ) in length with a total grate area of 220 square inches ( 1 @,@ 400 cm2 ) . Yorktown 's coal bunkers could carry up to 400 long tons ( 410 t ) of the fuel , and were shielded from " shot and shell " . At a near top @-@ speed of 16 knots , the ship could cover 2 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 200 km ) in 6 ½ days ; at the more economical speed of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ) she could cruiser 12 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 22 @,@ 000 km ) over 62 days .
To supplement her steam power plant , Yorktown was built with three masts that were schooner @-@ rigged . She had a total sail area of 6 @,@ 300 square feet ( 590 m2 ) . The steam and sail combination was expected to allow Yorktown to remain at sea for months at a time during wartime .
= = = Armament = = =
Yorktown 's main battery consisted of six 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) / 30 caliber Mark 3 guns , with each gun weighing in excess of 11 @,@ 000 pounds ( 5 @,@ 000 kg ) . Two were mounted on the forecastle deck , two on the poop deck , and the other pair amidships on the gun deck . The two guns on the gun deck were mounted 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) above the waterline , while the other four were 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) above . The guns fired 105 @-@ pound ( 48 kg ) armor @-@ piercing projectiles with a propellant charge weighing 18 @.@ 8 pounds ( 8 @.@ 5 kg ) at 1 @,@ 950 feet per second ( 590 m / s ) . At an elevation of 30 @.@ 2 ° , the guns had a range of 18 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) . Each gun was shielded with steel plating 3 inches ( 76 mm ) thick .
Yorktown 's secondary battery consisted of two 6 @-@ pounder ( 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 24 in ) ) guns , two 3 @-@ pounder ( 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 85 in ) ) guns , and two 1 @-@ pounder ( 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) ) guns . All were based on designs of the French arms company Hotchkiss . According to a 1902 Bureau of Ordnance publication , an armor @-@ piercing round fired from a 6 @-@ pounder gun could penetrate 2 inches ( 51 mm ) of armor at a distance of 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) .
= = 1889 – 1897 = =
The ship was commissioned at the League Island ( Philadelphia ) Navy Yard on 23 April 1889 under the command of Commander French E. Chadwick . After Yorktown conducted her final sea trials , she was assigned to the " Squadron of Evolution " — sometimes also referred to as the " White Squadron " — in late 1889 . Yorktown operated with that unit as it developed tactical maneuvers for use by the new steel @-@ hulled naval vessels then coming into service in the United States Navy . After this duty , Yorktown departed the east coast of the United States on 7 December 1889 , bound for European waters ; stopped briefly at Fayal in the Azores ; and arrived at Lisbon , Portugal , two days before Christmas . The ship subsequently cruised the Mediterranean into the early spring of the following year , calling at ports in Spain , Morocco , France , Italy , Greece , and Malta . Following her return to the United States on 17 June 1890 , the warship entered drydock at the New York Navy Yard on 1 July for repairs that lasted until 8 August . Upon the completion of these alterations , Yorktown took part in the ceremonies marking the embarkation of the remains of the noted inventor , John Ericsson — of Monitor fame — for transportation back to his native Sweden for burial .
Yorktown next again operated in the Squadron of Evolution off the eastern seaboard and into the Gulf of Mexico into the summer of 1891 . Under Acting Rear Admiral John Grimes Walker , the squadron normally cruised in the Gulf of Mexico from January to April and off the east coast from May to October . While in the gulf , the ships called at Galveston , Texas ; New Orleans ; and Pensacola , Florida ; and carried out target practice in Tampa Bay . Later , the squadron conducted small arms practice at Yorktown , Virginia , after arriving at Hampton Roads . In July 1891 , the squadron carried out exercises and maneuvers in connection with the naval militias of New York and Massachusetts during which it added torpedo attacks upon the Fleet to the usual target practices . In addition , it conducted drills and landing exercises . The Secretary of the Navy 's report for the fiscal year 1891 noted that " useful experience " had been gained by the Squadron of Evolution in the training of commanding , navigating , and watch officers in skillfully and safely maneuvering vessels in formation and in restricted waters . In addition , engineers were trained in regulating and maintaining economical coal consumption .
= = = Baltimore crisis = = =
On 8 October 1891 , Yorktown , under the command of Commander Robley D. Evans , departed New York to join the Pacific Squadron . The gunboat put in to Charlotte Amalie , Danish West Indies , to " coal ship " on 14 October . While the ship was engaged in this duty , Yorktown was ordered to Valparaíso , Chile , in response to the Baltimore Crisis .
During the 1891 Chilean Civil War , the Itata , a cargo ship employed by Chilean Congressionalists , had loaded weaponry in California , but was detained in San Diego by U.S. officials . After Itata was able to slip away from San Diego , Charleston caught up with the ship at the Chilean port of Iquique in July 1891 and escorted the ship back to San Diego before her cargo could be unloaded . In October , some months after the Itata Incident had ended , the American cruiser Baltimore put in at Valparaíso . On 16 October , a group of sailors from Baltimore ashore on liberty were attacked by Congressionalists , still angry at the Itata affair . Two of Baltimore 's sailors were killed and eighteen wounded ; thirty @-@ six other American sailors were arrested by the local authorities . Tensions ran high in both Chile and the United States .
Yorktown , a part of the United States ' response , departed Charlotte Amalie for Valparaíso on 17 October for a six @-@ week , storm @-@ tossed voyage around the South American continent via the Straits of Magellan . Less than two weeks after Yorktown 's 30 November arrival , Baltimore departed , leaving American interests in the hands of Evans and Yorktown . Over the ensuing weeks , Chile and the United States came close to war , but cooler heads prevailed . Locally , Evans ' patience was " dangerously tested " , but it held . One inflammatory incident occurred when Chilean torpedo boats bore down on Evans ' ship , turning their helms hard over at the last possible instant to avoid a collision . On another occasion , a group of locals threw rocks at Evans and his gig as it lay at the foot of a jetty .
After a month at Valparaíso , Yorktown took on refugees from the American , Spanish , and Italian legations in mid @-@ January 1892 . She got underway on the 19th and arrived at Callao , Peru , on the 25th . While Yorktown lay anchored there , tension between the United States and Chile relaxed and the crisis abated , and the Chilean later government provided compensation for the families of the American sailors that were killed .
= = = Sealing patrol = = =
Yorktown stood out of Callao on 4 March 1892 , steamed northward via San Diego and San Francisco , and eventually arrived at the Mare Island Navy Yard , Vallejo , California . The gunboat subsequently underwent repairs there until late in the following month . Having weathered one diplomatic storm and international incident , Evans and his command soon set sail on another mission that , if handled wrongly , could have caused ill @-@ feeling with the British .
That spring , Yorktown — along with two other naval vessels and a trio of revenue cutters — headed toward Arctic waters on 27 April to protect the great herds of seals in the Bering Sea from poachers . Traveling along the west coast of the United States , the gunboat and her crew " braced " , in Evans ' words , " at the prospect of doing something " . As at Valparaíso , Evans faced the possibility of becoming involved in an international incident arising from possible confrontations with Canadian sealers . Operating under the protection of the British crown , the latter had taken particularly heavy catches . Many American vessels put to sea under the British flag in an attempt to evade prosecution by their own government . The British agreed to help put an end to the slaughter of seals and decided upon joint action with the United States in prosecuting the poachers . About 110 schooners , large and small , made up the sealing fleet , typically " armed " with double @-@ barrelled shotguns for killing the animals and Winchester rifles for dealing with any humans who attempted to interfere . The fact that the great majority of seals killed had been female — still with young in many cases — almost doubled the toll of slain seals . As Evans noted : " the slaughter in the North Pacific was fearful " .
Arriving at Port Townsend , Washington , on 30 April , Yorktown put to sea on 13 May , arriving at Iliuliuk , Unalaska , one week later . Coaling there , the gunboat skirted the ice floes near the seal rookeries of the Pribilof Islands , reconnoitering the vicinity for sealers . Assisted by a revenue cutter , Yorktown guarded the passes to the Bering Sea . The crews of the patrolling American ships lacked fresh provisions but carried on in spite of the hardships imposed by both diet and climate . Fresh fish , however , proved abundant . Codfish was the staple with an occasional gourmet treat of salmon .
= = = Telescopic gunsight = = =
Besides the patrols made during this deployment in northwestern waters , Yorktown conducted routine operations such as target practices . Among the officers assigned to the ship at that time was Lt. Bradley Fiske , a young officer who had invented and constructed a practical telescopic gunsight . Fiske 's sight had been tested in Baltimore and had favorably impressed that ship 's officers — including her commander , Captain Winfeld S. Schley . Evans , however , had not taken a liking to Fiske 's newfangled gadget but nevertheless consented to allow a second test on board Yorktown ( the first one had failed miserably ) . On the afternoon of 22 September 1892 , during scheduled target practice , Fiske 's invention worked as designed and elicited praise from Evans . As Fiske himself later wrote in the United States Naval Institute 's magazine Proceedings , modern naval gunnery had its birth not in the British Navy but in the American — off Unalaska on 22 September 1892 , in Yorktown .
Yorktown continued her task of patrolling until 21 September when she departed Unalaska for the Mare Island Navy Yard . From 11 to 24 October , the ship underwent repairs there before proceeding on to the east coast via Cape Horn . Yorktown eventually arrived at Norfolk , Virginia , on 24 February 1893 .
After repairs at the New York Navy Yard from 25 April to 26 July , Yorktown retraced her route south and sailed again around Cape Horn back into the Pacific . She then moved north to resume patrolling the Bering Sea . She protected seal rookeries into 1894 before returning to Mare Island for repairs which lasted into mid @-@ September .
On 24 September 1894 , Yorktown sailed for the western Pacific and duty on the Asiatic Station . Sailing via Honolulu , she reached Yokohama , Japan , on 8 December 1894 and spent the next three years , under the command of Commander Charles Stockton touching at the principal ports @-@ of @-@ call along the coasts of China and Japan . She departed Yokohama early in the autumn of 1897 and made port at Mare Island on 18 November 1897 . Subsequently laid up at Mare Island and decommissioned on 8 December , the gunboat remained inactive there through the Spanish – American War in 1898 .
= = 1898 – 1903 = =
Recommissioned on 17 November 1898 , with Commander Charles S. Sperry in command , Yorktown sailed again for the Far East on 7 January 1899 . Rumors of German machinations in Samoa lengthened Yorktown 's stay at Hawaii from a few days to a few weeks ; but , when the anticipated trouble failed to materialize , Yorktown resumed her voyage to the Philippine Islands . On 23 February , she arrived at Cavite Navy Yard , near Manila where patrolled to prevent gun @-@ runners thought to be supplying guns and ammunition to the Insurrectos , Filipinos fighting for independence .
At one point , rumors flew concerning possible German gun @-@ running activities ; and Yorktown patrolled off the entrance to Subic Bay and from thence to Lingayen to keep a lookout for the filibusters . She continued coastal patrol work over the next three years , cooperating with the Army , transporting and convoying troops , and patrolling wide areas of often badly charted waters . Upon occasion , Yorktown served as " mother ship " to smaller gunboats , providing officers and men to staff the smaller patrol craft . Ensigns William Harrison Standley and Harry E. Yarnell ( both future admirals ) and future naval historian and archivist Dudley Wright Knox were among the junior officers who served in Yorktown during this time .
= = = Philippine – American War = = =
During the Philippine – American War , Yorktown stood in to Baler Bay , on the west coast of Luzon , on 11 April 1899 , on a mission to relieve a Spanish garrison that had been under siege by Filipino troops for nine months . Lt. James C. Gillmore and a party of sailors in the ship 's whaleboat provided a decoy , ostensibly taking soundings of a nearby river . Meanwhile , Standley and an enlisted man landed farther up the coast to reconnoiter . The next day , Gillmore and his boat crew drifted into a trap , running aground too far from the river 's mouth and out of sight of Yorktown . Filipino troops , hidden in the jungle @-@ covered banks , raked the boat with rifle fire . Two American sailors were killed ; two were mortally wounded ; and the remainder , including Gillmore , were slightly wounded . The survivors were taken prisoner until freed by U.S. Army troops . Standley completed his mission and , together with the enlisted signalman , made it back to the ship .
= = = Boxer Rebellion = = =
In 1899 , the situation in China worsened until it culminated in the Boxer Rebellion . The following spring , Yorktown was withdrawn from her patrol duties in the northern Philippines to provide assistance to the operations off the coast of North China . She departed Manila on 3 April 1900 , bound for China ; and , after she reached the mainland , her landing force served ashore at Taku . In addition , Marines from Yorktown participated in the actions at Tientsin between June and July . Under the command of Commander Edward D. Taussig from June 1900 to June 1901 , she continued to support the China Relief Expedition forces . In June 1900 , she assisted Oregon back off a reef near that Chinese port .
= = 1900 – 1903 = =
The gunboat departed Shanghai on 10 September 1900 and reached Cavite on the 17th . In the Philippines , she resumed her cooperation with Army forces , still engaged in pacification operations , and continued these duties for the next two years . In between pacification missions , she performed survey work : at Guam in November 1901 and at Dumanquillas Bay , Philippines , in February 1903 . In April 1902 , Yorktown 's Coxswain Joseph Quick rescued a shipmate from drowning while the ship was in port at Yokohama , Japan . For his efforts , Quick was awarded a peacetime Medal of Honor .
Yorktown departed the Far East in early 1903 and returned to Mare Island on 3 June . Two weeks later , on the 17th , she was decommissioned .
= = 1906 – 1912 = =
Recommissioned at Mare Island on 1 October 1906 , with Commander Richard T. Mulligan in command , Yorktown was fitted out there until 9 November . Underway on that day , she operated off the west coasts of Mexico , Honduras , and Nicaragua into the following summer . After repairs at San Francisco and Mare Island , Yorktown conducted target practice at Magdalena Bay , Mexico , and relieved Albany as station ship at Acapulco . She then cruised with the 2d Squadron of the Pacific Fleet to Magdalena Bay and San Francisco . Over the ensuing months , Yorktown continued her regular local operations .
Yorktown hosted the Secretary of the Navy , Victor H. Metcalf , to witness the arrival of the Great White Fleet — commanded by Yorktown 's former commander , Robley " Fightin ' Bob " Evans — into San Francisco . The fleet arrived on 6 May 1908 , and the flagship Connecticut saluted the secretary 's flag on Yorktown with the discharge of seventeen guns . Metcalf also boarded Yorktown on the 8th to review the assembled battleships , armored cruisers , and torpedo boats of the Pacific and Great White Fleets . On 30 May 1908 , Yorktown participated in festivities for the Rose Festival at Portland , Oregon . From June to September , Yorktown conducted seal patrols in Alaskan waters , out of Nome , Unalaska , and Sitka and , between 15 and 19 September , established a site for a wireless station at Valdez . Afterwards , Yorktown sailed south to rejoin the Pacific Fleet , conducting battle practices between 19 November and 1 December at Magdalena Bay . She later joined the armored cruisers West Virginia and Colorado and the tender Glacier at Acajutla , El Salvador , before sailing for Corinto , Nicaragua , in March 1909 . After more target practices at Magdalena Bay , Yorktown was repaired at Mare Island in June and into July before shifting to Seattle , to participate in festivities for the Alaska @-@ Yukon @-@ Pacific Exposition . Later in July , the ship visited Esquimalt , British Columbia . She subsequently cruised off the Pacific coast and participated in the Portolá Festival at San Francisco in October .
From 13 December 1909 to 27 March 1910 , Yorktown operated off Corinto , Nicaragua , with the Nicaraguan Expeditionary Squadron . She then pursued a schedule of exercises and maneuvers , operating between California and British Columbia through June and July . She returned to a posture of readiness off Corinto and San Juan del Sur between 13 August and 7 September . She then operated off Ecuadorian , Colombian , and Peruvian ports , with the United States Consul General at Large embarked , between 19 September and 16 October before putting into Panama for coal and stores . She subsequently patrolled at Amapala , Honduras , and the familiar Corinto for most of November and December . She spent Christmas at Corinto before shifting to Amapala , en route to San Francisco and Mare Island . From March to July 1911 , Yorktown cruised off the west coasts of Mexico , Nicaragua , and Honduras . On 29 May , she rescued the survivors from the foundered Panamanian steamer Taboga , which had sunk with the loss of 60 of its 100 passengers and crew . Another period of repairs and upkeep in the late summer of 1911 proceeded the ship 's duties off the Pacific coasts of South and Central America . She returned to Mare Island in May 1912 , and was decommissioned there for alterations on 15 July .
= = 1913 – 1919 = =
Recommissioned on 1 April 1913 , with Commander George B. Bradshaw in command , Yorktown operated out of San Diego on shakedown into mid @-@ April . She was soon back at Corinto , however , remaining in Nicaragua until 5 June . After a brief period of operations off the coast , she returned to Corinto on 21 June and remained there for over a month before departing on 31 July to coal at Salina Cruz , Mexico . She moved to Mazatlán on 10 August and there picked up mail , delivering it to the port of Topolobampo , Mexico , on the 11th . Yorktown remained there until mid @-@ September .
For the remainder of 1913 , Yorktown conducted local operations out of San Diego and San Francisco . In January 1914 , though , the gunboat returned to Mexican waters and investigated local conditions at Ensenada between 3 and 6 January before moving , in subsequent months , to a succession of Mexican ports : Mazatlán , San Blas , Miramar , Topolobampo , and La Paz . Following an overhaul at Mare Island from 24 June to 2 September 1914 , Yorktown served in Mexican waters again into June 1915 . From that point until the entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917 , Yorktown continued her routine of patrols off Mexican , Nicaraguan , and Honduran ports with occasional repairs at Mare Island and maneuvers out of San Diego .
After the United States joined the Allies , Yorktown operated off the coast of Mexico until August 1917 , when she paused briefly at San Diego . On 18 July 1917 , Yorktown rescued the last surviving members of an abandoned guano mining settlement on Clipperton Island . From a peak population of roughly 100 in 1915 , only four women and seven children survived . After her time off the Mexican coast , Yorktown then cruised off the west coasts of Central and South America into 1918 . After a refit at Mare Island , Yorktown , sailed for the east coast on 28 April 1918 , transiting the Panama Canal en route , and arrived at New York on 20 August . The gunboat escorted a coastal convoy to Halifax , soon there after before returning to New York . She performed local coastwise escort duties through the end of World War I. After a period of upkeep at the New York Navy Yard in December , she departed the east coast on 2 January 1919 on her last voyage to California .
Arriving at San Diego on 15 February 1919 , Yorktown was placed out of commission at Mare Island on 12 June 1919 . On 17 June 1920 , she was assigned the hull number PG @-@ 1 . The veteran steel @-@ hulled gunboat was sold to the Union Hide Company of Oakland , California , on 30 September 1921 ; she was broken up in Oakland sometime after that .
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= Brian Horrocks =
Lieutenant @-@ General Sir Brian Gwynne Horrocks , KCB , KBE , DSO , MC ( 7 September 1895 – 4 January 1985 ) was a senior British Army officer . He is chiefly remembered as the commander of XXX Corps in Operation Market Garden and other operations during the Second World War . He also served in the First World War and the Russian Civil War , was a prisoner of war twice , and competed in the 1924 Paris Olympics . Later he was a television presenter , authored books on military history , and was Black Rod in the House of Lords for 14 years .
In 1940 Horrocks commanded a battalion during the Battle of France , the first time he served under Bernard Montgomery , the most prominent British commander of the war . Montgomery later identified Horrocks as one of his most able officers , appointing him to corps commands in both North Africa and Europe . In 1943 , Horrocks was seriously wounded and took more than a year to recover before returning to command a corps in Europe . It is likely that this period out of action meant he missed out on promotion ; his contemporary corps commanders in North Africa , Oliver Leese and Miles C. Dempsey , went on to command at army level and above . Horrocks ' wound caused continuing health problems and led to his early retirement from the army after the war .
Since 1945 , Horrocks has been regarded by some as one of the most successful British generals of the war , " a man who really led , a general who talked to everyone , down to the simplest private soldier " , and the " beau ideal of a corps commander " . General Dwight D. Eisenhower called him " the outstanding British general under Montgomery " .
= = Early life and First World War = =
Horrocks was the only son of Colonel Sir William Horrocks , a doctor in the Royal Army Medical Corps . Educated at Uppingham School , an English public school , he entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , in 1913 . His score was sixth @-@ lowest of the 167 successful applicants for cadetships — even after the addition of 200 bonus points for an Officer Training Corps ( OTC ) certificate , which not all the other candidates had . An unpromising student , he might not have received a commission at all but for the outbreak of the First World War .
Commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 1st Battalion of the Duke of Cambridge 's Own ( Middlesex Regiment ) on 8 August 1914 , Horrocks joined the British Expeditionary Force 's retreat following its baptism of fire at the Battle of Mons . On 21 October , at the Battle of Armentières , his platoon was surrounded , and he was wounded and taken prisoner . Incarcerated in a military hospital , he was repeatedly interrogated by his German captors , who believed that the British Army were using expanding bullets in contravention of the 1899 Hague Convention . Horrocks ' captors refused to change his clothes or sheets , and denied him and a fellow officer basic amenities . Both had temporarily lost the use of their legs , and were forced to crawl to the toilet , which caused Horrocks ' wounds to become infected . Conditions improved after his discharge and transfer to a prisoner of war camp . On his way to the camp , Horrocks befriended his German escort — he attributed their rapport to the mutual respect that front @-@ line troops share . He was promoted to lieutenant on 18 December 1914 , despite being in enemy hands , and often tried to escape , once coming within 500 yards ( 460 m ) of the Dutch border before being recaptured . He was eventually placed in a compound for Russian officers , in the hope that the language barrier would hinder his escape attempts ; Horrocks used the time to learn the Russian language . Years later , working in the House of Commons , he surprised Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin by greeting them in their native tongue . In the latter part of the war he was held in Holzminden prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp . His resistance in captivity would earn him the Military Cross , awarded in 1920 and backdated to 5 May 1919 .
Repatriated at the end of the war , Horrocks had difficulty adapting to a peace @-@ time routine . He went on sprees in London , spending four years of accumulated back @-@ pay in six weeks . He returned to active service in 1919 when the War Office called for volunteers who knew Russian .
= = Inter @-@ war period = =
= = = Russia = = =
In 1919 Horrocks was posted to Russia as part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . After landing at Vladivostok on 19 April , he was briefed at British headquarters . The White Army under Admiral Kolchak , with the help of released Czechoslovak Legion prisoners , had driven the Red Army out of Siberia . However , Kolchak 's Czech troops were returning home , and the British military contingent was urgently trying to replace them with Russians . To accomplish this , the British had just two infantry battalions and two small administrative missions , one charged with training and arming the Russians with British war @-@ surplus equipment , and the other with improving the White Army 's communications .
Horrocks ' first task , along with a party of 13 British officers and 30 other ranks , was to guard a train delivering 27 carriages of shells to the White Army in Omsk , 3 @,@ 000 miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ) away on the Trans @-@ Siberian Railway . The journey took more than a month , and as the only party member fluent in Russian , Horrocks had to deal with many of the difficulties encountered . At every station , he had to ward off station masters intent on acquiring the cars . While stopped in Manchuli , the British officers ' presence provoked a duel between two Cossack officers . Horrocks accepted an invitation to act as a second , but the pair were arrested before the duel could take place . He managed to defuse the situation before it came to trial , by claiming his faulty Russian had been the cause of the misunderstanding . The train eventually arrived in Omsk on 20 May , with a full cargo .
His next assignment was in Yekaterinburg in the Urals , where he was appointed second in command of a training school for non @-@ commissioned officers attached to the Anglo @-@ Russian Brigade . He found this post frustrating , having to dismiss nearly a third of his initial cadre on medical grounds , and struggling to get supplies and support from the White Army authorities . Despite this , he developed a rapport with his men and an admiration for the Russian soldier .
Although British forces were ordered home shortly afterwards , Horrocks and another officer , George Hayes , remained to advise the First Siberian Army . The White Army was in retreat , and Horrocks joined them as they fell back to Vladivostok , 3 @,@ 000 miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ) away . He was captured by the Red Army on 7 January 1919 , in the town of Krasnoyarsk , and spent 10 months as a prisoner , narrowly surviving severe typhus . The British government negotiated a prisoner release , and Horrocks left Russia on 29 October , returning home on the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Delhi .
= = = Back home = = =
Horrocks rejoined his regiment , based in Germany with the British Army of the Rhine , and followed it to Ireland , then embroiled in the Anglo @-@ Irish War . His duties included searching for arms and dealing with ambushes and road @-@ blocks , which he called " a most unpleasant form of warfare " . This was followed by a short period in Silesia to deal with tensions between the Polish and German populations .
On his return to Britain , Horrocks took up the modern pentathlon . He competed successfully in army tournaments , and was picked for the British Olympic team for the 1924 Paris Olympics , where he finished 19th out of 38 . Horrocks spent the remainder of the inter @-@ war years in postings that included adjutant for the 9th Battalion , Middlesex Regiment of the Territorial Army ( 1926 – 1930 ) ; student at the Staff College , Camberley ( 1931 – 32 ) ; Staff Captain at the War Office ( 1934 – 36 ) ; brigade major with the 5th Infantry Brigade ( 1936 – 38 ) ; and instructor at the Staff College . The Territorial Army posting , which Horrocks considered to be among his happiest periods , provided experience in dealing with citizen soldiers , which would prove highly valuable during the Second World War . He received a brevet majority in 1935 , and was promoted to substantive major in 1936 , and brevet lieutenant colonel in 1937 .
In 1928 , Horrocks married Nancy Kitchin , daughter of an architect for the Local Government Board . They had one child , a daughter named Gillian , who drowned in 1979 while swimming in the River Thames .
= = Second World War = =
At the outbreak of the Second World War , Horrocks was working as an instructor at the Staff College , Camberley , where he had taught since 1938 . After helping organise a new , shorter , officer @-@ training course , in December 1939 he was promoted to substantive lieutenant colonel . The following May , he was despatched to France to command the 2nd Battalion , Middlesex Regiment , a machine @-@ gun battalion directly subordinate to the 3rd Division headquarters of Major @-@ General Bernard Montgomery . British doctrine at the time retained heavy machine guns under the direct command of a corps or division , rather than as an organic part of subordinate formations . He joined the battalion during its retreat to Dunkirk , and after only 17 days had impressed his superiors sufficiently to be given the temporary rank of brigadier , and the command of 11th Brigade . The brigade 's previous commander , Kenneth Anderson , had been promoted to General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) 3rd Division during the evacuation , when Lieutenant @-@ General Alan Brooke , commander of II Corps , was recalled to the United Kingdom and Montgomery took over the corps . On Horrocks ' return to Britain , he was given command of 9th Brigade and assigned to defend against a possible German invasion . A short stint as Brigadier General Staff of Western Command followed , before promotion to acting major @-@ general and command of 44th ( Home Counties ) Infantry Division on 25 June 1941 . In addition to his acting rank , he was promoted to substantive colonel on 28 May 1941 ( with seniority backdated to 1 July 1940 ) .
In March 1942 , Horrocks was given command of the newly formed 9th Armoured Division and gained the temporary rank of major @-@ general on 27 June . Horrocks , an infantry soldier with no experience in dealing with cavalry , was an unusual choice for commander of an armoured division . He trained the division hard , organising exercises to improve the effectiveness of his troops , and to familiarise himself with armoured warfare . Despite never having commanded a division in battle , he was further promoted to acting lieutenant @-@ general and sent to Egypt to command the Eighth Army 's XIII Corps , under Montgomery . General Sir Harold Alexander and Lieutenant @-@ General Montgomery had decided to make a " clean sweep " when replacing the dismissed Claude Auchinleck as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief ( C @-@ in @-@ C ) Middle East and Eighth Army commander respectively . Officers perceived to have failed under the old regime were removed , and Montgomery 's favoured commanders were brought in . Among these was Horrocks , an officer whom Montgomery felt was " exactly what was wanted for the job that lay ahead " .
= = = North Africa = = =
On arriving in North Africa , Horrocks ' corps was ordered to defend the Alam el Halfa ridge from an expected attack by the Afrika Korps . Concerned that heavy casualties would jeopardise his planned El Alamein offensive , Montgomery instructed Horrocks to repel Erwin Rommel 's forces " without getting unduly mauled in the process " . Horrocks prepared for a purely defensive battle , with his armour dug in around the ridge . When the Germans attacked on 30 August , they failed to lure the British tanks towards their 88mm guns — a tactic that had previously been used with great success — and found themselves battered by both artillery and the Desert Air Force . The battle ended with the Germans in control of Himeihat hill , but at a high cost , and the Allied forces unwilling to try to re @-@ take it after a failed attack by the 2nd New Zealand Division . The army 's defensive success raised morale , and Horrocks was praised by his subordinate , Brigadier George Roberts , for his " wonderful knack of inspiring confidence and enthusiasm wherever he goes " . Montgomery , too , was pleased , saying " he deserves great credit for his action on that day " .
Horrocks was offered the command of X Corps , an armoured corps , in the planned Alamein battle . He refused it , believing that Major @-@ General Herbert Lumsden , a cavalry officer , would be more suited to the role . Instead he retained command of XIII Corps , and was given the task of making a feint to the south to deceive Axis forces , while the main thrust was made by XXX Corps and X Corps to the north . Montgomery told Horrocks that he was not to incur tank losses , so XIII Corps ' offensive operations were limited to small @-@ scale raids . In the aftermath of the landmark British victory that followed , Horrocks ' corps was assigned to the reserve , and was reduced in size while the rest of the Eighth Army pursued the retreating Axis forces . At one point the only formation under his command was a salvage unit clearing the wreckage of the battlefield , which he visited daily . In December , he took over command of X Corps , the lead corps in the advance of the Eighth Army , after Lumsden 's dismissal for poor performance during the pursuit . Horrocks was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order on 31 December 1942 .
Following the fall of Tripoli in January 1943 , the remaining Axis forces retreated to prepared defences in Southern Tunisia , in front of the Mareth Line built by France before the war . Here in March , Horrocks carried out one of his most successful actions . His corps , composed of the 1st Armoured Division , a Free French brigade and the attached New Zealand Corps ( which included the 2nd New Zealand Division and the British 8th Armoured Brigade ) , was ordered to attack as part of Operation Supercharge after XXX Corps failed to breach the line . He carried out a flanking manoeuvre through a pass judged by the Germans to be impenetrable , rendering the Mareth position untenable and forcing the Axis into another retreat . Three Italian divisions were destroyed , and the German 15th Panzer Division , 21st Panzer Division and 164th Division were heavily depleted . Horrocks was then transferred to the First Army to take over IX Corps after its previous commander , Lieutenant @-@ General John T. Crocker , was wounded in a training accident . He led this corps in the final Allied offensive in Tunisia during April and May 1943 , capturing Tunis and accepting the surrender of the remnants of Rommel 's Army Group Africa . He was mentioned in despatches on 24 June , and for his service in Tunisia , was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 5 August . He was also given the rank of temporary lieutenant @-@ general and war substantive major @-@ general .
In June 1943 , Horrocks sustained serious injuries during an air raid at Bizerte , while watching an amphibious rehearsal . Bullets from a strafing German fighter struck his upper chest and carried on through his body , piercing his lungs , stomach , and intestines . He underwent five operations and spent fourteen months recovering . This injury caused him pain for the rest of his life , and continuing health problems later led to his early retirement from active service .
= = = Europe = = =
It was a year before Horrocks recovered sufficiently to tell Alan Brooke , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff ( CIGS ) , that he was " very anxious to be given another corps " . Restored to the acting rank of lieutenant @-@ general in August 1944 , he was sent to France to assume command of XXX Corps during the cataclysm engulfing the trapped German 7th Army and 5th Panzer Army in the Falaise Pocket . Montgomery had been dissatisfied with the performance of the corps and its commander , Gerard C. Bucknall , since the landings in Normandy two months earlier . Horrocks retained control of XXX Corps during the advance through Belgium , taking Brussels , and at one point advanced 250 miles ( 400 km ) in only six days . Supplies were a constant concern , with the major French deep @-@ water ports still in German hands , and Allied supply lines stretching perilously back to the Normandy beaches . Montgomery 's 21st Army Group was by now operating 300 miles ( 480 km ) from its ports — twice the distance logistical planners had accounted for — so XXX Corps was diverted towards Antwerp to secure its docks and harbour . The city and port fell to the 11th Armoured Division in early September , but Montgomery halted XXX Corps for resupply short of the wide Albert Canal to the north of the city , which consequently remained in enemy hands . Horrocks regretted this after the war , believing that his corps might have advanced another 100 miles ( 160 km ) with the fuel available , although it is doubtful this could have been achieved without delays . Unknown to the Allies , at that time XXX Corps was opposed by only a single German division . The pause allowed the Germans to regroup around the Scheldt River , and by the time the Allies resumed their advance , General Student 's First Paratroop Army had arrived and set up strong defensive positions along the opposite side of the canal . The task of breaking the strengthened German line , which stretched from Antwerp to the North Sea along the Scheldt River , would fall to the First Canadian Army in the month @-@ long , costly Battle of the Scheldt . By mid @-@ September , XXX Corps had been diverted again , this time to the east .
In September , Montgomery , now a field marshal , made his ambitious thrust across the Rhine and into Germany 's industrial heartland , codenamed Operation Market Garden , a priority for 21st Army Group . XXX Corps under Horrocks was to lead the ground assault , passing along a corridor held by airborne forces in order to link up with the British 1st Airborne Division in Arnhem within four days . In the event XXX Corps never arrived , and although 1st Airborne clung on to their tenuous position for a further five days , by 21 September almost three @-@ quarters of the division was destroyed or captured . Postwar analyses have been divided , some stressing a perceived lack of urgency on the part of Horrocks ' men , while others note that German defences in the area were severely underestimated by First Allied Airborne Army 's intelligence . Particularly important was the failure to identify the remnants of two SS Panzer divisions , which after Normandy had been sent to the Arnhem area for rest and refitting ; intelligence had stated that only " a few infantry units and between 50 and 100 tanks " were in the Netherlands . A series of counterattacks by Army Group B under Field Marshal Walter Model kept Horrocks ' units on the defensive , and delayed their advance by forcing the British to halt and secure their flank . The terrain over which Horrocks ' men had to move was unsuitable , restricting the vanguard ( Guards Armoured Division ) to a single narrow raised highway through flat or flooded countryside . Additionally , the Nijmegen Bridge , just 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Arnhem , was not captured by the 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment ( PIR ) on the first day as planned , and XXX Corps had to assist in its capture on their arrival in Nijmegen two days later , causing a further delay of 36 hours . Horrocks was not personally blamed for the operation 's failure ; during this period Major General James Gavin 's U.S. 82nd Airborne Division came under Horrocks ' command , and Gavin later wrote :
He was truly a unique general officer and his qualities of leadership were greater than any I have ever seen . In lecturing at the American service school I stated frequently that General Horrocks was the finest general officer I met during the war , and the finest corps commander " .
During the Battle of the Bulge , Horrocks was temporarily relieved of his command of XXX Corps by Field Marshal Montgomery and sent back to England to rest . Montgomery had taken this move because Horrocks had become " nervy and difficult with his staff " and had " attempted to act foolishly " with XXX Corps . The corps was temporarily commanded by Major @-@ General Gwilym Ivor Thomas , GOC 43rd ( Wessex ) Infantry Division .
In early 1945 , XXX Corps took part in Operation Veritable , during which the German Army was finally forced back over the Rhine . The corps employed firepower on a massive scale , and " every trick that had been learnt during the past two and a half years was brought into play , and several new ones added " . For a short period XXX Corps had nine divisions under its command . Before the operation , Horrocks accepted an offer to use Bomber Command to attack the town of Cleves , assisting the advance of the 15th ( Scottish ) Infantry Division . The bombers released 1 @,@ 384 long tons ( 1 @,@ 406 t ) of high explosive that devastated the town . Horrocks later said that this had been " the most terrible decision I had ever taken in my life " and that he felt " physically sick " when he saw the bombers overhead . Operation Veritable was successful ; by the evening of 9 February ( D + 1 ) XXX Corps had broken through the Siegfried Line and into Germany with only light casualties . Bremen was captured on 26 April , exposing the Sandbostel concentration camp , Stalag X @-@ B. The corps had reached Cuxhaven by the time hostilities ceased .
Horrocks received two further mentions in despatches for his service in north @-@ west Europe on 22 March and 9 August 1945 , and was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 5 July . In addition to his native country 's recognition , he was honoured by the governments of Belgium ( the Croix de Guerre 1940 with Palm and Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown with Palm ) , France ( Croix de Guerre and Commandeur of the Légion d 'honneur ) , the Netherlands ( Knight Grand Officer of the Order of Orange @-@ Nassau ) , Greece ( Commander of the Order of King George I ) , and the United States ( Legion of Merit ) .
= = Post @-@ war career = =
Horrocks continued to serve in the armed forces after the war , initially as GOC @-@ in @-@ Chief of Western Command , receiving substantive promotion to lieutenant @-@ general in 1946 , with seniority backdated to 29 December 1944 . He briefly commanded the British Army of the Rhine , until he fell ill in August 1948 ; he was invalided out of the service early in January 1949 by the lingering effects of the wounds he had received in North Africa . Promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the King 's Birthday Honours that year , he served as Honorary Colonel of a Territorial Army unit of the Royal Artillery . In 1949 he was appointed Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod , a post traditionally held by retired officers ; this appointment was confirmed on the accession of Elizabeth II in 1952 . Black Rod has the responsibility of supervising the administration of the House of Lords , controlling admission to it , and taking part in ceremonies . In 1957 , Horrocks had the unusual duty of ordering Vivien Leigh out of the House when she interrupted proceedings to plead that the St James 's Theatre be saved from demolition . On other occasions , because the Black Rod had to remain in place during long debates , Horrocks relieved his boredom by completing football pools coupons . This had the advantage of looking like note @-@ taking to the assembled lords . Horrocks held the post of Black Rod until 1963 .
Horrocks became interested in writing , and submitted articles about military matters to newspapers and magazines including the Picture Post and The Sunday Times . This led to a short but successful career as the presenter of a series of television programmes , British Castles ( 1962 ) , Men in Battle and Epic Battle , produced by Huw Wheldon . In these , Horrocks lectured on great historical battles , " highlighting excitement and interest " to allow the programmes to appeal to the widest possible audience . He was interviewed extensively for the Thames Television series , The World at War , and , to his embarrassment , appeared on the cover of the BBC 's Radio Times magazine . After his television career ended , he served on the board of the housebuilding company Bovis , and continued writing , contributing a column to The Sunday Times and editing a series of British Army regimental histories . In 1968 Horrocks collaborated with J & L Randall as editor of the ' Merit ' board game ' Combat ' . His portrait and signature appear on the box and in his introduction to the game he states " In war no two battles are ever the same because the terrain is always different and it is this , more than anything else , which influences the composition of the different armies and the tactics employed by the rival Commanders " . His autobiography , A Full Life , was published in 1960 , and he co @-@ authored Corps Commander , an account of his battles in north @-@ west Europe , published in 1977 .
Horrocks acted as a military consultant for the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far , based on Operation Market Garden . The actor Edward Fox played Horrocks in the film , and later commented :
I enjoyed all of the films but A Bridge Too Far is the one I enjoyed the most because of the character I had to play , Lieutenant @-@ General Brian Horrocks . Brian was alive then and I knew him well – we were friends until his death . He was a very particular type of general and it was important that I play the role correctly .
Horrocks died on 4 January 1985 , at the age of 89 . The memorial service , held at Westminster Abbey on 26 February , was attended by Major @-@ General Peter Gillett and Secretary of State for Defence Michael Heseltine , who represented the Queen and Prime Minister respectively . Thirty regiments and many other formations and associations were represented at the service .
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= Discipline Global Mobile =
Discipline Global Mobile ( DGM , or Discipline GM ) is an independent record label founded in 1992 by Robert Fripp ( best known as guitarist and main composer for the band King Crimson ) and producer / online content developer David Singleton . DGM has released solo music by Fripp as well as work by various affiliated musicians and bands including King Crimson , The Vicar , the California Guitar Trio and others . The label has offices in Salisbury , England , and Los Angeles , California ;
According to Fripp , DGM has aimed to be " a model of ethical business in an industry founded on exploitation , oiled by deceit , riven with theft and fueled by greed , " according to Fripp . Its policy is that its artists retain all copyrights ; consequently , even DGM 's corporate logo is owned by its designer . The label was an early adopter of the digital download system . DGM 's aims have been hailed as " exemplary " , and the label has been credited with having expanded " the possibilities of experimental music " and having improved the environment for King Crimson .
The DGM label name is derived from the title of a 1981 King Crimson album ( Discipline ) and from the name of Singleton ’ s previous recording business ( The Mobile ) . The label logo also partly reflects the artwork for the Discipline album ( featuring a new but similar knotwork commissioned from the artist Steve Ball ) .
= = Foundation and business aims = =
Having been a professional musician since the mid- ' 60s ( and the guitarist for King Crimson since 1969 ) , by the late 1980s Robert Fripp found himself in conflict with his longtime record label E.G. Records and management company ( E.G. Management ) over royalties allegedly owed by E.G. to himself and to other band members . During this period , Fripp met and began working with producer and online developer David Singleton , initially on a Guitar Craft tour in 1990 and subsequently on the production of two albums - the League of Crafty Guitarists ' Show of Hands and the eponymous album for the Fripp @-@ and @-@ Toyah @-@ fronted group Sunday All Over the World . Fripp and Singleton 's production partnership was sealed by work on two King Crimson boxed sets ( 1991 's Frame by Frame and 1992 's The Great Deceiver ) and continues to the present day under the name of TonProb .
After seven years , Fripp and E.G. reached a settlement but the experience left Fripp determined to take control of his own work and financial affairs wherever possible . As part of this aim , he founded Discipline Global Mobile ( DGM ) as an independent music label in 1992 , as a fifty @-@ fifty partnership with Singleton .
DGM 's mission statement consists of five " DGM business aims " , as follows :
" The first aim of DGM is to help bring music into the world which would otherwise be unlikely to do so , or under conditions prejudicial to the music and / or musicians . " ,
" The second aim of DGM is to operate in the market place , while being free of the values of the market place . "
" The third aim of DGM is to help the artists and staff of DGM achieve what they wish for themselves . "
" The fourth aim of DGM is to find its audience . "
" The fifth aim of DGM is to be a model of ethical business in an industry founded on exploitation , oiled by deceit , riven with theft and fueled by greed . "
These aims were called " exemplary " by Bill Martin , who wrote that " Fripp has done something very important for the possibilities of experimental music " in creating DGM , and that DGM " has played a major role in creating favorable conditions for " King Crimson .
Since at least the early 1960s , the recording industry has required artists to sign over copyrights and moral rights to their cover art , music , and lyrics . DGM rejects this practice , and since its 1992 founding has maintained its policy that its artists retain the copyrights and the moral rights to their works , be those works musical or visual art . Fripp wrote ,
" The phonographic copyright in these performances is operated by Discipline Global Mobile on behalf of the artists , with whom it resides , contrary to common practice in the record industry . Discipline accepts no reason for artists to assign the copyright interests in their work to either record company or management by virtue of a ' common practice ' which was always questionable , often improper , and is now indefensible . "
This extends even to DGM 's knotwork corporate logo , the copyright of which is owned not by the company , but by its designer , Steve Ball .
DGM does not require that its artists sign written contracts . Former Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones said , " It 's pure trust , " and noted that " there are dangers on both sides . I could have a successful album and just sign with a major , or they could decide not to pay me . " Jones explained that he was accustomed to " working in situations that do rely on trust and integrity , those old @-@ fashioned words " because Led Zeppelin had no contract with its manager . Another DGM band , alternative rock group The Rosenbergs , opted to work with the label following conflicts with their previous label Universal Records , which had even demanded control of the band 's domain name : in contrast , DGM had encouraged them to retain control of their own master recordings and provided them with funds for touring and promoting their album .
Royalties are paid above the prevailing rate , as announced at DGM 's launch . In return , DGM artists are responsible for promoting their albums through concert tours and interviews .
= = Artists and back catalogue = =
Discipline Global Mobile specializes in art rock , progressive rock , jazz , and assorted experimental and crossover music ( the label has also released recordings of Renaissance lute music and mainstream alternative rock ) . DGM has released more than a hundred King Crimson recordings , including remastered albums with bonus tracks and DVDs with archival footage . In addition to King Crimson , DGM 's current active roster includes assorted Robert Fripp projects and The Vicar ( a songwriter project ) . The label has previously released music by various Fripp @-@ affiliated ensembles ; The League of Crafty Guitarists , Les Gauchos Allemagnes , the California Guitar Trio and the Robert Fripp String Quartet ( all of which stem from or are connected with Fripp 's Guitar Craft courses )
= = = Current / recent DGM artists = = =
King Crimson ( over 100 releases of archive material and additional releases outside of current major @-@ label product )
The ProjeKcts ( King Crimson subgroups )
Robert Fripp ( solo releases , Soundscape recordings )
Fripp & Eno
The Vicar
David Sylvian & Robert Fripp ( reissues )
Jakszyk , Fripp & Collins
= = = Past DGM artists = = =
Adrian Belew
BPM & M
Bill Bruford ( with Ralph Towner & Eddie Gomez )
Bill Bruford ’ s Earthworks
Bruford Levin Upper Extremities
California Guitar Trio
Europa String Choir
Robert Fripp String Quintet
Tony Geballe
Gitbox
Trey Gunn
Peter Hammill
Steve Hancoff
Jacob Heringman
John Paul Jones
Tony Levin
Los Gauchos Alemanes
Mr McFall 's Chamber
Bill Nelson
Opus 20
Juan Carlos Quintero
The Rosenbergs
Ten Seconds
= = Mail @-@ order and on @-@ line services = =
According to a 1998 profile in Billboard magazine , Discipline Global Mobile had seven staff members in Salisbury , England , and three in Los Angeles , California . DGM " is actually housed in a dull pebbledash building in a village near Salisbury , south @-@ west England " .
Its label manager reported that the country with the largest market was Japan , where mail @-@ orders accounted for only 10 % of sales , but 50 % of profits . In 1998 , DGM was distributed in Japan by Pony Canyon ; in the United Kingdom by Pinnacle ; and in the United States by Rykodisc . Sound samples have been offered in addition to DGM 's mail @-@ order services . Free downloads from DGM have strengthened the relations between artists and fans .
In 2012 , DGM 's site had the following introduction : " The aim of DGM is to connect music , musician and audience in a way that supports the power of music , the integrity of the musician and the needs of the audience . DGM Live offers music for download with photographs , diary archives and audience commentary for browsing " . DGM 's successful transition to an age of digital distribution was called " unique " among music labels in 2009 ; this success was credited to its provision of legal , high @-@ quality recordings of concerts , which effectively reverse @-@ engineered the distribution @-@ networks for unlicensed recordings ( " bootlegs " ) of concerts .
DGM publishes on @-@ line diaries by Robert Fripp , David Singleton and The Vicar . A moderated forum allows fans to ask questions or to leave comments . Together , the diaries and the fan forum display delayed dialogs in which the artists and fans discuss diary @-@ entries and forum @-@ postings . Fripp 's public writing of his diary has challenged his readers to become more active listeners and intelligent participants in performances of music .
= = = Conflict with Grooveshark = = =
Fripp 's diaries were internationally discussed following his publication of documents from a dispute with Grooveshark , an on @-@ line distributor of music . Fripp and Singleton complained that Grooveshark had been continuing to distribute his music , even after repeated takedown notices and other complaints . Their correspondence with Grooveshark was published by Digital Music News and in his DGM diary . Fripp 's exchange with Grooveshark was included in a suit against Grooveshark by Universal Music Group , which was filed in November 2011 .
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= No. 72 Wing RAAF =
No. 72 Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) wing that operated during World War II . It was formed in April 1943 at Townsville , Queensland , as part of North @-@ Eastern Area Command . Led by Group Captain Charles Eaton , the wing soon deployed to Merauke , Dutch New Guinea , where it comprised three squadrons flying CAC Boomerang and P @-@ 40 Kittyhawk fighters , and A @-@ 31 Vengeance dive bombers . Eaton was succeeded by Group Captain Allan Walters in mid @-@ 1943 . No. 72 Wing took part in the defence of Torres Strait , undertaking interception , patrol and occasional ground @-@ attack and anti @-@ shipping duties . By July 1944 , its original squadrons had all been disbanded or transferred to other operational formations . No. 120 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadron , which had arrived in May 1944 , operating Kittyhawks , remained at Merauke until February 1945 . The wing headquarters returned to Australia that May , and disbanded the following month .
= = History = =
No. 72 Wing was formed on 23 April 1943 at Townsville , Queensland , under the command of Group Captain Charles Eaton . Early the next month , its headquarters deployed to Merauke , described by the official history of the RAAF in World War II as " a desolate marshy little port in Dutch New Guinea " . Controlling No. 84 Squadron ( flying CAC Boomerang fighters ) , No. 86 Squadron ( P @-@ 40 Kittyhawk fighters ) , and No. 12 Squadron ( A @-@ 31 Vengeance dive bombers ) , the wing 's purpose was to assist in the defence of Torres Strait .
The Boomerangs , operating out of Horn Island , undertook air defence and patrol tasks in and around western New Guinea , first making contact with enemy forces on 16 May 1943 ; they exchanged fire with three Japanese bombers , but the latter escaped into cloud . Merauke airfield was only completed in late June , and Nos. 86 and 12 Squadrons began arriving early the next month ; by then the wing had also acquired No. 44 Operational Base Unit and its own medical receiving station and mobile fighter sector headquarters . Eaton 's relations with North @-@ Eastern Area Command in Townsville had meanwhile became strained . In his opinion , " the problems of Merauke were not understood from there ... mountains were made out of molehills " , and he was posted that July to lead a bombing and gunnery establishment in South Australia . Later in the year he would form No. 79 Wing at Batchelor , Northern Territory .
Group Captain Allan Walters , formerly in charge of No. 1 ( Fighter ) Wing in Darwin , assumed command of No. 72 Wing following Eaton 's reassignment . Enemy contact was generally sporadic and inconclusive , but on 9 September 1943 a force of over thirty Japanese bombers and escorting fighters heading for Merauke were intercepted by fourteen of No. 72 Wing 's Kittyhawks and four of its Boomerangs ; although most of the Kittyhawks ' guns failed to fire through oil clogging , and none of the Boomerangs made contact , the Australian aircraft claimed one bomber and two fighters destroyed without loss . No. 12 Squadron became fully operational at Merauke in September , but was mainly given patrol duty and only rarely saw enemy activity . The following month , No. 84 Squadron converted to Kittyhawks and transferred to a new formation , No. 75 Wing , which controlled units on Horn Island , Thursday Island and Higgins Field . During late 1943 and early 1944 , No. 86 Squadron was actively engaged in air defence , enjoying some success against Japanese bombers and their escorts , as well as participating in attacks on infrastructure and shipping in Dutch New Guinea .
No. 86 Squadron departed Merauke on 25 April 1944 ; the squadron was subsequently reduced to a cadre and its Kittyhawks transferred to Nos. 78 and 81 Wings of No. 10 Operational Group on Noemfoor Island . It was replaced by the Dutch @-@ Australian No. 120 Squadron , which arrived from Canberra in early May and became operational on the 9th of the month . The same month , Walters handed over command of the wing to Group Captain Bill Hely . In July , No. 12 Squadron was withdrawn to Strathpine , Queensland , where it was reduced to cadre status ahead of converting to B @-@ 24 Liberator heavy bombers and eventually serving with another new formation , No. 85 Wing . Hely departed in September 1944 to establish an army cooperation formation , No. 84 Wing , at Cairns . Most of the RAAF units at Merauke were redeployed in late 1944 but No. 120 Squadron remained there until February 1945 , when it was declared non @-@ operational . The squadron returned to operational status and departed for eventual service at Biak in April that year . No. 72 Wing headquarters returned to Townsville in May 1945 , disbanding on 20 June .
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= Utricularia inflata =
Utricularia inflata , commonly known as the swollen bladderwort , inflated bladderwort , or large floating bladderwort , is a large suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia . It is a perennial that is native to the southeastern coastal plains of the United States . It has often been confused with U. radiata , which is similar but smaller than U. inflata . Since 1980 , U. inflata has been reported to exist in locations beyond its traditional range , such as the Adirondack Mountains in New York , southeastern Massachusetts , and in Washington State . Studies on the populations in the Adirondacks suggest that an introduction of U. inflata to a location where it naturalizes can lead to altered sediment chemistry by reducing the net primary productivity of native species . It is also listed by the state of Washington as a problematic species because of the dense mat @-@ forming habit of this aquatic Utricularia . It is one of the few carnivorous plants that can be invasive .
= = Description = =
U. inflata is one of the larger suspended aquatic species in the genus Utricularia . Like all aquatic Utricularia , U. inflata has no true roots or leaves . The filiform stolons are the main vegetative " stem " of the plant and can be up to one meter long or longer but are only 1 – 2 mm thick . The stolons are glabrous with 1 – 5 cm between branched divisions . Occasionally the stolons will produce floating air shoots at the water 's surface and tuber @-@ like organs in the substrate . Its filiform leaf @-@ like structures appear to be additional branches off the main stolon and are tiny , filament @-@ like structures that are not true leaves , though the terminology is often disputed among experts . The leaf structures are numerous and anywhere from 2 – 18 cm long , originating from the stolon base into two primary and unequal segments , which are further divided extensively into additional segments . The stalked , ovoid traps , 1 – 3 mm long , are produced on the latter leaf segments and are very numerous .
In its native range , U. inflata , a perennial species , can begin to flower in January and may continue through June . In this phase of its growth it produces the most visible and noticeable morphological features of the species : a floating spoke @-@ like whorl of spongy structures at the water 's surface that support the inflorescences , often called a " float " . U. inflata typically produces 6 to 8 spokes on the float ( sometimes anywhere from 5 to 10 ) , with each spoke 3 – 10 cm long and up to 8 mm wide . The apical half of the spokes bear numerous , dichotomously branched leaf @-@ like segments that can also possess some traps . The 20 – 50 cm long erect inflorescences are produced from the center of the floating whorl and are usually solitary or possess very few scapes for each whorl . An individual plant can produce several whorls and inflorescences , but they are typically distant from each other . The inflorescences produce 9 @-@ 14 ( sometimes 4 @-@ 17 ) flowers with unequal calyx lobes , 3 – 5 mm long . The entire corolla can be 2 @-@ 2 @.@ 5 cm long and is bright yellow with brown @-@ colored veins on the spur and brown markings on the lower corolla lobe .
This species has a diploid chromosome number of 2n |
= 18 for the most common form and 2n =
36 for the larger tetraploid populations . The larger tetraploid " race " , as Peter Taylor called it , can be up to twice as large as the regular diploid species . Populations of this race have been located in Florida .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
U. inflata is native to the southeastern United States . Peter Taylor 's 1989 taxonomic monograph listed the following states where native populations of this species have been located : Alabama , Arkansas , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , New Jersey , North and South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , and Virginia . In addition to these states , the United States Department of Agriculture 's online PLANTS database acknowledges populations in Connecticut , Maryland , Michigan , Mississippi , New York , Oklahoma , and Pennsylvania . The states of Maryland , Michigan , and New York have classified U. inflata as an endangered or threatened species while Tennessee has listed it as a species with " special concern " .
U. inflata inhabits aquatic environments such as lakes , ditches , and swamps from shallow to deep waters at low altitudes .
= = Invasiveness = =
As early as 1980 , specimens of U. inflata were beginning to be collected or recorded outside its traditionally accepted range . Populations have been established in Washington state , New York , and Massachusetts . The colonies in Washington are obvious introductions , but while the populations in New York and Massachusetts are most likely the result of recent introductions , it is more difficult to say with certainty how they were introduced .
In southeastern Massachusetts , several samples of U. inflata have been gathered from Federal Pond beginning in 1990 , representing its first collection north of New Jersey on the east coast . Bruce Sorrie has identified a substantial population in this location . Sorrie indicated that human @-@ aided introduction of this species to Massachusetts is likely since Federal Pond has been used for various purposes since the late 18th century , though Sorrie also notes that transfer of propagules by waterfowl or herons from U. inflata 's native range may be just as likely .
Three years after the first collection in Massachusetts , a study of the area around Spruce Pond in Orange County , New York yielded the first record for U. inflata in New York State . The authors of the study speculate that , unlike the population found in Massachusetts , it is unlikely that the population in Spruce Pond was the result of human introduction because the pond is in a remote area and rarely used . More recently in 2005 , a study in northern New York identified populations of U. inflata in six lakes in the Adirondack Mountains , representing another northern extension of its range . In two of these lakes U. inflata was the most frequently encountered species in 2000 , whereas a census of the lakes found no U. inflata whatsoever in 1983 . This impressive growth in what is probably a new location for the species is similar to the growth patterns of other invasive aquatic plant species . The authors of this study also noted that at one of these sites , many of the native species declined in frequency or could not be found , possibly due to the presence and proliferation of U. inflata . Lab experiments and observations in the field supported the authors ' hypothesis that the presence of U. inflata in Adirondack lake systems damages the natural nutrient cycles that sustain the native flora . U. inflata likely shades out the native flora , specifically Eriocaulon aquaticum , a submersed macrophyte isoetid that releases oxygen into the sediment . In this case , U. inflata could indirectly change the biogeochemical cycle in the Adirondack lakes by hindering the growth of native isoetid macrophytes and subsequently having a negative effect on the proper balance of sediment chemistry . The consequence of this may include enhanced growth of algae and other changes to the ecology of the freshwater ecosystems that it may invade .
Even earlier than the collections in Massachusetts and New York , a population of U. inflata was located in Horseshoe Lake in Kitsap County , Washington in 1980 . Since then , further specimens of U. inflata have been recorded from other Puget Sound area lakes in Kitsap , Mason , Pierce , and Thurston counties . One population has even been recorded from the more southern Silver Lake in Cowlitz County . Information on this species in Washington State provided by the state 's Department of Ecology includes a statement that U. inflata 's presence in Horseshoe Lake was " probably the result of a discarded aquarium . " Washington 's Department of Ecology also indicates that in the areas where it occurs , U. inflata forms dense floating mats , becoming a nuisance for recreational activities . Residents of Lake Limerick , which has extensive populations of U. inflata , spend thousands of dollars each summer to rid their lake of the dense , weedy mats . A variety of control methods have been used to control the weed , including a sonar treatment , biocontrol utilizing grass carp , and manual extraction . Washington considers this species to be problematic but has not classified it as a noxious weed . Instead , it is on a monitor list of wetland and aquatic species under quarantine , meaning that it is prohibited to sell this species and it may be included on the state 's noxious weed list in the future .
Most carnivorous plant species require very specific environmental conditions to thrive . This narrow habitat tolerance means that many carnivorous plants are threatened or endangered in their native ranges . U. inflata 's ability to thrive in a variety of locations that it has been introduced to represents an ability to tolerate a much larger range of habitats than most carnivorous plant species .
= = Cultivation = =
U. inflata is one of the many Utricularia species that is cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts . Because it requires no dormancy and due to its swift growth , it is one of the easier suspended aquatic species to cultivate . Barry Rice , author of Growing Carnivorous Plants , says that this species is the easiest suspended aquatic Utricularia that he has grown . Rice also mentions that U. inflata has been used as an aid in the cultivation of particularly difficult species , such as Aldrovanda vesiculosa , that are much more sensitive to high nutrient concentrations . When growing these species together , U. inflata will grow rapidly in the presence of higher nutrients , which allows A. vesiculosa to enjoy the conditions it thrives in .
Rice , the Washington Department of Ecology , and the United States Geological Survey 's Nonindigenous Aquatic Species information resource all indicate that cultivation of this species is suspected as the most likely source of its introduction into Horseshoe Lake in Washington . The spread from lake to lake in Washington is probably the result of waterfowl moving from lake to lake and carrying plants or propagules with them .
= = Botanical history = =
U. inflata was first named and described by Thomas Walter in 1788 . U. radiata has often been mistaken for U. inflata because of their similar morphology and overlapping distribution . In the past , U. radiata has been misidentified as U. inflata or placed at the rank of variety . U. radiata was first identified by Alvan Wentworth Chapman in 1860 as U. inflata var. minor and noted that it was " in every way smaller " than U. inflata . John Kunkel Small in 1903 was the first to elevate U. inflata var. minor to the species level under the name U. radiata . Further studies of the two taxa were mixed on how to treat them . In 1950 , Merritt Lyndon Fernald treated them as two varieties of the same species while Henry Gleason considered them to be different , but allied species in 1952 . In 1962 , Grady Reinert and R. K. Godfrey further supported the separation of the two taxa into different species . Peter Taylor 's authoritative monograph of the genus in 1989 solidified the distinctiveness of the two species .
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