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= Yankees – Red Sox rivalry =
The Yankees – Red Sox rivalry is a rivalry between the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox baseball teams of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The two teams have competed in MLB 's American League ( AL ) for over 100 seasons and have since developed one of the fiercest rivalries in sports . In 1919 , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold star player Babe Ruth to the Yankees , which was followed by an 86 @-@ year period in which the Red Sox did not win a World Series . This led to the popularization of a superstition known as the " Curse of the Bambino " , which was one of the most well @-@ known aspects of the rivalry .
The rivalry is often a heated subject of conversation , especially in the home region of both teams , the Northeastern United States . Until the 2014 season , every season 's postseason had featured one or both of the AL East rivals since the inception of the wild card format and the resultant additional Division Series ; they have faced each other in the AL Championship Series three times . The Yankees won twice , in 1999 and 2003 ; while the Red Sox won in 2004 . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular @-@ season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) .
The Yankees and the Red Sox finished tied for first in 1978 ; subsequently , the Yankees won a high @-@ profile tie @-@ breaker game for the division title . The first @-@ place tie came after the Red Sox had enjoyed a 14 @-@ game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , in the 2004 AL Championship Series , the Yankees ultimately lost a best @-@ of @-@ 7 series after leading 3 – 0 . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 – 3 deficit to win a series . The Red Sox went on to win the World Series , effectively ending the 86 @-@ year @-@ old curse .
The Yankees – Red Sox match @-@ up is regarded by some sports journalists as the greatest rivalry in sports . Games between the two teams often generate considerable interest and receive extensive media coverage , including being broadcast on national television . Many national networks , including ESPN and Fox Sports , broadcast the games on the weekend . Yankees – Red Sox games are some of the most @-@ watched MLB games each season . Outside of baseball , the rivalry between the two teams has led to violence between fans , along with attention from politicians and other athletes .
= = Background = =
Since before the start of the American Revolution , Boston and New York City have shared an intense rivalry as cities . For more than a century after its founding , Boston was arguably the educational , cultural , artistic , and economic power in the United States . Boston 's location as the closest American port to Europe and its concentration of elite schools and manufacturing hubs helped maintain this position for several decades . During this time period , New York was often looked down upon as the upstart , over @-@ populated , dirty cousin to aristocratic and clean Boston .
In the 19th century , however , New York 's economic power soon outpaced Boston 's , fueled by possession of the terminus of the Erie Canal , which spurred massive growth in the manufacturing , shipping , insurance and financial services businesses . Another factor was its more rapid population expansion in comparison to that of Boston , driven by the growth of these industries , by New York 's popularity as an immigration port of entry , and enhanced by a larger population base to begin with , even prior to the construction of the Canal – on the eve of the Revolution , New York , with 30 @,@ 000 people , had nearly twice the population of Boston , with about 16 @,@ 000 . By the start of the 20th century the original dynamic , centered on Boston , had completely shifted as New York became the focus of American capitalism ( especially on Wall Street ) ; this change was reflected in the new national pastime . In fact the cities played two different versions of early baseball . The " Massachusetts Game " , as it was called , was played on a field with four bases and with home plate in the middle ; whereas , the " New York Game " , popularized by the New York Knickerbocker Club , was played on a diamond with three bases . The " New York Game " spread throughout the nation after the American Civil War and became the foundation for the modern game of basesball .
= = Early history : Glory of the Red Sox = =
The Red Sox were one of the most successful teams in baseball from 1901 to 1918 . They won the inaugural World Series in 1903 ( as the Boston Americans ; the team changed its name to Red Sox in 1908 ) and four more between 1912 and 1918 . In 1901 , the Yankees , then known as the Baltimore Orioles , played in Maryland for two seasons before moving north . The two teams had their first meeting while the Yankees franchise was in Baltimore on April 26 , 1901 , the inaugural year of the American League . On May 7 , 1903 , both teams played for the first time after the franchise moved to New York and became the Highlanders , in reference to playing games in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan . The game was marked by a fight when Boston pitcher George Winter was knocked down . Boston would eventually go on to win the pennant and the inaugural 1903 World Series . The 1904 season featured the teams facing each other on opening day . Later in the season , the Highlanders , led by pitcher Jack Chesbro in his record @-@ setting 41 game @-@ winning season , met the Boston Americans in the season 's final game to decide the American League pennant winner . Chesbro threw a wild pitch in the top of the ninth inning , allowing the winning run to score from third base , and Boston won the game , and the pennant . The New York Giants , who had already clinched the National League pennant , refused to play in the 1904 World Series because of a perception of the " Junior Circuit " as being inferior ( and because of alleged animosity between American League founder and first president , Ban Johnson , and the hierarchy of the Giants , owner John T. Brush and his team 's Hall of Fame coach , player @-@ manager John McGraw ) ; thus , there was no World Series that year . Not until 2004 would the Red Sox again defeat the Yankees in a title @-@ deciding game .
Years later , on April 11 , 1912 , the Highlanders debuted their pinstripes in a game against Boston , by then known as the Red Sox . Nine days later , Boston opened Fenway Park with a game against the Highlanders , who had left their home field of Hilltop Park to play in the newly @-@ rebuilt Polo Grounds ; soon thereafter , in 1913 , the team changed dropped the nickname Highlanders in favor of Yankees . Tris Speaker hit an RBI single in the bottom of the eleventh to give the Red Sox a 7 – 6 victory . Boston 's victory in their first game at the new park failed to become front page news , however , due to the coverage being devoted to the days @-@ prior sinking of the Titanic . The 1912 team would go on to win a team record 105 games and their second World Series title , defeating the New York Giants .
Six years later , the Chicago Cubs scored two runs off of Babe Ruth in game 4 of the Series , snapping his then record World Series scoreless inning streak at 29 2 ⁄ 3 innings . The Red Sox won the game , 2 – 1 , and went on to capture their fifth Series title , their third in four years , and fourth in seven years .
The Yankees would however receive one notable moment of glory against the Red Sox during this era . On April 24 , 1917 Yankee pitcher George Mogridge threw a no @-@ hitter at Fenway Park , the first in the ball park 's history and first in Yankee history . It would also turn out to be the Yankees ' only no @-@ hitter where they allowed a run as they would win the game , 2 – 1 .
= = Babe Ruth sold to Yankees = =
In 1916 , Harry Frazee purchased the Red Sox , on credit , for $ 500 @,@ 000 . Despite Ruth 's success with the Red Sox , owner and Broadway producer Frazee lost his patience with Ruth , who had threatened to hold out in lieu of a larger contract and become a distraction . After the Red Sox finished sixth in the American League in 1919 , Frazee , needing money to finance a Broadway musical , No , No Nanette , sold pitcher @-@ turned @-@ outfielder Babe Ruth to the Yankees . Frazee received $ 125 @,@ 000 and a loan of $ 300 @,@ 000 — secured on Fenway Park , the Red Sox ' home stadium — for Ruth , despite Ruth having set the record for home runs with 29 in 1919 . This began a series of deals with the Yankees that resulted in a long period of mediocrity for the Red Sox while the Yankees began their dynasty .
Ruth 's arrival in New York simultaneously launched the Yankee dynasty while ravaging the Red Sox . While the Red Sox 's five World Series titles were a record at the time , 1918 would be the team 's last championship for 86 years . Meanwhile , Ruth 's home run @-@ hitting prowess anchored the Yankee line @-@ up , which became known as " Murderers ' Row " in the late 1920s . The Yankees reached the World Series seven times during Ruth 's New York years , winning four . This abrupt reversal of fortunes for the Red Sox marked the beginning of the supposed " Curse of the Bambino . " But it was not the Ruth deal alone that reversed the fortunes of both clubs . Frazee also sold many other players to the Yankees .
Robert W. Creamer reported that " [ the ] loan was made and relations between the two clubs continued to be cordial , with Frazee sending player after player to the Yankees over the next few seasons for more and more cash . This was no accident . Frazee and Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert were friends , and American League president Ban Johnson 's attempts to drive Frazee out of the game had caused the five teams loyal to Johnson to make no deals with the Red Sox as long as Frazee owned the club , leaving only the Yankees and White Sox as trading partners . When the White Sox 's reputation was destroyed in the Black Sox Scandal , Frazee 's only option for trades was to deal with the Yankees .
The Red Sox soon became a baseball disaster area , finishing dead last nine times in eleven seasons . " Among others , Wally Schang , Everett Scott , Carl Mays , Waite Hoyt , Joe Bush and Sam Jones went from the Sox to the Yankees in the next one to three years , along with Ed Barrow , the former Red Sox manager who became the Yankees ' general manager and empire @-@ builder for the first quarter @-@ century of the Yankees ' dynasty . Scott , a former Red Sox team captain , actually took the reins as Yankee captain from Ruth when he arrived and in doing so became the only player in history to be named captain for both teams .
= = Curse of the Bambino = =
From 1920 through 2003 , the Yankees won 26 World Series championships and 39 pennants , compared to only four pennants for the Red Sox . In every year that the Red Sox won the pennant — 1946 , 1967 , 1975 and 1986 — they lost the World Series four games to three , leaving them with no World Series titles . During this time , the Red Sox finished second in the standings to the Yankees on twelve occasions — in 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1942 , 1949 , 1977 , 1978 , and every year from 1998 to 2003 . During the 84 @-@ year period , the Yankees finished with a better regular @-@ season record than the Red Sox 66 times , leading one sportswriter to quip that the Yankees ' rivalry with the Red Sox was much like the rivalry " between a hammer and a nail . " The Yankees finished second in the standings to the Red Sox twice , in 1986 and 1995 .
= = = 1920s and 1930s : First Yankee dynasty = = =
Just two years after Ruth 's sale , he went on to have a record setting season — statistically , one of the greatest in major league history for a batter . This propelled the Yankees to capture their first pennant and face their rival Giants . On October 5 , 1921 , the Yankees appeared in and won their very first World Series game . Ruth got hurt during the Series , and the Yankees eventually dropped the last three games , losing the Series five games to three to the Giants in the last ever best @-@ of @-@ nine Series . Both the Yankees and Giants would play in the 1922 World Series as well , a series that would be the Yankees ' last in the two teams ' shared stadium at the Polo Grounds as the Giants served the Yankees an eviction notice after the 1921 season .
The Yankees would eventually move across the Harlem River to the Bronx into Yankee Stadium . On April 18 , 1923 , both the Red Sox and Yankees played for the first time at the Yankees new home . Over 74 @,@ 200 people watched the Yankees defeat the Red Sox , 4 – 1 , in the first game played at the stadium . Babe Ruth hit the new stadium 's first home run , christening the stadium as " the House that Ruth Built . " Ruth would finish the year with a .393 batting average , while being walked a then @-@ record 170 times . The Yankees met the New York Giants for the third straight year in the World Series . The 1923 World Series resulted with the Yankees winning their first World Championship . Of the 24 players on the Yankees ' first championship team , 11 came from the Red Sox .
Several lesser known moments in the rivalry occurred during the 1930s . Pitcher Red Ruffing was traded in 1930 from the Red Sox to the Yankees . Ruffing , who had limited success with the Red Sox , would go on to a Hall of Fame career with the Yankees winning 6 World Series with them . On August 12 , 1934 , then the largest crowd in the history of Fenway Park , 46 @,@ 766 , witnessed Babe Ruth 's final game at Fenway Park in a Yankees uniform in a game Boston would lose . A year later , the crowd record would be broken again when the two teams met again on September 22 , 1935 . Record crowds would also show up at Yankee Stadium . On May 30 , 1938 , before 83 @,@ 533 spectators , Yankees outfielder Jake Powell and Red Sox player @-@ manager Joe Cronin fought on the field and beneath the stands . Both players were fined and suspended for 10 games . The Yankees and Red Sox would finish first and second in the League respectively that year as well as the following . The Yankees went on to sweep the Chicago Cubs in the World Series and the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series a year later .
= = = 1940s – 1960s : Teddy Ballgame , Joltin ' Joe the Yankee Clipper = = =
The rivalry intensified in 1941 when Ted Williams of the Red Sox batted .406 , becoming the last player to bat over .400 in a season . Despite his accomplishment , Williams lost the AL MVP race to the Yankees ' Joe DiMaggio , who holds the record for a hitting streak , with 56 straight games in which he had a hit . DiMaggio 's unprecedented streak started on May 15 , 1941 in a game where the Yankees lost 13 – 1 to the Chicago White Sox . Williams later reminisced about his rivalry with DiMaggio saying " ( Joe ) DiMaggio was the greatest all @-@ around player I ever saw . His career cannot be summed up in numbers and awards . It might sound corny , but he had a profound and lasting impact on the country . " Both teams almost swapped the two players . In 1947 , Boston Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey and Yankees GM Larry MacPhail were rumored to have verbally agreed to trade DiMaggio for Williams , but MacPhail refused to include Yogi Berra and the deal fell through . Joe DiMaggio 's younger brother Dom would play for the Red Sox his entire career during the 1940s .
The Red Sox won 15 games in a row in 1946 . They were unstoppable and were in first place all but two days in the season , and would play in their first World Series game since 1918 , having finished ahead of the Yankees in the American League for the first time since selling Babe Ruth . Since the Red Sox last pennant in 1918 , the Yankees had won 14 pennants and 10 World Series . Although the tide against the Yankees had turned , Boston would eventually lose the Series four games to three to the St. Louis Cardinals .
Former manager for the Yankees , Joe McCarthy came out of retirement after a feud with Yankee ownership to sign with the Red Sox as their manager in 1948 . Both the Yankees and the Red Sox were involved in a tight pennant race with the Cleveland Indians until the final weekend . The Red Sox eliminated the Yankees in the final series at Fenway Park , overcoming four DiMaggio hits in the final game to tie Cleveland for the pennant . The situation forced the first @-@ ever one @-@ game playoff in AL history , which the Indians won 8 – 3 at Fenway Park . The city of Boston missed out on a chance for its first all @-@ Boston World Series , as the Indians went on to defeat the Boston Braves in the Series , the last one the Indians have won to date .
A year later , the Red Sox entered the final series of the season at Yankee Stadium needing only one win over the Yankees to advance to the World Series . The Red Sox found themselves up by one game with two games left against the Yankees at Yankee Stadium . The Sox lost 5 – 3 on the last day of the season after falling 5 – 4 the previous day , resulting in the Yankees winning their 16th American League pennant . The Yankees went on to defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1949 World Series for their 12th World Championship .
The 1951 season opened up at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees defeated the Red Sox , which was PA announcer Bob Sheppard first game . Sheppard would go on to serve PA duties at Yankee Stadium for another 56 years . On September 28 of that year , Yankees pitcher Allie Reynolds pitched a no @-@ hitter against the Red Sox . A year later , Red Sox outfielder Jimmy Piersall and Yankees second baseman Billy Martin exchanged insults before a game in Boston , and ended up fighting in the tunnel under the stands . The fight was eventually broken up by Yankees coaches Bill Dickey and Oscar Melillo , and Boston starting pitcher Ellis Kinder . Piersall changed out of his bloody shirt and promptly fought with teammate Maury McDermott . The Red Sox won 5 – 2 with Piersall sitting the game out .
Starting in 1949 , the Yankees began a streak of five consecutive World Series titles from 1949 to 1953 and breaking their previous streak of four straight titles from 1936 to 1939 . They would also go on to win 14 pennants in 16 years starting in 1949 .
= = = 1961 – 1980 : Milestones , fights , neck and neck finishes and the Bucky Dent game = = =
The 1961 season saw the chase of Babe Ruth 's 1927 single season home run record by Roger Maris and Mickey Mantle . Both Maris and Mantle would continue to reach the home run record until Mantle got injured late in the season , leaving Maris to reach the record . On the last day of the season , Maris broke the record with his 61st home run of the year off Red Sox pitcher Tracy Stallard at Yankee Stadium . Former Hall of Fame shortstop for the Yankees , Phil Rizzuto , called the shot in what was one of his first games as an announcer . The Yankees won the game 1 – 0 to win their 26th American League pennant and then to win their 19th World Series title .
The next year in 1962 , the Red Sox had been in the middle of a streak of 8 losing seasons . The team was so bad , that after a 13 @-@ 3 loss to the Yankees on July 26 , Red Sox ace Gene Conley got off the bus and attempted to leave the country and go to Israel . Conley was denied his request because he did not have a passport . Nonetheless , Conley did stay away from the team for 3 days .
Years later in 1967 , Red Sox pitcher Billy Rohr came within a single strike of a no @-@ hitter at Yankee Stadium . Elston Howard hit a two @-@ out , two @-@ strike single in the ninth to break the no @-@ hit bid . Rohr completed the one @-@ hitter , but ultimately finished his career with only two wins , both coming against the Yankees . Later that year , Red Sox third baseman Joe Foy hit a grand slam during the first game of a two @-@ game series . In the second game , Yankee pitcher Thad Tillotson threw two brushback pitches at Foy before beaning him in the batting helmet . In the next inning , Red Sox pitcher Jim Lonborg beaned Tillotson . Both pitchers yelled at each other , and then a brawl ensued . During the fight , Red Sox outfielder Reggie Smith picked up and body @-@ slammed Tillotson to the ground . Just two months later , both teams were involved in the longest game ever played ( by innings ) at Yankee Stadium . New York recorded a 20 @-@ inning , 4 – 3 victory over Boston . Earlier that year on August 3 , the Yankees traded Howard , the first African @-@ American player in franchise history , to the Red Sox to help bolster their team during the pennant race . When Howard returned to Yankee Stadium in a Red Sox uniform , the Yankee fans gave him a standing ovation . Boston would be led by Hall of Famer Carl Yastrzemski 's historic season winning the batting triple crown , leading the Red Sox to the pennant in what was a dream year for the Sox . Howard 's contribution would be instrumental in the 1967 World Series , but he and Yastrzemski would lose to Bob Gibson and the St. Louis Cardinals four games to three .
In 1973 , the American League decided to adopt the designated hitter rule . On April 6 , opening the season at Fenway Park , Ron Blomberg of the Yankees became the first designated hitter in Major League history . Red Sox pitcher Luis Tiant walked Blomberg in his first plate appearance of the game . Later that year at Fenway Park , with the score tied 2 – 2 in the top of the ninth , Yankees catcher Thurman Munson attempted to score from third base on a missed bunt by Gene Michael . He crashed into Red Sox catcher Carlton Fisk resulting in a fight with Munson punching Fisk in the face . The rivalry intensified in the 1970s with the fans too , as just a year later in 1974 at Fenway Park , Yankees first baseman Chris Chambliss was struck in the right arm with a dart thrown from the stands after hitting an RBI ground @-@ rule double . Two years later , Yankee outfielder Lou Piniella would crash into Fisk feet first in an attempt to score in the sixth inning of a game at Yankee Stadium . The two benches cleared while Piniella and Fisk brawled at home plate . After the fight apparently died down and order appeared to be restored , Sox pitcher Bill Lee and Yankee third baseman Graig Nettles and center fielder Mickey Rivers began to exchange words , resulting in another fight . Lee suffered a separated left shoulder from the tilt and missed the next 51 games of the 1976 season . He would continue to pitch until 1982 . The 1976 season saw the Yankees win the pennant , but lose to the Big Red Machine in the 1976 World Series , just like the Red Sox had done a year prior in the 1975 World Series in which Carlton Fisk hit his famous home run off of the left field foul pole at Fenway Park .
After the Yankees ' loss to the Reds , owner George Steinbrenner committed to sign marquee free agent Reggie Jackson to help win a championship . The Yankees , Red Sox , and Baltimore Orioles would keep leap frogging each other the entire year during the division race . The Yankees would win the division for the second year in a row , while the Orioles and Red Sox finished tied for second , 2 1 ⁄ 2 games behind the Yankees . Jackson 's entry onto the Yankees initially had caused a lot of friction on them . In the middle game of what would prove to be a three @-@ game series sweep by the Red Sox at Fenway Park , Yankees manager Billy Martin pulled Reggie Jackson off the field in mid @-@ inning for failing to hustle on a ball hit to the outfield . The extremely angry and highly animated Martin had to be restrained by coaches Yogi Berra and Elston Howard from getting into a fistfight with Jackson in the dugout during the nationally @-@ televised Saturday afternoon game . Eventually , emotions calmed down for the season and the Yankees came together to recapture the pennant and defeat the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1977 World Series , their first since 1962 .
In 1978 , the Red Sox , led by Jim Rice , Carl Yastrzemski , Fred Lynn and catcher Carlton Fisk , and managed by future Yankee coach Don Zimmer , were looking good for the World Series ( aka " Fall Classic " ) for the second time in the decade . They led the Yankees in the standings by 14 games in mid @-@ July , with less than three months to go in the regular season . The Yankees turned their season around just as the Red Sox seemed to collapse . By September 7 , the Yankees had whittled down the 14 @-@ game deficit to only four games , just in time for a four @-@ game series at Fenway Park in Boston . The Yankees won all four games in the series by a combined score of 42 – 9 . This series became known as the " Boston Massacre " . On September 16 , the Yankees held a 3 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ game lead over the Red Sox , but the Sox won 12 of their next 14 games ( and their last eight in a row ) to overcome that deficit and finish in a first @-@ place tie with the Yankees . A one @-@ game playoff was scheduled in Boston to determine who would win the AL East pennant for 1978 .
Boston pitted former Yankee pitcher Mike Torrez against the Yankees ' Cy Young Award winner , Ron Guidry , who took a 24 – 3 record into the game . The Sox were beating Guidry 2 – 0 in the top of the seventh inning when light @-@ hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent hit a two @-@ out , three @-@ run home run over Fenway Park 's Green Monster to take a 3 – 2 lead . It was only his fifth home run of the season . The Yankees later led 5 – 2 and held on to win 5 – 4 when Yastrzemski popped out with runners on first and third , ending the Red Sox ' season . Yankees closer Goose Gossage notched his 27th save of the season . Gossage would later comment years later about how he was spat on at Fenway Park and had beer thrown in his face . " There is no rivalry in sports that rivals the Yankees — Red Sox ... that playoff game in ' 78 – it felt like the playoffs and World Series were exhibition games after that . " The headline in The Boston Globe the next day summed it all up : " Destiny 5 , Red Sox 4 . " New York went on to defeat the Kansas City Royals in the ALCS and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series for their second straight championship .
= = 1980s and early 1990s = =
= = = 1980s : No championships = = =
The 1980s was the only decade that neither the Yankees nor the Red Sox won a World Series . Although both teams went to a World Series during that decade , the Red Sox were not serious contenders in the Yankees ' playoff years ( 1980 and 1981 ) , but the Yankees seriously contended in the Red Sox ' playoff years ( 1986 and 1988 ) .
The Yankees lost the World Series in 1981 , while the Red Sox loss came in 1986 . Both times , the teams lost after being up 2 – 0 in their respective World Series , and both losses happened in New York ( The Red Sox lost the 1986 World Series at Shea Stadium ) . For the Yankees , the loss in 1981 marked the beginning of the team 's demise and downfall in the 1980s and early 1990s . Despite the lack of championships , the rivalry between the teams did have some memorable highlights . Yankee left @-@ hander Dave Righetti threw a no @-@ hitter against the Red Sox at Yankee Stadium . One of the game 's greatest hitters , Wade Boggs , struck out to end the game . This was the first no @-@ hitter thrown by a left @-@ hander at Yankee Stadium and the first no @-@ hitter by a Yankee since Don Larsen 's perfect game against Subway Series rival Brooklyn Dodgers in Game five of the 1956 World Series and the first regular no @-@ hitter by a Yankee since 1951 .
On October 4 , 1986 , Righetti once again made history against the Red Sox when he saved both games of a doubleheader against them , finishing the season with 46 saves , and breaking the major league record shared by Dan Quisenberry and Bruce Sutter . The record would stand until Bobby Thigpen saved 57 games for the Chicago White Sox in 1990 , which would also be Righetti 's last season with the Yankees . Righetti retained the single @-@ season record for left @-@ handers until 1993 , when Randy Myers saved 53 games for the Chicago Cubs ; Righetti still owns the AL record for left @-@ handers .
Righetti 's teammate , first baseman and defending American League MVP Don Mattingly , came into the last game batting .352 , second in the league to Boston 's Wade Boggs . With Boggs sitting out the game , Mattingly needed to go 6 for 6 to win the batting title . Although Mattingly would hit a home run in his first at bat and a double later on , he fell short and Boggs won the batting title . Mattingly would be named most outstanding player that year by the press , but fell short to Boggs ' teammate Roger Clemens in the AL MVP voting .
Despite Righetti 's pitching on the last day of the season , the Red Sox still won the division and marched on in the playoffs . The Yankees ' bad performance during the 1980s came when the Red Sox faced the Yankees ' cross @-@ town rivals , the New York Mets , in the World Series . The New York Times called the series a " painful series " . Newsday called it " woeful days for Yankee fans " . Mike Lupica of the New York Daily News called the series " the World Series that is the Yankee nightmare " . Both Newsday and The Boston Globe said there were Mets T @-@ shirts saying " Steinbrenner 's nightmare , " referring to Yankees owner George Steinbrenner . John Powers of the Globe quoted Claire Smith , who covered the Yankees for the Hartford Courant , as having said " this really is the World Series of the nightmares " .
In game six of the World Series , Boston ( leading the series three games to two ) took a 5 – 3 lead in the top of the 10th inning . In the bottom half of the frame , Red Sox reliever Calvin Schiraldi retired the first two batters , putting the team within one out of winning the World Series . The Mets , however , scored three unanswered runs , tying the game on a wild pitch from Bob Stanley and winning it when Boston first baseman Bill Buckner allowed a ground ball hit by the Mets ' Mookie Wilson to roll through his legs , scoring Ray Knight from second base . In the seventh game , the Red Sox took an early 3 – 0 lead , only to lose 8 – 5 . The collapses in the last two games prompted a series of articles by George Vecsey of The New York Times fueling speculation that the Red Sox were " cursed " .
The 1987 season saw rivalry at the end of the season , as on September 29 , Yankee first baseman Don Mattingly set a MLB record by hitting his sixth grand slam home @-@ run of the season against the Red Sox
The competitiveness of the teams continued the following year . Co @-@ captains Ron Guidry and Willie Randolph had led the Yankees to first place two weeks after the All @-@ Star break started . On July 28 , the Yankees fell out of first place , and the Red Sox won their second division title in three years . Boston went on to face the Oakland Athletics in the 1988 American League Championship Series , but would end up getting swept .
= = = 1990 – 1995 = = =
The tone of baseball rivalries changed in the early 1990s ; fraternization between players who had moved to different teams or knew each other from various ventures kept baseball rivalries to a " friendly " level . Major League Baseball 's 1994 divisional re @-@ alignment solidified the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox . Prior to the realignment , the American League East Division contained seven teams , spread out over a wider geographical area , including the Cleveland Indians and the Milwaukee Brewers .
In the early to mid @-@ 1990s , the two teams were seldom equally good . The Yankees had the worst record in the American League when the Red Sox won their third division title in five years in 1990 . In 1992 , both teams finished at or near the bottom of the AL East .
In 1990 , Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy wrote a book titled The Curse of the Bambino , criticizing the Red Sox for the sale of Babe Ruth , and publicized the curse . When the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium during a weekend in September 1990 , Yankee fans started to chant " 1918 ! " to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , demeaning chants of " 1918 ! " echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying " 1918 ! " , " CURSE OF THE BAMBINO " , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing " 1918 ! " T @-@ shirts each time they were at the Stadium .
On June 6 , 1990 , before a Yankees – Red Sox game at Fenway Park , the Yankees fired Bucky Dent as their manager , making Fenway Park the scene of his worst moment as manager , although he had his greatest moment as a player there . Red Sox fans felt retribution as Dent was fired on their field , while players on the Yankees , including former Red Sox catcher Rick Cerone and Mattingly felt Dent was used as a scapegoat . Dan Shaughnessy criticized Steinbrenner for firing Dent in Boston and said he should " have waited until the Yankees got to Baltimore " to fire Dent . He said that " if Dent had been fired in Seattle or Milwaukee , this would have been just another event in an endless line of George 's jettisons . But it happened in Boston and the nightly news had its hook . " He also said that " the firing was only special because ... it 's the first time a Yankee manager ... was purged on the ancient Indian burial grounds of the Back Bay . "
On July 30 , almost two months after firing Dent at Fenway Park , Steinbrenner was suspended from day @-@ to @-@ day operations of the Yankees . There were cheers at both Yankee Stadium and Fenway Park over the news of the suspension of Steinbrenner . At Yankee Stadium , fans chanted and cheered " It 's Over ! It 's Over ! " However , the players said it was sad Steinbrenner was suspended .
Mel Hall 's game @-@ winning three @-@ run home run in the ninth inning gave the Yankees a dramatic Memorial Day win over the Red Sox in 1991 . Announcer John Sterling accentuated the word " the " when saying " the Yankees win ! " This accentuation would become a characteristic trademark of Sterling for the rest of his broadcasting career .
The 1993 season saw long @-@ time Red Sox fan favorite Wade Boggs defect to the Yankees after eleven seasons with Boston . Later in September 1993 , the Yankees defeated Boston at Yankee Stadium via a last @-@ moment reprieve . Trailing 3 – 1 , Mike Stanley 's apparent fly out with two outs in the ninth was nullified by a fan running on to the field prior to the pitch being thrown . The umpire had called time and when play resumed , Stanley singled . The Yankees would rally to score three runs and win on a Mattingly single .
The Yankees ' 1980s demise and downfall continued into the early 1990s and was at its frustrating peak in 1994 , when they finished with the best record in the American League in a season that was prematurely halted by the 1994 – 95 Major League Baseball strike , which left New York sports fans disappointed that Mattingly had not played in a postseason despite being poised to do so that year . At that time , he led active players in both games played and at @-@ bats without participating in a postseason game . Throughout October , the news media added to the embarrassment when they often made references to dates that games in the World Series would have been played . That year , the Yankees and Red Sox would have finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . Both managers , Buck Showalter of the Yankees and Butch Hobson of the Red Sox , who made their managerial debuts against each other , were fired as a result of or during the strike .
The strike was the harbinger of the 1995 season for the Yankees . Although the Red Sox jumped out to a fast start and finished the season in first place , the Yankees were not serious contenders for the division title . With the Yankees clinching the inaugural American League Wild Card on the last day of the season , the Yankees and Red Sox reached the post @-@ season in the same season for the first time . Before the postseason began , Mattingly contemplated about the first @-@ ever playoff series in the rivalry , saying , " That would be pretty cool . It wouldn 't hurt the rivalry any . There 'd be a few deaths ... just kidding " . Both teams lost in separate ALDS series , with the Red Sox being swept by the Cleveland Indians and the Yankees losing in five games to the Seattle Mariners . For the Yankees , the loss led to another post @-@ strike fallout : both Showalter and general manager Gene Michael were fired as a result of the loss . Similarly , the firing of Michael as Yankees manager and the loss in the 1981 World Series were fallouts from the strike that year . In fact , the 1981 strike was antecedence to the Yankees ' demise and downfall of the 1980s and 1990s and the strike in 1994 was part of that demise .
Beginning with the 1995 playoffs , every playoffs have featured the Yankees and / or the Red Sox . As of 2012 , the two rivals have made up 25 out of 34 possible playoff appearances , with the two teams reaching the playoffs in the same year eight times ( 1995 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2009 ) . The streak ended in 2014 .
= = 1996 – 2003 : Yankee dominance and first postseason meetings = =
= = = Late 1990s : Yankee dynasty = = =
A year after captain Don Mattingly 's retirement in 1995 , the Yankees won the 1996 World Series . It was their first in 18 years and the first of former Red Sox player Wade Boggs ' career , coming almost 10 years to the day he lost it to Mets . Boggs celebrated the victory with a memorable moment of jumping on the horse of a NYPD officer during the celebration . The Yankees , like the rest of baseball , were still reeling from what was lost in 1994 , because many members of the 1994 team were not there in 1996 . Showalter said the 1994 strike " sits in my craw " , and that he could not watch the World Series because " I feel badly for the fans " .
The Yankees did not reach the World Series in 1997 , but came back with one of the better seasons in baseball history in 1998 , which culminated in a win over the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series . The Red Sox , too , made the playoffs in 1998 , but as a Wild Card , they did not seriously contend for the division title . They ultimately lost their ALDS .
About four months after victory , the Yankees controversially traded fan favorite David Wells to the Toronto Blue Jays for Roger Clemens , a fan favorite with the Red Sox between 1984 and 1996 . Clemens was coming off two consecutive season with the Blue Jays where he had won both the pitching triple crown and the Cy Young Award in both 1997 and 1998 .
Once the 1999 season started , a moment of peace occurred between the fans . Yankees manager Joe Torre returned to Fenway Park for his first game following a battle with prostate cancer . While the managers were exchanging lineup cards , the Boston crowd gave Torre a long standing ovation , to which he tipped his cap . Good relations were seen during the All @-@ Star Game at Fenway Park . Yankee manager Joe Torre , manager for the American League team , replaced starting shortstop Nomar Garciaparra of the Red Sox with Derek Jeter . Garciaparra received a standing ovation from the fans after Jeter came in to replace him ( they also embraced each other at this time ) . Later in the game , when he came to bat , Jeter gave Garciaparra a tribute by mimicking his batting stance . Nine years later , in a similar fashion , Red Sox manager Terry Francona managed the American League team at the All @-@ Star Game at Yankee Stadium , in the stadium 's final season .
On September 10 , 1999 , Chili Davis ' second @-@ inning home run was the only hit by the Yankees against Pedro Martínez , who struck out 17 Yankees — the most strikeouts against a Yankee team ever . Martínez retired the last 22 batters after giving up the home run , including striking out eight of the final nine batters . The teams finished first and second in their division and both made the playoffs in the same season . This led to the very first post @-@ season meeting in the longtime rivalry .
= = = = 1999 ALCS : First postseason meeting = = = =
In 1999 , the Yankees and Red Sox faced each other for the first time in the ALCS . The Yankees were the defending World Series champions and in the midst of a run of three consecutive World Championships , while Boston had not appeared in the ALCS since 1990 . The Yankees won the first game of the ALCS against the Red Sox on a 10th @-@ inning walk @-@ off home run by Bernie Williams off Boston reliever Rod Beck . The game was the first actual postseason meeting between the rivals because the one @-@ game playoff in 1978 technically counted as a regular season game . Intensity built up due to this historic , first @-@ ever postseason meeting between the two longtime rivals . The Yankees would win the first two games at home with 7th @-@ inning comebacks .
The lone bright spot for the Red Sox came in Game 3 at Boston 's Fenway Park , in what had been a much anticipated pitching match @-@ up of former Red Sox star Roger Clemens , who was now pitching for the Yankees , and Boston ace Pedro Martínez . Martínez struck out twelve and did not allow a run through seven innings of work ; Clemens was hit hard , giving up five earned runs and only lasting two innings of a 13 – 1 Red Sox victory . The Yankees rebounded to win Games 4 and 5 , clinching the American League pennant and advancing to the Series , where they swept the Atlanta Braves , ( including two 8th @-@ inning comebacks ) . The loss to Pedro Martínez was the Yankees ' only postseason loss , as the team went 11 – 1 .
The following year at Fenway Park , the Yankees beat the Red Sox , 22 – 1 , handing Boston its most lopsided home loss ever . The Yankees scored 16 total runs in the 8th and 9th innings . The Yankees lost 15 of their final 18 games that season and finished with a record of 87 – 74 , but the Red Sox failed to catch up and finished 2 @.@ 5 games out of first to lose another division title to the Yankees . Despite having the lowest winning percentage of any postseason qualifier in 2000 , the Yankees won their third consecutive World Series and 26th overall , in the first Subway Series since 1956 , over their cross @-@ town rivals , the New York Mets , in 5 games .
A year later , David Cone , one of the key players in the then @-@ most recent Yankee dynasty , started for the Red Sox against the Yankees at Yankee Stadium to the sound of a standing ovation despite playing for the arch @-@ rival Red Sox . It marked Cone 's first return to Yankee Stadium since leaving the team . Cone would later take part in another notable game later that year when he went up against newly acquired Yankee pitcher Mike Mussina . Mussina had come within one strike of pitching a perfect game against the Red Sox at Fenway Park . Carl Everett 's 9th @-@ inning two @-@ out , two @-@ strike single was the only baserunner allowed by Mussina in a 1 – 0 Yankee win . Coincidentally , David Cone was the last Yankee pitcher to throw a perfect game , in 1999 .
On September 10 , the two teams had a game against each other rained out . The next day , the country saw one of its biggest tragedies bring both sides together . Following the terrorist attacks on New York City 's Twin World Trade Center Towers , Boston fans displayed signs saying " Boston Loves New York " in a rare moment of peace between the two sides of the rivalry . On September 23 , the Yankees ' home field hosted a memorial service titled , " Prayer for America " . The warm feeling of solidarity would once again be short @-@ lived as just prior to the 2003 season , Red Sox President Larry Lucchino labeled New York Yankees the " Evil Empire " after Cuban free agent José Contreras opted to sign with the Yankees instead of the Red Sox . The new ownership group had made it their personal mission to win a championship .
= = = 2001 – 2003 : Unbalanced schedule = = =
Major League Baseball changed its scheduling format beginning in 2001 , further intensifying division matchups throughout the league . The new " unbalanced schedule " allowed for additional games in each season between divisional rivals , replacing additional series with teams outside the division . Due to the change , the Red Sox and Yankees now played each other 17 or more times each season ( 18 times in 2001 ) . The scheduling drew criticism both when it was enacted and after the fact , with some analysts even positing the unbalanced schedule hurt intra @-@ divisional play .
In 2002 , the Red Sox asked the Yankees for permission to interview one of George Steinbrenner 's assistants , former Yankees general manager Gene Michael , for their vacant general manager position , but Steinbrenner declined their request . Boston Red Sox then hired Theo Epstein , a protégé of Red Sox President and CEO Larry Lucchino , as general manager , and at 28 years old , he was the youngest general manager in baseball history .
= = = = 2003 ALCS = = = =
Both teams would face off in the ALCS once again in 2003 . Entering the series , the Red Sox were the favorites to reach the 2003 World Series and The New York Times had endorsed a showdown between the Red Sox and the Chicago Cubs , the latter of whom had not been to the World Series since 1945 and had not won a championship since 1908 .
Due to the unbalanced schedule , when Boston forced the ALCS to a full seven games , the seventh game set a major league record for the rivalry between the two teams : it marked the first time two major league teams have played more than 25 games against each other over the course of a single season .
In the top of the fourth inning of Game 3 of the ALCS at Fenway Park , Red Sox starting pitcher Pedro Martínez hit Yankee batter Karim García , prompting an argument between the two players , which ended with both teams clearing the benches but no punches being thrown . In the bottom half of the inning , a pitch from Roger Clemens to Manny Ramírez was high and inside , and a brawl ensued . Ramírez swore at Clemens for the pitch . Yankees bench coach Don Zimmer , then 72 years old , and who had been the manager of the " doomed " 1978 Boston Red Sox , charged at Martínez ; the pitcher grabbed Zimmer by the head and swung him to the ground . Later , midway through the ninth inning , García and Yankee pitcher Jeff Nelson fought with a Fenway Park groundskeeper , Paul Williams , in the bullpen . Two Boston Police officers issued a report saying Nelson and García engaged in " an unprovoked attack " on Williams and summonses would be sought for the two New York Yankees for assault and battery . After reviewing the incident , MLB Commissioner Bud Selig said he was " very disappointed " by the behavior of the participants and fined Martínez $ 50 @,@ 000 , Ramírez $ 25 @,@ 000 , García $ 10 @,@ 000 , and Zimmer $ 5 @,@ 000 .
In game seven at Yankee Stadium , the Red Sox held a 5 – 2 lead through seven innings due to an ineffective start by Roger Clemens , but the Yankees remained in the game because of three shutout innings of relief by Mike Mussina in his first career relief appearance . After Boston Red Sox starter Pedro Martínez gave up a run in the eighth , manager Grady Little visited the mound but elected to leave a tiring Martínez to complete the inning . Martínez then gave up a ground @-@ rule double to Hideki Matsui , and Yankees catcher Jorge Posada blooped a double into center field that drove in two runners and tied the game . The game went into extra innings and in the bottom of the eleventh inning , leadoff hitter Aaron Boone , grandson of Ray Boone , a ( retired ) longtime scout with the Red Sox , hit a solo home run off of Tim Wakefield to left field , ending the game and the series , giving the Yankees their 39th American League pennant . The Long Island , New York , newspaper Newsday went to the press before the game was over , and thinking Boston would win the game , editorialized as to what was wrong with the Yankees , and why they had lost the ALCS to the Red Sox . In a postgame interview , Red Sox firstbaseman Kevin Millar described the emotions in the Red Sox locker room : " It was like we were all back in high school , like we 'd all just gotten beat in the state playoffs , and everyone was going to graduate .... When you 're a teenager and you lose the big football game , that 's when you see guys cry uncontrollably . You don 't [ usually ] see that much at this level . "
Two days later , the Red Sox fired Grady Little . People blamed him for the game seven loss , claiming he left Martínez in for too long .
= = 2004 – present : The Curse is broken = =
= = = 2004 : Red Sox win World Series = = =
In an effort to build up their lineup , the Red Sox set up a potential deal that would send reigning AL MVP Alex Rodriguez to Boston and Red Sox Manny Ramírez and other players to Texas . The deal eventually fell through after Rodríguez indicated he would not go against the MLBPA , which opposes a proposed renegotiation , which would have potentially reduced Rodríguez 's earnings in the later years of his contract . A freak off @-@ season basketball injury to Aaron Boone just several months removed from his historic home run had Yankees management looking at possible options to replace him . Despite being courted by Boston for nearly three months , Rodríguez was traded from Texas to New York .
New Red Sox pitcher Curt Schilling , who had confounded New York in the 2001 World Series as an Arizona Diamondback , appeared at an ice hockey game in Boston wearing a " Yankee hater " hat .
That year , the Red Sox won an eventful season series against the Yankees . A 13 @-@ inning comeback win for the Yankees on July 1 was punctuated by a catch from Derek Jeter , who ran and dove into the stands at full speed and came out with facial lacerations when Trot Nixon hit a pop up in an area deep behind third base . On July 24 , Jason Varitek shoved his glove into the face of the Yankees ' Álex Rodríguez after Rodríguez was hit by a pitch from Bronson Arroyo , causing a bench @-@ clearing brawl . Though he was ejected ( along with Rodríguez ) from the game following the incident , the moment sparked Boston to an 11 – 10 come @-@ from @-@ behind victory . Both Rodríguez and Varitek were each suspended four games and fined $ 2 @,@ 000 for the brawl .
Despite their success in the rivalry series , the Red Sox still finished second to the Yankees in the AL East for the seventh straight season . Both teams would advance to the ALCS for the second straight year .
= = = = 2004 ALCS : The curse is broken = = = =
This was the series everybody wanted to see because of what happened in the 2003 ALCS . Yankees general manager Brian Cashman said " I think Boston ... really are ... a mirror image of us in terms of ... aggressiveness and desire to win " . Yankees pitcher Mike Mussina summarized the build @-@ up : " This is what everyone was hoping for ... it 's a rematch of last year , with the best two teams in the American League " .
Outfielder Johnny Damon said of Boone 's home run : " If we do advance to the World Series and win , it 's a better story that we went through New York . We needed to get back here . This is where a lot of hearts were broken , and we 're in a perfect seat to stop the hurting . " Damon told USA Today : " If we are going to win the World Series , it 's better to beat the Yankees to get there . Otherwise , everybody will say , ' Well , you didn 't have to face the Yankees . ' I think we have the best team , so I hope the best team wins . But the Yankees are no slouches . We know that [ Gary ] Sheffield can hit every single pitch thrown to him . "
The Yankees won the first three games of the series , including a 19 – 8 rout in Game 3 . No team in the history of baseball had ever won a best @-@ of @-@ seven series after being down three games to none . Entering the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 4 at Fenway Park , Yankees reliever Mariano Rivera was attempting to close out a 4 – 3 lead . But after issuing a leadoff walk to Kevin Millar , pinch @-@ runner Dave Roberts stole second and came around to score on an RBI single by Bill Mueller . Boston won the game in the bottom of the 12th inning on a home run by David Ortiz . Game 5 featured another extra @-@ inning Boston comeback , as the Red Sox tied the game in the 8th inning , and won it in the 14th on a single hit by Ortiz that drove in Damon from second to make it 4 @-@ 3 Red Sox . In Game 6 , Curt Schilling , who tore a tendon sheath in his right ankle during the American League Divisional Series against Anaheim , pitched seven innings of one @-@ run ball . 4 innings in and the Yankees had still yet to get a hit off Schilling . Schilling 's tendon was sutured to his ankle to relieve the discomfort and was given local anesthetic and painkillers for the game . During the game , his sock started to absorb the blood from his freshly sutured ankle , dubbed " the bloody sock " . During the game a controversial call was called on Alex Rodriguez when he knocked the ball out of Arroyo 's hand on his sprint to first . Boston won the contest , 4 – 2 . They then completed their historic comeback with a blowout win in Game 7 , by a score of 10 – 3 . New York Yankees blowing the 3 – 0 lead has been considered the biggest collapse in the history of the rivalry .
In Boston , celebrations marking their win over the Yankees was marred by a tragedy . Moments after the Red Sox beat the Yankees , Victoria Snelgrove , an Emerson College junior , was mortally wounded after being hit in the eye by a non @-@ lethal crowd control projectile fired by police . Boston Red Sox outfielder Trot Nixon said in response " I 'd give Game 7 back to have her back . " The funeral services for Snelgrove took place on October 26 , 2004 , the day before the Curse of the Bambino died . The Red Sox won their first World Series championship in 86 years , completing a sweep of St. Louis in the 2004 World Series .
When the Red Sox held their World Series victory parade , Manny Ramírez was handed a sign by one of the spectators part of the way through the parade , which read , " Jeter is playing golf today . This is better ! " He held on to this sign for the rest of the parade .
= = = 2005 – 2009 : Yankees , Red Sox win titles = = =
When the two teams played for the first time at Yankee Stadium , on April 3 , Yankee fans started new taunts , saying " The Curse of 1918 is finally over ( 86 years ) . Let the new curse 2090 begin . " They also projected the next Red Sox championship with signs saying " 1918 @-@ 2004 @-@ 2090 . " Just a week later , the Red Sox received their World Series rings at Fenway Park before they played the Yankees . All of the Yankees went to the top step of the dugout to applaud the Red Sox accomplishment . During the announcement of the lineups , Red Sox fans reciprocated by giving Yankee closer Mariano Rivera ( who had struggled against the Red Sox ) a loud , standing ovation , despite their booing of Alex Rodriguez . Rivera laughed and tipped his cap . In New York , the YES Network , the Yankees television network , declined to broadcast it . Instead , a fixed camera shot was focused tightly on correspondent Kimberly Jones as she described in general terms the events surrounding her ; afterwards , YES was roundly criticized for the move . The Red Sox won the game 8 – 1 .
Just days later , Yankee right fielder Gary Sheffield 's cap was knocked off by a Red Sox fan while trying to pick up a fair ball in right field at Fenway Park . In response , Sheffield pushed the fan . The conflict was quickly stopped by security guards . The fan was ejected from the game for interfering with play and eventually stripped of his season tickets . The season ended with both teams , already with guaranteed playoff berths , playing each other for the division crown on the last day of the season in a game that had the Yankees come out on top . Both teams wound up losing in the 2005 ALDS , the Yankees to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the Red Sox to the eventual World Series champion that year , the Chicago White Sox .
The Red Sox acquired starting pitcher Josh Beckett , who pitched a complete game shutout for the Marlins against the Yankees to end the 2003 World Series , the end of the 2005 season . The Yankees would follow with their own off @-@ season acquisition of former Red Sox outfielder Johnny Damon , a fan @-@ favorite during his four years in Boston . Damon returned to Fenway Park the following May to a mix of cheers and boos as he tipped his helmet to the fans .
The Yankees defeated the Red Sox at Fenway Park and completed a five @-@ game sweep of the Red Sox in the first five @-@ game series between the teams in 33 years , evoking memories of 1978 's " Boston Massacre " . The Yankees outscored the Red Sox 49 – 26 and pushed their division lead from 1 1 ⁄ 2 games all the way to 6 1 ⁄ 2 games over the second place Sox . Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy dubbed it the " Son of Massacre . " The second game of the series , which the Yankees won 14 – 11 , took four hours and 45 minutes to complete , making it the longest nine @-@ inning game in Major League Baseball history . Months after the Yankees loss to the Tigers in the 2006 ALDS and manager Joe Torre 's controversial decision to drop a struggling Alex Rodriguez to 8th in the lineup , Rodriguez in an interview with Sports Illustrated , claimed that he had preferred to go to the Red Sox before being traded to the Yankees . The incident would be one of contention between Torre and Rodriguez as noted in Torre 's book , The Yankee Years .
During the third inning of a 2007 game at Fenway Park , Manny Ramírez , J. D. Drew , Mike Lowell , and Jason Varitek hit four consecutive home runs off Yankee pitcher Chase Wright , powering a comeback from a three @-@ run deficit and completing a three @-@ game sweep of the Yankees at Fenway Park for the first time since 1990 . By May , after long speculation about what team he would play for after retirement , Roger Clemens chose to return to the Yankees as opposed to the Red Sox ( where he started his career ) or the Houston Astros ( his hometown and last team he played for ) . Clemens helped the Yankees overcome a 14 @-@ game deficit in the standings to roar back to reach the playoffs again , however , this was not enough to win the division . On September 28 , Boston won the AL East after a win against the Minnesota Twins and a loss by the Yankees against the Baltimore Orioles . This was the first AL East Championship for the Red Sox since 1995 , ending the Yankees ' nine @-@ year reign in the division .
The Red Sox went on to sweep the Colorado Rockies in the World Series . Series MVP Mike Lowell remarks , upon receiving his trophy , that " the Red Sox are expected to win . " Controversy erupted during the eighth inning of the final game when Alex Rodriguez 's agent Scott Boras announced that Rodriguez had decided to opt out of his contract , in what was seen by many as an attempt by Boras to overshadow the series .
The off @-@ season after the 2007 Series showed a war of words between management of both teams . Boston GM Theo Epstein called Yankee pitcher Mike Mussina a " bad apple " for complaining about the Yankees ' 2004 trip to Japan as the Red Sox were gearing up for their own trip there . Epstein claimed that Mussina had used it as a crutch during the season . Mussina retorted back saying " Yea , we used it as a crutch to win the division ! " Later that month , Hank Steinbrenner , who had taken a bigger role with the Yankees operation from his father George , responded in a feisty manner to the popularity of Red Sox Nation in The New York Times supplemental Play Magazine : " ' Red Sox Nation ? ' What a bunch of ( expletive ) that is . That was a creation of the Red Sox and ESPN , which is filled with Red Sox fans . Go anywhere in America and you won 't see Red Sox hats and jackets , you 'll see Yankee hats and jackets . This is a Yankee country . We 're going to put the Yankees back on top and restore the universe to order . " In response , Red Sox principal owner John W. Henry inducted Hank Steinbrenner into Red Sox Nation . Steinbrenner went on to praise Henry 's handling of the Red Sox and said they would always be competitive under him .
In 2008 , the Red Sox clinched a playoff berth and while the Yankees ' streak of 13 consecutive postseason appearances dating back to 1995 ended .
In the 2008 off @-@ season , first baseman Mark Teixeira signed an eight year , $ 180 million contract with the Yankees . Tony Massarotti of The Boston Globe summed up his feelings by calling it a " kick in the pants " .
In August , the Yankees had 23 hits and the Red Sox had 12 in a 20 – 11 Yankees victory where the total runs scored ( 31 ) is the most runs collected by both teams in the history of their rivalry .
Both teams made the playoffs in 2009 . During the ALDS , the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins to face the Angels who had knocked out the Red Sox at Fenway after being one strike away from losing Game 3 , and rallying against Papelbon to take the division series in 3 games . The Yankees beat the Angels and went on defeat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 2009 World Series , 4 – 2 , to earn their 27th World Series title and their first championship in their first year in the new Yankee Stadium . Former Red Sox pitcher Pedro Martínez was the losing pitcher of record for the defending champions in the last game of the series .
= = = 2010 – present : Yankees fall short , Red Sox champions again = = =
2010 saw the Yankees and the Red Sox start and finish the season against each other at Fenway Park , the first time since 1950 this happened . The Red Sox beat the Yankees in the first meeting of the two teams , the 30th time that the two teams played on Opening Day , improving to 11 – 18 – 1 against the Yankees whenever the two teams play each other on Opening Day .
In July , with the passings of Bob Sheppard , public address announcer for the Yankees , on July 11 at the age of 99 , and principal owner and managing partner of the Yankees , George Steinbrenner , at the age of 80 , both teams opened the second half at their respective stadiums with a moment of silence for Steinbrenner and Sheppard . The Red Sox , struggling to get out of third place , failed to make the playoffs for the second time in five years , but played spoiler during the final series of the season , knocking the Yankees out of first place in the American League East , relegating them to the wild @-@ card for the 2010 season .
In 2011 , the Red Sox went 12 – 6 against the Yankees , including beating Yankees ace CC Sabathia four times during the season and sweeping two three @-@ game sets at Yankee Stadium , the only sets of three games of more where the Yankees have been swept at home since it opened in 2009 . Critics and writers forecasted overwhelmingly that the Red Sox would win the 2011 World Series easily . The Red Sox spent a great deal to build the team in the off @-@ season , and were about to sell at least two Red Sox as Most Valuable Player candidates by mid season . Following a disastrous first month , the Red Sox climbed in the standings . The Yankees claimed the AL East crown after the Red Sox 's September struggles left them battling for the wild @-@ card with the Rays , with whom they went into the season 's final game tied . On September 28 , the Tampa Bay Rays staged a dramatic comeback from 7 – 0 to win 8 – 7 over the Yankees in the 12th inning . Only three minutes earlier , Red Sox closer Jonathan Papelbon blew a 3 – 2 lead over the Orioles in the bottom of the 9th inning , handing a 4 – 3 walk @-@ off victory to the Orioles . The Rays claimed the AL Wild Card and eliminated the Red Sox from the post @-@ season . It marked the first time in baseball history that a 9 @-@ game lead had been blown in September , becoming the worst collapse in baseball history . Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe said that " the greatest choke in baseball history ... feels like revenge for 2004 and 2007 . " Yankee fans everywhere rejoiced , as it was a greater collapse than the 1978 Red Sox , as well as 2004 .
During the series the final weekend of the season , Russell Martin of the Yankees said of the Red Sox about their collapse that " I hate the Red Sox " and that " anything to get the Red Sox out would be awesome for me . "
In response to the historic September collapse by the Red Sox , they hired outspoken manager Bobby Valentine to take Francona 's place . After his signing , Valentine immediately inserted himself into the rivalry when he said he hated the Yankees .
On the weekend series of April 20 – 22 , 2012 , the Red Sox celebrated the 100th anniversary of Fenway Park against the Yankees , who they played to open up the park . Both teams wore their 1912 uniforms on April 20 , which the Yankees won 6 @-@ 2 . The Yankees came back from down , 9 – 0 , to win , 15 – 9 , the next day , the largest deficit they have ever overcame . They won the season series 13 – 5 , their best record against the Red Sox since 2001 , when they also went 13 – 5 against them , and swept the final three @-@ game series of the season at Yankee Stadium to clinch the AL East while the Red Sox finished last in the division for the first time since 1992 with their worst record since 1965 . Valentine was fired soon after . Later in 2012 , the Yankees acquired 2004 ALCS Game 7 winner Derek Lowe . He was the latest member of the 2004 team to play for the Yankees after beating them in 2004 .
After the 2012 season , Kevin Youkilis , who the Red Sox traded to the Chicago White Sox earlier in the season , signed with the Yankees as a free agent . He had previously clashed with Joba Chamberlain when he was with Boston .
On Opening Day April 1 , 2013 at Yankee Stadium , the Yankees and Red Sox honored the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown , Connecticut , located in between New York and Boston . On April 16 , 2013 , the Yankees put aside their rivalry with the Red Sox and played the song " Sweet Caroline " , a Fenway Park tradition , at the end of the third inning of their game against the Arizona Diamondbacks to honor the victims of the Boston Marathon bombings that took place one day earlier . On September 15 , 2013 , the Red Sox honored Yankees closer Mariano Rivera in his final game in Fenway Park , in which both the Red Sox fans and players gave Rivera a standing ovation when he entered the field . The Red Sox took the regular season series over the Yankees 13 @-@ 6 . The Red Sox finished the season with the best record in the American League and went on to defeat the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2013 World Series to capture their eighth World Series title , while the Yankees failed to make the playoffs .
On December 3 , 2013 , one month after winning the 2013 World Series , Boston outfielder Jacoby Ellsbury and the Yankees agreed in principle to a seven @-@ year $ 153 million deal , including an option for an eighth year that could increase the value of the contract to $ 169 million .
On April 10 , 2014 , Yankees pitcher Michael Pineda was believed to have been using pine tar in a Yankee @-@ Red Sox game at Yankee Stadium . This was never brought to the umpires attention , therefore it was never tested and no actions were taken . On April 23 , 2014 , at a Yankee Red Sox game in Fenway Park , John Farrell noticed that Pineda was using pine tar again . Farrell walked to the home plate umpire and got Pineda ejected from the game in the 2nd inning .
On Tuesday , May 6 , 2014 , former Yankee Mariano Rivera debuted his new book , The Closer . In it , Rivera talks about both second basemen Robinson Cano , Rivera 's former teammate , and the Red Sox captain Dustin Pedroia . Rivera created controversy when he stated Cano lacks hustle and heart despite his unending talent and that he would prefer to pick Pedroia on a team over Cano as a result .
After a 1 – 1 tie between aces Jon Lester and Yankees ' rookie Masahiro Tanaka on June 27 , 2014 , Tanaka threw a fastball to Red Sox first baseman Mike Napoli that Napoli hit for the go @-@ ahead home run that won the game for the Red Sox . As Napoli returned to the dugout to his cheering teammates , he screamed out how Tanaka was an " idiot " for throwing him a fastball when his splitter was fooling him all night .
On July 31 , 2014 , the Yankees acquired Stephen Drew in exchange for Kelly Johnson in the first trade between the two teams since 1997 . Both teams missed the playoffs in 2014 , which is the first time in the wildcard era , and also since 1993 .
Both teams played each other in the last series of the season in what would be Derek Jeter 's final games as a player before retirement . Jeter said he would not play shortstop for the last series of the season in Boston , but would still bat as a designated hitter out of respect for the rivalry . Boston honored Jeter with a pregame ceremony including Red Sox retired stars Carl Yastrzemski , Jim Rice , Fred Lynn , Luis Tiant and Rico Petrocelli , the Boston Bruins ' Bobby Orr , New England Patriots receiver Troy Brown and the Boston Celtics ' Paul Pierce . In his last at bat as a professional player , Jeter grounded out , but drove in a run . Writer Peter Gammons who was in attendance at the game was also at Fenway during Ted Williams ' final at bat where he hit a homerun 54 years prior to the day . Despite the rivalry , many Boston fans at Fenway Park loudly cheered for Jeter and gave him a standing ovation . The Yankees , though unable to reach the playoffs , finished in second place , while the Red Sox finished in last place , 25 games behind the first place Orioles .
To start the 2015 MLB season edition of the rivalry , the Red Sox team 's first game at Yankee Stadium on Friday , April 10 went into extra innings ended up being one of the longest games ever played — at six hours and 49 minutes — going 19 innings , with the Yankees tying the game three times in the bottom of the 9th , 14th , and 16th , ending in a 6 @-@ 5 victory for the Sox . During the first game of the first series at Fenway on May 1 , Alex Rodriguez , coming of a suspension for PED use the year prior , hit his first ever career pinch hit homerun that would prove to be the winning run in the game and tie him with Willie Mays on the all @-@ time homerun list . On May 3 , the Yankees completed a weekend sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway .
= = Geography = =
Using Facebook Like button data , Ben Blatt of the Harvard College Sports Analysis Collective found in 2012 that Red Sox fans are east of the New York State – Vermont / Massachusetts border , and Yankees fans are west . Blatt wrote , " I had thought that it was possible that Red Sox Nation might extend into northern New York or Yankee territory might extend into Vermont . This turned out not to be the case " . Connecticut divides support between the two teams ; he found that 56 @.@ 6 % of Facebook users in Hartford , often cited as being on the border between the two teams ' fans , supported the Yankees . While Blatt found that identifying an exact border within the state was impossible , Guilford and Middletown are almost exactly divided , with 50 @.@ 7 % in each supporting the Yankees .
= = Violence over rivalry = =
There have been occasions that there have been arrests because of violence over the rivalry . In May 2008 , a Yankees fan in Nashua , New Hampshire was arrested and charged with reckless second @-@ degree murder for killing two people outside a bar , which resulted from an argument over the rivalry . Later in 2008 , a man driving a car with New York license plates in Massachusetts was pulled from his car and savagely beaten because locals suspected the man of being a Yankees fan . During the final series of the 2010 season , Boston Police arrested a Yankees fan for stabbing a Red Sox fan over an argument about the rivalry .
= = Rivalry outside of baseball = =
Don Mattingly had appeared in public service announcements airing on the Spike TV network advocating fathers to spend time with their children as part of the " True Dads " campaign to encourage men to take an active role in their children 's lives . Mattingly jokes at the end of the commercial about the impatience of one of the characters in the commercial by calling him a Red Sox fan .
On April 13 , 2008 , rumors of a construction worker burying a Red Sox jersey in the concrete of the new Yankee Stadium were verified after anonymous tips led to the location of the jersey . The worker , identified as Gino Castignoli , had buried a David Ortiz jersey in what would become a service corridor in the hopes of cursing the new stadium . After extracting the jersey from underneath two feet of concrete , Yankees ' President Randy Levine indicated that the shirt would be donated to the Jimmy Fund to be auctioned for the charity long associated with the Red Sox . Whatever curse was intended failed to bear fruit with the Yankees winning the World Series in their first year at the new stadium .
= = = Politics = = =
On October 23 , 2007 , former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani , who is a Yankee fan , said at a New Hampshire event for his presidential campaign that he was going to cheer for the Red Sox during their World Series appearance against the Colorado Rockies . Giuliani justified his support of the Red Sox by proclaiming he was a fan of American League baseball . The following day , the New York Post and New York Daily News printed doctored photos of Giuliani as a Red Sox fan on their covers with the headlines " RED COAT " and " TRAITOR ! " respectively . Topps parodied this in a 2008 baseball card altered to depict Giuliani on the field with the Red Sox as the team celebrated their 2007 World Series championship .
A month later , he was asked about his support for the Red Sox by one of the questioners in a YouTube Republican Presidential Debate run by CNN . In response to the mayor 's answer , former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney , who was in office during the Red Sox 2004 win , claimed that all Americans are united in hatred of the Yankees .
Former New York City Public Advocate turned New York City Mayoral candidate Bill de Blasio openly supported the Red Sox during his campaign . De Blasio won the general election by a huge margin in 2013 .
= = = Other sports = = =
In 2002 , when the New England Patriots held their victory celebration after winning their first Super Bowl and the first championship for the city of Boston since the Celtics won the 1986 NBA Championship , linebacker Larry Izzo fired up the crowd , chanting " Yankees suck ! " The chant would become a fixture of Patriots Super Bowl victory rallies following their victories in Super Bowls XXXVIII in 2004 and XXXIX in 2005 , which were sandwiched around the Red Sox 2004 World Series win . Dan Shaughnessy wrote about the chant : " Can you imagine a Giants or a Jets celebration in New York City in which a New York player would take the time to chant , ' Red Sox suck ? ' " Shaughnessy opined that should such a thing occur , it would be more likely at a Jets celebration , as a Giants celebration , like those of the Mets and the Rangers , would be more likely to feature such chants made in reference to the Philadelphia teams , as one of the Giants ' primary rivalries is with the Philadelphia Eagles .
The rivalry was played out during Super Bowl XLII in February 2008 , as it was a showdown between football teams from each metropolitan area , the New York Giants and the New England Patriots . The Giants defeated the Patriots in what was considered one of the greatest upsets in Super Bowl history . After the game Giants fans chanted " 18 and 1 ! 18 and 1 ! " , reminiscent of the infamous " 1918 " chant , towards Patriots fans as they left the stadium . ( Had they won the game , the Patriots would have become the first NFL team to ever finish with a 19 – 0 record ; incidentally , New England had defeated the Giants in the last regular season game of that season to achieve the first perfect regular season since 1972 . ) Giants fans called this revenge for the Red Sox comeback in 2004 . The Giants and Patriots faced off again in Super Bowl XLVI ; with the Giants once again defeating the Patriots . Dan Shaughnessy 's piece in The Boston Globe on the Giants victory over the Patriots was headlined , " History Repeats . "
During the 2008 NBA Finals between the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers , movie director Spike Lee , a season ticket holder of the New York Knicks , wore a Yankee jersey and cap at Game 3 of the Finals in Los Angeles . Lee sat behind the Boston bench while loudly cheering for the Lakers , though he has a friendship with Ray Allen of the Celtics .
For the 2010 NHL Winter Classic outdoor ice hockey game held at Fenway Park , Boston Bruins then @-@ backup goaltender Tuukka Rask had artwork on his " special event " goalie mask 's upper front area depicting a roaring bear with a ripped New York Yankees home " pinstripe " jersey falling from its lower jaw .
In 2011 , Miami Heat star LeBron James of the NBA worked a deal with Red Sox owner John Henry to take partial ownership of Henry 's soccer subsidiary Liverpool Football Club of the Premier League . James was criticized in the New York media for spurning New York due to his being a purported Yankee fan .
Rivalries between other New York sports teams and other Boston sports teams have been attributed to the Yankees @-@ Red Sox rivalry . For example , some have pointed out the connections between this rivalry and those of the New York Jets and the New England Patriots in the National Football League and the New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association .
Since the owners of the Yankees are involved with Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan , owner of Manchester City F.C. , the Major League Soccer team New York City FC , and the Red Sox being involved with Liverpool F.C. , the 2014 International Champions Cup match between Manchester City and Liverpool at Yankee Stadium carried the classic angle of the Yankees and Red Sox rivalry . Liverpool defeated City in a penalty shoot @-@ out .
= = Broadcasts on television = =
The nature of the rivalry has led to games between the two teams being broadcast on national television . Whenever the two teams play a weekend series , the Friday game is broadcast on MLB Network , the Saturday game is broadcast on either Fox or Fox Sports 1 , while the Sunday game is broadcast on either TBS in the afternoon or ESPN as part of Sunday Night Baseball ; the New England Sports Network in the Boston market and the YES Network in the New York City market always carry games not assigned on either FOX , FS1 ( unless specified ) , or on ESPN 's Sunday Night Baseball . Whenever they play games during the week , there are games broadcast on MLB Network , FS1 , and ESPN .
When the games are broadcast on Fox , Joe Buck and Tim McCarver call the game and , thus the duo has called many significant moments in the rivalry . In 2004 , the first game of the season between the two teams , on April 16 , a Friday night , was nationally broadcast on Fox , because it marked the first time the two teams were facing each other since the memorable 2003 ALCS . Fox Sports President Ed Goren said of decision to have the game broadcast on Fox : " We started thinking about this at some point after the Yankees closed the deal with A @-@ Rod . ... This is sort of a relaunch of the season in the middle of April . This is going to be an event . " MLB Commissioner Bud Selig called the broadcast " an extension of the postseason brought into April . " This was the first broadcast of a regular season game in prime @-@ time since Mark McGwire hit his 62nd home run to break Roger Maris ' record in 1998 . In October , when the two teams met in the ALCS , Selig moved Game 5 of the series to primetime due to the rematch .
= = = Ratings = = =
The broadcasts of the games between the rivals have led to an increase in television ratings . These games have had at least 50 % higher ratings than all of the other games broadcast , sometimes almost twice as high than locally broadcast games . In most cases , the most @-@ watched MLB game on any network during a season is a game between the Yankees and the Red Sox .
Since 2003 , ratings for Yankees – Red Sox games on Fox have averaged 2 @.@ 6 percent of homes – 44 percent better than other weeks , while ESPN has averaged 3 @.@ 96 million viewers for Yankees – Red Sox games on Sunday nights , compared to the average of 2 @.@ 18 million for all other games . Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS drew a 17 @.@ 1 rating , the highest for a League Championship Series game since Game 6 of the 1993 National League Championship Series .
In 2004 , the first game between the two teams drew a 3 @.@ 6 national rating , and with an average audience of 5 @.@ 3 million , it was the most @-@ watched regular @-@ season telecast since Mark McGwire 's record @-@ breaking home run game . In 2003 , Saturday games on Fox averaged a 2 @.@ 5 rating ; prime @-@ time entertainment got a 3 @.@ 3 , but Goren said that he expected the game " will perform much higher than those ( prime @-@ time ) figures " as a reason to have the game broadcast nationally .
In 2011 , the three @-@ game series between the two teams on the weekend of August 5 – 7 drew large television viewers . The Friday game ( August 5 ) on MLB Network drew 563 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the most @-@ watched game on the network during the 2011 season and the second @-@ most watched game on the network , behind Stephen Strasburg 's debut . In New York and Boston , it was blacked out because the YES Network had local rights in New York City and NESN in Boston . The Saturday game on Fox was most @-@ watched non @-@ primetime regular season MLB telecast on the network in more than three years with 4 @.@ 10 million viewers . The last Fox non @-@ primetime telecast to record higher numbers also was Boston vs. New York on July 5 , 2008 . The Sunday game on ESPN drew 4 @.@ 72 million viewers , making it the most @-@ watched baseball game on ESPN since June 3 , 2007 , when both teams faced each other , and the most @-@ watched MLB broadcast of the 2011 season on any network .
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= Kellie Loder =
Kellie Loder ( born 1988 ) is an independent singer @-@ songwriter from Newfoundland , Canada , who plays drums , guitar , and piano . She has released two Contemporary Christian music ( CCM ) albums : The Way in 2009 and Imperfections & Directions in 2010 . With a voice that St. John 's @-@ based newspaper The Telegram has described as " powerful yet serene and soulful " , she has been nominated for awards at the annual MusicNL awards in Newfoundland , as well as at the Juno Awards , Canada 's top music prizes .
Loder wrote her first song at age 16 about a cousin who had died in a traffic accident . She was studying nursing at the Grenfell Campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland when she released The Way in August 2009 . Also that year , she won a talent @-@ search contest hosted by YC Newfoundland , a Christian youth conference , and , as part of the award , was given time with music professionals who helped her with Imperfections & Directions , which was released at the 2010 YC Newfoundland . Loder 's nursing studies hampered her ability to showcase Imperfections & Directions by touring . Loder was nominated as Female Artist of the Year at the 2010 MusicNL awards , and then as Gospel Artist of the Year in 2011 . Imperfections & Directions was nominated as Contemporary Christian / Gospel Album of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards .
= = Early life = =
Kellie Loder was born to Christina and Bob Loder in 1988 , and was raised in Badger , a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . She considers her first introduction to music to have taken place before she was born ; her mother frequently played Michael W. Smith songs to her through headphones while she was still in the womb . Loder claims to have " natural rhythm " and that she began emulating the drummer at her Pentecostal church by beating on a pew with pencils at the age of two . At age 10 , Loder was placed in her church 's drumming ensemble .
Loder 's younger brother taught her three guitar chords when she was 14 , and she received her first guitar later that year . She began writing songs at age 16 . Her first song , which was about a cousin who had died in a traffic accident , used lyrics from a poem by one of their mutual friends . With encouragement from her family , Loder concentrated on her singing and songwriting and performed this in addition to another she subsequently wrote for a friend 's graduation .
Loder was raised as a Christian by her parents , and considers herself to have become serious about her faith in 2007 , when she " started to accept [ her ] gifts for what they were ... and just assumed it was [ from ] God . " After this experience , she began playing piano , and credited God with teaching her how to play . Loder favours the piano , considering it the most beautiful of the instruments she plays . The first song she wrote after beginning the piano was " Giants " , also for a graduating class ; the song uses the story of Goliath as its theme , generalizing the story to apply to each individual 's internal struggles . " Giants " eventually appeared on both of her albums : The Way and Imperfections & Directions .
= = Music career = =
In 2008 , while studying nursing at the Grenfell Campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland through the Western Regional School of Nursing , Loder met Devin Robinson , a record producer . The meeting led to him producing her first album , an independent release called The Way , which was recorded at Sweet Music Studios . Loder wrote all 11 songs on the album , which was released in August 2009 . The initial run of the album sold out , and she subsequently went door @-@ to @-@ door in small Newfoundland communities selling a second run of the album . On her most lucrative day selling albums in this manner , she made $ 1000 . Loder later said that this manner of selling her album proved to be a good way to develop a fanbase ; people invited her into their homes for meals , prayer , and discussions . Also that year , she won a talent @-@ search contest hosted by YC Newfoundland , a Christian youth conference , where she performed " Giants " .
As part of the award , which was valued at C $ 20 @,@ 000 , Loder was given a membership for both the East Coast Music and MusicNL trade associations , and was given time at a recording studio and advice from music industry and production professionals . She was also engaged in a featured performance slot at the following year 's YC Newfoundland . Loder later referred to the music professionals she met ( including Scott Mansfield , Mark Peddle , and NewManiac Studios ' Peter Newman ) as " the top players " in the music industry of Newfoundland and Labrador , and the producers helped Loder with Imperfections & Directions , her second album . She was particularly appreciative of Newman , who produced the album , mixing Imperfections & Directions with Tom Laune in Nashville , Tennessee . Loder originally conceived " Fearless " ( one of the album 's tracks ) as a techno song , and believes that Newman was the one who made that techno feel a reality .
On November 14 , 2009 , Loder opened for the Newfoundland @-@ based Christian rock band Anyday , which was launching its debut album , Got Extraordinary , at a benefit concert at Springdale 's Indian River High School . This concert , which was Loder 's first performance in Springdale and her first time performing with Anyday , raised $ 675 to support David Willis and his family in Willis 's battle with lymphoma at Daffodil House in St. John 's , with more than 100 people in attendance . She and Anyday were scheduled to perform together again on November 28 at Dorset Collegiate on Pilley 's Island .
Loder moved to St. John 's in January 2010 , and performed alongside Starfield and Roy Martin later that year at the Exploits Valley Salmon Festival gospel concert in Grand Falls @-@ Windsor . She also performed at the 2010 One Worship Festival in Springdale , and officially released Imperfections & Directions , another independent release , at YC Newfoundland that October . Loder 's nursing studies hampered her ability to showcase this album by touring . A reporter for The Telegram , a St. John 's @-@ based newspaper , noted that Imperfections & Directions " demonstrates how Loder wears her faith and love of God on her sleeve . " Loder was nominated as Female Artist of the Year at the 2010 MusicNL awards with Mary Barry ; Teresa Ennis ; Irene Bridger ; and Amelia Curran , the eventual winner . Loder was nominated for another MusicNL award the following year , this time in the Gospel Artist of the Year category ; this nomination was , in part , due to Imperfections & Directions .
In early 2012 , Loder made a music video for " Your Love Alone " , one of the album 's tracks , which was uploaded to YouTube . She later said she had written the song during a difficult phase in her life , and the song 's lyrics revolve around the idea that the grace and mercy of God can be found in the most difficult situations . Through her experience , she became convinced that knowing God is all @-@ important , expressing this concept in the chorus : " Your love alone is sufficient . It needs no company . " She stated that she wrote the song " One Name Away " after having watched The Tyra Banks Show . The episode featured an interview with a girl who had been forced into prostitution at a young age ; despite smiling on screen , the girl hopelessly declared that she would probably die before she turned 22 .
Imperfections & Directions was nominated as Contemporary Christian / Gospel Album of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards , Canada 's top music awards . Loder said the nomination was a surprise ; she learned about it in a text message from Newman after missing a call from him . Her fellow nominees in the Contemporary Christian / Gospel Album category were Jon Bauer 's Forevermore , downhere 's On the Altar of Love , Sky Terminal 's Don 't Close Your Eyes and Hawk Nelson 's Crazy Love . Loder travelled to Ottawa , Ontario on March 28 to attend the awards ceremony , which was hosted by William Shatner at Scotiabank Place on April 1 . Her album was one of three Newfoundland nominees at the Juno Awards that year ; the other two were rock band Hey Rosetta ! and The Once 's folk album , Row Upon Row of the People We Know . Loder said that " on a scale of 1 to 10 " , her excitement about her Juno nomination was " probably a 10 . "
Although Loder lost the Juno Award to downhere , an alternative rock band , she said she enjoyed walking down the red carpet and would never forget meeting major Canadian musicians such as Blue Rodeo and Sam Roberts ; Loder had an opportunity to sing and play guitar with Blue Rodeo 's Jim Cuddy at the Junos . She competed in the Juno Cup hockey game , in which , at 5 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 63 m ) , she was considerably shorter than most of the other players . Playing for the Rockers team of Juno nominees against the Greats team of former National Hockey League players , she was awarded a penalty shot after a fight with Troy Crowder . The Greats threw their sticks in her way as she took the shot , which was stopped with ease by goaltender David Francey , a Juno nominee who had been traded to the Greats .
Loder returned to Newfoundland on April 2 ; the following month , she performed at Gros Morne National Park 's Trails , Tails & Tunes Festival with Dave Paddon . That July , she performed alongside Nick Hamlyn at Corner Brook 's Downtown Days festival . In December 2012 , she held two free coffeehouses in Newfoundland : at the Stavanger Drive Second Cup on the 15th and at Cornerstone Ministry Centre on the 21st . Over the subsequent months into the middle of 2013 , she performed on a monthly basis at the Stavanger Drive Second Cup , which is owned by Newman . She also performed at the Majestic Theatre and the Fat Cat Blues Bar in St. John 's . In 2013 , she was named a showcase winner by the Christian Women in Media Association ( CWIMA ) and was selected to perform at the organization 's national conference .
Loder performed six songs live as part of an interview on CBC Radio in April 2013 . She had written five of these songs , and four of them had not been previously released . The unreleased songs were " Playground " , " Nursing a Broken Heart " , " Like a Flower " , and " One Girl " , and the fourth song was " On This Drive " , which had appeared on Imperfections & Directions . The fifth song was a cover version of Johnny Cash 's " Folsom Prison Blues " . She was inspired to write the song " Nursing a Broken Heart " after watching George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight on which Hugh Jackman uttered the phrase " nursing a broken heart " as part of an interview . She wrote " Like a Flower " after a friend challenged her to write a song directed at herself as a child .
Listeners unfamiliar with Contemporary Christian music ( CCM ) often assume that Loder sings hymn @-@ style music . Her career is unusual in that it began in CCM ; most young musicians choose music genres such as country and pop , which are generally considered more likely to bring commercial success . Loder has asserted that she chose CCM because it gives purpose to her music ; many of her songs are about God , but they may also be interpreted as being about other subjects . In 2013 , she said that she was starting to write and perform songs in other genres , and hoped that she would be able to transition out of CCM as Katy Perry , Lifehouse , and Creed had done previously . In transitioning out of CCM , she wished to assure the public that she had " definitely not turned [ her ] back on [ her ] faith . "
Loder believes everything that she sings is for God , regardless of the song 's subject . She sees her music as a Christian ministry , the goal of which is to inspire people to live happier , better lives . A reporter for The Telegram called Loder 's voice " powerful yet serene and soulful " . Her songs have been played regularly on Rogers TV and CBC Radio . Specifically , her song " Raise You Higher " was selected for several song countdowns and was played across Canada by both secular and Christian radio stations . A CBC Radio reviewer called Loder " amazingly talented " , her music " gorgeous " and her song " Playground " in particular " absolutely beautiful " . In April 2012 , Loder said that she had not decided whether she would focus on medicine or music . In April 2013 , she said that music was now her focus and that she was considering moving to Toronto in hopes of increasing her opportunities to develop her music career . She was working as a Child and Youth Worker at a company called Blue Sky at the time .
= = Discography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
2009 – YC Newfoundland talent @-@ search contest winner
2010 – Female Artist of the Year nominee at the MusicNL awards
2011 – Gospel Artist of the Year nominee at the MusicNL awards
2012 – Contemporary Christian / Gospel Album of the Year nominee at the Juno Awards for Imperfections & Directions
2013 – Showcase winner at the CWIMA National Conference
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= Heavy Traffic =
Heavy Traffic is a 1973 American adult animated comedy @-@ drama film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi . The film , which begins , ends , and occasionally combines with live @-@ action , explores the often surreal fantasies of a young New York cartoonist named Michael Corleone , using pinball imagery as a metaphor for inner @-@ city life . Heavy Traffic was Bakshi and producer Steve Krantz 's follow @-@ up to the successful and coolly controversial film Fritz the Cat , the first animated feature to receive an X rating . Though producer Krantz made varied attempts to produce an R @-@ rated film , Heavy Traffic was given an X rating by the MPAA . The film received positive reviews and is widely considered to be Bakshi 's biggest critical success .
= = Plot = =
The film starts out in live action , introducing the protagonist Michael Corleone , a 22 @-@ year @-@ old virgin ( inaccurately referred to as 24 in the movie 's trailer ) playing pinball in New York City . The scene then transitions into animation . New York has a diseased , rotten , tough , and violent atmosphere . Michael 's Italian father , Angelo " Angie " Corleone , is a struggling mafioso who frequently cheats on Michael 's Jewish mother , Ida . The couple constantly bicker and try to kill each other . Michael ambles through a catalog of freaks , greasers , and dopers . Unemployed , he dabbles with cartoons , artistically feeding off the grubbiness of his environment . He regularly hangs out at a local bar where he gets free drinks from the female black bartender , Carole , in exchange for sketches of the somewhat annoying Shorty , Carole 's violent , legless bouncer devotee . One of the regular customers at the bar named Snowflake , a nymphomaniac transvestite , gets beaten up by a tough drunk who has only just realized that Snowflake is a man in drag and not a beautiful woman . Shorty throws the drunk out and the bar 's white manager abusively confronts Carole over this . Fed up with her manager , Carole quits .
Shorty offers to let Carole stay at his place , but not wanting to get involved with him , Carole tells Shorty that she 's staying with Michael , and that they 've been " secretly tight for a long time . " Michael is turned on by her no @-@ nonsense attitude and strong sense of self @-@ reliance . This relationship also arouses his father 's racist fury , as well as the jealousy of Shorty . But Rosa comes over to rape Michael while Angie slaps Ida in the face with a gun . Michael and Carole decide to move out of Michael 's parents ' house and try to earn enough money to move to California , in order to avoid Shorty . Michael gets a chance to pitch a comic strip idea to an old executive lying on his death bed , who seems enthusiastic enough to listen to the idea .
Michael 's story is too much for the mogul and he dies during the pitch . Meanwhile , Carole tries to work as a taxi dancer . Michael , acting as her manager , tries to pass her off as " the fourth Andrews Sister " ( " ' cause she was black , they kept her in the background " ) . A quick flash of her panties gives an old man a heart attack , and Carole gets fired . Meanwhile , Angie tries to use his Mafia connections to put a murder contract out on his son for " disgracing the family " by dating a black woman . The Godfather refuses to do this , because the hit is " personal , not business " . However , Shorty eventually meets up with Angie , and agrees to do the contract .
Michael and Carole turn to crime as a means of getting by , with Carole taking the role of a prostitute . Carole flirts with a sleazy businessman and brings him to a hotel room , where Michael beats him to death with a lead pipe . The two walk out into a pinball background with the dead man 's cash . Just then , Shorty shows up and shoots Michael in the head with a gun that Angie gave him to finish the job before Ida chases him ; the bullet is seen going through Michael 's skull in slow motion . Many of the movie 's characters run around in a circle and a kaleidoscope of shocking images and horrifying events proceeds before reverting to the live action story . The " real " Michael destroys a pinball machine after it tilts and walks out onto the street , bumps into the " real " Carole , and follows her into a park . The two are seen briefly arguing before they finally take each other 's hands and begin dancing in the park .
= = Cast = =
Joseph Kaufmann as Michael
Beverly Hope Atkinson as Carole
Frank DeKova as Angie
Terri Haven as Ida
Mary Dean Lauria as Molly
Charles Gordone as Crazy Moe
Jim Bates - Snowflake
Jacqueline Mills as Rosalyn
Lillian Adams as Rosa
Peter Hobbs as Jerry
Candy Candido as an uncredited voice
= = Production = =
In 1969 , Ralph 's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca @-@ Cola and Max , the 2000 @-@ Year @-@ Old Mouse , a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica . However , Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation he was producing , and wanted to produce something personal . Bakshi soon developed Heavy Traffic , a tale of inner @-@ city street life . Steve Krantz told Bakshi that studio executives would be unwilling to fund Heavy Traffic because of its content and Bakshi 's lack of film experience . Bakshi directed 1972 's Fritz the Cat , an adaptation of Robert Crumb 's comic strip of the same name . The financial success of Fritz the Cat allowed Bakshi to produce the film he had always intended to produce , and to focus on human characters rather than anthropomorphic animals . Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff , who took an interest in Bakshi 's take on the " tortured underground cartoonist " , and agreed to fund the film .
Production began in 1972 . However , Steve Krantz had not yet paid Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat . Halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic , Bakshi asked Krantz outright when he would be paid , and Krantz responded that " The picture didn 't make any money , Ralph . It 's just a lot of noise . " Bakshi found Krantz 's claims to be dubious , as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills . Because Bakshi did not have a lawyer , he sought advice from directors he had become friends with , including Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola , and Steven Spielberg , asking them how much they made on their films . Bakshi soon accused Krantz of ripping him off , which the producer denied . Bakshi began pitching his next project , Harlem Nights , a film loosely based on the Uncle Remus story books . The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy during a screening of The Godfather .
While working on Heavy Traffic , Bakshi received a call from Krantz , who questioned him about Harlem Nights . Bakshi told Krantz : " I can 't talk about that " and hung up . The next day , Krantz locked Bakshi out of the studio , reportedly tapping Bakshi 's phone because he was wary of his loyalty as an employee . After Krantz fired Bakshi , he began to seek a replacement director for Heavy Traffic , calling several directors , including Chuck Jones . Arkoff threatened to pull the film 's budget unless Krantz rehired Bakshi , who returned a week later . During the film 's production , Krantz attempted to maintain some level of control by issuing memos to Bakshi and other artists requesting various changes . John Sparey remembers being issued a memo asking Sparey to stop posting caricatures of Krantz on the middle of his door .
Ed Bogas and Ray Shanklin returned to write and perform the film 's score , as they had done for Bakshi 's previous feature , Fritz the Cat . Other music featured in the film included the songs " Twist and Shout , " performed by The Isley Brothers , " Take Five , " as performed by the Dave Brubeck quartet , and Chuck Berry 's " Maybellene . " " Scarborough Fair " is used as a recurring musical motif , first heard in the film 's opening credits and later reappearing during the end of the film as performed by Sérgio Mendes and Brazil ' 66 . Bogas also created several other arrangements of the song that appear throughout the film . A soundtrack album was released in 1973 .
= = = Directing = = =
Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades , where Bakshi would often spend his time playing pinball , sometimes bringing his 12 @-@ year @-@ old son Mark . Bakshi wanted to use pinball as a metaphor to examine the ways of the world . Heavy Traffic began a tradition in which Bakshi would write poems before beginning production on each of his films , starting with Street Arabs . According to Bakshi , " My background was in Brooklyn — my Jewishness , my family life , my father coming from Russia . All these things had to be somehow represented on film . "
Because Bakshi wanted the voices to sound organic , he experimented with improvisation , allowing his actors to ad lib during the recording sessions . According to James Bates , the voice of Snowflake , " I said , ' How about a little Wolfman Jack , Charles Nelson Reilly , Pearl Bailey and a little Truman Capote ? ' Ralph couldn 't believe it . We ad @-@ libbed a lot , and he usually got what he wanted in three or four takes . We worked hard and not for much coin , but it was a blast . "
As with Fritz the Cat , Bakshi and Johnnie Vita took location photographs for the film 's backgrounds . Instead of tracing the photographs onto backgrounds , as they had done in Fritz the Cat , the film uses actual photographs and live @-@ action stock footage as backgrounds for much of the film . Bakshi and Vita were also experimental in their photography : Bakshi requested that the lab technicians produce several prints for every photo , each print increasingly out of focus , giving the backgrounds a fuzzy quality . Bakshi states that " We didn 't want to risk shooting [ out of focus ] on the spot . That could have meant making some expensive mistakes . "
= = = Animation = = =
According to animator Mark Kausler , Krantz was so nervous about showing too much nudity and sexual activities that he had several versions of some sequences animated , for instance , in the " Maybellene " animation sequence . Kausler says that a sequence was animated in which the viewer sees " the key in the ignition metamorphose into a penis entering Maybelline 's vagina . " This sequence was deleted from Heavy Traffic , but the same action appeared in the film Down and Dirty Duck . Kausler also states :
" I covered this scene with another one of the key changing into the fat black guy , and the ignition slot turning into Maybellene . I covered a lot more cartoony foreplay scenes with a simple close @-@ up of the fat black man 's face with his hand covering his eyes . You can get a sense of how many scenes had to be altered , by how many times this close @-@ up drawing was used . It got used a lot ! At one point the original version " A " of Maybellene existed . Ralph had a print of it , but I have not seen it since I worked on it . We did versions " A , " B " , and " C , " with " C " being the tamest and that is what got into the so @-@ called " X " version of Heavy Traffic . Another scene I can recall doing multiple versions of was the guy in the racing cap , pissing on the fat black guy 's ass . This was completely eliminated , causing a jump in the action . "
Edward Hopper 's famous 1942 painting Nighthawks was used as a background in one of the film 's sequences . Several animation sequences appear as rough sketchbook pages , including a dream sequence influenced by the work of Otto Messmer and a George Herriman @-@ influenced sequence set to Chuck Berry 's " Maybellene " .
= = Response = =
Although Heavy Traffic received an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America , more theaters were willing to screen adult @-@ oriented animated features because of the success of Fritz the Cat , and Heavy Traffic was a box office success . Ralph Bakshi was the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful films back @-@ to @-@ back . The film is considered to be Bakshi 's biggest critical success . Newsweek wrote that the film contained " black humor , powerful grotesquerie and peculiar raw beauty . Episodes of violence and sexuality are both explicit and parodies of flesh @-@ and @-@ blood porn [ ... ] a celebration of urban decay . " Charles Champlin wrote in The New York Times that the film was " furious energy , uncomfortable to watch as often as it is hilarious . " The Hollywood Reporter called it " shocking , outrageous , offensive , sometimes incoherent , occasionally unintelligent . However , it is also an authentic work of movie art and Bakshi is certainly the most creative American animator since Disney . " Film website Rotten Tomatoes , which compiles reviews from a wide range of critics , gives the film a score of 89 % . Vincent Canby ranked it among his " Ten Best Films of 1973 " . The film was banned by the film censorship board in the province of Alberta , Canada when it was originally released .
Roger Greenspun of The New York Times wrote in his 1973 review " People who felt that his earlier feature , Fritz the Cat , merely debased a cherished original , can now judge Bakshi 's development of his own material . I think that development is as brilliant as anything in recent movies — as brilliant and , in its own improbable way , as lovely and as sad . "
Michael Barrier , an animation historian , described Heavy Traffic and Fritz the Cat as " not merely provocative , but highly ambitious . " Barrier described the films as an effort " to push beyond what was done in the old cartoons , even while building on their strengths . "
= = Home cideo = =
An R @-@ rated version was released on VHS and Region 1 DVD by MGM Home Entertainment in 1999 . On July 16 , 2013 , Shout ! Factory and MGM released Heavy Traffic on Blu @-@ ray for its 40th anniversary .
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= Twilight ( novel series ) =
Twilight is a series of four vampire @-@ themed fantasy romance novels by American author Stephenie Meyer . Released annually from 2005 through 2008 , the four books chart the later teen years of Isabella " Bella " Swan , a girl who moves to Forks , Washington , and falls in love with a 104 @-@ year @-@ old vampire named Edward Cullen . The series is told primarily from Bella 's point of view , with the epilogue of Eclipse and Part II of Breaking Dawn being told from the viewpoint of character Jacob Black , a werewolf . The unpublished Midnight Sun is a retelling of the first book , Twilight , from Edward Cullen 's point of view . The novella The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner , which tells the story of a newborn vampire who appeared in Eclipse , was published on June 5 , 2010 , as a hardcover book and on June 7 as a free online ebook . The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide , a definitive encyclopedic reference with nearly 100 full color illustrations , was released in bookstores on April 12 , 2011 .
Since the release of the first novel , Twilight , in 2005 , the books have gained immense popularity and commercial success around the world . The series is most popular among young adults ; the four books have won multiple awards , most notably the 2008 British Book Award for " Children 's Book of the Year " for Breaking Dawn , while the series as a whole won the 2009 Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Book .
As of November 2011 , the series has sold over 120 million copies worldwide with translations into at least 38 different languages around the globe . The four Twilight books have consecutively set records as the biggest selling novels of 2008 on the USA Today Best @-@ Selling Books list and have spent over 235 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list for Children 's Series Books .
The books have been made into The Twilight Saga series of motion pictures by Summit Entertainment . The film adaptations of the first three books were released in 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 respectively . The fourth book is adapted into two full @-@ length films — the first film being released in November 2011 , and the second film in November 2012 .
= = Plot overview = =
= = = Twilight = = =
Bella Swan moves from Phoenix , Arizona to live with her father in Forks , Washington to allow her mother to travel with her new husband , a minor league baseball player . After moving to Forks , Bella finds herself involuntarily drawn to a mysterious , handsome boy , Edward Cullen . She eventually learns that he is a member of a vampire family who drinks animal blood rather than human blood . Edward and Bella fall in love , while James , a sadistic vampire from another coven , is drawn to hunt down Bella . Edward and the other Cullens defend Bella . She escapes to Phoenix , Arizona , where she is tricked into confronting James , who tries to kill her . She is seriously wounded , but Edward rescues her and they return to Forks .
= = = New Moon = = =
Edward and his family leave Forks because he believes he is endangering Bella 's life . Bella goes into a depression until she develops a strong friendship with Jacob Black , who she discovers can shape @-@ shift into a wolf . Jacob and the other wolves in his tribe must protect her from Victoria , a vampire seeking to avenge the death of her mate James . Due to a misunderstanding , Edward believes Bella is dead . Edward decides to commit suicide in Volterra , Italy , but is stopped by Bella , who is accompanied by Edward 's sister , Alice . They meet with the Volturi , a powerful vampire coven , and are released only on the condition that Bella be turned into a vampire in the near future . Bella and Edward are reunited , and she and the Cullens return to Forks .
= = = Eclipse = = =
Victoria has created an army of " newborn " vampires to battle the Cullen family and murder Bella for revenge . Meanwhile , Bella is compelled to choose between her relationship with Edward and her friendship with Jacob . Edward 's vampire family and Jacob 's werewolf pack join forces to successfully destroy Victoria and her vampire army . In the end , Bella chooses Edward 's love over Jacob 's friendship and agrees to marry Edward .
= = = Breaking Dawn = = =
Bella and Edward are married , but their honeymoon is cut short when Bella discovers that she is pregnant . Her pregnancy progresses rapidly , severely weakening her . She nearly dies giving birth to her and Edward 's half @-@ vampire @-@ half @-@ human daughter , Renesmee . Edward injects Bella with his venom to save her life and turns her into a vampire . A vampire from another coven sees Renesmee and mistakes her for an " immortal child " . She informs the Volturi , as the existence of such beings violates vampire law . The Cullens gather vampire witnesses who can verify that Renesmee is not an immortal child . After an intense confrontation , the Cullens and their witnesses convince the Volturi that the child poses no danger to vampires or their secret , and they are left in peace by the Volturi .
= = Main characters = =
Bella Swan : The protagonist of the series , teenager Bella is a perpetually clumsy " danger magnet " with dark brown hair and brown eyes . She is often portrayed as having low self @-@ esteem and unable to comprehend Edward 's love for her . She has an immunity to supernatural abilities involving the mind , such as Edward 's mind @-@ reading ability . After her transformation into a vampire in the saga 's fourth installment , Bella acquires the ability to shield both herself and others from " mental harm " from other vampires .
Edward Cullen : Edward is a vampire who lives with a coven of like @-@ minded vampires known as the Cullen family , who feed on animals rather than humans . Over the course of the Twilight series , Edward falls in love with , marries , and then has a child with Bella . At first , Edward feels a mutual hatred toward Jacob Black because of his love for Bella , but in Breaking Dawn , he comes to see Jacob as a brother and friend . Like some vampires , Edward has a supernatural ability : mind reading . It allows him to read anyone 's thoughts within a few miles ' radius . Bella is immune to his power as a human , but learns how to lower this " shield " after her transformation to a vampire .
Jacob Black : A minor character in the first novel , Jacob is introduced as a member of the Quileute tribe . He resurfaces in New Moon with a larger role as Bella 's best friend as she struggles through her depression over losing Edward . Although he is in love with Bella , she initially sees him as just her best friend . He and other tribe members can shape @-@ shift into wolves . In Eclipse Bella realizes that she loves Jacob , though her feelings for him are overpowered by her love for Edward Cullen . In Breaking Dawn , Jacob finds a soul mate in Bella and Edward 's baby daughter , Renesmee , ridding him of his heartache for Bella .
= = Setting = =
The story is set primarily in the town of Forks , Washington , where Bella and her father , Charlie Swan , live . Other cities in Washington briefly appear in the series or are mentioned , such as Port Angeles , Olympia , Seattle and La Push . Some events in Twilight take place in Phoenix , Arizona , where Bella was raised . Volterra , Italy , is featured in New Moon , when Edward travels there to commit suicide and Bella rushes to save him . Jacksonville , Florida , is mentioned first in Twilight and second in Eclipse , when Edward and Bella visit Bella 's mother , who has moved there with her new husband . Seattle , Washington , is featured in Breaking Dawn when Jacob tries to escape his love for Bella , and when Bella tries to locate a man named J. Jenks . It is also the location of a series of murders committed by newborn vampires in Eclipse . In Breaking Dawn , Bella and Edward spend their honeymoon on a fictional " Isle Esme " , purportedly off the coast of Brazil .
= = Structure and genre = =
The Twilight series falls under the genre of young adult , fantasy , and romance , though Meyer categorized her first book , Twilight , as " suspense romance horror comedy " . However , she states that she considers her books as " romance more than anything else " . The series explores the unorthodox romance between human Bella and vampire Edward , as well as the love triangle between Bella , Edward , and Jacob , a werewolf . The books avoid delving into provocative sex , drugs , and harsh swearing because , according to Meyer , " I don 't think teens need to read about gratuitous sex . "
The books are written in first @-@ person narrative , primarily through Bella 's eyes with the epilogue of the third book and a part of the fourth book being from Jacob 's point of view . When asked about the structure of the novel , Meyer described her difficulty in pinpointing the premise of the novels to any specific their category :
I have a hard time with that . Because if I say to someone , ' You know , it 's about vampires , ' then immediately they have this mental image of what the book is like . And it 's so not like the other vampire books out there – Anne Rice 's and the few that I 've read . It isn 't that kind of dark and dreary and blood @-@ thirsty world . Then when you say , ' It 's set in high school , ' a lot of people immediately put it in another pool . It 's easy to pigeonhole with different descriptions .
The books are based on the vampire myth , but Twilight vampires differ in a number of particulars from the general vampire lore . For instance , Twilight vampires have strong piercing teeth rather than fangs ; they glitter in sunlight rather than burn ; and they can drink animal as well as human blood . Meyer comments that her vampire mythology differs from that of other authors because she wasn 't informed about the canon vampires , saying ,
It wasn 't until I knew that Twilight would be published that I began to think about whether my vampires were too much the same or too much different from the others . Of course , I was far too invested in my characters at that point to be making changes ... so I didn 't cut out fangs and coffins and so forth as a way to distinguish my vampires ; that 's just how they came to me .
= = Inspiration and themes = =
According to the author , her books are " about life , not death " and " love , not lust " . Each book in the series was inspired by and loosely based on a different literary classic : Twilight on Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice , New Moon on Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , Eclipse on Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights , and Breaking Dawn on a second Shakespeare play , A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Meyer also states that Orson Scott Card and L. M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables series are a big influence on her writing . As for the Cullens , she based them on her own family .
Other major themes of the series include choice and free will . Meyer says that the books are centered around Bella 's choice to choose her life on her own , and the Cullens ' choices to abstain from killing rather than follow their temptations : " I really think that 's the underlying metaphor of my vampires . It doesn 't matter where you 're stuck in life or what you think you have to do ; you can always choose something else . There 's always a different path . "
Meyer , a Mormon , acknowledges that her faith has influenced her work . In particular , she says that her characters " tend to think more about where they came from , and where they are going , than might be typical . " Meyer also steers her work from subjects such as sex , despite the romantic nature of the novels . Meyer says that she does not consciously intend her novels to be Mormon @-@ influenced , or to promote the virtues of sexual abstinence and spiritual purity , but admits that her writing is shaped by her values , saying , " I don 't think my books are going to be really graphic or dark , because of who I am . There 's always going to be a lot of light in my stories . "
= = Origins and publishing history = =
Stephenie Meyer says that the idea for Twilight came to her in a dream on June 2 , 2003 . The dream was about a human girl , and a vampire who was in love with her but thirsted for her blood . Based on this dream , Meyer wrote the transcript of what is now chapter 13 of the book . Despite having very little writing experience , in a matter of three months she had transformed that dream into a completed novel . After writing and editing the novel , she signed a three @-@ book deal with Little , Brown and Company for $ 750 @,@ 000 , an unusually high amount for a first time author . Meyer 's literary agent , Jodi Reamer of Writers House , discovered her only because the inexperienced assistant who received Meyer 's original letter did not know that young adult books are supposed to be 40 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 words in length , not 130 @,@ 000 words . Megan Tingley , the Little , Brown editor who signed Meyer , said that halfway through the reading of the Twilight manuscript , she realized that she had a future bestseller in her hands . The book was released in 2005 .
Following the success of Twilight , Meyer expanded the story into a series with three more books : New Moon ( 2006 ) , Eclipse ( 2007 ) , and Breaking Dawn ( 2008 ) . In its first week after publication , the first sequel , New Moon , debuted at # 5 on the New York Times Best Seller List for Children 's Chapter Books , and in its second week rose to the # 1 position , where it remained for the next eleven weeks . In total , it spent over 50 weeks on the list . After the release of Eclipse , the first three " Twilight " books spent a combined 143 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller List . The fourth installment of the Twilight series , Breaking Dawn , was released with an initial print run of 3 @.@ 7 million copies . Over 1 @.@ 3 million copies were sold on the first day alone , setting a record in first @-@ day sales performance for the Hachette Book Group USA . Upon the completion of the fourth entry in the series , Meyer indicated that Breaking Dawn would be the final novel to be told from Bella Swan 's perspective . In 2008 and 2009 , the four books of the series claimed the top four spots on USA Today 's year @-@ end bestseller list , making Meyer the first author to ever achieve this feat . The series then won the 2009 Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Book , where it competed against the Harry Potter series .
= = Other books = =
Meyer originally planned to write a companion book to Twilight called Midnight Sun , which would be the story of Twilight told from Edward Cullen 's point @-@ of @-@ view . She stated that Twilight was the only book that she planned to rewrite from Edward 's perspective . However , a rough draft of Midnight Sun 's first twelve chapters was leaked on the internet . Meyer has since put these twelve chapters on her website so that her fans could read them for free , but has put the project on hold indefinitely due to her feelings about the situation . She stated ,
If I tried to write Midnight Sun now , in my current frame of mind , James would probably win and all the Cullens would die , which wouldn 't dovetail too well with the original story . In any case , I feel too sad about what has happened to continue working on Midnight Sun , and so it is on hold indefinitely .
Though she has no current plans to do so , Meyer has also stated that if she were to continue writing in the same universe she would write from the perspective of either Leah Clearwater or Bella and Edward 's daughter , Renesmee Cullen .
On March 16 , 2010 Yen Press released Twilight : The Graphic Novel , Vol . 1 , by artist Young Kim based on the first book in the series . In February 2011 , the graphic novel won the 2010 Gem Awards Best Manga of the Year . The sequel , Twilight : The Graphic Novel , Vol . 2 was released on October 11 , 2011 and followed Volume 1 in topping The New York Times Best Seller list for Hardcover Graphic Books in its first week . On March 30 , 2010 , Meyer revealed on her official website that she will be releasing a new novella in the series , The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner , which tells the story of a newborn vampire who appeared in Eclipse , on June 5 , 2010 . An electronic version of the book was made available free from her web site , as well as in bookstores .
On October 5 , 2010 , Little , Brown and Company announced that The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide , a definitive encyclopedic reference for the saga including character profiles , outtakes , a conversation with Meyer , genealogical charts , maps and extensive cross @-@ references with nearly 100 full color illustrations , was to be released on April 12 , 2011 , after many publication delays since 2008 . It debuted at # 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list , where it stayed for three consecutive weeks , and at # 4 on the USA Today Best Seller list .
On October 6 , 2015 , Little , Brown and Company released the Twilight Tenth Anniversary / Life and Death Dual Edition , which includes a nearly @-@ 400 page reimagining of the novel with Edward and Bella gender @-@ swapped as Edythe and Beau . The reimagined novel has a more conclusive ending , seemingly precluding its continuation through the remaining three Twilight novels .
= = Reception = =
The response to Twilight has been mixed . While the books have become immensely popular , they have also generated much controversy .
= = = Positive reception = = =
Twilight has gathered acclaim for its popularity with its target readers . The Times lauded it for capturing " perfectly the teenage feeling of sexual tension and alienation . " Other reviews described Twilight as an " exquisite fantasy " , and a " gripping blend of romance and horror " . Lev Grossman of Time wrote that the books have a " pillowy quality distinctly reminiscent of Internet fan fiction " , but still praised the series , comparing it to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter :
People do not want to just read Meyer 's books ; they want to climb inside them and live there ... There 's no literary term for the quality Twilight and Harry Potter ( and The Lord of the Rings ) share , but you know it when you see it : their worlds have a freestanding internal integrity that makes you feel as if you should be able to buy real estate there .
Most of the reviews , however , have focused on Twilight 's popularity instead of its literary quality . The Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer called the book a " hot new teen novel " , Entertainment Weekly called Meyer " the world 's most popular vampire novelist since Anne Rice " , The New York Times described Twilight as a " literary phenomenon " , and Matt Arado of Daily Herald noted that the Twilight books have become the " hottest publishing phenomenon since a certain bespectacled wizard cast his spell on the world . " The large and diverse online fan community of the series are often noted , sometimes even being called " cult @-@ like " . Despite this , the series is often considered to have a wider appeal ; Crystal Mack of Daily Herald said , " While teenage girls are the main audience , young boys and adults of both genders have also been swept up in the phenomenon . "
The author and the series ' popularity are often compared with J. K. Rowling and Harry Potter . Describing the fan following of the books , the Phoenix New Times wrote , " Meyer 's fandom is reminiscent of Harry Potter mania . " The Daily Telegraph described Twilight as the " spiritual successor to Harry Potter " . Rebekah Bradford of The Post and Courier stated that the series has a " huge crossover appeal much like the Harry Potter books before them . " According to the Daily Telegraph , " Stephenie Meyer , in particular , has achieved incredible success across all the English @-@ speaking nations and Europe and many will say that her Twilight series has filled the hole left by Harry Potter . " Meyer has responded to such comparisons , saying , " It 's terribly flattering to be compared to her , but there 's never going to be another J. K. Rowling ; that 's a phenomenon that 's not gonna happen again " , however noting that " you can compare my fans to her fans more easily [ than me to her ] . I do think that we both have people who are just really really enthusiastic , and will come miles to see you and be involved , and everybody really cares about our characters . "
Economically , the town of Forks , Washington , the setting for the Twilight series , has improved due to tourism from fans of the books . Forks is visited by an average of 8 @,@ 000 tourists per month , and has been described as a " mecca for Twilighters " . In response to plans for the aging Forks High School to be renovated , Twilight fans have teamed up with Infinite Jewelry Co. and the West Olympic Peninsula Betterment Association to collect donations in an attempt to save the brick appearance or the building altogether .
= = = Negative reception = = =
The series has garnered some notoriety both over its literary substance and over the type of relationship portrayed in the books .
Many have derided the series as poor writing . While comparing Stephenie Meyer to J. K. Rowling , Stephen King said , " the real difference [ between Rowling and Meyer ] is that Jo Rowling is a terrific writer , and Stephenie Meyer can 't write worth a darn . She 's not very good . " However , King understood the appeal of the series , adding , " People are attracted by the stories , by the pace and in the case of Stephenie Meyer , it 's very clear that she 's writing to a whole generation of girls and opening up kind of a safe joining of love and sex in those books . It 's exciting and it 's thrilling and it 's not particularly threatening because it 's not overtly sexual . "
A quote from Robin Browne ( though frequently misattributed to King or Andrew Futral ) negatively compares the Twilight and Harry Potter book series thusly : " Harry Potter is about confronting fears , finding inner strength and doing what is right in the face of adversity … Twilight is about how important it is to have a boyfriend " .
Laura Miller of Salon.com wrote that " the characters , such as they are , are stripped down to a minimum , lacking the texture and idiosyncrasies of actual people " , and said that " Twilight would be a lot more persuasive as an argument that an ' amazing heart ' counts for more than appearances if it didn 't harp so incessantly on Edward 's superficial splendors . "
Elizabeth Hand of The Washington Post wrote , " Meyer 's prose seldom rises above the serviceable , and the plotting is leaden . " The article , featured on the Yahoo ! website Shine , also criticized the books and the author 's final word on the series was , " Good books deal with themes of longing and loneliness , sexual passion and human frailty , alienation and fear just as the Twilight books do . But they do so by engaging us with complexities of feeling and subtleties of character , expressed in language that rises above banal mediocrity . Their reward is something more than just an escape into banal mediocrity . We deserve something better to get hooked on . "
= = = = Abusive relationship controversy = = = =
The books have also been widely critiqued as promoting , normalizing , and idealizing an emotionally and physically abusive relationship . Sci @-@ fi website i09 noted that Bella and Edward 's relationship meets all fifteen criteria set by the National Domestic Violence Hotline for being in an abusive relationship . L. Lee Butler of Young Adult Library Services Association commented how he was unusually hesitant to stock the Twilight books in his library because he felt the books were " robbing [ teen girls ] of agency and normalizing stalking and abusive behavior . " Many female @-@ oriented and feminist media outlets , like Jezebel , The Frisky , and Salon.com have decried Twilight as promoting an anti @-@ woman message . Bitch magazine stated the novels " had created a new , popular genre of " abstinence porn " , concluding that , " In reality , the abstinence message — wrapped in the genre of abstinence porn — objectifies Bella in the same ways that ' real ' porn might . The Twilight books conflate Bella losing her virginity with the loss of other things , including her sense of self and her very life . Such a high @-@ stakes treatment of abstinence reinforces the idea that Bella is powerless , an object , a fact that is highlighted when we get to the sex scenes in Breaking Dawn . " Ms. declared that Twilight promotes a physically abusive relationship and an anti @-@ abortion message . However , writer Angela Aleiss of Religion News Service said that contrary to popular opinion , Mormons do permit abortion when the mother 's life is in danger . Bella 's refusal to abort her fetus , along with her quick marriage and pregnancy , instead underscore the Mormon emphasis on family .
Various psychology experts have come out in agreement with the assessment of the relationship as abusive . Melissa Henson , Director of communication and public education for the Parents Television Council , stated :
To impressionable teens , domestic violence is almost romanticized . We ’ ve made great strides in recent years in clearly communicating the message that is never okay to hit a woman ... Today , the hidden message in the entertainment consumed by many impressionable teens is that if he hits you , it is out of love – which is absolutely wrong .
Many entertainment and media outlets have made similar comments on the abusive nature of Bella and Edward 's relationship , including Entertainment Weekly , Movieline , and Mediabistro.com.
Meyer has dismissed such criticisms , arguing both that the books center around Bella 's choice , which she perceives as the foundation of modern feminism , and that Bella 's damsel in distress persona is due only to her humanity . Meyer also added , " Just because [ Bella ] doesn 't do kung fu and she cooks for her father doesn 't make her worthy of that criticism " . Shannon Simcox of The Daily Collegian has similarly dismissed the criticism surrounding Bella , commenting , " While Bella plays the perfect damsel in distress that gets herself into sticky situations , she is also very in control of herself . She chose to move to Forks and be in a new place ; she constantly faces a bunch of people who want to suck the life right out of her , and she is constantly pleading to become a vampire , too , so she can take care of herself and Edward . "
= = = Legal controversy = = =
In December 2010 , professional singer Matthew Smith , known as Matt Heart , sued Summit Entertainment in the case Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC . Smith 's song " Eternal Knight " was posted on several websites accompanied by cover art which Summit claimed used its " Twilight " typeface mark . Smith won four of the seven causes of action , including his right to continue distribution of his copyrighted song , under the terms that he remove any reference to " Twilight " or the " Twilight Saga " .
= = = Book challenges = = =
The Twilight series made the number five spot on the American Library Association 's ( ALA ) Top Ten List of the Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2009 , for being " Sexually Explicit " , " Unsuited to Age Group " , and having a " Religious Viewpoint " .
= = Film adaptations = =
A screenplay for Twilight was written by Melissa Rosenberg and has been adapted into a film by Summit Entertainment . The film was directed by Catherine Hardwicke , with Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson in the leading roles of Isabella Swan and Edward Cullen , respectively . The movie was released in the United States on November 21 , 2008 . Twilight : The Complete Illustrated Movie Companion , written by Mark Cotta Vaz , was released October 28 .
On November 22 , 2008 , following the box office success of Twilight , Summit Entertainment confirmed a sequel , called The Twilight Saga : New Moon , based on the second book in the series , New Moon . The film was released on November 20 , 2009 . The Twilight Saga : New Moon was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on March 20 , 2010 through midnight release parties . That same day , Summit Entertainment released Twilight in Forks , a documentary about the primary setting of the Twilight series , Forks , Washington . Topics Entertainment released its own documentary about Forks and the Twilight series on March 16 , called Forks : Bitten by Twilight .
The third installment in the series , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , was released on June 30 , 2010 . The fourth installment , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn – Part 1 was released November 18 , 2011 , And the fifth and last installment , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn – Part 2 was released November 16 , 2012 .
= = Conventions = =
While the Twilight series has been a visible presence in many conventions such as ComicCon , there have also been many conventions whose main focus has been on the Twilight series ( books and films ) . Some notable conventions have been Twicon and a series of " Official Twilight Conventions " that are being held by Creation Entertainment .
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= William Henry Bury =
William Henry Bury ( 25 May 1859 – 24 April 1889 ) was suspected of being the notorious serial killer " Jack the Ripper " . He was hanged for the murder of his wife Ellen in 1889 , and was the last person executed in Dundee , Scotland .
Bury was orphaned at an early age and was educated at a charitable school in the English Midlands . After a few years in regular employment as a clerk , he fell into financial difficulty , was dismissed for theft , and became a street peddler . In 1887 , he moved to London , where he married probable prostitute Ellen Elliot . During their stormy marriage , which lasted just over a year , they faced increasing financial hardship . In January 1889 , they moved to Dundee . The following month , he strangled his wife with a rope , stabbed her dead body with a penknife , and hid the corpse in a box in their room . A few days later , he presented himself to the local police and was arrested for her murder . Tried and convicted , he was sentenced to death by hanging . Shortly before his execution , he confessed to the crime . Although Bury 's guilt was not in doubt , Dundee had a history of opposition to the death penalty and The Dundee Courier printed an editorial the day after his execution decrying the " judicial butcheries " of capital punishment .
Bury killed his wife shortly after the height of the London Whitechapel murders , which were attributed to the unidentified serial killer " Jack the Ripper " . Bury 's previous abode near Whitechapel and similarities between the Ripper 's crimes and Bury 's led the press and executioner James Berry to suggest that Bury was the Ripper . Bury protested his innocence in the Ripper crimes , and the police discounted him as a suspect . Later authors have built on the earlier accusations , but the idea that Bury was the Ripper is not widely accepted .
= = Childhood and youth = =
William Bury was born in Stourbridge , Worcestershire , the youngest of four children of Henry Bury and his wife Mary Jane ( née Henley ) . He was orphaned in infancy . His father , who worked for a local fishmonger called Joscelyne , died in a horse and cart accident in Halesowen on 10 April 1860 . While on an incline , he fell beneath the wheels of his fish cart and was killed when the horse bolted and pulled the cart over his prone body . William 's mother may have been suffering from post @-@ natal depression at the time of her husband 's death and was committed to the Worcester County Pauper and Lunatic Asylum on 7 May 1860 suffering from melancholia . She remained there until her death aged 33 on 30 March 1864 .
William 's eldest sibling , Elizabeth Ann , died aged seven during an epileptic fit on 7 September 1859 , which may have contributed to Mary Jane 's depression . The other two children , Joseph Henry and Mary Jane , both died before 1889 . William was raised initially in Dudley by his maternal uncle , Edward Henley , and by 1871 he was enrolled at the Blue Coat charity school in Stourbridge .
At the age of sixteen , he found work as a factor 's clerk in a warehouse at Horseley Fields , Wolverhampton , until the early 1880s when he left the warehouse after failing to repay a loan . He then worked for a lock manufacturer called Osborne in Lord Street , Wolverhampton , until he was dismissed for theft in either 1884 or 1885 . For the next few years , his whereabouts are not known for certain , but he appears to have lived an unsettled life in the English Midlands and Yorkshire . In 1887 , he was making a living as a hawker , selling small items such as lead pencils and key rings on the streets of Snow Hill , Birmingham .
= = London = =
In October 1887 , Bury arrived in Bow , London , and found work selling sawdust for James Martin , who appears to have run a brothel at 80 Quickett Street , Bow . Initially , Bury lived in the stable , but later moved into the house . There , he met Ellen Elliot , who was employed by Martin as a servant and probably a prostitute .
Ellen was born on 24 October 1856 in Walworth , London , at the Bricklayer 's Arms public house run by her father , George Elliot . In adult life , she worked as a needlewoman and in a jute processing factory . In 1883 , she had an illegitimate daughter , also called Ellen , who died in Poplar workhouse in December 1885 . Within a year of the death of her daughter , she began working for Martin . In March 1888 , Ellen and William left Martin 's employ and moved to a furnished room at 3 Swaton Road , Bow , where they lived together until their marriage on Easter Monday , 2 April 1888 , at Bromley Parish Church . Martin later said he had dismissed William because of unpaid debts .
Martin and the landlady at 3 Swaton Road , Elizabeth Haynes , described Bury as a violent drunk . On 7 April 1888 , Haynes caught Bury kneeling on his bride of five days threatening to cut her throat with a knife . Haynes subsequently evicted them , and Ellen sold one of six £ 100 shares in a railway company that she had inherited from a maiden aunt , Margaret Barren , to pay William 's debt to Martin . William was re @-@ employed by Martin , and the couple moved to 11 Blackthorn Street , close to Swaton Road . According to Martin , William was then suffering from venereal disease . In June , Ellen sold the remaining shares , and in August they moved to 3 Spanby Road , adjacent to where William stabled his horse . With the money from the shares , the couple had a week 's holiday in Wolverhampton with a drinking friend of William 's and Ellen bought new jewellery . William continued to assault his wife throughout the latter half of 1888 . By the first week of December , Ellen 's windfall was nearly spent , and William sold his horse and cart . In January the following year , he told his landlord at 3 Spanby Road that he was thinking of emigrating to Brisbane , Australia , and asked him to make two wooden crates for the journey . Instead , William and Ellen moved to Dundee in Scotland . Ellen was not keen to go and only did so after William lied that he had obtained a position in a jute factory there .
= = Dundee = =
The Burys travelled north as second @-@ class passengers on the steamer Cambria . They arrived at Dundee on the evening of 20 January 1889 , and the following morning they rented a room above a bar at 43 Union Street . The Burys stayed for only eight days before they moved on 29 January to a squat at 113 Prince 's Street , a basement flat under a shop . William had obtained the key under false pretences by telling the letting agents that he was a viewer interested in renting the property . Meanwhile , Ellen found a job as a cleaner at a local mill , but she quit after a day . William continued to drink heavily , often with a decorator called David Walker , who was re @-@ painting the public house frequented by William .
On Monday 4 February , William bought some rope at the local grocer 's shop , and spent the rest of the day observing cases at the Sheriff Court from the public gallery . He was later reported to have listened attentively to the proceedings . On 7 February , he attended the court sessions again . On 10 February , he visited his acquaintance , Walker , who lent him a newspaper that featured a woman 's suicide by hanging . Walker asked Bury to look up any news of Jack the Ripper , at which Bury threw down the newspaper with a fright . That evening , he walked into the Dundee Central Police Station on Bell Street and reported his wife 's suicide to Lieutenant James Parr . He said they had been drinking heavily the night before her death , and he had woken in the morning to find his wife 's body on the floor with a rope around her neck . Bury had not summoned a doctor , but had instead cut the body and concealed it in one of the packing cases brought from London . Bury told Parr that his actions were now preying on his mind , and he was afraid that he would be arrested and accused of being Jack the Ripper .
Parr took Bury upstairs to see Lieutenant David Lamb , the head of the detective department . Parr told Lamb , " This man has a wonderful story to tell you . " Bury retold his story to Lamb , but omitted the reference to Jack the Ripper , and added that he had stabbed his wife 's body once . Bury was searched , and a small knife , bankbook and his house key were confiscated pending inquiries . Lamb and Detective Constable Peter Campbell proceeded to the Burys ' dingy flat , where they discovered the mutilated remains of Ellen stuffed into the wooden box Bury had commissioned in London .
= = Investigation = =
Lamb returned to the police station and charged William with Ellen 's murder . Ellen 's jewellery , found in William 's pockets , was confiscated . A preliminary search of the premises revealed chalk graffiti on the rear door of the flat , which read " Jack Ripper [ sic ] is at the back of this door " , and on the stairwell leading up from the rear of the property , which read " Jack Ripper is in this seller [ sic ] " . The press and the police thought they had been written by a local boy before the tragedy , but the writer was never identified . A more extensive search the following morning found blood @-@ stained clothing in the crate that had contained the body , and the remains of more clothing and some of Ellen 's personal effects burned in the fireplace . The flat was bereft of furniture , indicating that it may have been burnt on the fire , either for heat or to destroy evidence . A large penknife was found with human flesh and blood upon it , and the rope that William had bought on the morning of 4 February was found with strands of Ellen 's hair caught in the fibres .
Ellen 's body was examined by five physicians : police surgeon Charles Templeman , his colleague Alexander Stalker , Edinburgh surgeon Henry Littlejohn and two local doctors , David Lennox and William Kinnear . They concluded that Ellen had been strangled from behind . Her right leg was broken in two places so it could be crammed into the crate . Incisions , made by the penknife , ran downwards along her abdomen and had been made " within at most ten minutes of the time of death " according to Templeman , Stalker and Littlejohn . Lennox disagreed and thought the wounds were made later on the basis that when he examined the body the wound was not everted , but Templeman and Stalker said the wound was everted when they examined the body . Littlejohn explained that as Lennox made his examination three days after the others , the shape of the wounds could have changed , to which Lennox agreed .
Chief Constable Dewar sent a telegraph detailing the circumstances of the crime to the London Metropolitan Police , which was investigating the crimes attributed to Jack the Ripper . Detectives from London did not consider Bury a realistic suspect in their investigation into the Ripper murders , but Inspector Frederick Abberline did interview witnesses in Whitechapel connected to Bury , including William 's former employer James Martin and landlords Elizabeth Haynes and William Smith . According to the executioner James Berry and crime reporter Norman Hastings , Scotland Yard sent two detectives to interview Bury , but there is no surviving record of the visit in the police archive .
= = Trial and execution = =
On 18 March 1889 , Bury was arraigned for the murder of his wife ; he entered a plea of not guilty . The trial was seen before Lord Young in the High Court of Justiciary on 28 March . Bury 's defence team comprised solicitor David Tweedie and barrister William Hay ; the prosecution was led by advocate deputy Dugald or Dill McKechnie . The hearing lasted 13 hours . The prosecution witnesses included Ellen 's sister Margaret Corney , William 's former employer James Martin , the Burys ' London landlady Elizabeth Haynes , William 's drinking partner David Walker , Lieutenant Lamb and Drs Templeman and Littlejohn . After a break for supper , Hay presented the defence case , which was heavily dependent on Dr Lennox 's testimony that Ellen had strangled herself . At 10 : 05 p.m. , Lord Young finished his summation , and the jury of 15 men retired to consider their verdict . After 25 minutes , the jury returned with a verdict of guilty with a recommendation for mercy . Lord Young asked the jury why they recommended mercy , and one of them replied that the medical evidence was contradictory , referring to Lennox 's testimony . Dundee had a history of opposition to the death penalty , and the jury may have been trying to avoid passing a death sentence . Young told the jury to retire and reconsider their verdict until they were decided by the evidence one way or another . At 10 : 40 p.m. , they returned with a unanimous verdict of guilty . Lord Young passed the mandatory sentence for murder : death by hanging .
On 1 April , Bury 's solicitor , David Tweedie , petitioned the Secretary of State for Scotland , Lord Lothian , for clemency . Tweedie argued that the sentence should be commuted to life imprisonment on the grounds of the conflicting medical evidence and the jury 's initial reservations . Tweedie further argued that Bury could have inherited insanity from his mother , who had died in a lunatic asylum . A clergyman whom Bury had befriended , Edward John Gough , minister of St Paul 's Episcopalian Church in Dundee , also wrote to Lothian asking for a reprieve . The Secretary of State refused to intervene in the normal course of the law , and Bury was hanged on 24 April by executioner James Berry . The following day , The Dundee Courier printed an editorial lambasting capital punishment :
There are still to be found persons who profess that when one murder has taken place a second should follow . Yesterday 's proceedings amounted to nothing less than cold @-@ blooded murder ... [ which ] perpetuate judicial butcheries ... it is not pleasant to be assured that it is incumbent upon men to slay one or two of their fellow @-@ creatures occasionally for the purpose of keeping humanity human .
It was the last execution held in Dundee .
A few days before the execution , Bury confessed to Reverend Gough that he had killed Ellen . At the urging of Gough , William wrote a confession on 22 April 1889 , which he asked to be withheld until after he was dead . William claimed that he had strangled Ellen without premeditation on the night of 4 February 1889 during a drunken row over money , and that he had tried to dismember the body for disposal the next day but was too squeamish to continue . The latter part of this confession does not match the expert testimony of the physicians , who said that the incisions were made " within at most ten minutes of the time of death " rather than the next day . William stated he had stuffed Ellen 's body into the crate as part of a later plan for disposal , but instead concocted the suicide story when he realised that Ellen 's absence would be noted .
= = Jack the Ripper suspect = =
Traditionally , five murders ( known as the " canonical five " ) are attributed to the notorious serial killer " Jack the Ripper " , who terrorised Whitechapel in the East End of London between August and November 1888 . Authorities are not agreed on the exact number of the Ripper 's victims , and at least eleven Whitechapel murders between April 1888 and February 1891 were included in the same extensive police investigation . All the crimes remain unsolved .
Claims that Bury could have been the Ripper began to appear in newspapers shortly after Bury 's arrest . Like Bury , the Ripper had inflicted abdominal wounds on his victims immediately after their deaths , and Bury lived in Bow , near Whitechapel , from October 1887 to January 1889 , which placed him fairly near the Whitechapel murders at the appropriate time . The Dundee Advertiser of 12 February claimed that the Burys ' " neighbours were startled and alarmed at the idea that one whom in their terror they associated with the Whitechapel tragedies had been living in their midst . " The New York Times of the same day connected Bury directly to the atrocities and reported the theory that William had murdered Ellen to prevent her from revealing his guilt , a story picked up and repeated by The Dundee Courier the following day . The Courier alleged that Bury admitted to Lieutenant Parr that he was Jack the Ripper , but Parr 's version of the story says only that Bury said he was afraid he would be arrested as Jack the Ripper . Bury denied any connection , despite making a full confession to his wife 's murder . Nevertheless , the executioner James Berry promoted the idea that Bury was the Ripper . Berry did not include Bury or the Ripper in his memoirs , My Experiences as an Executioner , but Ernest A. Parr , a journalist in the Suffolk town of Newmarket , wrote to the Secretary of State for Scotland on 28 March 1908 that Berry " told me explicitly that Bury was known to have been Jack the Ripper " .
In the 1920s , Norman Hastings built on Berry 's hypothesis proposing Bury as the Ripper , and 100 years after the Ripper murders William Beadle and Dundee librarian Euan Macpherson published books and articles popularising Bury as a Ripper suspect . They highlighted that the canonical five Whitechapel murders ended in November 1888 , which roughly coincided with Bury 's departure from Whitechapel . There was graffiti at Bury 's Dundee flat that implied that Jack the Ripper lived there , and Macpherson supposed this was written by Bury as a form of confession . William took Ellen 's rings , and the Ripper is believed to have taken rings from victim Annie Chapman . Bury was persistently violent to his wife , threatened her with a knife , and cut open her abdomen after death in a manner not dissimilar to the Whitechapel murderer . In a conversation with her neighbours , Marjory Smith , who ran the shop above the Burys ' Prince 's Street flat in Dundee , asked them " What sort of work was this you Whitechapel folk have been about , letting Jack the Ripper kill so many people ? " Bury did not answer her , but Ellen replied " Jack the Ripper is quiet now . " She reportedly told another neighbour , " Jack the Ripper is taking a rest . " Beadle and Macpherson argued that Ellen 's comments might indicate that she had knowledge of the Ripper 's whereabouts .
Others contend that Bury only imitated the Ripper , citing differences between their crimes . Ellen Bury was strangled with a rope and sustained comparatively few knife wounds compared to the Ripper 's victims , whose throats were cut prior to sustaining deep abdominal slashes . Ellen Bury 's throat was not cut , and only relatively shallow cuts were made to her abdomen . The identity of the Whitechapel murderer is unknown , and over one hundred suspects , in addition to Bury , have been proposed . While some Ripper writers consider Bury a more likely culprit than many of the other suspects , other writers dismiss the theory because , " as happens all too frequently in this field , the theorizing appears to have a few disturbing leaps of logic as well as mere anecdotes used as evidence . "
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= Slalom ( video game ) =
Slalom is a skiing video game in which the player races in a series of downhill slalom runs while navigating past flags and obstacles before time expires . It was developed by Rare and first released by Nintendo for the Nintendo VS . System in 1986 . It was then released for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) in North America in March 1987 and in Europe later that year . The game was developed by Tim and Chris Stamper and its music was composed by David Wise .
Slalom was the first NES game developed outside Japan and the Stamper brothers ' first game released under the Rare brand . Reviews from the 1980s found Slalom unrealistic , but largely appreciated its graphics and animations . In contrast , AllGame 's retrospective review called the game poorly made and rushed . Slalom was released in Rare 's 2015 Rare Replay compilation for Xbox One .
= = Gameplay = =
Slalom is a single @-@ player game in which players race downhill in a series of slalom races . There are 24 downhill runs total that are evenly spread across three mountains . Before the game starts , players choose their mountain based on difficulty : Snowy Hill for beginners , Steep Peak for intermediate players , and Mount Nasty for experts . The goal for each run is to reach the finish line within the allotted time . Players must dodge obstacles including trees , flags , snowmen , sledders , and other skiers on their way downhill , or else they will tumble and lose time . With enough momentum , players can jump over these obstacles . Players must ski around flags to maintain their speed . If they ski on the wrong side of the flag , the racer will snowplow and slow down .
Also located on the runs are moguls ( bumps ) that , when hit , causes the racer to go airborne and slow down slightly when landing . While airborne , players can perform freestyle tricks and earn bonus points . However , if the player botches the trick , the racer may tumble and fall , losing time . At the end of each run , final scores are calculated based on the amount of time remaining on the run and points scored from completing freestyle tricks . If the player earns enough points , they may race the next level " solo " ( without other skiers onscreen ) . The points earned in qualifying runs convert to additional seconds on the solo run timer . The high scores on each of the runs are saved in memory until the console is powered off .
= = Development = =
Slalom was developed by British video game company Rare by Tim and Chris Stamper . Rare had been looking to develop games for consoles in the wake of rampant computer game piracy in the United Kingdom . They chose the NES for its nascent popularity , though the console had no Western developers , and asked Nintendo for a license . When Nintendo declined , they reverse engineered the console and made a demo , Slalom to show the company . Nintendo was astonished at their effort , and made Rare its first Western developer , beginning a long and close collaboration between Rare and Nintendo of America founder and president Minoru Arakawa .
Slalom was originally released in 1986 in the arcades as part of the Nintendo VS . System and was titled Vs . Slalom . This release featured an upright cabinet , a joystick , one jump button , monaural sound , and standard raster graphics . There was also an optional controller upgrade that featured two physical ski poles and shortened skis that the player could stand on and use to control the skier onscreen . The NES version was released by Nintendo in North America in March 1987 and in Europe on October 15 , 1987 . Slalom was Rare 's first video game developed as a new company . It was also the Stamper brothers ' first video game console release .
The game 's music was composed by Rare 's video game composer David Wise , his first NES composing job . In a December 2010 interview , Wise said that he found the NES sound board work challenging . He had to first code the HEX values for each note by hand before converting them into subroutines with a computer . Wise recalled thinking that his first NES projects sounded like doorbells . He was humbled that others continue to remix his tracks .
= = Reception = =
Slalom received preview coverage in early 1987 in the first issue of Nintendo Fun Club News – the predecessor to the company 's house organ Nintendo Power – citing the arcade conversion to the NES . It was featured in the following Summer 1987 issue with a brief overview and expert tips . French magazine Tilt appreciated the game 's graphics and sound , but thought its animation did not fare as well . On the other hand , German magazine Aktueller Software Markt highly commended Slalom 's animations ( particularly its use of scrolling and perspective ) and thought its sounds were mediocre . The magazine found the game fun , though unrealistic . Power Play and Gen4 similarly praised the animations . Though Gen 4 found the game unrealistic , they appreciated its depiction of speed and the gradual difficulty progression . Power Play liked the level and obstacle graphics . Gen 4 considered the graphics average for Nintendo , and disagreed internally as to whether the game was sufficiently fantastical . Power Play thought the game needed more variety and quickly became monotonous .
AllGame editor Brett Alan Weiss 's retrospective review was critical as he called Slalom " a rush job " that did not capture the spirit of skiing . He felt that the game was repetitive , too simple , and not fun for adults . Weiss described the graphics as blocky and insipid , the sound as repetitive and derivative . He said that even though it was an early release in the console 's lifespan , Slalom was on par with the 1979 Intellivision 's capabilities . He recommended Antarctic Adventure for the ColecoVision in its stead . UK @-@ based magazine Retro Gamer wrote that the game received little fanfare . The magazine 's Stuart Hunt wrote in December 2010 , on Rare 's 25th anniversary , that the game was " fun but quite simplistic " in its lack of race variety . He said , though , that the game showcased how the company could maximize the system resources of the NES . Slalom was included in Rare Replay , a compilation of 30 Rare titles , released on the Xbox One on August 4 , 2015 .
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= Covent Garden =
Covent Garden ( / ˈkɒvənt / or / ˈkʌvənt / ) is a district in London on the eastern fringes of the West End , between St. Martin 's Lane and Drury Lane . It is associated with the former fruit @-@ and @-@ vegetable market in the central square , now a popular shopping and tourist site , and with the Royal Opera House , which is also known as " Covent Garden " . The district is divided by the main thoroughfare of Long Acre , north of which is given over to independent shops centred on Neal 's Yard and Seven Dials , while the south contains the central square with its street performers and most of the elegant buildings , theatres and entertainment facilities , including the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane and the London Transport Museum .
The area was fields , settled in the 7th century when it became the heart of the Anglo @-@ Saxon trading town of Lundenwic , then returned to fields after Lundenwic was abandoned at the end of the 9th century . By 1201 part of it had been walled off by Westminster Abbey for use as arable land and orchards . Referred to as " the garden of the Abbey and Convent " , and later " the Covent Garden " , it was seized by Henry VIII and granted to the Earls of Bedford in 1552 . The 4th Earl commissioned Inigo Jones to build some fine houses to attract wealthy tenants . Jones designed the Italianate arcaded square along with the church of St Paul 's . The design of the square was new to London and had a significant influence on modern town planning , acting as the prototype for new estates as London grew .
By 1654 a small open @-@ air fruit @-@ and @-@ vegetable market had developed on the south side of the fashionable square . Gradually , both the market and the surrounding area fell into disrepute , as taverns , theatres , coffee @-@ houses and brothels opened up . By the 18th century it had become a well @-@ known red @-@ light district . An Act of Parliament was drawn up to control the area , and Charles Fowler 's neo @-@ classical building was erected in 1830 to cover and help organise the market . The market grew and further buildings were added : the Floral Hall , Charter Market , and in 1904 the Jubilee Market . By the end of the 1960s traffic congestion was causing problems , and in 1974 the market relocated to the New Covent Garden Market about three miles ( 5 km ) south @-@ west at Nine Elms . The central building re @-@ opened as a shopping centre in 1980 , and is now a tourist location containing cafes , pubs , small shops , and a craft market called the Apple Market , along with another market held in the Jubilee Hall .
With the postcode WC2 , Covent Garden falls within the London boroughs of Westminster and Camden , and the parliamentary constituencies of Cities of London and Westminster and Holborn and St Pancras . The area has been served by the Piccadilly line at Covent Garden tube station since 1907 ; the journey from Leicester Square , at 300 yards , is the shortest in London .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The route of the Strand on the southern boundary of what was to become Covent Garden was used during the Roman period as part of a route to Silchester , known as " Iter VII " on the Antonine Itinerary . Excavations in 2006 at St Martin @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Fields revealed a Roman grave , suggesting the site had sacred significance . The area to the north of the Strand was long thought to have remained as unsettled fields until the 16th century , but theories by Alan Vince and Martin Biddle that there had been an Anglo @-@ Saxon settlement to the west of the old Roman town of Londinium were borne out by excavations in 1985 and 2005 . These revealed Covent Garden as the centre of a trading town called Lundenwic , developed around 600 AD , which stretched from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych . Alfred the Great gradually shifted the settlement into the old Roman town of Londinium from around 886 AD onwards , leaving no mark of the old town , and the site returned to fields .
Around 1200 the first mention of an abbey garden appears in a document mentioning a walled garden owned by the Benedictine monks of the Abbey of St. Peter , Westminster . A later document , dated between 1250 and 1283 , refers to " the garden of the Abbot and Convent of Westminster " . By the 13th century this had become a 40 @-@ acre ( 16 ha ) quadrangle of mixed orchard , meadow , pasture and arable land , lying between modern @-@ day St. Martin 's Lane and Drury Lane , and Floral Street and Maiden Lane . The use of the name " Covent " — an Anglo @-@ French term for a religious community , equivalent to " monastery " or " convent " — appears in a document in 1515 , when the Abbey , which had been letting out parcels of land along the north side of the Strand for inns and market gardens , granted a lease of the walled garden , referring to it as " a garden called Covent Garden " . This is how it was recorded from then on .
= = = The Bedford Estate ( 1552 – 1918 ) = = =
After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540 , Henry VIII took for himself the land belonging to Westminster Abbey , including the convent garden and seven acres to the north called Long Acre ; and in 1552 his son , Edward VI , granted it to John Russell , 1st Earl of Bedford . The Russell family , who in 1694 were advanced in their peerage from Earl to Duke of Bedford , held the land from 1552 to 1918 .
Russell had Bedford House and garden built on part of the land , with an entrance on the Strand , the large garden stretching back along the south side of the old walled @-@ off convent garden . Apart from this , and allowing several poor @-@ quality tenements to be erected , the Russells did little with the land until the 4th Earl of Bedford , Francis Russell , an active and ambitious businessman , commissioned Inigo Jones in 1630 to design and build a church and three terraces of fine houses around a large square or piazza . The commission had been prompted by Charles I taking offence at the condition of the road and houses along Long Acre , which were the responsibility of Russell and Henry Carey , 2nd Earl of Monmouth . Russell and Carey complained that under the 1625 Proclamation concerning Buildings , which restricted building in and around London , they could not build new houses ; the King then granted Russell , for a fee of £ 2 @,@ 000 , a licence to build as many new houses on his land as he " shall thinke fitt and convenient " . The church of St Paul 's was the first building , begun in July 1631 on the western side of the square . The last house was completed in 1637 .
The houses initially attracted the wealthy , though when a market developed on the south side of the square around 1654 , the aristocracy moved out and coffee houses , taverns , and prostitutes moved in . The Bedford Estate was expanded in 1669 to include Bloomsbury , when Lord Russell married Lady Rachel Vaughan , one of the daughters of the 4th Earl of Southampton .
By the 18th century , Covent Garden had become a well @-@ known red @-@ light district , attracting notable prostitutes such as Betty Careless and Jane Douglas . Descriptions of the prostitutes and where to find them were provided by Harris 's List of Covent Garden Ladies , the " essential guide and accessory for any serious gentleman of pleasure " . In 1830 a market hall was built to provide a more permanent trading centre . In 1913 , Herbrand Russell , 11th Duke of Bedford agreed to sell the Covent Garden Estate for £ 2 million to the MP and land speculator Harry Mallaby @-@ Deeley , who sold his option in 1918 to the Beecham family for £ 250 @,@ 000 .
= = = Modern changes = = =
The Covent Garden Estate was part of Beecham Estates and Pills Limited from 1924 to 1928 , after which time it was managed by a successor company called Covent Garden Properties Company Limited , owned by the Beechams and other private investors . This new company sold some properties at Covent Garden , while becoming active in property investment in other parts of London . In 1962 the bulk of the remaining properties in the Covent Garden area , including the market , were sold to the newly established government @-@ owned Covent Garden Authority for £ 3 @,@ 925 @,@ 000 .
By the end of the 1960s , traffic congestion had reached such a level that the use of the square as a modern wholesale distribution market was becoming unsustainable , and significant redevelopment was planned . Following a public outcry , buildings around the square were protected in 1973 , preventing redevelopment . The following year the market moved to a new site in south @-@ west London . The square languished until its central building re @-@ opened as a shopping centre in 1980 . An action plan was drawn up by Westminster Council in 2004 in consultation with residents and businesses to improve the area while retaining its historic character . The market buildings , along with several other properties in Covent Garden , were bought by a property company in 2006 .
= = Geography = =
Historically , the Bedford Estate defined the boundary of Covent Garden , with Drury Lane to the east , the Strand to the south , St. Martin 's Lane to the west , and Long Acre to the north . However , over time the area regarded as part of Covent Garden has expanded northwards past Long Acre to High Holborn , and since 1971 , with the creation of the Covent Garden Conservation Area which incorporated part of the area between St. Martin 's Lane and Charing Cross Road , Charing Cross Road has sometimes been taken as its western boundary . Long Acre is the main thoroughfare , running north @-@ east from St Martin 's Lane to Drury Lane . Shelton Street , running parallel to the north of Long Acre , marks the London borough boundary between Camden and Westminster .
The area to the south of Long Acre contains the Royal Opera House , the market and central square , and most of the elegant buildings , theatres and entertainment facilities , including the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane , and the London Transport Museum ; while the area to the north of Long Acre is largely given over to independent retail units centred on Neal Street , Neal 's Yard and Seven Dials ; though this area also contains residential buildings such as Odhams Walk , built in 1981 on the site of the Odhams print works , and is home to 7 @,@ 000 residents .
= = Governance = =
The Covent Garden estate was originally under the control of Westminster Abbey and lay in the parish of St Margaret . During a reorganisation in 1542 it was transferred to St Martin in the Fields , and then in 1645 a new parish was created , splitting governance of the estate between the parishes of St Paul Covent Garden and St Martin , both still within the Liberty of Westminster . St Paul Covent Garden was completely surrounded by the parish of St Martin in the Fields . It was grouped into the Strand District in 1855 when it came within the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works .
In 1889 the parish became part of the County of London and in 1900 it became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster . It was abolished as a civil parish in 1922 . Since 1965 Covent Garden falls within the London boroughs of Westminster and Camden , and is in the Parliamentary constituencies of Cities of London and Westminster and Holborn and St Pancras . For local council elections it falls within the St James 's ward for Westminster , and the Holborn and Covent Garden ward for Camden .
= = Economy = =
The area 's historic association with the retail and entertainment economy continues . In 1979 , Covent Garden Market reopened as a retail centre ; in 2010 , the largest Apple Store in the world opened in The Piazza . The central hall has shops , cafes and bars alongside the Apple Market stalls selling antiques , jewellery , clothing and gifts ; there are additional casual stalls in the Jubilee Hall Market on the south side of the square . Long Acre has a range of clothes shops and boutiques , and Neal Street is noted for its large number of shoe shops . London Transport Museum and the side entrance to the Royal Opera House box office and other facilities are also located on the square . During the late 1970s and 1980s the Rock Garden music venue was popular with up and coming punk rock and New Wave artists .
The market halls and several other buildings in Covent Garden were bought by CapCo in partnership with GE Real Estate in August 2006 for £ 421 million , on a 150 @-@ year head lease . The buildings are let to the Covent Garden Area Trust , who pay an annual peppercorn rent of one red apple and a posy of flowers for each head lease , and the Trust protects the property from being redeveloped . In March 2007 CapCo also acquired the shops located under the Royal Opera House . The complete Covent Garden Estate owned by CapCo consists of 550 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 51 @,@ 000 m2 ) , and has a market value of £ 650 million .
= = Landmarks = =
= = = Royal Opera House = = =
The Royal Opera House , often referred to as simply " Covent Garden " , was constructed as the " Theatre Royal " in 1732 to a design by Edward Shepherd . During the first hundred years or so of its history , the theatre was primarily a playhouse , with the Letters Patent granted by Charles II giving Covent Garden and Theatre Royal , Drury Lane exclusive rights to present spoken drama in London . In 1734 , the first ballet was presented ; a year later Handel 's first season of operas began . Many of his operas and oratorios were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premières here . It has been the home of The Royal Opera since 1945 , and the Royal Ballet since 1946 .
The current building is the third theatre on the site following destructive fires in 1808 and 1857 . The façade , foyer and auditorium were designed by Edward Barry , and date from 1858 , but almost every other element of the present complex dates from an extensive £ 178 million reconstruction in the 1990s . The Royal Opera House seats 2 @,@ 268 people and consists of four tiers of boxes and balconies and the amphitheatre gallery . The stage performance area is roughly 15 metres square . The main auditorium is a Grade 1 listed building . The inclusion of the adjacent old Floral Hall , previously a part of the old Covent Garden Market , created a new and extensive public gathering place . In 1779 the pavement outside the playhouse was the scene of the murder of Martha Ray , mistress of the Earl of Sandwich , by her admirer the Rev. James Hackman .
= = = Covent Garden square = = =
The central square in Covent Garden is simply called " Covent Garden " , often marketed as " Covent Garden Piazza " to distinguish it from the eponymous surrounding area . Designed and laid out in 1630 , with building work starting in 1631 , it was the first modern square in London , and was originally a flat , open space or piazza with low railings . A casual market started on the south side , and by 1830 the present market hall was built . The space is popular with street performers , who audition with the site 's owners for an allocated slot . The square was originally laid out when the 4th Earl of Bedford , Francis Russell , commissioned Inigo Jones to design and build a church and three terraces of fine houses around the site of a former walled garden belonging to Westminster Abbey . Jones 's design was informed by his knowledge of modern town planning in Europe , particularly Piazza d 'Arme , in Leghorn , Tuscany , Piazza San Marco in Venice , Piazza Santissima Annunziata in Florence , and the Place des Vosges in Paris . The centrepiece of the project was the large square , the concept of which was new to London , and this had a significant influence on modern town planning as the metropolis grew , acting as the prototype for the laying @-@ out of new estates , such as the Ladbroke Estate and the Grosvenor Estate . Isaac de Caus , the French Huguenot architect , designed the individual houses under Jones 's overall design .
The church of St Paul 's was the first building , and was begun in July 1631 on the western side of the square . The last house was completed in 1637 . Seventeen of the houses had arcaded portico walks organised in groups of four and six either side of James Street on the north side , and three and four either side of Russell Street . These arcades , rather than the square itself , took the name Piazza ; the group from James Street to Russell Street became known as the " Great Piazza " and that to the south of Russell Street as the " Little Piazza " . None of Inigo Jones 's houses remain , though part of the north group was reconstructed in 1877 – 79 as Bedford Chambers by William Cubitt to a design by Henry Clutton .
= = = Covent Garden market = = =
The first record of a " new market in Covent Garden " is in 1654 when market traders set up stalls against the garden wall of Bedford House . The Earl of Bedford acquired a private charter from Charles II in 1670 for a fruit and vegetable market , permitting him and his heirs to hold a market every day except Sundays and Christmas Day . The original market , consisting of wooden stalls and sheds , became disorganised and disorderly , and the 6th Earl requested an Act of Parliament in 1813 to regulate it , then commissioned Charles Fowler in 1830 to design the neo @-@ classical market building that is the heart of Covent Garden today . The contractor was William Cubitt and Company . Further buildings were added — the Floral hall , Charter Market , and in 1904 the Jubilee Market for foreign flowers was built by Cubitt and Howard .
By the end of the 1960s , traffic congestion was causing problems for the market , which required increasingly large lorries for deliveries and distribution . Redevelopment was considered , but protests from the Covent Garden Community Association in 1973 prompted the Home Secretary , Robert Carr , to give dozens of buildings around the square listed @-@ building status , preventing redevelopment . The following year the market relocated to its new site , New Covent Garden Market , about three miles ( 5 km ) south @-@ west at Nine Elms . The central building re @-@ opened as a shopping centre in 1980 , with cafes , pubs , small shops and a craft market called the Apple Market . Another market , the Jubilee Market , is held in the Jubilee Hall on the south side of the square . The market halls and several other buildings in Covent Garden have been owned by the property company Capital & Counties Properties ( CapCo ) since 2006 .
= = = Theatre Royal , Drury Lane = = =
The current Theatre Royal on Drury Lane is the most recent of four incarnations , the first of which opened in 1663 , making it the oldest continuously used theatre in London . For much of its first two centuries , it was , along with the Royal Opera House , a patent theatre granted rights in London for the production of drama , and had a claim to be one of London 's leading theatres . The first theatre , known as " Theatre Royal , Bridges Street " , saw performances by Nell Gwyn and Charles Hart . After it was destroyed by fire in 1672 , English dramatist and theatre manager Thomas Killigrew constructed a larger theatre on the same spot , which opened in 1674 . The design is believed to have involved Christopher Wren , who may also have been involved in the similar Dorset Garden Theatre , though it is not certain Wren was involved in either building . Killigrew 's theatre lasted nearly 120 years , under leadership including Colley Cibber , David Garrick , and Richard Brinsley Sheridan . In 1791 , under Sheridan 's management , the building was demolished to make way for a larger theatre which opened in 1794 ; but that survived only 15 years , burning down in 1809 . The building that stands today opened in 1812 . It has been home to actors as diverse as Shakespearean actor Edmund Kean , child actress Clara Fisher , comedian Dan Leno , the comedy troupe Monty Python ( who recorded a concert album there ) , and musical composer and performer Ivor Novello . Since November 2008 the theatre has been owned by composer Andrew Lloyd Webber and generally stages popular musical theatre . It is a Grade I listed building .
= = = London Transport Museum = = =
The London Transport Museum is in a Victorian iron and glass building on the east side of the market square . It was designed as a dedicated flower market by William Rogers of William Cubitt and Company in 1871 , and was first occupied by the museum in 1980 . Previously the transport collection had been held at Syon Park and Clapham . The first parts of the collection were brought together at the beginning of the 20th century by the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) when it began to preserve buses being retired from service . After the LGOC was taken over by the London Electric Railway ( LER ) , the collection was expanded to include rail vehicles . It continued to expand after the LER became part of the London Passenger Transport Board in the 1930s and as the organisation passed through various successor bodies up to TfL , London 's transport authority since 2000 . The Covent Garden building has on display many examples of buses , trams , trolleybuses and rail vehicles from 19th and 20th centuries as well as artefacts and exhibits related to the operation and marketing of passenger services and the impact that the developing transport network has had on the city and its population .
= = = St Paul 's Church = = =
St Paul 's , commonly known as the Actors ' Church , was designed by Inigo Jones as part of a commission by Francis Russell in 1631 to create " houses and buildings fitt for the habitacons of Gentlemen and men of ability " . Work on the church began that year and was completed in 1633 , at a cost of £ 4 @,@ 000 , but the church was not consecrated until 1638 . In 1645 Covent Garden was made a separate parish and the church was dedicated to St Paul . It is uncertain how much of Jones 's original building is left , as the church was damaged by fire in 1795 during restoration work by Thomas Hardwick ; it is believed that the columns are original but that the rest is mostly Georgian or Victorian reconstruction .
= = Culture = =
The Covent Garden area has long been associated with both entertainment and shopping , and this continues . Covent Garden has 13 theatres , and over 60 pubs and bars , with most south of Long Acre , around the main shopping area of the old market . The Seven Dials area in the north of Covent Garden was home to the punk rock club The Roxy in 1977 , and the area remains focused on young people with its trendy mid @-@ market retail outlets .
= = = Street performance = = =
Street entertainment at Covent Garden was noted in Samuel Pepys 's diary in May 1662 , when he recorded the first mention of a Punch and Judy show in Britain . Impromptu performances of song and swimming were given by local celebrity William Cussans in the eighteenth century . Covent Garden is licensed for street entertainment , and performers audition for timetabled slots in a number of venues around the market , including the North Hall , West Piazza , and South Hall Courtyard . The courtyard space is dedicated to classical music only . There are street performances at Covent Garden Market every day of the year , except Christmas Day . Shows run throughout the day and are about 30 minutes in length . In March 2008 , the market owner , CapCo , proposed to reduce street performances to one 30 @-@ minute show each hour .
= = = Pubs and bars = = =
The Covent Garden area has over 60 pubs and bars ; several of them are listed buildings , with some also on CAMRA 's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors ; some , such as The Harp in Chandos Place , have received consumer awards . The Harp 's awards include London Pub of the Year in 2008 by the Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood , and National Pub of the Year by CAMRA in 2011 . It was at one time owned by the Charrington Brewery , when it was known as The Welsh Harp ; in 1995 the name was abbreviated to just The Harp , before Charrington sold it to Punch Taverns in 1997 . It has been owned by the landlady since 2010 .
The Lamb and Flag in Rose Street has a reputation as the oldest pub in the area , though records are not clear . The first mention of a pub on the site is 1772 ( when it was called the Cooper 's Arms – the name changing to Lamb & Flag in 1833 ) ; the 1958 brick exterior conceals what may be an early 18th @-@ century frame of a house replacing the original one built in 1638 . The pub acquired a reputation for staging bare @-@ knuckle prize fights during the early 19th century when it earned the nickname " Bucket of Blood " . The alleyway beside the pub was the scene of an attack on John Dryden in 1679 by thugs hired by John Wilmot , 2nd Earl of Rochester , with whom he had a long @-@ standing conflict .
The Salisbury in St. Martin 's Lane was built as part of a six @-@ storey block around 1899 on the site of an earlier pub that had been known under several names , including the Coach & Horses and Ben Caunt 's Head ; it is both Grade II listed , and on CAMRA 's National Inventory , due to the quality of the etched and polished glass and the carved woodwork , summed up as " good fin de siècle ensemble " . The Freemasons Arms on Long Acre is linked with the founding of the Football Association in 1896 ; however , the meetings took place at The Freemason 's Tavern on Great Queen Street , which was replaced in 1909 by the Connaught Rooms .
Other pubs that are Grade II listed are of minor interest , they are three 19th century rebuilds of 17th century / 18th century houses , the Nell Gwynne Tavern in Bull Inn Court , the Nag 's Head on James Street , and the White Swan on New Row ; a Victorian pub built by lessees of the Marquis of Exeter , the Old Bell on the corner of Exeter Street and Wellington Street ; and a late 18th or early 19th century pub the Angel and Crown on St. Martin 's Lane .
= = = Restaurants = = =
There are a wide range of restaurants , mainly in Covent Garden 's central area around the piazza , and in the St Martin 's Lane area bordering the West End ; some of these with international reputations . Among the restaurants are the historic theatrical eating places , the oldest of which is Rules , which was founded in 1798 , making it the oldest restaurant in London , followed by J. Sheekey , an oyster bar and fish restaurant founded in 1893 by market @-@ stall holder Josef Sheekey in Lord Salisbury 's St Martin 's Court , and The Ivy , which was founded as an unlicensed Italian cafe by Abel Giandellini in 1917 . Other restaurants include Belgo Centraal on Earlham Street , part of the Belgo chain of Belgian themed restaurants ; one of Jamie Oliver 's Italian restaurants , which opened in 2007 ; Gaby 's Deli , a Jewish cafe and restaurant serving falafels and salt beef sandwiches since 1965 , and Mon Plaisir , founded in 1943 , one of the oldest French restaurants in London . Covent Garden was home to some of London 's earliest coffee shops , such as Old Slaughter 's Coffee House , which ran from 1692 until 1843 , and a Beefsteak Club , the Sublime Society of Beef Steaks , which was co @-@ founded in 1736 by William Hogarth at the Theatre Royal ( now the Royal Opera House ) .
= = = Cultural connections = = =
Covent Garden , and especially the market , have appeared in a number of works . Eliza Doolittle , the central character in George Bernard Shaw 's play , Pygmalion , and the musical adaptation by Alan Jay Lerner , My Fair Lady , is a Covent Garden flower seller . Alfred Hitchcock 's 1972 film Frenzy about a Covent Garden fruit vendor who becomes a serial sex killer , was set in the market where his father had been a wholesale greengrocer . The daily activity of the market was the topic of a 1957 Free Cinema documentary by Lindsay Anderson , Every Day Except Christmas , which won the Grand Prix at the Venice Festival of Shorts and Documentaries .
= = Transport = =
Covent Garden is served by the Piccadilly line at Covent Garden tube station on the corner of Long Acre and James Street . The station was designed by Leslie Green and opened by Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway on 11 April 1907 , four months after services on the rest of the line began operating on 15 December 1906 . The station is one of the few stations in Central London for which platform access is only by lift or stairs . Until improvements in 2007 , due to high passenger numbers ( 16 million annually ) , entry to the station was sometimes restricted on busy days to reduce congestion on the platforms . The distance from Covent Garden to Leicester Square at less than 300 yards is London 's shortest tube journey . Stations just outside the area include the Charing Cross tube station and Charing Cross railway station , Leicester Square tube station , and Holborn tube station . While there is only one bus route in Covent Garden itself — the RV1 , which uses Catherine Street as a terminus , just to the east of Covent Garden square — there are over 30 routes which pass close by , mostly on the Strand or Kingsway .
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= My Musical =
" My Musical " is a musical episode of the American comedy @-@ drama television series Scrubs . It is the 123rd episode of the show , and was originally aired as episode 6 of season 6 on January 18 , 2007 .
The episode follows the story of Patti Miller , ( Stephanie D 'Abruzzo ) , a patient who mysteriously starts hearing everyone 's speech as singing . It was written by Debra Fordham , who also wrote most of the lyrics . The episode 's music was composed by Fordham , Scrubs ' resident composer Jan Stevens , The Worthless Peons ' Paul Perry , Tony Award @-@ winning Broadway orchestrator Doug Besterman , and the Avenue Q writing team of Jeff Marx and Robert Lopez . The episode was directed by Will Mackenzie .
In 2009 , TV Guide ranked " My Musical " # 86 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . The episode received five Emmy Award nominations , winning one of them .
= = Plot = =
In the style of a traditional musical , this episode follows a two @-@ act structure – with the acts separated by a commercial break instead of an intermission . However , in the style of a traditional Scrubs episode , this is preceded by a cold open .
= = = Cold open = = =
Turk and Carla are deciding whether Carla should take parental leave from the hospital . Turk says he doesn 't mind either way , but as Carla decides she 'll take a year off , he starts celebrating .
Then , the scene changes to J.D. and Elliot in the park , when a woman , Patti Miller ( D 'Abruzzo ) , abruptly falls unconscious . As she returns to consciousness , she sees Elliot , J.D. , and a worried group of onlookers singing to her ( " All Right " ) . When she tries to respond , she sings too . In reality , no one is actually singing ; Ms. Miller is hallucinating . She drifts out of consciousness , and wakes up being wheeled out of an ambulance in the parking lot of Sacred Heart Hospital , with all the hospital employees singing to her , " Welcome to Sacred Heart , " led by Dr. Kelso .
= = = Act one = = =
Dr. Cox tells J.D. he believes Ms. Miller is suffering from a psychological problem ( as opposed to a neurological one ) , and tells him to run some tests and " turf her to Psych . " Turk and J.D. approach Ms. Miller for a stool sample , explaining that " Everything Comes Down to Poo . "
Carla has brought Isabella to the hospital , and everyone is cooing over the new baby , when Elliot comes in and announces happily that she just bought a new house . Turk exits with Isabella , and Elliot expresses concern that J.D. thinks he 's moving into the house with her . Carla has decided to take one year parental leave , and Laverne , Ted , and The Worthless Peons wonder how they can go on at the hospital without Carla 's help ( " Gonna Miss You , Carla " ) . Carla begins to realize that she does not want to separate herself from her work for so long .
Ms. Miller stops Dr. Cox in the hall to insist that she is not crazy , when they are interrupted by J.D. Cox breaks into a rapid @-@ fire delivery ( " The Rant Song " ) of the litany of annoying things J.D. does , with some help from Janitor . Dr. Cox tells Ms. Miller that if she can get J.D. to leave him alone , she 'll get the tests she wants . Ms. Miller yells at J.D. , and an impressed Dr. Cox agrees to schedule a CT scan .
Elliot and Carla worry about the difficult conversations they have to have with J.D. and Turk , respectively ( " Options " ) . In the Act One finale ( " When the Truth Comes Out " ) , all the plotlines come together . Dr. Kelso offers Carla her job back , but she worries how to tell Turk . Elliot worries how to tell J.D. he 's not moving in . And Ms. Miller goes in for her CT scan , which turns up a gigantic aneurysm in her temporal lobe . Dr. Cox breaks the news to Ms. Miller , pulling a curtain for privacy that also signals the end of the act .
= = = Act two = = =
Carla and Elliot decide to confront Turk and J.D. Carla thinks that Turk and J.D. will help each other through the respective problems , but Elliot believes that men cannot be open about their feelings . Quite the contrary , Turk and J.D. sing about their " Guy Love . " Elliot breaks the news to J.D. , who walks out of the room , refusing to talk to her . Carla tells Turk she wants to return to work . Turk responds by saying , " I always thought family was the most important thing to Puerto Ricans . " She becomes angry , singing that " For the Last Time , I 'm Dominican " . Turk tries to explain himself , and finally , agrees to support her decision . Elliot catches up with J.D. , feeling awful , and offers to let him move in . He declines , and tells her they 'll be " Friends Forever . "
Ms. Miller interrupts them , afraid about her upcoming surgery , and asks , " What 's Going to Happen ? " The staff , led by Dr. Cox reassure her that she will be fine ; she finally gets calm and the staff stays by her side when she 's taken to surgery ; the staff repeats she will be fine , which J.D. qualifies with " we hope , " as she goes under anesthesia .
When she awakes , she asks Dr. Cox if the surgery works , but Cox replies " you 're gonna have to tell us " , and they take a step back ; Ms. Miller realized that the surgery was a success , she no longer hears singing , and thanks Dr. Cox and the others . J.D. breaks the moment asking her who was the best singer in her head , much to the rest of the staff 's ( and especially Dr. Cox 's ) dismay . J.D. reflects in voiceover that in musicals everyone get what they want , but in reality , after having made a choice we may miss the way things were ; as Elliot realizes she misses her roommate , Carla realizes she wishes she spent more time with her daughter , and Ms. Miller realizes she misses the music in her head .
= = Production details = =
It had long been a dream in the Scrubs writer 's room to do a musical episode . Scrubs creator Bill Lawrence is a self @-@ confessed musical theatre " nerd , " as are many of the writers . In addition , many of the cast members have had backgrounds in musical theatre . According to Lawrence , " I knew that Donald [ Faison ] and Judy [ Reyes ] were Broadway @-@ style singers and dancers . I knew Sarah [ Chalke ] could dance , because she danced when she was young . I knew Zach [ Braff ] loved musical theater . I had actually seen Ken Jenkins in Big River on Broadway when I was a kid . Neil Flynn and John C. McGinley were the last two guys to admit that they 'd done a lot of musicals and stuff , but being actors , they had . Johnny C. knew how to do a Gilbert and Sullivan number , and Neil had a big baritone voice . "
Scrubs had previously dabbled in the musical genre , including a West Side Story parody in the episode " My Way or the Highway , " and a Broadway @-@ style finale in " My Philosophy . " However , Lawrence had long been unwilling to do full musical episode , because of difficulties making it " organic to the show , " and because of the amount of work that would inevitably be involved . Finally , at the end of Season 5 , with Season 6 looking like it would probably be the last season ; Lawrence told the writers that if they were ever going to do a musical episode , it should be in Season 6 .
Long @-@ time Scrubs writer Debra Fordham took the challenge , and contacted the show 's medical consultant , Jonathan Doris , who provided her with several case studies , one of which ( " Musical hallucinations associated with seizures originating from an intracranial aneurysm , " published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings ) became the basis for Ms. Miller 's condition . Unlike most episodes , which were products of the entire writers ' room , " My Musical " was written almost entirely by Fordham - including most of the lyrics , even though Fordham had never written lyrics .
The music , however , was not written by Fordham , but rather by several composers , including Paul Perry ( a member of The Worthless Peons ) , Scrubs composer Jan Stevens , and Tony Award @-@ winner Doug Besterman , each of whom helped write and arrange several songs . But , perhaps the most notable contributors were Jeff Marx and Robert Lopez , the writers of hit Broadway musical Avenue Q. Marx and Lopez 's involvement came at the suggestion of Braff , who overheard Fordham asking producer Randall Winston if it would be possible to get actual Broadway composers to work on the episode . Fordham did have some contribution to the music , in the form of musical genre suggestions , but during the actual composition process , she and the composers were almost never in the same room .
D 'Abruzzo was cast independently of her starring role in Avenue Q. Fordham wrote the part of Ms. Miller with D 'Abruzzo in mind after seeing her in the off @-@ Broadway show I Love You Because , after D 'Abruzzo had left Avenue Q. In another coincidence , D 'Abruzzo had long been a fan of the show , and was overjoyed to have the chance to be on it .
Fordham suggested Will Mackenzie to direct the episode , because of his Broadway experience as Cornelius Hackle in Hello , Dolly ! during the show 's original Broadway run , opposite Carol Channing . Lance Macdonald , the longtime choreographer of the show , was retained once again for the musical episode .
The filming of the episode was , as expected , a long process . Prior to the episode , the cast underwent a full week of rehearsals , something never before done for a Scrubs episode . A group of eight core dancers were brought in for the dance numbers , while over fifty dancers were involved in the " Welcome To Sacred Heart " scene . There are some notable cameos in the episode , including episode composer Jeff Marx as a pharmacist in " Gonna Miss You , Carla ; " occasional Scrubs musical contributor Keren DeBerg as an extra in " Are You Okay ? " ; and Broadway actress Karen Ziemba ( a friend of Mackenzie 's ) as the neurologist . Further complicating matters was the fact that Judy Reyes had recently fractured her pelvis , and so had to film all her scenes sitting down , and not dancing , aside from her number with Donald Faison ( " For the Last Time , I 'm Dominican " ) , which was filmed approximately 2 months after the rest of the episode . The bald cap D 'Abruzzo wore during the end of the episode took four hours to put on , and she described it as very uncomfortable .
= = Musical numbers = =
The show features ten musical numbers , whose titles appear in the closing credits : " All Right " , " Welcome to Sacred Heart " , " Everything Comes Down to Poo " , " Gonna Miss You , Carla " , " The Rant Song " , " Options " , " When the Truth Comes Out " , " Guy Love " , " For the Last Time , I 'm Dominican " , and " Friends Forever / What 's Going to Happen " .
= = = " Welcome to Sacred Heart " = = =
" Welcome to Sacred Heart " was composed by Fordham , Marx , and Lopez Fordham considers " Welcome to Sacred Heart " to be Dr. Kelso 's song ; Kelso ( and especially Jenkins ' performance of Kelso ) being Sacred Heart 's Jerry Orbach / Robert Preston @-@ type showman , as in " Lullaby of Broadway " from 42nd Street . " Be Our Guest " from Beauty and the Beast was also cited as an influence . Filming the sequence involved over 50 extras and Busby Berkeley @-@ style top shot kaleidoscopic choreography , which was achieved with a crane @-@ mounted camera .
= = = " Everything Comes Down to Poo " = = =
" Everything Comes Down to Poo " was composed by Fordham , Marx , and Lopez . The inspiration for the song came when one of the show 's medical advisors , Jonathan Doris , shared his observation with Fordham that stool samples seemed to be asked for at hospitals no matter what was being diagnosed . The number was the latter of two music videos released by NBC on YouTube in advance of the episode 's airdate — the other video being “ Guy Love . ” The videos were deleted on YouTube , but have now reappeared on the website .
The song 's lyrics underwent many changes , in order to find the right level of vulgarity . The initial version was much more “ genteel , ” while later versions included references to ‘ turtleheads ’ and other slang for feces ; as was the line “ It may sound gross , it may sound crass , but we need to see what comes out of your ass ” ; which was changed to “ It may sound gross , you may say shush , but we need to see what comes out of your tush . ”
= = = " Gonna Miss You , Carla " = = =
" Gonna Miss You , Carla " was composed by Fordham and Perry ( who sings during the song , as a member of The Worthless Peons ) . D 'Abruzzo has called this her favorite song in the episode . Carla sits throughout the song because of Reyes ' fractured pelvis . It features most of the secondary characters , including Laverne , Todd , Ted and Doug .
= = = " The Rant Song " = = =
" The Rant Song " was composed by Fordham and Perry . The song is a Gilbert and Sullivan @-@ style patter song , in order to complement Dr. Cox 's normal rapid @-@ fire rants . Bill Lawrence has mentioned " Major @-@ General 's Song " from The Pirates of Penzance as a specific influence . " We were mortified because Studio 60 did [ a ' Modern Major General ' spoof ] first . But theirs isn 't funny . " Fordham has described D 'Abruzzo 's section in this song as the episode 's " Patti LuPone moment . " Fordham had long been a LuPone fan ( which is the reason D 'Abruzzo 's character was named Patti Miller ) .
Janitor 's section in this song ( " It all started with a penny in the door " ) refers to an incident in Scrubs ' pilot , " My First Day , " when he became convinced J.D. had broken a door by wedging a penny in it .
= = = " When the Truth Comes Out " = = =
" When the Truth Comes Out " was composed by Fordham , Marx , and Lopez . Unlike the other songs in the episode , this song was always intended as a direct parody of a single song : " Do You Hear the People Sing ? " from Les Misérables . It also serves the same dramatic purpose as " One Day More " : it is a showstopper finale to Act One that reprises all previous songs , summarizes Act One 's events , and teases the events to come in Act Two . Carla does not march during this song , except for a few " painful steps " in this sequence , due to Reyes ' aforementioned fractured pelvis . When Carla is seen from the back , she is portrayed by a double .
= = = " Guy Love " = = =
" Guy Love " was composed by Fordham and Perry . It was a late addition to the episode , brought on because , according to Bill Lawrence , " All the modern musicals like Jekyll & Hyde have these really overwrought love songs , so we really wanted to have one between J.D. and Turk . " It was the hardest song for Fordham to write . She met with Perry for help with the lyrics , and he gave her the hook , " It 's guy love , between two guys . " The writing became easier , but she still wanted a reference to a tender moment between Turk and J.D. She emailed D 'Abruzzo , who she knew to be a big fan of the show , " and , no exaggeration , five minutes later , she sent me a list of 30 [ moments ] " , including Turk performing an appendectomy on J.D. in " My Day Off " . At first , the song was meant to be a power ballad .
" Guy Love " was the first of two music videos released by NBC on YouTube in advance of the episode 's air date — the other being " Everything Comes Down To Poo " . The videos have since been removed from YouTube . In addition , the night before " My Musical " aired , actors Zach Braff and Donald Faison appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and after an interview with the host , Braff grabbed a hand held microphone that was hidden in his chair and the two began singing " Guy Love " . The song also appeared in " My Road to Nowhere " , as Turk 's cell phone ring tone for Carla , and as an arranged incidental version in " My Words of Wisdom " , and was played as background music while Turk and J.D. hugged in " My Comedy Show " . The song was also used in the season 9 premiere " Our First Day of School . "
= = = " For the Last Time , I 'm Dominican " = = =
" For the Last Time , I 'm Dominican " was composed by Fordham , Perry , and Stevens . Fordham knew she wanted to write a Latin @-@ themed number for Carla , but could not decide on a style ; so she " literally was on iTunes listening to every Latin style of music she could think of , " before settling on a tango . The song also parodies " Tango : Maureen " from " Rent . " The sequence was filmed two months after principal photography , to give Judy Reyes ' pelvis enough time to heal for her to be able to tango .
Every question Carla asks during the first verse was an issue in a previous episode - she grew up in Chicago , she was in medicine eight years before meeting Turk , their wedding song was The Beatles ' " Eight Days a Week " , and Turk struggled with remembering her middle name . Additionally , Turk has called Carla Puerto Rican on several occasions and in " My Last Chance " she angrily responded , " For the last time , Turk , I 'm Dominican ! "
= = = " Friends Forever / What 's Going to Happen " = = =
" Friends Forever / What 's Going to Happen " was composed by Fordham , Marx and Lopez . " Friends Forever " is a parody of 1950s @-@ style musical numbers in general , and " We Go Together " from Grease in particular . However , this was not the original plan . According to Fordham , " I was really shocked when I got the demo back , because I had never envisioned a ' 50s number . I did mention ' We Go Together , ' just as an example of I wanted a cheesy , fun , happy ending kind of a thing . "
The song " What 's Going to Happen " resembles one of the more " serious " numbers from Rent , specifically " Life Support " and " Will I ? " . Fordham has called Ms. Miller 's solo in " What 's Going to Happen " the easiest part of the episode for her to write .
= = Soundtrack = =
A digital soundtrack to the episode was released on various music download websites such as the iTunes Store , featuring 11 tracks of songs from the Scrubs episode .
" All Right " – 0 : 43
" Welcome to Sacred Heart " – 2 : 06
" Everything Comes Down to Poo " – 2 : 10
" Gonna Miss You Carla " – 2 : 09
" The Rant Song " – 2 : 25
" Options " – 0 : 17
" When the Truth Comes Out " – 2 : 25
" Guy Love " – 2 : 34
" For the Last Time I 'm Dominican " – 1 : 56
Finale : " Friends Forever " / " What 's Going to Happen " – 2 : 37
" Welcome to Sacred Heart " ( Reprise ) – 0 : 43
= = Reception = =
The episode was received very well by critics and audiences alike . Many described initial misgivings that the musical concept would make the episode seem gimmicky , but these fears were , for the most part , put to rest by the fact that the episode was " logically insane " ; the singing came about organically ( through the brain aneurysm ) , and , despite the singing , the episode fit into the Scrubs continuity . Many noted that the songs fit the characters ( like Dr. Cox 's " Rant Song " ) , and that story arcs actually advanced in the episode ( Carla returning to the hospital , and J.D. and Elliot no longer living together ) .
On the other hand , others thought the music felt forced . Inevitably , almost all reviews , both positive and negative , compared the episode to Buffy the Vampire Slayer 's musical episode , " Once More , with Feeling " . This comparison was also made by Bill Lawrence , who credits Buffy for inspiring Scrubs ' propensity for " big " episodes ( such as this one , the multi @-@ camera " My Life in Four Cameras " , and the Wizard of Oz parody " My Way Home " ) . The singing abilities of the cast ( Chalke in particular ) came under some fire , but most critics agreed that most were competent , and that anything beyond that simply did not matter . Reyes and Faison were the only members of the cast ( besides the Broadway star D 'Abruzzo ) to receive praise for their singing abilities . In general , the final assessments were positive . The episode was called " the show 's best episode thus far this season " , " worth all the hype " , and " a heck of a lot of fun " . The episode is also the most popular download of the entire series of Scrubs in the iTunes Store .
The episode also received praise from those who worked on it . D 'Abruzzo described being on Scrubs as a " really great experience " , and called the crew " one of the friendliest crews I 've ever worked with " . Marx , who had previously had misgivings about working in Hollywood , loved working on the show so much he cited it as influencing his move to Los Angeles . Chalke described the episode as a unifying experience for the struggling show , mentioning that , for the first time in six years , the entire cast and crew met up to watch the episode together .
At the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , the episode " My Musical " was nominated for five awards in four categories . It received nominations for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series ( Will Mackenzie ) , Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics ( " Everything Comes Down to Poo " and " Guy Love " ) , Outstanding Music Direction ( Jan Stevens ) ; while it tied for the award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half @-@ Hour ) and Animation ( Joe Foglia , Peter J. Nusbaum , and John W. Cook II ) with Entourage . These were Scrubs ' only nominations that year .
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= Virginia Beach , Virginia =
Virginia Beach is an independent city located in the U.S. state of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 437 @,@ 994 . In 2015 , the population was estimated to be 452 @,@ 745 . Although mostly suburban in character , it is the most populous city in Virginia and the 41st most populous city in the nation .
Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , Virginia Beach is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . This area , known as " America 's First Region " , also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Norfolk , Portsmouth , and Suffolk , as well as other smaller cities , counties , and towns of Hampton Roads .
Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels , motels , and restaurants along its oceanfront . Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship , a beach soccer tournament . It is also home to several state parks , several long @-@ protected beach areas , three military bases , a number of large corporations , two universities , International headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Pat Robertson 's Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) , Edgar Cayce 's Association for Research and Enlightenment , and numerous historic sites . Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet , Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists , who eventually settled in Jamestown , on April 26 , 1607 .
The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world . It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel , the longest bridge @-@ tunnel complex in the world .
= = History = =
The Chesepian were the historic indigenous people of the area now known as Tidewater in Virginia at the time of European encounter . Little is known about them but archeological evidence suggests they may have been related to the Carolina Algonquian , or Pamlico people . They would have spoken one of the Algonquian languages . These were common among the numerous tribes of the coastal area , who made up the loose Powhatan Confederacy , numbering in the tens of thousands in population . The Chesepian occupied an area which is now defined as the independent cities of Norfolk , Portsmouth , Chesapeake , and Virginia Beach .
In 1607 , after a voyage of 144 days , three ships headed by Captain Christopher Newport , and carrying 105 men and boys , made their first landfall in the New World on the mainland , where the southern mouth of the Chesapeake Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean . They named it Cape Henry , after Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , the eldest son of King James I of England . These English colonists of the Virginia Company of London moved on from this area , as they were under orders to seek a site further inland , which would be more sheltered from ships of competing European countries . They created their first permanent settlement on the north side of the James River at Jamestown .
Adam Thoroughgood ( 1604 – 1640 ) of King 's Lynn , Norfolk , England is one of the earliest Englishmen to settle in this area , which was developed as Virginia Beach . At the age of 18 , he had contracted as an indentured servant to pay for passage to the Virginia Colony in the hopes of bettering his life . He earned his freedom after several years and became a leading citizen of the area . In 1629 , he was elected to the House of Burgesses for Elizabeth Cittie [ sic ] , one of four " citties " ( or incorporations ) which were subdivided areas established in 1619 .
In 1634 , the Colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia , soon renamed as counties . Thoroughgood is credited with using the name of his home in England when helping name " New Norfolk County " in 1637 . The following year , New Norfolk County was split into Upper Norfolk County ( soon renamed Nansemond County ) and Lower Norfolk County . Thoroughgood resided after 1634 was along the Lynnhaven River , named for his home in England .
Lower Norfolk County was large when first organized , defined as from the Atlantic Ocean west past the Elizabeth River , encompassing the entire area now within the modern cities of Portsmouth , Norfolk , Chesapeake , and Virginia Beach . It attracted many entrepreneurs , including William Moseley with his family in 1648 . Belonging to the Merchant Adventurers Guild of London , he immigrated from Rotterdam of the Netherlands , where he had been in the international trade . He settled on land on the north side of the Elizabeth River ( Virginia ) , east of what developed as Norfolk .
Following increased settlement , in 1691 Lower Norfolk County was divided to form Norfolk and Princess Anne counties . Princess Anne , the easternmost county in South Hampton Roads , extended from Cape Henry at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , south to what became the border of the North Carolina colony . It included all of the area fronting the Atlantic Ocean . Princess Anne County was known as a jurisdiction from 1691 to 1963 , over 250 years .
In the early centuries , this area was rural and developed for plantation agriculture . In the late 19th century , the small resort area of Virginia Beach developed in Princess Anne County after the 1883 arrival of rail service to the coast . The Virginia Beach Hotel was opened and operated by the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad and Improvement Company at the oceanfront , near the tiny community of Seatack . The hotel was foreclosed and the railroad reorganized in 1887 . The hotel was upgraded and reopened in 1888 as the Princess Anne Hotel .
In 1891 , guests at the new hotel watched the wreck and rescue efforts of the United States Life @-@ Saving Service for the Norwegian bark Dictator . The ship 's figurehead , which washed up on the beach several days later , was erected as a monument to the victims and rescuers . It stood along the oceanfront for more than 50 years . In the 21st century , it inspired the pair of matching Norwegian Lady Monuments , sculpted by Ørnulf Bast and installed in Virginia Beach and Moss , Norway .
The resort initially depended on railroad and electric trolley service . The completion of Virginia Beach Boulevard in 1922 , which extended from Norfolk to the oceanfront , opened the route for automobiles , buses , and trucks . The passenger rail service to the oceanfront was eventually discontinued as traffic increased by vehicle . The growing resort of Virginia Beach became an incorporated town in 1906 . Over the next 45 years , Virginia Beach continued to grow in popularity as a seasonal vacation spot . The casinos were replaced by amusement parks and family @-@ oriented attractions . In 1927 The Cavalier Hotel opened and became a popular vacation spot .
Virginia Beach gained status as an independent city in 1952 , although ties remained between it and Princess Anne County . In 1963 , after voters in the two jurisdictions passed a supporting referendum , and with the approval of the Virginia General Assembly , the two political subdivisions were consolidated as a new , much larger independent city , retaining the better @-@ known name of the Virginia Beach resort .
The Alan B. Shepard Civic Center ( " The Dome " ) , a significant building in the city 's history , was constructed in 1958 , and was dedicated to the career of former Virginia Beach resident and astronaut Alan Shepard . As the area changed , the Dome was frequently used as a bingo hall . The building was razed in 1994 to make room for a municipal parking lot and potential future development .
Real estate , defense , and tourism are major sectors of the Virginia Beach economy . Local public and private groups have maintained a vested interest in real @-@ estate redevelopment , resulting in a number of joint public @-@ private projects , such as commercial parks . Examples of the public @-@ private development include the Virginia Beach Convention Center , the Oceanfront Hilton Hotel , and the Virginia Beach Town Center . The City assisted in financing the project through the use of tax increment financing : creating special tax districts and constructing associated street and infrastructure to support the developments . The Town Center opened in 2003 , with related construction continuing . The Convention Center opened in 2005 .
The city has begun to run out of clear land available for new construction north of the Green Line , an urban growth boundary dividing the urban northern and rural southern sections of the city . Infill and development of residential neighborhoods has placed a number of operating constraints on Naval Air Station Oceana , a major fighter jet base for the U.S. Navy . While the airbase enjoys wide support from Virginia Beach at large , the Pentagon Base Realignment and Closure commission has proposed closure of Oceana within the next decade .
= = Geography and climate = =
Virginia Beach is located at 36 @.@ 8506 ° N 75 @.@ 9779 ° W / 36 @.@ 8506 ; -75.9779 ( Virginia Beach ) .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 497 square miles ( 1 @,@ 290 km2 ) , of which 249 square miles ( 640 km2 ) is land and 248 square miles ( 640 km2 ) ( 49 @.@ 9 % ) is water . It is the largest city in Virginia by total area and third @-@ largest city land area . The average elevation is 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) above sea level . A major portion of the city drains to the Chesapeake Bay by way of the Lynnhaven River and its tributaries .
The city is located at the southeastern corner of Virginia in the Hampton Roads area bordering the Atlantic Ocean . The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Statistical Area ( officially known as the Virginia Beach @-@ Norfolk @-@ Newport News , VA @-@ NC MSA ) is the 37th largest in the United States , with a total population of 1 @,@ 707 @,@ 639 . The area includes the Virginia cities of Norfolk , Virginia Beach , Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Poquoson , Portsmouth , Suffolk , Williamsburg , and the counties of Gloucester , Isle of Wight , James City , Mathews , Surry , and York , as well as the North Carolina county of Currituck . While Virginia Beach is the most populated city within the MSA , it actually currently functions more as a suburb . The city of Norfolk is recognized as the central business district , while the Virginia Beach oceanside resort district and Williamsburg are primarily centers of tourism .
= = = Neighborhoods = = =
When the modern city of Virginia Beach was created in 1963 , by the consolidation of the 253 square miles ( 660 km2 ) Princess Anne County with the 2 square miles ( 5 @.@ 2 km2 ) City of Virginia Beach , the newly larger city was divided into seven boroughs : Bayside , Blackwater , Kempsville , Lynnhaven , Princess Anne , Pungo , and Virginia Beach .
Virginia Beach has many distinctive communities and neighborhoods within its boundaries , including : Alanton , Aragona Village , the largest sub @-@ division in Tidewater when completed , Bay Colony , Bayside , Cape Henry , Chesapeake Beach , Croatan Beach , Great Neck Point , Green Run , Kempsville , Lago Mar , London Bridge , Lynnhaven , Newtown , Oceana , Ocean Park , Pembroke Manor , Princess Anne , Pungo , Red Mill Commons , Sandbridge , Thalia , and Thoroughgood .
= = = Climate = = =
The climate of Virginia Beach is humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ) . Winters are mild and snowfall is light . Summers are hot and humid . The " official " weather statistics are recorded at Norfolk International Airport on the extreme northwestern border of Virginia Beach . The mean annual temperature is 59 @.@ 6 ° F ( 15 @.@ 3 ° C ) , with an average annual snowfall of 5 @.@ 8 inches ( 150 mm ) at the airport to around 3 @.@ 0 inches ( 76 mm ) in the southeastern corner around Back Bay . Average annual rainfall is higher ; between 47 inches ( 1 @,@ 200 mm ) at the airport to over 50 inches ( 1 @,@ 300 mm ) per year at Back Bay . The wettest seasons are spring and summer , although rainfall is mostly constant year round . The highest recorded temperature to date was 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) in July 2010 , and the lowest recorded temperature was − 3 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) in January 1985 , both being recorded at Norfolk International Airport .
Additionally , the geographic location of the city , with respect to the principal storm tracks , is especially favorable which is why it has earned the reputation as a vacation destination . It is south of the average path of storms originating in the higher latitudes , and north of the usual tracks of hurricanes and other major tropical storms , with the exception of Hurricane Isabel in 2003 . Because of the moderating effects of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean , Virginia Beach is the northernmost location on the east coast in which many species of plants will reliably grow . Spanish moss , for example is near the northernmost limit of its natural range at First Landing State Park , and is the most northerly location where it is widespread . Other plants like Sabal palmetto , Pindo Palm , Windmill Palm , Hardy Citrus , and Oleander are successfully grown here while they succumb to the colder winter temperatures to the north and inland to the west .
= = Demographics = =
According to the 2010 Census , the racial composition of Virginia Beach was as follows :
White or Caucasian : 67 @.@ 7 % ( Non @-@ Hispanic White : 64 @.@ 5 % )
Black or African American : 19 @.@ 6 %
American Indian : 0 @.@ 4 %
Asian : 6 @.@ 1 % ( 4 @.@ 0 % Filipino , 0 @.@ 5 % Chinese , 0 @.@ 4 % Indian , 0 @.@ 4 % Vietnamese , 0 @.@ 3 % Korean , 0 @.@ 2 % Japanese )
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0 @.@ 1 %
Some other race : 2 @.@ 0 %
Two or more races : 4 @.@ 0 %
Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) : 6 @.@ 6 % ( 2 @.@ 2 % Puerto Rican , 1 @.@ 9 % Mexican , 0 @.@ 3 % Dominican , 0 @.@ 2 % Panamanian , 0 @.@ 2 % Salvadoran , 0 @.@ 2 % Cuban , 0 @.@ 2 % Colombian )
Source :
As of the census of 2000 , there were 425 @,@ 257 people , 154 @,@ 455 households , and 110 @,@ 898 families residing in the city . The population density was 1 @,@ 712 @.@ 7 people per square mile ( 661 @.@ 3 / km ² ) . There were 162 @,@ 277 housing units at an average density of 653 @.@ 6 per square mile ( 252 @.@ 3 / km ² ) .
The racial makeup of the city was : 78 @.@ 0 % White ( 72 @.@ 5 % non @-@ Hispanic white ) , 12 @.@ 0 % African American , 0 @.@ 4 % Native American , 4 @.@ 9 % Asian , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 1 @.@ 5 % from other races , and 2 @.@ 8 % from two or more races . 4 @.@ 2 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race .
There were 154 @,@ 455 households out of which 38 @.@ 8 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 55 @.@ 7 % were married couples living together , 12 @.@ 4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 28 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ families . 20 @.@ 4 % of all households were made up of individuals and 5 @.@ 5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 70 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 14 .
The age distribution was 27 @.@ 5 % under the age of 18 , 10 @.@ 0 % from 18 to 24 , 34 @.@ 3 % from 25 to 44 , 19 @.@ 8 % from 45 to 64 , and 8 @.@ 4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females there were 98 @.@ 0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 95 @.@ 8 males .
The median income for a household in the city was $ 48 @,@ 705 , and the median income for a family was $ 53 @,@ 242 . Virginia Beach had the 5th highest median family income among large cities in 2003 . The per capita income for the city was $ 22 @,@ 365 . About 5 @.@ 1 % of families and 6 @.@ 5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 8 @.@ 6 % of those under age 18 and 4 @.@ 7 % of those age 65 or over .
The city of Virginia Beach has a lower crime rate than the other regional cities of Hampton Roads , Newport News , Norfolk , and Portsmouth , which all exceed national average crime rates . In 1999 Virginia Beach experienced 12 murders giving the city a murder rate of 2 @.@ 7 per 100 @,@ 000 people . For 2007 , Virginia Beach had 16 murders , for a murder rate of 3 @.@ 7 per 100 @,@ 000 people . That was lower than the national average that year of 6 @.@ 9 . The city ’ s total crime index rate for 2007 was 221 @.@ 2 per 100 @,@ 000 people , lower than the national average of 320 @.@ 9 . According to the Congressional Quarterly Press ' 2008 City Crime Rankings : Crime in Metropolitan America , Virginia Beach , Virginia ranks 311th in violent crime among 385 cities containing more than 75 @,@ 000 inhabitants .
The city was also named the safest US city in 2004 .
= = = Religion = = =
34 @.@ 4 % of the city 's population is affiliated with religious congregations , compared to the 50 @.@ 2 % nationwide figure . There are 146 @,@ 402 adherents and 184 different religious congregations in the city .
28 % Catholic Church
14 % Southern Baptist Convention
13 % United Methodist Church
12 % Charismatic Churches Independent
33 % Others
= = Economy = =
Virginia Beach is best known for its tourism but the military and agribusiness sectors contribute to the city 's economy . The city 's economy also contains a large retail component at places such as Lynnhaven Mall . Major companies headquartered in Virginia Beach include Amerigroup , the Christian Broadcasting Network , Operation Blessing International , and Stihl ( American headquarters ) . Other major employers include GEICO , VT and Navy Exchange Service Command . Virginia Beach was ranked at number 45 on Forbes list of best places for business and careers .
Tourism produces a large share of Virginia Beach 's economy . With an estimated $ 857 million spent in tourism related industries , 14 @,@ 900 jobs cater to 2 @.@ 75 million visitors . City coffers benefit as visitors provide $ 73 million in revenue . Virginia Beach opened a Convention Center in 2005 which caters to large group meetings and events . Hotels not only line the oceanfront but also cluster around Virginia Beach Town Center and other parts of the city . Restaurants and entertainment industries also directly benefit from Virginia Beach 's tourism .
Ecotourism has a large portion of the tourism market in Virginia Beach . There are many eco @-@ adventures companies which offer tours on the land and on the water . Coyotes , foxes and bobcats can be seen inland of Virginia Beach in False Cape State Park . There are tours available to see dolphins in their natural habitat .
The Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center conducts tours of the coast for bird sightings as well as whales if the season is right . They offer school field trips and overnight adventures into the various surrounding regions with a focus on education . Lessons for surfing , stand up paddling and kayaking are popular in the area . In the summer these programs may even offer dolphin sighting tours .
Virginia Beach has a large agribusiness sector which produces $ 80 million for the city economy . One hundred @-@ seventy @-@ two farms exist in Virginia Beach , mostly below the greenline in the southern portion of the city . Farmers are able to sell their goods and products at the city 's Farmer 's Market .
Virginia Beach is home to several United States Military bases . These include the United States Navy 's NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads , and the Joint Expeditionary Base East located at Cape Henry . Additionally , NAB Little Creek is located mostly within the city of Virginia Beach but carries a Norfolk address .
NAS Oceana is the largest employer in Virginia Beach ; it was decreed by the 2005 BRAC Commission that NAS Oceana must close unless the city of Virginia Beach condemns houses in areas designated as " Accident Potential Zones . " This action has never been the position of the United States Navy ; indeed , the Navy had not recommended NAS Oceana to the BRAC Commission for potential closure . The issue of closure of NAS Oceana remains unresolved as of May , 2008
Both NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads are considered to be the largest of their respective kind in the world . Furthermore , located in nearby Norfolk is the central hub of the United States Navy 's Atlantic Fleet , Norfolk Navy Base .
= = Culture = =
The city is home to several points of interest in the historical , scientific , and visual / performing arts areas , and has become a popular tourist destination in recent years . The Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art features regularly changing exhibitions in a variety of media . Exhibitions feature painting , sculpture , photography , glass , video and other visual media from internationally acclaimed artists as well as artists of national and regional renown . MOCA was born from the annual Boardwalk Art Show , which began in 1952 and is now the museum 's largest fundraiser . By operating at a national standard , MOCA received accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums in 2010 .
The Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center ( formerly the Virginia Marine Science Museum ) is a popular aquarium near the oceanfront that features the 300 @,@ 000 @-@ gallon Norfolk Canyon Aquarium , containing sand tiger , nurse and brown sharks , as well as sting rays and other large open @-@ ocean dwellers . There is also a 70 @,@ 000 @-@ gallon sea turtle aquarium , sea turtle hatchling laboratory , hands @-@ on ocean exploration exhibits , jellyfish and octopus aquariums , and even a life @-@ size model of a humpback whale . Other features include the Owls Creek salt marsh and a nature trail .
The Virginia Beach Amphitheater , built in 1996 , features a wide variety of popular shows and concerts , ranging from Kenny Chesney to Taylor Swift to Coldplay to Ozzfest . The Sandler Center , a 1200 @-@ seat performing arts theatre , opened in the Virginia Beach Town Center in November , 2007 . Virginia Beach is home to many sites of historical importance and has 18 sites on the National Register of Historic Places . Such sites include the Adam Thoroughgood House ( one of the oldest surviving colonial homes in Virginia ) , the Francis Land House ( a 200 @-@ year @-@ old plantation ) , the Cape Henry Lights and nearby Cape Henry Light Station ( a second tower ) , Bayville Farm , De Witt Cottage , Ferry Farm Plantation , Dr. John Miller @-@ Masury House , Adam Keeling House , Old Donation Church , Pembroke Manor , Pleasant Hall , Shirley Hall ( Devereaux House ) , Thomas Murray House , U.S. Coast Guard Station ( Seatack ) , Upper Wolfsnare , Weblin House , and Wishart Boush House , and Wolfsnare .
The Edgar Cayce Hospital for Research and Enlightenment was established in Virginia Beach in 1928 with 60 beds . Cayce was a psychic from Kentucky who claimed healing abilities and made prophesies . Cayce is known as the father of the " New Age " movement of the 1960s . Cayce resided in Virginia Beach until he died on January 3 , 1945 . His followers are still active in Virginia Beach . The 67th street facility features a large private library of books on psychic matters , and is open to the public . The traditional beach @-@ architecture headquarters building features massage therapy by appointment . Atlantic University was opened by Cayce in 1930 ; it closed two years later but was re @-@ opened in 1985 . Atlantic University was originally intended for study of Cayce 's readings and research on spiritual subjects .
The city 's largest festival , the Neptune Festival , attracts 500 @,@ 000 visitors to the oceanfront and 350 @,@ 000 visitors to the air show at NAS Oceana . Celebrating the city 's heritage link with Norway , events are held in September in the oceanfront and Town Center areas . Every August , the American Music Festival provides festival attendees with live music performed on stages all over the oceanfront , including the beach on Fifth Street . The festival ends with the Rock ' n ' Roll Half Marathon .
= = Sports = =
Since Norfolk contains the central business district of Hampton Roads , most of the major spectator sports are located there . While the Hampton Roads area has been recently considered as a viable prospect for major @-@ league professional sports , and regional leaders have attempted to obtain Major League Baseball , NBA and NHL franchises in the recent past , no team has yet relocated to the area . Hampton Roads is the 3rd largest metropolitan area in the United States without a club in a major professional sports league , after the Las Vegas and Austin metropolitan areas .
The Norfolk Admirals won the AHL Calder Cup in 2012 .
The Virginia Destroyers , a UFL franchise , played at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex until the league 's collapse in 2012 . Two soccer teams , the Virginia Beach Piranhas , a men 's team in the USL Premier Development League , and the Hampton Roads Piranhas , a women 's team in the W @-@ League play at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex . The Virginia Beach Sportsplex contains the central training site for the U.S. women 's national field hockey team .
The city is also home to the East Coast Surfing Championships , an annual contest of more than 100 of the world 's top professional surfers and an estimated 400 amateur surfers . This is North America 's oldest surfing contest .
There are eleven golf courses open to the public in the city , as well as four country club layouts and 36 military holes at NAS Oceana 's Aeropines course . Among the best @-@ known public courses are Hell 's Point Golf Club and Virginia Beach National , the latter of which hosted the Virginia Beach Open , a Nationwide Tour event from 2000 to 2006 . Also , the Kingsmill Resort hosts the Kingsmill Championship , an annual LPGA Tour tournament .
Virginia Beach is host to a Rock ' n ' Roll Half Marathon each year on Labor Day weekend in conjunction with the American Music Festival . It is one of the largest Half Marathons in the world . The final 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) are on the boardwalk .
In 2012 , Virginia Beach was one of several cities trying to lure the Sacramento Kings to play there .
= = Parks and recreation = =
Virginia Beach is home to 210 city parks , encompassing over 4 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 600 ha ) , including neighborhood parks , community parks , district parks , and other open spaces . Each park is unique and offers something for everyone , from wide open spaces to playgrounds , picnic shelters , and ballfields .
Mount Trashmore Park is clearly visible from I @-@ 264 when traveling to the oceanfront . The park is 165 acres ( 67 ha ) . The hill is 60 ft ( 18 m ) high and over 800 ft ( 240 m ) long , and was created by compacting layers of solid waste and clean soil . It is the highest point in Virginia Beach . The park also features two lakes : Lake Windsor and Lake Trashmore . Lake Trashmore is stocked with fish , but is unsanitary to fish in . Residents can also take advantage of a skate park .
Another major park in the city is Great Neck Park , a 70 acres ( 28 ha ) park located in the Lynnhaven District . Facilities include five large group shelters , mini @-@ shelters , family picnic tables and grills , three playgrounds , horseshoe pits , volleyball courts , vending machines , walking trails , four baseball fields , as well as a gazebo located at the end of a scenic walkway overlooking the Lynnhaven River .
The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge , established in 1938 , is an 8 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 32 km2 ) fresh water refuge that borders the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Back Bay on the west . The barrier islands feature large sand dunes , maritime forests , fresh water marshes , ponds , ocean beach , and large impoundments for wintering wildfowl . It is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service .
First Landing State Park and False Cape State Park are both located in coastal areas within the city 's corporate limits as well . Both offer camping facilities , cabins , and outdoor recreation activities in addition to nature and history tours .
Munden Point Park is a rural park located in the deep southern end of the city , right on The North Landing River . It is owned and maintained by the city of Virginia Beach . The park features five shelters , three baseball fields , a boat ramp , boat rentals , three playgrounds , six horseshoe pits , volleyball nets , and light hiking trails . An outdoor amphitheatre is fully equipped with electrical outlets and is available for reservations of weddings , outside classroom activities and other events . Restrooms , parking , vending machines , playgrounds , gardens , and barbecue grills are also available for use . Canoes , boat ramps , and disc golf courses may also be rented to go .
Additionally , the famous 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) boardwalk at the oceanfront is often packed with fascinating entertainment , outdoor cafes , concerts and people . Made of concrete , the boardwalk links forty hotels and other attractions and has a bike path .
Naval Aviation Monument Park was formally dedicated on May 6 , 2006 , by the Hampton Roads Squadron of the Naval Aviation Foundation Association . Planned since 1997 in partnership with the City of Virginia Beach , the park features heroic @-@ scale statuary and reliefs to tell the history of Naval Aviation .
Pleasure House Point is an 118 acres ( 48 hectares ) park of undeveloped land on the shore of the Lynnhaven River . Located just south of the Lesner Bridge and the Chesapeake Bay , it 's includes oyster beds , wetlands and a maritime forest . The location was the site of a planned condo development that collapsed in 2008 . It was acquired by the City of Virginia Beach with help from the Trust for Public Land and the Chesapeake Bay Foundation in 2012 . It is one of the largest undeveloped parcels of land on the Lynnhaven River and will be preserved for future generations . It is also the location of the Brock Environmental Center which provides hands @-@ on educational programs for students to learn about the Chesapeake Bay .
Lastly , of course , are the city 's abundant and ample indoor recreational facilities , which often include basketball and racquetball courts , weight and fitness training rooms , and olympic sized swimming pools . These centers also play host to many special programs for children , youth and adults . The Bayside facility , for example , offers classes in yoga and pilates , as well as various types and styles of dance , not to mention seasonal offerings for young children and senior citizens .
Virginia Beach 's extensive park system is recognized as one of the best in the United States . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that Virginia Beach had the 8th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities . ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city ’ s median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of city residents within a half @-@ mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10 @,@ 000 residents .
= = Government = =
Virginia Beach was chartered as a municipal corporation by the General Assembly of Virginia on January 1 , 1963 . The city currently operates under the council – manager form of government . The city does not fall under the jurisdiction of a county government , due to state law . Rather , it functions as an independent city and operates as a political subdivision of the state .
The city 's legislative body consists of an eleven @-@ member city council . The city manager is appointed by the council and acts as the chief executive officer . Through his staff , he implements policies established by the council .
Members of the city council normally serve four @-@ year terms and are elected on a staggered basis in non @-@ partisan elections . Beginning in 2008 , general elections are held the first Tuesday in November in even @-@ numbered years . In previous years , elections were held the first Tuesday in May in even @-@ numbered years . All registered voters are eligible to vote for all council members . Three council members and the mayor serve on an at @-@ large basis . All others are elected by district ( and must live in the district they represent ) : Bayside , Beach , Centerville , Kempsville , Lynnhaven , Princess Anne , and Rose Hall .
The mayor is elected to a four @-@ year term through direct election . The mayor presides over city council meetings , and serves as the ceremonial head and spokesperson of the city . A vice mayor is also elected by the city council at the first meeting following a council election . The current mayor of Virginia Beach is Will Sessoms , a Republican .
Citizens of Virginia Beach also elect five constitutional officers , and candidates for these offices are permitted to run with an affiliated political party . Three of these offices deal substantially with public safety and justice : the sheriff , commonwealth 's attorney , and the clerk of the circuit court . The two other offices are concerned with fiscal policy : the city treasurer and the commissioner of the revenue .
Virginia Beach is located in the Virginia 's 2nd congressional district , served by U.S. Representative Scott Rigell ( Republican ) .
= = Education = =
According to the U.S. Census , 28 @.@ 1 % of the population over twenty @-@ five ( vs. a national average of 24 % ) hold a bachelor 's degree or higher , and 90 @.@ 4 % ( vs. 80 % nationally ) have a high school diploma or equivalent .
The city of Virginia Beach is home to Virginia Beach City Public Schools , one of the largest school systems in the state ( based on student enrollment ) . Virginia Beach City Public Schools currently serves 69 @,@ 735 students , and includes 56 elementary schools , 14 middle schools , 12 high schools which include Landstown , Princess Anne , Green Run , Green Run Collegiate , Cox , Tallwood , Salem , First Colonial , Kellam , Kempsville , Bayside , and Ocean Lakes High Schools as well as a number of secondary / post @-@ secondary specialty schools and centers such as the Advanced Technology Center ( ATC ) , which provides excellent courses for those trying to gain a place in the technology field . Ocean Lakes maintains a rigorous math and science academy ; Bayside houses a health sciences academy , with courses in medical microbiology , genetic medicine , and pathophysiology . Salem High school houses the Visual and Performing Arts Academy , preparing students for jobs in the Fine and Performing Arts . Landstown High School contains a Technology Academy , which helps prepare students for jobs in Business Marketing , Information Technology , and / or Engineering . First Colonial High School is home to the Legal Studies Academy , with courses such as Forensic Science , Intro to Law , and Legal Research and Writing , preparing students for jobs in the law field . Tallwood High School has recently founded a world studies academy , and Princess Anne , the oldest high school in the city , is an International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme school . Specialized courses are offered at all these academies , even though they occasionally overlap courses offered at other specialized centers , such as Landstown and the ATC — less than 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) away .
There are also a number of private , independent schools in the city , including Norfolk Academy , Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic School and Parish , The Hebrew Academy of Tidewater , Cape Henry Collegiate School , Bishop Sullivan Catholic High School ( formerly Norfolk Catholic ) , Baylake Pines School , and Virginia Beach Friends School .
Virginia Beach is home to two universities : Regent University , a private university founded by Christian evangelist and leader Pat Robertson , which has historically focused on graduate education but has recently established an undergraduate program as well . Atlantic University , associated with the Edgar Cayce organization , the Association for Research and Enlightenment ( ARE ) , offers M.A. degrees in Transpersonal Studies , with many New Age subjects thanks to its Edgar Cayce link . Old Dominion University and Norfolk State University are in nearby Norfolk and both the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech operate satellite campuses in Virginia Beach . Tidewater Community College , a major junior college , also has its largest campus located in the city . Virginia Wesleyan College , a private liberal arts college , is located on the border with Norfolk with the physical address of the school being in Norfolk , but the majority of the campus being in Virginia Beach . ECPI College of Technology main campus is located here as well . Additional institutions of higher education are located in other communities of greater Hampton Roads .
The Virginia Beach Public Library System provides free access to accurate and current information and materials to all individuals , and promotes reading as a critical life skill . The library supports the educational and leisure needs of Virginia Beach citizens with a system of area libraries , a Central Library , a Bookmobile , a virtual library , the South Rosemont Youth Library , the Wahab Public Law Library , the Municipal Reference Library and the Special Services for the Blind and Visually Handicapped . The Library has a collection of more than 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 items including special subject collections .
= = Media = =
The Virginian @-@ Pilot , based in Norfolk , is the daily newspaper for Virginia Beach . Other papers include Veer and the New Journal and Guide . Inside Business focuses on local business news .
Virginia Wesleyan College publishes its own newspaper , The Marlin Chronicle .
The Norfolk @-@ Virginia Beach area is served by a variety of radio stations on the FM and AM dials , with towers located around the Hampton Roads area .
Virginia Beach is also served by several television stations . The Norfolk @-@ Portsmouth @-@ Newport News designated market area ( DMA ) is the 42nd largest in the U.S. with 712 @,@ 790 homes ( 0 @.@ 64 % of the total U.S. ) . The major network television affiliates are WTKR @-@ TV 3 ( CBS ) , WAVY 10 ( NBC ) , WVEC @-@ TV 13 ( ABC ) , WTPC @-@ TV 21 ( Trinity Broadcasting Network ) , WGNT 27 ( CW ) , WTVZ 33 ( MyNetworkTV ) , WVBT 43 ( Fox ) , and WPXV 49 ( ION Television ) . The Public Broadcasting Service station is WHRO @-@ TV 15 . Virginia Beach residents also can receive independent station WSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from Camden County , North Carolina . Some can also receive PBS affiliate WUND 2 ( UNC @-@ TV ) , Home Shopping Network affiliate W14DC @-@ D from Portsmouth , Daystar Network religious television station WVAD @-@ LD TV 25 from Chesapeake and RTV affiliate WGBS @-@ LD broadcasting on channel 7 from Hampton . Virginia Beach is served by Cox Cable . DirecTV and Dish Network are also popular as an alternative to cable television in Virginia Beach . In addition a large portion of the city is served by Verizon FIOS
Virginia Beach serves as the headquarters for the Christian Broadcasting Network , located adjacent to Regent University . CBN 's most notable program , The 700 Club originates from the Virginia Beach studios . In 2008 , Virginia Beach became the home to the Reel Dreams Film Festival .
= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Transportation = = =
Virginia Beach is primarily served by the Norfolk International Airport ( IATA : ORF , ICAO : KORF , FAA LID : ORF ) , which is now the region 's major commercial airport . The airport is located near Chesapeake Bay , along the city limits straddling neighboring Norfolk . Seven airlines provide nonstop services to twenty five destinations . ORF had 3 @,@ 703 @,@ 664 passengers take off or land at its facility and 68 @,@ 778 @,@ 934 pounds of cargo were processed through its facilities . Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport also provides commercial air service for the Hampton Roads area . The Chesapeake Regional Airport provides general aviation services and is located five miles ( 8 km ) outside the city limits . Virginia Beach is served by Amtrak through the Norfolk and Newport News stations , via connecting buses . The Norfolk line runs southwest toward Suffolk , Virginia , then turns northwest toward Petersburg , Richmond ( Staples Mill Road ) , and points beyond . The Newport News line runs west along the Virginia Peninsula to Williamsburg , Richmond ( via the downtown Main Street and the suburban Staples Mill Road stations ) , and points beyond . A high @-@ speed rail connection at Richmond to both the Northeast Corridor and the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor are also under study .
Greyhound / Trailways provides service from a central bus terminal in adjacent Norfolk . The Greyhound station in Virginia Beach is located on Laskin Road , about a mile west of the oceanfront . Bus services to New York City via the Chinatown bus , Today 's Bus , is located on Newtown Road .
The city is connected to I @-@ 64 via I @-@ 264 , which runs from the oceanfront , intersects with I @-@ 64 on the east side of Norfolk , and continues through downtown Norfolk and Portsmouth until rejoining I @-@ 64 at the terminus of both roads in Chesapeake where Interstate 664 completes the loop which forms the Hampton Roads Beltway . Travelers to and from Virginia Beach can access the Hampton Roads Beltway in either direction from I @-@ 264 in Norfolk to use a choice of the two bridge @-@ tunnel facilities to cross Hampton Roads to reach the Peninsula , Williamsburg , Richmond and points north . Other major roads include Virginia Beach Boulevard ( U.S. Route 58 ) , Shore Drive ( U.S. Route 60 ) , which connects to Atlantic Avenue at the oceanfront , Northampton Blvd ( U.S. Route 13 ) , Princess Anne Road ( State Route 165 ) , Indian River Road ( former State Route 603 ) , Lynnhaven Parkway , Independence Boulevard , General Booth Boulevard , and Nimmo Parkway . Streets in the oceanfront hotel and entertainment district are arranged in a fairly regular , grid like pattern , with Atlantic Avenue parallel to the shoreline , then Pacific Avenue , and Arctic Avenue going further inland .
The city is also connected to Virginia 's Eastern Shore region via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel ( CBBT ) , which is the longest bridge @-@ tunnel complex in the world and known as one of the Seven Engineering Wonders of the Modern World . The CBBT , a tolled facility carries U.S. Route 13 .
Transportation within the city , as well as the rest of Hampton Roads is served by a regional bus service , Hampton Roads Transit . An extension of The Tide light rail system from Norfolk to the oceanfront is currently being studied .
= = = = Walkability = = = =
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Virginia Beach 39th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities .
= = = Utilities = = =
Water and sewer services are provided by the City 's Department of Utilities . Virginia Beach receives its electricity from Dominion Virginia Power which has local sources including the Chesapeake Energy Center ( a gas power plant ) , coal @-@ fired plants in Chesapeake and Southampton County , and the Surry Nuclear Power Plant . Norfolk headquartered Virginia Natural Gas , a subsidiary of AGL Resources , distributes natural gas to the City from storage plants in James City County and Chesapeake .
Virginia Beach receives its water from Lake Gaston . The Virginia Tidewater area has grown faster than the local freshwater supply . The river water has always been salty , and fresh groundwater is no longer available in most areas . Currently , water for the Tidewater area is pumped from Lake Gaston , which straddles the Virginia @-@ North Carolina border along with the Blackwater and Nottoway rivers . The pipeline is 76 miles ( 122 km ) long and 60 inches ( 1 @,@ 500 mm ) in diameter . Much of its follows the former right @-@ of @-@ way of an abandoned portion of the Virginian Railway . It is capable of pumping 60 million gallons of water per day ( 60MGD ) , Norfolk and Chesapeake are partners in the project .
The City provides wastewater services for residents and transports wastewater to the regional Hampton Roads Sanitation District treatment plants .
= = = Healthcare = = =
Virginia Beach is served by Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital and Sentara Princess Anne Hospital . Sentara Bayside Hospital has been modified to a stand alone Emergency Department and outpatient treatment center , now known as Sentara Independence . Sentara Leigh Hospital is just across the city line in Norfolk . Beach Health clinic offers basic medical services for uninsured residents of Virginia Beach .
= = Notable people = =
Mark Ruffalo , actor known for his role as Bruce Banner AKA Hulk in the Avengers series
Missy Elliott , rapper , singer , songwriter , producer , dancer
Felicia Barton , semi @-@ finalist on American Idol
Genesis the Greykid , artist , creative , poet , writer
Rudy Boesch , contestant on Survivor
Curtis Bush , kickboxer
Gabby Douglas , Olympic gymnast
Herman Goldner , mayor of St. Petersburg , Florida
Percy Harvin , NFL player
BJ Leiderman , composer of themes for NPR shows
Marc Leishman , professional golfer
Bob McDonnell , Governor of Virginia
Lenda Murray , IFBB professional bodybuilder
Juice Newton , singer , songwriter
Pusha T , rapper
J.R. Reid , NBA player
Pat Robertson , television preacher
Scott Sizemore , MLB player
Chris Taylor , MLB player
Timbaland , rapper , singer , record producer
Matthew E. White , songwriter and producer
Pharrell Williams , rapper , singer , record producer , composer and fashion designer
Ryan Zimmerman , MLB player
Rhea Seehorn , actress best known for her roll as Kim Wexler in Better Call Saul .
Nay Nay , rapper , songwriter
= = Sister cities = =
Virginia Beach Sister Cities are :
Bangor , Northern Ireland , United Kingdom
Miyazaki , Miyazaki Prefecture , Kyūshū , Japan
Moss , Norway
San Juan del Sur , Nicaragua
= = In popular culture = =
In 2015 , in honor of the game 's 80th birthday , Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the Monopoly Here and Now : The US Edition of the game . Virginia Beach , Virginia received the fourth highest number of votes in the online contest , earning it a green spot on the board . The top Boardwalk spot went to Pierre , South Dakota .
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= Sind sparrow =
The Sind sparrow ( Passer pyrrhonotus ) is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae , found around the Indus valley region in South Asia . It is also known as the jungle , Sind jungle , or rufous @-@ backed sparrow . Very similar to the related house sparrow , it is smaller and has distinguishing plumage features . As in the house sparrow , the male has brighter plumage than female and young birds , including black markings and a grey crown . Distinctively , the male has a chestnut stripe running down its head behind the eye , and the female has a darker head than other sparrow species do . Its main vocalisations are soft chirping calls that are extended into longer songs with other sounds interspersed by breeding males . Historically , this species was thought to be very closely related to the house sparrow , but its closest evolutionary affinities may lie elsewhere . Discovered around 1840 , this species went undetected for several decades after its discovery .
Within its Indus valley breeding range in Pakistan and western India , the Sind sparrow is patchily distributed in riverine and wetland habitats with thorny scrub and tall grass . During the non @-@ breeding season , some birds enter drier habitats as they disperse short distances from their breeding habitat , or migrate into western Pakistan and the extreme east of Iran . Since this species is fairly common and expanding its range , it is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List . The Sind sparrow is social within small groups while feeding and breeding , and during its winter dispersal . It feeds mostly on seeds and less often on insects , foraging close to the ground . Nests are made in the branches of thorny trees , and are untidy globular masses constructed from grass or other plant matter and lined with softer material . Both sexes are involved in building the nest and caring for the young , and usually raise two clutches of three to five young each breeding season .
= = Description = =
The Sind sparrow is very similar to the house sparrow , and both sexes resemble their counterparts of that species , but it is slightly smaller and males and females each have features that distinguish them as Sind sparrows . The Sind sparrow is 13 cm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) long , while the common South Asian subspecies of the house sparrow , Passer domesticus indicus , is about 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long . Wingspans range from 6 @.@ 2 to 7 @.@ 0 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 8 in ) , tails from 4 @.@ 7 to 5 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 9 to 2 @.@ 2 in ) , and tarsi measure 1 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 9 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 63 – 0 @.@ 75 in ) .
The breeding male has a short and narrow black bib and a broad chestnut eye stripe that does not meet the mantle . The male has a grey crown and nape and a rufous lower back and rump . The female has a darker and greyer crown and cheek than the female house sparrow and the shoulder is darker chestnut . The female Dead Sea sparrow of the subspecies Passer moabiticus yattii is also similar to the female Sind sparrow , but has yellow tinges on the underparts and sometimes on parts of the head . The bill is black on the breeding male and pale brown on the non @-@ breeding male and female . With a culmen length of 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 3 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 43 – 0 @.@ 51 in ) , the Sind sparrow is slightly smaller @-@ billed than the house sparrow .
The Sind sparrow 's chirping chup call is softer , less strident , and higher pitched than that of the house sparrow , and is easily distinguished . The song of breeding males includes chirrups interspersed with grating t @-@ r @-@ r @-@ rt notes and short warbles or whistles .
= = Taxonomy = =
The Sind sparrow was first formally described by Edward Blyth , from a specimen collected by Alexander Burnes at Bahawalpur in around 1840 . Blyth 's description was published in an issue of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal which , although dated 1844 , was published only in 1845 . It was not recorded until 36 years later , despite the efforts of noted ornithologists Allan Octavian Hume in Sindh and William Thomas Blanford in eastern Iran . This was probably because of its general similarity to the house sparrow , though additionally , Blyth 's description of the species incorrectly described its rump feathers as maroon , and a description by Thomas C. Jerdon contained similar errors . Commenting on his unsuccessful search , Hume wrote that the hundreds of house sparrows he killed in pursuit of the Sind sparrow " ought to form a heavy load " on Blyth 's conscience , and that if the Sind sparrow existed " it would be only decent for it ... to put on an appearance with as little delay as possible " . Hume doubted its distinction , as did other ornithologists . The Sind sparrow was rediscovered by Scrope Berdmore Doig in 1880 , in the Eastern Nara district . Ernst Hartert considered it a subspecies of the house sparrow , Passer domesticus pyrrhonotus , in his Die Vögel der paläarktishen Fauna , but Doig and Claud Ticehurst both found that the two species bred in the same areas without interbreeding .
The specific epithet of the Sind sparrow , pyrrhonotus , comes from the Greek purrhos ( " flame @-@ coloured " ) , and -nōtos ( " -backed " ) . E. C. Stuart Baker suggested the English name rufous @-@ backed sparrow , but as this name might cause confusion with other species , Ticehurst suggested the name Sind jungle @-@ sparrow , which became the accepted name for the species . This name refers to Sindh , a province now in Pakistan which makes up a large part of the Sind sparrow 's range , and the jungle habitat of the bird ( in the word 's original sense of tangled dry thicket ) . This name is shortened to jungle sparrow or Sind sparrow , of which the first was used in the IOC World Bird List , until Sind sparrow was adopted in 2009 .
The Sind sparrow is a member of the genus Passer , which contains the house sparrow and around twenty other species . In a 1936 review of the house sparrow 's relatives , German ornithologist Wilhelm Meise suggested that the Sind sparrow evolved from an isolated population of house sparrows , noting that the Indus valley is a centre of small bird types . British ornithologist J. Denis Summers @-@ Smith considered the Sind sparrow to be part of the " Palaearctic black @-@ bibbed sparrow " group including the house sparrow , though not one with a particularly close relationship with the house sparrow . Summer @-@ Smith suggested that these species separated 25 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 years ago , during the last glacial period , when sparrows would have been isolated in ice @-@ free refugia , such as the Indus River Delta , where he thought the Sind sparrow evolved . However , studies of mitochondrial DNA indicate an earlier origin of Passer species , with speciation occurring as early as the late Miocene and early Pliocene , about 5 million years ago . Hume and Ticehurst observed a resemblance , and a possible relation , between the Sind sparrow and the Dead Sea sparrow of the Middle East and Balochistan . William Robert Ogilvie @-@ Grant and Henry Ogg Forbes saw a resemblance to the Abd al @-@ Kuri sparrow , endemic to the island of Abd al @-@ Kuri , in their 1899 description of that species , noted upon by Guy M. Kirwan in a 2008 study .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The Sind sparrow has a restricted distribution , primarily occurring within the Indus valley of Pakistan , and the lower parts of the tributaries of the Indus in the Punjab region . Its distribution extends from the Indus Delta north to the Kabul River near Nowshera and the Jhelum near Nurpur Noon , extending east into India as far as the Delhi area . It also breeds locally in parts of Pakistan 's western province of Balochistan , and has been recorded several times in south @-@ eastern Iran . The Sind sparrow is somewhat common in its restricted breeding range , and no threats are known to the survival of the species , so it is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List .
During winter , it often makes short distance movements , and some birds move into parts of western Pakistan and an adjoining corner of Iran , and less commonly north @-@ western Gujarat , India . Longer movements may occur , as suggested by a possible sighting in the United Arab Emirates in November 2000 .
It mostly breeds in acacia and tamarisk scrub and tall grass , invariably near rivers or other wetlands . The construction and expansion of irrigation canals has increased its habitat in Sindh , and helped it extend its range into the Yamuna floodplain and parts of Rajasthan , India . It may breed around rice paddies and other fields , or human habitations , provided that there is enough cover and suitable nesting sites . In winter , it moves away from its main riverine habitat , and into drier thickets characterised by Salvadora and Capparis bushes , but never moves too far from water .
= = Behaviour = =
The Sind sparrow is gregarious , generally forming small groups of four to six birds while feeding . It tends to breed in loose colonies of a few pairs , and non @-@ breeding birds may gather to roost in acacias or tamarisks near water . During winter , the non @-@ breeding season , it forms larger flocks of as many as 30 birds , and joins flocks with other seed @-@ eating birds , such as house sparrows and red avadavats . The Sind sparrow feeds mainly on the seeds of grasses and other plants such as Polygonum plebeium . It may also forage for insects such as caterpillars , especially to feed nestlings . Flocks forage on flats alongside rivers , flying into nearby bushes and continuing to forage when disturbed .
Nesting occurs during a period of several months between April to September , the timing depending on rainfall , during which two clutches are raised by most pairs . Sind sparrows build nests in the upper branches of thorny trees or the ends of thin branches hanging over water . The nest is an untidy dome of grass and other plant matter , such as tamarisk twigs , roots , and reeds , with a diameter of about 9 to 18 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 1 in ) . The nest has an entrance located higher up on the sides , is somewhat flat on top , and is lined with softer plant material and feathers . The birds may sometimes build below the nests of egrets or extend the nest of a baya weaver or pied myna . Both the male and female take part in nest building and incubation . Clutches typically contain three to five eggs . Scrope Doig described the eggs as being markedly smaller than the house sparrow 's , measuring 0 @.@ 7 × 0 @.@ 5 in ( 1 @.@ 3 × 1 @.@ 8 cm ) and similarly greenish or greyish with highly variable blotches , striations , and other markings .
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= The Mummy ( 1911 film ) =
The Mummy is a 1911 American silent short film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film details the story of Jack Thornton , a businessman , who is in love with Professor Dix 's daughter . Jack purchases a mummy and plans to win his respect as an Egyptologist , but the mummy is reanimated in Jack 's room by a live electrical wire . The mummy takes immediate interest in Jack , but is rejected and mummifies him . Before Professor Dix can cut up the now @-@ mummified Jack , she returns and saves him . Jack explains everything and the film concludes with Professor Dix marrying the mummy . The production was one of several films of the same name produced in 1911 and was met with favorable reviews . The film is presumed to be lost .
= = Plot = =
The original synopsis of the film was published in the Moving Picture World as follows : " Professor Dix has won fame as a scientist and has collected many objects of Egyptian ware , centuries old , that arouse the enthusiasm of his associates . Even Jack Thornton , an active , go @-@ ahead young businessman , is interested in the professor 's home , but although he tries to pretend it is Egyptology which interests him , the professor 's fair young daughter is really the lodestone . Jack decides to win the old man 's respect by posing as an Egyptologist himself . To start his collection , he purchases a mummy at an auction sale , and takes it home expecting that later he can make a great hit with his sweetheart 's father , by presenting it to him as a gift . While the mummy is in Jack 's room , a live electric wire is by accident brought in contact with it . The body has been so perfectly mummified , that the electric current is all that is necessary to ignite the vital spark , and Jack is amazed to see dancing forth from the case which he thought contained only unattractive rags and bones , a beautiful Egyptian princess . As soon as she is released , the mummy makes violent love to Jack , and causes his sweetheart to quarrel with him ( for how can a plain businessman explain the presence in his room of a beautiful barbarian ? ) . When her love is spurned , the visitor from the distant past avenges herself by having Jack made into a mummy and placed in the case in her stead . Her heart relents , however , in time to save him from being ' cut up ' by the professor , who with the sharp knife , starts to investigate the contents of the mummy case . But all ends happily when Jack 's plain statements of the seemingly impossible facts are proved true by the professor . Jack is reunited to his sweetheart , and the professor , being a widower , also an ardent admirer of everything antique , leads the recreated Egyptian lady to the altar , in spite of the fact that there is a difference of several thousand years in their ages . "
= = Cast = =
William Garwood as Jack
Harry Benham likely as Professor Dix
= = Production = =
The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . According to Bowers the cast credits are unknown , but many Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . Though a production still shows William Russell in the film . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters .
The film was given the production code number 191 and had a code word of " Mum " . A catalog listed the film 's length at 995 feet . The film 's expected run @-@ time was fifteen minutes and was billed by the Thanhouser Company as having many novelties and being of a comedic nature . It was released on March 7 , 1911 and listed as a drama by the Moving Picture World . It was distributed by the Motion Picture Distributing and Sales Company . The production came during a time of renewed interest in Egyptology in which Pathé and Urban Films would release their own films titled The Mummy . This would be followed by Essanay Studios in 1912 with the release of When Soul Meets Soul and Gaumont Film Company 's The Vengeance of Egypt . The film had a unique special effect in which the bodies of the cast dissolve and take an aerial flight to Egypt at the end of the film .
= = Reception = =
The film has had known viewings across several states , including Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Kansas . An advertisement for the Lyric Theater in Indiana noted the film 's debut , but unambiguously included notes for " Miss Hawthorne " and " Dot Washburn " on the bill . Both Miss Hawthorne and Dot Washburn were not credited in the film in any source and were likely other acts in part of the theater 's bill for March 7 , 1911 .
A review in the Moving Picture World confirmed that the novelty of a " mummy walking out of a case as an Egyptian Princess is sufficiently unusual to create interest , and this interest is increased when , after the young man has spurned her love , she forces him into the case and he becomes a mummy . " Another review more generically reflected on the production as being " exceptionally good as to photography , acting , staging " alongside other productions . Three other reviews in the The Billboard , The New York Dramatic Mirror and The Morning Telegraph were all positive with emphasis on the special effects .
Pantelis Michelakis and Maria Wyke 's book The Ancient World in Silent Cinema provides additional nuance in noting the film 's erotic underpinnings in which the past is bridged to the present through marriage to the re @-@ animated Egyptian princess . The film has erroneously been claimed to be the earliest " Mummy " -themed film , but The Monster Book notes films including Robbing Cleopatra 's Tomb from 1899 and La Momie du roi in 1909 as earlier examples . The film is presumed to be lost .
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= Peter Ostrum =
Peter Gardner Ostrum ( / ˈpiːtər ˈoʊstrəm / ; ) ( born November 1957 ) is an American former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory .
A native of Cleveland , Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka . Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film , he opted not to sign a three @-@ film contract when it was over . After eschewing a career in film and theatre , Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role . In 1990 , he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film , and he became a subject of interest again when 2005 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released in theaters .
Ostrum became interested in horses when he returned from shooting Willy Wonka , and was particularly influenced by the veterinarian that tended to them . Receiving his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1984 , Ostrum now practices and lives in Lowville , New York , with his wife Loretta ( née Lepkowski ) , and two children : his son Leif and daughter Helenka .
= = Acting career = =
Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children 's theatre , when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for the actor to portray Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel , then returned to New York . Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang " My Country , ' Tis of Thee " , and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming .
In 2000 , Ostrum recalled that shooting Willy Wonka in Munich was " sort of like being an exchange student for five months " . Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark , Munich , for the 1972 Summer Olympics , and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson . Though in his audition he had been assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed , it was Ostrum 's own singing voice that made it to the screen — albeit significantly cut . In a 2011 interview , Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film , and then forgot he had done so ; it is Ostrum 's only souvenir from the set . After he finished shooting Willy Wonka , the then 13 @-@ year @-@ old Ostrum declined the offer of a three @-@ film contract , later recalling that " [ e ] verybody thinks that acting is such a glamorous profession , but it 's a difficult profession . "
= = = Lasting effect = = =
In his senior year , Ostrum was involved in film class and , at the interest of one of his instructors , looked back into theatre and acting . After auditioning for , but not landing , several roles ( including Equus on Broadway ) , Ostrum decided not to pursue it further . After putting his short film career behind him , Ostrum declined reporters and interviews , preferring not to speak on the subject ; " I wanted people to judge me on who I was , not what I ’ d done " . For some time , Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother , and not he , had starred in the film . It took Ostrum years after moving to Lowville before he told anybody there about his one @-@ time stardom ; even his wife Loretta did not know about his role until he warned her about it just before she met his mother .
In 1990 , he was invited to speak to students at Lowville Academy by teacher Carol Reed , and has since spoken to students there once a year — on the last day of school , as a special treat — about his experience in the film Willy Wonka as well as his work in veterinary medicine . About the film , the students chiefly ask about the special effects , and Ostrum describes to them " what happened to Veruca , how did Violet blow up like a blueberry , how did Charlie fly with Grandpa Joe , all those types of questions . " Ostrum has been called " the most famous man in Lowville " , where the local video rental shop has twice worn out its VHS copy of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory .
In October 2000 , Ostrum and some of his co @-@ stars from the film were scheduled to record an audio commentary for a special edition DVD .
In the run @-@ up to the release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005 , Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1 's list of " 100 Greatest Kid Stars " ( placing 78th ) . On the new film , Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole , saying that " It 's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it 's been redecorated . " Ultimately , the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone , and requested " please , no more interviews . "
In January 2009 , Ostrum teamed up with Dunkin ' Donuts to hand out free rides on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) at South Station in Boston , Massachusetts ; Ostrum 's participation connected the MBTA 's CharlieCards he was handing out with his portrayal of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka . The promotion also gave out one " golden ticket " , worth unlimited rides on MBTA and unlimited Dunkin ' Donuts coffee for 2009 .
In a 2010 interview , Wonka co @-@ star Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregarde ) revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen ( Wonka 's Mike Teevee ) for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the film 's release in 2011 .
= = Veterinary career = =
Soon after Ostrum returned home from filming Willy Wonka , his family acquired a horse ; while the teenaged Ostrum was interested in the horse , it was the animal 's veterinarian that left a lasting impression on him . Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college , Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania . Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood , and even visited California for a week to " test the waters " there . He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine instead , feeling that he would forever berate himself if he didn 't . In 1984 , Peter Ostrum received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine .
As of November 2015 , Dr. Ostrum worked out of the Countryside Veterinary Clinic in Lowville , New York , where he works mainly with horses and cows . He has taken part in the video series Veterinarians on Call , funded by Pfizer , highlighting the work of large animal veterinarians .
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= Battle of Princeton =
The Battle of Princeton ( January 3 , 1777 ) was a pivotal battle in which General George Washington 's revolutionary forces defeated British forces near Princeton , New Jersey .
On the night of January 2 , 1777 George Washington , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Continental Army , repulsed a British attack at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek in Trenton . That night , he evacuated his position , circled around General Lord Cornwallis ' army , and went to attack the British garrison at Princeton . Brigadier General Hugh Mercer of the Continental Army clashed with two regiments under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood of the British Army . Mercer and his troops were overrun and Washington sent some militia under Brigadier General John Cadwalader to help him . The militia , on seeing the flight of Mercer 's men , also began to flee . Washington rode up with reinforcements and rallied the fleeing militia . He then led the attack on Mawhood 's troops , driving them back . Mawhood gave the order to retreat and most of the troops tried to flee to Cornwallis in Trenton .
In Princeton itself , Brigadier General John Sullivan encouraged some British troops who had taken refuge in Nassau Hall to surrender , ending the battle . After the battle , Washington moved his army to Morristown , and with their third defeat in 10 days , the British evacuated southern New Jersey . With the victory at Princeton , morale rose in the American ranks and more men began to enlist in the army . The battle ( while considered minor by British standards ) was the last major action of Washington 's winter New Jersey campaign .
Part of the site of the battle is now Princeton Battlefield State Park , a National Historic Landmark .
= = Background = =
= = = Victories at Trenton = = =
On the night of December 25 – 26 , 1776 General George Washington , Commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Continental Army , led 2 @,@ 400 men across the Delaware River . After a nine @-@ mile march , they seized the town of Trenton on the morning of the 26th , killing or wounding over 100 Hessians and capturing 900 more . Soon after capturing the town , Washington led the army back across the Delaware into Pennsylvania . On the 29th , Washington once again led the army across the river , and established a defensive position at Trenton . On the 31st , Washington appealed to his men , whose enlistments expired at the end of the year , " Stay for just six more weeks for an extra bounty of ten dollars . " His appeal worked , and most of the men agreed to stay . Also , that day , Washington learned that Congress had voted to give him wide @-@ ranging powers for six months that are often described as dictatorial .
In response to the loss at Trenton , General Lord Cornwallis left New York City and reassembled a British force of more than 9 @,@ 000 at Princeton to oppose Washington . Leaving 1 @,@ 200 men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood at Princeton , Cornwallis left Princeton on January 2 in command of 8 @,@ 000 men to attack Washington 's army of 6 @,@ 000 troops . Washington sent troops to skirmish with the approaching British to delay their advance . It was almost nightfall by the time the British reached Trenton . After three failed attempts to cross the bridge over the Assunpink Creek , beyond which were the primary American defenses , Cornwallis called off the attack until the next day .
= = = Evacuation = = =
During the night , Washington called a council of war and asked his officers whether they should stand and fight , attempt to cross the river somewhere , or take the backroads to attack Princeton . Although the idea had already occurred to Washington , he learned from Arthur St. Clair and John Cadwalader that his plan to attack Princeton was indeed possible . Two intelligence collection efforts , both of which came to fruition at the end of December 1776 , supported such a surprise attack . After consulting with his officers , they agreed that the best option was to attack Princeton .
Washington ordered that the excess baggage be taken to Burlington where it could be sent to Pennsylvania . The ground had frozen , making it possible to move the artillery without it sinking into the ground . By midnight , the plan was complete , with the baggage on its way to Burlington and the guns wrapped in heavy cloth to stifle noise and prevent the British from learning of the evacuation . Washington left 500 men behind with two cannon to patrol , keep the fires burning , and to work with picks and shovels to make the British think that they were digging in . Before dawn , these men were to join up with the main army .
By 2 : 00 AM the entire army was in motion roughly along Quaker Bridge Road through what is now Hamilton Township . The men were ordered to march with absolute silence . Along the way , a rumor was spread that they were surrounded and some frightened militiamen fled for Philadelphia . The march was difficult , as some of the route ran through thick woods and it was icy , causing horses to slip , and men to break through ice on ponds .
= = = Plan of attack = = =
As dawn came , the army approached a stream called Stony Brook . The road the army took followed Stony Brook for a mile farther until it intersected the Post Road from Trenton to Princeton . However , off to the right of this road , there was an unused road which crossed the farmland of Thomas Clark . The road was not visible from the Post Road , and ran through cleared land to a stretch from which the town could be entered at any point because the British had left it undefended .
However , Washington was running behind schedule as he had planned to attack and capture the British outposts before dawn and capture the garrison shortly afterward . By the time dawn broke he was still two miles from the town . Washington sent 350 men under the command of Hugh Mercer to destroy the bridge over Stony Creek in order to delay Cornwallis 's army when he found out that Washington had escaped . Shortly before 8 : 00 AM , Washington wheeled the rest of the army to the right down the unused road . First in the column went General John Sullivan 's division consisting of Arthur St. Clair 's and Isaac Sherman 's brigades . Following them were John Cadwalader 's brigade and then Daniel Hitchcock 's .
= = = Mawhood 's reaction = = =
Cornwallis had sent orders to Mawhood to bring the 17th and 55th British regiments to join his army in the morning . Mawhood had moved out from Princeton to fulfill these orders when his troops climbed the hill south of Stony Brook and sighted the main American army . Unable to figure out the size of the American army due to the wooded hills , he sent a rider to warn the 40th British Regiment which he had left in Princeton , then wheeled the 17th and 55th Regiments around and headed back to Princeton . That day , Mawhood had called off the patrol which was to reconnoiter the area from which Washington was approaching .
Mercer received word that Mawhood was leading his troops back across the bridge and back to Princeton . Mercer , on orders from Washington , moved his column to the right in order to hit the British before they could confront Washington 's main army . Mercer moved towards Mawhood 's rear but when he realized he would not be able to cut off Mawhood in time , he decided to join Sullivan . When Mawhood learned that Mercer was in his rear and moving to join Sullivan , Mawhood detached part of the 55th Regiment to join the 40th Regiment in the town and then moved the rest of the 55th , the 17th , fifty cavalry and two artillery pieces to attack Mercer .
= = Battle = =
= = = Mawhood overruns Mercer = = =
Mawhood ordered his light troops to delay Mercer , while he brought up the other detachments . Mercer was walking through William Clark 's orchard when the British light troops appeared . The British light troops ' volley went high which gave time for Mercer to wheel his troops around into battle line . Mercer 's troops advanced , pushing back the British light troops . The Americans took up a position behind a fence at the upper end of the orchard . However , Mawhood had brought up his troops and his artillery . The American gunners opened fire first and for about ten minutes , the outnumbered American infantry exchanged fire with the British . However , many of the Americans had rifles which took longer to load than muskets . Mawhood ordered a bayonet charge and because many of the Americans had rifles , which could not be equipped with bayonets , they were overrun . Both of the Americans ' cannons were captured , and the British turned them on the fleeing troops . Mercer was surrounded by British soldiers and they shouted at him " Surrender you damn rebel ! " . Declining to ask for quarter , Mercer chose to resist instead . The British , thinking they had caught Washington , bayoneted him , and then left him for dead . Mercer 's second in command , Colonel John Haslet , was shot through the head and killed .
= = = Cadwalader 's arrival = = =
Fifty light infantry men were in pursuit of Mercer 's men when a fresh brigade of 1 @,@ 100 militiamen under the command of Cadwalader appeared . Mawhood gathered his men who were all over the battlefield and put them into battle line formation . Meanwhile , Sullivan was at a standoff with the detachment of the 55th Regiment that had come to assist the 40th Regiment , neither daring to move towards the main battle for risk of exposing its flank . Cadwalader attempted to move his men into a battle line but they had no combat experience and did not know even the most basic military maneuvers . When his men reached the top of the hill and saw Mercer 's men fleeing from the British , most of the militia turned around and ran back down the hill .
= = = Washington 's arrival = = =
As Cadwalader 's men began to flee , the American guns opened fire onto the British , who were preparing to attack , and the guns were able to hold them off for several minutes . Cadwalader was able to get one company to fire a volley but it fled immediately afterwards . At this point , Washington arrived with the Virginia Continentals and Edward Hand 's riflemen . Washington ordered the riflemen and the Virginians to take up a position on the right hand side of the hill and then Washington quickly rode over to Cadwalader 's fleeing men . Washington shouted , " Parade with us my brave fellows ! There is but a handful of the enemy and we shall have them directly ! " . Cadwalader 's men formed into battle formation at Washington 's direction . When Daniel Hitchcock 's New England Continentals arrived , Washington sent them to the right , where he had put the riflemen and the Virginians .
Washington , with his hat in his hand , rode forward and waved the Americans forward , while he rode ahead on his horse . At this point , Mawhood had moved his troops slightly to the left to get out of the range of the American artillery fire . Washington gave orders not to fire until he gave them the signal , and when they were thirty yards away , he turned around on his horse , facing his men and said " Halt ! " and then " Fire ! " . At this moment , the British also fired , obscuring the field in a cloud of smoke . One of Washington 's officers , John Fitzgerald , pulled his hat over his eyes to avoid seeing Washington killed , but when the smoke cleared , Washington appeared , unharmed , waving his men forward .
= = = British collapse = = =
On the right , Hitchcock 's New Englanders fired a volley and then advanced again , threatening to turn the British flank . The riflemen were slowly picking off British soldiers while the American artillery was firing grapeshot at the British lines . At this point , Hitchcock ordered his men to charge , and the British began to flee . The British attempted to save their artillery but the militia also charged , and Mawhood gave the order to retreat . The British fled towards the Post Road followed by the Americans and Washington , still angry from the foxhunt call from Harlem Heights , shouted " It 's a fine fox chase my boys ! " . Some Americans had swarmed onto the Post Road in order to block to British retreat across the bridge , but Mawhood ordered a bayonet charge , and broke through the American lines , escaping across the bridge . Some of the Americans , Hand 's riflemen among them , continued to pursue the British , and Mawhood ordered his dragoons to buy them some time to retreat , however , the dragoons were pushed back . Some Americans continued to pursue the fleeing British until nightfall , killing some and taking some prisoner . After some time , Washington turned around and rode back to Princeton .
At the edge of town , the 55th Regiment received orders from Mawhood to fall back and join the 40th Regiment in town . The 40th had taken up a position just outside town , on the North side of a ravine . The 55th formed up to the left of the 40th . The 55th sent a platoon to flank the oncoming Americans , but it was cut to pieces . When Sullivan sent several regiments to scale the ravine , they fell back to a breastwork . After making a brief stand , the British fell back again , some leaving Princeton , and others taking up refuge in Nassau Hall . Alexander Hamilton brought three cannons up and had them blast away at the building . Then some Americans rushed the front door , broke it down , and the British put a white flag outside one of the windows . Exactly 194 British soldiers walked out of the building and laid down their arms .
= = Aftermath = =
After entering Princeton , the Americans began to loot the abandoned British supply wagons and the town itself . With news that Cornwallis was approaching , Washington knew he had to leave Princeton . Washington wanted to push onto New Brunswick and capture a British pay chest of 70 @,@ 000 pounds but Major Generals Henry Knox and Nathanael Greene talked him out of it . Instead , Washington moved his army to Somerset Courthouse on the night of January 3 , then marched to Pluckemin by January 5 , and arrived at Morristown , by sunset the next day , for winter encampment . After the battle , Cornwallis abandoned many of his posts in New Jersey , and ordered his army to retreat to New Brunswick .
= = Casualties = =
General Sir William Howe 's official casualty report for the battle stated 18 killed , 58 wounded and 200 missing . Mark Boatner says that the Americans took 194 prisoners during the battle , while the remaining 6 " missing " men may have been killed . A civilian eyewitness ( the anonymous writer of A Brief Narrative of the Ravages of the British and Hessians at Princeton in 1776 – 1777 ) wrote that 24 British soldiers were found dead on the field . George Washington claimed that the British had more than 100 killed and 300 captured . William S. Stryker follows Washington in stating that the British loss was 100 men killed , 70 wounded and 280 captured
George Washington reported his own army 's casualties as 6 or 7 officers and 25 to 30 enlisted men killed , giving no figures for the wounded . Richard M. Ketchum states that the Americans had " 30 enlisted men and 14 officers killed " ; Henry B. Dawson gives 10 officers and 30 enlisted men killed ; while Edward G. Lengel gives total casualties as 25 killed and 40 wounded . The Loyalist newspaper , New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury , reported on January 17 , 1777 , that the American losses at Princeton had been 400 killed and wounded .
= = Consequences = =
The British viewed Trenton and Princeton as minor American victories , but with these victories , the Americans believed that they could win the war . American historians often consider the Battle of Princeton a great victory , on par with the battle of Trenton , due to the subsequent loss of control of most of New Jersey by the Crown forces . Some other historians , such as Edward Lengel consider it to be even more impressive than Trenton . A century later , British historian Sir George Otto Trevelyan would write in a study of the American Revolution , when talking about the impact of the victories at Trenton and Princeton , that " It may be doubted whether so small a number of men ever employed so short a space of time with greater and more lasting effects upon the history of the world . "
= = Legacy = =
Part of the battlefield is now preserved in Princeton Battlefield State Park , which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 .
The equestrian statue of George Washington at Washington Circle in Washington , D.C. depicts him at the Battle of Princeton . Sculptor Clark Mills said in his speech at the statue 's dedication ceremony on February 22 , 1860 , " The incident selected for representation of this statue was at the battle of Princeton where Washington , after several ineffectual attempts to rally his troops , advanced so near the enemy ’ s lines that his horse refused to go further , but stood and trembled while the brave rider sat undaunted with reins in hand . But while his noble horse is represented thus terror stricken , the dauntless hero is calm and dignified , ever believing himself the instrument in the hand of Providence to work out the great problem of liberty . "
Eight current Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 103rd Eng Bn , A / 1 @-@ 104th Cav , 111th Inf , 125th QM Co , 175th Inf , 181st Inf and 198th Sig Bn ) and one currently @-@ active Regular Army Artillery battalion ( 1 @-@ 5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Princeton . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots .
A perhaps apocryphal story states that during the Battle of Princeton , Alexander Hamilton , then the commander of an artillery battery , ordered his cannons to fire upon the British soldiers taking refuge in Nassau Hall . Allegedly , one of the cannonballs was shot through the head of the portrait of King George II that hung in the chapel , which was subsequently replaced with a portrait of George Washington .
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= Bonshō =
Bonshō ( Japanese : 梵鐘 , Buddhist bells ) , also known as tsurigane ( 釣り鐘 , hanging bells ) or ōgane ( 大鐘 , great bells ) are large bells found in Buddhist temples throughout Japan , used to summon the monks to prayer and to demarcate periods of time . Rather than containing a clapper , bonshō are struck from the outside , using either a handheld mallet or a beam suspended on ropes .
The bells are usually made from bronze , using a form of expendable mould casting . They are typically augmented and ornamented with a variety of bosses , raised bands and inscriptions . The earliest of these bells in Japan date to around 600 CE , although the general design is of much earlier Chinese origin and shares some of the features seen in ancient Chinese bells . The bells ' penetrating and pervasive tone carries over considerable distances , which led to their use as signals , timekeepers and alarms . In addition , the sound of the bell is thought to have supernatural properties ; it is believed , for example , that it can be heard in the underworld . The spiritual significance of bonshō means that they play an important role in Buddhist ceremonies , particularly the New Year and Bon festivals . Throughout Japanese history these bells have become associated with stories and legends , both fictional , such as the Benkei Bell of Mii @-@ dera , and historical , such as the bell of Hōkō @-@ ji . In modern times , bonshō have become symbols of world peace .
= = Origin = =
The bonshō is derived from the bianzhong ( henshō 編鐘 in Japanese ) , an ancient Chinese court instrument comprising a series of tuned bells . One larger additional bell , which eventually developed into the bonshō , was used as a tuning device and a summons to listeners to attend a bianzhong recital . According to legend , the earliest bonshō may have come from China to Japan via the Korean Peninsula . The Nihon Shoki records that Ōtomo no Satehiko brought three bronze bells back to Japan in 562 as spoils of war from Goguryeo .
= = Construction = =
Bonshō are cast in a single piece using two moulds , a core and a shell , in a process that is largely unchanged since the Nara period ( 710 – 794 ) . The core is constructed from a dome of stacked bricks made from hardened sand , whilst the shell is made using a strickle board . This is a large , flat , wooden board shaped like a cross @-@ section of the bell , which is rotated around a vertical axis to shape the clay used for the mould . Inscriptions and decorations are then carved or impressed into the clay . The shell fits over the core to create a narrow gap , into which the molten bronze is poured at a temperature of over 1 @,@ 050 ° C ( 1 @,@ 920 ° F ) . The ratio of the alloy is usually around 17 : 3 copper to tin ; the exact admixture ( as well as the speed of the cooling process ) can alter the tone of the end product . After the metal has cooled and solidified , the mould is removed by breaking it , therefore a new one has to be created for each bell . The process has a high failure rate ; only around 50 per cent of castings are successful on the first attempt , without cracks or imperfections .
The casting is traditionally accompanied by the chanting of Buddhist sutras , which may go on for several hours . Buddhist prayer papers , sprigs of sacred mulberry and other ceremonial offerings are added to the molten bronze during the founding process .
There are several parts to a temple bell :
Ryūzu 竜頭 , the dragon @-@ shaped handle at the top of the bell , by which it is carried or hung
Kasagata 笠形 , the domed crown of the bell
Chichi or nyū 乳 , bosses around the upper part of the bell that improve its resonance
Koma no tsume 駒の爪 , lower rim
Tsuki @-@ za 撞座 , striking panel , a reinforced spot where the bell is struck . It is often decorated with a Buddhist lotus motif .
Tatsuki 竜貴 , decorative horizontal bands
Mei @-@ bun 銘文 , inscription ( often giving the bell 's history )
Shu @-@ moku 手木 , the hanging wooden beam used to strike the tsuki @-@ za
Some bells retain linear impressions arising from joints in the mould used ; they are not removed during fettling but are regarded as an aspect of the bell 's overall beauty . The bell 's appearance and sound are intended to be in keeping with Japan 's wabi @-@ sabi aesthetic .
= = Sound = =
Japanese temple bells are struck externally with either a hammer or a suspended beam rather than with an internal clapper . The sound of the bell is made up of three parts . First is the atari , the impact of the strike . A well @-@ made bell should produce a clean , clear tone . The initial sound of the strike is immediately followed by the prolonged oshi , the reverberation that continues to sound after the bell is struck . This is higher in pitch and is a low rumble with a sorrowful air , rich in harmonics ; it lasts for up to ten seconds . Finally comes the okuri or decay , the resonance that is heard as the vibration of the bell dies away , which can last up to a minute . There are also continuous harmonic overtones heard throughout the tolling of the bell . These multiple tones create a complex pitch profile .
The low tone and deep resonance of the bell allow the sound to carry over great distances ; a large bonshō can be heard up to 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) away on a clear day . The pitch of the bell is carefully judged by its creators , and a difference of a single hertz in the fundamental frequency can require that the bell be recast from scratch .
= = Function and significance = =
Bonshō are sited in Buddhist temples , usually in a specially designated building or tower called a shōrō 鐘楼 . They are used to mark the passage of time , and to call the monks to liturgical services . In Buddhism , the bell 's sound is considered to be calming and to induce a suitable atmosphere for meditation . Because of their shape ( with sloped shoulders and a flat base ) the bells are seen as representations of the sitting Buddha , and are accorded similar respect ; those striking the bell will first make three bows towards it , just as they would before a statue of Buddha .
The sonorous sound of the bell was also used to warn of impending typhoons and as a general alert . Because the ringing of a temple bell could be heard over considerable distances , it was also sometimes used for other signalling purposes ; there are records of temple bells being used for military communication from as far back as the Genpei War ( 1180 – 1185 CE ) . Smaller versions were subsequently cast for battlefield use , as the large temple bells were too heavy and unwieldy to transport . These smaller bonshō were used primarily as alarms to warn of enemy attacks ; commands were given using drums and conches .
As part of Japanese New Year celebrations , people queue to ring the temple bells 108 times in a ceremony known as Joyanokane ( 除夜の鐘 , New Year bells ) ; the 108 peals of the bell are intended to purge humanity of the 108 earthly temptations . During the Buddhist Bon Festival , a special type of bonshō called an ōkubo @-@ ōgane ( 大久保大鐘 , great hollow bell ) is rung . This bell is hung above a well , and it is believed that the sound of the bell resonates down the well into the underworld , to summon the spirits of the dead . At the end of the festival , another bonshō , called an okurikane ( 送り鐘 , sending @-@ back bell ) , is rung to send the spirits back and to represent the end of the summer .
During World War II the demand for metal for the war effort resulted in many bells being melted down for scrap . As a result , those that survived are generally regarded as important historic artifacts . More than 70 @,@ 000 bells ( approximately 90 per cent of the bonshō then in existence ) were destroyed in this way . However , rapid production of bells during the post @-@ war period meant that by 1995 the number of temple bells in Japan had returned to pre @-@ war levels .
In the latter half of the twentieth century , the World Peace Bell Association was set up in Japan , with the purpose of funding and casting temple bells to be placed around the world as symbols of peace . Bonshō have also been cast in response to natural disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ; several affected communities commissioned bells to commemorate the event .
Bonshō have occasionally been used as musical instruments in modern compositions . The recorded sound of temple bells was used in Mayuzumi Toshiro 's piece Olympic Campanology , used to open the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games . A temple bell is also used in performances of Jacob Druckman 's piece Lamia , in which it is rung while placed on top of a kettledrum . Modern composers for percussion have sometimes used the temple bell to replace the now common sound of the orchestral tam @-@ tam .
= = Notable examples = =
The oldest known bonshō ( indeed , the oldest bell in the world still in use ) is the Okikicho bell at Myōshin @-@ ji , which was cast in 698 . The largest is the bell at Chion @-@ in , which was commissioned in 1633 and weighs 74 tons . It requires a twenty @-@ five man team to sound it .
During the seventeenth century the bonshō was also a symbol of a temple 's leadership ; possession of the bell indicated ownership of the associated temple . As a result , bells were often stolen ; the folk hero Benkei is said to have dragged the three @-@ ton bell of Mii @-@ dera temple up Mount Hiei during one such theft . The deep scratches in the Benkei bell , which is still displayed at Mii @-@ dera , are said in the legend to be the result of Benkei 's kicking the bell all the way back to the monastery when he discovered that it would not toll for him . The Benkei bell is also associated with the legendary hero Tawara Tōda , who originally donated it to the Mii @-@ dera temple . He acquired it as a gift from the dragon deity Ryūjin , after saving the god from a giant centipede .
After the Hōkō @-@ ji temple burned down at the start of the seventeenth century , Toyotomi Hideyori sponsored its reconstruction in 1610 , and commissioned a large bell as part of that process . The bell 's inscription drew the ire of Tokugawa Ieyasu , who had become shogun after wresting power from the Toyotomi clan when Hideyori 's father Hideyoshi died . The inscription , " Kokka ankō " 国家安康 ( " Peace and tranquility for the nation " ) , broke up the characters for the shogun 's name ( 家康 ) with the kanji character for " peace " ( 安 ) . Tokugawa assumed Toyotomi was implying that peace would require the " dismemberment " of the Tokugawa . He used the subsequent dispute as an excuse to wage war on the Toyotomi clan , resulting in the Siege of Osaka and the eventual destruction of the Toyotomi .
A bronze bonshō was among the gifts presented to Commodore Matthew Perry upon his arrival in Japan . Cast by bellmakers from the Suwa family of Higo Province , it is now held in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution .
The Noh play Dōjōji ( 道成寺 ) , one of the only Noh plays to feature a prop of any significant size , is based on a legend concerning the bell of Dōjō @-@ ji . In the story a woman named Kiyohime , the spurned mistress of a Buddhist priest named Anchin , traps her lover inside the temple 's bell and then kills him by turning into a snake , coiling around the bell , and cooking him in it .
The bell of the Nishi @-@ Arai Daishi Temple in Tokyo was removed in 1943 , to be melted down as part of the Japanese war effort . The crew of the USS Pasadena found it on a scrap heap and took it with them to the US as a war trophy , donating it to the city of Pasadena ; the city council returned the bell to Tokyo in 1955 . A similar story accompanies the bell of Manpuku @-@ ji , which was taken to the United States on the USS Boston after the war ; in this case , however , the Sendai authorities allowed the bell to remain in Boston as a symbol of friendship between the two cities . The Boston bell is the last WWII bonshō in the United States .
The Japanese Peace Bell at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York was donated by Japan in 1954 as a symbol of world peace . It was created using metal reclaimed from coins and medals provided by donors from around the globe . Similar bells representing a commitment to the cause of world peace can be found in many civic areas , including Hiroshima 's Peace Memorial Park . In 1995 , the city of Oak Ridge , Tennessee , erected a four @-@ ton peace bell – a replica of one of the Hiroshima bells – in the city centre as part of its fiftieth @-@ anniversary celebrations , and to strengthen ties with Japan . The Oak Ridge Friendship Bell is decorated with dates relating to Oak Ridge 's connection to Japan ( the uranium used in the Hiroshima atomic bomb was produced in Oak Ridge ) . In 1998 , a local citizen sued the city over the bell , claiming that it was a Buddhist symbol and violated local laws and the US Constitution . The case was ruled in favour of the City of Oak Ridge .
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= Aqil Agha =
Aqil Agha al @-@ Hasi ( Arabic : عقيل آغا الحاسي , given name also spelled Aqil , Aqila , Akil or Akili ; military title sometimes spelled Aga ) ( died 1870 ) was the strongman of northern Palestine in the mid @-@ 19th century , during Ottoman rule . He was originally a commander of Arab irregular soldiers , known as the Hawwara tribe , in the service of the Ottoman governors of Acre . His influence in the Galilee grew as he strengthened his alliances with the powerful Beni Sakhr and Anizzah tribes of Transjordan , and recruited unemployed Bedouin irregulars from Egypt into his own band of irregulars , who thenceforth became known as the Hanadi tribe . He was known by his men and Western travelers to be courageous , cunning and charismatic , all qualities that contributed to his rise as the de facto ruler of Galilee .
Throughout his rule , Aqil remained at least nominally in service to the Ottoman Empire , which paid him for protecting the roads of northern Palestine from Bedouin raids and for maintaining the security of this region . He also exacted his own tolls on the local population in return for ensuring their security . His friendly ties with the European governments were partially due to his protection of the local Christian and Jewish communities in Galilee , including his protection of Nazareth from the 1860 massacres that occurred in Ottoman Syria . Aqil 's relationship with the authorities was generally tense and he rebelled directly or indirectly against their local representatives . As a consequence of this frayed relationship , Aqil 's employment would frequently be terminated when his activities or influence perturbed the authorities and then reinstated when his services were needed . By the time of his death , his influence had declined significantly . He was buried in his Galilee stronghold of I 'billin .
While Palestine had been under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from the early 16th century , direct imperial administrative rule was challenged by a series of tribal leaders who exhibited vast influence over local affairs between the 17th and 19th centuries . With the Ottoman Empire embroiled in the Crimean War , the power vacuum created in the area in the wake of Zahir al @-@ Umar 's rule in the Galilee ( 1730 – 1775 ) , Ahmad Pasha al @-@ Jazzar 's rule ( 1776 – 1804 ) , and Muhammad Ali 's rule ( 1831 – 1840 ) , was filled by Aqil . Aqil 's demise represented an end to the last local obstacle to Ottoman centralization in Palestine .
= = Early life and family = =
Besides anecdotes provided in the writings of European consuls , most of the information on Aqil 's life indirectly traces back to a history of the man written by Mikha 'il Qa 'war , a Nazareth clergyman . Aqil was born into a Bedouin family , known later as the Hanadi tribe . The actual Hanadi were an unrelated tribe that came to Palestine from Egypt during Egyptian rule in Palestine ( 1831 – 1840 ) and around 1840 joined Aqil 's Hawwara tribesmen , who also had migrated from Egypt . The name " Hanadi " translates in Arabic as " Indians " and the Hanadi irregulars were referred to as such by the inhabitants of Palestine because of their dark skin .
Aqil 's Hawwara tribesmen in Galilee were not related to the well @-@ known Hawwara tribe of Upper Egypt , who were noted for their " bravery , horsemanship , and equipments " according to the Palestine Exploration Fund . The Hawwara of Galilee were actually from the Ainawiyeh tribe of the Lower Egyptian desert region who had entered the service of Ahmad Pasha al @-@ Jazzar while the latter was based in Egypt in the late 18th century . They came with al @-@ Jazzar to northern Palestine when al @-@ Jazzar became the powerful Acre @-@ based Ottoman governor of Sidon after the death of the Arab strongman of Galilee , Zahir al @-@ Umar , in 1776 . Al @-@ Jazzar named the Ainawiyeh tribesmen " Hawwara " as an honor to associate them with the actual Hawwara of Upper Egypt .
Aqil 's father , Musa Agha al @-@ Hasi , himself a commander of Hawwara irregulars in the service of Acre 's Ottoman governors , had left Egypt for Gaza in 1814 . He was not directly related to the Ainawiyeh or Hawwara tribes , but claimed descent from the Hawwara as a matter of convenience and prestige . Musa originally hailed from the al @-@ Bara 'asa tribe of Cyrenaica ( modern @-@ day eastern Libya ) . Likewise , James Finn , the British consul in Jerusalem ( 1846 – 1863 ) , claims Aqil 's family was of Algerian or North African origin . Musa Agha resided in the Galilee around 1820 and married a Turkmen woman . Aqil was born to the couple in the Nazareth area . According to historian Adel Manna , Aqil was born in Gaza . Musa had two other sons , Ali and Salih . Musa died in Gaza in 1830 .
Aqil 's power base consisted of his tribesmen and alliances with other Bedouin tribes , who inhabited both sides of the Jordan River . Aqil 's brother , Salih Agha , held substantial influence in the Haifa region . Mary Rogers , the sister of the English vice consul , described in detail a banquet in Shefa- ' Amr and a gazelle hunt at the invitation of Salih Agha , while another traveler witnessed the lavish wedding between a son of Salih Agha and a daughter of Agil Agha on " the plains of I 'billin " , in about 1857 . Aqil also married off another of his daughters to a Bedouin sheikh ( chief ) in Gaza , paying the highest dowry registered at the time in Gaza : 11 @,@ 000 piasters . The governor of Hebron was reported to be a brother @-@ in @-@ law of Aqil .
= = Strongman of Galilee = =
= = = Consolidation of influence = = =
Like his father before him , Aqil served various masters , among whom was Ibrahim Pasha , the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt . Aqil defected from Ibrahim Pasha 's army and joined local rebels in the 1834 peasants ' revolt against Egyptian conscription and disarmament measures , leading his Hawwara irregulars in the Galilee . At some point during the revolt , Aqil helped save the mostly Druze village of Isfiya from being destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha 's troops after its inhabitants paid Aqil for protection . As the revolt was suppressed , Aqil and his men left Palestine for Transjordan , where they sought the protection of that region 's major Bedouin tribes . During his time in Transjordan he strengthened relations with these tribes . When the Ottomans regained control of Palestine in 1840 – 1841 , Aqil returned to the Lower Galilee and was commissioned as a captain of ten mounted irregulars . He recruited Egyptian irregulars from the Hanadi tribe and others who were left unemployed following the Egyptian withdrawal . Together with Aqil 's Hawwara , they became a formidable local force . In 1843 , Aqil became the chief of irregulars , known as bashi @-@ bazouk , in northern Palestine , and his command was expanded to fifty horsemen . Aqil 's irregulars became known in the area as the Hanadi , although the group 's tribal composition was mixed .
Aqil angered the kaimakam ( district governor ) of Acre , Muhammad Kubrisi , for his intervention in a dispute between two factions of the Catholic Church in Nazareth . One of the leaders of the Catholic factions , Sheikh Yusef Elias , had been dismissed by the church and subsequently entered Aqil 's protection . He requested Aqil 's intercession with Kubrisi , which was unsuccessful . When Sheikh Yusef decided to take matters into his own hands by raising a group of armed partisans in Nazareth , the church was compelled to restore his employment . Kubrisi believed Aqil had backed Sheikh Yusef 's actions and accused Aqil of sedition . Kubrisi recalled Aqil and his Hawwara irregulars to Acre , verbally lambasted them and dismissed them all from service . Aqil was deeply insulted by Kubrisi 's words and actions , and subsequently left for Transjordan where he sought the protection of the Beni Sakhr tribe .
Aqil secured a durable alliance with the Beni Sakhr , consecrated through his marriage to a woman from the tribe . From Transjordan , he and his band of irregulars raided areas on both sides of the Jordan River until he was invited back to the Galilee by Acre 's kaimakam in 1847 . The latter had sought to neutralize Aqil and his allies ' marauding activities , and thus pardoned Aqil . He was also given command of 75 bashi @-@ bazouk in Lower Galilee . Thereafter , he was commissioned with overseeing that region 's security . In particular , the successive governors of Acre entrusted him with protecting the Galilee 's trade routes and maintaining general security in the area , which he did successfully . With time , he became an unofficial mutasallim ( tax collector ) for much of northern Palestine , including the Jezreel Valley , Safad , Tiberias and Nazareth . The tax he collected was not on behalf of the authorities , but rather a tribute payment ( khuwwa ) to receive his protection . While this unofficial system proved successful in guaranteeing local security , later historians criticized it as akin to a protection racket .
= = = Encounter with William F. Lynch = = =
In 1848 , Aqil assisted an expedition headed by US Navy captain William Francis Lynch to the Dead Sea , and became known in the United States and Europe through the publication of Lynch 's book that year . Vivid descriptions of Aqil by Lynch are quoted at length in the works of Finn . Lynch 's first encounter with Aqil was in the divan of Said Bey , the Ottoman kaimakam of Acre , and is recorded as follows :
But what especially attracted my attention was a magnificent savage enveloped in a scarlet cloth pelisse richly embroidered with gold . He was the handsomest , and I soon thought also the most graceful being I had ever seen . His complexion was of a rich mellow indescribable olive tint , and his hair a glossy black ; his teeth were regular and of the whitest ivory , and the glance of his eye was keen at times , but generally soft and lustrous . With the tarboosh upon his head which he seemed to wear uneasily , he reclined , rather than sat upon the opposite side of the divân , while his hand played in unconscious familiarity with the hilt of his yataghan . He looked like one who would be ' Steel amid the din of arms , and wax when with the fair.'
In this meeting , Said Bey had attempted to dissuade Lynch of his plans to travel to the Dead Sea , with Aqil remarking that the Bedouin of the Ghor ( Jordan Valley ) would " eat them up " . Lynch 's reply was that " they would find us difficult of digestion , " but he suggested that as Aqil seemed to hold influence with these tribes , he would be prepared to pay him to make the trip a more peaceable one .
After the meeting ended , Lynch pursued Aqil to speak with him alone . He showed him his sword and revolver , which Aqil examined and declared to be the " Devil 's invention " . Lynch described the weaponry at the disposal of his men and asked Aqil if he thought it sufficient to make the journey to the Jordan , and Aqil replied that , " You will , if anyone can . " Lynch later secured Aqil 's accompaniment on the trip to the Dead Sea , through the intervention of an ex @-@ Sharif of Mecca , describing the latter as " our counsellor , sagacious and prudent , " and Aqil as , " the bold warrior and the admirable scout . " Aqil and his Beni Sakhr allies quashed a party of ' Adwan Bedouin tribesmen when they attempted to rob Lynch 's party . Lynch 's record of Aqil 's feat made him well known in Europe .
= = = Hauran rebellion , imprisonment and escape = = =
Aqil 's irregulars attracted the membership of local individuals and small clans . Along with his alliance with the two powerful tribes of the region , the Beni Sakhr and the Anizzah , Aqil 's autonomy in the Galilee was further strengthened , although he was nominally subordinate to the Ottoman authorities . He based himself in the Zaydani fortress of I 'billin , a mixed Muslim @-@ Christian village between Acre and Nazareth that was previously fortified by the family of Zahir al @-@ Umar . By 1852 , Aqil had ceased residing in I 'billin , instead preferring the traditional Bedouin lifestyle , dwelling in encampments and among his livestock . At this point , he ruled the area between Shefa- ' Amr to Baysan . He and his Hanadi tribesmen characteristically dressed in brown @-@ striped robes .
In 1852 , he was commissioned by the Ottoman authorities to prevent the spread of a Druze rebellion from Hauran to northern Palestine . He successfully satisfied this request , aided by his Bedouin allies . Among his assignments during the rebellion was the protection from Bedouin raiders of a supply route which the Ottomans used to send ammunition to their troops in Hauran . Aqil and his men accomplished the task successfully .
Despite his successes during the Druze revolt , the authorities , with whom he always had a tense relationship , grew wary of his strength and subsequently arrested him in a nighttime raid . He was sent to Istanbul by sea and from there he was sent to serve a prison sentence at the Widin fortress on the Danube River . Aqil was apparently loaned some money from the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , who had accompanied him on the ship ride to Istanbul , and Aqil used those funds to purchase a fake passport . With the passport and a disguise , he and an Albanian inmate named Hasan Agha escaped Widin in 1854 and reached Salonica . From there , Aqil departed to Anatolia and then Aleppo . Aqil resumed his Bedouin lifestyle of raiding and nomadic dwelling .
= = = Reinstatement and Battle of Hattin = = =
At the time of Aqil 's escape , the Ottomans were engaged in the Crimean War with the Russian Empire , which left a domestic security void in its provinces due to the large number of provincial troops deployed to Crimea . To restore security in the Galilee , Aqil was reassigned to his powerful post in the region in 1855 . On his return to Palestine , Aqil 's Hanadi tribesmen abandoned their conscription orders to serve with the Ottoman Army in the Crimean War and instead returned to Aqil 's service . Aqil was once again charged with protecting the routes of rural Palestine and occasionally Transjordan . He was once commissioned to collect taxes from Karak .
In Aqil 's absence , a garrison of Kurdish irregulars based in Damascus had been left in charge of security in the Galilee . They were commanded by Shamdin Agha , but their employment was terminated by Aqil in 1855 . Meanwhile , scores of Bedouin tribesmen from Faiyum with kinship ties to Aqil 's tribal irregulars had migrated to the Levant as a result of their suppression by Sa 'id Pasha of Egypt . Aqil welcomed their membership into his tribal band and their numbers subsequently swelled . He consecrated his relationship with the new arrivals by marrying a daughter of one of their sheikhs . In May 1856 , he defeated the Abd al @-@ Hadi clan of Arraba in a major clash that ended encroachments by the Abd al @-@ Hadis on Aqil 's territory .
In 1857 , the Beirut @-@ based governor of Sidon Eyalet agreed to Shamdin 's request to eliminate Aqil , who , to the consternation of the Ottoman authorities , was ruling the Galilee autonomously by that time . Shamdin , who sought vengeance against Aqil for terminating his service in Galilee , had complained to the Sidon governor that Aqil was committing treachery by collaborating with the Bedouin tribes against Ottoman authority . The Ottomans , whose dependence on Aqil had decreased with the end of the Crimean War in 1856 which had sapped Ottoman military forces from the area , found Shamdin 's request a convenient way to end Aqil 's growing autonomy . When Aqil visited Beirut to pay his respects to the governor of Sidon , he traveled with " the air of a sultan " , according to the American missionary Henry H. Jessup , bringing with him a large and heavily armed Bedouin entourage .
Shamdin 's forces , amounting to 600 – 700 Kurdish irregulars , massed in Tiberias . They were commanded by Shamdin 's sons Muhammad Sa 'id and Hasan Agha . Curious at this deployment , Aqil had requested an explanation from the kaimakam of Acre , but received no response . Thus Aqil concluded that the deployment was part of a conspiracy to upend his rule . In response , Aqil assembled his entire force of irregulars , amounting to some 300 – 400 men , and marched towards Shamdin 's troops . Other Arab tribes volunteered their service , but Aqil declined their participation .
On 30 March , the Kurdish irregulars confronted Aqil 's irregulars and Bedouin allies at the Horns of Hattin , near the village of Hattin . For the most part , both sides were armed with swords and spears and to a lesser extent , rifles , rather than the modern weaponry at the Ottoman military 's disposal . Initially , the battle was going in Shamdin 's favor and a portion of Aqil 's troops began to flee . However , Salih Agha , Aqil 's brother , led his group in a surprise attack against the Kurds . As a result , Shamdin 's forces were dealt a decisive blow and commander Hasan Agha was among the 150 fatalities of that battle .
Aqil 's victory entrenched his rule over Galilee and afterward he established stronger relations with the Europeans . After Aqil 's victory at Hattin , the Ottoman authorities distanced themselves from the incident in their correspondence with Aqil , but he accepted their explanations with a grain of salt . In September 1858 , Aqil was residing in Nazareth and decided not to intervene and put a stop to tribal clashes in the Jezreel Valley .
= = = 1860 events and protection of Christians = = =
Aqil had been previously courted by European powers to secure protection for their Christian and Jewish protégés . During the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war , anti @-@ Christian animosity spread to Damascus where Christians were massacred by Druze and Muslim mobs . It appeared that the violence would spread to Acre as well , but Aqil issued direct orders to Acre 's Muslim residents not to bring harm to the city 's Christians , stating he would " chastise ... with his sword " anyone who violated the orders . Aqil also protected the Christian community of Nazareth from harm as their coreligionists elsewhere in Ottoman Syria faced massacres . Part of this protection included warnings to local Bedouin tribes to refrain from assaulting the town and warnings to its Christian and Muslim residents to prepare themselves militarily in case of attack . Aqil maintained a close friendship with Tannous Qawwar , a prominent Greek Orthodox resident of the town .
In gratitude for protecting the Christians in Nazareth and Acre , Napoleon III of France presented Aqil a gun and the Legion of Honor medal in April 1861 aboard his French vessel docked at Haifa Bay . Edward , Prince of Wales ( later King of the United Kingdom ) personally visited Aqil two years later to show his appreciation . Aqil offered Edward four Arabian horses , but Edward politely declined . As a token of his appreciation , Edward gave Aqil a revolver .
His protection of the local Christians and his reputed Algerian origins drew comparisons with Abd al @-@ Qader al @-@ Jaza 'iri , the exiled Algerian rebel who saved many Christians from harm during the 1860 riots in Damascus , and with whom Aqil developed ties . Aqil realized that European protection would strengthen his position towards the Ottoman rulers . After 1860 , he courted the French , once sending a tiger as a present to " his Emperor " through the French consul in Beirut . According to Finn , Aqil was under special " French consideration " .
= = = Decline of influence = = =
The Ottoman imperial government adopted its Tanzimat modernization reforms in 1862 and originally entrusted Aqil with enforcing the new law of the land in northern Palestine . Part of these measures were stronger efforts to suppress the Bedouin tribes and decisively end their raiding activities . Aqil was given orders to prevent them from setting up camps in the cultivated lands of Galilee and forbade the collection of khuwwa tolls from the local inhabitants . Aqil resigned from his post when he was informed that as part of his new assignment he and his men were required to don Ottoman uniforms . He objected to the requirement , insisting that as Bedouin , they were not accustomed to wearing uniforms . He was replaced by one of his Hawara tribesmen , but Aqil compelled his successor to resign as well . Shortly after his resignation , the requirement of uniforms was canceled and Aqil resumed his assignment .
Aqil 's closeness with the Europeans disturbed the Ottomans . His relations with the kaimakam of Acre , who in 1863 was Hasan Effendi , were also deteriorating . Since his return to Palestine in 1854 , he avoided setting foot in the city , instead assigning a resident representative who engaged the kaimakam on his behalf . Hasan Effendi launched complaints to the provincial governor in Beirut , Kapuli Pasha , about the misconduct of Aqil 's men who extorted the local peasantry . For the most part , Aqil 's protection extended to those who could pay for his services or otherwise benefit his interests , including merchants , travelers , monks , pilgrims , Christians and Jews .
The Tanzimat proved unpopular with large segments of the population and a Bedouin revolt broke out , with Transjordanian tribes launching raids against Tiberias and its countryside in the summer of 1863 . Aqil was unable to stop the raids , and may have played a role in the revolt . In response to the raids , the Ottomans dispatched a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ strong force of soldiers from Damascus and Acre to Tiberias backed by artillery . The presence of artillery caused the Transjordanian tribes to retreat . Aqil viewed this deployment as an attack on his jurisdiction and issued his resignation in protest , all the while hoping Kapuli Pasha would back down and reject his resignation . To that end , he had Jewish notables from Tiberias and the French consul of Beirut lobby on his behalf , but without success , as Kapuli Pasha , content to see the elimination of a local power such as Aqil , accepted his resignation .
After resigning , Aqil left Galilee for Tell el @-@ Hesi in the region of Gaza . Around this time , Aqil married off a daughter of his to the leading Bedouin sheikh of the area , Rabbah al @-@ Wahaidi . Bedouin raiding , now with the participation of the smaller tribes of Galilee , resumed not long after Aqil 's resignation and concerns by the local merchants and European consuls were voiced to Kapuli Pasha due to the incoming harvest season for cotton and grain from Galilee and Hauran . Hasan Effendi sought to stem the tide of looting by attempting to play one Bedouin tribe off of the other . Kapuli Pasha was doubtful of this policy 's effectiveness and strove to use military force instead . He personally led a contingent of troops in Galilee and ensured a peaceful harvest through the end of 1863 . However , Kapuli Pasha determined that he could not keep a large , permanent military contingent in Galilee and decided to reinstate Aqil to his former position after lobbying from the British consul of Haifa .
Kapuli Pasha 's successor , Kurshid Pasha , resumed the anti @-@ Bedouin operations in Galilee in 1864 and sought to establish in the eastern Galilee four heavily armed forts as a bulwark against further raiding . Aqil entered into a conflict with the governor of Nablus and member of the Abd al @-@ Hadi family , who tried to arrest Aqil . Kurshid Pasha dismissed Aqil by the end of the year . Fearing his arrest or death in light of the Ottomans ' subsequent deployment of 200 Kurdish irregulars to Tiberias and the presence of military forces from Acre and Beirut in western Galilee , Aqil fled to Salt in the Balqa area of Transjordan .
Aqil later moved to Egypt . Abd al @-@ Qadir al @-@ Jaza 'iri and Isma 'il Pasha lobbied the Ottoman government on Aqil 's behalf and he was given permission to return to Galilee in 1866 . He subsequently inhabited the area of Mount Tabor . Despite his return and the reinstatement of a government salary , he was not able to restore his semi @-@ autonomous authority in the region . In late 1869 he was awarded a medal of honor from the Habsburg dynasty of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire .
= = Death and legacy = =
Aqil died in 1870 , although his death was erroneously recorded by R. A. Stewart Macalister to have occurred in 1867 . According to Macalister , Aqil died in the vicinity of Shefa- ' Amr . He was buried in I 'billin , his previous Galilee headquarters . As of the early 1980s , descendants of Aqil still inhabited I 'billin .
Aqil 's son Quwaytin succeeded him as the chief of the Hanadi tribesmen who continued to inhabit the Galilee and its vicinity . In the late 19th century , Quwaytin 's tribe had some 900 members and was based in the northern Jordan Valley . Quwaytin donned the honor cross medallions given to his father by various European governments . However , Hanadi influence and strength in the region diminished under Quwaytin and was gradually suppressed by various Ottoman actors , eventually reducing the Hanadi to an ineffectual tribe . Quwaytin 's son and successor Rida also entered into Ottoman service and held the title of agha like Aqil . In the early 20th century , Rida Agha held the equivalent rank of a lieutenant and served as commander of police in the Balqa Sanjak in Transjordan .
For nearly two decades Aqil had been a major local power in northern Palestine . He asserted to other tribal sheikhs that the land they roamed in belonged to the Arabs and that one day they would take it back from the Turkish Ottoman " conquerors " . According to Finn , Aqil may have ultimately envisioned forming an Arab confederation in the southern Levant independent of the Ottomans and backed by France . However , despite these perceived intentions , Aqil ruled under the auspices of the Ottoman authorities , was paid by them , and was at least partially dependent upon their support . His ties with France and Europe contributed to his power , but he lacked the necessary support from these countries to pursue any desire of independence that he had . Aqil 's death marked the removal of " the last obstacle to the implementation of full centralized Ottoman rule " in northern Palestine , according to historian Mahmoud Yazbak . When full Ottoman centralization in the Galilee was realized , local powers permanently lost their influence over the region 's development . That power was instead passed on to wealthy businessmen from Haifa and Beirut , ultimately leaving the Sursock family of Beirut as the new " masters " of the Galilee , according to anthropologist Alexander Schölch .
One of the factors Schölch attributes to Aqil 's failure to secure an autonomous rule similar to that of the Arab sheikh Zahir al @-@ Umar was Aqil 's refusal to accept a sedentary life . While I 'billin frequently functioned as a headquarters of sorts for Aqil , he did not take up permanent residence there , or anywhere . Instead it served as a symbol of his authority in the Galilee . Aqil was adamantly a Bedouin and once remarked to William Lynch that it would be a " disgrace " to " till the ground like a fellah " . The nomadic , marauding lifestyle of Aqil ran counter to the modernization efforts of the Ottomans , which strongly encouraged settlement of the land and centralization . These processes were eventually embraced by the peasantry and the urban notables , but resisted by the Bedouin tribes whose traditional livelihoods were at risk .
Schölch asserts that Aqil contributed little to the socio @-@ economic development of Palestine , and was not a " benefactor of the peasants " . However , Aqil is described in a mostly positive light by modern @-@ day sources and in local tradition . In the Arab nationalist political atmosphere that followed the Ottoman Empire 's fall in 1917 , Aqil 's Arab identity and his struggles against the Ottomans contributed to the prevailing positive commemoration of his life . Palestinian Christians in particular remember him fondly for protecting Christians during his rule .
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= Congregation Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom =
Congregation Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom ( also known as " Congregation Beth Jacob Ohev Shalom " ) ( " House of Jacob Lover of Peace " ) is an Orthodox synagogue located at 284 Rodney Street in Williamsburg , Brooklyn , New York . It is the oldest Orthodox congregation on Long Island ( including Brooklyn and Queens ) , and one of the last remaining non @-@ Hasidic Jewish institutions in Williamsburg .
The congregation was formed in 1869 by German Jews as an Orthodox breakaway from an existing Reform congregation . It constructed its first building on Keap Street in 1870 . In 1904 it merged with Chevra Ansche Sholom , and took the name Congregation Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom . The following year it constructed a new building at 274 – 276 South Third Street , designed by George F. Pelham .
The congregation 's building was expropriated and demolished to make way for the Brooklyn @-@ Queens Expressway in the 1950s . It combined with another congregation in a similar situation , and , as Congregation Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom , constructed a new building at 284 Rodney Street , just south of Broadway , in 1957 .
Joshua Fishman became rabbi in 1971 . With changing demographics , attendance at services , which had been 700 in the 1970s , fell to two dozen by 2010 .
= = Early history = =
The congregation was founded as Beth Jacob in 1869 , by more traditional members of an existing Reform German Jewish synagogue , the Keap Street Temple . They objected to the installation and use of a pipe organ to accompany Yom Kippur services , which was forbidden by halakha ( Jewish law ) , and seceded and created their own congregation . The new congregation was formally incorporated on October 1 of that year , and first worshiped in a house . In 1870 , Beth Jacob purchased a 23 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) by 95 @-@ foot ( 29 m ) lot at what is now 326 Keap Street ( than Tenth Street ) for $ 150 ( today $ 2 @,@ 800 ) in cash and a mortgage of $ 1 @,@ 050 ( today $ 19 @,@ 600 ) , and constructed a building there , at a cost of around $ 6 @,@ 000 ( today $ 112 @,@ 000 ) . Men and women sat separately , and the sanctuary had seating for 164 men on the main floor and 135 women in the gallery . Services were generally held only on Shabbat and the Jewish holidays . The first spiritual leader was Rabbi Dresser , and he was succeeded by Lewis Lewinski ( or Levinsky ) .
In its early years , the congregation 's financial situation was precarious . The building was located ten blocks from where most of the congregants and potential congregants lived ( on Grand Street , near the ferry docks ) , and attendance was low . Even on the High Holy Days , the sanctuary was rarely more than half full . The synagogue employed a rabbi , gabbai , and cantor , and annual expenses often exceeded the congregation 's income ( which came primarily from the sale of seats ) . To remain solvent , the congregation borrowed money against the equity in the building : $ 2 @,@ 000 ( today $ 53 @,@ 000 ) in 1888 , and another $ 2 @,@ 000 in 1894 .
The congregation was also marked by public controversies and factionalism . In January 1887 , during a heated discussion at a congregational business meeting , one member addressed two others with the informal German " du " ( rather than the formal " Sie " ) , which was considered impolite . Despite attempts by then @-@ rabbi Lewinksi to intervene , the two men beat the first , knocked him to the ground , and " trampled upon " him . The two men were subsequently charged with " assault in the third degree " .
Lewinski was succeeded that year as rabbi by Hyman Rosenberg , and in October of the same year a new secretary was elected , in a close @-@ fought battle between two factions . When it was time for the former secretary to hand over the financial books , a member , Simon Freudenthal , was alleged to have grabbed them , jumped out a window , and ran away with them . When he returned , he refused to say why he took them , and insisted he would keep them . A warrant was issued for his arrest on the charge of larceny , and he was released on bail . Ten days later the synagogue president , American Civil War veteran Colonel Solomon Monday , was arrested and charged in turn with libel , for allegedly claiming that Freudenthal stole " sacred books " . Monday , in turn , had Freudenthal charged in November with stealing $ 8 ( today $ 210 ) worth of " sacred books " during " divine service " . Later that month both cases were dismissed . In early 1888 , another case was brought , and dismissed , over attempts by one faction to expel members of the other faction .
In December 1892 , the congregation expelled Rosenberg , charging him with eating a piece of pork , which is not kosher . To augment his salary of $ 400 ( today $ 10 @,@ 500 ) a year from Beth Jacob , Rosenberg also worked as an agent for a cigar company . While visiting a customer at a bar , he was alleged to have eaten the pork while partaking of some of the free lunch provided there . Rosenberg initially said that while he had drunk a great deal , he had not eaten anything at all , and subsequently stated that he was sure he had not eaten pork , because the bar @-@ keep had sworn in affidavit that there was none in the lunch provided that day . Rosenberg later averred consistently that if he had eaten any pork , it was inadvertently . He also alleged hypocrisy on the part of the members , stating " They are all reformed Jews in private , although orthodox Jews in public . "
The rabbi 's defenders strongly objected to the decision . His primary supporter , synagogue vice president Louis Jackson , who had broken the story to the press , described the congregation as a " collection of jackasses " , with the " chief jackass " being the president Louis Schwartz , who Jackson accused of eating ham himself , and of stealing from the synagogue 's charity boxes . Jackson was expelled from the congregation , and subsequently convicted of libel and fined $ 100 ( today $ 2 @,@ 600 ) for making the accusations , while Rosenberg sued the synagogue for his salary . Rosenberg died of pneumonia in April 1893 , at the age of 43 , his " health and spirits " , according to a contemporary New York Times report , " broken " by the expulsion . At the funeral , Jackson berated the congregation 's members , who , he charged , had " hounded , hunted , driven [ Rosenberg ] to a grave of misery " , and allegedly threatened to kill one of them with a stone taken from the newly dug grave . Charges were again brought against Jackson , but this time were dismissed , with the Justice stating " it looks as if it were an even thing all around . "
A month later , Beth Jacob hired Abraham Salbaum as rabbi . The following year , the synagogue 's two @-@ story frame synagogue building at 326 Keap Street , valued at $ 2 @,@ 000 ( today $ 55 @,@ 000 ) , was struck by lighting and almost completely destroyed . The congregation decided to rebuild at the same location .
= = Early 20th century = =
Many working class German Jews moved from the Lower East Side to Williamsburg after the Williamsburg Bridge was completed in 1903 , providing access to Manhattan . In January 1904 , Beth Jacob merged with Chevra Ansche Sholom , a synagogue that had been founded the year before . The combined congregation took the name Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom . Chevra Ansche Sholom worshiped in a Masonic Temple , and had a number of assets , including two houses at 184 – 186 South Third Street valued at $ 6 @,@ 500 ( today $ 171 @,@ 000 ) , with a mortgage of $ 4 @,@ 500 ( today $ 119 @,@ 000 ) . At the time , Beth Jacob 's own building was valued at $ 6 @,@ 000 ( today $ 158 @,@ 000 ) , with a mortgage of $ 2 @,@ 000 ( today $ 53 @,@ 000 ) .
Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom exchanged the deeds for houses at 184 – 186 South Third Street for a property at 274 – 276 South Third Street in June 1905 . It hired architect George F. Pelham to draw up plans for a new building , instructing him to copy the prominent Congregation Shaaray Tefila building on Manhattan 's West 82nd Street , designed by Arnold Brunner , and known as the " West End Synagogue " . Features of the new design included seating for almost 1 @,@ 000 in the main sanctuary , a Talmud Torah for Hebrew language instruction in the basement , electric lighting , and steam heating . Construction was expected to cost $ 75 @,@ 000 ( today $ 1 @,@ 980 @,@ 000 ) . Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom erected the building at 274 – 276 South Third Street , and sold Beth Jacob 's building at 326 Keap Street to the North Side Chevre , a new congregation .
Ground was broken in June 1905 , the cornerstone was laid in September , and the new building was dedicated by then @-@ rabbi Dr. H. Veld on September 9 , 1906 , in time for High Holy Day services to be held there that year . The actual cost of construction was around $ 60 @,@ 000 ( today $ 1 @,@ 580 @,@ 000 ) , of which $ 35 @,@ 000 ( today $ 920 @,@ 000 ) was raised through sale of seats and donations , and the rest via a mortgage . The improved premises attracted many new members .
In February 1907 , the congregation created a four @-@ room Talmud Torah . In September of that year Samuel Rabinowitz was hired as rabbi for a three @-@ year term , renewed in 1910 for another three years . A " junior congregation " was created from the members of the Talmud Torah . They elected , as their first " pupil rabbi " , Harry Halpern , who later served for five decades as rabbi of the East Midwood Jewish Center .
Rabinowitz resigned in indignation in May 1912 , stating the trustees did not live up to the terms of his contract , after Herman Heisman , chairman of the synagogue 's board of trustees , hired an assistant rabbi , whose services Rabinowitz objected to . Rabinowitz purchased for $ 50 @,@ 000 ( today $ 1 @,@ 230 @,@ 000 ) a church building at South 5th Street and Marcy Avenue , and started his own synagogue there . His first Saturday services had an attendance of 1 @,@ 200 , a third of whom were his former congregants , and he stated that " his flock " would soon join him .
Rabinowitz was succeeded as rabbi of Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom in December 1912 by Wolf Gold . Born in Szczecin , Poland ( then Stettin , Germany ) in 1889 , he was the descendant of at least eight generations of rabbis , and received his own rabbinic ordination in 1906 , at age 17 . He emigrated to the United States the following year , and served as rabbi of congregations in Chicago , Illinois and Scranton , Pennsylvania before coming to Williamsburg .
A strong proponent of Religious Zionism , Gold helped found in New York the first branch of Mizrahi ( the Religious Zionists of America ) in the United States in 1914 ( he would subsequently assist in the founding of many of its other branches in North America ) . That year , the congregation purchased for the growing Talmud Torah the First United Presbyterian Church building at South 1st and Rodney Streets , at a cost of $ 20 @,@ 050 ( today $ 474 @,@ 000 ) . Many classrooms were added in the lower auditorium , and the building was dedicated as the " Talmud Torah of Williamsburg " in December .
In 1917 , Gold was one of the founders of Yeshiva Torah Vodaas , and was its first president . He would serve at Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom until 1919 , moving to a pulpit in San Francisco . That year the congregation had 155 member families . Gold would emigrate to Palestine in 1935 , and was one of the signatories of the Israeli Declaration of Independence .
Gold was succeeded as rabbi by Solomon Golobowsky . The congregation had decided by 1918 that the Talmud Torah should become independent : during Golobowsky 's tenure , in 1921 , it demolished the church building housing the school , and built in its place a new building , with 18 classrooms and an auditorium . The school was incorporated as the " Hebrew School of Williamsburg " , and title to the building and property was transferred from the synagogue to it in July of that year . The school in turn assumed a mortgage of $ 15 @,@ 000 ( today $ 200 @,@ 000 ) and additional debts of around $ 10 @,@ 700 ( today $ 140 @,@ 000 ) .
Isaac Bunin succeeded Golobowsky as rabbi in December 1926 . Born in Malistovka , Krasnopoli ( near Mogilev , Belarus ) in 1882 , he had emigrated to the United States in 1923 . While practicing as a rabbi in Russia , he issued a responsum in 1908 that permitted Jews to shoot — on the Sabbath — anarchist communists who terrorized local Jewish communities , and extorted " contributions " from them . Before coming to Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom he served as rabbi in Trenton , New Jersey , where he was instrumental in the creation of the re @-@ established Dr. Theodor Herzl 's Zion Hebrew School ( opened October 1926 ) .
= = Post World War II = =
Following World War II and the Holocaust , large numbers of Hasidic and haredi Jewish refugees immigrated to Williamsburg . The congregation initially had poor relations with these groups , but these later improved with some segments of the Hasidic community . The synagogue celebrated Bunin 's Silver Jubilee as rabbi in March , 1951 . His work Hegyonot Yitzhak was published in 1953 .
The old Jewish area of Williamsburg east of Broadway was strongly impacted by the construction of the Brooklyn @-@ Queens Expressway in the 1950s . The congregation 's building was expropriated and demolished . It joined with another large Ashkenazi synagogue in the same situation , and in 1957 the merged congregations constructed the current building at the edge of the " Jewish Triangle " , just west of Broadway . In 1965 , Chaim A. Pincus was the rabbi .
Joshua Fishman , described by George Kranzler as " a renowned scholar and orator , " became the rabbi of the congregation in 1971 . He also served from 1982 as head of Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools . At the time Fishman became rabbi , as many as 700 people would attend Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom 's services .
One of the members in the 1990s and 2000s was Marty Needleman . He was project director for Brooklyn Legal Services , which provided legal services to low @-@ income Brooklyn residents , and was a member of the executive committees of both the synagogue and of Los Sures , a Williamsburg community @-@ based housing group . Another notable congregant is Steve Cohn , the Democratic District Leader and lawyer whose father was involved with the synagogue , and who had his Bar Mitzvah there .
Samuel Heilman wrote in 1996 that Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom was one of four Williamsburg institutions that served to " anchor the community around them " , and " in effect geographically engulf and cancel " the ability of prominent local churches to " dominate the neighborhood " . By the mid @-@ 1990s , however , the synagogue attracted only 300 to 400 generally elderly Ashkenazi men and women for High Holy Day services , most of whom lived in " public high rise projects " , and Fishman doubted that Williamsburg 's only remaining Orthodox Nusach Ashkenaz synagogue still holding regular services would survive . By 2010 , Shabbat attendance was around two dozen worshipers , and weekday attendance half that .
As of 2010 , Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom was the oldest Orthodox congregation on Long Island ( including Brooklyn and Queens ) , and , according to Brooklyn Eagle journalist Raanan Geberer , " one of the few remnants of the non @-@ Hasidic Jewish community that thrived in Williamsburg until the 1960s " . No Conservative or Reform synagogues presently exist in the neighborhood , Rabbi Fishman retired in 2014 . The president is Martin S. Needelman .
= = External Links = =
Official Website
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= Avogadro constant =
In chemistry and physics , the Avogadro constant ( named after the scientist Amedeo Avogadro ) is the number of constituent particles , usually atoms or molecules , that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole . Thus , it is the proportionality factor that relates the molar mass of a compound to the mass of a sample . Avogadro 's constant , often designated with the symbol NA or L , has the value 6 @.@ 022140857 ( 74 ) × 1023 mol − 1 in the International System of Units ( SI ) .
Previous definitions of chemical quantity involved Avogadro 's number , a historical term closely related to the Avogadro constant , but defined differently : Avogadro 's number was initially defined by Jean Baptiste Perrin as the number of atoms in one gram @-@ molecule of atomic hydrogen , meaning one gram of hydrogen . This number is also known as Loschmidt constant in German literature . The constant was later redefined as the number of atoms in 12 grams of the isotope carbon @-@ 12 ( 12C ) , and still later generalized to relate amounts of a substance to their molecular weight . For instance , to a first approximation , 1 gram of hydrogen element ( H ) , having the atomic ( mass ) number 1 , has 6 @.@ 022 × 1023 hydrogen atoms . Similarly , 12 grams of 12C , with the mass number 12 ( atomic number 6 ) , has the same number of carbon atoms , 6 @.@ 022 × 1023 . Avogadro 's number is a dimensionless quantity , and has the same numerical value of the Avogadro constant given in base units . In contrast , the Avogadro constant has the dimension of reciprocal amount of substance .
Revisions in the base set of SI units necessitated redefinitions of the concepts of chemical quantity . Avogadro 's number , and its definition , was deprecated in favor of the Avogadro constant and its definition . Changes in the SI units are proposed to fix the value of the constant to exactly 6.02214X × 1023 when it is expressed in the unit mol − 1 , in which an " X " at the end of a number means one or more final digits yet to be agreed upon .
= = History = =
The Avogadro constant is named after the early 19th @-@ century Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro , who , in 1811 , first proposed that the volume of a gas ( at a given pressure and temperature ) is proportional to the number of atoms or molecules regardless of the nature of the gas . The French physicist Jean Perrin in 1909 proposed naming the constant in honor of Avogadro . Perrin won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics , largely for his work in determining the Avogadro constant by several different methods .
The value of the Avogadro constant was first indicated by Johann Josef Loschmidt , who in 1865 estimated the average diameter of the molecules in air by a method that is equivalent to calculating the number of particles in a given volume of gas . This latter value , the number density <formula> of particles in an ideal gas , is now called the Loschmidt constant in his honor , and is related to the Avogadro constant , NA , by
<formula>
where p0 is the pressure , R is the gas constant and T0 is the absolute temperature . The connection with Loschmidt is the root of the symbol L sometimes used for the Avogadro constant , and German @-@ language literature may refer to both constants by the same name , distinguished only by the units of measurement .
Accurate determinations of Avogadro 's number require the measurement of a single quantity on both the atomic and macroscopic scales using the same unit of measurement . This became possible for the first time when American physicist Robert Millikan measured the charge on an electron in 1910 . The electric charge per mole of electrons is a constant called the Faraday constant and had been known since 1834 when Michael Faraday published his works on electrolysis . By dividing the charge on a mole of electrons by the charge on a single electron the value of Avogadro 's number is obtained . Since 1910 , newer calculations have more accurately determined the values for the Faraday constant and the elementary charge . ( See below )
Perrin originally proposed the name Avogadro 's number ( N ) to refer to the number of molecules in one gram @-@ molecule of oxygen ( exactly 32g of oxygen , according to the definitions of the period ) , and this term is still widely used , especially in introductory works . The change in name to Avogadro constant ( NA ) came with the introduction of the mole as a base unit in the International System of Units ( SI ) in 1971 , which recognized amount of substance as an independent dimension of measurement . With this recognition , the Avogadro constant was no longer a pure number , but had a unit of measurement , the reciprocal mole ( mol − 1 ) .
While it is rare to use units of amount of substance other than the mole , the Avogadro constant can also be expressed in units such as the pound mole ( lb @-@ mol ) and the ounce mole ( oz @-@ mol ) .
NA |
= 2 @.@ 73159734 ( 12 ) × 1026 ( lb @-@ mol ) − 1 =
1 @.@ 707248434 ( 77 ) × 1025 ( oz @-@ mol ) − 1
= = General role in science = =
Avogadro 's constant is a scaling factor between macroscopic and microscopic ( atomic scale ) observations of nature . As such , it provides the relation between other physical constants and properties . For example , based on 2014 CODATA values , it establishes the following relationship between the gas constant R and the Boltzmann constant kB ,
<formula>
and the Faraday constant F and the elementary charge e ,
<formula>
The Avogadro constant also enters into the definition of the unified atomic mass unit , u ,
<formula>
where Mu is the molar mass constant .
= = Measurement = =
= = = Coulometry = = =
The earliest accurate method to measure the value of the Avogadro constant was based on coulometry . The principle is to measure the Faraday constant , F , which is the electric charge carried by one mole of electrons , and to divide by the elementary charge , e , to obtain the Avogadro constant .
<formula>
The classic experiment is that of Bower and Davis at NIST , and relies on dissolving silver metal away from the anode of an electrolysis cell , while passing a constant electric current I for a known time t . If m is the mass of silver lost from the anode and Ar the atomic weight of silver , then the Faraday constant is given by :
<formula>
The NIST scientists devised a method to compensate for silver lost from the anode by mechanical causes , and conducted an isotope analysis of the silver used to determine its atomic weight . Their value for the conventional Faraday constant is F90 = 96485 @.@ 39 ( 13 ) C / mol , which corresponds to a value for the Avogadro constant of 6 @.@ 0221449 ( 78 ) × 1023 mol − 1 : both values have a relative standard uncertainty of 1 @.@ 3 × 10 − 6 .
= = = Electron mass measurement = = =
The Committee on Data for Science and Technology ( CODATA ) publishes values for physical constants for international use . It determines the Avogadro constant from the ratio of the molar mass of the electron Ar ( e ) Mu to the rest mass of the electron me :
<formula>
The relative atomic mass of the electron , Ar ( e ) , is a directly @-@ measured quantity , and the molar mass constant , Mu , is a defined constant in the SI . The electron rest mass , however , is calculated from other measured constants :
<formula>
As may be observed in the table below , the main limiting factor in the precision of the Avogadro constant is the uncertainty in the value of the Planck constant , as all the other constants that contribute to the calculation are known more precisely .
= = = X @-@ ray crystal density ( XRCD ) methods = = =
A modern method to determine the Avogadro constant is the use of X @-@ ray crystallography . Silicon single crystals may be produced today in commercial facilities with extremely high purity and with few lattice defects . This method defines the Avogadro constant as the ratio of the molar volume , Vm , to the atomic volume Vatom :
<formula> , where <formula> and n is the number of atoms per unit cell of volume Vcell .
The unit cell of silicon has a cubic packing arrangement of 8 atoms , and the unit cell volume may be measured by determining a single unit cell parameter , the length of one of the sides of the cube , a .
In practice , measurements are carried out on a distance known as d220 ( Si ) , which is the distance between the planes denoted by the Miller indices { 220 } , and is equal to a / √ 8 . The 2006 CODATA value for d220 ( Si ) is 192 @.@ 0155762 ( 50 ) pm , a relative uncertainty of 2 @.@ 8 × 10 − 8 , corresponding to a unit cell volume of 1 @.@ 60193304 ( 13 ) × 10 − 28 m3 .
The isotope proportional composition of the sample used must be measured and taken into account . Silicon occurs in three stable isotopes ( 28Si , 29Si , 30Si ) , and the natural variation in their proportions is greater than other uncertainties in the measurements . The atomic weight Ar for the sample crystal can be calculated , as the relative atomic masses of the three nuclides are known with great accuracy . This , together with the measured density ρ of the sample , allows the molar volume Vm to be determined :
<formula>
where Mu is the molar mass constant . The 2006 CODATA value for the molar volume of silicon is 12 @.@ 058 8349 ( 11 ) cm3mol − 1 , with a relative standard uncertainty of 9 @.@ 1 × 10 − 8 .
As of the 2006 CODATA recommended values , the relative uncertainty in determinations of the Avogadro constant by the X @-@ ray crystal density method is 1 @.@ 2 × 10 − 7 , about two and a half times higher than that of the electron mass method .
= = = = International Avogadro Coordination = = = =
The International Avogadro Coordination ( IAC ) , often simply called the " Avogadro project " , is a collaboration begun in the early 1990s between various national metrology institutes to measure the Avogadro constant by the X @-@ ray crystal density method to a relative uncertainty of 2 × 10 − 8 or less . The project is part of the efforts to redefine the kilogram in terms of a universal physical constant , rather than the International Prototype Kilogram , and complements the measurements of the Planck constant using watt balances . Under the current definitions of the International System of Units ( SI ) , a measurement of the Avogadro constant is an indirect measurement of the Planck constant :
<formula>
The measurements use highly polished spheres of silicon with a mass of one kilogram . Spheres are used to simplify the measurement of the size ( and hence the density ) and to minimize the effect of the oxide coating that inevitably forms on the surface . The first measurements used spheres of silicon with natural isotopic composition , and had a relative uncertainty of 3 @.@ 1 × 10 − 7 . These first results were also inconsistent with values of the Planck constant derived from watt balance measurements , although the source of the discrepancy is now believed to be known .
The main residual uncertainty in the early measurements was in the measurement of the isotopic composition of the silicon to calculate the atomic weight so , in 2007 , a 4 @.@ 8 @-@ kg single crystal of isotopically @-@ enriched silicon ( 99 @.@ 94 % 28Si ) was grown , and two one @-@ kilogram spheres cut from it . Diameter measurements on the spheres are repeatable to within 0 @.@ 3 nm , and the uncertainty in the mass is 3 µg . Full results from these determinations were expected in late 2010 . Their paper , published in January 2011 , summarized the result of the International Avogadro Coordination and presented a measurement of the Avogadro constant to be 6 @.@ 02214078 ( 18 ) × 1023 mol − 1 .
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= Brougham Castle =
Brougham Castle is a medieval building about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south @-@ east of Penrith , Cumbria , England . The castle was founded by Robert de Vieuxpont in the early 13th century . The site , near the confluence of the rivers Eamont and Lowther , had been chosen by the Romans for a Roman fort called Brocavum . The castle is scheduled as an Ancient Monument , along with the fort , as " Brougham Roman fort and Brougham Castle " .
In its earliest form , the castle consisted of a stone keep , with an enclosure protected by an earthen bank and a wooden palisade . When the castle was built , Robert de Vieuxpont was one of only a few lords loyal to the king in the region . The Vieuxponts were a powerful land @-@ owning family in North West England and also owned the castles of Appleby and Brough . In 1264 Robert de Vieuxpont 's grandson , also named Robert , was declared a traitor and his property was confiscated by Henry III . Brougham Castle and the other estates were eventually returned to the Vieuxpont family , and stayed in their possession until 1269 when the estates passed to the Clifford family through marriage .
With the outbreak of the Anglo @-@ Scottish Wars in 1296 , Brougham became an important military base for Robert Clifford , 1st Baron de Clifford . He began refortifying the castle : the wooden outer defences were replaced with stronger , more impressive stone walls , and the large stone gatehouse was added . The importance of Brougham and Roger Clifford was such that in 1300 he hosted Edward I at the castle . The second Roger Clifford was executed as a traitor in 1322 , and the family estates passed into the possession of Edward II , although they were returned once Edward III became king . The region was often at risk from the Scots , and in 1388 the castle was captured and sacked .
Following this , the Cliffords began spending more time at their other castles , particularly Skipton Castle in Yorkshire . Brougham descended through several generations of Cliffords , intermittently serving as a residence . However , by 1592 it was in a state of disrepair as George Clifford was spending more time in southern England due to his role as Queen 's Champion . The castle was briefly restored in the early 17th century to such an extent that James I was entertained there in 1617 . In 1643 , Lady Anne Clifford inherited the estates , including the castles of Brougham , Appleby and Brough , and set about restoring them . Brougham Castle was kept in good condition for a short time after Lady Anne 's death in 1676 ; however , the Earl of Thanet , who had inherited the Clifford estates , sold the furnishings in 1714 . The empty shell was left to decay as it was too costly to maintain . As a ruin , Brougham Castle inspired a painting by J. M. W. Turner and was mentioned at the start of William Wordsworth 's poem The Prelude , and was the subject of Wordsworth 's Song at the Feast of Brougham Castle upon the Restoration of Lord Clifford , the Shepherd , to the Estates and Honours of his Ancestors . The castle was left to the Ministry of Works in the 1930s and is today maintained by its successor , English Heritage .
= = Background = =
The site of Brougham Castle has been fortified since the Romans erected the fort of Brocavum at the intersection of three Roman roads . With the rivers Eamont and Lowther flowing nearby and meeting to the west , the site had natural defences and the area was fertile and easy to cultivate . A civilian settlement grew around the fort . When Angles arrived in the area they named the place Brougham , meaning " the village by the fort " . Between the end of Roman rule in the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest in the late 11th century , Cumbria was a turbulent area . Although the site was a defendable position , there is no evidence that Brougham was refortified during this time . In 1092 , William II ( also known as William Rufus ) captured Cumbria south of the Solway Firth and established a new border far north of Brougham . The site at Brougham remained unfortified . Carlisle Castle secured the border , and castles at Appleby and Brough , both south east of Brougham , protected the line of communication from Carlisle to Yorkshire . In 1203 , the barony of Westmorland – containing Appleby , Brough , and Brougham – was granted to Robert de Vieuxpont by King John . A favourite of John 's , Vieuxpont was one of only a few lords loyal to him in northern England , whose inhabitants became so discontented with the king 's rule that they eventually rebelled . Around 1214 , Vieuxpont asserted control over more land , including half the manor of Brougham . It was in this atmosphere of unrest that Brougham Castle was founded .
= = Under the Vieuxponts = =
Vieuxpont was one of only a few supporters of the king in northern England and he most likely began construction of Brougham Castle as soon as he acquired the land . At this stage , the castle would have been enclosed by an earthen bank surmounted by a timber palisade . The first three storeys of the stone keep date from this period . It was entered through the first floor via a forebuilding . To the east of this was a stone structure which was probably a hall . Building in stone was an expensive and time @-@ consuming process . No records tell us how much Brougham cost to construct , but there are records for other stone construction . For example , the late @-@ 12th @-@ century stone keep at Peveril Castle in Derbyshire would have cost around £ 200 , although something on a much larger scale , such as the vast Château Gaillard cost an estimated £ 15 @,@ 000 to £ 20 @,@ 000 and took several years to complete .
In 1216 , when a Scottish army invaded the Eden valley and Alan of Galloway occupied Westmorland , Brougham Castle played no part in the county 's defence , probably because it was unfinished . Construction would have been suspended until Alan retreated in 1217 . Vieuxpont received control over the king 's revenues from Cumberland , and these helped fund the construction of the castle . Brougham Castle was constructed in the northern part of the old Roman fort , and stone from the ruins was probably used to help build the castle . When Robert de Vieuxpont died in 1228 , his only son – John – was a minor , so his property was taken into the care a warden .
John de Vieuxpont died in 1241 , before he came of age . The new heir , John 's son Robert , was not old enough to inherit , so the family 's lands remained in wardship . During this time , the estates to fell into disrepair , and this probably included Brougham Castle . When Robert de Vieuxpont came of age in around 1257 he inherited considerable debts . He was one of the northern lords that revolted in support of Simon de Montfort in the Second Barons ' War ( 1264 – 1267 ) . By June 1264 , Vieuxpont was dead ; as he was considered a traitor , his property was confiscated by King Henry III . In 1266 , the king pardoned Vieuxpont posthumously , and his two daughters inherited the family estates . The guardians of the two girls , who at the time were too young to marry , divided the Vieuxpont lands with the expectation that they would come into their possession through marriage . Isabel Vieuxpont was given in marriage to Roger Clifford , the son of her guardian , and with her the shrievalty of Westmorland and the castles of Brougham and Appleby transferred to the Cliffords .
= = The Clifford family = =
By 1269 , Roger Clifford had married Isabel Vieuxpont and possession of Brougham Castle – as well as her other property – descended through the Clifford family . In 1283 , Roger predeceased his wife , who died in 1292 . At 18 , their son Robert was not old enough to take possession of his lands . During his three @-@ year minority , his estates suffered from neglect and poaching . When the Anglo @-@ Scottish wars began in 1296 , Robert Clifford played a prominent role in the conflict . As the furthest north of his castles , Brougham became Clifford 's most important base and he spent a lot of time there . It was during this period that Clifford undertook an extensive building programme . The timber palisade surrounding the site was replaced with a stone curtain wall . A four @-@ storey stone residential tower , called the Tower of League , was built in the castle 's south @-@ west corner . A fourth storey was added to the keep , and a double gatehouse attached to its northern side . The construction of a new stone hall to the south of the keep may indicate that during the war there was a larger garrison present than in peacetime , or it may have been built in anticipation of a royal visit . In July 1300 , Edward I – himself a renowned castle builder – visited Brougham with a large household of followers and the Prince of Wales . Although it is not certain whether the king stayed at the castle , historians believe it to have been likely . In 1309 , Robert Clifford was granted a licence to crenellate Brougham Castle ; this has been taken as an indication that by this point the rebuilding was complete . Licences to crenellate granted permission for a person to fortify a site . They were also proof of a relationship with or favour from the monarch , who was the one responsible for granting permission .
Edward I died in 1307 , and his successor , Edward II was distracted from war with Scotland by internal quarrels , enabling the Scottish to roam further south through England . In 1310 or 1311 , Robert Clifford was given Skipton Castle ; it was farther from the border than Brougham and at a time when Scottish raids were ravaging Westmorland , Clifford chose to spend more time and effort building at Skipton . Clifford was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 , which ended the English counter @-@ offensive into Scotland . At the time of Robert 's death his son , Roger de Clifford , 2nd Baron de Clifford , was only 14 and not old enough to inherit . Therefore , the Clifford estates experienced another period of control through guardians , suffering from Scottish raids to such an extent that in 1317 the king granted Roger £ 200 towards the maintenance of his castles . Bartholomew de Badlesmere , 1st Baron Badlesmere was responsible for the upkeep of Brougham Castle and some other Clifford properties including Appleby Castle . Between 1316 and 1318 he spent £ 363 on the garrisons at Brougham and Appleby , though was supported by the king who gave £ 1 @,@ 270 towards their upkeep . Funds to pay the garrison were not easily gathered from the Clifford estates , and they were accused of poaching and pillaging . In 1320 , Roger Clifford was given his inheritance but probably spent more time at Skipton . He was executed as a traitor in 1322 after his capture at the Battle of Boroughbridge . Brougham Castle was amongst the Clifford lands confiscated and given to Andrew de Harcla for supporting the king against the uprising . However , by 1323 Harcla too had been executed for treason and the castle came into the possession of Edward II . In May 1323 , a truce was signed between the Scots and English resulting in a reduction in garrison strength throughout northern England .
When Edward III replaced Edward II on the throne , Robert Clifford , Roger 's younger brother , was granted most of the lands that had been confiscated . By 1333 , Robert had united under his control all the estates which had belonged to the Vieuxpont family . Hostilities between England and Scotland resumed in 1332 when Edward Balliol invaded to seize the Scottish throne for himself . He was expelled from Scotland in December 1333 . On entering Westmorland , Balliol sought refuge with the Clifford family , staying at the castles of Appleby , Brougham , Brough , and Pendragon . Robert Clifford was not heavily involved in the renewed conflict , although he did take part in battles in 1332 , 1337 , and 1342 . When the value of his property was assessed on his death in 1344 the estates of Brougham were suffering from the war , with indications that Brougham Castle was in a state of disrepair having endured the 1340s without funds for maintenance . Two minorities followed until Roger Clifford , 5th Baron Clifford , came of age in 1354 . Another truce between Scotland and England was signed in 1357 , this time lasting until 1384 . Although Roger Clifford spent much time at Appleby – which was Westmorland 's county town – he was responsible for rebuilding the domestic buildings at Brougham Castle , including the hall . He was ordered by the king to maintain a force of 40 men @-@ at @-@ arms and 50 mounted archers near the west end of the Scottish border region , and some were likely stationed at Brougham . The need for extra accommodation a possible reason why Clifford began rebuilding . In August 1388 , the Scottish launched an attack into England , with one force advancing east – and were eventually confronted at the Battle of Otterburn in Northumberland – and another raiding the west , reaching as far as Brough , 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the south @-@ east . During this time Brougham Castle was briefly captured by Scottish forces .
Roger Clifford died at Skipton Castle in 1389 , and the Clifford family began to lose interest in Westmorland . The Cliffords preferred their properties in Yorkshire to their dilapidated castles in Westmorland , which had been ravaged by wars with Scotland . Brougham Castle is not known to have been in use as a residence again until 1421 , when a man was accused of forging coins in the castle . Although little is known about Brougham during this period , historians believe it likely that repairs were undertaken , and a rivalry emerged between the Clifford family and the House of Neville that would later have consequences for Brougham . The familial enmity meant that the Earl of Salisbury , a Neville , used his position as lord of Penrith to antagonise the Cliffords ; it is likely that Brougham Castle was kept garrisoned due to its proximity to Penrith . In the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 – 1485 ) , the two families were on opposing sides , the Cliffords supporting the House of Lancaster and the Nevilles supporting the House of York . When the Yorkist Edward IV usurped the throne in 1461 the lands of John Clifford , 9th Baron de Clifford were confiscated . In 1471 , Edward IV granted Sir William Parr Brougham Castle and other properties which had belonged to the Cliffords . A year later Henry Clifford , John 's son and heir , was pardoned and when the Lancastrian Henry Tudor overthrew the Yorkists and took the throne as Henry VII , Henry Clifford appealed for the return of the Clifford estates . This was granted in November 1485 .
Henry Clifford lived until 1523 . Under him and his son – also called Henry , who later became Earl of Cumberland – the castle was intermittently in use as a residence for the family . After Brough Castle was destroyed in a fire in 1521 it is likely that Brougham became the new administrative centre and focus of the local lordship . As Earl of Cumberland Henry controlled Penrith and Carlisle , although he was an unpopular landlord . When the north of England rose up in the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536 , Henry was one of those targeted by the rebels . He confronted the rebel leaders at Kirkby Stephen in February 1537 , and after his defeat he retreated to Brougham Castle . After the Pilgrimage of Grace was suppressed , there were reforms of regional government in the north west . One of the results was that the title of Earl of Cumberland no longer gave Clifford wardenship of Penrith and Carlisle , with Brougham Castle once again becoming the Clifford 's northern @-@ most castle .
Henry died in 1542 and his son , Henry Clifford , 2nd Earl of Cumberland , inherited the family estates . During the Rising of the North , in which Catholic magnates rebelled against Elizabeth I , Henry remained loyal to the Tudor dynasty despite the Cliffords being a Catholic family . He dismantled Appleby Castle to prevent it from being used against royal forces , and at the same time put Brougham at the service of the Elizabethan government , although there was no fighting at the castle . Under the second and third earls , Henry and George , the castle was still used as a residence , with the third earl being born at Brougham Castle . However , it was under George that the building began to decay and by 1592 it was deserted . George Clifford spent much time either in southern England in his role as Queen 's Champion or at Skipton . An inventory of the castle 's contents in 1595 demonstrates that the structure was a neglected , meagrely furnished place , and what little furniture there was old and in disrepair .
= = The Clifford Dowagers = =
When George Clifford died in 1605 , his wife Margaret became dowager countess and began repairing Brougham Castle , which became her favoured residence . Margaret contended with claims to the ownership of the family estates from her brother @-@ in @-@ law Francis Clifford , 4th Earl of Cumberland , but held onto Brougham Castle . Her daughter , Lady Anne Clifford continued the restoration of the castle and other Clifford properties . The only one of Margaret 's three children to survive childhood , Anne inherited the Clifford estates after her mother died in 1616 . The inheritance was not without incident . The Earl of Cumberland again asserted his claim to the Clifford estates , however the privy council found in favour of Anne . The solution was only temporary , and in April 1617 the king decided that the Earl of Cumberland was the rightful heir , and the Clifford estates passed to Francis Clifford . Later the same year , James I visited Scotland and on his return journey he stayed at the castles of Carlisle , Brougham , and Appleby , where expensive banquets were given in his honour . It is estimated that the festivities cost around £ 1 @,@ 200 . After this , Brougham was almost forgotten by its owner and neglected .
Francis Clifford died in 1641 , and the death of his son Henry Clifford , 5th Earl of Cumberland in 1643 left the line without a direct male heir . At this point , the Clifford estates reverted to Lady Anne . The English Civil War broke out in 1641 . Brougham was one of several castles in the generally Royalist Cumberland and Westmorland that were garrisoned by Cavalier forces . Sir John Lowther , the garrison commander , stated that he took control of Brougham Castle not because it was strategically important , but to deny the Parliamentarians of its use . Whilst under Royalist control , Lady Anne donated the income from her estates to the upkeep of her castles . In June 1648 , Appleby endured a four @-@ day siege before capitulating to the Parliamentarians , but lightly manned Brougham Castle succumbed easily to Colonel John Lambert . Although many castles in Cumberland and Westmorland were dismantled so they could not be used again , Brougham was spared this fate , most likely because it was not strategically important . In 1650 , Lady Anne Clifford began repaired Appleby and Brougham . Repairs were mostly complete by 1653 , but continued for several years afterwards , the work costing an estimated £ 40 @,@ 000 . By this time Brougham Castle was no longer a serious fortification and had become Anne 's country house . She laid out a garden on the site of the old Roman fort , which led to the discovery of such Roman artefacts as coins and three altars . A 10 @.@ 5 feet ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) stone wall was built around the garden , enclosing an area from the gatehouse to the south end of the Roman fort .
= = Picturesque ruin = =
Lady Anne Clifford died at Brougham Castle in 1676 and her grandson , Nicholas Tufton , 3rd Earl of Thanet , inherited the Clifford estates . He died in 1679 , and over the next five years possession passed through his three younger brothers . Under the youngest , Thomas Tufton , 6th Earl of Thanet , Brougham Castle suffered particular neglect . In 1714 , he decided that Appleby Castle was a sufficient residence and sold the contents of Brougham Castle for £ 570 . Only the Tower of League was left untouched , but in 1723 its contents were also sold , for £ 40 By the 1750s , the castle 's only practical use was as a ready source of building material for the village of Brougham , which prospered due to investment from the Earl of Thanet . In 1794 , a record of the dilapidated state of the castle noted that " much of the interior walls have lately been removed , also , for the purposes of building houses for the adjoining farmhold " .
During the late 18th century , the Lake District became a popular visitor attraction and the sensibilities of Romanticism glamorised such historic ruins as Brougham Castle . In his poem The Prelude , William Wordsworth recounted exploring the ruins of Brougham as an adolescent with his sister . Brougham also provided inspiration another of Wordsworth 's poems , the Song at the Feast of Brougham Castle upon the Restoration of Lord Clifford , the Shepherd , to the Estates and Honours of his Ancestors . The fallen castle attracted sightseers and antiquarians such as William Gilpin and Richard Warner . In his diary , Journey to the Lake District from Cambridge 1779 , William Wilberforce described Brougham Castle as a " very fine ruin " . The painter J. M. W. Turner visited Brougham in 1809 and 1831 , and on the first occasion produced a sketch which would be the starting point of a later watercolour . To avoid the castle decaying further , Charles Tufton , 10th Earl of Thanet , spent £ 41 repairing the structure in 1830 , and his successor Henry Tufton , 11th Earl of Thanet , undertook further repairs in the late 1840s , costing £ 421 .
Henry Tufton died in 1849 , and castle ownership fell to Hothfields . Maintenance was too expensive for the family , and by 1859 cattle were being kept in its gatehouse , and visitors complained that parts of the romantic ruin had become inaccessible . Without sufficient funds , the castle quickly fell into marked decay .
In 1915 , the Ancient Monuments Board declared Brougham Castle a monument " whose preservation was regarded as being of national importance " . With the introduction of bus services in the area , the castle experienced renewed interest from the public , and in the late 1920s around 2 @,@ 000 people visited annually . In 1927 , the 2nd Baron Hothfield granted guardianship of Brougham Castle to the Office of Works , although he retained ownership . The organisation repaired the castle at the cost of £ 5 @,@ 925 . In the 1930s an additional £ 1 @,@ 050 was spent removing the masonry added in the 1840s .
Brougham Castle survives essentially as it was when the main repairs were finished in the 1930s . The castle is a Scheduled Monument , meaning it is a " nationally important " historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change . Until 1984 , when a survey of the standing structure was conducted , little archaeological investigation had taken place at Brougham Castle . The survey was part of a monograph on the castle detailing its history and the phasing of the structure . Brougham is one of only a few castles in Cumbria to have undergone extensive archaeological investigation . Today , the castle is open to the public , and a museum is run by English Heritage , the successor of the Office of Works .
= = Layout = =
The path to Brougham Castle leads from east to west . To the south , or the left of someone approaching the castle , are the earthworks of the Roman fort and the location of the 17th @-@ century garden . The ground is terraced , and to the north the land slopes down towards the River Eamont . A moat runs alongside the east , south , and west faces of the castle , its width varying between 10 and 15 metres ( 33 and 49 ft ) and lying up to 3 @.@ 4 metres ( 11 ft ) deep . Although the moat is now dry it is likely that it used to be filled with water . The castle is an irregular polygon , measuring about 68 metres ( 223 ft ) along the west side , 72 metres ( 236 ft ) along the south , 48 metres ( 157 ft ) wide in the east , and 54 metres ( 177 ft ) on the north side .
Brougham Castle is entered through a three @-@ storey double @-@ gatehouse . Originally the coat of arms of Roger Clifford and his wife was carved above the entrance to the gatehouse but in the 19th century this was replaced by the current inscription , " Thys Made Roger " , by Henry Tufton , 11th Earl of Thanet . The inscription was originally above the entrance of the great hall built by Roger Clifford , 5th Baron Clifford . Erected on the slope inclining down to the river , the gatehouse was constructed in the early 14th century by Robert de Clifford , 1st Baron de Clifford . The complex has three components : the inner and outer gatehouses and a courtyard in between . The inner gatehouse survives to a height of 12 @.@ 5 metres ( 41 ft ) in the east . The ground @-@ floor passage through the building is vaulted and there was a portcullis at the east end . A postern gate was hidden behind a buttress in the north side of the gatehouse and would have provided a discrete means of leaving the castle . The floors above the passageway each consisted of a single large room and were connected to the keep , allowing people to move between the two without having to go outside . In the 17th century Lady Anne Clifford converted the top floor into her bedroom . Like the inner gatehouse , the outer section had a square plan , and the upper floors would each have been occupied by a single room . The building survives to a height of 14 @.@ 5 metres ( 48 ft ) in the east . Below the outer gatehouse was a dungeon , and at ground floor level on the north side the guardroom . The large rooms in both gatehouses would have been used as residences . Although the very top of the gatehouse no longer survives , it would have been crested by machicolations .
Adjoined to the gatehouse is the 13th @-@ century keep . A keep contained the main domestic accommodation in a castle , usually high @-@ status , and also provided the last place of refuge if the surrounding enclosure fell during an assault . Brougham 's keep has a square plan and is between 19 and 20 metres ( 62 and 66 ft ) high , although originally would have stood taller . Access to each floor was granted by a spiral staircase in the north @-@ east corner , with each floor consisting of a single large room . The garderobe was located in the north @-@ west corner . It had long been assumed that the keep was built in the last quarter of the 12th century due to its simple design ; the square design , use of narrow buttresses at each corner , and entrance through a forebuilding are consistent with other keeps built in the late 12th century . By the 13th century , Brougham 's keep would have been old fashioned compared to the polygonal structures introduced in the 13th century . However , historian Henry Summerson who assessed the historic documents for the castle concluded that construction could not have begun earlier than the first quarter of the 13th century . The wooden floors no longer survive , and the use of the rooms in the keep is mostly conjectural , however it is likely that the ground floor would have served as a storage room , with the first floor being used as a hall and accommodation for the guards , and the second floor providing rooms for the lord . A final fourth storey was added in early 14th century . The keep would have been entered at first floor level , through the east side where it was abutted by a forebuilding . Despite the keep 's importance to the castle structure , little survives of the building today .
South east of the keep was the hall , built by Roger Clifford in the late 14th century as a replacement for an earlier hall . It provided space for the castle 's garrison , swelled by the Anglo @-@ Scottish Wars , and was a location for the lord to eat with his soldiers . The hall had large windows which may have detracted from the building 's defensive capability , although it has been postulated that casements bore large wooden shutters . The kitchen , which served the entire castle , was set in the south @-@ east corner of the fortification . Along the south wall were arranged more lodgings , a well , and a chapel , the latter another addition by Roger Clifford . In the south @-@ west corner of the castle was the Tower of League , built around 1300 by Roger Clifford . It included further rooms for accommodation , but notably would also have allowed defenders to fire on an enemy emerging from the gatehouse . Four storeys tall and with a single room at each level , the presence of a garderobe and fireplace on each floor suggests that the tower was reserved for high @-@ status visitors . The tower 's square plan is typical of such structures built in northern England at this time , as seen at castles such as Warkworth and Egremont , although it contrasts with rounded towers preferred in the south .
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= 2013 Critérium du Dauphiné =
The 2013 Critérium du Dauphiné was the sixty @-@ fifth running of the Critérium du Dauphiné cycling stage race ; a race , organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation , rated as a World Tour event on the UCI calendar , the highest classification such an event can have . The race consisted of eight stages , beginning in Champéry on 2 June – the first such start for the race in Switzerland – and concluding in Risoul on 9 June , and was the sixteenth race of the 2013 UCI World Tour season . The Dauphiné was viewed as a great preparation for July 's Tour de France and a number of the contenders for the general classification of the Tour participated in the Dauphiné . It featured mountainous stages as well as an individual time trial similar in length to the Tour .
The race was won by Great Britain 's Chris Froome of Team Sky – the third successive year that the squad had won the race , after Bradley Wiggins ' victories in 2011 and 2012 . Froome took the overall lead of the race after winning the fifth stage , and maintained his advantage to the end of the race to win his fourth stage race of the 2013 season . Ultimately , Froome won the general classification by 58 seconds over runner @-@ up and team @-@ mate Richie Porte , a domestique for Froome in the mountainous stages on the route . The podium was completed by Daniel Moreno of Team Katusha , who finished 74 seconds in arrears of Porte , and two minutes 12 seconds behind Froome .
In the race 's other classifications , Garmin – Sharp 's Rohan Dennis was the winner of the white jersey for the young rider classification as he was the highest placed rider born in 1988 or later , finishing in eighth place overall . Despite not winning any stages during the race , Gianni Meersman of Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step won the green jersey , for the winner of the points classification – gained at intermediate sprints and stage finishes – while the red and white polka @-@ dotted jersey for the King of the Mountains classification went to Argos – Shimano rider Thomas Damuseau . The teams classification was comfortably won by Team Sky for the second year in a row ; they were over twelve minutes clear of the next best team , Saxo – Tinkoff .
= = Teams = =
As the Critérium du Dauphiné was a UCI World Tour event , all UCI ProTeams were invited automatically and obligated to send a squad . Originally , eighteen ProTeams were invited to the race , with four other squads given wildcard places . Team Katusha were not originally invited to the race , but when they later regained their ProTour status after an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , the race organisers announced their inclusion , bringing the total number of teams competing to twenty @-@ three .
During May 's Giro d 'Italia , Sylvain Georges tested positive for the vasodilator heptaminol , after the seventh stage ; his positive test was the second by a rider from the Ag2r – La Mondiale squad in the space of a year , after Steve Houanard tested positive for the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin ( EPO ) in an out @-@ of @-@ competition test in September 2012 . Since the team was a member of the Mouvement pour un cyclisme crédible union , a second positive test meant that , according to the union 's regulations , they had to stop racing for eight days . The team voluntarily withdrew from the Dauphiné , avoiding a financial penalty which could have been incurred by the team for failing to compete in a World Tour event , against UCI regulations . As a result the peloton was reduced to the following twenty @-@ two teams .
Among the 176 @-@ rider starting peloton was only one previous winner of the race : Alejandro Valverde , the winner of the race in 2008 and 2009 , led the Movistar Team .
= = Schedule = =
The route for the race was announced on 15 April 2013 .
= = Stages = =
= = = Stage 1 = = =
2 June 2013 — Champéry ( Switzerland ) to Champéry ( Switzerland ) , 121 km ( 75 @.@ 2 mi )
Despite starting and finishing in the village of Champéry – the first occasion that the race had started in Switzerland in its history – most of the opening stage of the 2013 Critérium du Dauphiné was just over the Franco @-@ Swiss border in the Haute @-@ Savoie department , where the previous year 's race had finished . After a slight descent from the start , the race 's first climb commenced after just 3 @.@ 3 km ( 2 @.@ 1 mi ) of racing , with the first @-@ category Côte de Morgins , a 9 @.@ 2 km ( 5 @.@ 7 mi ) -long , 6 % climb . After a long and steady descent , another first @-@ category climb of the Col du Corbier – which featured in the 2012 Dauphiné @-@ ending stage – was ascented , a 7 @.@ 6 km ( 4 @.@ 7 mi ) test at an average of 7 @.@ 5 % . On the return loop to Champéry , after passing through the intermediate sprint at La Chapelle @-@ d 'Abondance , the Côte de Morgins was climbed from the other side ( this time as a second @-@ category climb ) , before a third @-@ category climb – the Côte de Champéry – just a kilometre from the finish . This 121 km ( 75 @.@ 2 mi ) parcours , especially the closing kilometres , was expected to see sprinters being dropped from the peloton , resulting in a select group of riders at the finish .
The day 's breakaway was initiated at the front of the day 's opening climb , the Côte de Morgins , with the initial move being made by Team Europcar rider David Veilleux . Veilleux was later joined by Euskaltel – Euskadi 's Ricardo García , Argos – Shimano rider Thomas Damuseau and Jean @-@ Marc Bideau of Bretagne – Séché Environnement , and the quartet built up a maximum lead on the road of around ten minutes . Behind them , Tony Martin ( Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step ) set off in pursuit of the four leaders , but was not able to reach the lead group at any point . Veilleux attacked on the Col du Corbier , and managed to break away by 40 seconds from García and Damuseau – Bideau had been dropped earlier on the climb – in 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) to the top of the climb . Veilleux remained well clear into the closing stages , and eventually came across the line to take the biggest win of his career – his first win at World Tour level – by almost two minutes . In doing so , Veilleux claimed the race lead in the general , points and mountains classifications . The remaining members of the breakaway were caught , and this allowed Martin 's team @-@ mate Gianni Meersman to take second , ahead of Blanco Pro Cycling 's Tom @-@ Jelte Slagter , who was the best @-@ placed young rider .
= = = Stage 2 = = =
3 June 2013 — Châtel to Oyonnax , 191 km ( 118 @.@ 7 mi )
Although categorised as a flat stage by the race organisers , the second half of the 191 km ( 118 @.@ 7 mi ) parcours was set to test whether the sprinters could with remain with the peloton all the way to the finish in Oyonnax . Five of the day 's six categorised climbs came in a 60 km ( 37 @.@ 3 mi ) portion of the route , with the last of these – the second @-@ category Col du Sentier – coming with just 11 @.@ 5 km ( 7 @.@ 1 mi ) remaining of the stage . The Col du Sentier was the day 's steepest climb , with an average gradient of 7 @.@ 6 % , and was one of two second @-@ category ascents , along with the 5 @.@ 6 km ( 3 @.@ 5 mi ) -long Côte de Communal ( 6 @.@ 3 % ) around 30 km ( 18 @.@ 6 mi ) prior . The descent into Oyonnax was fast , before a gradual rise to the finish .
Four separate riders attempted to make solo breakaways early in the stage , but it was not until the 22 km ( 13 @.@ 7 mi ) point that a group was able to separate from the peloton . For the second day running , Argos – Shimano rider Thomas Damuseau was in the breakaway , with the main aim of taking the mountains classification lead away from overall leader David Veilleux of Team Europcar . Joining Damuseau in the group initially were Bretagne – Séché Environnement 's Arnaud Gérard and Cofidis rider Rudy Molard , while a fourth rider , José Mendes ( NetApp – Endura ) , was able to bridge up to the group from the peloton . With three @-@ quarters of the group being within two minutes of Veilleux after the opening stage , the peloton were unwilling to give the group too much distance on the road , and the gap peaked at no more than five minutes , just after halfway .
Veilleux 's team maintained the pace in the peloton , pulling the group back as Damuseau led the leaders over the top of the first four climbs , but the quartet held a lead of less than a minute at the foot of the Côte du Bugnon . Molard attacked his companions , and pulled the advantage out to just over a minute , while the others were brought back by the peloton , now being led by Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step . Molard 's resistance lasted until the bottom of the final climb , the Col du Sentier , when the peloton sped by . His team @-@ mate Rein Taaramäe attacked on the climb itself , remaining clear to around 2 @.@ 5 km ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) from the finish of the stage . Cannondale had led the chase , and also led the field into the final kilometre for their sprinter Elia Viviani , and after navigating the hairpin bend with 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) left , Viviani was the strongest in the sprint and took his first win of 2013 ahead of Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step 's Gianni Meersman , who finished second for the second day running . Veilleux finished within the peloton to maintain his race lead by 1 ' 56 " over Meersman .
= = = Stage 3 = = =
4 June 2013 — Ambérieu @-@ en @-@ Bugey to Tarare , 167 km ( 103 @.@ 8 mi )
The third stage of the race was split into two distinctive sections ; the first portion of the 167 km ( 103 @.@ 8 mi ) -long stage from the start town of Ambérieu @-@ en @-@ Bugey was predominantly flat as the race headed towards the feeding zone in the commune of Lancié . From there , the route moved uphill towards the first of the day 's two categorised climbs . The Col des Echarmeaux was a long , but rolling climb of 3 % over 10 @.@ 5 km ( 6 @.@ 5 mi ) , with a steady descent towards the intermediate sprint point , coming 25 km ( 15 @.@ 5 mi ) before the finish , in the commune of Cublize . The route descended a little further , before the Col des Sauvages , a third @-@ category climb at an average gradient over 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) of 5 @.@ 5 % . The summit of the climb came 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) before the finish into Tarare ; the finish was technical , with two tight left @-@ hand turns in the final kilometre .
Four riders broke clear of the main field almost immediately after the race rolled out of Ambérieu @-@ en @-@ Bugey , with Fumiyuki Beppu ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) being joined in the breakaway by Garmin – Sharp rider Jacob Rathe , Sander Cordeel of Lotto – Belisol and Vacansoleil – DCM 's Juan Antonio Flecha . The quartet pulled clear to a maximum advantage of around seven minutes early in the stage . This was steadily brought down by the team @-@ mates of the race leader David Veilleux ( Team Europcar ) and the Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step team for their sprinter Gianni Meersman . FDJ also aided with the chase for Nacer Bouhanni , and the peloton was within a minute of the leaders at the intermediate sprint in Cublize . Cordeel was the last member of the group to be caught , just as he commenced the Col des Sauvages . After several solo attacks were pulled back by Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step , it set up the final sprint in Tarare . With a lead @-@ out from team @-@ mate Geraint Thomas , Edvald Boasson Hagen finished strongest to take the stage win – the third Dauphiné win of his career – ahead of Orica – GreenEDGE 's Michael Matthews and Meersman .
= = = Stage 4 = = =
5 June 2013 — Villars @-@ les @-@ Dombes to Parc des Oiseaux , 32 @.@ 5 km ( 20 @.@ 2 mi ) , individual time trial ( ITT )
The race 's only individual time trial of an extensive length was held as an out @-@ and @-@ back loop around Villars @-@ les @-@ Dombes in the Ain department . The parcours of the 32 @.@ 5 km ( 20 @.@ 2 mi ) -long stage was almost entirely flat . The stage finished at the Parc des Oiseaux , one of the largest ornithological parks in Europe . Race organisers had expected the quickest times for the course to be around forty minutes . Several of the general classification leaders regarded the time trial as a test for an individual time trial of similar length due to be held in July , at the Tour de France . As is customary in time trial stages , cyclists set off in reverse order from where they were ranked in the general classification at the end of the previous stage . Thus , Larry Warbasse of the BMC Racing Team , who was in 172nd place of the 176 starters , trailing overall leader David Veilleux by thirty @-@ five minutes and fourteen seconds , was the first rider to set off on the stage .
Warbasse recorded a time of 42 ' 43 " for the course , but his stay at the top was almost immediately beaten by Orica – GreenEDGE 's Mitchell Docker . Docker had started two minutes behind Warbasse – riders had started the stage at one @-@ minute intervals – and nearly caught him towards the end , having already passed his team @-@ mate Yannick Eijssen on the course . NetApp – Endura rider Alexander Wetterhall was the next rider to record the fastest time , setting a benchmark of 40 ' 19 " ; Jack Bauer was the first rider to break the expected fastest time , recording a sub @-@ 40 minute time for the parcours , as the Garmin – Sharp rider went top with 39 ' 33 " . Eloy Teruel went five seconds quicker than Bauer for the Movistar Team to assume top spot for a short time , before Czech national champion Jan Bárta , a team @-@ mate of Wetterhall at NetApp – Endura , completed the course over a minute quicker in a time of 38 ' 30 " .
Teruel 's team @-@ mate Jonathan Castroviejo almost recorded the first time below 38 minutes , falling a couple of seconds shy with a time of 38 ' 02 " , but was still almost half a minute clear of the best time to that point , set by Bárta . His time was to be beaten by only three riders , the first of which was the eventual stage @-@ winning time recorded by the world champion Tony Martin , riding for the Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step team . Martin was comfortably quickest at each of the two intermediate time @-@ checks along the route , and crossed the line over a minute clear of Castroviejo ; he had recorded a time of 36 ' 54 " . Martin 's winning time allowed him to claim his sixth individual time trial victory of 2013 . Garmin – Sharp rider Rohan Dennis recorded the second @-@ fastest time for the course at 37 ' 41 " , and by doing so , became the new leader of the Dauphiné by five seconds , from Team Sky 's Chris Froome – the best of the general classification contenders , and one of four Team Sky riders in the top six – as Veilleux lost more than three minutes on the course .
= = = Stage 5 = = =
6 June 2013 — Grésy @-@ sur @-@ Aix to Valmorel , 139 km ( 86 @.@ 4 mi )
The fifth stage was the first to be categorised as a mountain stage , with a summit finish at the ski resort of Valmorel , just outside Les Avanchers . After an opening loop around the start town of Grésy @-@ sur @-@ Aix , the Côte de Trévignin was the first of four categorised climbs on the day 's route . The climb of 4 @.@ 4 km ( 2 @.@ 7 mi ) averaged 6 @.@ 6 % over the ascent , and from there the race progressed to the Massif des Bauges . After a period of undulating terrain , the short , sharp fourth @-@ category Col du Frêne was next on the route , at 6 % over just under 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of climbing . After the descent down to Saint @-@ Pierre @-@ d 'Albigny , the 139 km ( 86 @.@ 4 mi ) parcours headed towards Valmorel via Albertville , the intermediate sprint point at La Bâthie and the fourth @-@ category Côte de la Croix . The final climb , an hors catégorie ascent , averaged 7 % over 12 @.@ 7 km ( 7 @.@ 9 mi ) , which was somewhat ameliorated by several hairpin bends towards the finish , which provided any attacking rider with a perfect kick towards the finish .
An attack @-@ laden opening to the stage allowed a breakaway of fifteen riders to be formed after around 20 km ( 12 @.@ 4 mi ) of racing , with mountains classification leader Thomas Damuseau being among the group , to maintain his lead in those standings ; the best @-@ placed general classification rider among the group was Francesco Gavazzi ( Astana ) , who trailed overnight leader Rohan Dennis of Garmin – Sharp by just under three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes . The lead gap went over five minutes at one point during the stage , but was around half that as the leaders approached the final climb of the day . Tim Wellens ( Lotto – Belisol ) and Orica – GreenEDGE 's Daniel Teklehaymanot set the pace at the foot of the climb , before Wellens attacked on his own . RadioShack – Leopard 's Matthew Busche was able to bridge back up to Wellens , before dropping him .
Behind , Team Sky were leading the main group up the Montée de Valmorel , with the pace dislodging numerous riders . Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) attempted to chase down Busche , but was brought back with less than 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) remaining . After losing time in the previous day 's time trial , Alberto Contador of Saxo – Tinkoff attacked the group , but was chased down by Team Sky 's Chris Froome ; Froome and Contador were able to catch Busche in the closing stages , with Froome kicking on to take the stage victory and the race leader 's yellow and blue jersey , as Dennis had been dropped in the final 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of the stage . Dennis ultimately fell to third in the general classification , as Froome 's team @-@ mate Richie Porte was also able to move ahead by two seconds , but he maintained his lead in the young rider classification .
= = = Stage 6 = = =
7 June 2013 — La Léchère to Grenoble , 143 km ( 88 @.@ 9 mi )
The sixth stage was relatively short at 143 km ( 88 @.@ 9 mi ) long . After a near @-@ flat opening 50 km ( 31 @.@ 1 mi ) , which included the day 's intermediate sprint at Albertville , the race moved towards the hills , with four categorised climbs within a 40 km ( 24 @.@ 9 mi ) period . The first was the shallowest of the quartet , with the fourth @-@ category Côte d 'Arvillard averaging 5 @.@ 3 % over 2 @.@ 2 km ( 1 @.@ 4 mi ) , before the first @-@ category Col du Barioz − a narrow climb averaging 7 @.@ 3 % over 7 @.@ 1 km ( 4 @.@ 4 mi ) . After a speedy descent , the riders climbed once again , with the second @-@ category Col des Ayes averaging over 8 % . Another short , sharp climb of the Col des Mouilles finished the categorised climbing for the day .
After points classification leader Gianni Meersman extended his lead at the intermediate sprint for Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step , the stage 's breakaway took over an hour to form on the road . A three @-@ rider move built up an advantage of over two minutes , after which Team Europcar took up station on the front of the peloton to get a rider clear . The rider in question was Thomas Voeckler , who managed to catch the original breakaway , and passed them on the road . Voeckler was later joined by seven other riders as they were ascending the Col du Barioz . The best placed rider of the octet was FDJ rider Alexandre Geniez , who trailed the overnight leader of the general classification , Chris Froome ( Team Sky ) , by 3 ' 41 " ; despite this , Froome 's squad kept the gap in check , with the difference not going over three minutes .
BMC Racing Team also helped with the chase of the leaders , and managed to halve the gap by the time the race reached the 30 km ( 18 @.@ 6 mi ) to go point . The lead group then splintered , as the Movistar Team 's José Herrada attacked on his own . The Astana pairing of Egor Silin and Kevin Seeldraeyers were next to follow Herrada , with Voeckler and Geniez eventually rejoining , and Tim Wellens ( Lotto – Belisol ) , Mikel Nieve of Euskaltel – Euskadi and Vacansoleil – DCM 's Thomas De Gendt losing contact . Geniez later dropped back , which allowed for a slight lull in the chase , allowing the leaders to increase the gap from just over a minute to a minute @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half . The gap remained at around a minute as the race entered Grenoble , which enabled the breakaway to battle it out for the honours . After several half @-@ hearted moves , Voeckler was the only rider to launch a sizable move ; he ultimately won the stage , ahead of Herrada , Seeldraeyers and Silin . Team Sky sprinter Edvald Boasson Hagen won the bunch sprint , 46 seconds later , as team @-@ mate Froome kept the race lead .
= = = Stage 7 = = =
8 June 2013 — Le Pont @-@ de @-@ Claix to SuperDévoluy , 187 @.@ 5 km ( 116 @.@ 5 mi )
The queen stage of the 2013 Critérium du Dauphiné , the penultimate stage steadily rose out of the start town in Le Pont @-@ de @-@ Claix towards the first of the day 's five categorised climbs . The first test , a climb to Alpe d 'Huez , was seen as a dress rehearsal for the Tour de France , to be held in July , with the 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) , 8 @.@ 6 % average hors catégorie climb featuring twice on that race 's eighteenth stage . From there , it was a short descent to the second climb , the second @-@ category Col de Sarenne , which averaged almost 7 % over 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) of climbing . An immediate long descent followed , before the first @-@ category Col d 'Ornon , which averaged 6 @.@ 1 % over its 10 @.@ 5 km ( 6 @.@ 5 mi ) duration . The riders enjoyed a respite from the climbs for around an hour across the Valbonnais , passing through the intermediate sprint at Corps . The final portion of the 187 @.@ 5 km ( 116 @.@ 5 mi ) parcours saw the riders climb the Col du Noyer , with portions at 11 % , before a descent and a 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) , 5 @.@ 7 % kick up to the finish at SuperDévoluy .
A group of twenty @-@ two riders ( from seventeen teams ) formed the day 's breakaway , and were around three minutes clear by the time they reached the foot of the climb to Alpe d 'Huez . The gap rose to around four minutes by the summit of the climb – led over the top by Vacansoleil – DCM 's Thomas De Gendt – which allowed Kevin Seeldraeyers ( Astana ) to become the virtual leader of the general classification . The breakaway began to splinter on the Col d 'Ornon , as the advantage over the main field continued to rise , to over five minutes . Alexey Lutsenko led over the climb for Astana , ahead of the mountains classification leader Thomas Damuseau of Argos – Shimano and Seeldraeyers . Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step 's Sylvain Chavanel and Cannondale rider Alessandro De Marchi moved clear ahead of the Col du Noyer , and managed to pull around a minute @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half clear of the rest of the breakaway by the foot of the climb .
De Marchi dropped Chavanel on the climb , but by this time , the lead group had moved within a minute of catching him ; they eventually did so with around 14 km ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) left to cover on the stage . Saxo – Tinkoff and Team Sky were prominent at the front of the leading group , setting the pace high enough to reduce the group to around a dozen riders . Euskaltel – Euskadi rider Samuel Sánchez attacked near the top of the climb , with another Astana rider , Jakob Fuglsang . The two riders worked well together and managed to build a gap of about twenty seconds prior to the final climb , remaining clear until the finish . Sánchez out @-@ sprinted Fuglsang at the end for his first win of the year ; a win he later dedicated to his former team @-@ mate Víctor Cabedo , who had died in a training accident in September 2012 . Richie Porte finished third for Team Sky , having been aided by his team @-@ mate and overall leader , Chris Froome .
= = = Stage 8 = = =
9 June 2013 — Sisteron to Risoul , 155 @.@ 5 km ( 96 @.@ 6 mi )
The final stage of the 2013 Critérium du Dauphiné was a categorised medium @-@ mountain stage 155 @.@ 5 km ( 96 @.@ 6 mi ) in length . Having rolled out of the start town of Sisteron , the parcours headed towards Gigors via some rolling terrain , and after a descent , set up for the first of three categorised climbs : the Côte de la Bréole , averaging around 5 % for its 5 @.@ 4 km ( 3 @.@ 4 mi ) length . Having passed through the feed zone at Le Lauzet @-@ Ubaye , the road steadily rose towards the foot of the second climb , the first @-@ category Col de Vars . A climb of irregular gradient , it averaged 6 @.@ 9 % for 10 @.@ 4 km ( 6 @.@ 5 mi ) of climbing , albeit with a short downhill section in the middle . From the summit , the route descended towards Guillestre and ultimately , the start of the final climb to Risoul , a steady almost @-@ 14 km ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) climb , maxing at around 9 % , but averaging 6 @.@ 7 % for its duration . The climb had previously featured in the 2010 edition of the race , where Nicolas Vogondy soloed to victory .
For the second day running , a large breakaway group formed for the primary break of the day . A total of 24 riders , including members of 17 of the race 's 22 teams , were part of the group at its largest . The group included mountains classification leader Thomas Damuseau ( Argos – Shimano ) , who set about securing an unassailable advantage in the standings . He led over the top of the Côte de la Bréole , as the peloton allowed them an advantage of around three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes . Points classification leader Gianni Meersman of Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step was also among the group , and he took maximum points at the intermediate sprint at Jausiers to extend his advantage , but not enough to mathematically secure the jersey . On the Col de Vars , Lotto – Belisol rider Tim Wellens and Cannondale 's Alessandro De Marchi attacked , and were later joined by Travis Meyer of Orica – GreenEDGE ; Meyer was able to distance his companions for a period , before De Marchi , Wellens , BMC Racing Team rider Manuel Quinziato and Team Katusha 's Alberto Losada were able to rejoin him .
This quintet held an advantage of approaching three minutes , as they headed towards the final climb in the treacherous conditions that had been prominent throughout the stage . Wellens attacked at the foot of the climb , and managed to acquire a gap over around 30 seconds halfway up , but had been tiring quickly . This fatigue allowed De Marchi to rejoin him , and ultimately pass him on the road . Team Sky , leading the peloton in protection of the overall leader Chris Froome , were setting a fast pace in the group , and the pace forced Michael Rogers ( Saxo – Tinkoff ) to be distanced , putting his third place overall under threat . Froome and team @-@ mate Richie Porte soon gained ground off the front of the peloton , further securing the duo 's one @-@ two finish in the overall standings . They set off in chase of De Marchi , but he ultimately prevailed for his first professional victory , finishing 24 seconds clear of the nearest rider . Froome finished second , ahead of Garmin – Sharp 's Andrew Talansky , who caught Froome and passed Porte in the closing metres ; Froome thus secured the overall lead , missed out on the points title by two points to Meersman Rogers faded to sixth overall , which handed Daniel Moreno ( Team Katusha ) the final place on the podium .
= = Classification leadership = =
In the 2013 Critérium du Dauphiné , four different jerseys were awarded . For the general classification , calculated by adding each cyclist 's finishing times on each stage , the leader received a yellow jersey with a blue bar . This classification was considered the most important of the 2013 Critérium du Dauphiné , and the winner of the classification was considered the winner of the race .
Additionally , there was a points classification , which awarded a green jersey . In the points classification , cyclists got points for finishing in the top 10 in a stage . For all stages , the win earned 15 points , second place earned 12 points , third 10 , fourth 8 , fifth 6 , and one point fewer per place down to a single point for 10th . Points towards the classification could also be achieved at each of the intermediate sprints ; these points were given to the top three riders through the line with 5 points for first , 3 for second , and 1 point for third .
There was also a mountains classification , the leadership of which was marked by a red and white polka @-@ dot jersey . In the mountains classification , points were won by reaching the top of a climb before other cyclists . Each climb was categorised as either hors , first , second , third , or fourth @-@ category , with more points available for the higher @-@ categorised climbs . Hors catégorie climbs awarded the most points , with 20 points on offer for the first rider across the summit ; the first ten riders were able to accrue points towards the mountains classification , compared with the first eight on first @-@ category passes and the first six riders on second @-@ category climbs . Fewer points were on offer for the smaller hills , marked as third @-@ category or fourth @-@ category .
The fourth jersey represented the young rider classification , marked by a white jersey . This was decided the same way as the general classification , but only riders born after 1 January 1988 were eligible to be ranked in the classification . There was also a classification for teams , in which the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added together ; the leading team at the end of the race was the team with the lowest total time .
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= Upsilon Andromedae =
Upsilon Andromedae ( abbreviated υ Andromedae , υ And ) is a binary star located approximately 44 light @-@ years from Earth in the constellation of Andromeda . The system consists of an F @-@ type main @-@ sequence star ( designated υ Andromedae A , also named Titawin ) and a smaller red dwarf ( υ Andromedae B ) .
As of 2010 , four extrasolar planets ( designated Upsilon Andromedae b , c , d and e ; the first three named Saffar , Samh and Majriti , respectively ) are believed to orbit υ Andromedae A. All four are likely to be jovian planets that are comparable in size to Jupiter . This was both the first multiple @-@ planet system to be discovered around a main @-@ sequence star , and the first multiple @-@ planet system known in a multiple star system .
= = Nomenclature = =
Upsilon Andromedae is the system 's Bayer designation . Under the rules for naming objects in binary star systems the two components are designated A and B. Under the same rules , the first planet discovered orbiting υ Andromedae A should be designated υ Andromedae Ab . Though this more formal form is occasionally used to avoid confusion with the secondary star υ Andromedae B , it is more commonly referred to as υ Andromedae b . The other planets discovered were designated υ Andromedae c , d and e , in order of their discovery .
In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning names were Titawin for υ Andromedae A and Saffar , Samh and Majriti for three of its planets ( b , c , and d , respectively ) .
The winning names were those submitted by the Vega Astronomy Club of Morocco . The star is named after the settlement in northern Morocco and UNESCO World Heritage Site now known as the medina ( old town ) of Tétouan . The planets honour the 10th and 11th Century astronomers Ibn al @-@ Saffar , Ibn al @-@ Samh and Maslama al @-@ Majriti of Muslim Spain .
In Chinese , 天大將軍 ( Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn ) , meaning Heaven 's Great General , refers to an asterism consisting of υ Andromedae , γ Andromedae , φ Persei , 51 Andromedae , 49 Andromedae , χ Andromedae , τ Andromedae , 56 Andromedae , β Trianguli , γ Trianguli and δ Trianguli . Consequently , υ Andromedae itself is known as 天大將軍六 ( Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn liù , English : the Sixth Star of Heaven 's Great General . ) .
= = Stellar system = =
= = = Distance and visibility = = =
Upsilon Andromedae is located fairly close to the Solar System : the parallax of Upsilon Andromedae A was measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite as 74 @.@ 12 milliarcseconds , corresponding to a distance of 13 @.@ 49 parsecs ( 44 light years ) . Upsilon Andromedae A has an apparent magnitude of + 4 @.@ 09 , making it visible to the naked eye even under moderately light @-@ polluted skies , about 10 degrees east of the Andromeda Galaxy . The dimmer star Upsilon Andromedae B is only visible with a telescope .
= = = System components = = =
Upsilon Andromedae A is a yellow @-@ white dwarf of spectral type F8V , similar to the Sun , but younger , more massive , and more luminous . According to its entry in the Geneva – Copenhagen survey , the star is around 3 @.@ 1 billion years old , and has a similar proportion of iron relative to hydrogen to the Sun . At around 1 @.@ 3 solar masses , it will have a shorter lifetime than the Sun . The amount of ultraviolet radiation received by any planets in the star 's habitable zone would be similar to the ultraviolet flux the Earth receives from the Sun .
Upsilon Andromedae A was ranked 21st in the list of top 100 target stars for NASA 's cancelled Terrestrial Planet Finder mission .
Upsilon Andromedae B is a red dwarf of spectral type M4.5V located at a projected separation of 750 AU from the primary star . The true separation between the two stars is unknown because the displacement along the line of sight between us and the Upsilon Andromedae stars is unknown , so this value is a minimum separation . Based upon its motion through space , this is a common proper motion companion to the primary . It was discovered in 2002 in data collected as part of the Two Micron All Sky Survey . The star is less massive and far less luminous than the Sun .
The Washington Double Star Catalog lists two optical components ; however , these do not share the system 's proper motion and only appear close to Upsilon Andromedae because they happen to lie near the same line of sight .
= = Planetary system = =
The star rotates at an inclination of 58 + 9
− 7 degrees relative to Earth .
The innermost planet of the Upsilon Andromedae system was discovered in 1996 and announced in January 1997 , together with the planet of Tau Boötis and the innermost planet of 55 Cancri . The discovery was made by Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler , both astronomers at San Francisco State University . The planet , designated Upsilon Andromedae b , was discovered by measuring changes in the star 's radial velocity induced by the planet 's gravity . Because of its closeness to the parent star , it induced a large wobble which was detected relatively easily . The planet appears to be responsible for enhanced activity in the chromosphere of its star .
Even when this planet was taken into account , there still remained significant residuals in the radial velocity measurements , and it was suggested there might be a second planet in orbit . In 1999 , astronomers at both San Francisco State University and the Harvard @-@ Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics independently concluded that a three @-@ planet model best fit the data . The two outer planets were designated Upsilon Andromedae c and Upsilon Andromedae d in order of increasing distance from the star . Both of these planets are in more eccentric orbits than any of the planets in the Solar System ( including Pluto ) . Upsilon Andromedae d resides in the system 's habitable zone .
The system is not coplanar , with each other or with the stellar rotation . The mutual inclination between c and d is 30 degrees . In 2001 , preliminary astrometric measurements suggested the orbit of the outermost planet is inclined at 155 @.@ 5 ° to the plane of the sky . However , subsequent investigation of the data reduction techniques used suggests that the Hipparcos measurements are not precise enough to adequately characterize the orbits of substellar companions . Astrometry of the innermost planet , meanwhile , constrained its inclination to 30 @-@ 90 degrees . Full publication is expected in 2008 . The orbit of Upsilon Andromedae c gradually oscillates between circular and eccentric states every 6 @,@ 700 years . The existence of further planets too small or distant to detect has not been ruled out , though the presence of Jupiter @-@ mass planets as close as 5 AU from Upsilon Andromedae A would make the system unstable .
Some simulations show that the eccentricity of the system 's planets may have arisen from a close encounter between the outer planet and a fourth planet , with the result that the fourth planet was ejected from the system or destroyed . If so , the rogue planet would have had to eject immediately ; it is unclear how likely this situation might be . Other models are possible . However , a fourth planet ( Upsilon Andromedae e ) was discovered in 2010 . This planet is in a 3 : 1 resonance with Upsilon Andromedae d .
Upsilon Andromedae does not appear to have a circumstellar dust disk similar to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System . This may be the result of perturbations from the companion star removing material from the outer regions of the Upsilon Andromedae A system .
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= Theoktistos =
Theoktistos ( Greek : Θεόκτιστος ; died November 20 , 855 ) was a leading Byzantine official during the second quarter of the 9th century and the de facto head of the regency for the underage Michael III from 842 until his dismissal and murder in 855 . A eunuch , he assisted in the ascent of Michael II to the throne in 822 , and was rewarded with the titles of patrikios and later magistros . He held the high posts of chartoularios tou kanikleiou and logothetēs tou dromou under Michael and his son Theophilos . After Theophilos ' death in 842 , Theoktistos became member of the regency council , but soon managed to sideline the other members and establish himself as the virtual ruler of the Empire . Noted for his administrative and political competence , Theoktistos played a major role in ending the Byzantine Iconoclasm , and fostered the ongoing renaissance in education within the Empire . He also continued the persecution of the Paulicians , but had mixed success in the wars against the Arabs . When Michael III came of age in 855 , his uncle Bardas persuaded him to throw off the tutelage of Theoktistos and his mother , the Empress Theodora , and on 20 November 855 , Theoktistos was assassinated by Bardas and his followers .
= = Early life = =
Nothing is known of Theoktistos ' early life . He is called a eunuch in Theophanes Continuatus and al @-@ Tabari and is generally accepted as such by modern scholars , although an accusation by his rival Bardas of wanting to marry Empress Theodora or one of her daughters appears incompatible with this . By 820 he held an unspecified position at the court of Emperor Leo V the Armenian ( ruled 813 – 822 ) , possibly as a member of the imperial guard . Theoktistos played a major role in the plot to assassinate Leo , and was rewarded by the new emperor , Michael II the Amorian ( r . 822 – 829 ) , with the rank of patrikios , and the confidential court post of chartoularios tou kanikleiou ( " secretary of the ink @-@ pot " ) . Under Michael 's son and successor , Theophilos ( r . 829 – 842 ) , he apparently continued to be a trusted advisor , as he rose to the rank of magistros , and was appointed logothetēs tou dromou , effectively the Empire 's foreign minister . A further mark of imperial confidence was Theophilos appointing Theoktistos as a member of the regency council for his two @-@ year @-@ old son Michael III shortly before his death in January 842 , alongside the empress @-@ dowager Theodora , and the magistros Manuel the Armenian .
= = Regency = =
Following Theophilos ' death , the regency council took over the conduct of affairs of state . Theodora 's brothers Bardas and Petronas and her relative Sergios Niketiates also played an important role in the early days of the regency .
The regency moved quickly to end Byzantine Iconoclasm , which had dominated Byzantine religious and political life for over a century with deleterious effects . In early 843 , an assembly of selected officials and clerics convened in the house of Theoktistos . The synod repudiated iconoclasm , re @-@ affirmed the decisions of the 787 Second Council of Nicaea , and deposed the pro @-@ iconoclast patriarch John the Grammarian . In his stead was elected Methodios I , who had been imprisoned by Theophilos for his iconophile beliefs . This event is commemorated as the " Triumph of Orthodoxy " by the Eastern Orthodox Church ever since . Theoktistos played a major role in these events . He is credited by almost all sources — Theophanes Continuatus , Genesios , John Skylitzes , and Zonaras — as a driving force behind the restoration of the icons , and particularly behind the deposition of John the Grammarian . He is commemorated as a saint by the Orthodox Church on 20 October .
A week after that , Theoktistos and Sergios Niketiates were sent on a campaign to recover Crete , which had been conquered in the 820s by Andalusian exiles . The expedition at first went well , as the Byzantine army landed and took control over most of the island , confining the Andalusians to their capital , Chandax . At this juncture , Theoktistos heard a rumour that in his absence , Theodora intended to raise her brother Bardas to the imperial throne . He hastily abandoned the army under Niketiates and returned to Constantinople , only to find the rumours false . Once in Constantinople , news arrived of an invasion of Asia Minor by Umar al @-@ Aqta , emir of Malatya . Theoktistos was sent at the head of an army to confront him , but the resulting Battle of Mauropotamos ended in a Byzantine defeat . At the same time , the expeditionary corps left in Crete was defeated and almost annihilated by the Andalusians , who killed Niketiates .
Despite his personal involvement in these military disasters , Theoktistos was able to use them to sideline his competitors : Bardas was blamed for the desertions that plagued the Byzantines at Mauropotamos and exiled from Constantinople , while the magistros Manuel was slandered and forced to retire . With Niketiates dead , Theoktistos was now the undisputed head of the regency , a position described by the Byzantine chroniclers , like Symeon Logothetes and Georgios Monachos , as " paradynasteuon of the Augusta " .
Theoktistos continued the persecution of the Paulicians , which had been initiated by Theodora in 843 . Many fled to Arab territory , where with Umar al @-@ Aqta 's aid they established a state of their own at Tephrike under their leader Karbeas . Theoktistos concluded a truce with the Abbasid Caliphate and arranged an exchange of prisoners that took place on 16 September 845 . Nevertheless , in the same year , the execution of the surviving Byzantine prisoners from the Arab Sack of Amorium in 842 took place in the Abbasid capital , Samarra . After 845 , the Arab raids in the east died down for a few years after a winter raid launched by Ahmad al @-@ Bahili , the Abbasid emir of Tarsus , was defeated by the strategos of Cappadocia . They did not recommence until 851 , when the new emir of Tarsus , Ali al @-@ Armani , launched summer raids for three successive years , albeit with little apparent impact . The Byzantines responded with a naval expedition in 853 that sacked the port of Damietta in Egypt , while in the next year a Byzantine army invaded Arab lands in Cilicia and sacked Anazarbus . Around 20 @,@ 000 prisoners were taken , some of whom were executed on Theoktistos ' orders after they refused to convert to Christianity , probably as a gesture of retaliation for the Caliphate 's execution of the prisoners of Amorium in 845 .
To the north , the Bulgar frontier remained quiet , except for a Bulgar raid that was defeated , leading to the renewal of the 30 @-@ year peace treaty of 815 , which was later reconfirmed by the new Bulgar khan Boris ( r . 852 – 889 ) . Byzantium thus enjoyed a period of peace except in the West , where the Byzantine government proved unable to halt the ongoing Muslim conquest of Sicily . Modica fell in 845 , but although Constantinople used the relative quiet in the East to send reinforcements to the island , these were heavily defeated at Butera , where the Byzantines lost about 10 @,@ 000 men . In the wake of this disaster , Leontini in 846 and then Ragusa in 848 fell to the Muslims , while an attempt by the Byzantine fleet to land troops near Palermo in winter 847 / 848 failed . Over the next few years , the Muslims raided the Byzantine territories on the eastern half of the island unopposed , capturing several minor fortresses and securing ransom and prisoners from others .
Only fragmentary evidence survives concerning Theoktistos ' domestic policies . The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium credits him with " continuing the sound fiscal policies of Theophilos " , leading to the accumulation of considerable monetary reserves in the imperial treasury , to the amount of 19 @,@ 000 pounds of gold and 30 @,@ 000 pounds of silver by 856 . He also promoted the career of Constantine @-@ Cyril , whom he first met ca . 842 , helping him to acquire a good education and later to find a post as chartophylax in the patriarchal library , after Constantine rejected an offer of becoming a provincial strategos . Theoktistos ' sponsorship of men like Constantine and Leo the Mathematician contributed to the revival of secular learning in Byzantium . Theoktistos was also engaged in building activity , erecting new structures in the Apsis near the Great Palace of Constantinople , installing a new iron door in the Chalke Gate , as well as sponsoring unspecified buildings in the Thracian suburbs of Constantinople , notably Selymbria .
= = Downfall and death = =
In 855 , Michael III turned fifteen and thus came nominally of age . His mother and Theoktistos both underestimated the young emperor 's desire to free himself from their custodianship , and antagonized him further when they arranged a bride show and selected Eudokia Dekapolitissa as his bride , disregarding Michael 's attachment to his mistress , Eudokia Ingerina . Theodora 's brother Bardas was able to use Michael 's resentment for the high @-@ handed manner in which he was treated and began to turn him against the regency . With Michael 's backing , Bardas was allowed to return to the capital , and on 20 November 855 , Theoktistos was murdered . Theodora was compelled to retire to a monastery a few months later , bringing the regency officially to an end .
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= Roman Dmowski =
Roman Stanisław Dmowski [ ˈrɔman staˈɲiswaf ˈdmɔfski ] ( 9 August 1864 – 2 January 1939 ) was a Polish politician , statesman , and co @-@ founder and chief ideologue of the right @-@ wing National Democracy ( " ND " : in Polish , " Endecja " ) political movement . He saw the aggressive Germanization of Polish territories controlled by the German Empire as the major threat to Polish culture and therefore advocated a degree of accommodation with another power that had partitioned Poland , the Russian Empire . He favored the re @-@ establishment of Polish independence by nonviolent means , and supported policies favorable to the Polish middle class . During World War I , in Paris , through his Polish National Committee he was a prominent spokesman , to the Allies , for Polish aspirations . He was a principal figure instrumental in the postwar restoration of Poland 's independent existence .
Dmowski never wielded official political power , except for a brief period in 1923 as minister of foreign affairs . Nevertheless , he was one of the most influential Polish ideologues and politicians of his time . A controversial personality all his life and since , Dmowski believed that only a Polish @-@ speaking Roman Catholic could be a good Pole ; his thinking marginalized other minorities , and he was vocally anti @-@ semitic . In 1926 he attempted to emulate Italian fascism . He remains the prototype of Polish right @-@ wing nationalism and has been called " the father of Polish nationalism . " Throughout most of his life , he was the chief opponent of the Polish military and political leader Józef Piłsudski and of the latter 's vision of Poland as a multinational federation .
= = Early life = =
Dmowski was born on 9 August 1864 in Warsaw 's Kamionek district , in Congress Poland ( Vistula Land ) , then part of the Russian Empire . His father was a road construction worker and later an entrepreneur . Dmowski attended schools in Warsaw , studying biology and zoology at Warsaw University , from which he graduated in 1891 . As a student he became active in the Polish Youth Association " Zet " ( Związek Młodzieży Polskiej " Zet " ) , where he was active in opposing socialist activists . He also organized a student street demonstration on the 100th anniversary of the Polish Constitution of 3 May 1791 . For this he was imprisoned by the Russian Tsarist authorities for five months in the Warsaw Citadel . Since 1890 he was also developing as a writer and publicist , publishing political and literary critique in Głos , where he became close friends with Jan Ludwik Popławski , who would be his mentor .
In April 1893 Dmowski co @-@ founded the National League ( Liga Narodowa ) , and became its first leader . In November that year he was sentenced to exile from the Vistula Land . Dmowski went to Jelgava , and soon afterward in early 1895 to Lemberg , Austria @-@ Hungary ( modern Lviv , Ukraine ; known as Lwów to the Poles ) , where together with Popławski he began to publish a new magazine , Przegląd Wszechpolski ( All @-@ Polish Review ) . In 1897 , he co @-@ founded the National @-@ Democratic Party ( Stronnictwo Narodowo @-@ Demokratyczne or " Endecja " ) . The Endecja was to serve as a political party , a lobby group and an underground organization that would unite Poles who espoused Dmowski 's views into a disciplined and committed political group . In 1899 , Dmowski founded the Society for National Education as an ancillary group . From 1898 to 1900 , he resided in both France and Britain , and travelled to Brazil . In 1901 he took up residence in Kraków , then part of the Austrian partition of Poland . In 1903 he published a book , Myśli nowoczesnego Polaka ( Thoughts of a Modern Pole ) , one of the first if not the first nationalist manifesto in European history .
Dmowski opposed revolutionary means of fighting , preferring political struggle , and aimed for independence through increased autonomy . After the outbreak of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , Dmowski met with Colonel Akashi Motojiro , the Japanese military attache in Sweden and spy @-@ master for Japanese intelligence activities , in Kraków in March 1904 . Although reluctant to collaborate with the Japanese , Dmowski agreed to Akashi 's proposal that Polish soldiers in Manchuria might be encouraged to defect to the Imperial Japanese Army . He travelled to Tokyo to work out the details , and at the same time made a successful effort to prevent the Japanese from aiding a rival Polish political activist , Józef Piłsudski , who wanted assistance for a planned insurrection in Poland , an aspiration which Dmowski felt would be doomed to failure .
In 1905 , Dmowski moved to Warsaw , back in the Russian partition of Poland , where he continued to play a growing role in the Endecja faction . During the Russian Revolution of 1905 , Dmowski favoured co @-@ operation with the Imperial Russian authorities and welcomed Nicholas II 's October Manifesto of 1905 as a stepping stone on the road towards renewed Polish autonomy . During the revolt in Łódź in June 1905 , the Endeks , acting under Dmowski 's orders , opposed the uprising led by Piłsudski 's Polish Socialist Party ( PPS ) . During the course of the " June Days , " as the Łódź uprising is known , a miniature civil war raged between Endecja and the PPS .
As a result of the elections to the First Duma ( legislative assembly in the late Russian Empire ) , which were boycotted by the PPS , the National Democrats won 34 of the 55 seats allotted to Poland . Dmowski himself was elected a deputy to the Second and Third Dumas ( beginning on 27 February 1907 ) and was president of the Polish caucus within it . He was seen as a conservative , and despite being a Polish caucus leader , he often had more influence on the Russian than the Polish deputies .
Over time , Dmowski became more receptive to Russian overtures , particularly neoslavism , warming up to the idea that Poland and Russia may have a common future , particularly due to Germany being their common enemy . In light of what he regarded as Russian cultural inferiority , Dmowski felt that a strong Russia was more acceptable than a strong Germany . In Dmowski 's view , the Russian policy of Russification would not succeed in subjugating the Poles , while the Germans would be far more successful with their Germanisation policies . He explained those views in his book Niemcy , Rosja i kwestia Polska ( Germany , Russia and the Polish Cause ) , published in 1908 .
This was not a universally popular attitude , and in 1909 Dmowski resigned his deputy mandate to focus on an internal political struggle within Endecja . He lost the election to the Fourth Duma in 1912 to a socialist politician , Eugeniusz Jagiełło from the Polish Socialist Party – Left , who won with the support of the Jewish vote . Dmowski viewed this as a personal insult ; in exchange he organized a successful boycott of Jewish businesses throughout much of Poland .
= = World War I = =
In 1914 Dmowski praised the Grand Duke Nicholas 's Manifesto to the Polish Nation of 14 August , which vaguely assured the Tsar 's Polish subjects that there would be greater autonomy for " Congress Poland " after the war , and that the Austrian provinces of East and West Galicia , together with the Pomerania province of Prussia , would be annexed to the Kingdom of Poland when the German Empire and Austria @-@ Hungary were defeated . However , subsequent attempts on the part of Dmowski to have the Russians make firmer commitments along the lines of the Grand Duke Nicholas 's manifesto were met with elusive answers . Nonetheless , Dmowski 's pro @-@ Russian and anti @-@ German propaganda succeeded in frustrating Piłsudski 's plans of causing an anti @-@ Russian uprising , and bolstered his position as an important Polish political figure on the international scene , especially with the Triple Entente . In November he became one of the active members of the Polish National Committee .
In 1915 , Dmowski , increasingly convinced of Russia 's impending defeat , decided that to support the cause of Polish independence he should go abroad to campaign on behalf of Poland in the capitals of the western Allies . During his lobbying efforts , his friends included such opinion makers as the British journalist Wickham Steed . In particular , Dmowski was very successful in France , where he made a very favorable impression on public opinion . He gave a series of lecture at Cambridge University , which impressed the local faculty enough that he was given a honorary doctorate . In August 1917 , in Paris , he created a new Polish National Committee aimed at rebuilding a Polish state . That year he also published , at his own expense , Problems of Central and Eastern Europe , that he soon distributed among numerous English speaking diplomats . He was a vocal critic of Austro @-@ Hungary , and campaigned for the creation of a number of Slavic states ( including for the Czechs , Hungarians and Romanians ) in its place . Within the Polish political community , he opposed those who supported allying themselves with Germany and Austria @-@ Hungary , including supporters of a vague German proposal for a Regency Kingdom of Poland , with undefined borders , that Germany promised to create after World War I ( while in secret , actually planning to strip it of up to 30 @,@ 000 square kilometers for German colonization after the removal of its Polish population ) . In 1917 Dmowski laid out a plan for the borders of a re @-@ created Polish state ; it would include Greater Poland , Pomerania with Gdańsk , Upper Silesia , south strip of East Prussia and Cieszyn Silesia .
In September that year , Dmowski 's National Committee was recognized by the French as the legitimate government of Poland . The British and the Americans were less enthusiastic about Dmowski 's National Committee , but likewise recognized it as Poland 's government a year later . However , the Americans refused to provide backing for what they regarded as Dmowski 's excessive territorial claims ( Dmowski 's Line ) . The American President Woodrow Wilson reported , " I saw Mr. Dmowski and Mr. Paderewski in Washington , and I asked them to define Poland for me , as they understood it , and they presented me with a map in which they claimed a large part of the earth . "
In part , Wilson 's objections stemmed from dislike of Dmowski personally . One British diplomat stated , " He was a clever man , and clever men are distrusted ; he was logical in his political theories and we hate logic ; and he was persistent with a tenacity which was calculated to drive everybody mad . " Another area of objection to Dmowski was with his antisemitic remarks , as in a speech he delivered at a dinner organized by the writer G. K. Chesterton , that began with the words , " My religion came from Jesus Christ , who was murdered by the Jews . " When British Prime Minister David Lloyd George criticized Dmowski and the Committee , Dmowski saw this as a result of Lloyd George 's representation of Jewish interests . He refused to admit a single Polish Jew to the National Committee , despite support for such a proposal from Paderewski . A number of American and British Jewish organizations campaigned during the war against their governments recognizing the National Committee . Another leading critic of Dmowski was the historian Sir Lewis Namier , a Jew who served as the British Foreign Office 's resident expert on Poland during the war , and who claimed to be personally offended by antisemitic remarks made by Dmowski . Namier fought hard against British recognition of Dmowski and " his chauvinist gang " . In turn , Dmowski 's experiences at that time convinced him of the existence of an international " Judeo @-@ Masonic conspiracy , unfriendly towards Poland and intrasigently hostile to his [ Endecja ] party . "
= = After World War I = =
At the end of the World War , two governments claimed to be the legitimate governments of Poland : Dmowski 's in Paris and Piłsudski 's in Warsaw . To put an end to the rival claims of Piłsudski and Dmowski , the composer Ignacy Jan Paderewski met with both men and persuaded them to reluctantly join forces . Both men had something that the other needed . Piłsudski was in possession of Poland after the war , but as the Pole who had fought with the Austrians for the Central Powers against the Russians , he was distrusted by the Allies . Piłsudski 's newly reborn Polish Army , formed from his Polish Legions , needed arms from the Allies , something that Dmowski was much better suited to persuade the Allies to deliver upon . Beyond that , the French were planning to send the Blue Army of General Józef Haller — loyal to Dmowski – back to Poland . The fear was that if Piłsudski and Dmowski did not put aside their differences , a civil war might break out between their partisans . Paderewski was successful in working out a compromise in which Dmowski and himself were to represent Poland at the Paris Peace Conference while Piłsudski was to serve as provisional president of Poland . Not all of Dmowski 's supporters accepted this compromise , and on 5 January 1919 , Dmowski 's partisans ( led by Marian Januszajtis @-@ Żegota and Eustachy Sapieha ) attempted a failed coup against Piłsudski .
As a Polish delegate at the Paris Peace Conference and a signatory of the Versailles Treaty , Dmowski exerted a substantial influence on the Treaty 's favorable decisions regarding Poland . On 29 January 1919 , Dmowski met with the Allies ' Supreme War Council for the first time ; his five @-@ hour presentation there , delivered in English and French , was described as brilliant . At the meeting , Dmowski stated that he had little interest in laying claim to areas of Ukraine and Lithuania that were formerly part of Poland , but no longer had a Polish majority . At the same time Dmowski strongly pressed for the return of Polish territories with Polish @-@ speaking majorities taken by Prussia from Poland in 1790s . Dmowski himself admitted that from a purely historical point of view , the Polish claims to Silesia were not entirely strong , but he claimed it for Poland on economic grounds , especially the coal fields . Moreover , Dmowski claimed that German statistics had lied about the number of ethnic Poles living in eastern Germany and that , " these Poles were some of the most educated and highly cultured in the nation , with a strong sense of nationality and men of progressive ideas " . In addition , Dmowski , with the strong backing of the French , wanted to send the " Blue Army " to Poland via Danzig , Germany ( modern Gdańsk , Poland ) ; it was the intention of both Dmowski and the French that the Blue Army create a territorial fait accompli . This proposal created much opposition from the Germans , the British and the Americans , and finally the Blue Army was sent to Poland in April 1919 via land . Piłsudski was opposed to needlessly annoying the Allies , and it has been suggested that he did not care much about the Danzig issue .
In regard to Lithuania , Dmowski didn 't view Lithuanians as having a strong national identity , and viewed their social organization as tribal . Those areas of Lithuania that had either Polish majorities or minorities were claimed by Dmowski on the grounds of self @-@ determination . In the areas with Polish minorities , the Poles would act as a civilizing influence ; only the northern part of Lithuania , which had a solid Lithuanian majority , was Dmowski willing to concede to the Lithuanians . His initial plans for Lithuania involved giving it an autonomy within a Polish state . This caused Dmowski to have very acrimonious disputes with the Lithuanian delegation at Paris . With regard to the former Austrian province of East Galicia , Dmowski claimed that the local Ukrainians were quite incapable of ruling themselves and also required the civilizing influence of Polish leadership . In addition , Dmowski wished to acquire the oil fields of Galicia . His support for that was however more lackluster than that for other regions , and he opposed Piłsudski 's proposal of an alliance or federation with Ukrainians . From the Allied powers only the French supported Polish claims to Galica wholeheartedly . In the end , it was the actual fighting on the ground in Galicia , and not the decisions of the diplomats in Paris , that decided that the region would be part of Poland . The French did not back Dmowski 's aspirations in the Cieszyn Silesia region , and instead supported the claims of Czechoslovakia . Dmowski since a long time praised Czechs as model for national restoration in face of Germanization , and despite his dispute with Czech political leaders , his opinion of the Czech people as a whole remained positive
Forever a political opponent of Piłsudski , Dmowski favored what he called a " national state , " a state in which the citizens would speak Polish and be of the Roman Catholic faith . If Piłsudski 's vision of Poland was based on the historical multiethnic state that had existed under the Jagiellonian dynasty , which he hoped to recreate with a multinational federation ( Międzymorze federation ) , Dmowski 's vision was the earlier Polish kingdom ruled by the Piast dynasty , ethnically and religiously homogeneous . Piłsudski believed in a wide definition of Polish citizenship in which peoples of different languages , cultures and faiths were to be united by a common loyalty to the reborn Polish state . Dmowski regarded Piłsudski 's views as dangerous nonsense , and felt that the presence of large number of ethnic minorities would undermine the security of Polish state . At the Paris Peace Conference , he argued strenuously against the Minority Rights Treaty forced on Poland by the Allies .
Dmowski himself was disappointed with the Treaty of Versailles , partly because he was strongly opposed to the Minority Rights Treaty imposed on Poland and partly because he wanted the German @-@ Polish border to be somewhat farther to the west than what the Versailles had allowed . Both of these disappointments Dmowski blamed on what he claimed was the " international Jewish conspiracy " . Throughout his life , Dmowski maintained that the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George had been bribed by a syndicate of German @-@ Jewish financiers to give Poland what Dmowski considered to be an unfavorable frontier with Germany . His relations with Lloyd George were very poor . Dmowski found Lloyd George to be arrogant , unscrupulous and a consistent advocate of ruling against Polish claims to the West and the East . Dmowski was very offended by Lloyd George 's ignorance of Polish affairs and in particular was enraged by his lack of knowledge about river traffic on the Vistula . Dmowski called Lloyd George " the agent of the Jews " . Lloyd George in turn claimed in 1939 that " Poland had deserved its fate " .
= = Later life = =
Dmowski was a deputy to the 1919 Legislative Sejm , but he attended only a single session , seeing the Sejm as too chaotic for him to exert much influence ; he also spent much of that year either in Paris or recuperating from a lung infection , in Algeria . He reorganized endecja into a new party , Popular National Union ( Związek Ludowo @-@ Narodowy ) . During the Polish @-@ Soviet War he was a member of the Council of National Defense and a vocal critic of Piłsudski 's policies . In the aftermath of the war , Polish eastern borders were similar , if somewhat smaller , from what became known as the Dmowski 's Line .
When the time came to write a Polish constitution in the early 1920s , the National Democrats insisted upon a weak presidency and strong legislative branch . Dmowski was convinced that Piłsudski would become president and saw a weak executive mandate as the best way of crippling his rival . The constitution of 1921 did indeed outline a government with a weak executive branch . When Gabriel Narutowicz , a friend of Piłsudski , was elected President by the Sejm in 1922 , he was seen by many among endecja as having been elected with the support of the parties representing the national minorities , with the notable backing of the Polish Jewish politician Yitzhak Gruenbaum . After Narutowicz 's election , the National Democrats started a major campaign of vilification of the " Jewish president " elected by " foreigners " . Subsequently , a fanatical National Democratic supporter , painter Eligiusz Niewiadomski assassinated Narutowicz .
He was a Minister of Foreign Affairs from October to December 1923 in the government of Wincenty Witos . That year he received the Order of Polonia Restituta from the government of Władysław Sikorski .
In 1926 , in the aftermath of Piłsudski 's May coup d 'état , Dmowski founded the Camp of Great Poland ( Obóz Wielkiej Polski ) , though he would find himself more of an ideologue than a leader , as he was displaced by new , younger politicians . In 1928 he founded the National Party ( Stronnictwo Narodowe ) . He kept publishing newspaper articles , brochures and books . With declining health , he mostly retired from politics by 1930 . In 1934 , a section of the youth wing of the Endecja found Dmowski insufficiently hardline for their taste and broke away to found the more radical National Radical Camp ( known by its Polish acronym as the ONR ) . His last major campaign was a series of political attacks on the alleged " Judeo @-@ Masonic " associates of President Ignacy Mościcki .
= = Death = =
In 1937 Dmowski , previously leaning towards ancestor worship , returned to the Catholic Church . Weakening in health , Dmowski moved to the village of Drozdowo near Łomża , where he died on 2 January 1939 .
Dmowski was buried at the Bródno Cemetery in Warsaw in the family grave . His funeral was widely attended , with at least 100 @,@ 000 attendees ; the Piłsudski 's legacy sanacja government snubbed him without any official representative attending .
= = Political outlook = =
= = = Theorist of nationalism = = =
From his early student years , Dmowski was opposed to socialism and suspicious of federalism ; he desired Polish independence and a strong Polish state , and saw socialism and conciliatory federalist policies as prioritizing an international idea over the national one . Over the years he became an influential European nationalist thinker .
Dmowski had a scientist 's background and thus and preferred logic and reason over emotion and passion . He once told famous pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski that music was " mere noise " . Dmowski felt very strongly that Poles should abandon what he considered to be foolish romantic nationalism and useless gestures of defiance and should instead work hard at becoming businessmen and scientists . Dmowski was very much influenced by Social Darwinist theories , then popular in the Western world , and saw life as a merciless struggle between " strong " nations who dominated and " weak " nations who were dominated .
In his 1902 book Myśli nowoczesnego Polaka ( Thoughts of a Modern Pole ) , Dmowski denounced all forms of Polish Romantic nationalism and traditional Polish values . He sharply criticized the idea of Poland as a spiritual concept and as a cultural idea . Instead Dmowski argued that Poland was merely a physical entity that needed to be brought into existence through pragmatic bargaining and negotiating , not via what Dmowski considered to be pointless revolts – doomed to failure before they even began – against the partitioning powers . For Dmowski , what the Poles needed was a " healthy national egoism " that would not be guided by what Dmowski regarded as the unrealistic political principles of Christianity . In the same book , Dmowski blamed the fall of the old Commonwealth on its tradition of tolerance . While at first critical of Christianity , Dmowski viewed some sects of Christianity as beneficial to certain nations , through not necessarily Poland . Later in 1927 he revised this earlier view and renounced his criticism of Catholicism , seeing it as an essential part of the Polish identity . Dmowski saw all minorities as weakening agents within the nation that needed to be purged .
In the prewar years , the history of Poland was contested terrain as different ideological forces pulled Polish nationalists in opposite directions , represented by Dmowski and Piłsudski . Throughout his career , Dmowski deeply disliked Piłsudski and much of what he stood for . Dmowski came from an impoverished urban background and had little fondness for Poland 's traditional elitist social structure . Instead , Dmowski favored a modernizing program and felt Poles should stop looking back nostalgically at the old Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth , which Dmowski held in deep contempt and should instead embrace the " modern world " . In particular , Dmowski despised the old Commonwealth for its multi @-@ national structure and religious tolerance . He saw the ethnic minorities in Poland as a direct threat to the cultural identity , integrity and ethnic cohesion of Poland , directly in competition with the Polish petit bourgeoisie with which he identified . Dmowski argued that good citizens should only have one allegiance to the nation , and there is no middle ground . In his ideal Poland there would be no ethnic minorities , they would either be polonized or forced to emigrate . The success of his nationalistic ideas , also adopted and propagated by nationalists in other countries ( such as Lithuania and Ukraine ) contributed to the disappearance of the tolerant , multicultural Polish @-@ Lithuanian identity .
Dmowski admired Italian fascism . In the summer of 1926 Dmowski wrote a series of article admiring Mussolini and the Italian fascist model , and helped organize the Camp of Great Poland ( OWP ) , a broad anti @-@ Sanacja front modeled on Italian fascism that was known for its anti @-@ Jewish rhetoric and violence . Later he nonetheless tried to ensure that OWM would not blindly imitate the Italian or German models .
= = = Anti @-@ semitism and anti @-@ Germanism = = =
Dmowski often communicated his belief in a " international Jewish conspiracy " aimed against Poland . In his essay " Żydzi wobec wojny " ( Jews on the War ) written about World War One , Dmowski claimed that Zionism was only a cloak to disguise the Jewish ambition to rule the world . Dmowski asserted that once a Jewish state was established in Palestine , this would serve as a nucleus for the Jewish take @-@ over of the world . In the same essay , Dmowski accused the Jews of being Poland 's most dangerous enemy and of working hand in hand with the Germans to dismember Poland again . Dmowski believed that the 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 Polish Jews were far too numerous to be absorbed , and assimilated into the Polish Catholic culture .
Dmowski had advocated emigration of the entire Jewish population of Poland as the solution to what he regarded as Poland 's " Jewish problem " , and over time came to argue for increasing harsh measures against the Jewish minority , though he never explicitly suggested killing Jews . He opposed physical violence , arguing for the boycotts of Jewish businesses instead , later supplemented with their separation in the cultural area ( through polices such as numerus clausus ) . Dmowski made anti @-@ Semitism a central element in Endecja 's radical nationalist outlook . Endecja 's crusade against Jewish cultural values gained mounting intensity in antisemitism of the 1930s , but there were no major pogroms or violent attacks on the Jews in Poland until the German Nazis occupied Poland and made it their mission in 1939 – 44 .
For Dmowski , one of Poland 's principal problems was that not enough Polish @-@ speaking Catholics were middle @-@ class , while too many ethnic Germans and Jews were . To remedy this perceived problem , he envisioned a policy of confiscating the wealth of Jews and ethnic Germans and redistributing it to Polish Catholics . Dmowski was never able to have this program passed into law by the Sejm , but the National Democrats did frequently organize " Buy Polish " boycott campaigns against German and Jewish shops . The first of Dmowski 's antisemitic boycotts occurred in 1912 when he attempted to organize a total boycott of Jewish businesses in Warsaw as " punishment " for the defeat of some Endecja candidates in the elections for the Duma , which Dmowski blamed on Warsaw 's Jewish population . Throughout his life , Dmowski associated Jews with Germans as Poland 's principal enemies ; the origins of this identification stemmed from Dmowski 's deep anger over the forcible " Germanization " policies carried out by the German government against its Polish minority during the Imperial period , and over the fact that most Jews living in the disputed German / Polish territories had chosen to assimilate into German culture , not Polish culture . In Dmowski 's opinion Jewish community was not attracted to the cause of Polish independence and was likely to ally itself with potential enemies of Polish state if it would benefit their status .
Dmowski was also a vocal opponent of the free masonry as well as of feminism .
= = Recognition = =
Dmowski 's life and work has been subject to numerous academic articles and books . Andrzej Walicki in 1999 noted that main sources on Dmowski are Andrzej Micewski 's Roman Dmowski ( 1971 ) , Roman Wapiński 's Roman Dmowski ( 1988 ) and Krzysztof Kawalec 's Roman Dmowski ( 1996 ) .
Suppressed during the era of communist Poland , after the fall of communism in Poland , Dmowski 's legacy has begun to be more widely recognized . A bridge in Wrocław was named after him in 1992 . In November 2006 statue of Roman Dmowski was unveiled in Warsaw ; it had led to a series of protests from organizations which see Dmowski as fascist and opponent of tolerance ; due to similar protests plans to raise statues or memorials elsewhere have commonly been delayed .
For his achievement for the independence of Poland and expansion of Polish national consciousness , he was honoured on 8 January 1999 by the Polish Sejm with special legislation . The document honours him also for founding Polish school of political realism and responsibility , shaping Polish ( especially the Western ) borders and " emphasizing the firm connection between Catholicism and Polishness for the survival of the Nation and the rebuilding of the State " .
Dmowski was awarded several state awards – the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta ( 1923 ) , Order of the Star of Romania and Order of Oranje @-@ Nassau . He received the honoris causa doctorate from the Cambridge University ( 1916 ) and the University of Poznań ( 1923 ) . He refused other awards .
= = Selected works = =
Myśli nowoczesnego Polaka ( Thoughts of a Modern Pole ) , 1902 .
Niemcy , Rosja a sprawa polska ( Germany , Russia and the Polish Cause ) , 1908 . French translation published under the title : La question polonaise ( Paris 1909 ) .
Separatyzm Żydów i jego źródła ( Separatism of Jews and its Sources ) , 1909 .
Upadek myśli konserwatywnej w Polsce ( The Decline of Conservative Thought in Poland ) , 1914 .
Polityka polska i odbudowanie państwa ( Polish Politics and the Rebuilding of the State ) , 1925 .
Zagadnienie rządu ( On Government ) , 1927 .
Kościół , naród i państwo ( The Church , Nation and State ) , 1927 .
Świat powojenny i Polska ( The World after War and Poland ) , 1931 .
Przewrót ( The Coup ) , 1934 .
= = = In Polish = = =
Friszke , Andrzej ( 1989 ) . O kształt niepodległej . Warszawa : Biblioteka " Więzi " . ISBN 83 @-@ 7006 @-@ 014 @-@ 5 .
Kunert , Andrzej Krzysztof ; Małgorzata Smogorzewska ( 1998 ) . Posłowie i senatorowie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1919 – 1939 . Słownik biograficzny . Tom I , A @-@ D. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Sejmowe . ISBN 83 @-@ 7059 @-@ 392 @-@ 5 .
Wapiński , Roman ( 1989 ) . Roman Dmowski . Lublin : Wydawnictwo Lubelskie . ISBN 83 @-@ 222 @-@ 0480 @-@ 9 .
Ignacy Chrzanowski ; Władysław Konopczyński ( 1946 ) . " Stefan Batory " . Polski Słownik Biograficzny ( in Polish ) V.
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= Cyclone Clare =
Severe Tropical Cyclone Clare was a moderately strong cyclone that struck Western Australia in January 2006 . The storm formed as an area of low pressure in the Arafura Sea , and moved westward . After receiving the name Clare on 7 January , the system ultimately peaked at Category 3 intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone scale . It moved ashore on the coast of Pilbara and proceeded inland , dissipating on 10 January . Clare produced winds of 142 km / h ( 88 mph ) at Karratha and triggered widespread torrential rainfall that led to flooding . Following its usage , the name Clare was retired by the Bureau of Meteorology , and will never be used again for a tropical cyclone in the area .
= = Meteorological history = =
On 4 January 2006 , a weak area of low pressure was situated in the Arafura Sea . It moved westward , and by 6 January , it was located in the Timor Sea . That same day , both the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) identified the system as a tropical disturbance . On 7 January , the low began to show signs of strengthening . Continuing to organise , the BoM designated it as Tropical Cyclone Clare shortly thereafter . At the time , it was centred approximately 265 mi ( 426 km ) to the north of Broome and moving west @-@ southwestward . The JTWC classified the cyclone , locally designated 05S , as a tropical storm at 1800 UTC .
By early on 8 January , the storm had begun to steadily gain power . Later that day , Clare achieved severe tropical cyclone status while located around 170 mi ( 270 km ) north of Port Hedland . Tracking southwestward , the storm continued to mature . On 9 January , the JTWC estimated the storm to have peaked in intensity with maximum sustained 1 @-@ minute winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 980 millibars . However , the BoM reported the storm to have been somewhat more intense , with sustained 10 @-@ minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 964 millibars . This made Clare a Category 3 on the Australian tropical cyclone scale .
Clare maintained roughly the same intensity as its track became more southerly . At 1600 UTC on 9 January the storm made landfall at Pilbara to the west of Dampier . Heading ashore , the storm began to quickly deteriorate , and both the JTWC and the BoM declared it dissipated on 10 January as it continued southward . Throughout the storm 's course , the JTWC 's intensity estimates were below that of the BoM . Also , it is reported that the cyclone 's presentation on satellite was not representative of its actual intensity .
= = Preparations and impact = =
In advance of the storm 's landfall , officials issued a " red alert " for several locations . Offshore , oil rigs were shut down and ports were closed . At least 2 @,@ 000 residents were evacuated from their homes in potentially susceptible areas of the Karratha region . In areas between Broome and Port Hedland , people were urged to tidy debris and organise disaster supplies to prepare for the storm .
Upon moving ashore , the storm produced winds of 131 km / h ( 81 mph ) at Legendre Island and a gust of 142 km / h ( 88 mph ) at Karratha . Heavy precipitation — often exceeding 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) — was recorded along the central Pilbara coast . Rainfall at Wickham totaled 215 mm ( 8 @.@ 5 in ) , with 212 mm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) at Karratha and more moderate amounts elsewhere . Since storm surge from the cyclone peaked during low tide , it was not severe and caused no known damage .
Clare produced extensive flooding that forced the closure of numerous roads , including part of the North West Coastal Highway . It also triggered torrential rains and flooding in southern areas of the country , including Gascoyne and the South @-@ West Land Division . There , 224 mm ( 8 @.@ 8 in ) of rain fell in 24 hours . Additionally , the Greenough River surpassed its banks ; a sandbagging effort prevented the resultant floods from inundating the town of Walkaway . The storm cut off power and left tens of thousands of residents without telephone service . Property damage was generally minor , and no casualties or significant injuries from the storm were reported . The name Clare was retired following its usage in 2006 .
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= Competition ( The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man ) =
" Competition " the fifth episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man , which is based on the comic book character Spider @-@ Man , created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko . In it , Spider @-@ Man must face the Sandman , a former petty thug who now can manipulate his sand body at will .
" Competition " was written by Kevin Hopps and directed by Troy Adomitis . Hopps and Adomotis each had their respective roles previously in " Interactions . " Victor Cook , a developer , producer , and supervising director for The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man , was thrilled to use Sandman because he felt he was " a perfect character for animation . " " Competition " aired on March 29 , 2008 , on the Kids WB ! block for The CW . The episode received warm reviews from television critics - IGN wrote that the fight scenes were the greatest of the series at the time .
= = Plot summary = =
Peter , as Spider @-@ Man , effectively defeats two common thugs - Flint Marko and Alex O 'Hirn - and puts them in prison . While discussing their outrage towards Spider @-@ Man , their bail is paid and they go into a limousine outside . Inside the limousine , Hammerhead tells them he has big plans for them , taking them to a secret base .
The next day , Peter practices his web slinging in his bedroom , when Aunt May walks in . He stops and she suggests he takes their neighbor Mary Jane Watson to the upcoming Fall Formal . Peter cringes at the idea and heads off to school . There , it is announced football practices will be held that day and Harry wants to try out . Peter passes on joining him as he feels it will reveal his abilities . When he hears Flash Thompson planning on specifically going after Harry during tryouts , he decides to keep him safe and try out anyway . They each do good at tryout - Harry impresses the coach and the other player , while Peter does the same using his extra abilities .
Meanwhile , Norman Osborn arrives at the warehouse to supervise an experiment on Marko . Restrained Marko will be given subdermal silicon transplants giving him a hardened untraceable silicon armor . Dr. Octavius says that the experiment has too many flaws but Osborn commands him to go with it anyway . The experiment malfunctions and the silicon violently mutates him . His body evaporates into sand and Octavius , terrified , thinks he has just killed him . Suddenly , Marko reshapes himself , still made of sand , and viciously thrashes against the walls for them to let him out . Hammerhead and Osborn take him outside in their limousine , where Marko is able to reform himself in his old appearance . When they tell him he will work for " the Big Man , " but he decides to go alone and leaves . Hammerhead is fine with that as it means they will now have a distraction for Spider @-@ Man .
Now codenamed " Sandman , " Marko robs a bank and Spider @-@ Man arrives immediately . He is overpowered by Marko 's new powers and finds himself out of web fluid . After defeating Spider @-@ Man , Sandman escapes through a sewer drain , after accidentally mentioning the " Big Man 's " name . The next day , Peter goes to tryouts again , doing well once more and being invited for the last day of tryouts along with Harry . Harry is upset that he outshined him and invites the other players to hang out at a soda shop . Meanwhile , Peter goes on the city bus and sits next to Gwen , whom he apologizes to for ignoring her lately and she accepts . She also hints that he should take her to the fall formal , but he does not get the clue and tells her he is going to ask Betty Brant , J. Jonah Jameson 's secretary at the Daily Bugle .
After departing from the bus , Peter goes off as Spider @-@ Man to an armored truck , which Sandman is robbing . In their struggle , the truck goes out of control and lands in a construction site . When Spider @-@ Man tries to web him up , it proves to be ineffective as Sandman can slip through them ; the villain then starts to attack Spider @-@ Man with girders . Meanwhile , at the soda shop , Harry tries to impress the jocks , catching Kenny 's girlfriend Glory 's attention . Kenny plays a prank on Harry , which enrages Glory and she asks Harry to take her home . Back on the construction site , Spider @-@ Man gets out from the pile of girders and gets the head on Sandman . He lures him up to the roof and encasing him in cement from the nearby cement maker .
That night , Harry comes home to tell his father that he 's tried out for the football team , but he is unimpressed . Harry walks off , darkly remarking that he will " show them tomorrow . " At final tryouts the next day , Harry makes the team , and Peter purposely does terrible so he doesn 't outshine his friend . Gwen then cheers him up with ice cream .
= = Production = =
Hopps and Adomotis had written and directed the episode " Interactions , " respectively , which featured the introduction of the villain Electro . The crew were very excited about working with Sandman . Victor Cook , supervising producer and story editor of the series , thinks that he was " designed for animation . " Hopps " love [ s ] the ordinary @-@ ness [ sic ] of the motivation for [ him ] " and finds that he is " just basically a crook who suddenly finds himself with super powers . " John DiMaggio provided his voice for the character .
Thomas F. Wilson , known for playing the character Biff Tannen in the Back to the Future films , began his recurring role as policeman Stan Carter . In the comic books , Stan Carter was a vicious serial killer by the name of Sin @-@ Eater . Due to the show being for youth @-@ oriented audiences , it is highly unlikely the series will make him the murdering alter @-@ ego .
" Competitions " originally aired on March 23 , 2008 , on the Kids WB ! block for The CW .
= = Cultural references = =
The title of the episode is referent to economics - the title scheme was used for the arc the episode fell inside and was pitched by Greg Weisman , story editor and producer for The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man . It also refers to the episode 's theme of people competing for glory . Several scenes from the episode were taken directly from the film Spider @-@ Man 3 . Spider @-@ Man does a leg @-@ sweep on Sandman in the same manner as in the film . Flint Marko 's transformation into the Sandman was also based executed in the same manner as it was in the film 's version of his transformation . A main focus in the episode features Peter and Harry trying out for high school football . The origin of this incarnation of sandman shares similarities to his ultimate counterpart version while sharing similarities to the comics and the film .
= = Reception = =
" Competition " was well received by television critics . Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 6 . ( " Great " ) Goldman enjoyed Sandman 's nonchalant behavior , favoring using his newfound powers for money over getting his revenge on Spider @-@ Man . He wrote that the episode " delivered some of the best fight scenes yet , " including the Spider @-@ Man punching Sandman only to discover he is made of sand , which he called his favorite fight scene in the entire episode . On Peter 's personal life being portrayed , Goldman wrote that he " had to deal with the age old superhero conflict regarding whether he could use his powers to help himself in everyday ways – not just whether it was ' right ' but whether it might give him away . "
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= Pablo Ibáñez =
Pablo Ibáñez Tébar ( born 3 August 1981 ) , sometimes known as just Pablo , is a Spanish former footballer who played as a centre back .
Pablo was born in Madrigueras . He began his football career in the youth teams of his local professional club , Albacete , with whom he earned promotion from the Segunda División to La Liga in 2003 . A year later , he signed for Atlético Madrid where he made nearly 200 appearances over six seasons . His career with Atlético was marred by controversy when one of the 2006 presidential candidates for their city rivals Real Madrid claimed that a deal was in place for Real to sign Pablo should he win the election . Although he re @-@ established himself in the Atlético team , contributing to a fourth @-@ place finish in 2008 , he played increasingly rarely towards the end of his time with the club , and in 2010 he moved to England . He spent a season with Premier League club West Bromwich Albion and two with Football League Championship ( second @-@ tier ) club Birmingham City .
At international level , Pablo was capped 10 times for Spain 's under @-@ 21 team before making his first appearance for the senior national team in 2004 . He went on to earn 23 caps and represented his country at the 2006 World Cup .
= = Club career = =
= = = Early life and career = = =
Pablo was born in Madrigueras , in the Province of Albacete in Castile @-@ La Mancha , the son of a member of the Policía Nacional . He grew up in Leganés , in the greater Madrid area , where his father was stationed , and played football as a midfielder or occasional forward for a team in the district of El Carrascal . His parents had connections with the Albacete Balompié club , and at the age of 14 , Pablo began his football career in that club 's youth teams where he was converted to play in central defence . He worked his way through the junior teams , but instead of moving up into Albacete 's B team , he was sent on loan to Caravaca , who were then playing in the Tercera División ( fourth tier ) . On returning to his owning club , he played the 2001 – 02 season for Albacete B , also in the Tercera . He was a regular starter , and helped the team reach the promotion play @-@ offs but without success .
= = = Albacete = = =
After seeing Pablo work with the first @-@ team squad during pre @-@ season training , coach César Ferrando was quoted as saying he would pick Pablo and ten others for the coming campaign . He was as good as his word : Pablo made his Segunda División debut in a 1 – 1 draw away to Terrassa on 31 August 2002 , and went on to start 38 of Albacete 's 42 matches as they finished the season in third place and were promoted to La Liga . After only a few second @-@ tier matches , he had made sufficient impact to attract interest from clubs both domestic and foreign and receive a call @-@ up to the Spanish under @-@ 21 team for a friendly match against Bulgaria .
In the January 2003 transfer window , Albacete attempted to arrange his transfer to Celta Vigo , but the deal foundered on Albacete 's need for a significant part of the fee to be paid in cash . A few weeks later , sports agent Alejandro Camaño bought half the rights to the player , thus enabling the club to pay the wages and complete the season successfully .
Although a training @-@ ground injury put his top @-@ flight debut in some doubt , he was passed fit to start for Albacete on the opening day of the 2003 – 04 La Liga season . El País ' match reporter described the " promising " Pablo as one of Albacete 's mainstays , despite inadequate marking by him and defensive partner Gustavo Siviero taking much of the blame for the opening goal as Osasuna won 2 – 0 . He missed only one league game during the season as Albacete finished 14th .
During the season it became increasingly clear that the player would be joining a bigger club . Amid reported interest from a list of clubs including Manchester City , Arsenal , Leeds United , Roma , Internazionale , reportedly willing to pay around € 3 million for the player and then loan him back to Albacete for a season , and Deportivo La Coruña , who agreed terms with the club but were unable to agree with Camaño , Pablo signed a four @-@ year contract with Atlético Madrid for a fee of € 3.5m plus add @-@ ons . He was reunited with Ferrando , who had recently been appointed coach of Atlético .
= = = Atlético Madrid = = =
Partnering Colombian international and fellow newcomer Luis Amaranto Perea in central defence , Pablo contributed to Atlético achieving the third best defensive record in the 2004 – 05 La Liga season ; only Barcelona and Real Madrid conceded fewer goals . The team finished in a mid @-@ table 11th position because they did not score enough , as illustrated by Pablo 's three goals making him their third best league scorer . His performances earned him selection for the senior national team , in a friendly against England in November , and reported interest from major clubs . Both he and Perea were given a pay rise and a contract extension until 2009 . In 2005 – 06 , Pablo was a fixture for both club and country . He and Perea repeated their efforts of the previous season as Atlético finished in 10th place with the fourth best defensive record , and he partnered Carles Puyol at the 2006 World Cup .
Pablo became embroiled in the 2006 Real Madrid presidential elections . José Antonio Camacho , the chosen coach of presidential candidate Juan Palacios , announced that the club would bring in José Antonio Reyes , Joaquín and Pablo to strengthen the team if he won the election , and that the deal for Pablo was already done . Palacios lost the election , so Pablo had to remain with Atlético . His agent spoke out in his defence , confirming that Pablo had not asked to leave Atlético , and the Palacios faction were taking advantage of a contractual clause allowing him to leave if an offer of € 15m were received ( the club claimed the figure was only a basis for negotiation ) . He also disingenuously suggested that joining the hated rival was no different from joining a big club abroad . Atlético coach Javier Aguirre made it clear they still wanted and needed " the best centre @-@ back in Spain " , and the player apologised to the fans , insisting he wanted to stay at Atlético and admitting he had made a mistake in accepting Real 's offer .
He kept his place , but in November , an injury sustained against Mallorca was diagnosed as a bruised kidney and fractured vertebrae , which kept him out for some weeks , during which time Zé Castro forced his way into consideration as a starter . In January 2007 , Pablo marked his 100th game for the club with a rare goal to earn a draw with Racing Santander , and completed the season with 24 league games . He helped the club qualify for the 2007 – 08 UEFA Cup via the Intertoto Cup , and retained a regular spot in the starting eleven as Atlético finished fourth in the league and qualified for the Champions League , but mistakes in the Madrid derby in January 2008 led to both Real 's goals and rekindled the fans ' hostility .
Although the recruitment of Tomáš Ujfaluši and Johnny Heitinga pushed Pablo down the pecking order , he finished the 2008 – 09 season with 21 league appearances . An offer from Real Zaragoza of less than € 5m was rejected by the club as insufficient , but despite the arrival of Juanito adding to the defensive competition , Pablo said he was happy to see out the remaining year of his contract . In that final season , he played rarely . He took part in the early rounds of the Copa del Rey and in the group stage of the Champions League as Atlético finished third in their group and dropped into the Europa League , but made his last appearance for the club , as a late substitute , on 20 December 2009 .
= = = West Bromwich Albion = = =
Despite renewed interest from Camacho , then coach of Osasuna , Pablo moved to England , where he signed a three @-@ year deal with West Bromwich Albion , newly returned to the Premier League , to begin on 1 July 2010 when his contract with Atlético expired . He made his debut on the opening day of the season , partnering Gabriel Tamaș in central defence as Albion lost 6 – 0 at Chelsea , and scored his first goal ten days later , in a 2 – 0 win at League One ( third @-@ tier ) club Leyton Orient in the League Cup . He was used sporadically , making only ten Premier League appearances , of which just two came in 2011 . Teammate Jonas Olsson suggested that it took at least a season to accustom oneself to English football , especially for someone who spoke little English when he first arrived .
= = = Birmingham City = = =
Pablo signed a two @-@ year contract with Championship ( second @-@ tier ) club Birmingham City in August 2011 , at the end of the summer transfer window . The fee was undisclosed . He made his debut for the club in a 3 – 1 home defeat to Braga in the group stage of the Europa League . Away to Club Brugge in the same competition , he was knocked unconscious in a clash of heads with Joseph Akpala for which he received lengthy treatment ; in the tenth minute of the resultant stoppage time , Chris Wood scored a winning goal for Birmingham . Pablo had replaced the injured Curtis Davies in the starting eleven , but the concussion sustained at Brugge gave Davies time to regain fitness and his undisputed starting place alongside Steven Caldwell in central defence . After Caldwell 's season ended early through injury , Pablo returned to the team for the last few games , including the play @-@ off semi @-@ final defeat , and finished the 62 @-@ game season with 17 starts , of which only 7 came in the league .
Davies and Caldwell began the 2012 – 13 season as first choice until an ankle injury sustained by Davies during a League Cup match at Coventry City gave Pablo an early opportunity to impress . He kept his place after Davies returned to fitness , but chipped a bone in his foot in the defeat to Barnsley and was expected to be out for a month . Further injuries , the return to fitness of Caldwell , and the emergence of young left @-@ back Mitch Hancox , which allowed Paul Robinson to partner Davies in the centre , meant that Pablo played only twice more , and he was released at the end of his contract .
= = International career = =
After only a few Segunda División matches , Pablo received his first call @-@ up to the Spanish under @-@ 21 team , for a friendly match against Bulgaria on 19 November 2002 . Despite the media 's assumption that he would be among the substitutes , he played the whole match as Spain won 7 – 1 . He was a regular selection over the next 12 months , and finished his under @-@ 21 career with ten caps . His last appearances came as Spain were eliminated by Sweden in the qualification play @-@ offs for the 2004 European Under @-@ 21 Championships .
His first call @-@ up to the senior national squad came in October 2004 , for World Cup qualifiers against Belgium and Lithuania , as a replacement for Juanito who dropped out of the original selection because of injury . Carlos Marchena and Carles Puyol were the centre @-@ back pairing in possession , and Pablo remained on the bench for both games . He made his international debut on 17 November 2004 in a friendly against England in Madrid . He entered the game as a half @-@ time substitute for Marchena , with Spain leading 1 – 0 ; with 20 minutes left , he appeared to foul Alan Smith in the act of shooting , but no penalty was awarded , and Spain had no difficulty retaining their lead . Pablo replaced Iván Helguera , who had previously been a regular selection , in the squad for Spain 's next match , a World Cup qualifier at home to San Marino in February 2005 , but did not play .
In his next match , a friendly against China in March , he appeared to score with a first @-@ half header but the " goal " was ruled out because Fernando Torres was offside . A few days later , he made his first competitive international appearance in the goalless World Cup qualifier away to Serbia & Montenegro , playing alongside Puyol in the first half and Juanito in the second .
During the World Cup qualification process , Pablo established himself alongside Puyol as first choice for Spain . Despite his own goal in the last warmup game , against Croatia , he and Puyol played in the first two group games at the finals , two victories which ensured qualification for the quarter @-@ finals , and were rested for the third , against Saudi Arabia . Against France in the last eight , Spain took the lead via David Villa 's penalty after Pablo was the victim of Lilian Thuram 's " clumsy challenge from behind " . France equalised in the first half , then took the lead with only a few minutes left ; with Spain pushing for an equaliser , Zinedine Zidane scored a stoppage @-@ time third . It was the first time that Pablo had played in a losing Spain eleven .
He retained his place for the remainder of 2006 , but thereafter played less frequently , appearing in only four of Spain 's twelve Euro 2008 qualifiers . Named in the 31 @-@ man provisional squad for the competition finals , he failed to make the cut . His last international appearance came as a substitute in a 1 – 0 friendly win against France in February 2008 .
= = Style of play = =
Pablo is tall ( 1 @.@ 92 m ( 6 ft 3 1 ⁄ 2 in ) ) , good in the air , and as a younger player was noted for his pace . Albacete teammate Miquel Buades suggested that those key attributes made him " the worst thing that could happen to a forward " . His coach at both Albacete and Atlético , César Ferrando , said he had all the qualities needed for his position , which included anticipation and the intelligence to keep things simple . Again according to Ferrando , Pablo rarely fouled , because " he doesn 't need to . He has a whole arsenal of defensive resources . " A 2006 World Cup profile suggested he was " much happier on the ball than first impressions may suggest " , and could look " ungainly " . A scout 's assessment of his running style as " ugly " reportedly discouraged Real Madrid from pursuing an early interest in him .
In later years , he used his experience : in 2012 , the Birmingham Mail suggested that , in contrast to the " more aggressive and animated " Steven Caldwell , " Pablo tends to be subtle in his positioning and tackling , he likes to read the game rather than go head @-@ to @-@ head in a gladiatorial battle " .
= = Personal life = =
Pablo married Maika in Albacete Cathedral in 2007 . As of December 2010 , the couple had one son , Adrián , and one daughter , Paula .
In 2008 , the Provincial Government of Albacete presented Pablo , Santi Denia , and Andrés Iniesta with the Medalla de Oro de Honor y Gratitud ( Gold Medal of Honour and Gratitude ) , not only for their footballing prowess , as the only three natives of the province to play for the senior national team , but also in recognition of personal qualities that made them an example for the youth of the region .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Honours = =
Albacete
Segunda División promotion : 2002 – 03
Atlético Madrid
Copa del Rey : runner @-@ up 2009 – 10
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= Mischief Makers =
Mischief Makers is a 1997 side @-@ scrolling platform video game developed by Treasure and published by Enix and Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 . The player assumes the role of Marina , a robotic maid who journeys to rescue her creator from the emperor of Planet Clancer . The gameplay revolves around grabbing , shaking , and throwing objects . There are five worlds and 52 levels , and the game is displayed in " 2 1 ⁄ 2D " .
The game was the first 2D side @-@ scrolling game for the Nintendo 64 , and Treasure 's first release for a Nintendo console . The company began Mischief Makers 's development in mid @-@ 1995 with little knowledge of the console 's features . The 12 @-@ person team wanted to make a novel gameplay mechanic , and implementing the resultant " catching " technique became their most difficult task . The game appeared at the 1997 Electronic Entertainment Expo and was first released in Japan on June 27 , 1997 , and later in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australia .
The game received " mixed or average reviews " , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic . Critics praised Mischief Makers 's inventiveness , personality , and boss fights , but criticized its brevity , low difficulty , low replay value , sound , and harsh introductory learning curve . Retrospective reviewers disagreed with the originally poor reception , and multiple reviewers noted Marina 's signature " Shake , shake ! " sound bite as a highlight . Video game journalists cited Mischief Makers as ripe for reissue either through the Nintendo eShop or in a sequel or franchise reboot . In 2009 , GamesRadar called it " possibly the most underrated and widely ignored game on the N64 " .
= = Gameplay = =
Mischief Makers is the first single @-@ player 2D side @-@ scrolling platform game on the Nintendo 64 console . Its gameplay combines platform game mechanics with aspects from the action and puzzle genres . The characters and backgrounds are modeled in pre @-@ rendered 3D similar to Donkey Kong Country 's " Advanced Computer Modeling " . This style , with 3D backgrounds behind 2D gameplay , is known as " 2 1 ⁄ 2D " . Compared to previous Treasure run and gun games , Mischief Makers 's gameplay is more exploratory in nature .
The player @-@ character , a robotic maid named Marina , journeys to save her kidnapped creator . The story takes place on Planet Clancer , a world on the cusp of civil war due to the actions of its Emperor and his Imperial forces . The Emperor brainwashes Clancers to kidnap the visiting robotics genius Professor Theo . Theo 's creation , the player @-@ character Ultra @-@ InterGalactic @-@ Cybot G Marina Liteyears , pursues the professor and grabs , throws , and shakes the obstacles in her way , such as enemies , floating " Clanball " platforms , warp stars , and missiles . Indeed , almost all game objects can be grabbed , which lends towards the shake @-@ based combat system . Marina can shake " grabbed " objects to throw them as projectiles or to find loot . Objects sometimes change functions when shaken , such as items that become homing missiles and guns with multi @-@ directional shots . Some drop red , blue , and green gems , which restore player health . The health gauge in the corner of the screen shows the amount of damage Marina can take . The player can store up to two additional stock lives . Yellow gems hidden in each level extend the final cutscene 's length . Marina can run , jump , and boost ( via jetpack ) in the eight cardinal and ordinal directions . She can also slide , hover , and roll .
The game has five worlds with roughly twelve levels apiece . Some levels are action @-@ only while others include puzzles . The player 's goal is to reach a warp star at each level 's end . En route , Marina shakes enemies , breaks blocks , uses weapons , and rides " bikes " and objects along wire path mazes . Each world has both final and mid @-@ level bosses . The levels and boss fights use scaling and screen rotation special effects to vary the gameplay .
Almost all things on Planet Clancer — including people , buildings , and pets — either wear or are inscribed with identical " sad " faces with " red , glowing eyes " . A Clancer named Teran substitutes for Marina in several brief areas and uses non @-@ shake mechanics like punching , kicking , and double jumping . A character named Calina , a petulant Clancer who imitates Marina , recurs throughout the game as a comedic device .
= = Development = =
Treasure began to develop Mischief Makers in mid 1995 . At the time , they knew little about the Nintendo 64 's final technical specifications , graphics implementation , and development kit , but were nevertheless interested in the console and its improved " pixel quality " . Historically , Treasure developed games exclusively for Sega consoles , which made Mischief Makers their first release for a Nintendo console . Bringing Mischief Makers to the Nintendo 64 was a hardware @-@ based decision : the Nintendo 64 's cartridges were more expensive than CD @-@ ROMs , but they loaded data instantly and were thus more conducive for action games such as Mischief Makers . However , Treasure CEO Masato Maegawa said that development for the Nintendo 64 had a harsher learning curve than even the Sega Saturn . Other than the special attention required to build a single boss in 3D , the team did not use features specific to the Nintendo 64 hardware .
Treasure 's founders had come from Konami , where they worked on Nintendo Entertainment System games such as Castlevania and Contra . They found their development environment restrictive and left to try riskier concepts and to singularly focus on making " great games " . In the three years between Treasure 's founding and Mischief Makers 's development , the company released highly regarded games such as Gunstar Heroes — known as " one of the definitive 16 @-@ bit action games " — and Dynamite Headdy . An average of 12 people worked on Mischief Makers , with up to 15 at times . Though the team was different in composition from that of previous Treasure titles , it included the lead programmer and character designer from Gunstar Heroes . Treasure 's CEO said that the company liked to expand into new genres , though they primarily work in genres where the staff had experience . The company sought to depart from the Gunstar Heroes shoot ' em up design , and chose to build Mischief Makers around an original " catching " gameplay mechanic , which became the hardest aspect to implement . While foreign ( non @-@ Japanese ) aesthetics were popular with other Japanese developers , Treasure 's CEO felt the company 's games did not look " particularly foreign " and could appeal to Japanese audiences .
The game was Treasure 's first to be published by Enix . The publisher sought out Treasure for their reputation in the action game genre , and had approached Treasure several times before the Nintendo 64 project surfaced . Upon choosing to make the game for the Nintendo 64 , Treasure thought it would be a " good idea " to work with Enix . And similar to how Treasure ended its historic loyalty to the Sega Genesis by developing Mischief Makers for Nintendo , Enix had just recently ended its historic loyalty to Nintendo by signing Dragon Quest VII of their Dragon Quest franchise to Sony . Neither Square or Enix built a " special relationship " with Nintendo specific for Mischief Makers 's release , though Nintendo later served as the game 's publisher for Western markets . When their English localization of the Japanese game finished ahead of schedule , the North American release date was advanced two weeks accordingly .
Mischief Makers was demonstrated at the 1997 Electronic Entertainment Expo and later released in Japan on June 27 , 1997 , the United States on October 1 , and the United Kingdom and Australia on January 15 , 1998 . Its Japanese title is Yuke @-@ Yuke Trouble Makers , or Go @-@ Go Trouble Makers . Near the time of the game 's Japanese launch , Treasure announced that they would continue to develop for the Nintendo 64 with the Japan @-@ only Bakuretsu Muteki Bangaioh , which was released in September and later introduced to North America as Bangai @-@ O.
= = Reception = =
Mischief Makers received " mixed or average reviews " , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic , and a " Gold Hall of Fame " score of 32 / 40 from Japanese magazine Famitsu . Critics praised the game 's inventiveness , personality , " variety " , and boss fights , and criticized its brevity , low difficulty , low replay value , sound , and harsh introductory learning curve . Retrospective reviewers disagreed with the game 's originally poor reception , and multiple reviewers noted Marina 's signature " Shake , shake ! " sound bite as a highlight . Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded the game their silver award .
IGN 's Matt Casamassina said that the game compensated for its average graphics with excellent level design and gameplay challenges . He added that the game 's puzzles require thought , unlike those in other action / platform games , and that the game 's objectives were not clear until after the first few levels . Casamassina praised the game 's transparency effects , anti @-@ aliasing , mipmapping , and scaling rotations . IGN described anticipation for the game as " tremendous " , particularly among the game 's market of " younger gamers and 2D fans " . Nintendo Power thought that the game was the best side @-@ scroller since Super Mario World . Next Generation wrote that " only diehard 2D platform fans " would be interested and did not feel that the game lived up to standards set by Mario 64 . In contrast , GameFan said that Mischief Makers did for 2D what Mario 64 did for 3D , and suggested that Sega should be influenced by the game . GamesRadar retrospectively called Mischief Makers " pure , unadulterated awesome " and " 2D brilliance " . The website summarized the game to be about " grabbing sad @-@ faced aliens , shaking them until gems come out , and then hurling them at other sad @-@ faced aliens . " Zachary Miller of Nintendo World Report asserted the game may be the console 's most bizarre and surreal , but Gamasutra 's John Harris said that the game 's premise is " only strange to people who have never heard of anime " . GameFan described the game as " obviously deeply Japanese " , where " old school gameplay and 64 @-@ bit visuals finally meet " .
Hirokazu Hamamura of Famitsu commended Mischief Makers 's gameplay , which balanced its poor character design . Other Famitsu reviewers admired Treasure 's signature robot designs and were puzzled by the company 's choice to use buttons instead of the 3D analog stick . Nintendo Life 's Jamie O 'Neill praised the game 's characters and disliked the controls . He compared the Calina character to the role of Shadow Mario in Super Mario Sunshine . O 'Neill wrote that the intricate controls were " the antithesis of a friendly , approachable , and intuitive platformer " because the game used every button on the controller ( including the directional pad ) , though he felt that players who persevered through the difficult controls would find them " inventive and unique " . He added that the complex controls allowed for experimentation that led to new and fun gameplay , and though the throwing enemies mechanic seemed to follow from Gunstar Heroes , the Clanball platforming was unintuitive . John Harris of Gamasutra wrote that the game borrowed other elements from Gunstar Heroes , as the games were similar in protagonists , collectible gems , and bosses . As the game took time to learn and understand , O 'Neill left the reader to decide whether the game was " ultimately convoluted or bordering on sophistication and genius " .
Nintendo Life 's O 'Neill thought the five world bosses were among Treasure 's best ( in particular , the transforming " Cerberus Alpha " boss ) , but found the mid @-@ level bosses uninteresting . Peter Bartholow of GameSpot and Electronic Gaming Monthly 's reviewers felt similarly . Sushi @-@ X of Electronic Gaming Monthly added that the technique of looking for a boss 's weak spot was similar to Metroid . Famitsu reviewers praised how the game encouraged players to experiment with the basic " grab , throw , and shake " gameplay . They also appreciated the cadence of Mischief Makers 's short levels . O 'Neill ( Nintendo Life ) thought the game had great variety in gameplay mechanics ( from maze puzzles to outrunning lava ) , graphics ( from bosses that scale back the screen to levels with screen rotation ) , and audio ( from upbeat quirk to scary ) , and added that he was surprised to hear critics speak against the " unique , varied , and dramatic " sound . Scott McCall of AllGame too appreciated the sound , from the voice to the " almost indescribable " music . Gamasutra 's John Harris noted its " tremendous variety " in gameplay — from a Track & Field remake to outrunning a missile barrage — as rare for 2D platformers , and commented that " it is obvious that Treasure poured their hearts into this game . "
Peter Bartholow of GameSpot summarized Mischief Makers as " a good game that will leave players wanting more " . He liked the bosses , which made the player use all available skills , but felt they were short @-@ lived and easily solved in the context of a short game with tutorials as one fifth of its levels . He did not consider the ending extension a suitable reward for returning to the levels , and predicted that most players would not finish the game more than once . Game Informer echoed Bartholow 's comments about the game 's brevity , and named the game 's seven @-@ event olympics as a highlight . Sushi @-@ X of Electronic Gaming Monthly wrote that the game felt incomplete and lamented that " a decent player can finish the game in under three hours " , though Next Generation said the game was " certainly long enough " . The game 's frequent reuse of a small selection of tiles , objects , sound effects , soundtracks , and bland backgrounds ( compared to the " impressive " boss battle animations and effects ) led GameSpot 's Bartholow to suggest that Mischief Makers was limited by its cartridge space . He concluded that the " decent " game would be " truly excellent ... on another medium " . Zachary Miller of Nintendo World Report reported that the graphics did not age well into 2010 . Electronic Gaming Monthly wrote that the game is " definitely a sleeper hit " . As Hardcore Gamer 's Ryan Cartmel put it , the game went " largely unnoticed " .
= = = Legacy = = =
Video game journalists from outlets such as GamesRadar and Nintendo World Report cited Mischief Makers as ripe for reissue either through the Nintendo eShop or in a sequel or franchise reboot . Retro Gamer placed the " masterpiece of mayhem " 80th on their list of " essential " Nintendo 64 games for its " unbridled quality " . In 2009 , GamesRadar called it " possibly the most underrated and widely ignored game on the N64 " . The website wrote that Mischief Makers was received poorly because players wanted 3D instead of 2D gameplay from Nintendo 64 games . Gamasutra 's John Harris added that those who gave it a " bum rap " missed a " surprisingly clever " game . UGO remembered the game as innovative , though imperfect , and asked to see Marina reinterpreted and resurrected in a new game .
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= City of Washington – Washington & Jefferson College relations =
The relationship between the City of Washington , Pennsylvania , and Washington & Jefferson College spans over two centuries , dating to the founding of both the city and the college in the 1780s . The relationship between the town and college were strong enough that the citizens of Washington offered a $ 50 @,@ 000 donation in 1869 to the college in a successful attempt to lure the Washington & Jefferson College trustees to select Washington over nearby Canonsburg as the consolidated location of the college . However , the relationship was strained through the latter half of the 20th century , as the college pursued an expansion policy that clashed with the residential neighborhood . The college 's frustrations grew after preservationists unsuccessfully attempted to pass laws prohibiting the college from demolishing certain buildings that were listed on the East Washington Historic District . Relations were so bad that residents and college officials engaged in a shouting match at a meeting . Local preservationists also unsuccessfully tried to block the demolition of Hays Hall , which had been condemned .
In the 1990s , the City of Washington made several unsuccessful attempts to challenge the college 's tax @-@ exempt status . In 1993 , Washington appealed the Washington County Board of Assessment 's determination that the college was tax @-@ exempt . That case went to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court , which ruled in favor of the college . In response , the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a new law clarifying that colleges were tax @-@ exempt . Separately , the City of Washington passed an ordinance that levied a municipal " service fee " against the College students , which was ruled to be illegal and was struck down . In the late 1990s , the college and town tried to mend fences through the Blueprint for Collaboration , a plan with detailed goals and benchmarks for the future to help the College and the city work together on economic development , environmental protection , and historic preservation .
= = Early relations = =
The history of both the City of Washington and Washington & Jefferson College date to the 1780s , when Western Pennsylvania was part of the American frontier . In the early years , a number of prominent residents worked to secure the future of the college , including the leader of the Whiskey Rebellion , David Bradford , who served as an early trustee and helped build McMillan Hall , and Matthew Brown , who was the first Principal of Washington Academy and First Presbyterian Church of Washington . The first portion of the modern campus was donated to the college by William Hoge , who was the son of David Hoge , the founder of Washington . In 1869 , citizens of Washington offered a $ 50 @,@ 000 donation to the college in a successful attempt to lure the trustees to select Washington over nearby Canonsburg as the consolidated location of the college .
= = Conflicts over expansion into East Washington = =
The college 's 1968 campus master plan called for the expansion of the campus eastward towards Wade Avenue in East Washington Borough , a plan that placed them in conflict with the residents of that area . For the next 30 years , the college maintained a policy of purchasing any homes in that area as they became available . In 1984 , the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation was able to get the East Washington Historic District , a collection of 120 Victorian homes in that area , added to the National Register of Historic Places . The college opposed the designation but did not object in time to prevent it . According to President Howard J. Burnett , the district " was structured to prevent expansion of the college . " In the 1990s , the hard feelings between some residents and the College came to a head , with residents trying to have the Borough enact anti @-@ demolition laws to block expansion and a meeting of the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation deteriorated into a shouting match between residents and college officials . Burnett maintained that the expansion was beneficial to the community and that the opposition came from a small and non @-@ representative group on Wade Avenue . He also questioned the historic value of many of the designated homes , pointing out that many of them were in very poor shape and others were vacant . As of 1995 , the college owned about 30 properties listed in the historic district . In the end , efforts to block the demolition of these buildings , including several which were part of the historic district , were unsuccessful . Notably , one 140 @-@ year @-@ old farm house at 137 South Wade Street , which the college had acquired in 1977 after being vacant for several years , was moved to a new location outside of town .
= = Safety and construction conflicts = =
During the planning stages of the Rossin Campus Center in 1991 , the college asked the City of Washington to close South Lincoln Street between East Maiden and East Chestnut Street and reroute the traffic through College Street , which would have been made into a two @-@ way street . The college was concerned about the increasing frequency of accidents between pedestrians and automobiles on that street , pointing to a recent incident involving an injured maintenance worker and the fact that there had been 6 other similar accidents in the previous 15 years . The new campus center would only increase pedestrian traffic on that street . The proposal was defeated by the City Council 5 @-@ 0 .
= = Legal challenges to the college 's tax @-@ exempt status = =
In 1993 , the Washington County Board of Assessment ruled that the 87 properties owned by the college were exempt from property and real estate taxes . After an appeal to the Board of Assessment Appeals to reverse their earlier decision was denied , the city appealed the Washington County Court of Common Pleas . On August 5 , 1994 , Judge Thomas J. Terputac reversed the board 's decision , ruling in Order No. 93 @-@ 7033 that the college did not qualify for tax @-@ exempt status . According to the trial court , Washington & Jefferson College was not a " purely public charity " , failing four of five criteria in the Hospital Utilization Project case . Specifically , Judge Terputac opined that the college had been founded as a purely public charity , but had morphed into an " enterprise of big business . " The college appealed to the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court , which overturned Judge Terputac 's decision on September 15 , 1995 , in a decision written by Judge James R. Kelley . According to that court , Washington & Jefferson College did satisfy the requirements to be considered a " purely public charity . " Judges Bernard L. McGinley , Doris A. Smith @-@ Ribner , and Dan Pellegrini dissented . The City of Washington appealed that decision to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court , which affirmed the lower court 's decision on November 20 , 1997 , in a decision written by Justice John P. Flaherty . According to the court , the lower court was correct in concluding that the college did in fact satisfy the five requirements for an entity to be considered a " purely public charity , " a standard that was set out in the Hospital Utilization Project case : " 1 ) advance a charitable purpose ; 2 ) donate or render gratuitously a substantial portion of its services ; 3 ) benefit a substantial and indefinite class of persons who are legitimate subjects of charity ; 4 ) relieve the government of some of its burden ; and 5 ) operate entirely free from private profit motive . " The court said that " the record demonstrates that W & J fulfills all of these requirements . " Most persuasive was the fact that the college 's benefits were open to all and that those served were members of a charitable class . The dissent by Justice Russell M. Nigro did not state that he thought that the college should not be tax @-@ exempt , only that the rest of the court had " so broadly construed its requirements that any private college or university can satisfy the test and obtain tax @-@ exempt status . "
= = = Legislative response = = =
In response to these legal challenges over Washington & Jefferson College 's tax @-@ exempt status , the Pennsylvania General Assembly unanimously passed House Bill 55 of 1997 , the Institutions of Purely Public Charity Act . The legislation was passed days before the court 's decision , when it was yet unclear how the court would rule in that case . Both the court decision and the legislation preserved the tax @-@ exemption for colleges , maintaining the status quo . The bill provided uniform standards for determining the tax @-@ exempt eligibility for all nonprofits , especially private colleges . The bill clarified the law and has had a long @-@ term impact on other nonprofits besides private colleges , including hospitals , nursing homes , and public universities . Brian C. Mitchell , President of the Council of Independent Colleges and Universities of Pennsylvania ( CICU ) , was instrumental in getting the bill enacted . In 1998 , he was named President of Washington & Jefferson College . His experiences at president of the CICU were cited in his election announcement .
In 2009 , when Pittsburgh Mayor Luke Ravenstahl proposed a 1 % tax on college tuition for students at Pittsburgh colleges , this case was used to argue against the constitutionality of that proposal .
= = Attempts to levy a " service fee " on college students = =
In 1995 , the City of Washington passed Ordinance 1460 , which established a " service fee " for municipal services that was targeted at Washington & Jefferson College students . The college appealed this ordinance to the Courts of Common Pleas of Washington County , arguing that " the ordinance is an illegal tax ordinance , not authorized by statute . " In an opinion written by Judge David L. Gilmore , the court ruled that the " service fee " was actually a " tax masquerading as a fee " and that the label was " given to it merely to avoid the problem presented by enacting such a tax . " The court noted that there was no legal basis for calling this ordinance a tax rather than a service fee , since the city admitted that it was facing budgetary shortfalls and had passed the ordinance in search of new revenue . According to the judge , the " ordinance attempts to raise additional revenue thereby creating a tax , " which was not authorized by any statute . This case has been cited by legal counsel for local governments , cautioning against enacting similar provisions .
= = Towards improved relations = =
After Brian C. Mitchell was installed as W & J President in 1998 , he was surprised at the poor state of the college 's relations with the city of Washington . During a courtesy visit to local officials early in his tenure , Mitchell was berated by the officials for 45 minutes , blaming the college " for everything that had gone wrong in the last 50 years . ” With input from several other colleges and the Knight Collaborative , a national initiative designed to develop strategies for partnership between colleges and local community revitalization efforts , the college and the city developed the Blueprint for Collaboration , a plan with detailed goals and benchmarks for the future to help the College and the city work together on economic development , environmental protection , and historic preservation . The plan included provisions for the college to offer more academic opportunities for the community and to explore moving its bookstore into the downtown area , develop student housing in the downtown area , and to expand student use of the downtown eating , shopping , and visiting destinations . The City of Washington began a downtown revitalization project featuring new sidewalks , landscaping , and fiber @-@ optic cables . The plan also called for an " investors roundtable , " comprising federal and state officials , the banking community , commercial interests , and potential investors .
= = = Conflict over Strawberry Alley = = =
In April 2008 , the location of the Swanson Science Center had to be shifted several feet towards Maiden Street after three members of the Washington City Council voted to reject an offer from the College to purchase Strawberry Alley , which runs through the campus . The College had offered $ 102 @,@ 500 for the alleyway , which had an appraised value of $ 2 @,@ 500 . Following the vote , the Mayor of Washington indicated that one of the three nay votes had reneged on an agreement between the college and the council to accept the offer . Instead of accepting the offer , the City Council wanted to levy a $ 100 annual municipal services fee on each student , a proposal that was nearly identical to the service fee that was ruled illegal in 1995 . The fee proposal never came to a vote , and in March 2010 , the City Council voted unanimously to vacate Strawberry Alley , allowing the College to assume ownership of it for free .
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= Traum durch die Dämmerung =
" Traum durch die Dämmerung " ( " Dream in the Twilight " , literally " Dream through the twilight " ) , is both a German poem by Otto Julius Bierbaum and a Lied ( art song ) by Richard Strauss , his Op. 29 / 1 . The opening line is " Weite Wiesen im Dämmergrau " ( " Broad meadows in grey dusk " ) . It is the first of three songs by Strauss based on love poems by Bierbaum , composed and published in Munich in 1895 , and dedicated to Eugen Gura . The works were scored for medium voice and piano , and published by Universal Edition as 3 Lieder mit Klavierbegleitung ( 3 songs with piano accompaniment ) , later with English versions and orchestral arrangements .
= = Poem = =
" Traum durch die Dämmerung " first appeared in Berlin in 1892 in a collection known as Erlebte Gedichte ( " Experienced Poems " ) by Bierbaum that was published by Verlag von Wilhelm Issleib ( " Wilhelm Issleib 's Publishing House ) . Bierbaum dedicated the 217 page collection , with Traum durch die Dämmerung on page 130 , to Detlev von Liliencron as he expressed in the personal foreword . A second edition of the collection appeared one year later .
In his anthology Lyrik des Jugendstils ( Poetry of Art Nouveau ) Jost Hermand noted that the title is paradigmatic for the literature of the Jugendstil . The theme is a man going to meet a beloved woman , as in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's 1771 poem " Willkommen und Abschied " ( Welcome and Farewell ) . In Bierbaum 's poem , he speaks in the first person .
" Traum durch die Dämmerung " is in two stanzas , each comprising five lines . The first line , literally : " Wide meadows in twilight grey " , was translated by Richard Stokes as " Broad meadows in grey dusk " . The first line rhymes with lines 3 and 4 , in both stanzas on " dark " vowels , grau and Land , with line 4 repeating line 1 . Line 2 rhymes with line 5 on a light vowel , ziehn and Licht . The term Dämmergrau , a combination of Dämmerung ( twilight ) and grau ( grey ) , repeated four times ( in lines 1 and 4 ) contrasts with the final word Licht ( light ) . The third line of the poem describes the walk to meet the woman in first person , after detailing meadows , twilight , the sun and the stars : Nun geh ich zu der schönsten Frau ( Now I go to the most beautiful woman ) . The subject notes that he is not in a rush : Ich gehe nicht schnell ( I do not go fast ) . She is not described , but their relationship imagined as a weiches , sammtenes Band ( soft , velvety band ) , drawing him to der Liebe Land ( the love land ) , reaching a state of mildes blaues Licht ( mild blue light ) .
= = Composition and publication = =
Strauss composed " Traum durch die Dämmerung " , along with the other two of Op. 29 , in the summer of 1895 , the year after he married Pauline de Ahna , and settled in Munich , the town of his birth .
Working as assistant conductor at the Munich court opera , he looked for a librettist for a possible opera project and contacted Bierbaum . While no opera came to pass , Strauss liked his poems and set several of them to music , among them the three songs of Op. 29 which he all wrote on 7 June . Traum durch die Dämmerung was followed by Schlagende Herzen ( " Longing Hearts " or " Beating Hearts " ) and Nachtgang ( Nighttime Walk ) .
Strauss reportedly completed " Traum durch die Dämmerung " in the only 20 minutes his wife gave him before an errand . He scored the three songs , which all contemplate walking , for medium voice and piano , and dedicated them to Eugen Gura , a leading baritone of the court opera in Munich .
The songs were first published in Munich by Joseph Aibl . They were then published by Universal Edition . " Traum durch die Dämmerung " appeared also in English in a translation by John Bernhoff and Nelia Fabretto , in transpositions for low and high voice , and with an orchestral arrangement by Robert Heger . Strauss quoted the music , as several other early works , in the fifth section of his tone poem Ein Heldenleben ( A Hero 's Life ) , Op. 40 , completed in 1898 , which is usually considered autobiographical in tone .
= = Music = =
A typical performance takes around three minutes . In the version for medium voice , the music of " Traum durch die Dämmerung " begins in F @-@ sharp major . It is in 2 / 4 time and marked " Sehr ruhig " ( very calm ) . The two stanzas are through @-@ composed , with two slight changes to the text : Strauss added the word " hin " to the third line and changed the order of the adjectives in the last line . The song is completed by a modified repeat of the last three lines , this time in Bierbaum 's word order .
The even time picks up the slow steps . The general marking for volume is pp ( very soft ) , repeated several times , changed by a crescendo marking only twice , both times growing to pp again . The accompaniment follows a similar pattern almost throughout the song : in one measure , the bass in the pianists left hand moves in dotted eighth notes , while the right hand regularly alternates triplet sixteenths and eighths , resulting in a subtle shift of accents , which has been described as a " trance @-@ like mood " . The voice enters after two identical measures , also moving in dotted eighth notes . The first motif is a three note stepwise descent ( A sharp , G sharp , F sharp ) . It is immediately repeated on the word " Dämmergrau " . The text is mostly rendered simply , with only one note on each syllable . When the view changes in line 3 from observation of nature to the destination , the key shifts abruptly to B @-@ flat major , and the word " schönsten " ( most beautiful ) is accented by a long high note . This climax of the first stanza is prepared by a crescendo , but again a sudden pianissimo . With the beginning of the second stanza , the key returns to F @-@ sharp major , the melody is not identical but similar to the first stanza ; the first motif appears one step higher , from B to G sharp , on " Dämmergrau " , repeated on " Liebe Land " . The line reaches a climax on " blaues " ( blue ) . The text of the last three lines is repeated as a shortened version of a stanza , with the first motif in its second form this time on " gehe nicht schnell " and " eile nicht " , with this emphasis on " not fast " marked " immer ruhiger ( aber nicht schleppen ) " , which translates as " calmer and calmer ( but no dragging ) " . The voice ends with a rising line , ending openly on C sharp , while the triplet movement stops , and the piano slowly repeats the final chord , marked ppp .
= = Versions by other composers = =
The poem " Traum durch die Dämmerung " inspired several other composers . Max Reger set the text to music as No. 3 of his Six Songs for Medium Voice , Op. 35 , in 1899 . Wolfgang Jordan inserted a setting to conclude Träume . Acht Lieder für 1 Singstimme mit Pianoforte ( Dreams . Eight songs for voice with piano ) , published in Berlin in 1899 by Deneke . " Traum durch die Dämmerung " was composed by Alfred von Sponer as the second of Drei Lieder für 1 mittlere Singstimme mit Pianofortebegleitung ( Three songs for medium voice and piano accompaniment ) , Op. 12 , published in Leipzig in 1899 by Rieter @-@ Biedermann . Vítězslav Novák included a composition of the text in Erotikon , Op. 46 No. 2 , published in 1912 . Lutz Landwehr von Pragenau set it for baritone and piano as Op. 1 / 2 in 1979 .
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= The Big Goodbye =
" The Big Goodbye " is the 12th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation . The episode first aired in broadcast syndication on January 11 , 1988 . This was the second writing credit of the series for Tracy Tormé following the episode " Haven " . Rob Bowman planned to direct the episode , but he was switched to " Datalore " due to delays in its production . With Bowman working on another episode , Joseph L. Scanlan became the director .
Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise @-@ D. In this episode , the crew are sent to open diplomatic ties with the Jaradan . While taking a break from preparations , a computer malfunction traps Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) , Lt. Cmdr. Data ( Brent Spiner ) , and Dr. Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) in a 1940s @-@ style gangster holodeck program with Captain Picard playing the role of detective Dixon Hill .
" The Big Goodbye " is the first episode to significantly feature the holodeck . Tormé credited Gene Roddenberry with the idea for the detective novel , with Tormé employing the film noir style using references to The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) . Lawrence Tierney , who previously appeared in film noir movies in the 1940s , guest stars as Cyrus Redblock . The Dixon Hill setting reappeared in two later episodes in the series and in the film , Star Trek : First Contact ( 1996 ) .
11 @.@ 5 million viewers watched " The Big Goodbye " ; critical reception was mixed . One reviewer found it too similar to The Original Series episode , " A Piece of the Action " . Other reviewers complained about the holodeck , but praised Tierney 's performance . The episode won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series and is the only Star Trek episode to ever win the Peabody Award .
= = Plot = =
The Enterprise heads to Torona IV to open negotiations with the Jaradan , an insect @-@ like race that is unusually strict in matters of protocol . After practicing the complex greeting the Jaradan require to open negotiations , Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) decides to relax with a Dixon Hill story in the holodeck . Playing Detective Hill in the holoprogram , Picard takes up the case of Jessica Bradley ( Carolyn Allport ) , who believes Cyrus Redblock ( Lawrence Tierney ) is trying to kill her . Picard decides to continue the program later and leaves the holodeck to affirm their estimated arrival at Torona IV . He invites Dr. Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) and visiting historian Dr. Whalen ( David Selburg ) to join him in the holodeck . While Crusher is still preparing , Picard and Whalen are ready to enter the holodeck when Lt. Cdr . Data ( Brent Spiner ) arrives , having overheard Picard 's invitation . Entering the holodeck , the three discover Jessica has been murdered in Picard 's absence . As Picard explains that he saw Jessica at his office the day before , Lt. McNary ( Gary Armagnac ) brings Picard into the police station for questioning as a suspect in her murder . Meanwhile , the Enterprise is scanned from a distance by the Jaradan , causing a power surge in the holodeck external controls . Dr. Crusher later enters the holodeck , first experiencing a momentary glitch with the holodeck doors , and joins her friends at the police station .
The Jaradan demand their greeting earlier than the agreed time and are insulted at having to talk to anyone other than the Captain . The crew try to communicate with Picard in the holodeck but find it impossible ; the Jaradan signal has affected the holodeck 's functions , preventing the doors from opening or allowing communication with the crew inside . Lt. Geordi La Forge ( LeVar Burton ) and Wesley Crusher ( Wil Wheaton ) attempt to repair the holodeck systems , while inside the holodeck , the group returns to Dixon 's office . Mr. Leech ( Harvey Jason ) appears having waited for Picard , demanding he turn over an object he believes Jessica gave him . When Picard fails to understand , Leech shoots Dr. Whalen with a gun , and the crew discovers that the safety protocols have been disabled as Whalen is severely wounded . As Dr. Crusher cares for his wound , Picard and Data discover the holodeck is malfunctioning and they are unable to exit the program . Mr. Leech is joined by Redblock and continues to demand the object . Lt. McNary arrives and becomes involved in the standoff . Picard tries to explain the nature of the holodeck , but Redblock refuses to believe him .
Outside , Wesley finds the glitch , however he cannot simply turn off the system for fear of losing everyone inside . Instead , Wesley resets the simulation , briefly placing Picard and the others in the middle of a snowstorm before finding themselves back in Dixon 's office . With the reset successfully clearing the malfunction , the exit doors finally appear . Despite Picard 's warnings , Redblock and Leech exit the holodeck , but dissipate as they move beyond the range of its holoemitters . As they leave the holodeck , Picard thanks McNary for his assistance , who now suspects that his world is artificial and asks whether Picard 's departure is " the big goodbye " , to which Picard replies that he simply doesn 't know . Picard reaches the bridge in time to give the proper greeting to the Jaradan . The Jaradan accept the greeting , heralding the start of successful negotiations .
= = Production = =
The initial idea for Picard 's detective based holodeck program came from series creator Gene Roddenberry and other writing staff . Tracy Tormé received credit for writing the episode . Tormé said he added film noir elements , including references to The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) . Redblock and Leech represent the characters played by Sydney Greenstreet and Peter Lorre . The production staff attempted to create the same layout of the detective office from the film . Dixon Hill was originally named Dixon Steele in reference to In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) , a film noir starring Humphrey Bogart . However , the name was changed due to similarities with the name of the title character in the American television series , Remington Steele . Tormé expanded the Jarada a great deal , but because of budgetary restraints , they are only heard in the episode . After the episode " Haven " , " The Big Goodbye " is the second writing credit of the series for Tormé . Rob Bowman was originally scheduled to direct the episode , but following problems with " Datalore " , the filming order was switched , so Joe Scanlan directed " The Big Goodbye " instead .
Scanlan and Tormé recommended filming the holodeck sequences in black and white , but Rick Berman and Bob Justman disagreed with the idea . " The Big Goodbye " was the first episode based on the holodeck in the Star Trek franchise . The holodeck would appear later in the season in " 11001001 " , as well as a number of other episodes in various series , and would eventually become a regular feature . Because of the differences between the Dixon Hill scenes and those set on the Enterprise , Scanlan treated the diverse settings as if he was filming two unconnected episodes .
Tierney was well known for playing villains in 1940s film noirs , including Dillinger ( 1945 ) and The Devil Thumbs a Ride ( 1947 ) . After his performance in Star Trek : The Next Generation , Tierney gained new fame playing Joe Cabot in Quentin Tarantino 's film , Reservoir Dogs ( 1992 ) . Wheaton later recalled he felt intimidated by Tierney during filming , as he was 15 and Tierney had a reputation for having a character similar to the tough guys he typically played . Tierney returned to Star Trek in 1997 to play an alien Regent in the Deep Space Nine episode , " Business as Usual " . Wheaton said that after 12 previous episodes in the series at the time , he and the cast and crew preferred " The Big Goodbye " as it allowed them to play a period piece . The Dixon Hill holoprogram reappeared in the second series episode " Manhunt " , the fourth season episode " Clues " and the film Star Trek : First Contact ( 1996 ) . The Dixon Hill characters are also featured in the licensed novel , A Hard Rain .
= = Reception and home media release = =
The episode first aired on January 11 , 1988 , receiving Nielsen ratings of 11 @.@ 5 million . It was the first new episode broadcast since the previous November , when 10 @.@ 3 million viewers watched " Haven " . " The Big Goodbye " received more viewers than the following episode " Datalore " , which also had only 10 @.@ 3 million viewers . In recognition of its " new standard of quality for first @-@ run syndication " , the episode was honored with a Peabody Award in 1987 . " The Big Goodbye " was also nominated for two Emmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Cinematography for a Series and Outstanding Costumes for a Series , with costume designer William Ware Theiss winning the award in the latter category .
After its initial release , a review in TV Guide criticised the episode for its similarity to The Original Series episode " A Piece of the Action " , which featured a planet based on 1930s gangland Chicago . Several reviewers re @-@ watched the episode after the end of the series . Keith DeCandido of Tor.com praised the " stellar guest casting " and said that Tierney " own [ ed ] the episode " . He compared the episode to The Maltese Falcon , and said that the episode featured " charming performances " by the entire cast . DeCandido gave the episode a score of seven out of ten . Cast member Wil Wheaton called the episode a " fantastic collaborative effort , from Tracy Torme 's script , to Joseph Scanlan 's direction , to Ed Brown 's cinematography , to every actor 's performance . There 's a reason ' The Big Goodbye ' is the only Star Trek episode to win a Peabody . " He gave the episode an A grade .
Writing for Den of Geek , James Hunt said that the risk of disintegration on the holodeck was " insane " and was rectified in later episodes . He thought that the episode stood out from the others in the first season due to the prototype holodeck story . " The holodeck will break again and again over the years , but rarely in a way any more interesting than this . Not that The Big Goodbye was particularly interesting , but it has the rare fortune of being first , " Hunt wrote .
Michelle Erica Green of TrekNation praised the dialogue but felt the episode did not " hold up to a lot of logical analysis " . However , she also said it was a " fun " episode that " set the stage " for holodeck episodes featuring the sentient Professor Moriarty hologram in " Elementary , Dear Data " and " Ship in a Bottle " . Writing for The A.V. Club , Zack Handlen observed " a certain flatness " in parts of the episode and considered it " very silly " for the characters to slowly disintegrate after leaving the holodeck . Although he said the holodeck in " The Big Goodbye " was similar to " an Xbox that periodically eats your cat " , he gave the episode an overall grade of B- .
" The Big Goodbye " was released on VHS cassette in the United States and Canada on August 26 , 1992 . The episode was released on the Star Trek : The Next Generation season one DVD box set in March 2002 . The season one Blu @-@ ray set was released on July 24 , 2012 .
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= Statute of Monopolies =
The Statute of Monopolies was an Act of the Parliament of England notable as the first statutory expression of English patent law . Patents evolved from letters patent , issued by the monarch to grant monopolies over particular industries to skilled individuals with new techniques . Originally intended to strengthen England 's economy by making it self @-@ sufficient and promoting new industries , the system gradually became seen as a way to raise money ( through charging patent @-@ holders ) without having to incur the public unpopularity of a tax . Elizabeth I particularly was a great abuser of the system , issuing patents for common commodities such as starch and salt . Unrest eventually persuaded her to turn the administration of patents over to the common law courts , but her successor , James I , was even more abusive . Despite a committee established to investigate grievances and excesses , Parliament made several efforts to further curtail the monarch 's power . The result was the Statute of Monopolies , passed on 25 May 1624 .
The statute repealed some past and future patents and monopolies but preserved exceptions : one of these was for patents for novel inventions . Seen as a key moment in the evolution of patent law , the statute has also been described as " one of the landmarks in the transition of [ England 's ] economy from the feudal to the capitalist " . Even with the statute in force , it took over a century for a comprehensive legal doctrine around patents to come into existence , and James I 's successor Charles I regularly abused the patents system by ensuring that all cases relating to his actions were heard in conciliar courts , which he controlled . The English Civil War and the resulting English Restoration finally curtailed this system of abuse . The statute is still the basis for Australian law , and until the United Kingdom began following the European Patent Convention in 1977 , was also a strong pillar of the United Kingdom 's intellectual property law .
= = Background = =
Historically , English patent law was based on custom and the common law , not on statute . It began as the Crown granted patents as a form of economic protection to ensure high industrial production . As gifts from the crown , there was no judicial review , oversight or consideration , and no actual law developed around patents . This practice came from the guilds , groups who were controlled by the Crown and held monopolies over particular industries . By the 14th century the economy of England was lagging behind that of other European nations , with the guilds too small to control industrial production successfully . To remedy this , Edward II began encouraging foreign workmen and inventors to settle in England , offering " letters of protection " that protected them from guild policy on the condition that they train English apprentices and pass on their knowledge . The first recorded letter of protection was given in 1331 . The letters did not grant a full monopoly ; rather they acted as an extended passport , allowing foreign workers to travel to England and practice their trade . An exceptional example ( considered the first full patent in England ) was issued to John of Utynam on 3 April 1449 , granting him a monopoly . Overseas , the practice of granting full industrial patents and monopolies became common in Italian states by the 1420s .
Over the next century , the granting of full industrial patents became a more common practice in England ; the next record is a letter from 1537 to Thomas Cromwell , Henry VIII 's private secretary , from Antonio Guidotti , a Venetian silk @-@ merchant . Guidotti had persuaded a group of Venetian silk @-@ makers to practice in England , and wanted the king to grant him letters patent protecting their monopoly to grow silk for 15 or 20 years . This was granted , and Henry 's son Edward VI followed up with a grant of letters patent to Henry Smyth , who hoped to introduce foreign glassworking techniques into England . This process continued after Elizabeth I came to the throne , with formal procedures set out in 1561 to issue letters patent to any new industry , allowing monopolies . The granting of these patents was highly popular with the monarch , both before and after the statute of Monopolies , because of the potential for raising revenue . A patentee was expected to pay heavily for the patent , and unlike a tax raise ( another method of raising Crown money ) any public unrest as a result of the patent was normally directed at the patentee , not the monarch .
Over time , this became more and more problematic ; instead of temporary monopolies on specific , imported industries , long @-@ term monopolies came about over more common commodities , including salt and starch . These " odious monopolies " led to a showdown between the Crown and Parliament , in which it was agreed in 1601 to turn the power to administer patents over to the common law courts ; at the same time , Elizabeth revoked a number of the more restrictive and damaging monopolies . Even given a string of judicial decisions criticising and overruling such monopolies , James I , Elizabeth I 's successor , continued using patents to create monopolies . Despite the Committee of Grievances , a body chaired by Sir Edward Coke that abolished a large number of monopolies , a wave of protest occurred at the expansion of the system . On 27 March 1621 , James suggested the House of Commons draw up a list of the three most objectionable patents , and he would " give Life to it , without alteration " , but by this time a statute was already being prepared by Coke . After passing on 12 May 1621 it was thrown out by the House of Lords , but a statute of Monopolies was finally passed by Parliament on 25 May 1624 .
= = Act = =
= = = Sections 1 – 5 = = =
Section 1 said that :
all Monopolies , and all Commissions , Grants , Licences , Charters and Letters Patents heretofore made or granted , or hereafter to be made or granted , to any Person or Persons , Bodies Politick or Corporate whatsoever , of or for the sole Buying , Selling , Making , Working or Using of any Thing within this Realm , or the Dominion of Wales ... or of any other Monopolies , or of Power , Liberty or Faculty , to dispense with any others , or to give Licence or Toleration to do , use or exercise any Thing against the Tenor or Purport of any Law or Statute ... and all Proclamations , Inhibitions , Restraints , Warrants of Assistants , and all other Matters and Things whatsoever , any way tending to the Instituting , Erecting , Strengthening , Furthering or Countenancing of the same or any of them ... are altogether contrary to the Laws of this Realm , and so are and shall be utterly void and of none Effect , and in no wise to be put in Use or Execution .
Crucially , this rendered all past , present and future patents and monopolies null and void . Patents were normally divided into three categories ; patents for a particular invention , patents exempting a patent @-@ holder from legislation , and patents for a particular trade or industry . Section 1 , however , for the first time discussed a new category of patents ; those " of Power , Liberty or Faculty " . These patents were normally used in relation to penal laws , to " farm out " the business of administering to criminals and dispensing justice to private companies and individuals . The statute , in a break from previous law , emphasised that this power lay only within Parliament . Section 2 provided that all future patents granted should be determined by the common law , and not otherwise , while Section 3 emphasised that companies and individuals now or in the future in possession of patents should not be allowed to exercise them . Sections 4 and 5 provided that if anyone was interfered with 40 days after the Statute of Monopolies was passed due to a patent or monopoly , any goods seized or persons imprisoned would be returned to their owners and released respectively .
= = = Sections 6 – 9 = = =
The most important part of the statute is Section 6 , which lays out the exceptions to the rules preventing any kind of monopoly or patent . It stated that the previous provisions :
shall not extend to any letters patents ( b ) and grants of privilege for the term of fourteen years or under , hereafter to be made , of the sole working or making of any manner of new manufactures within this realm ( c ) to the true and first inventor ( d ) and inventors of such manufactures , which others at the time of making such letters patents and grants shall not use ( e ) , so as also they be not contrary to the law nor mischievous to the state by raising prices of commodities at home , or hurt of trade , or generally inconvenient ( f ) : the same fourteen years to be acccounted from the date of the first letters patents or grant of such privilege hereafter to be made , but that the same shall be of such force as they should be if this act had never been made , and of none other ( g ) .
Essentially , this established a wide area in which patents could be granted , on the condition that monopolies lasted no longer than 14 years . These patents would apply to any new " manner " of " manufacture " , with " manufacture " referring both to the creation of an object , and the design for that object . Section 7 provided that the Act did not prejudice or overrule any previous statutory measures , while Section 8 provided that the restoration to Parliament of the power to administer penal law did not in any way infringe upon the right of the king , Court of King 's Bench , Court of Common Pleas or other criminal courts to order someone 's imprisonment . Section 9 provided that the rejection of letters patent and licenses did not extend to corporations over towns , such as the City of London Corporation .
= = Significance = =
The statute is worded " strongly and broadly " , and other than the exceptions mainly repeated the existing common law . The statute has long been considered a key moment in patent law ; Chris Dent , writing in the Melbourne University Law Review , identifies it as " a significant marker in the history of patents " with continuing importance , although it is neither the start nor end of patent law . Despite the statute , the courts did not develop a comprehensive and coherent legal doctrine for patent law for more than a century after the statute came into force . Not only is it highly important within patent law , it also played a large role in economics ; G. A. Bloxam , writing in the Journal of Industrial Economics , identifies the passage of the Statute of Monopolies as " one of the landmarks in the transition of [ England 's ] economy from the feudal to the capitalist " .
As well as being significant in relation to patent law , Whig historians have also identified it as the first infringement upon the monarch 's Royal Prerogative , and one of the first occasions in which the self @-@ confident House of Commons overruled the king , eventually leading to the English Civil War . Chris R. Kyle , writing in the Journal of Legal History , notes that this is not the case ; not only did the Statute of Monopolies only restate the previous common law , leading to no infringement upon the Royal Prerogative , James I was in the later stages of the bill supportive of its principles . James I was not opposed to the motion ; during the 1621 session of Parliament , he voided several monopolies ( included those for silver thread and inns ) , and both James and the Privy Council were active during the passage of the bill to ensure it was supported .
The statute required extensive judicial action to make it work , particularly on the interpretation of Section 6 . Sir Edward Coke , in his Institutes of the Lawes of England , wrote that
[ N ] ew manufacture must have seven properties . First , it must be for twenty @-@ one years or under . Secondly , it must be granted to the first and true inventor . Thirdly , it must be of such manufactures , which any other at the making of such letters patent did not use ... Fourthly , the privilege must not be contrary to law ... Fifthly , nor mischievous to the state , by raising the prices of commodities at home . In every such new manufacture that deserves a privilege , there must be urgens necessitas et evidens utilitas . Sixthly , nor to the hurt of trade ... Seventhly , nor generally inconvenient .
The subject was also discussed in Bircot 's Case , where it was decided that an inventive improvement to an existing industry or invention was not a new " material " , and could not be patented ; such an improvement was described as " to put but a new button to an old coat " . Hasting 's Case confirmed that a patent would not be issued , even for a new " material " , that was extremely close to an old one , something originally laid down in Matthey 's Case . The statute did not stop the monarch issuing such patents in return for money ; after James I 's death , Charles I continued issuing them and avoided having to obey the law by having any cases heard in the conciliar courts , such as the Star Chamber . In response to this abuse and others , the Star Chamber was abolished by the Habeas Corpus Act 1640 . After the English Restoration , these activities largely ceased because of the dominant power of Parliament and the Bill of Rights 1689 , which completely abolished the king 's ability to disobey or alter statute .
The Statute of Monopolies dominated patent law for centuries ; it was received into the laws of many common law jurisdictions and still forms the basis for the modern patent laws of those countries : for example , the patent law of Australia is dominated by the Patents Act 1990 , which states that one test for if something is patentable is if it relates to " a manner of manufacture within the meaning of section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies " .
In England and Wales , some sections of the statute are still technically in force , although the Statute Law Revision Act 1863 , Patents , Designs and Trade Marks Act 1883 , Statute Law Revision Act 1948 , Administration of Justice Act 1965 and Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1969 repealed most of the legislation . In practice however , with the Patents Act 1977 ( which brought the United Kingdom into line with the European Patent Convention ) , the statute has been implicitly repealed within England and Wales .
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= The Fight ( The Office ) =
" The Fight " is the sixth episode of the second season of the television series The Office , and the show 's twelfth episode overall . It was written by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg and directed by Ken Kwapis . It originally aired on November 1 , 2005 on NBC . " The Fight " guest starred Lance Krall , who played the part of Dwight 's sensei , Ira .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , after being embarrassed by Dwight Schrute 's ( Rainn Wilson ) superior fighting skills , engages in a karate match with Dwight during lunch . Meanwhile , Jim Halpert 's ( John Krasinski ) flirting with Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) goes too far .
" The Fight " was known as " Karate " and " The Dojo " by members of the cast and crew due to many of the scenes featuring the titular fight . Several of the cast members of the show , recurring and starring , had martial arts experience . The episode contained several cultural references , with many referring to popular fighting @-@ related movies and television shows . " The Fight " received largely positive reviews from critics . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 3 @.@ 9 in the 18 – 49 demographic and was viewed by 7 @.@ 9 million viewers .
= = Synopsis = =
Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) has one task : sign routine documents . Unfortunately , it 's a month where three separate sets of paperwork are due at the same time , so Michael mulishly ignores his workload . To procrastinate , Michael makes Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) update emergency contact information of the staff . When Michael gets Ryan 's cell phone number , he constantly prank calls Ryan with crude impersonations of Michael Jackson , Mike Tyson , and Saddam Hussein .
Talk of Dwight Schrute 's ( Rainn Wilson ) karate experience gets Michael 's competitive juices flowing , leading to a lunchtime match between the two at Dwight 's dojo . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) accidentally goes too far when horsing around with Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , and she abruptly shuts him down when their co @-@ workers take notice .
After a pathetic showing by both combatants , Michael emerges victorious over Dwight , which leads to Dwight changing his emergency contact from " Michael Scott " to " The Hospital " . At the end of the day , Michael promotes Dwight from his lowly " Assistant to the Regional Manager " position to his dream position : " Assistant Regional Manager " ( although the " promotion " is little more than a title change only ) . However , this was done most likely to ensure that Dwight will still idolize him despite the hard feelings over their lunchtime battle . The rest of the staff , fed up with Michael 's inability to accomplish even the simplest task , are forced to forge his signature on all the documents and get home .
On the way out , Jim gives Pam the bag of chips he owed her from earlier . Pam quietly takes them and stares in a forgiving manner after Jim leaves .
= = Production = =
" The Fight " was written by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg , while Ken Kwapis served as the episode 's director . The episode was the first entry of the series to be written by Stupnitsky and Eisenberg ; it was also Kwapis ' fifth episode directed . The episode guest starred comedian and actor Lance Krall , who portrayed Dwight 's sensei , Ira . B.J. Novak , who portrays Ryan Howard in the series , noted that when the episode was being filmed , the majority of the cast and crew called it " ' Karate ' , or ' The Dojo ' , since the most memorable scenes involve a karate fight . " Novak explained that the episode centered on the effects of procrastination " carried to the nth degree " . However , he noted that it was more memorable as " the episode in which Steve Carell and Rainn Wilson jump @-@ kick each other in public to try to prove a point . "
Several of the cast members had experience in martial arts prior to the filming of the episode . Rainn Wilson used to study karate and is a certified yellow belt . Krall is a black belt in Taekwondo and was nationally ranked . One of the girls who played one of Dwight 's classmates was actually a black belt , but was forced to wear a white belt ; ultimately , she was unhappy about having to hide her ability . Eventually , she vented her frustration by " practically knock [ ing ] Rainn over when she kicked the pad he was holding " , which was included in the episode . During the filming of the episode , the protective piece of headgear that Wilson wore actually cut him .
During the filming of many scenes in the episode , the cast and crew member kept breaking character and laughing . Jenna Fischer recalls that she had to film the scene where Ryan reveals that he is working on emergency contacts " about 20 times " . In addition , Fischer noted that her and John Krasinski kept laughing " about a million times " during the kitchen confrontation between Michael and Dwight . During the dojo scenes , cinematographer Randall Einhorn and Krall " lost it " when Michael pinned down Dwight and began to spit on him . In fact , shots of Krall ( and several of the cast ) laughing made it into the closing scene of the episode .
The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include brief shots of Dwight at the dojo and Michael and Dwight preparing to fight , Jim asking Dwight whom he could take on in a fight , Dwight discusses the result of the fight , Stanley confronting Michael about signing the forms , Michael saying that " no one ever lost their job for missing deadlines " , and Michael delivering Pam the emergency contact information .
= = Cultural references = =
During the game of " phone tag " , Michael impersonates Michael Jackson , Tito Jackson , Mike Tyson , and Saddam Hussein . In addition , several songs are alluded to . Michael sings " I don 't want to work / I just want to bang on this mug all day " to the tune of Bang the Drum All Day by Todd Rundgren . Jim alludes to the Jets , one of the rival street gangs in the musical West Side Story , by quoting the noted lyrics " When you 're a Jet , you 're a Jet all the way " , as well as snapping his fingers in the same way as the gang members . Several popular quotes are misused in the episode : Michael consistently misuses the phrase " Catch @-@ 22 " , and Dwight mistakes the phrase " tit for tat " as " tit for tit " .
Several noted films are referenced in the episode . After grabbing Dwight in a sleeper hold , Michael nonsensically shouts out Bedtime for Bonzo , a 1951 movie starring Ronald Reagan . Michael notes that Dwight cried at the end of Armageddon , a 1998 science fiction action movie starring Bruce Willis . Michael 's line " You talkin ' to me ? " is a line performed by Robert De Niro in the movie Taxi Driver . Michael mis @-@ attributes it to Al Pacino in Raging Bull . The Karate Kid franchise is referenced two separate times . Michael notes that Dwight is the " Hilary Swank version " , a reference to The Next Karate Kid , the fourth movie in the Karate Kid series , starring Swank as the first female student of sensei Miyagi . Kevin later tells Dwight to " sweep the leg " , a quote from the original movie . The episode also contains several television references . Jim mocks Pam by doubting her status as an Ultimate Fighter ; The Ultimate Fighter is a reality television series in the form of a martial arts competition . Michael turns the insult " queer " into a reference to Queer Eye for the Straight Guy , a make @-@ over reality television program featuring five openly gay men dispensing fashion and style advise .
= = Reception = =
" The Fight " originally aired on NBC in the United States on November 1 , 2005 . The episode was viewed by 7 @.@ 9 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 9 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . An encore presentation of the episode , on April 25 , 2006 , received 3 @.@ 0 rating / 8 % share and retained 91 % of its lead in " My Name is Earl " viewership . The encore presentation was viewed by over 6 @.@ 1 million viewers .
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B " , and wrote that he enjoyed the way the important elements of the episode go " unspoken : Jim composes an apology email but doesn ’ t send it ; the way the spectators are blocked during the main event at the dojo , there ’ s practically an entire office standing between Krasinski and Jenna Fischer . " Adams also enjoyed the way the episode wrote Pam 's reaction , noting " is she generally uncomfortable , is she afraid of what Meredith might assume , or is she afraid of her own feelings ? "
Critical reception to the episode was largely positive . " Miss Alli " from Television Without Pity have the episode a positive review and rated it an A – . Francis Rizzo III from DVD Talk called the episode " classic " , and praised the performance of Rainn Wilson as Dwight . He noted that the episode , along with several others , " wouldn 't be nearly as entertaining " without his character . TV Fanatic reviewed several quotes from " The Fight " , and rated Michael 's " Would I rather be feared or loved ? " soliloquy and Michael 's confession that Dwight cried at the end of Armageddon 5 out of 5 . In 2006 , Jenna Fischer said that the episode 's cold opening , featuring Jim moving Dwight 's desk into the bathroom , was her favorite prank on the show .
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= Fossils of the Burgess Shale =
The fossils of the Burgess Shale , like the Burgess Shale itself , formed around 505 million years ago in the Mid Cambrian period . They were discovered in Canada in 1886 , and Charles Doolittle Walcott collected over 60 @,@ 000 specimens in a series of field trips up from 1909 to 1924 . After a period of neglect from the 1930s to the early 1960s , new excavations and re @-@ examinations of Walcott 's collection continue to discover new species , and statistical analysis suggests discoveries will continue for the foreseeable future . Stephen Jay Gould 's book Wonderful Life describes the history of discovery up to the early 1980s , although his analysis of the implications for evolution is largely superseded .
The fossil beds are in a series of shale layers , averaging 30 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) and totalling about 160 metres ( 520 ft ) in thickness . These layers were deposited against the face of a high undersea limestone cliff . All these features were later raised up 2 @,@ 500 metres ( 8 @,@ 000 ft ) above current sea level during the creation of the Rocky Mountains .
These fossils have been preserved in a distinctive style known as Burgess shale type preservation , which preserves fairly tough tissues such as cuticle as thin films , and soft tissues as solid shapes , quickly enough that decay has not destroyed them . Moderately soft tissues , such as muscles , are lost . Scientists are still unsure about the processes that created these fossils . While there is little doubt that the animals were buried under catastrophic flows of sediment , it is uncertain whether they were transported by the flows from other locations , or lived in the area where they were buried , or were a mixture of local and transported specimens . This issue is closely related to whether conditions around the burial sites were anoxic or had a moderate supply of oxygen . Anoxic conditions are generally thought the most favourable for fossilization , but imply that the animals could not have lived where they were buried .
In the 1970s and early 1980s the Burgess fossils were largely regarded as evidence that the familiar phyla of animals appeared very rapidly in the Early Cambrian , in what is often called the Cambrian explosion . This view was already known to Charles Darwin , who regarded it as one of the greatest difficulties for the theory of evolution he presented in The Origin of Species in 1859 . However , from the early 1980s the cladistics method of analysing " evolutionary family trees " has persuaded most researchers that many of the Burgess Shale 's " weird wonders " , such as Opabinia and Hallucigenia , were evolutionary " aunts and cousins " of present @-@ day types of animal rather than a rapid proliferation of separate phyla , some of which were short @-@ lived . Nevertheless , there is still debate , sometimes vigorous , about the relationships between some groups of animals .
= = Discovery , collection , and re @-@ examinations = =
The first Burgess Shale fossils were found on Mount Stephen in Canada 's Rocky Mountains by a construction worker , whose reports of them reached Richard McConnell of the Geological Survey of Canada . McConnell found trilobite beds there in 1886 , and some unusual fossils that he reported to his superior . These were misdiagnosed as headless shrimps with unjointed appendages , and were named Anomalocaris because of their unusual appendages – but turned out to be pieces of a puzzle that took 90 years to solve .
Similar fossils were reported in 1902 from nearby Mount Field , another part of the Stephen formation . These may have been why Charles Doolittle Walcott visited Mount Field in 1909 . While taking photographs there Walcott found a slab of fossils that he described as " Phyllopod crustaceans " . From late August to early September 1909 , his team , including his family , collected fossils there , and in 1910 Walcott opened a quarry that he and his colleagues re @-@ visited in 1911 , 1912 , 1913 , 1917 and 1924 , bringing back over 60 @,@ 000 specimens in total . Walcott was Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1907 to his death in 1927 , and this kept him so busy that he was still trying to make time for analyzing his finds two years before his death . Although he drew attention to the exceptional detail of the specimens , which were the first known fossils of soft @-@ bodied animals from the Cambrian period , he also had other research interests : the Early Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Canadian Rockies , which took up the great majority of his time there ; and Precambrian fossils of algae and bacteria , to which he assigned as much importance as to the fossils of animals . He managed to publish four " preliminary " papers on the fossil animals in 1911 and 1912 , and further articles in 1918 , 1919 and 1920 . Four years after Walcott 's death his associate Charles Resser produced a package of additional descriptions from Walcott 's notes . Walcott 's classifications of most of the fossils are now rejected , but were supported at the time , and he accepted a change for one of the few where his conclusion was disputed . Many of the later comments were made with the benefits of hindsight , and of techniques and concepts unknown in Walcott 's time .
Although in 1931 Percy Raymond opened and briefly excavated another quarry about 20 metres ( 66 ft ) above Walcott 's " Phyllopod bed " , there was very little interest in the Burgess Shale fossils from the 1930s to the early 1960s , and most of those collected by Walcott were stored on high shelving in back rooms at the Smithsonian Institution . Between 1962 and the mid @-@ 1970s Alberto Simonetta re @-@ examined some of Walcott 's collection and suggested some new interpretations . Beginning in the early 1970s Harry Whittington , his associates David Bruton and Christopher Hughes , and his graduate students Derek Briggs and Simon Conway Morris began a thorough re @-@ examination of Walcott 's collection . Although they assigned groups of fossils to each member of the team , they all decided for themselves which fossils to investigate and in what order . Their publications and Stephen Jay Goulds ' popularization of their work in his book Wonderful Life aroused enduring scientific interest and some public interest in the Cambrian explosion , the apparently rapid appearance of moderately complex bilaterian animals in the Early Cambrian .
The continuing search for Burgess Shale fossils since the mid @-@ 1970s has led to the description in the 1980s of an arthropod Sanctacaris and in 2007 of Orthrozanclus , which looked like a slug with a small shell at the front , chain mail over the back and long , curved spines round the edges . Recent digs have discovered species yet to be formally described and named . They have also unearthed more and sometimes better fossils of animals that were discovered earlier , for example Odontogriphus was for many years known from just one poorly preserved specimen , but the discovery of a further 189 formed the basis for a detailed description and analysis in 2006 . Re @-@ examination of Walcott 's collection also continues , and has led to the reconstruction of the large marine animal Hurdia in 2009 .
= = Geology = =
The Burgess Shale is a series of sediment deposits spread over a vertical distance of hundreds of metres , extending laterally for at least 50 kilometres ( 30 mi ) . The deposits were originally laid down on the floor of a shallow sea ; during the Late Cretaceous Laramide orogeny , mountain @-@ building processes squeezed the sediments upwards to their current position at around 2 @,@ 500 metres ( 8 @,@ 000 ft ) elevation in the Rocky Mountains .
The rocks containing the fossils are on the border between two partially overlapping bands of rock that run along the western face of the Canadian Rockies . On the eastern side of this border is the Cathedral Formation , a platform of limestone formed by algae . The western surface of the Cathedral Formation is steep and consists of the resistant rock dolomite , which was originally part of the limestone platform , but between the Mid Silurian and Late Devonian was transformed by hydrothermal flows of brine at up to 200 ° C ( 400 ° F ) , which replaced much of the limestone 's calcium with magnesium . A layer of shale lies partly on top of and partly to the west of the Cathedral Formation . This shale layer used to be called the " thin " Stephen Formation where it lies above the Cathedral Formation and the " thick " Stephen Formation where it lies to the west ; but the " thick " Stephen Formation is now generally known as the Burgess Formation .
The shale is made of alternating fine @-@ grained layers of siliceous mudstone ( compressed , hardened mud originally made of ground @-@ up silicate rock ) and calcisiltite originally animal shells . The calcisiltite layers contain relatively unremarkable shells and occasional non @-@ biomineralized fossils ( such as priapulid tubes ) . The soft @-@ bodied organisms for which the Burgess Shale is famous are fossilized in the mudstone layers , which are between 2 and 170 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 079 and 6 @.@ 693 in ) thick , averaging 30 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) , and have well @-@ defined bases . Opinions vary about how the mudstone layers were produced : perhaps by mudslides from the top of the " Cathedral " limestone platform , when its edge collapsed occasionally ; or possibly by storms that created back @-@ currents that abruptly washed large volumes of mud off the platform . Each mudstone layer is the result of one such catastrophe . The Greater Phyllopod Bed , a 7 metres ( 23 ft ) thick sequence consisting of Walcott 's famous " Phyllopod Bed " plus the 5 metres ( 16 ft ) below that , contains at least 36 layers , deposited over 10 to 100 thousand years , during which the environment was essentially stable .
= = Fossil Preservation = =
The processes responsible for the exceptional preservational quality of the Burgess Shale fossils are far from clear . The interpretation of what is preserved depends partly on two issues that are interlinked : whether the animals were buried where they lived , or washed long distances by sediment flows ; and whether the water at the burial sites was anoxic or provided enough oxygen to sustain animals . The traditional view is that soft bodies and organs could only be preserved in anoxic conditions , otherwise oxygen @-@ breathing bacteria would have made decomposition too rapid for fossilization . This would imply that the sea @-@ floor organisms could not have lived there . However , in 2006 Caron and Jackson concluded that the sea @-@ floor animals were buried where they lived . One of their main reasons was that many fossils represented partially decayed soft @-@ bodied animals such as polychaetes , which had already died shortly before the burial event , and would have been fragmented if they had been transported any significant distance by a storm of swirling sediment . Other evidence for burial where the animals had lived includes the presence of tubes and burrows , and of assemblies of animals preserved while they fed – such as a group of carnivorous priapulids clustered round a freshly moulted arthropod whose new cuticle would not yet have hardened . Fossilized swimming organisms were also buried immediately below where they lived .
Fossil tracks are rare and no burrows under the sea @-@ floor have so far been found in the Burgess Shale . These absences have been used to support the idea that the water near the sea @-@ floor was anoxic . However it is possible that the water just above the sea @-@ floor was oxygenated while the water in the sediment below it was anoxic , and also possible that there simply were no deep @-@ burrowing animals in the Burgess Shale . Some fossils , such as Marrella , are almost always the right way up , which suggests they were not transported far if at all . Others , such as Wiwaxia , are often at odd angles , and some fossils of animals with shelly or toughened components very rarely contain remains of soft tissues . This suggests that the distances over which corpses were transported may have varied between genera , although most were buried where they had lived .
Fossils known as Girvanella and Morania may represent members of microbial mat communities . Morania appears on about a third of the slabs Caron and Jackson studied , and in some cases presents the wrinkled " elephant skin " texture typical of fossilized microbial mats . If such mats were present , they may have provided food for grazing animals and possibly helped to preserve soft bodies and organs , by creating oxygen @-@ free zones under the mats and thus inhibiting the bacteria that cause decomposition .
The Burgess Shale animals were probably killed by changes in their environment either immediately preceding or during the mud @-@ slides that buried them . Proposed killing mechanisms include : changes in salinity ; poisoning by chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide or methane ; changes in the availability of oxygen ; and changing consistency of the sea floor . The death event was not necessarily related to the burial , and there may have been multiple death events between burial events ; but only organisms killed immediately before a burial event would stand any chance of being fossilised , instead of rotting or being eaten .
Burgess shale type preservation is defined as the fossilization of non @-@ biomineralized organisms as flattened carbonaceous films in marine shales . When the animals started to decompose , their tissues collapsed under the weight of the sediment that buried them . The typical flattened fossils are outlines of tougher parts such as cuticles and jaws , which resisted decomposition for long enough to be fossilized . Soft elements , such as muscles and gut contents , were sometimes squeezed out of the decomposing organism to produce dark stains on the fossils . Organisms that lack tougher structures , such as flatworms , nemerteans and shell @-@ less molluscs , were not preserved by this process . Very soft but chemically active tissues may be preserved by different processes . For instance during decomposition , bacteria modify the chemically unusual mid @-@ gut glands of some organisms into the durable mineral phosphate . This change happens extremely quickly , before the corpse is compressed , and leaves a three @-@ dimensional mold of the tissues . Gills can also be preserved in something close to their original three @-@ dimensional shape by this process . Both preservation mechanisms can appear in the same fossil . In Burgess @-@ like shales , organisms and parts that are only quite soft , such as muscles , are generally lost , while those that are extremely soft and those that are fairly tough are preserved . The preservation of different body parts in different ways may sometimes help palaeontologists , by suggesting whether a body part was fairly tough like an arthropod limb ( preserved as flat film ) or very soft and chemically active , like a part of the gut ( preserved as a solid piece of mineral ) . These differences may also help to identify fossils , by excluding from consideration organisms whose body parts do not match the combination of types of preservation found in a particular fossil bed .
It has often been suggested that this type of preservation was possible only when sediments were not disturbed by burrowing animals or the anchors of plants . However a similar type of preservation has been found in fossils from the Late Riphean period , about 850 to 750 million years ago , but in no known fossils between the end of that epoch and the start of the Cambrian . This suggests that such bioturbation has little to do with the appearance and disappearance of Burgess Shale type preservation . Such preservation may depend on the presence of clay @-@ like minerals that inhibit decomposition , and ocean chemistry may only have favoured the production of such minerals for limited periods of time . If so , it is impossible to be sure when the animals known as " Burgess Shale fauna " first appeared or when they became extinct . A few fossils of animals similar to those found in the Burgess Shale have been found in rocks from the Silurian , Ordovician and Early Devonian periods , in other words up to 100 million years after the Burgess Shale .
= = Faunal composition = =
As of 2008 only two in @-@ depth studies of the mix of fossils in any part of the Burgess Shale had been published , by Simon Conway Morris in 1986 and by Caron and Jackson in 2008 . Caron and Jackson commented that Conway Morris had to rely on a set of specimens that may not have been representative , since their excavators discarded specimens they found uninteresting ; and for which the exact level in the rock sequence had not been recorded , making chronological analyses impossible . Both studies noted that the set of species in Walcott 's Phyllopod Bed ( Conway Morris , 1986 ) and its expanded version the Greater Phyllopod Bed ( Caron and Jackson , 2008 ) was different from those found in other parts of the Burgess Shale ; and Conway Morris commented that faunas at most other Burgess Shale sites resembled those of the Raymond Quarry , which is above and therefore more recent than the Greater Phyllopod Bed ( abbreviated " GPB " ) .
Conway Morris found that the shelly fossils in Walcott 's Phyllopod Bed were about as abundant as in other shelly fossil deposits , but accounted for only 14 % of the Phyllopod Bed fossils . Assuming that , as in modern marine ecosystems , about 70 % of the species that lived in the Early Cambrian seas are unsuitable for fossilization , he estimated that the shelly fossils probably represent about 2 % of the animals that were alive at the time . Since these shelly fossils are found in other parts of North America and , in many cases , over a much wider range , the Burgess Shale fossils , including the soft @-@ bodied ones , probably show how much diversity could be expected at other sites if Burgess Shale type preservation were found there .
Caron and Jackson found that about 25 % of the 172 known species were abundant and widespread throughout the time range of the GPB , while the majority of species were rare , and occurred in a small area for a short period of time . In most layers the five most abundant species accounted for 50 % to 75 % of individual animals . The species that had wide ranges in time and space may have been generalists , while the rest were specialists in particular types of environment . Alternatively some wide @-@ ranging species may have been opportunists that were quick to recolonize the area after each burial event . The 6 species that appeared in all layers were very probably generalists .
In each burial event layer the commonest species generally has several times as many individuals as the second most common , and accounts for 15 % to 30 % of individual fossil animals . The more common a species is in one layer , the greater the number of other layers it appears in . These " recurrent " species account for 88 % of the individual specimens , but only 27 % of the number of species . This suggests that the majority of species were in existence for much shorter periods than the " recurrent " ones . Species that cover shorter periods of time occur mainly in the higher , younger layers . The GPB shows an overall trend of increasing diversity as time progresses .
In almost all layers arthropods are the most abundant and diverse group of fossils in the GPB , followed by sponges . 69 @.@ 2 % of GPB individuals and 63 @.@ 9 % of species lived on the surface of the sea bed ; within this group , mobile deposit feeders that extracted food particles from the sediment accounted for 38 @.@ 2 % of the total number of individuals and 16 @.@ 8 % of the total species ; the smallest sub @-@ group was mobile hunters and scavengers ; and the rest were sessile suspension feeders . Animals that lived in the sediment made up 12 @.@ 7 % of the species and 7 @.@ 4 % of the individuals ; the largest sub @-@ group was mobile hunters and scavengers . Bottom @-@ dwelling animals capable of swimming comprised 12 @.@ 7 % of species and 7 @.@ 4 % of individuals . Organisms that spent their whole life swimming were very rare , accounting for only 1 @.@ 5 % of individuals and 8 @.@ 3 % of species .
These patterns – a few common species and many rare ones ; the dominance of arthropods and sponges ; and the percentage frequencies of different life @-@ styles – seem to apply to all of the Burgess Shale . However the identity of the dominant species differs between sites . For example , Marrella splendens is often credited as the commonest animal in the Burgess Shale , because of its abundance among the specimens collected by Walcott , but is only the third @-@ most abundant organism in the Greater Phyllopod Bed , and very rare at other localities .
The overall community and ecology is very similar to that of other Cambrian localities , suggesting a global pool of species that repopulated localities after calamitous burial events occurred .
Caron and Jackson used computer software to simulate the numbers of species that would be found if smaller numbers of specimens were included , and found that the number of species " discovered " kept increasing as the number of specimens increased , rather than reaching a plateau . This suggests that Burgess Shale probably still contains as @-@ yet undiscovered species , although probably very rare ones . Some recently discovered species , known in 2008 only by nicknames like " woolly bear " and " Siamese lantern " are familiar to the collecting teams , but have yet to be formally described and named . The team also nicknamed another discovery as " Creeposaurus " , and in 2010 this animal was described and formally named Herpetogaster .
= = Notable fossils = =
= = = Soft @-@ bodied fossils = = =
Caron and Jackson 's survey covered 172 species found in the Greater Phyllopod Bed . The list below concentrates on recent discoveries and on species that have been central to major scientific debates .
Marrella was the first Burgess Shale fossil that Whittington re @-@ examined , and gave the first indication that surprises were on the way . Although clearly an arthropod that walked on the sea @-@ floor , Marella was very different from the known marine arthropod groups ( trilobites , crustaceans and chelicerates ) in the structure of its legs and gills , and above all in the number and positions of the appendages on its head , which are the main feature used to classify arthropods . A fossil of Marrella from the Burgess Shale has also provided the earliest clear evidence of molting .
Whittington 's first presentation about Opabinia made the audience laugh . The reconstruction showed a soft @-@ bodied animal with a slim , segmented body ; a pair of flap @-@ like appendages on each segment with gills above the flaps ; five stalked eyes ; a backward @-@ facing mouth under the head ; and a long , flexible , hose @-@ like proboscis that extended from under the front of the head and ended in a " claw " fringed with spines . Whittington concluded that it did not fit into any phylum known in the mid @-@ 1970s . Opabinia was one of the main reasons why Stephen Jay Gould in his book Wonderful Life considered that Early Cambrian life was much more diverse and " experimental " than any later set of animals , and that the Cambrian explosion was a truly dramatic event , possibly driven by unusual evolutionary mechanisms . He regarded Opabinia as so important to understanding this phenomenon that he originally wanted call his book Homage to Opabinia . However subsequent research has concluded that Opabinia is closely related to the arthropods and possibly even closer to ancestors of the arthropods .
The discovery of Anomalocaris ( " abnormal shrimp " ) was a comedy of errors . The name was initially given to a fossil that looked like the rear end of a shrimp @-@ like crustacean . Walcott classified a ring @-@ like fossil he called Peytoia as a kind of jellyfish , and another poorly preserved fossil he called Laggania as a holothurian ( sea cucumber ) . After many plot twists , Derek Briggs started dissecting another ill @-@ defined fossil in very thin slices and found a pair of Anomalocaris @-@ like structures on one end of a specimen of Laggania , which also had a specimen of Peytoia attached just behind those of Anomalocaris . After dissecting more specimens and finding similar configurations , Briggs and Whittington concluded that the whole assemblage represented a single animal , which was named Anomalocaris because that was the earliest name assigned to any of its parts . This animal 's body was fragile and usually disintegrated before it could be fossilized . But the complete animal had tough grasping appendages ( Anomalocaris ) , a tough , ring @-@ like mouth with teeth on the inner edge ( Peytoia ) and a long , segmented body ( Laggania ) with flaps on the sides that enabled it to swim with a Mexican wave motion , and perhaps to turn quickly by putting the flaps on one side into reverse . This monster was over 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) long when other animals were only a few inches at most . Nedin suggested in 1999 that the animal was capable of taking heavily armored trilobites apart , possibly by grabbing one end of their prey in their jaws while using their appendages to quickly rock the other end of the animal back and forth , causing the prey 's exoskeleton to rupture and allowing the predator to access its innards . In 2009 Hagadorn found that anomalocarid mouthparts showed little wear , which suggests they did not come into regular contact with mineralised trilobite shells . Computer modeling of the Anomalocaris mouthparts suggests they were in fact better suited to sucking on smaller , soft @-@ bodied organisms . Although Whittington and Briggs concluded that Anomalocaris did not fit into any known phylum , research since the 1990s has concluded that it was closely related to Opabinia and to the ancestors of arthropods . In 2009 a fossil named Schinderhannes bartelsi , an apparent relative of Anomalocaris , was found in the Early Devonian period , about 100 million years later than the Burgess Shale . Conway Morris gave Hallucigenia its name because in his reconstruction it looked bizarre – a worm @-@ like animal that walked on long , rigid spines and had a row of tentacles along its back . Science fiction author Greg Bear says the Jarts in his The Way stories were scaled @-@ up versions of this reconstruction . However , in the late 1980s Lars Ramsköld literally turned it over , so that the tentacles , which he found were paired , became legs and the spines were defensive equipment on its back . Ramsköld classified it as one of the Onychophora , a phylum of " worms with legs " that is considered closely related to arthropods . Another current view is that Hallucigenia was an armored lobopod , in other words more closely related to arthropods than the onychophorans are , but less closely related to arthropods than Opabinia or Anomalocaris are .
Most fossils of Wiwaxia are just a jumble of armor plates and spines , but after examining dozens of them Conway Morris reconstructed them as slug @-@ like animals covered in rows of overlapping armor plates , with two rows of longer spines projecting upwards . Since 1990 there has been an intense debate about whether Wiwaxia was more closely related to molluscs or to polychaete annelids . Supporters of a close relationship with molluscs maintained that a pair of bars , running across the mouth and armed with backward @-@ pointing teeth , were a rudimentary form of the radula , the toothed tongue that molluscs use to scrape up food and convey it back to the throat . Nicholas Butterfield , the one academic who has so far published articles placing Wiwaxia closer to polychaetes , stated that Wiwaxia ′ s two @-@ row feeding apparatus could not have performed the sophisticated functions of the multi @-@ row , conveyor @-@ belt radula , suggesting instead that Wiwaxia ′ s apparatus was like the side @-@ by @-@ side pair of toothed bars found in some polychaetes . Later he found some fragmentary fossils , 5 to 10 million years before the Burgess Shale , that he regarded as a much more convincing early radula . Butterfield has also described Wiwaxia ′ s armor plates and spines as similar in internal structure to the chetae ( " hairs " ) of polychaetes . Supporters of the link with molluscs have stated that Wiwaxia shows no signs of segmentation , appendages in front of the mouth , or " legs — – all of which are typical polychaete features . One writer adopted a neutral position , saying he saw no strong grounds for classifying Wiwaxia as a proto @-@ annelid or a proto @-@ mollusc , although he thought the objections against classification as a proto @-@ annelid were the stronger .
For many years Odontogriphus ( " toothed riddle " ) was known from only one specimen , an almost featureless oval smear on a slab , with hints of tiny conical teeth . However , 189 new finds in the years immediately preceding 2006 made a detailed description possible . It had a pair of slightly V @-@ shaped tooth @-@ rows just ahead of the mouth , very like Wiwaxia ′ s . This pitched Odontogriphus into the middle of the debate about whether Wiwaxia was closer to the mollusc or the annelid lineage , resulting in a frank exchange of views .
Orthrozanclus reburrus ( " Dawn scythe with bristling hair " ) was discovered in 2006 and formally described in 2007 . This animal had a soft , unarmored underside , but the upward @-@ facing surfaces were armored by : a small shell , near the front end ; three zones of armor plates , which fitted close to the body and one of which ran all the way round the animal ; 16 to 20 long , upwards @-@ curving spines on each side of the body . The arrangement of Orthrozanclus ′ armor plates is very similar to that of its Burgess Shale contemporary Wiwaxia . Its shell is very similar to one of the two Burgess Shale shell types labelled Oikozetetes ; the forward shell of halkieriids , most fossils of which are dated to the Early Cambrian ; and those of other Early Cambrian fossils such as Ocruranus and Eohalobia . These similarities suggest that Orthrozanclus was an intermediate form between Wiwaxia and the Halkieriids and that all three of these taxa formed a clade , in other words a group that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants . So Orthrozanclus was also drawn into the complex debate about whether Wiwaxia is more closely related to molluscs or to polychaete worms .
For many years only one fossil Nectocaris was known , poorly preserved and without a counterpart . This fossil was a puzzle , as its head looked rather like that of an arthropod but its body , with what seemed to be fins along its back and belly , looked rather like of a chordate 's . In 2010 Smith and Caron described another 91 specimens , some very good , and reconstructed it as a cephalopod , and the earliest one as of 2010 . Unlike later cephalopods it had only two arms , and its eyes seem mounted on stalks . But it had a soft funnel , similar to the ones used for propulsion by modern cephalopods .
Canadia has always been classified as a polychaete worm . Recent microscopic examination has indicated that the surfaces of the many bristles on its " legs " were diffraction gratings that made the animal iridescent .
Fossils of chordates , the phylum to which humans belong , are very rare in Cambrian sediments . Conway Morris classified the Burgess Shale fossil Pikaia as a chordate because it had a rudimentary notochord , the rod of cartilage that evolved into the backbone of vertebrates . Doubts have been raised about this , because most of the important features are not quite like those of chordates : it has repeated blocks of muscle along its sides but they are not chevron @-@ shaped ; there is no clear evidence of anything like gills ; and its throat appears to be in the upper part of its body rather than the lower . It also has " tentacles " on the front of its head , unlike living chordates . At best it may be a stem group chordate , in other words an evolutionary " aunt " of living chordates . Metaspriggina , also found in the Burgess Shale but even rarer , may be a chordate , if the repeated chevron @-@ shaped structures along its sides represent muscle blocks . While Pikaia was celebrated in the mid @-@ 1970s as the earliest known chordate , three jawless fish have since been found among the Chengjiang fossils , which are about 17 million years older than the Burgess Shale .
= = = Trace fossils = = =
Although trace fossils are rare in the Burgess Shale , arthropod trackways have been recovered .
= = Significance = =
Analysis of the Burgess Shale fossils has been important to the interpretation of the Precambrian and Cambrian fossil records , and thus to scientific understanding of the nature of early evolution . English geologist and palaeontologist William Buckland ( 1784 – 1856 ) realised that a dramatic change in the fossil record occurred around the start of the Cambrian period , 542 million years ago . The earliest Cambrian trilobite fossils are about 530 million years old , but were already both diverse and widespread , suggesting that the group had a long , hidden history . The earliest fossils widely accepted as echinoderms appeared at about the same time Because Darwin 's contemporaries had insufficient information to establish relative dates of Cambrian rocks , they had the impression that animals appeared instantaneously . Charles Darwin regarded the solitary existence of Cambrian trilobites and total absence of other intermediate fossils as the " gravest " problem to his theory of natural selection , and he devoted an entire chapter of The Origin of Species on the matter . He speculated that the phenomenon , now known as the Cambrian explosion , was a product of gaps in the sequence of fossil @-@ bearing rocks and in contemporary knowledge of those rocks .
While some geological evidence was presented to suggest that earlier fossils did exist , for a long time this evidence was widely rejected . Fossils from the Ediacaran period , immediately preceding the Cambrian , were first found in 1868 , but scientists at that time assumed there was no Precambrian life and therefore dismissed them as products of physical processes . Between 1883 and 1909 Walcott discovered other Precambrian fossils , which were accepted at the time . However , in 1931 Albert Charles Seward dismissed all claims to have found Precambrian fossils . In 1946 , Reg Sprigg noticed " jellyfishes " in rocks from Australia 's Ediacara Hills . However , while these are now recognized as coming from the Ediacaran period , they were thought at the time to have been formed in the Cambrian . From 1872 onwards small shelly fossils , none more than a few millimeters in size , were found in very Early Cambrian rocks , and later also found in rocks dating to the end of the preceding Ediacaran period , but scientists only started in the 1960s to recognize that these were left by a wide range of animals , some of which are now recognized as molluscs .
Darwin 's view – that gaps in the fossil record accounted for the apparently sudden appearance of diverse life forms – still had scientific support over a century later . In the early 1970s Wyatt Durham and Martin Glaessner both argued that the animal kingdom had a long Proterozoic history that was hidden by the lack of fossils . However , Preston Cloud held a different view about the origins of complex life , writing in 1948 and 1968 that the evolution of animals in the Early Cambrian was " explosive " . This " explosive " view was supported by the hypothesis of punctuated equilibrium , which Eldredge and Gould developed in the early 1970s — which views evolution as long intervals of near @-@ stasis " punctuated " by short periods of rapid change .
The fossils of the Burgess Shale were hidden in store rooms until the 1960s . When Whittington and his colleagues first began to publish their Burgess finds in the early 1970s , the fossils became central to the debate about how quickly animals arose , and were interpreted as evidence that all the living bilaterian phyla had appeared in the Early Cambrian , along with many other phyla that had become extinct by the end of the Cambrian .
However , at this time , cladistics , which appeared in the 1950s , was starting to change scientists ' approach to biological classification . Unlike previous methods , cladistics attempts to consider all the characteristics of an organism , rather than those subjectively chosen as most important . As a result , it gives less significance to unique or bizarre characteristics than to those that are shared , since only the latter can demonstrate relationships . Cladistics also emphasises the concept of a monophyletic group , in other words one that consists only of a common ancestor and all its descendants – for example it regards the traditional term " reptile " as useless , since mammals and birds are descendants of different groups of " reptiles " , but are not considered " reptiles " . The concepts of crown groups and stem groups , first presented in English in 1979 , are consequences of this approach . A crown group is a monophyletic group of living organisms , and a stem group is a non @-@ monophyletic set of organisms that do not have all the shared features of the crown group but have enough to distinguish them clearly from close relatives of other crown groups – in very simple terms , they are " evolutionary aunts " of the organisms in the crown group . Phyla are crown groups , and the fact that some of their characteristics are considered defining features is simply a consequence of the fact that their ancestors survived while closely related lineages became extinct .
Briggs and Whittington started experimenting with cladistics in 1980 to 1981 and the results , while full of uncertainties , convinced them that cladistics offered reasonable prospects of making sense of the Burgess Shale animals . Other fossil beds discovered since 1980 – some rather small and others rivalling the Burgess Shale – have also produced similar collections of fossils , and show that the types of animals they represent lived in seas all over the world . It appears that most of the major animal lineages had arisen before the time of the Burgess Shale , and before that of the Chengjiang and Sirius Passet lagerstätten about 15 million years earlier , in which very similar fossils are found , and that the Cambrian explosion was complete by then . In the 1990s it was suggested that some Ediacaran fossils from 555 to 542 million years ago , just before the start of the Cambrian , may have been primitive bilaterians , and one , Kimberella , may have been a primitive mollusc . By 1996 , with new fossil discoveries filling in some of the gaps in the " family tree " , some Burgess Shale " weird wonders " such as Hallucinogenia and Opabinia were seen as stem members of a total group that included arthropods and some other living phyla .
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= Death Has a Shadow =
" Death Has a Shadow " is the pilot episode of the animated series Family Guy . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States after Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31 , 1999 . The episode is based on series creator Seth MacFarlane 's original pitch to Fox , The Life of Larry , and is a remake of the original Family Guy pilot . In the episode , Peter loses his job after drinking too much at a stag party and falls asleep at work . He signs up for welfare to keep his wife Lois from finding out , but gets much more money than he expected . Lois finds out and Peter decides to dump it from a blimp at the Super Bowl . He is arrested and must await his family 's rescue .
The basis for Family Guy was MacFarlane 's thesis film The Life of Larry , created in 1995 while he was a student at the Rhode Island School of Design . A sequel was conceived in 1996 called Larry & Steve , which aired in 1997 as a segment of Cartoon Network 's World Premiere Toons . Both shorts caught the attention of Fox , who contacted MacFarlane in 1999 to develop a series called Family Guy based on the films . A hand @-@ drawn pilot was created by MacFarlane with a budget of $ 50 @,@ 000 , which led to the series being accepted for production . It was rated TV @-@ PG @-@ L ( TV @-@ 14 @-@ L on Adult Swim ) .
Critical responses to the episode were mostly positive . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 22 @.@ 01 million homes during its original airing in the United States . " Death Has a Shadow " was written by Seth MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin , and featured a guest performance from Pat Summerall as well as various recurring guest voices from the series . In the tenth season episode " Back to the Pilot " , which premiered on November 13 , 2011 , Brian and Stewie go back in time to " Death Has a Shadow " .
= = Plot = =
As Lois prepares dinner , Stewie puts the final touches on his mind @-@ control device , only for it to be taken away from him by Lois , who won 't allow ' toys ' at the table . Later , Peter asks Lois for permission to attend an upcoming stag party . After he promises he won 't drink , Lois lets him go . Unfortunately , Peter forgets his promise to Lois and plays such drinking games as " Drink the beer " . He goes to work the next day with a hangover , and falls asleep on the job as a safety inspector in a toy factory . Peter misses dangerous objects such as a butcher knife , a surge protector , a gasoline can , razor blades , a porcupine , a toaster with forks inside and a plug in water . The company receives bad press after releasing unsafe toy products , and Peter is promptly fired by Mr. Weed .
At dinner , Peter breaks the news to his children , but decides to keep it from Lois . He tries different jobs , such as cereal mascot and sneeze guard , but fails miserably . Brian pressures him to tell her the truth , but all he manages to do is to tell Lois how fat she is . Brian insists that Peter must look out for his family 's welfare . With the word " welfare " in his mind , Peter soon applies for a government assistance at a welfare office . But a processing error creates a weekly check for $ 150 @,@ 000 . Telling Lois he received a big raise , Peter spends his money on many foolish and extravagant things , such as renting the Statue of David , treating Meg to cosmetic surgery and even going so far as to surround his house with a moat to protect them from the Black Knight .
Unfortunately , Lois is given the welfare check by the mail lady and storms at Peter for lying to her . Peter decides to return the money to the taxpayers by dumping it from a blimp during Super Bowl XXXIII while Brian accompanies him . After the commotion they cause , they are immediately shot down .
Eventually , Lois receives the bad news and goes to court , still angry at Peter for lying to her in the first place . After Peter apologizes for lying to Lois and accepting the money instead of reporting the welfare error , the judge sentences him to 24 months in prison . Lois , Brian , Chris and Meg exclaim , " Oh no ! " , but the Kool Aid Man bursts through the courthouse wall and exclaims , " Oh yeah ! " Lois tries to explain he 's not that bad and she loves him , and insists that , no matter what , she will always stand by her husband . The judge agrees , and sends her to jail with him . Stewie , being a baby , must have his parents by his side , regardless of his burning hate for them , especially Lois . He then whips out his mind control device and forces the judge into letting his father go free and get his job back .
Peter states that he has learned his lesson and will never do it again . Instead he is going to try for such things as a minority scholarship , a sexual harassment suit , and a disability claim .
= = Background = =
MacFarlane initially conceived Family Guy in 1995 while studying animation under the Rhode Island School of Design ( RISD ) . During college , he created his thesis film entitled The Life of Larry , which was later submitted by his professor at RISD to Hanna @-@ Barbera , which led to MacFarlane being hired by the company . In 1996 , MacFarlane created a sequel to The Life of Larry entitled Larry and Steve , which featured a middle @-@ aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog , Steve . The short was broadcast in 1997 as one of Cartoon Network 's World Premiere Toons .
In 1997 , while writing for Carol , MacFarlane planned to develop the Larry shorts into a short film series for MADtv ; however , the project was abandoned because the show did not possess a large enough budget to make any kind of animation . As development continued , the genre gradually shifted to a prime @-@ time series , while the characters of Larry and Steve formed the basis for Peter and Brian , respectively . During the year , a Hanna @-@ Barbera development executive introduced MacFarlane to alternative comedians Mike Darnell and Leslie Collins in an attempt to get Hanna @-@ Barbera back into the prime @-@ time business . The executives were unimpressed ; a year later , MacFarlane contacted Collins at Fox ; she arranged a meeting with him and the company executives to create a series based on the characters entitled Family Guy .
Fox proposed MacFarlane complete a 15 @-@ minute short , and gave him a budget of $ 50 @,@ 000 . After the pilot aired , the series was greenlighted . Premises were drawn from several 1980s Saturday morning cartoons MacFarlane had watched as a child , such as The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang and Rubik , the Amazing Cube .
= = Production = =
Production of the pilot for Family Guy began in 1998 , and took six months to create and produce . Recalling the experience in an interview with The New York Times , MacFarlane stated ,
I spent about six months with no sleep and no life , just drawing like crazy in my kitchen and doing this pilot .
Upon completion of the pilot , the series went on the air . " Death Has a Shadow " was the first episode of Family Guy to be aired . It was written by creator MacFarlane , and was the first episode to be directed by Peter Shin . The episode guest starred Lori Alan as Diane Simmons , Carlos Alazraqui as Mr. Weed , Mike Henry as Cleveland Brown , Billy West , Fred Tatasciore , Joey Slotnick , Phil LaMarr , Wally Wingert , and fellow cartoonist Butch Hartman as various characters . The episode aired after Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31 , 1999 .
For " Death Has a Shadow " , several changes were made from the original pilot pitch . For the series , Lois was a redhead , as opposed to the original pilot , where she was a blonde . In the original pilot , Lois discovered that Peter lost his job , and by the end of the episode , he fails to get a new one nor does he apply for welfare . The idea for Peter to apply for welfare and unintentionally become wealthy was suggested by executive producer David Zuckerman , who suggested the idea in order to add a larger amount of plot to the episode . Several sequences and gags were integrated into the episode from creator MacFarlane 's 1995 thesis film The Life of Larry , including the sequence where the Griffin family sees Philadelphia , and a brief cutaway where Peter farts for the first time at the age of 30 .
MacFarlane was cast as four of the show 's main characters : Peter Griffin , Brian Griffin , Stewie Griffin , and Glenn Quagmire . MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself , believing it would be easier to portray the voices he already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it . MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design . Stewie 's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison , especially his performance in the 1964 musical My Fair Lady . MacFarlane uses his regular speaking voice when playing Brian . The voice of Quagmire was inspired by fast @-@ speaking radio advertising spokesmen from the 1950s . MacFarlane also provides voices for various other recurring and one @-@ time characters , including news anchor Tom Tucker and Lois ' father Carter Pewterschmidt .
Alex Borstein was cast as Lois Griffin , Tricia Takanawa , Loretta Brown , and Lois ' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt . Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the original pilot while she was working on MADtv . She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was " really sight unseen " . At the time , Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles , in which she played a redheaded mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins . The voice was originally slower , but when MacFarlane heard it , he replied " Make it a little less [ ... ] annoying ... and speed it up , or every episode will last four hours " . Seth Green was chosen to play Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman . Green stated that he did an impression of the " Buffalo Bill " character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition . His main inspiration for Chris ' voice came from envisioning how " Buffalo Bill " would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald 's . Lacey Chabert was cast as Meg Griffin . Chabert voiced Meg Griffin for the first production season ( 15 episodes ) , but due to a contractual agreement was never credited . Chabert left the series because of time conflicts with schoolwork and her role on Party of Five , and was replaced by Mila Kunis .
= = Cultural references = =
In the final scenes of the episode , the Griffin family is seen watching a television program called TV 's Bloopers , a reference to the 1984 ABC and NBC television series TV 's Bloopers and Practical Jokes .
Towards the end of the courtroom scene , the Kool @-@ Aid Man is seen breaking through a wall , which later became a running gag in the series involving a certain character or breaking through a wall and Peter 's job as a Mascot is a parody of the Cocoa Puffs commercial .
During Peter 's recount of his job search to Brian , the talent show flashback mirrors the setting from The Sound of Music and makes a reference to the characters of the film , the von Trapp family .
= = Reception = =
The episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . In a 2008 review , Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode an 8 @.@ 9 / 10 , praising the integration of humor into the episode 's storyline . Haque noted that the episode was " a very strong start to this long running classic series , and revisiting it serves as a reminder that unlike many other television shows , there are very few awkward moments , and much of the show 's brilliance is immediately apparent . " In 2009 , the site singled out " Death Has a Shadow " as a " strong start [ to Family Guy ] " .
Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave the episode a mixed review , rating the episode a 67 / 100 , calling it one of the most densely packed pilots on television . He mentioned that it was entertaining but said that there were many jokes that followed the quality does not win out over quantity saying . He compared Peter to Homer Simpson and he compared the show to The Simpsons and King of the Hill . He criticized the amount of unfunny jokes while he praised the surreal moments . At the end of his review he stated that Family Guy was a different kind of animated comedy which set out to do jokes that other cartoons couldn ’ t do , also mentioning that the show had promise to become really funny .
A more negative review came from EW.com 's Ken Tucker , who called the animation clunky , which he said made Hanna @-@ Barbera 's animation look like state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art . Tucker also said in his review that he hoped that smart people would use the Family Guy half @-@ hour to turn off the television set and start a debate over the air strikes in Kosovo . He also called the show " The Simpsons as conceived by a singularly sophomoric mind that lacks any reference point beyond other TV shows " . Even before it aired the pilot had received some criticism from the Parents Television Council , a watchdog ; the creator of this website L. Brent Bozell III wrote that he initially speculated that Family Guy would be " pushing the envelope " .
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= A Cure for Pokeritis =
A Cure for Pokeritis is a 1912 short silent film starring John Bunny and Flora Finch . After Bunny 's death , a re @-@ release was announced with the alternative title A Sure Cure for Pokeritis . This domestic comedy depicts a woman who stops her husband 's gambling habit by having her cousin stage a fake police raid on the weekly poker game . It was one of many similar shorts produced by Vitagraph Studios , whose popularity made Bunny and Finch early film stars . Although its style of humor is dated , it has been recognized as a historically important representative of its period and genre .
= = Plot = =
Upon returning home from an evening spent losing at poker , George Brown swears off gambling forever . However , his friend Bigelow convinces him to secretly continue attending the weekly poker game and to tell his wife Mary that he has been admitted to the Sons of the Morning , a fraternal lodge , to explain his absences . When George talks in his sleep , she becomes suspicious and has her cousin Freddie Dewdrop follow him , allowing her to learn the truth . Together with the wives of the other poker players , she enacts a plan to end the gambling . Freddie and the members of his Bible study group dress up as police officers and raid the game . The gamblers ' wives then arrive , and the police leave the men to be scolded , purportedly in place of being arrested . As the film ends , the Browns reconcile .
= = Cast = =
The intended names of the characters played by John Bunny and Flora Finch are not entirely clear . In the film itself , the letter written to gather the wives together identifies the two main characters as Mary and George Brown . However , Vitagraph 's in @-@ house publication included cast lists for all of the studio 's films . There , the main characters are referred to as Mr. and Mrs. Bunny Sharpe , and " Mr. Brown " is given as the name of one of the minor characters .
John Bunny as Mr. Bunny Sharpe / George Brown
Flora Finch as Mrs. Bunny Sharpe / Mary Brown
Charles Eldridge as Bunny 's friend Bigelow
Harold Wilson as another friend
Rose Tapley as Bigelow 's wife
Leah Baird as another friend 's wife
Harry T. Morey as Freddie Dewdrop
Tom Powers as Freddie 's chum
James Morrison as Freddie 's chum
William R. Dunn as Mr. Brown
Arthur Rosson as the costumer
= = Production = =
A Cure for Pokeritis was one of many Vitagraph Studios one @-@ reel or shorter comedies starring Bunny and Finch in a domestic setting , known popularly as Bunnygraphs or Bunnyfinches . The number of these shorts originally produced is unknown because Vitagraph 's films were generally not archived . Estimates vary considerably ; totals in excess of 150 , 200 , or 260 have been proposed . Most are now lost .
The film was an early example of efforts to move beyond theater blocking conventions . During the police raid , depth was demonstrated by having action take place in both the foreground and the background , and by allowing actors to move between them . This cinematography technique improved the realism and pacing of the scene .
= = Music = =
Theaters projected silent films with a variety of musical accompaniment . Depending on the film and the venue , accompanying music might have been the performance of a live pianist or orchestra , recorded music , or absent entirely . Some films were distributed with cue sheets indicating when music was to be played , or anthologies of specific songs to use as accompaniment . Especially between 1910 and 1912 , these selections were often popular music , chosen because the song 's title or lyrics related to the film in some way , in contrast to later efforts to provide music with appropriate texture . Beginning in 1910 , Vitagraph provided lists of this nature for all of their films .
Vitagraph 's recommended music for A Cure for Pokeritis began with " I 'm Glad I 'm Married " and " I 've Got My Eyes on You " . The studio suggested either " I Don 't Believe You " or " I 'm an Honorary Member of the Patsy Club " be played as George presented his purported lodge membership . His sleep @-@ talking was to be accompanied by " If You Talk in Your Sleep , Don 't Mention My Name " , followed by " Back to the Factory , Mary " as Freddie investigates . " Whoops , My Dear " was to score the police raid , and " Don 't Take Me Home " would play as the film ended .
= = Reception and legacy = =
The Bunnygraphs , as a genre , were representative of the cinema of the period , and were very successful , making Bunny the first American comic film star and Finch the first female star comedian . A Cure for Pokeritis , released February 23 , 1912 , was individually well @-@ received , including in showings outside the United States . The Thames Star , a New Zealand newspaper , described the film as " screamingly funny " . After John Bunny 's death , interest in his films led Vitagraph in 1917 to announce the re @-@ release of this film ( retitled A Sure Cure for Pokeritis ) , along with many of his other works , as " Favorite Film Features " . However , the comedy style of A Cure for Pokeritis has not aged well , especially in contrast to Mack Sennett 's slapstick films and the works of later comedians such as Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton . According to film scholars Donald McCaffrey and Christopher Jacobs , modern viewers " will hardly get a flicker of a smile " from the film , despite the skill of its actors .
The film 's themes and its relationship to later works have been the subject of critical analysis . A Cure for Pokeritis may be the first depiction of poker in film , and provides insight into the public 's perception of the game at the time as a male @-@ dominated societal ill . This attitude , and a scene similar to the film 's plot , is also present in Cassius Marcellus Coolidge 's painting Sitting up with a Sick Friend , part of the Dogs Playing Poker series commissioned in 1903 . A Cure for Pokeritis has been compared to sitcoms of both the 1940s and the end of the 20th century . Film historian Wes Gehring of Ball State University considers George to be a forerunner of the modern antihero archetype and compares the Browns to Laurel and Hardy . Other authors have examined the film 's gender issues . Gerald Mast wrote that the comedic aspects overlaid a conflict between masculinity and moralist or feminist values . Brunel University lecturer Geoff King viewed the male lead 's efforts to escape from an " imprisoning " wife to be a recurring theme in silent comedy , and film reviewer Peter Nash found the " fastidious and effeminate " Freddie an example of a contemporary gay stock character .
In 2011 , this film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being a " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " representative of the Bunnygraph films .
= = Home media = =
A Cure for Pokeritis is in the public domain and so is widely available , including online . In 1998 , Kino International included it in Slapstick Encyclopedia , an eight @-@ volume VHS collection of silent films that was re @-@ released in 2002 as a five @-@ disc DVD collection by Image Entertainment .
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= Cane toad =
The cane toad ( Rhinella marina ) , also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad , is a large , terrestrial true toad which is native to South and mainland Middle America , but has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean , as well as northern Australia . It is a member of the genus Rhinella , but was formerly in the genus Bufo , which includes many different true toad species found throughout Central and South America . The cane toad is a prolific breeder ; females lay single @-@ clump spawns with thousands of eggs . Its reproductive success is partly because of opportunistic feeding : it has a diet , unusual among anurans , of both dead and living matter . Adults average 10 – 15 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) in length ; the largest recorded specimen had a snount @-@ vent length of 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) .
The cane toad is an old species . A fossil toad ( specimen UCMP 41159 ) from the La Venta fauna of the late Miocene of Colombia is indistinguishable from modern cane toads from northern South America . It was discovered in a floodplain deposit , which suggests the R. marina habitat preferences have always been for open areas .
The cane toad has poison glands , and the tadpoles are highly toxic to most animals if ingested . Because of its voracious appetite , the cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method of agricultural pest control . The species derives its common name from its use against the cane beetle ( Dermolepida albohirtum ) . The cane toad is now considered a pest and an invasive species in many of its introduced regions ; of particular concern is its toxic skin , which kills many animals , both wild and domesticated . Cane toads are particularly dangerous to dogs .
= = Taxonomy = =
Originally , the cane toads were used to eradicate pests from sugarcane , giving rise to their common name . The cane toad has many other common names , including " giant toad " and " marine toad " ; the former refers to its size and the latter to the binomial name , R. marina . It was one of many species described by Linnaeus in his 18th @-@ century work Systema Naturae ( 1758 ) . Linnaeus based the specific epithet marina on an illustration by Dutch zoologist Albertus Seba , who mistakenly believed the cane toad to inhabit both terrestrial and marine environments . Other common names include " giant neotropical toad " , " Dominican toad " , " giant marine toad " , and " South American cane toad " . In Trinidadian English , they are commonly called crapaud , the French word for toad .
The genus Rhinella is considered to constitute a distinct genus of its own , thus changing the scientific name of the cane toad . In this case , the specific name marinus ( masculine ) changes to marina ( feminine ) to conform with the rules of gender agreement as set out by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , changing the binomial name from Bufo marinus to Rhinella marina ; the binomial Rhinella marinus was subsequently introduced as a synonym through misspelling by Pramuk , Robertson , Sites , and Noonan ( 2008 ) . Though controversial ( with many traditional herpetologists still using Bufo marinus ) the binomial Rhinella marina is gaining in acceptance with such bodies as the IUCN , Encyclopaedia of Life , Amphibian Species of the World and increasing numbers of scientific publications adopting its usage .
In Australia , the adults may be confused with large native frogs from the genera Limnodynastes , Cyclorana , and Mixophyes . These species can be distinguished from the cane toad by the absence of large parotoid glands behind their eyes and the lack of a ridge between the nostril and the eye . Cane toads have been confused with the giant burrowing frog ( Heleioporus australiacus ) , because both are large and warty in appearance ; however , the latter can be readily distinguished from the former by its vertical pupils and its silver @-@ grey ( as opposed to gold ) irises . Juvenile cane toads may be confused with species of the Uperoleia genus , but their adult colleagues can be distinguished by the lack of bright colouring on the groin and thighs .
In the United States , the cane toad closely resembles many bufonid species . In particular , it could be confused with the southern toad ( Bufo terrestris ) , which can be distinguished by the presence of two bulbs in front of the parotoid glands .
= = Description = =
The cane toad is very large ; the females are significantly longer than males , reaching an average length of 10 – 15 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) , with a maximum of 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) . Larger toads tend to be found in areas of lower population density . They have a life expectancy of 10 to 15 years in the wild , and can live considerably longer in captivity , with one specimen reportedly surviving for 35 years .
The skin of the cane toad is dry and warty . It has distinct ridges above the eyes , which run down the snout . Individual cane toads can be grey , yellowish , red @-@ brown , or olive @-@ brown , with varying patterns . A large parotoid gland lies behind each eye . The ventral surface is cream @-@ coloured and may have blotches in shades of black or brown . The pupils are horizontal and the irises golden . The toes have a fleshy webbing at their base , and the fingers are free of webbing .
Typically , juvenile cane toads have smooth , dark skin , although some specimens have a red wash . Juveniles lack the adults ' large parotoid glands , so they are usually less poisonous . The tadpoles are small and uniformly black , and are bottom @-@ dwellers , tending to form schools . Tadpoles range from 10 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 98 in ) in length .
= = Ecology , behavior , and life history = =
The common name " marine toad " and the scientific name Rhinella marina suggest a link to marine life , but the adult cane toad is entirely terrestrial , only venturing to fresh water to breed . However , laboratory experiments suggest that tadpoles can tolerate salt concentrations equivalent to 15 % of seawater ( ~ 5 @.@ 4 ‰ ) , and recent field observations found living tadpoles and toadlets at salinities of 27 @.@ 5 ‰ on Coiba Island , Panama . The cane toad inhabits open grassland and woodland , and has displayed a " distinct preference " for areas modified by humans , such as gardens and drainage ditches . In their native habitats , the toads can be found in subtropical forests , although dense foliage tends to limit their dispersal .
The cane toad begins life as an egg , which is laid as part of long strings of jelly in water . A female lays 8 @,@ 000 – 25 @,@ 000 eggs at once and the strings can stretch up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) in length . The black eggs are covered by a membrane and their diameter is about 1 @.@ 7 – 2 @.@ 0 mm ( 0 @.@ 067 – 0 @.@ 079 in ) . The rate at which an egg grows into a tadpole increases with temperature . Tadpoles typically hatch within 48 hours , but the period can vary from 14 hours to almost a week . This process usually involves thousands of tadpoles — which are small , black , and have short tails — forming into groups . Between 12 and 60 days are needed for the tadpoles to develop into juveniles , with four weeks being typical . Similarly to their adult counterparts , eggs and tadpoles are toxic to many animals .
When they emerge , toadlets typically are about 10 – 11 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 43 in ) in length , and grow rapidly . While the rate of growth varies by region , time of year , and gender , an average initial growth rate of 0 @.@ 647 mm ( 0 @.@ 0255 in ) per day is seen , followed by an average rate of 0 @.@ 373 mm ( 0 @.@ 0147 in ) per day . Growth typically slows once the toads reach sexual maturity . This rapid growth is important for their survival ; in the period between metamorphosis and subadulthood , the young toads lose the toxicity that protected them as eggs and tadpoles , but have yet to fully develop the parotoid glands that produce bufotoxin . Because they lack this key defence , only an estimated 0 @.@ 5 % of cane toads reach adulthood .
As with rates of growth , the point at which the toads become sexually mature varies across different regions . In New Guinea , sexual maturity is reached by female toads with a snout – vent length between 70 and 80 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 and 3 @.@ 1 in ) , while toads in Panama achieve maturity when they are between 90 and 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 and 3 @.@ 9 in ) in length . In tropical regions , such as their native habitats , breeding occurs throughout the year , but in subtropical areas , breeding occurs only during warmer periods that coincide with the onset of the wet season .
The cane toad is estimated to have a critical thermal maximum of 40 – 42 ° C ( 104 – 108 ° F ) and a minimum of around 10 – 15 ° C ( 50 – 59 ° F ) . The ranges can change due to adaptation to the local environment . The cane toad has a high tolerance to water loss ; some can withstand a 52 @.@ 6 % loss of body water , allowing them to survive outside tropical environments .
= = = Diet = = =
Most frogs identify prey by movement , and vision appears to be the primary method by which the cane toad detects prey ; however , the cane toad can also locate food using its sense of smell . They eat a wide range of material ; in addition to the normal prey of small rodents , reptiles , other amphibians , birds , and even bats and a range of invertebrates , they also eat plants , dog food , and household refuse .
= = = Defenses = = =
The skin of the adult cane toad is toxic , as well as the enlarged parotoid glands behind the eyes , and other glands across their backs . When the toads are threatened , their glands secrete a milky @-@ white fluid known as bufotoxin . Components of bufotoxin are toxic to many animals ; even human deaths have been recorded due to the consumption of cane toads .
Bufotenin , one of the chemicals excreted by the cane toad , is classified as a class @-@ 1 drug under Australian law , alongside heroin and cannabis . The effects of bufotenin are thought to be similar to those of mild poisoning ; the stimulation , which includes mild hallucinations , lasts for less than an hour . As the cane toad excretes bufotenin in small amounts , and other toxins in relatively large quantities , toad licking could result in serious illness or death .
In addition to releasing toxin , the cane toad is capable of inflating its lungs , puffing up , and lifting its body off the ground to appear taller and larger to a potential predator .
Poisonous sausages containing toad meat are being trialled in the Kimberley ( Western Australia ) to try to protect native animals from cane toads ' deadly impact . The Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation has been working with the University of Sydney to develop baits to train native animals not to eat the toads . By blending bits of toad with a nausea @-@ inducing chemical , the baits train the animals to stay away from the amphibians . Researcher David Pearson says trials run in laboratories and in remote parts of the Kimberley region of WA are looking promising , although the baits will not solve the cane toad problem altogether .
= = = Predators = = =
Many species prey on the cane toad and its tadpoles in its native habitat , including the broad @-@ snouted caiman ( Caiman latirostris ) , the banded cat @-@ eyed snake ( Leptodeira annulata ) , eels ( family Anguillidae ) , various species of killifish , the rock flagtail ( Kuhlia rupestris ) , some species of catfish ( order Siluriformes ) , some species of ibis ( subfamily Threskiornithinae ) , and Paraponera clavata ( bullet ants ) . Predators outside the cane toad 's native range include the whistling kite ( Haliastur sphenurus ) , the rakali ( Hydromys chrysogaster ) , the black rat ( Rattus rattus ) and the water monitor ( Varanus salvator ) . The tawny frogmouth ( Podargus strigoides ) and the Papuan frogmouth ( Podargus papuensis ) have been reported as feeding on cane toads ; some Australian crows ( Corvus spp . ) have also learned strategies allowing them to feed on cane toads , such as using their beak to flip toads onto their back . Opossums of the Didelphis genus likely can eat cane toads with impunity . Meat ants are unaffected by the cane toads ' toxins , and therefore are able to kill them . The cane toad 's normal response to attack is to stand still and let their toxin kill the attacker , which allows the ants to attack and eat the toad .
= = Distribution = =
The cane toad is native to the Americas , and its range stretches from the Rio Grande Valley in South Texas to the central Amazon and southeastern Peru . This area encompasses both tropical and semiarid environments . The density of the cane toad is significantly lower within its native distribution than in places where it has been introduced . In South America , the density was recorded to be 20 adults per 100 m ( 109 yd ) of shoreline , 1 to 2 % of the density in Australia .
= = Introductions = =
The cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the world — particularly the Pacific — for the biological control of agricultural pests . These introductions have generally been well documented , and the cane toad may be one of the most studied of any introduced species .
Before the early 1840s , the cane toad had been introduced into Martinique and Barbados , from French Guiana and Guyana . An introduction to Jamaica was made in 1844 in an attempt to reduce the rat population . Despite its failure to control the rodents , the cane toad was introduced to Puerto Rico in the early 20th century in the hope that it would counter a beetle infestation ravaging the sugarcane plantations . The Puerto Rican scheme was successful and halted the economic damage caused by the beetles , prompting scientists in the 1930s to promote it as an ideal solution to agricultural pests .
As a result , many countries in the Pacific region emulated the lead of Puerto Rico and introduced the toad in the 1930s . There are introduced populations in Australia , Florida , Papua New Guinea , the Philippines , the Ogasawara , Ishigaki Island and the Daitō Islands of Japan , most Caribbean islands , Fiji and many other Pacific islands , including Hawaii . Since then , the cane toad has become a pest in many host countries , and poses a serious threat to native animals .
= = = Australia = = =
Following the apparent success of the cane toad in eating the beetles threatening the sugarcane plantations of Puerto Rico , and the fruitful introductions into Hawaii and the Philippines , a strong push was made for the cane toad to be released in Australia to negate the pests ravaging the Queensland cane fields . As a result , 102 toads were collected from Hawaii and brought to Australia . After an initial release in August 1935 , the Commonwealth Department of Health decided to ban future introductions until a study was conducted into the feeding habits of the toad . The study was completed in 1936 and the ban lifted , when large @-@ scale releases were undertaken ; by March 1937 , 62 @,@ 000 toadlets had been released into the wild . The toads became firmly established in Queensland , increasing exponentially in number and extending their range into the Northern Territory and New South Wales . Recently , the toads have made their way into Western Australia and one has even been found on the far western coast in Broome .
However , the toad was generally unsuccessful in reducing the targeted grey @-@ backed beetles , in part because the cane fields provided insufficient shelter for the predators during the day , in part because the beetles live at the tops of sugar cane – and cane toads are not good climbers . Since its original introduction , the cane toad has had a particularly marked effect on Australian biodiversity . The population of a number of native predatory reptiles has declined , such as the varanid lizards Varanus mertensi , V. mitchelli , and V. panoptes , the land snakes Pseudechis australis and Acanthophis antarcticus , and the crocodile species Crocodylus johnstoni ; in contrast , the population of the agamid lizard Amphibolurus gilberti — known to be a prey item of V. panoptes — has increased .
= = = Caribbean = = =
The cane toad was introduced to various Caribbean islands to counter a number of pests infesting local crops . While it was able to establish itself on some islands , such as Barbados , Jamaica , and Puerto Rico , other introductions , such as in Cuba before 1900 and in 1946 , and on the islands of Dominica and Grand Cayman , were unsuccessful .
The earliest recorded introductions were to Barbados and Martinique . The Barbados introductions were focused on the biological control of pests damaging the sugarcane crops , and while the toads became abundant , they have done even less to control the pests than in Australia . The toad was introduced to Martinique from French Guiana before 1944 and became established . Today , they reduce the mosquito and mole cricket populations . A third introduction to the region occurred in 1884 , when toads appeared in Jamaica , reportedly imported from Barbados to help control the rodent population . While they had no significant effect on the rats , they nevertheless became well established . Other introductions include the release on Antigua — possibly before 1916 , although this initial population may have died out by 1934 and been reintroduced at a later date — and Montserrat , which had an introduction before 1879 that led to the establishment of a solid population , which was apparently sufficient to survive the Soufrière Hills volcano eruption in 1995 .
In 1920 , the cane toad was introduced into Puerto Rico to control the populations of white @-@ grub ( Phyllophaga spp . ) , a sugarcane pest . Before this , the pests were manually collected by humans , so the introduction of the toad eliminated labor costs . A second group of toads was imported in 1923 , and by 1932 , the cane toad was well established . The population of white @-@ grubs dramatically decreased , and this was attributed to the cane toad at the annual meeting of the International Sugar Cane Technologists in Puerto Rico . However , there may have been other factors . The six @-@ year period after 1931 — when the cane toad was most prolific , and the white @-@ grub saw dramatic decline — saw the highest @-@ ever rainfall for Puerto Rico . Nevertheless , the cane toad was assumed to have controlled the white @-@ grub ; this view was reinforced by a Nature article titled " Toads save sugar crop " , and this led to large @-@ scale introductions throughout many parts of the Pacific .
The cane toad has been spotted in Carriacou and Dominica , the latter appearance occurring in spite of the failure of the earlier introductions . On September 8 , 2013 , the cane toad was also discovered on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas .
= = = The Philippines = = =
The cane toad was first introduced deliberately into the Philippines in 1930 as a biological control agent of pests in sugarcane plantations . This was done after the success of the experimental introductions into Puerto Rico . It subsequently became the most ubiquitous amphibian in the islands . It still retains the common name of bakî or kamprag in the Visayan languages , a corruption of ' American frog ' , referring to its origins . It is also commonly known as " bullfrog " in Philippine English .
= = = Fiji = = =
The cane toad was introduced into Fiji to combat insects that infested sugarcane plantations . The introduction of the cane toad to the region was first suggested in 1933 , following the successes in Puerto Rico and Hawaii . After considering the possible side effects , the national government of Fiji decided to release the toad in 1953 , and 67 specimens were subsequently imported from Hawaii . Once the toads were established , a 1963 study concluded , as the toad 's diet included both harmful and beneficial invertebrates , it was considered " economically neutral " . Today , the cane toad can be found on all major islands in Fiji , although they tend to be smaller than their counterparts in other regions .
= = = New Guinea = = =
The cane toad was introduced into New Guinea to control the hawk moth larvae eating sweet potato crops . The first release occurred in 1937 using toads imported from Hawaii , with a second release the same year using specimens from the Australian mainland . Evidence suggests a third release in 1938 , consisting of toads being used for human pregnancy tests — many species of toad were found to be effective for this task , and were employed for about 20 years after the discovery was announced in 1948 . Initial reports argued the toads were effective in reducing the levels of cutworms and sweet potato yields were thought to be improving . As a result , these first releases were followed by further distributions across much of the region , although their effectiveness on other crops , such as cabbages , has been questioned ; when the toads were released at Wau , the cabbages provided insufficient shelter and the toads rapidly left the immediate area for the superior shelter offered by the forest . A similar situation had previously arisen in the Australian cane fields , but this experience was either unknown or ignored in New Guinea . The cane toad has since become abundant in rural and urban areas .
= = = United States = = =
The cane toad naturally exists in South Texas , but attempts ( both deliberate and accidental ) have been made to introduce the species to other parts of the country . These include introductions to Florida and to the islands of Hawaii , as well as largely unsuccessful introductions to Louisiana .
Initial releases into Florida failed . Attempted introductions before 1936 and 1944 , intended to control sugarcane pests , were unsuccessful as the toads failed to proliferate . Later attempts failed in the same way . However , the toad gained a foothold in the state after an accidental release by an importer at Miami International Airport in 1957 , and deliberate releases by animal dealers in 1963 and 1964 established the toad in other parts of Florida . Today , the cane toad is well established in the state , from the Keys to north of Tampa , and they are gradually extending further northward . In Florida , the toad is a regarded as a threat to native species and pets ; so much so , the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission recommends residents kill them .
Around 150 cane toads were introduced to Oahu in Hawaii in 1932 , and the population swelled to 105 @,@ 517 after 17 months . The toads were sent to the other islands , and more than 100 @,@ 000 toads were distributed by July 1934 ; eventually over 600 @,@ 000 were transported .
= = Uses = =
Other than the previously mentioned use as a biological control for pests , the cane toad has been employed in a number of commercial and noncommercial applications . Traditionally , within the toad 's natural range in South America , the Embera @-@ Wounaan would " milk " the toads for their toxin , which was then employed as an arrow poison . The toxins may have been used as an entheogen by the Olmec people . The toad has been hunted as a food source in parts of Peru , and eaten after the careful removal of the skin and parotoid glands . When properly prepared , the meat of the toad is considered healthy and as a source of omega @-@ 3 fatty acids . More recently , the toad 's toxins have been used in a number of new ways : bufotenin has been used in Japan as an aphrodisiac and a hair restorer , and in cardiac surgery in China to lower the heart rates of patients . New research has suggested that the cane toad 's poison may have some applications in treating prostate cancer .
Other modern applications of the cane toad include pregnancy testing , as pets , laboratory research , and the production of leather goods . Pregnancy testing was conducted in the mid @-@ 20th century by injecting urine from a woman into a male toad 's lymph sacs , and if spermatozoa appeared in the toad 's urine , the patient was deemed to be pregnant . The tests using toads were faster than those employing mammals ; the toads were easier to raise , and , although the initial 1948 discovery employed Bufo arenarum for the tests , it soon became clear that a variety of anuran species were suitable , including the cane toad . As a result , toads were employed in this task for around 20 years . As a laboratory animal , the cane toad is regarded as ideal ; they are plentiful , and easy and inexpensive to maintain and handle . The use of the cane toad in experiments started in the 1950s , and by the end of the 1960s , large numbers were being collected and exported to high schools and universities . Since then , a number of Australian states have introduced or tightened importation regulations . Even dead toads have value . Cane toad skin has been made into leather and novelty items ; stuffed cane toads , posed and accessorised , have found a home in the tourist market , and attempts have been made to produce fertiliser from their bodies .
= = Invasive species = =
Cane toads pose a serious threat to native species when introduced to a new ecosystem . Classified as an invasive species in over 20 countries , there are multiple reports of the cane toad moving into a new area to be followed by a decline in the biodiversity in that region . The most documented region of the cane toad 's invasion and subsequent effect on native species is Australia , where multiple surveys and observations of the toad 's conquest have been completed . The best way to illustrate this effect is through the plight of the northern quoll , as well as Mertens ' water monitor , a large lizard native to South and Southeast Asia .
Two sites were chosen to study the effects of cane toads on the northern quoll , one of which was at Mary River ranger station , which is located in the southern region of Kakadu National Park . The other site was located at the north end of the park . In addition to these two sites , there was a third site located at the East Alligator ranger station , and this site was used as a control site , where the cane toads would not interact with the northern quoll population . Monitoring of the quoll population began at the Mary River ranger station using radio tracking in 2002 , months before the first cane toads arrived at the site . After the arrival of the cane toads , the population of northern quolls in the Mary River site plummeted between October and December 2002 , and by March 2003 , the northern quoll appeared to be extinct in this section of the park , as there were no northern quolls caught in the trapping trips in the following two months . In contrast , the population of northern quolls in the control site at the East Alligator ranger station remained relatively constant , not showing any symptoms of declining . The evidence from the Kakadu National Park is compelling not only because of the timing of the population of northern quolls plummeting just months after the arrival of the cane toad , but also because in the Mary River region 31 % of mortalities within the quoll population were attributed to lethal toxic ingestion , as there were no signs of disease , parasite infestation , or any other obvious changes at the site that could have caused such a rapid decline . The most obvious piece of evidence which supports the hypothesis that the invasion of the cane toads caused the local extinction of the northern quoll is that the closely monitored population of the control group , in the absence of cane toads , showed no signs of decline .
In the case of the Mertens ' water monitor , more commonly known as Merten 's water monitor , there was only one region that was monitored , but over the course of 18 months . This region is located 70 kilometers south of Darwin , at the Manton Dam Recreation Area . Within the Manton Dam Recreation Area , there were 14 sites set up to survey the population of water monitors , measuring abundance and site occupancy at each one . Seven surveys were conducted , each of which ran for four weeks and included 16 site visits , where each site was sampled twice per day for two consecutive days throughout the 4 weeks . Each site visit occurred between 7 : 30 -10 : 30 AM , and 4 : 00- 7 : 00 PM , when Varanus mertensi can be viewed sunbathing on the shore or wrapped around a tree branch close to shore . The whole project lasted from December 2004 to May 2006 , and unveiled a total of 194 sightings of Varanus mertensi in 1568 site visits . Of the seven surveys , abundance was highest during the second survey , which took place in February 2005 , two months into the project . Following this measurement , the abundance declined in the next 4 surveys , before declining sharply after the second to last survey in February 2006 . In the final survey taken in May 2006 , there were only two Varanus mertensi observed . Cane toads were first recorded in the region of study during the second survey during February 2005 , also when the water monitor abundance was at its highest over the course of the study . Numbers of the cane toad population stayed low for the next year after introduction , and then skyrocketed to its peak in the last survey during May 2006 . When you compare the two populations side by side one can see clearly that the onset of the cane toads had an immediate negative impact on the Varanus mertensi , as their population began to drop in February 2005 , which was when the first cane toads entered the Manton Dam Recreation Area . At the end of the study , some scattered population of water monitors remained in the upper sites of the Manton Dam , which suggests that local extinctions occurred at certain shoreline sites within Manton Dam , but a complete extinction of the population did not occur .
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= Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within =
Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within is a 2001 American CGI animated science fiction film directed by Hironobu Sakaguchi , creator of the Final Fantasy series of role @-@ playing video games . It was the first photorealistic computer @-@ animated feature film and remains the most expensive video game @-@ inspired film of all time . It features the voices of Ming @-@ Na Wen , Alec Baldwin , Donald Sutherland , James Woods , Ving Rhames , Peri Gilpin and Steve Buscemi .
The Spirits Within follows scientists Aki Ross and Doctor Sid in their efforts to free a post @-@ apocalyptic Earth from a mysterious and deadly alien race known as the Phantoms , which has driven the remnants of humanity into " barrier cities " . Aki and Sid must fight against General Hein , who wishes to use more violent means to end the conflict .
Square Pictures rendered the film using some of the most advanced processing capabilities available for film animation at the time . A render farm consisting of 960 workstations was tasked with rendering each of the film 's 141 @,@ 964 frames . It took a staff of 200 and about four years to complete The Spirits Within . Square intended to make the character of Aki Ross into the world 's first photorealistic computer @-@ animated actress , with plans for appearances in multiple films in different roles .
The Spirits Within debuted to mixed critical reception , but was widely praised for the realism of the computer @-@ animated characters . Due to rising costs , the film greatly exceeded its original budget towards the end of production , reaching a final cost of $ 137 million , of which it recovered only $ 85 million at the box office . The film has been called a box office bomb and is blamed for the demise of Square Pictures . It was the first animated feature for Columbia since Care Bears Movie II : A New Generation .
= = Plot = =
In 2065 , Earth is infested by alien life forms known as Phantoms . By physical contact Phantoms consume the Gaia spirit of living beings , killing them instantly , though a minor contact may only result in an infection . The surviving humans live in " barrier cities " , areas protected by an energy shield that prevents Phantoms from entering , and are engaged in an ongoing struggle to free the planet . After being infected by a Phantom during one of her experiments , Aki Ross ( Ming @-@ Na ) and her mentor , Doctor Sid ( Donald Sutherland ) , uncover a means of defeating the Phantoms by gathering eight spirit signatures that , when joined , can negate the Phantoms . Aki is searching for the sixth spirit in the ruins of New York City when she is cornered by Phantoms but is rescued by Gray Edwards ( Alec Baldwin ) and his squad " Deep Eyes " , consisting of Ryan Whittaker ( Ving Rhames ) , Neil Fleming ( Steve Buscemi ) and Jane Proudfoot ( Peri Gilpin ) . It is revealed that Gray was once romantically involved with Aki .
Upon returning to her barrier city , Aki joins Sid and appears before the leadership council along with General Hein ( James Woods ) , who is determined to use the powerful Zeus space cannon to destroy the Phantoms . Aki is concerned the cannon will damage Earth 's Gaia ( a spirit representing its ecosystem ) and delays the use of it by revealing that she has been infected and the collected spirit signatures are keeping her infection stable , convincing the council that there may be another way to defeat the Phantoms . However , this revelation leads Hein to incorrectly conclude that she is being controlled by the Phantoms . Aki and the Deep Eyes squad succeed in finding the seventh spirit as Aki 's infection begins to worsen and she slips into unconsciousness . Her dream reveals to her that the Phantoms are the spirits of dead aliens brought to Earth on a fragment of their destroyed planet . Sid uses the seventh spirit to bring Aki 's infection back under control , reviving her .
To scare the council into giving him clearance to fire the Zeus cannon , Hein lowers part of the barrier shield protecting the city . Though Hein intended that only a few Phantoms enter , his plan goes awry and legions of Phantoms invade the entire city . Aki , Sid and the Deep Eyes attempt to reach Aki 's spaceship , their means of escape , but Ryan , Neil and Jane are killed by Phantoms . Hein escapes and boards the Zeus space @-@ station where he finally receives authorisation to fire the cannon .
Sid finds the eighth spirit at the crater site of the alien asteroid 's impact on Earth . He lowers a shielded vehicle , with Aki and Gray aboard , into the crater to locate the final spirit . Just before they can reach it , Hein fires the Zeus cannon into the crater , not only destroying the eighth spirit but also revealing the Phantom Gaia . Aki has a vision of the Phantom home planet , where she is able to receive the eighth spirit from the alien particles in herself . When Aki awakens , she and Gray combine it with the other seven . Hein continues to fire the Zeus cannon despite overheating warnings and unintentionally destroys the cannon and himself . Gray sacrifices himself as a medium needed to physically transmit the completed spirit into the alien Gaia . The Earth 's Gaia is returned to normal as the Phantoms ascend into space , finally at peace . Aki is pulled from the crater holding Gray 's body , and is seen looking into the newly liberated world .
= = Cast = =
Ming @-@ Na as Aki Ross
Donald Sutherland as Doctor Sid
Alec Baldwin as Gray Edwards
Ving Rhames as Ryan Whittaker
Steve Buscemi as Neil Fleming
Peri Gilpin as Jane Proudfoot
James Woods as General Hein
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Aki Ross 's voice actor , Ming @-@ Na Wen , was selected for a perceived fit between her personality and Aki 's . Ming @-@ Na , who found the role via her publicist , said she felt like she had given birth with her voice to the character . She gradually accustomed herself to the difficulty of working without the presence and spontaneity of real actors , and commented that the voice @-@ acting work did not take much time , as she would just go into the studio " once or twice a month for about four months " with no need for make @-@ up and costuming sessions . The workload was so light it did not interfere with her acting commitments in the television series ER .
Square accumulated four SGI Origin 2000 series servers , four Onyx2 systems , and 167 Octane workstations for the film 's production . The basic film was rendered at a custom render farm created by Square in Hawaii . It housed 960 Pentium III @-@ 933 MHz workstations . Character movements were filmed using motion capture technology . Animator Matthew Hackett stated that while motion capture was effective for many of the scenes , in others animators still had to add movements manually . Hand and facial movements were all done manually . Some of General Hein 's facial features and poses were based on Hackett . As animators did not want to use any actual photographs in the film , all backgrounds were done using matte paintings . 1 @,@ 327 scenes in total needed to be filmed to animate the digital characters . The film consists of 141 @,@ 964 frames , with each frame taking an average of 90 minutes to render . By the end of production Square had a total of 15 terabytes of artwork for the film . It is estimated that over the film 's four @-@ year production , approximately 200 people put in a combined 120 years of work on it .
From early on , it had been decided that The Spirits Within would be filmed entirely in English . The original script , written by Sakaguchi , was titled Gaia . The screenplay was written by Al Reinert and Jeff Vintar . The film was co @-@ directed by Motonori Sakakibara , with Jun Aida and Chris Lee both serving as producers . Lee compared the The Spirits Within , the first full @-@ length photorealistic animated film , to Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , the first full @-@ length cel animated film . In order to keep the film in line with Hironobu Sakaguchi 's vision as director , several script rewrites took place , most in the initial stages of production . Sakaguchi stated he was pleased with the film 's final cut , saying he would not have changed anything if given the chance . The film had high cost overruns towards the end of filming . New funds had to be sourced to cover the increasing production costs while maintaining staff salaries . The film 's final cost of $ 137 million , which included about $ 30 million spent on marketing by the film 's distributor Columbia Pictures , escalated from an original budget rumored to be around $ 70 million . $ 45 million alone was spent on the construction of Square 's studio in Hawaii .
= = = Themes = = =
Director Sakaguchi named the main character after his mother , Aki , who died in an accident several years prior to the production of the film . Her death led Sakaguchi to reflect on what happened to the spirit after death , and these thoughts resurfaced while he was planning the film , eventually taking the form of the Gaia hypothesis . He later explained that the theme he wanted to convey was " more of a complex idea of life and death and spirit " , believing that the best way to portray this would be to set the film on Earth . By comparison , Final Fantasy video games are set in fictional worlds . Dan Mayers from Sight & Sound stated the film followed the same theme typically found in Final Fantasy video games : " A party of heroes averts impending global holocaust by drawing on their individual skills , gaining knowledge through challenges and emerging victorious with new @-@ found love and respect for themselves and their companions . " Writing in the book Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams , Livia Monnet stated the film remediated " the notion of life in the neovitalistic , evolutionary biology of Lynn Margulis and in contemporary theories on artificial life " , going on to state that the film 's exploration of the Gaia hypothesis raised interesting questions regarding the life and death process of both cinema and digital media , as well as contemporary life sciences , cybernetics , philosophy and science fiction . The concept of artificial life and resurrection was also discussed , and compared to similar themes in the 1914 book Locus Solus ; the Phantoms in The Spirits Within were considered to be brought to life by various forces : by the alien planet 's red Gaia and then by human spiritual energy .
= = = Character design = = =
Each character 's base body model was built from more than 100 @,@ 000 polygons , plus more than 300 @,@ 000 for clothing alone . Aki 's character model bears 60 @,@ 000 hairs , each of which were separately and fully animated and rendered . In creating the characters , designers had to transition between using PowerAnimator , Autodesk Maya and RenderMan .
Aki 's appearance was conceived by the lead animator of the project , Roy Sato , who created several conceptual designs for Sakaguchi to consider , and then used the selected design as a guide for her character model . Sato perceived Aki 's original look as a " supermodel " , and subsequently removed her make @-@ up and shortened her hair in order to give her a more intelligent look that would " convince people that she 's a scientist . " In an interview , Sato described actively trying to make her appear as realistic as possible , making her similar to himself in as many ways as he could in the animation , including elements of his personality through facial expressions . He concluded that Aki ended up being similar to him in almost every way , with the exception that " she 's a lot cuter " . The model for Aki was designed to closely follow human appearance , with Sakaguchi commenting in an interview " I think it 's OK to look at Aki and be convinced that she 's a human . "
While Square ruled out any chance of a sequel to The Spirits Within before it was even completed , Sakaguchi intended to position Aki as being the " main star " for Square Pictures , using her in later games and films by Square , and including the flexibility of being able to modify aspects such as her age for such appearances . Ming @-@ Na stated that she would be willing if asked to continue voicing Aki . Aki only made one appearance outside of the film ; in 2002 she appeared in a demonstration video that Square Pictures made to present to The Wachowskis before developing Final Flight of the Osiris for The Animatrix . The short film , appearing in the DVD 's bonus content and featuring her with a slightly modified design , shows her acrobatically dueling a robot from the Matrix setting . Shortly afterward , Square Pictures was closed and absorbed into Square Co. and the company ceased use of the character .
While the near lifelike appearance of the characters in the film was well received , some commentators felt the character renderings fell into the trap that many robotics scientists refer to as the " uncanny valley " . This concept describes when a robot or animated character becomes very realistic , but subtly different enough from reality to feel " creepy " . John Mangan from The Age cited the film as an example of this phenomenon .
= = = Music and soundtrack = = =
The soundtrack to the film was released on July 3 , 2001 by Sony Music . Elliot Goldenthal composed the entire score , plus the film 's theme song , " The Dream Within " , which had lyrics written by Richard Rudolf and vocals performed by Lara Fabian . Director Hironobu Sakaguchi opted for the acclaimed film composer instead of Nobuo Uematsu , the composer of the Final Fantasy games ' soundtracks , a decision met with mixed opinions as Goldenthal was completely unknown to many of the game 's fans . The last song on the album and the second and final song to play during the film 's credits ( after " The Dream Within " ) is " Spirit Dreams Inside " performed by Japanese rock band L 'Arc @-@ en @-@ Ciel .
The film 's score was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and conducted by Belgian composer Dirk Brossé. it was recorded in the United Kingdom at the Watford Coloseum and the London AIR Lyndhurst Hall and was mixed at the Manhattan Center Studios in the United States . In the liner notes to the album , Goldenthal describes the soundtrack as combining " orchestration techniques associated with the late 20th @-@ century Polish avant @-@ garde , as well as my own experiments from Alien 3 , and 19th @-@ century Straussian brass and string instrumentation . " In the film 's ' Making of ' featurette , Goldenthal states he used " ghostly choral " music when the Phantoms are emerging , in an attempt to give a celestial feeling , and focused on low brass clusters and taiko drum rhythms for violent scenes . When Aki talks about a dying girl , Goldenthal used a piano in order to give a domestic home @-@ like feeling to a completely foreign environment , also choosing to use a flute each time Aki focusses on Gaia , as he believed it to be the most " human kind of instrument " .
The album was met with positive reviews . Neil Shurley from AllMusic , who gave the album 4 out of 5 , stated the album would probably have been nominated for an Oscar if the film itself had been more popular , as did the reviewer from Soundtrack Express , who gave the soundtrack 5 out of 5 . Christopher Coleman from Tracksounds gave the soundtrack 10 out of 10 , stating the feel of the album was " expansive and majestic " and that the score elevated the viewing experience of the film . A review from Filmtracks gave the album 4 out of 5 , calling it " an easy album to recommend " , adding " parts of it will blow you out of your seat . " Dan Goldwasser from Soundtrack.net also gave the soundtrack 4 out of 5 , calling it a " must have " .
The album peaked at No. 19 on Billboard 's Top Soundtracks list and No. 193 on the Billboard 200 on July 28 , 2001 . The track " The Dream Within " was nominated for " Best Original Song Written for a Film " at the 2002 World Soundtrack Awards , but lost to " If I Didn 't Have You " which was composed for Monsters , Inc ..
= = Release = =
= = = Box office = = =
Before the film 's release , there was already skepticism of its potential to be financially successful . Chris Taylor from Time magazine noted that video game adaptations had a poor track record at the box office and that it was Sakaguchi 's first feature film . The film debuted on July 2 , 2001 at the Mann Bruins Theater in Los Angeles , California , and was released in the United States on July 11 , making $ 32 million in North America and going on to gross $ 85 million in worldwide box office receipts . The film achieved average to poor results at the box office in most of Southeast Asia ; however , it performed well in Australia , New Zealand and South Korea . In 2006 Boston.com regarded it as the 4th biggest box office bomb , estimating the film 's losses at the end of its cinema run at over $ 94 million . In March 2012 CNBC considered it to be the 9th biggest box office bomb , though Time 's list of the ten biggest box office failures , which was released on the same day , did not include the film .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The Spirits Within holds a 44 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 143 reviews ( 63 positive , 80 negative ) , where the consensus is the film " raises the bar for computer animated movies , but the story is dull and emotionally removed . " Similarly it has a weighted score of 49 / 100 at Metacritic based on 28 professional reviews .
Roger Ebert was a strong advocate of the film ; he gave it 3 ½ stars out of four , praising it as a " technical milestone " while conceding that its " nuts and bolts " story lacked " the intelligence and daring of , say , Steven Spielberg 's A.I. " He noted that while he did not once feel convinced Aki Ross was an actual human being , she was " lifelike " , stating her creators " dare us to admire their craft . If Aki is not as real as a human actress , she 's about as human as a Playmate who has been retouched to glossy perfection . " He also expressed a desire for the film to succeed in hopes of seeing more films made in its image , though he was skeptical of its ability to be accepted . Peter Bradshaw gave a more negative review , stating that while the animation was brilliant , the " solemnly realist human faces look shriekingly phoney precisely because they 're almost there but not quite " , concluding " The story is adequate , if familiar , but after half an hour relapses into cliche . "
= = = Reception of Aki Ross = = =
Aki 's appearance was received positively by critics , with praise for the finer details of the character model such as the rendering of her hair . Entertainment Weekly named Aki an " it girl " , stating that " Calling this action heroine a cartoon would be like calling a Rembrandt a doodle . " She was voted one of the sexiest women of 2001 by Maxim and its readers , ranking at No. 87 out of 100 , becoming the first fictional woman to ever make the list , additionally appearing on the issue 's cover in a purple bikini . The same image appeared in the " Babes : The Girls of Sci Fi " special issue of SFX . Ruth La Ferla from The New York Times described her as having the " sinewy efficiency " of Alien franchise character Ellen Ripley and visual appeal of Julia Roberts ' portrayal of Erin Brockovich . The book Digital Shock : Confronting the New Reality by Herve Fischer described her as a virtual actress having a " beauty that is ' really ' impressive " , comparing her to video game character Lara Croft . In contrast , Livia Monnet criticized her character as an example of the constantly kidnapped female in Japanese cinema , further " diluted " by her existence solely as a computer @-@ generated character representing " an ideal , cinematic female character that has no real referent . " Writing in the book Action and Adventure Cinema , Marc O 'Day described her as among the " least overtly eroticised " female characters in science fiction , though stated that Aki was " transformed in a variety of poses into an erotic fantasy machine " in a photo shoot that was included on the DVD 's special features .
= = = Legacy and related media = = =
The merger between Square and Enix , which had been under consideration since at least 2000 according to Yasuhiro Fukushima , Enix chairman at the time , was delayed because of the failure of the film and Enix ' hesitation at merging with a company that had just lost a substantial amount of money . Square Pictures announced in late January 2002 that they were closing down , largely due to the commercial failure of The Spirits Within . The film 's CGI effects have been compared favourably with later CGI films such as James Cameron 's 2009 film Avatar . In 2011 , BioWare art director Derek Watts cited The Spirits Within as a major influence on the successful Mass Effect series of action role @-@ playing games . In the first episode of the Square @-@ Enix published 2015 video game Life Is Strange , when the lead interacts with a TV , she mentions the idea of watching the film , and says " I don 't care what anybody says , that 's one of the best sci @-@ fi films ever made . " Although the film was loosely based on a video game series , there were never any plans for a game adaptation of the film itself . Sakaguchi indicated the reason for this was the lack of powerful gaming hardware at the time , feeling the graphics in any game adaptation would be far too much of a step down from the graphics in the film itself . A novelization was written by Dean Wesley Smith and published by Pocket Books in June 2001 . The Making of Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within , a companion book , was published by BradyGames in August 2001 . Edited by Steven L. Kent , the 240 page color book contains a foreword by director Sakaguchi and extensive information on all aspects of the film 's creation , including concept art , storyboards , sets and props , layout , motion capture and animation , as well as a draft of the full script .
= = = Accolades = = =
The film won the " Jury Prize " at the 2002 Japan Media Arts Festival . It was nominated for " Best Sound Editing – Animated Feature Film , Domestic and Foreign " at the 49th Golden Reel Awards as well as " Best Animated Feature " at the 5th Online Film Critics Society awards . The film 's trailer was nominated for the " Golden Fleece " award at the 3rd Golden Trailer Awards .
= = = Home media = = =
The DVD version of the film was released on 23 October 2001 , with the Blu @-@ ray edition released on 7 August 2007 . Two weeks before it was released the DVD version was listed on Amazon.com as one of the most @-@ anticipated releases , and it was expected to recuperate some of the money lost on the film 's disappointing box office performance . Both versions contained two full @-@ length commentary tracks ( one featuring Motonori Sakakibara , sequence supervisor Hiroyuki Hayashida , lead artist Tatsuro Maruyama , and creature supervisor Takoo Noguchi ; the second featuring animation director Andy Jones , editor Chris S. Capp , and staging director Tani Kunitake ) as well as an isolated score with commentary . They also contained a version of the film in its basic CGI and sketch form , with the option of pop @-@ up comments on the film . An easter egg shows the cast of the film re @-@ enacting the dance from Michael Jackson 's Thriller . Fifteen featurettes , including seven on character biographies , three on vehicle comparisons and an interactive " Making Of " featurette , were also included . Other features included Aki 's dream viewable as a whole sequence , the film 's original opening sequence , and intentional outtakes . Peter Bracke from High @-@ Def Digest stated the DVD was " so packed with extras it was almost overwhelming " , stating that Sony went " all @-@ out " on the extra features in a likely attempt to boost DVD sales and recover losses . The DVD was nominated for " Best DVD Special Edition Release " at the 28th Saturn Awards . Aaron Beierle from DVD Talk gave a positive review of the DVD , rating it 4 ½ out of 5 stars for audio quality , video quality and special features . Dustin Somner from Blu @-@ ray.com gave the Blu @-@ ray version 5 out of 5 stars for video quality and special features , and 4 ½ stars for audio quality . Peter Bracke gave the Blu @-@ ray version 4 out of 5 stars overall .
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= Interstate 680 ( Iowa – Nebraska ) =
Interstate 680 ( abbreviated I @-@ 680 ) in Nebraska and Iowa is the northern bypass of the Omaha – Council Bluffs metropolitan area . I @-@ 680 spans 42 @.@ 86 miles ( 68 @.@ 98 km ) from its southern ( counterclockwise ) end in western Omaha to its eastern ( clockwise ) end near Neola , Iowa . For a 10 @-@ mile ( 16 km ) stretch , I @-@ 680 is co @-@ signed with I @-@ 29 . The freeway passes through a diverse range of scenes and terrains – the urban setting of Omaha , the Missouri River and its valley , the rugged Loess Hills , and the farmland of Pottawattamie County , Iowa .
Until 1973 , the section in Iowa between the current eastern end and I @-@ 29 was designated as Interstate 80N . I @-@ 680 in Omaha was originally designated Interstate 280 . Maps from the early and mid @-@ 1960s showed I @-@ 280 in Omaha . Since this highway would extend into Iowa , and I @-@ 280 was already planned for the Quad Cities area , this route was redesignated I @-@ 680 .
= = Route description = =
Interstate 680 begins at a complex interchange with I @-@ 80 in Omaha . Due to the proximity of the West Center Road interchange on I @-@ 680 and the I , L and Q Street interchanges on I @-@ 80 , all of the exit and entrance ramps which connect I @-@ 80 to I @-@ 680 also connect to West Center Road and I , L and Q Streets . The freeway heads north through the heart of West Omaha ; it serves as a dividing line of several residential neighborhoods . Two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of West Center Road , which prior to 2003 was N @-@ 38 , is a new interchange with U.S. Route 6 ( US 6 ) , known as Dodge Street in Omaha . Another mile north of Dodge Street is N @-@ 64 , known as Maple Street .
At N @-@ 133 , I @-@ 680 turns to the east towards Iowa . South of this interchange , I @-@ 680 travels through residential neighborhoods , but to the east , the population thins and the interstate passes through farmland for 4 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) . I @-@ 680 crosses over N @-@ 36 , which is accessed via the US 75 interchange 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) later . US 75 runs adjacent to I @-@ 680 for one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before turning south at 30th Street . The interstate crosses the Missouri River to Iowa via the Mormon Bridge .
In Iowa , Interstate 680 is markedly less urban than in Nebraska . The first three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of I @-@ 680 travel through the flat bottoms of the Missouri River valley . At the interchange west of Crescent , eastbound I @-@ 680 joins northbound I @-@ 29 for just under ten miles ( 16 km ) . The north – south stretch of I @-@ 29 / I @-@ 680 sits approximately halfway between the Missouri River and the Loess Hills . Near the unincorporated village of Loveland , I @-@ 680 exits from I @-@ 29 and turns east again , immediately entering the Loess Hills .
For six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) , I @-@ 680 cuts through the rugged Loess Hills . Two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of the I @-@ 29 interchange , there is a scenic overlook for westbound traffic . The Loveland overlook gives a view of the Loess Hills and Missouri River valley . Continuing east , I @-@ 680 travels over the rolling hills of rural Pottawattamie County . Four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) of Neola , I @-@ 680 meets the southern end of Iowa Highway 191 ( Iowa 191 ) before ending itself 3 ⁄ 4 mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) later at a full Y interchange at I @-@ 80 .
= = History = =
In Nebraska , plans for Interstate 280 to bypass Omaha to the north to I @-@ 29 were drawn up in the late 1950s . At the same time , plans were being drawn up for an Interstate 280 to bypass the Quad Cities . Since two interstates cannot have the same designation in the same state , one of the I @-@ 280s had to be renumbered . The Omaha I @-@ 280 was re @-@ designated as I @-@ 680 around 1965 . In Iowa , Interstate 80N opened to traffic on December 13 , 1966 . I @-@ 80N extended from the current northern interchange with I @-@ 29 near Loveland to the I @-@ 80 interchange near Neola .
In the early 1970s , AASHTO , the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials , decided that interstates with a directional suffix , such as I @-@ 80N , would have to be renumbered . By 1974 , I @-@ 80N had been re @-@ designated to I @-@ 680 to match Nebraska . The last piece of I @-@ 680 to be completed in Nebraska was the westbound bridge across the Missouri River . Paving in Iowa wrapped up in the years to come and the entire route was open to traffic by April 21 , 1979 .
= = = 2011 flooding = = =
Over the course of several months in 2011 , I @-@ 680 was severely damaged by flood waters from the Missouri River . The first sections of both I @-@ 680 and I @-@ 29 closed on June 10 . I @-@ 29 was closed from North 25th Street to the northern I @-@ 680 interchange near Loveland . I @-@ 680 was closed from US 75 in Omaha to the southern interchange with I @-@ 29 . A week later , water was diverted and drained from the area around the northern I @-@ 29 interchange to allow traffic to use the roads . I @-@ 680 was opened from the interchange to the Beebeetown exit and I @-@ 29 was reopened from the interchange to the US 30 exit at Missouri Valley . I @-@ 29 traffic was routed around the flooded area by using I @-@ 680 eastbound to I @-@ 80 westbound to Council Bluffs .
After flood waters receded and the damage was assessed , sections of I @-@ 680 were reopened to traffic . However , the section west of I @-@ 29 was the most heavily damaged and it remained closed . Contract bids were let on September 23 and reconstruction began on September 28 . Construction crews worked at " an accelerated pace " to complete the road in 34 days . The road was officially reopened on November 2 during a ceremony in Crescent hosted by Governor Terry Branstad .
= = Exit list = =
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= Lysaker Station =
Lysaker Station ( Norwegian : Lysaker stasjon ) is a railway station on the Drammen Line and Asker Line situated at Lysaker in Bærum , Norway . Located 7 @.@ 00 kilometers ( 4 @.@ 35 mi ) from Oslo Central Station , Lysaker is served a mix of the Norwegian State Railways ' express , regional and Oslo Commuter Rail trains , as well as the Airport Express Train . The station is elevated and features two island platforms with four tracks .
Lysaker was one of two original Drammen Line station in Bærum , opening on 7 October 1872 . The original station building , designed by Georg Andreas Bull , burned down in 1914 and was replaced by a new station Adalbert Kielland . In the following years the elevated and double @-@ track layout was introduced . This station arrangement was demolished in 1987 to make way for a station designed by Arne Henriksen . Traditionally only served by commuter trains , the station was branded as Lysaker / Fornebu from 1990 to 2000 because of its vicinity to Oslo Airport , Fornebu . The station was rebuilt again from 2006 to 2009 in which it was expanded from two to four tracks . It became connected to the Asker Line in 2011 .
= = History = =
= = = Bull 's station = = =
Proposals for a railway between Oslo and Drammen were launched in 1864 and planning commenced two years later . This involved deciding upon the location of the stations . Although the idea of placing one at the municipal centre of Sandvika was not met with protest , there was not consensus regarding the other and both Østre Stabekk and Lysaker were proposed . The latter was selected by the municipal council because of its vicinity to the Oslofjord and being located next to a waterfall .
The original station building at Lysaker was designed by Georg Andreas Bull . Lysaker Station and the Drammen Line opened on 7 October 1872 . It had an immediate impact on the surrounding area , stimulating both commerce and construction of private dwellings .
= = = Kielland 's station = = =
Bull 's station building burned down in 1914 and was replaced two year later by a new . By then it was decided that the line past Lysaker would be upgraded and Lysaker became the first of many stations on the line to be designed as an elevated station . The tracks were thereby placed elevated with an island platform with the station on the side , as the first station in Norway designed for double @-@ track operation . The new station was designed in Baroque Revival by Adalbert Kielland at NSB Arkitektkontor . One year later the wooden bridge over Lysakerelven was replaced by a stone bridge .
The line from Sandvika to Oslo was substantially upgraded between 1917 and 1922 . From 27 February 1917 a passing loop was built at Lysaker and standard gauge traffic was carried out on the northern track . A southern track was then built , which was used by narrow gauge trains . However , both were dual gauge . All – standard gauge operations commenced on 9 February 1920 , although the dual gauge was not removed until 1922 . Electric traction started operation on 30 August 1922 . An interlocking system was installed on 29 July 1924 . From 1922 a half @-@ hour headway was introduced on the local trains between Sandvika and Oslo West Station .
During the Second World War Lysaker Station was hit by five sabotage missions by the Norwegian resistance movement , in which tanks of gasoline , attached or not attached to railroad cars , were blown up . The sabotages took place on 16 December 1944 and 9 , 10 , 12 and 13 January 1945 . On 13 January a tanker truck was attacked as well . There were three additional attacks on Lysaker in 1944 and 1945 , two of them against factories and workshops . Also , the Lysaker Bridge sabotage took place in the immediate vicinity of the station .
= = = Henriksen 's station = = =
A full upgrade of the station was carried out in 1987 . A main incentive was that the Norwegian Public Roads Administration wanted the station building removed to make room for a new interchange towards Jar . Therefore , Kielland 's station building was demolished in 1987 . The new station building , designed by NSB Arkitektkontor and Arne Henriksen , was built in glass and concrete with a dominant portal presenting the staircases . On the island platform a new ticket booth was built in steel and glass . The platform was covered by a roof of laminated wood and plywood held up by galvanized steel columns . The roof followed the shape of the curved platform and featured a gable .
Lysaker Station was the closest railway station to Oslo Airport , Fornebu . From 27 May 1990 , Scandinavian Airlines System and the Norwegian State Railways started a cooperation to better the connection between rail and airline services . The project included the station being branded as Lysaker / Fornebu and dedicated shuttle buses running from the station to the airport terminal . NSB changed their scheduled so all InterCity Express and long distance trains on the Drammen Line started stopping at Lysaker .
Lysaker Station received centralized traffic control on 3 December 1992 and after that it has only been manned for ticket sales . The Airport Express Train stated calling at Lysaker Station on 8 October 1998 , the same day that Oslo Airport , Fornebu was closed . The Lysaker / Fornebu name was in use until 9 January 2000 . By then the amount of traffic to Lysaker was so substantial , even without the airport , that NSB continues to stop its express trains at Lysaker .
= = = Snøhetta 's station = = =
Proposals for an upgrade of the Drammen Line to accommodate more trains started in 1991 . This resulted in the Asker Line , which was built in two steps between 2005 and 2011 . Ahead of the section stage , consisting of the Bærum Tunnel which would allow trains to run directly from Lysaker to Sandvika , Lysaker Station received a full modernization . The upgrades consisted of demolishing the existing station and building a new station with two island platforms . Snøhetta won the architecture competition for the station . The upgrades allowed several advantages : seven minutes shorter travel time west of Oslo combined with better regularity , trains previously turning at Skøyen Station could instead turn at Lysaker and a near doubling of the number of trains running through the West Corridor , allowing eleven more trains per hour .
The zoning plan for the station was passed in 1998 and demands for accessibility were laid down in 2003 , causing a contrast between these goals and the curved platforms . This would particularly be a challenge for the Class 70 trains , which would have a wide gap . Part of the dispute centered on the Vollsveien Bridge , whether or not it had a heritage status and whether or not its demolition would allow for a straight station . Minister of Transport and Communication Torild Skogsholm stated that she laid the blame on director of the National Rail Administration , Steinar Killi . Her successor , Liv Signe Navarsete , announced in July 2006 that the construction would continue following the curved design , though minor functional changes would be made .
During the late 1970s there arose plans to build a branch line from the Drammen Line to Oslo Airport , Fornebu . Initial plans called for it to split from the Drammen Line some 300 meters ( 980 ft ) east of Lysaker and then pass under Lysaker Station . It would then continue to the airport , but without the possibility for stopping at Lysaker . Later the plans were reformulated and for a while a people mover was a preferred mode . By 2007 Ruter had changed their opinion in the matter and instead wanted to operate a light rail to Fornebu . The Rail Administration therefore decided to remove the station hall for a people mover from the Lysaker Station plans . Because the people mover was canceled after construction of the station had started , the National Rail Administration has claimed the county for NOK 31 million to cover losses incurred .
The work stretched over a segment of 1 @.@ 2 kilometers ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) of line . Construction started in February 2006 with work on expanding Granfoss Bridge , both lengthening it and building one parallel to it to allow four tracks . From May work commenced on the first new platform , which was completed in February 2007 and all traffic moved to the new tracks and platform . Then the old platform was demolished and a second new platform built , which was completed in 2009 . The work took 776 @,@ 000 man @-@ hours and cost NOK 1 @.@ 2 billion . The station was taken into use on 22 August 2009 , although the official opening of the new station took place on 1 September 2009 . The Bærum Tunnel opened on 26 August 2011 . To allow more trains to terminate at Lysaker , a suitable place to turn trains needed to be built . Høvik Station was chosen and received three new tracks . With its completion on 14 December 2014 all trains previously terminating at Skøyen were extended to Lysaker .
= = Facilities = =
Lysaker Station is situated on the Drammen Line , 7 @.@ 00 kilometers ( 4 @.@ 35 mi ) from Oslo Central Station at an elevation of 7 @.@ 5 meters ( 25 ft ) above mean sea level . Lysaker is an elevated station with two island platforms and four tracks . To the east of the station the line runs across a bridge over Lysakerelven before the four tracks merge to two . West of the station the Drammen Line splits , with two tracks becoming the Asker Line and running into the Bærum Tunnel .
The station is unstaffed , but features ticket machines , a waiting room , kisok and taxicab stand . There is parking nearby in a parking house . The bus station features two sections , one for local buses and one for regional buses . Between them they have six stops . However , because of the design of European Road E18 , the station can only serve buses on the E18 which runs westwards — eastbound buses are served by a bus stop on the other side of the freeway . Ownership and operation of the bus terminal is carried out by Akershus Kollektivterminaler .
Lysaker is dominated by offices and more than ninety percent of the station 's patronage is related to work . As of 2009 there were 25 @,@ 000 jobs within 800 meters ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) of the station and the area is among the fastest growing office areas in Greater Oslo . Lysaker remains the train station serving Fornebu , via bus shuttles , where there are another 12 @,@ 000 jobs .
= = Service = =
The Norwegian State Railways serves Asker Station both with Oslo Commuter Rail trains as well as regional trains . Up to five daily express trains along the Sørlandet Line and the Bergen Line stop at Lysaker . It also serves an hourly headway of the R10 regional trains from the Vestfold Line and Dovre Line . There are five hourly trains heading to Asker via the Asker Line , including the L12 , L13 and L14 . Westwards L12 runs to Kongsberg while they eastwards serve the Gardermoen Line , Trunk Line and the Kongsvinger Line . L1 , a full @-@ stop service on the Trunk- and Drammen Line , runs every thirty minutes . A rush @-@ hour service line 2x , serving the Østfold Line , terminates at Lysaker .
The Airport Express Train runs every 20 minutes to Oslo Airport , Gardermoen . Ruter uses Lysaker Station as the main bus terminal for Lyssker . Lysaker Station is in fare zone 1 and is served by bus routes 23 , 24 , 28 , 31 , 31e , 36e , 121 , 131 , 143 , 151 , 251 and 252 . There are about 1 @,@ 400 daily buses that call at Lysaker . Ruter 's 716 ferry to Nesoddtangen runs from a quay in the vicinity of the station .
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= Independent Women 's Forum =
The Independent Women 's Forum ( IWF ) is a politically conservative American non @-@ profit organization focused on policy issues of concern to women . The IWF was founded by activist Rosalie Silberman to promote a " conservative alternative to feminist tenets " following the controversial Supreme Court nomination of Clarence Thomas in 1992 .
The group advocates " equity feminism , " a term first used by IWF author Christina Hoff Sommers to distinguish " traditional , classically liberal , humanistic feminism " from " gender feminism " , which she claims opposes gender roles as well as patriarchy . According to Sommers , the gender feminist view is " the prevailing ideology among contemporary feminist philosophers and leaders " and " thrives on the myth that American women are the oppressed ' second sex . ' " Sommers ' equity feminism has been described as anti @-@ feminist by critics .
In the 2012 U.S. presidential election , Independent Women ’ s Voice ran an advertisement comparing President Obama to a dishonest boyfriend .
= = Origin and history = =
Founded in 1992 by Rosalie Silberman , Anita K. Blair , and Barbara Olson , the IWF grew out of the ad hoc group " Women for Judge Thomas , " created to defend Clarence Thomas against allegations of sexual harassment and other improprieties . By 1996 the organization had some 700 dues @-@ paying members who met regularly at luncheons to network and share ideas . Silberman was the IWF 's first president ; subsequent leaders have included Nancy Pfotenhauer and Anita Blair . The current executive director of the organization is Sabrina Schaeffer . The IWF has been described as " a virtual ' Who 's Who ' of Washington 's Republican establishment . " In 2006 , the organization had 20 @,@ 337 members and a budget of $ 1 @.@ 05 million .
= = Opposition to other feminist ideas = =
The IWF opposes many mainstream feminist positions , describing them as " radical feminism " . IWF @-@ affiliated writers have argued that the gender gap in income exists because of women 's greater demand for flexibility , fewer hours , and less travel in their careers , rather than because of sexism . In an article for the Dallas Morning News , IWF Vice @-@ President Carrie Lukas attributed gender disparities in income to " women 's own choices " , writing that women " tend to place a higher priority on flexibility and personal fulfillment than do men , who focus more on pay . Women tend to avoid jobs that require travel or relocation , and they take more time off and spend fewer hours in the office than men do . Men disproportionately take on the most dirty , dangerous and depressing jobs . "
Conservative commentators have praised the IWF ; Linda Chavez credited Women 's Figures : An Illustrated Guide to the Economic Progress of Women in America , a 1999 book published in part by the IWF , with " debunk [ ing ] much of the feminists ' voodoo economics . " Writing in Capitalist Magazine , John Stossel cited Michelle Bernard 's 2007 book Women 's Progress as evidence that " American women have never enjoyed more options or such a high quality of life . "
Some writers have asserted that feminist rhetoric is used by the IWF for anti @-@ feminist ends . A New York Times editorial described the IWF as " a right @-@ wing public policy group that provides pseudofeminist support for extreme positions that are in fact dangerous to women . "
= = Domestic policy and programs = =
= = = United States healthcare policy = = =
In 2009 , IWF produced a political advertisement run on YouTube and in eight states arguing that " 300 @,@ 000 American women with breast cancer might have died " if U.S. healthcare included a government @-@ funded option . FactCheck.org labeled the IWF ad false and manipulative of women 's fears , finding that the IWF ad relied on " old statistics , faulty logic and false insinuations . "
= = = Education policy and campus programs = = =
The Forum is active in education policy discussions and focuses on a number of different issues both in primary / secondary education and higher education .
= = = = Title IX enforcement = = = =
Since shortly after the organization 's inception , the IWF has joined with groups like the National Wrestling Coaches Association in opposing the manner in which the United States Department of Education 's Office for Civil Rights has enforced Title IX gender equality legislation . The 1972 Title IX law that states : " No person in the United States shall , on the basis of sex , be excluded from participation in , be denied the benefits of , or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance . " According to IWF senior fellow Christine Stolba , the law has resulted in a number of negative , unintended consequences . Elaborating on the group 's position , Stolba asserts ,
The ( women 's forum ) is often accused of opposing Title IX . But we don 't oppose Title IX .... What we 're opposing is the way the Office for Civil Rights chooses to enforce Title IX . Given their regulations , colleges are enforcing statistical proportionality .... Common sense and poll data suggest that men are more interested in playing sports than women . But there are more female students than male . It becomes a numbers game , where the number of athletes has to be proportional . The easiest way to do that is to cut men 's teams .
In support of the group 's claims that absent current Title IX enforcement , men are more likely to enroll in collegiate athletic programs than women , the IWF conducted a 1998 survey that examined the percentage of students at all @-@ women 's schools participating in athletics compared to the percentage of female students participating in similar programs at undergraduate schools generally . The survey found that female students at co @-@ educational schools are far more likely to be student athletes . Jeremy Rabkin cited the survey in an April 1999 article in the American Spectator , asking , " If ' discrimination ' keeps down the proportion of women athletes at co @-@ ed schools , what accounts for overall participation rates that are half of the national women 's average at Bryn Mawr , Mount Holyoke , Wellesley , and Smith ? "
In a January 2012 article remarking on the 40th anniversary of Title IX , IWF executive director Sabrina Schaeffer described her " hope [ that ] feminists will begin to accept that men and women — no matter how balanced the circumstances — maintain different strengths and preferences . Because what is very clear is that legislation in the name of " gender equality " does not actually make men and women the same . "
= = = = Advocacy for school choice = = = =
In response to falling test scores in American public elementary , middle , and high schools , particularly among young boys , IWF created its Women For School Choice project . The effort targets in part what the organization describes as the negative results of the Women 's Educational Equity Act . According to researcher Krista Kafer , whose report was published by the IWF ,
WEEA is a solution without a problem . The program wastes money that would be better spent on actual crises — boys ' literacy for example — or returned to taxpayers .... Girls are more engaged and ambitious in school , while boys are more likely to suffer academic and behavioral problems .
The creation of this project was also largely a reaction to the National Organization for Women 's vocal opposition to single @-@ sex schools , which decried such arrangements as unacceptable modern examples of segregation .
= = = = 2006 Duke University lacrosse case = = = =
After rape accusations against Duke University lacrosse players surfaced in March 2006 , the IWF was quick to call attention to the fact that the parties involved in the case were receiving much attention in the press , something that would be harmful to their reputations regardless of the ultimate legal outcome . In April 2006 , Carrie Lukas of the IWF said ,
At Duke , a woman has accused three men of raping her . Two have been indicted . We know the names of the accused ; we 've seen their pictures ; their lives will never be the same .... Perhaps the evidence will show they ... committed the heinous crime of rape . If so , they will be and they should be severely punished . Yet the media so quick to sensationalize the accuser 's account and condemn the lacrosse players now is revealing facts suggesting that the accused might be innocent of this crime .
Columnist Michael Gaynor , writing for Alan Keyes ' organization Renew America , noted IWF 's early criticism of the school 's and the district attorney 's mishandling of the case , saying , " The Independent Women 's Forum 's Charlotte Allen figured out early that the real scandal was the way the players were mistreated and her posts during April 2006 on the IWF website showed a commendable concern with due process and evidence instead of rushing to an erroneous misjudgment . "
= = = = Campus programs = = = =
The organization emphasizes traditional family roles and cultural norms as essential for civil society . In particular , IWF encourages young women to embrace what it presents as a healthy attitude towards dating , courtship , and marriage . This emphasis is reflected by high @-@ profile , sometimes controversial work on college campuses where IWF sponsors advertising campaigns and literature distribution to promote its views . One such effort included the running of advertisements with provocative headings such as " The Ten Most Common Feminist Myths . " IWF also offers internships and sponsors an annual essay contest open to full @-@ time female undergraduate students .
As a reaction to reports of growing promiscuity on college campuses and the V @-@ Day movement founded by Eve Ensler , IWF created its " Take Back the Date " campus program to " reclaim Valentine 's Day from radical feminists on campus who use a day of love and romance to promote vulgar and promiscuous behavior through activities like The Vagina Monologues . " Specifically addressing the controversial play , IWF 's " Take Back the Date " release states that , " although the play raises money for a good cause , the hyper @-@ sexualized play counteracts the positive contributions of the feminist movement and degrades women . "
In an article in The Guardian , Jessica Valenti wrote that the program was merely " [ r ] evamping outdated notions of femininity and positioning them as cutting edge . "
= = = Right to keep and bear arms = = =
Individuals affiliated with IWF have advocated for the right of members of the public to keep and bear arms . Allison Kasic , director of the Forum 's R. Gaull Silberman Center for Collegiate Studies , wrote an article for Townhall.com praising Antonin Scalia 's District of Columbia v. Heller decision , in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution recognized an individual right to keep and bear arms . Kasic described her enthusiasm for the manner in which the court resolved the case by noting , " as Justice Scalia pointed out in his opinion , ' the American people have considered the handgun to be the quintessential self @-@ defense weapon . ' All citizens of D.C. should rejoice at their new found freedom . But for women especially , guns are the ultimate equalizer in self @-@ defense . " In January 2012 , Anna Rittgers , an IWF senior fellow writing in support of federal legislation that would guarantee interstate reciprocity for concealed handgun permitholders , asserted that this issue is of particular importance to women because ,
In many cases , women lack the physical ability to defend themselves against or outrun would @-@ be assailants . Intangible factors that make women vulnerable are heightened when traveling because of a tourist ’ s lack of familiarity with her surroundings and local trends in crime . Taking away a woman ’ s access to effective means of self @-@ defense makes her an even more attractive target .
= = International programs = =
Since its founding , IWF has sponsored numerous conferences , panels , and other programs designed to promote its message to an international audience . These primarily include activities and events discussing or taking place in the countries of Iraq and Afghanistan , and focus on promoting female participation in democracy .
In October 2004 , the Feminist Majority Foundation objected to the U.S. Department of State 's decision to award part of a grant to IWF . IWF 's work in Iraq is in concert with that of the American Islamic Conference and the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies , a neo @-@ conservative think tank .
= = Funding = =
Donors to IWF have included Donors Trust , the John William Pope Foundation , the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation , the Scaife Foundations and the Randolph Foundation .
= = Board members = =
The board is chaired by businesswoman Heather Higgins with other members Elizabeth Biar , Yvonne Boice , Kellyanne Conway , Giovanna Cugnasca , Lisa Gable and Nan Hayworth . Directors emeritae of the organization include former Second Lady of the United States Lynne V. Cheney , writer Midge Decter , Kimberly O. Dennis , economist Wendy Lee Gramm , Elizabeth Lurie , journalist Kate O 'Beirne , Nancy Pfotenhauer and Louise V. Oliver .
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= Flåm Line =
The Flåm Line ( Norwegian : Flåmsbana ) is a 20 @.@ 2 @-@ kilometer ( 12 @.@ 6 mi ) long railway line between Myrdal and Flåm in Aurland , Norway . A branch line of the Bergen Line , it runs through the valley of Flåmsdalen and connects the mainline with Sognefjord . The line 's elevation difference is 863 meters ( 2 @,@ 831 ft ) ; it has ten stations , twenty tunnels and one bridge . The maximum gradient is 5 @.@ 5 percent ( 1 : 18 ) . Because of its steep gradient and picturesque nature , the Flåm Line is now almost exclusively a tourist service and has become the third @-@ most visited tourist attraction in Norway .
Construction of the line started in 1924 , with the line opening in 1940 . It allowed the district of Sogn access to Bergen and Oslo via the Bergen Line . Electric traction was taken into use in 1944 ; at first El 9 locomotives were used , and from 1982 El 11 . Until 1991 , the train connected with a ferry service from Flåm to Gudvangen . In 1992 , freight services were terminated , and due to low ticket prices and high operating costs , the line was nearly closed . In 1998 , Flåm Utvikling took over marketing and ticket sale for the line , prices were heavily increased and El 17 locomotives were introduced . The trains remain operated by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) , while the line itself is owned and operated by the Norwegian National Rail Administration .
= = Route = =
The Flåm Line runs from Myrdal on the Bergen Line to Flåm . Myrdal Station is located in a mountain pass at 863 @.@ 6 meters ( 2 @,@ 833 ft ) above mean sea level ( AMSL ) , while Flåm is located at 2 @.@ 0 meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) AMSL . The line 's maximum gradient is 5 @.@ 5 percent , and 16 @.@ 1 kilometers ( 10 @.@ 0 mi ) of the line 's 20 @.@ 20 kilometers ( 12 @.@ 55 mi ) have at least 2 @.@ 8 percent gradient . The line has standard gauge and a minimum curve radius of 130 meters ( 430 ft ) , and is the steepest standard @-@ gauge railway in Europe . Maximum permitted speed upwards is 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) , while it is 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) downhill . The line has eight stops , twenty tunnels and one bridge . The line is electrified at 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC using overhead wire , and is equipped with Global System for Mobile Communications – Railway ( GSM @-@ R ) , but lacks centralized traffic control ( CTC ) . The infrastructure is owned and operated by the Norwegian National Rail Administration .
At Myrdal Station , the Flåm Line runs in the same direction as the trains towards Oslo , but immediately starts running downwards into the Flåmsdalen valley . The first part of the line runs through snow shelters and several short tunnels . Vatnahalsen Station is located 1 @.@ 13 kilometers ( 0 @.@ 70 mi ) from Myrdal , at 811 meters ( 2 @,@ 661 ft ) AMSL . The line then runs through a horseshoe curve and the 880 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 2 @,@ 890 ft ) Vatnahalsen Tunnel . It exits the tunnel onto an artificial shelf on a cliff which falls several hundred meters down . Reinunga Station is located 2 @.@ 20 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 37 mi ) from Myrdal and at 767 meters ( 2 @,@ 516 ft ) elevation . It is followed by Kjosfossen Station , 4 @.@ 40 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 73 mi ) from Myrdal and 670 meters ( 2 @,@ 200 ft ) AMSL , which serves no other purpose than allowing tourists to look at the waterfall Kjosfossen .
The line then runs through the 1 @,@ 341 @.@ 5 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 4 @,@ 401 ft ) Nåli Tunnel , the longest on the line . At the end of the tunnel lies Kårdal Station , traditionally serving the farm furthest up in the valley . The station is 6 @.@ 34 kilometers ( 3 @.@ 94 mi ) from Myrdal and 557 meters ( 1 @,@ 827 ft ) AMSL . On the other side of the valley is Trodlatoppen , the site of several avalanches every year . The line then runs through the 1 @,@ 029 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 3 @,@ 376 ft ) Blomhelleer Tunnel , after which it reaches Blomheller Station , 8 @.@ 40 kilometers ( 5 @.@ 22 mi ) from Myrdal and 458 meters ( 1 @,@ 503 ft ) AMSL . The railway then crosses the river Flåmselvi and runs through a series of short tunnels .
At 10 @.@ 51 kilometers ( 6 @.@ 53 mi ) from Myrdal , the line reaches Berekvam Station , located at 344 meters ( 1 @,@ 129 ft ) AMSL . It is the only station to have a passing loop and thus the only location on the line where trains can meet . Because the station is unmanned and lacks CTC , crossing must be performed using flags at day and torches at night , set by personnel who travel from Myrdal or Flåm . At Høga , the railway crosses the river again , this time by the river running in a tunnel under the tracks . The next station is Dalsbotn Station , located 13 @.@ 90 kilometers ( 8 @.@ 64 mi ) from Myrdal and at 199 meters ( 653 ft ) AMSL . Just before reaching the last tunnel , the 424 @-@ meter ( 1 @,@ 391 ft ) long Furuberget Tunnel , the line passes by the waterfall Rjoandefossen , which with a 140 @-@ meter ( 460 ft ) vertical drop is one of the line 's main attractions .
After Håreina Station , located 17 @.@ 21 kilometers ( 10 @.@ 69 mi ) from Myrdal at 48 meters ( 157 ft ) elevation , the valley widens and changes character , becoming flatter and with more vegetation . After passing Lunden Station , 18 @.@ 60 kilometers ( 11 @.@ 56 mi ) from Myrdal and at 16 meters ( 52 ft ) elevation , the line reaches the terminus , Flåm Station . Located on Aurlandsfjord , a branch of the Sognefjord , Flåm has 400 residents and is nearly exclusively a tourist area , featuring amongst other things a hotel and a cruise ship port . The station also has a railway museum dedicated to the Flåm Line .
= = History = =
= = = Planning = = =
Plans to build a railway to connect Norway 's two largest cities , Oslo and Bergen , were launched by Andreas Tanberg Gløersen in 1871 . He proposed that the line run via Hallingdal and Voss and include two short branch lines which would connect to the two major fjord systems in the area , Sognefjord and Hardangerfjord . The narrow gauge Voss Line from Bergen to Voss opened in 1883 , and the Bergen Line was completed as standard gauge in 1909 . During the construction of the Bergen Line , the path that ran up Flåmsdalen was upgraded by NSB to allow access to the area around Myrdal . The Hardanger Line , which connected the Bergen Line to Hardangerfjord , opened in 1935 , and was the country 's first railway to open with electric traction .
The first engineering surveys for the Flåm Line were performed in 1893 . It resulted in a proposal for a 1 @,@ 067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge railway which would be 18 @.@ 0 kilometers ( 11 @.@ 2 mi ) long . Most of the railway would be built as an adhesion railway with a 2 @.@ 5 percent gradient , although part of it would be a rack railway with a gradient of 10 @.@ 0 percent . It was at the time estimated to cost 3 @.@ 3 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) . In 1904 , a radically different route to Sognefjord was proposed : a 47 @.@ 13 @-@ kilometer ( 29 @.@ 29 mi ) long adhesion line from Voss to Gudvangen via Stalheim . It was estimated to cost NOK 3 @.@ 5 million , but was considered by local politicians to be inferior to the Flåm alternative . A third alternative was a combined tramway and funicular , which would be built between Myrdal and Fretheim . It was estimated to cost NOK 800 @,@ 000 , but NSB was concerned that the proposal 's light rolling stock would not be sufficient to operate through snow during the winter . Estimated traffic for the Flåm Line was 22 @,@ 000 annual passengers .
As both the other alternatives were discarded , consensus gradually grew for the Flåm alternative , and the Railway Committee for Nordre Bergenhus County recommended this proposal . New plans from NSB criticized the mix of rack and adhesion railway , and instead proposed a conventional adhesion line all the way . Engineer Ferdinand Bjerke traveled to Continental Europe to study several combined railways . He published a preliminary report in 1911 , which recommended an adhesion railway , although he also felt the need for a detailed study of a rack railway . His final report was finished in 1913 , and although it recommended adhesion , it pointed out that the line 's capacity would be smaller than predicted and that costs would be three times as high — NOK 5 @.@ 5 million . The plans were approved by the Ministry of Labour and NSB 's main board in 1915 .
The plans were approved by Parliament in 1916 . However , the decision concerning technical specifications was not taken by Parliament until 1923 , when it decided that the line was to be electric . The line was then estimated to cost NOK 14 @.@ 5 million — the increase caused by inflation during the First World War — of which NOK 1 @.@ 2 million was to be paid by the local governments . The line was to have tracks which weighed 25 kilograms per meter ( 50 lb / ft ) . The curve radius was set to minimum 150 meters ( 490 ft ) , although exceptionally 125 meters ( 410 ft ) was permitted . The steepest permitted gradient was 5 @.@ 5 percent ( 1 : 18 ) .
In 1915 , the first proposal was launched for using a bus service as an alternative to the train . This was rejected because buses were not able to give the comfort and reliability of a train . The idea was proposed again in 1922 by the director of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration . Among the strongest opponents to the bus alternative was Ingolf Elster Christensen , County Governor of Sogn og Fjordane and later parliamentarian , who stated that the Nordre Bergenhus County ( today Sogn og Fjordane County Municipality ) had paid part of the regional financing of the Bergen Line on condition that they receive a branch line to the Sognefjord .
The 1920s saw high inflation and large public deficits . Several public committees were created solely to cut costs . One such proposal was to build a road to Flåm , with the proposal being led by Hans Kristian Seip , who was director of Bergen Public Road Administration . In 1925 , following the appointment of Mowinckel 's First Cabinet , it was proposed that the railway be built as a road , and the tracks laid later . One of NSB 's board members proposed instead building a suspended railway . The plans to cancel the railway were stopped because of parliamentarian support for the railway . Part of the political support was because there was agreement on a national railway plan , and removing parts of it would disrupt the geographical compromise . However , Parliament did vote to reduce the number of intermediate stations to one , which would allow trains to meet at Berekvam . The cost saving for a road was estimated at 30 percent . The issue of a road was taken up in a new vote in Parliament in 1927 , but was again rejected .
= = = Construction = = =
The administration office for the construction was established in 1923 and was until 1935 located at Voss . In that period , construction was led by Peter Bernhard Kristian Lahlum , who was also responsible for the Hardanger Line . After the Hardanger Line was completed , Lahlum retired , and the office was moved to Flåm where responsibility was taken over by Adolph M. B. Kielland . To start with , there were 120 men working on the construction , although this quickly increased to 220 . The numbers fluctuated between that and as low as 80 , although hit an all @-@ time high of 280 people in 1937 . To house the employees , eight barracks were built . Among the first things built were housing and station buildings , which could then be used by people working on the construction . The local economy was stimulated by farmers being paid for transport . Using horses , they would transport tourists by day and building materials by night . The competition was fierce , resulting in fights for customers , although it calmed down after traffic police were introduced .
In 1924 , there was a landslide at Høga , covering the area planned for the railway . The area was made of phyllite and was the geologically most unstable area on the route . The initial response was to plan for a tunnel past the area , but this was quickly rejected because of the high price . Instead , the line was moved further away from the mountain side . Other slides during construction included an avalanche near Store Reppa on 10 February 1925 , which deposited up to 3 @.@ 5 meters ( 11 ft ) of earth . In April 1925 , a 1 @,@ 000 cubic meters ( 35 @,@ 000 cu ft ) landslide took place above Berekvam . On 8 February 1928 , an avalanche did some damage to the right @-@ of @-@ way near Nåli .
The tunnels were the most difficult and time @-@ consuming part of construction . Of the twenty tunnels , machines were only used for the Nåli and Vatnahalsen Tunnels — the rest were built by hand . Hand @-@ construction was done by drilling up to 4 @.@ 2 meters ( 14 ft ) through the rock , filling the holes with dynamite and blasting . Construction of tunnels started in 1924 and the first tunnel was completed in 1926 ; the last tunnel was completed in 1935 . On average , tunneling proceeded at between 116 and 180 man @-@ hours per meter ( 35 – 55 hr / ft ) . The work caused death or lifelong respiratory problems through silicosis caused by inhaling the smoke . There were two fatal accidents , one in 1925 and one 1938 , both related to tunnel work .
Ten stations were built for the line , including a major upgrade to Myrdal and port facilities at Flåm . Myrdal Station was given side tracks and additional buildings to serve transferring passengers , with the upgrades costing NOK 0 @.@ 5 million . Breikvam was the only place on @-@ route which received a passing loop . Flåm Station cost NOK 0 @.@ 8 million and was designed in the 1930s NSB simple wooden functionalist style , similar to what is found on the Nordland Line and the Sørland Line . Other stations received small , wooden buildings with a waiting room , as well as a room for cargo at Vatnahalsen , Håreina and Dalsbotn .
Laying of tracks started in 1936 , and was assisted by two steam locomotives . The work started at Myrdal and reached Reinunga the first year , Kjosfossen Tunnel the second year and the Blomheller Tunnel in 1939 . The first train to operate on a regular schedule was in October 1939 , when a freight train between Myrdal and Berekvam ran three times a week . However , this service was stopped by the end of the month . With the German occupation of Norway in 1940 , work started later in the season , but the German authorities wanted to speed up the work to make the line usable for steam trains that same year . They scheduled the line for completion in 1942 . Track laying work was accelerated by increasing the number of workers from 58 to 195 . Regular freight operation on the Flåm Line started on 1 August 1940 , albeit limited to an axle load of 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons ; 13 short tons ) . At the time there were four trains each day , two in each direction .
Passenger trains started running on 10 February 1941 , also with two trains in each direction per day . Travel time was 65 minutes downhill and 80 minutes uphill . The official name of the line was decided by the ministry on 26 June 1941 . From 1 May 1942 , Rolf Aksnes took over as head engineer after Kielland . During construction of the Bergen Line in 1898 , the upper part of Kjosfossen had been built up with a hydroelectric power station . Another power station was built there , and taken into use on 27 October 1944 . Built by Kværner and Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri ( NEBB ) , it had a power output of 1 @,@ 700 kilowatts ( 2 @,@ 300 hp ) .
The costs for the project ended at NOK 26 @,@ 651 @,@ 900 , of which NOK 22 @.@ 0 million was for the railway . This total included NOK 2 @.@ 3 million for a power station and NOK 1 @.@ 2 million for a ferry quay at Flåm . The largest cost was for earthwork , which ended at NOK 9 @.@ 1 million ; other major costs were NOK 2 @.@ 4 million for rolling stock , NOK 1 @.@ 6 million for stations , NOK 1 @.@ 2 for tracks , NOK 1 @.@ 5 million for snow protection and NOK 675 @,@ 000 for electrification .
= = = Operation = = =
Regular operation with electric locomotives was introduced on 25 November 1944 . To begin with , Class 64 railcars were used . NSB had originally planned to use electric multiple units , but changed the plans during the war and instead decided to use locomotives and cars . The Class 64 trains remained in service on the Flåm Line until May 1947 . They were normally used on the Hardanger Line , but were regularly taken back into use on the Flåm Line when the traffic was at its lowest .
NSB ordered three El 9 locomotives from Thune on 4 October 1940 . The units were delivered in 1942 , with the electrical components from NEBB and the transformers and controllers from Per Kure . A delay was caused by bombing of Per Kure by the resistance . The locomotives were custom @-@ built for the steep gradients on the Flåm and Hardanger Lines , and were delivered with an axle load of 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons ; 13 short tons ) and a Bo 'Bo ' wheel configuration . The locomotives weighed 48 tonnes ( 47 long tons ; 53 short tons ) and the maximum permitted train weight was 85 tonnes ( 84 long tons ; 94 short tons ) . If the trains were to stop at Kårdal , the weight was further limited to 65 tonnes ( 64 long tons ; 72 short tons ) .
Initially there were three trains on the Bergen Line in each direction per day , so only a single locomotive was necessary on the Flåm Line . From 1949 there were two locomotives on the Flåm Line and from 1955 all three were used there . Five passenger cars in aluminum were delivered by Strømmens Værksted . The cost of the three locomotives and five cars was NOK 2 @.@ 4 million .
The railway quickly saw an increase in traffic , with an average 11 percent annual increase from the opening until the mid @-@ 1950s . In part to allow access to Kjosfossen , Kjosfossen Station was opened in 1951 . By then , ridership had stabilized at 115 @,@ 000 people per year . A significant portion of the traffic consisted of tourists , in part from cruise ships docked in Flåm . In the latter half of the decade , NSB launched the Norway in a Nutshell package , which included a ride on the Flåm Line . A sleeping car was introduced on the night train between Flåm and Oslo in 1958 . It made three trips in each direction per week during the summer season , and achieved an 84 percent occupancy rate . The same year , Breikvam Station became unmanned . Traffic remained stable throughout the 1960s , while interest in developing the railway for tourists declined and local politicians stated that a road was needed to attract tourists to Aurland . The power station was upgraded to 14 @,@ 000 kilowatts ( 19 @,@ 000 hp ) in 1969 .
In 1969 , ridership increased by 10 percent and by 12 percent the following year . In 1971 and 1972 , it saw a 20 @-@ percent increase — the latter representing the first year with InterRail tickets . By then the annual ridership had reached 175 @,@ 000 . In 1970 , an additional train was stationed at Flåm , which made it possible to travel a round trip between Flåm and Bergen in a day . Between 1975 and 1982 , NSB started running direct trains between Ål and Flåm . In 1978 , the morning express trains on the Bergen Line started stopping at Myrdal , allowing better access for tourists to the Flåm Line . Traffic increased further until 1980 , when it hit 200 @,@ 000 , and then remained stable through the decade .
When the line opened , it received a lot of freight traffic for the construction of a power station in Årdal . From the opening , the Flåm Line was the fastest means of transport between Sogn and both Oslo and Bergen , and most post was also sent via the line . From 1977 , most of the post was instead sent by truck via Gol , and only post from Aurland went via the railway . Other products sent by the line were milk to the dairy in Voss , which terminated in 1983 , as well as fruit . Partial loads saw a large increase during the 1960s , after NSB and the ferry operator Fylkesbaatane i Sogn og Fjordane teamed up to send packages via Flåm to Oslo and Bergen . Flåm had several arrivals until 1973 , when Linjegods was established . Following a reorganization , the number of calls was reduced to once per week . Freight volume fell further during the 1980s ; an attempt in 1978 to force the three major distributors Linjegods , Firda Billag and Sogn Billag to route traffic via the Flåm Line failed .
During the 1970s , NSB started the process of finding a replacement for the El 9 . New locomotives would cost NOK 20 million , and the company saw it as unrealistic to invest so much in a marginal branch line . NSB had also concluded its away @-@ with @-@ the @-@ steam program , and therefore had a lack of locomotives in general . If a new class of locomotives was to be built , it would have to satisfy more than the requirements for the Flåm Line , so NSB instead started investigating whether any of the older models could be used . Tests were performed in 1971 and 1973 with El 11 , built between 1951 and 1964 , and El 13 , built between 1957 and 1966 . Neither was considered optimal : El 11 allowed the train weight to increase to 100 tonnes ( 98 long tons ; 110 short tons ) , but the train had the steps for the voltage regulator and the commutation set for too high speeds . El 13 had rheostatic brakes , which were not suitable for the gradient ; the locomotives were also better suited for mainline service and would therefore not be prioritized for branch lines .
In 1972 , the Flåm Line was rebuilt to allow an axle load of 18 tonnes ( 18 long tons ; 20 short tons ) . El 11 was chosen as El 9 's replacement in the mid @-@ 1970s , but it was not until November 1980 that El 11 @.@ 2098 started being rebuilt for its new service . Upgrades included rheostatic brakes and electromagnetic brakes , new speed measurement and curve lights . The locomotive was taken into use on the Flåm Line in June 1982 . A year later , El 11 @.@ 2092 was also taken into use after a similar rebuild . El 9 remained in sporadic use until 1989 . Class 69 electric multiple units were taken into use starting on 10 August 1982 . These had been allocated to Bergen District for use on the Bergen Commuter Rail , and were also used on the direct trains between Bergen and Flåm . The main disadvantage with the class was the small windows , as the trains were designed for commuter traffic rather than sight @-@ seeing .
In 1990 , a fast ferry service was introduced in Sogn with direct services to Bergen . In 1991 , the Gudvangen Tunnel opened , giving Flåm a road connection to Gudvangen and terminating the ferry service . NSB was losing money on the line , in part because of very low revenue per rider . The same ticket prices were charged as elsewhere , based on a fee per kilometer ; the low speed combined with a lot of free travelers using InterRail tickets gave little revenue . From 1991 , the ticket prices were increased as if the line was 20 kilometers ( 12 mi ) longer . In 1992 , a new station building was taken into use at Flåm . During the 1990s , X10 commuter trains from Stockholm were borrowed during the summer for extra trains . These trains had larger windows than Class 69 , giving better views . A museum and documentation center was established in 1995 . Originally located in an annex of Fretheim Hotel , it moved in 1999 to the old station building at Flåm .
In March 1997 , NSB announced that they had plans to privatize the operations of the line from 1998 . The responsibility for setting the schedule , selling tickets and marketing was transferred to Flåm Utvikling , a newly established company that NSB owned 49 percent of , and Aurland Ressursutvikling 51 percent . The latter was owned by Aurland Municipality , the Industrial Development Corporation of Norway and Aurland Sparebank , a local bank . Flåm Utvikling also took over responsibility for other tourism @-@ related activities in Flåm , such as port facilities . NSB would still operate the trains , and Flåm Utvikling would pay NSB the cost of running the trains , but keep the profits from the ticket sales . The Norwegian National Rail Administration , which had been established in 1996 and had taken over the responsibility for infrastructure , retained ownership of the line itself . Flåm Utvikling also started building a cruise ship terminal at Flåm , so tourists could walk ashore and directly to the trains .
With the change of ownership , NSB also decided to replace the aging El 11 with El 17 . The locomotives had been delivered in 1987 and were intended for express train service , but had been plagued with technical problems and were not considered reliable enough to operate as single locomotives . The six newest trains of the class were painted in a new green livery and branded as Flåmsbana rather than NSB . Older B3 carriages were renovated , given new panorama windows and painted in the same color scheme and taken into use on the line . In October 2000 , NSB sold its shares in Flåm Utvikling to Aurland Ressursutvikling . The line received GSM @-@ R from 1 May 2005 . The same year , Nærøyfjord , the neighboring fjord to where Flåm is located , was inscribed as a World Heritage Site .
= = Service = =
The line is solely served by a tourist @-@ oriented service operated by the Norwegian State Railways on behalf of Flåm Utvikling . From May through September , there are nine or ten departures in each direction per day . In the rest of the year , there are four . Fares do not follow the normal fares for NSB and are considerably higher than on other train routes . InterRail tickets are not valid for free travel , but give a 30 percent discount . Travel time varies between 50 and 59 minutes between the end stations . In 2007 , the line was the third @-@ most visited tourist attraction in Norway and carried 547 @,@ 000 passengers in 2010 . The service is provided by push – pull trains consisting of an El 17 at each end and with B3 carriages . The locomotives were built by Henschel in 1987 , with electrical equipment from NEBB . They have a power output of 3 @,@ 000 kilowatts ( 4 @,@ 000 hp ) and a Bo 'Bo ' wheel arrangement .
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= Zenbook =
Zenbook are a family of ultrabooks – low @-@ bulk laptop computers – produced by Asus . The first Zenbooks were released in October 2011 , and the original range of products was amended and expanded during 2012 . Models range from 12 @-@ inch laptops , featuring power efficient components but lacking connectivity and having only integrated graphics processors , to 15 @-@ inch laptops with discrete graphics processing units and optical disc drives . Most ( though not all ) Zenbooks use Intel Core ultra @-@ low @-@ voltage processors and Nvidia GPUs when integrated graphics are not used . Asus introduced new models with touch screens to take advantage of Windows 8 after its release in late 2012 . Most models drew comparisons to the Macbook Air . The most recent release in the Zenbook line is the upmarket Zenbook Infinity UX301 series .
Asus designed the Zenbooks with brushed aluminium chassis and high rigidity , rather than plastic , the usual laptop construction material . A pattern of concentric circles on the lids is said to represent ripples in water and represent the " zen philosophy " that designers wanted to portray when creating the laptops . Zenbooks have been generally well received due to their chassis design and appearance as well as the high quality screens used in later models . However , the touchpad software was found to be erratic , particularly on the early models and some of the models received criticism for their high prices . Some models ( such as the UX32 ) suffer from lockdown when the lithium polymer battery cell gets drained or discharged below its recommended threshold , for example if the device is left on and unattended . The result is that the charger will fail to recharge the battery even when plugged in , leaving the machine in a near @-@ complete unresponsive off @-@ state . The machine can often be revived by pressing the power @-@ on key for 10 seconds , whereupon it will start recharging .
= = Design = =
In 2009 Asus released the UX50V , a 15 inch laptop that was focused on energy efficiency and had a thin profile . The laptop was rated poorly by reviewers as it under @-@ performed and had mediocre battery life , despite the installed energy efficient hardware . Although not branded as one , it bore the same " UX " product code as many of the later Zenbooks and was an early foray into the ultraportable market .
The Zenbook name was proposed by Asus chairman Jonney Shih to reflect the " zen philosophy " applied to the design . The chief designer , Loewy Chen , had wanted to incorporate design elements from luxury watches into his products for a long time . Zenbooks were the first opportunity to put this into practice , the crossover being achieved , he said , by " the unfolding of the laptop from the side recalling the elegance of minute and hour hand movements " . The reference to watches is also reflected in the marketing of Zenbooks ; Asus published design sketches overlaying an open Zenbook on a watch face , and video advertisements feature similar imagery . The concentric circles on the lid of Zenbooks were intended to look like ripples in water and to reflect " philosophical ideas such as the infinite nature of Zen thinking and self @-@ improvement " .
The bodies of the Zenbooks are made of aluminium , chosen for its light weight , strength , vibration dampening , appearance and acoustic properties . Both the bodies and lids are CNC milled and brushed for appearance . Reviewers have noted the resulting superior rigidity and complimented the appearance of the Zenbook range . The lid is available in three colours : dark silver / purple ( pictured ) , rose gold and hot pink .
To preserve space , Zenbooks use two PCBs connected by a communications ribbon so it can have ports on both sides of the device , with a heatsink and fan centred between them .
= = Product range = =
= = = First generation = = =
The first generation of Zenbooks was announced on October 11 , 2011 , one day before release , although they were first demonstrated at Computex 2011 in May that year . Two models were released in 2011 to positive reviews : the 11 inch UX21E and the 13 inch UX31E , also frequently known as the UX21 and UX31 respectively . The design of the UX21 drew comparisons to the Macbook Air and it was regarded as an " excellent rival " by CNET reviewer Andrew Hoyle . Other aspects of the laptops that reviewers liked were the Bang and Olufsen speakers , fast boot times due to Asus ' BIOS design and the speed of general tasks within the operating system resulting from the SSD and Sandy Bridge processors . However , the screens drew criticism for their poor contrast ratio , colour accuracy and less than perfect viewing angle , although they were praised for their brightness and the sharpness of the UX31 's screen . Reviewers also noted the shallow key @-@ press of the metal keyboard and lack of backlighting , a feature that Asus did not have time to implement before shipping .
= = = Zenbook Prime = = =
In April 2012 Asus revealed a revision of the two original Zenbooks , this time based on the Ivy Bridge microarchitecture . The model numbers were UX21A and UX31A for the 11 and 13 inch models respectively but are more frequently referred to as Zenbook Primes . Changes made to the original included the aforementioned update to Ivy Bridge processors and the introduction of the corresponding HM76 chipset bringing native USB 3 @.@ 0 , 1920 × 1080 IPS displays for both models , an Intel Centrino Wi @-@ Fi controller , an improved trackpad and new plastic keyboard with backlighting . The new screens were highly praised by reviewers when considering brightness , contrast ratio , viewing angle and colour accuracy , the improvements over previous models being put down to the switch from TN to IPS displays . The UX21A has contrast ratio of 939 and the UX31A achieved 1085 , giving it the highest resolution and contrast ratio of any ultrabook at the time of release . The improved keyboard also garnered praise for the increased backlighting and improved key travel while the Intel Wi @-@ Fi controller was found to perform better than the Qualcomm used in the first generation of Zenbooks . The Zenbook Primes still received some criticism : the latest version of the trackpad was acknowledged as an improvement over the original Zenbooks , but still irritating , and the sound quality was found to be worse than that with the first generation . Despite these issues , the overall reaction was positive : the UX31A was called " today 's best ultrabook " and " the best ultrabook out there " at the time of release .
= = = UX32 series = = =
As early as March 2012 , information was leaked hinting at a new series of Zenbooks and in early May Asus revealed the UX32 series , followed by their release on May 21 . Two models were announced : the UX32A and the UX32VD , both including a thicker chassis to accommodate a 500 GB / 24 GB flash hybrid drive and in the UX32VD an Nvidia Geforce GT 620M . The UX32A was designed to be a cheaper Zenbook with a previous generation Sandy Bridge processor option , lower resolution screen and hybrid drive .
The UX32VD was well received for similar reasons to the Zenbook Prime . The screen , chassis and keyboard again garnered praise although the inclusion of a discrete GPU was noted as a major selling point . The hybrid drive attracted criticism for its slow performance and the same trackpad issues that the Zenbook Prime had were still present . The UX32 models have a 4 % smaller battery than the Zenbook Prime and the discrete GPU of the UX32VD consumes more power than the integrated GPUs of other Zenbooks ; and the shorter battery life was also a detraction . SLR Lounge criticised the slow hybrid drive and 4 GB of RAM , but suggested replacing them as the option is available , noting that it was an option not often offered on ultrabooks .
As a cheaper option the UX32A was praised by Chris Martin of PC Advisor for being " a more affordable luxury " , retaining the " premium feel " of the Zenbook range but at a lower price point . The aluminium chassis , which is identical to the UX32VD to keep costs down , was widely acclaimed for its strength and build quality . By contrast , the Sandy Bridge chip , a previous @-@ generation part at the time of sale , was outlined as a detraction as was the lower battery life compared to the UX31E . Although the screen used was a TN panel and of a lower resolution than the UX32VD or UX31A , it was considered an acceptable compromise for the price . The screen has a matte finish and relatively high brightness which Notebook Check 's reviewer , Christian Hepp , found " quite suitable for outdoor use " , noting that it had a good contrast ratio but a narrow range of colours .
= = = 14 and 15 inch Zenbooks = = =
On October 23 , 2012 , Asus hosted a launch event for Windows 8 , where it revealed UX42VS and UX52VS models to be released in November . The UX42VS is a 14 inch ultrabook and the UX52VS is a 15 inch laptop , which may qualify as an ultrabook depending on the options chosen . The UX42VS is available with an Intel Core i3 , i5 or i7 processor with up to 6 GB of RAM . In total , it weighs approximately 1 @.@ 9 kg ( 4 @.@ 2 lb ) .
The UX52VS has the option of Intel 's ultra @-@ low voltage i5 or i7 mobile processors , up to 10 GB of RAM and an optical disc drive . The latter is a first for the Zenbook product series . It drew criticism for its high price and lack of touch screen , but the screen quality , keyboard and system speed were praised . The battery life was considered acceptable taking into account the form @-@ factor and the discrete GPU , despite it being significantly shorter than the UX31A .
= = = Zenbook Touch = = =
First displayed in June 2012 at Computex , the Zenbook Touch series has touch screens to take advantage of the Windows 8 operating system . The Zenbook Touch series includes the UX31A which is the same as the Zenbook Prime , but with a touch enabled screen , and the U500VZ , a 15 inch model . A UX21A with a touch enabled screen was also demonstrated at Computex in June and officially announced in late August , though at the launch event on October 23 , 2012 , only the UX31A and the U500VZ were displayed . The U500VZ is thicker than previous Zenbooks at 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 " ) and uses a standard Ivy Bridge mobile processor rather than the ultra @-@ low voltage CPUs used in other Zenbooks , thus technically pushing it out of the ultrabook category , although it still meets other ultrabook specifications . AnandTech reviewer Jason Inofuentes found the touch screen to be so superior to the trackpad that he stopped using the trackpad altogether in his trial of a Zenbook Touch at the Asus launch event . Chris Griffith of The Australian found that the screen of the UX31A responded well and that the Windows 8 gestures worked predictably , his only criticism being the high price .
= = = Zenbook Infinity = = =
First displayed at Computex in 2013 , the Zenbook Infinity has a Gorilla Glass body ; a mobile Haswell CPU ( i5 or i7 ) ; at least 8GB of RAM ; and a 13 @.@ 3 @-@ inch touchscreen with a maximum resolution of 2560x1440 . In place of the single SSD used in previous Zenbook are two SSDs in a RAID 0 configuration .
= = = Zenbook UX303 = = =
= = = Zenbook UX305 = = =
= = Specifications = =
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= Hurricane Janet =
Hurricane Janet was the most powerful tropical cyclone of the 1955 Atlantic hurricane season and one of the strongest Atlantic hurricanes on record . The eleventh tropical storm , ninth hurricane , and fifth major hurricane of the year , Janet formed from a tropical wave east of the Lesser Antilles on September 21 . Moving westward across the Caribbean Sea , Janet fluctuated in intensity , but generally strengthened before reaching its peak intensity as a Category 5 hurricane with winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) . The intense hurricane later made landfall at that intensity near Chetumal , Mexico on September 28 . After weakening over the Yucatán Peninsula , it moved into the Bay of Campeche , where it slightly strengthened before making its final landfall near Veracruz on September 29 . Janet quickly weakened over Mexico 's mountainous terrain before dissipating on September 30 .
In its developmental stages , Janet caused $ 7 @.@ 8 million in damage to the Lesser Antilles and 189 deaths in the Grenadines and Barbados . While Janet was in the central Caribbean Sea , a reconnaissance aircraft flew into the storm and was lost , with all eleven crew members believed to be perished . This remains the only such loss which has occurred in association with an Atlantic hurricane . A Category 5 upon landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula , Janet caused severe devastation in areas of Quintana Roo and British Honduras . Only five buildings in Chetumal , Mexico remained intact after the storm , and an estimated 500 deaths occurred in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo . At Janet 's second landfall near Veracruz , significant river flooding ensued , worsening effects caused by Hurricanes Gladys and Hilda earlier in the month . The floods left thousands of people stranded and killed at least 326 people in the Tampico area , leading to the largest Mexican relief operation ever executed by the United States .
Janet 's landfall as a Category 5 hurricane on the Yucatán Peninsula was the first recorded instance that a storm of such intensity in the Atlantic made landfall on a continental mainland ; prior to Janet , landfalls of Category 5 intensity were only known to have taken place on islands . Janet 's minimum barometric pressure , recorded in Chetumal , was at the time the second lowest recorded pressure on land associated with a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic , behind the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane . At least 1 @,@ 023 deaths were attributed to Hurricane Janet , as well as $ 65 @.@ 8 million in damages . The name Janet was later retired from the Atlantic list of tropical cyclone names due to its significance to the scientific research community .
= = Meteorological history = =
A weak tropical disturbance was first reported by the Air France and Iberia airlines east of the Lesser Antilles early on September 21 . Although it was speculated that the disturbance originated from a tropical wave near Cape Verde , the Weather Bureau considered the system too weak to be detected due to a lack of reports from the islands . At 1800 UTC on September 21 , while it was located 350 mi ( 565 km ) east @-@ southeast of Martinique , the disturbance became sufficiently organized for the Weather Bureau to classify it as Tropical Storm Janet , the tenth named storm of the season . Upon classification , Janet quickly intensified as it moved to the west . On September 22 , Janet attained hurricane strength , and proceeded to rapidly intensify as it moved westward across the Windward Islands . By 1200 UTC that day , Janet already attained Category 3 hurricane strength with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) , before stalling in intensification .
Shortly after 1700 UTC on September 22 , the eye of Janet passed over Barbados . A reconnaissance flight into the hurricane discovered that the Hurricane Janet 's eye measured only 20 mi ( 32 km ) in diameter , with gale force winds extending 120 mi ( 190 km ) away from the center of circulation . The flight also reported a minimum barometric pressure of 979 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 91 inHg ) . After passing between the islands of Grenada and Carriacou in the morning hours of September 23 , Janet entered an area of unfavorable conditions in the eastern Caribbean Sea . As a result , the hurricane became disorganized , with winds weakening to 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) by 1200 UTC on September 23 . A U.S. Navy reconnaissance plane entered the hurricane early on September 24 , reporting a lack of organization , and noting an indiscernible center of circulation with weak rainbands . However , the hurricane began to reintensify in favorable conditions , regaining major hurricane strength by 1200 UTC on September 24 and subsequently Category 4 hurricane intensity by the next day .
While trekking across the central Caribbean Sea , Janet was only slightly larger than while it was moving over the Windward Islands , with gale force winds extending 125 mi ( 200 km ) out from the center by September 25 . Remaining a Category 4 hurricane as it moved erratically westward across the Caribbean , a reconnaissance flight mission during the night of September 25 – 26 indicated strong rainbands with frequent lightning strikes and a well @-@ defined eye , evidence that the storm was once again rapidly intensifying . As it neared the Yucatán Peninsula on September 26 , Janet began accelerating in forward speed . After the reconnaissance flight Snowcloud Five was lost while making a penetration into the hurricane 's eye , another flight early on September 27 reported a minimum pressure of 938 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 70 inHg ) , with winds in excess of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) " by a large and incalculable amount . " The hurricane was estimated to have intensified to Category 5 hurricane intensity — the highest rating on the modern day Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale — at 1200 UTC on September 27 , while in the western Caribbean Sea . Janet continued to intensify afterwards , eventually reaching its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) , with gale force winds having expanded to at least 250 mi ( 400 km ) away from the center of the hurricane . Janet maintained peak intensity as it passed over the Swan Islands before making landfall in extreme southern Quintana Roo , Mexico , just east of Chetumal , Mexico . In that city , a barometer indicated a minimum barometric pressure of 914 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 00 inHg ) in the eye of Janet . At the time , this was the second lowest pressure ever recorded on land in a landfalling Atlantic hurricane , behind the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane , though Janet was later surpassed by hurricanes Dean and Gilbert , which also made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula as Category 5 hurricanes .
Once over land , Janet considerably weakened to a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph ( 170 km / h ) . After crossing the Yucatán Peninsula with a forward speed of 21 mph ( 34 km / h ) , the hurricane emerged into the Bay of Campeche by 1600 UTC on September 28 . The weakened hurricane marginally intensified as it crossed the Bay of Campeche to a secondary peak intensity of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) with a minimum central pressure of 950 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 06 inHg ) . Janet eventually made its final landfall 50 mi ( 80 km ) north of the city of Veracruz by 2200 UTC on September 29 as a Category 2 hurricane . After moving inland , the hurricane became quickly disorganized due to the highly mountainous terrain of Mexico , and as a result the Weather Bureau issued its last advisory on Janet . The weakening system degenerated to tropical storm strength by September 30 , and later dissipated over central Mexico by 0600 UTC that day . Janet 's remnant circulation contributed to the development of a disturbed area of weather off the western coast of Mexico that would subsequently develop into a tropical storm on October 1 .
= = Preparations = =
= = = Caribbean Islands = = =
Upon Janet 's formation east of the Windward Islands , the Weather Bureau office in San Juan , Puerto Rico advised small craft to remain in port and vessels in the path of the developing storm to exercise caution . After a reconnaissance flight reported much stronger winds than initially suggested , hurricane warnings were issued at 1600 UTC on September 22 for the entirety of the Lesser Antilles from Saint Lucia to Grenada , including Barbados . Storm warnings were issued for all islands in the Windward Islands from Saint Lucia south to Tobago , excluding St. Vincent and the Grenadines . All warnings in the Windward Antilles remained in effect until 1000 UTC on September 22 . Shortly after warnings were lowered in the Windward Islands , storm warnings were issued for the ABC islands and the Paraguaná Peninsula of Venezuela at 0200 UTC on September 23 . After Janet passed north of the islands , all storm warnings were lifted on the morning of September 25 . The Weather Bureau later warned interests in Jamaica , but did not issue any hurricane @-@ related warnings for the island .
= = = Yucatán Peninsula and Mexico = = =
The Weather Bureau first began cautioning areas of Central America at 1600 UTC on September 26 , advising people in areas of northeast Nicaragua and Honduras to take precautionary measures , along with all vessels and small craft in the Gulf of Honduras south to Cabo Gracias a Dios . After Janet began accelerating towards the west @-@ northwest , advisories warned areas in British Honduras and Quintana Roo of hurricane @-@ related impacts . Though no official warnings were issued for areas of Central America , advisories published by the Weather Bureau cautioned interests in the hurricane 's path up until landfall . Evacuations took place in several coastal towns in Quintana Roo upon notification of the oncoming storm . People were evacuated to inland hillside shelters . After the hurricane moved through the Yucatán Peninsula and entered the Bay of Campeche , the Weather Bureau alerted areas in the storm 's path on the western side of Mexico 's Gulf Coast . At the time , Janet was expected to make landfall between Veracruz and Tuxpan . Areas were warned of the storm 's potential flooding and coastal impacts . The Weather Bureau advised all small craft south of Port O 'Connor , Texas to remain in port . Notifications of Janet to potentially affected areas were stopped after the hurricane made landfall .
= = Impact = =
During its existence , areas of the Lesser Antilles , ABC islands , and Central America were affected by Janet . At least $ 65 @.@ 8 million in damages and 1 @,@ 023 deaths were caused by the hurricane , mostly in Quintana Roo . The large number of deaths and damage caused by Janet helped make the 1955 Atlantic hurricane season the deadliest and costliest hurricane season documented since comprehensive record of such statistics began in 1942 .
= = = Lesser Antilles = = =
As a small but rapidly intensifying hurricane , Janet passed just south of Barbados on September 22 , becoming the first hurricane to strike the island in 57 years , since the 1898 Windward Islands Hurricane . Maximum sustained winds on the south side of the island were estimated to be between 110 – 120 mph ( 180 – 190 km / h ) . The strong winds knocked out communication lines , preventing officials from accurately enumerating casualties on the island , though communications were still maintained by commercial cable companies and amateur radio . Electric power was later restored , allowing newspapers to publish information on the storm . Sugar cane , the island country 's main source of revenue , was severely damaged , with losses estimated to be in excess of $ 1 million . Poorly constructed dwellings were blown apart by the strong winds . An estimated 8 @,@ 100 homes were damaged by the hurricane . The destroyed buildings and trees blocked highways , and the Seawell Airport was forced to close . Heavy rains peaked at 4 in ( 100 mm ) and a storm surge of 7 ft ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) swept away low @-@ lying houses along the coast . An estimated 2 @,@ 000 people were left homeless due to the hurricane . Property damage on Barbados was estimated to be $ 5 million , and at least 57 people were killed .
On September 23 Janet passed directly between Grenada and Carriacou in the Grenadines , killing 122 people in the island chain . An airport on Grenada was covered in debris strewn by the strong winds . Eight people were killed in a small town adjacent to the airport . Strong winds were also reported to have destroyed docks and warehouses , and unroofed a hotel in St. George 's , Grenada . Houses were also unroofed , and balconies of government offices in St. George 's were torn off . All bridges in the island 's interior regions collapsed , and spice crops sustained heavy damage . An estimated 75 % of nutmeg plantations were destroyed , along with nearly all of the island 's banana and cocoa crops . Three ships were also grounded in the local harbor . In The Carenage , the waterfront region of St. George 's , debris was scattered and an 820 ft ( 250 m ) pier collapsed . St. Vincent was mostly destroyed , and St. Lucia suffered significant coastal damage . Over $ 2 @.@ 8 million in damages were estimated throughout the Grenadines . Farther south , in Port of Spain , a church being used as a storm shelter collapsed , killing ten people .
Hurricane Janet skirted the ABC islands with strong winds as it passed to the north from September 24 – 25 . In Aruba , gusts peaked at 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) , uprooting trees . However , damage outside of trees was primarily insignificant . In Bonaire , piers were destroyed , and the island 's coastal boulevard was damaged . Beach facilities at Curaçao 's Piscadera and Vaersen Bays suffered considerable damage . Quays along the harbor entrance were also damaged .
= = = = Snowcloud Five = = = =
On September 26 , the Hurricane Hunter P2V @-@ 3W Neptune aircraft Snowcloud Five , led by U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander Grover B. Windham , was sent from Guantánamo Bay to investigate Janet , which was at the time a Category 4 hurricane south of Jamaica . Upon penetration of the hurricane 's eyewall at an altitude of 700 ft ( 200 m ) , a final transmission was received from the reconnaissance flight before it presumably crashed in the Caribbean Sea . All 11 people on board , including nine crew members and two journalists , were killed . Following the loss of the plane , an extensive search and rescue operation took place over a large area of the Caribbean Sea , with 3 @,@ 000 personnel involved with the search , returning no results . The exact cause of the crash remains unknown , though it is speculated that the plane 's altimeter gave an incorrect reading due to the low surrounding barometric pressure . Although four hurricane reconnaissance flights have been lost since operations began in 1943 , Snowcloud Five remains the only known loss of a reconnaissance aircraft as a result of a hurricane in the Atlantic basin , with the other three occurring as a result of Pacific typhoons .
= = = Yucatán Peninsula = = =
As it approached the Yucatán Peninsula , Janet passed over the Swan Islands north of Honduras as a Category 5 hurricane on September 27 . The hurricane caused rough seas , and strong winds uprooted trees and antennas . After gusts exceeded an estimated 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , officials on the islands took shelter in a Navy seismograph building . Though no deaths were reported , Janet destroyed almost all buildings on the islands . The U.S. Weather Bureau and Civil Aeronautics Authority requested food and supplies for 82 people on the island after the storm passed .
= = = = Quintana Roo = = = =
After passing the Swan Islands , Janet made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula between Corozal Town , British Honduras , and Chetumal , Mexico , at 1700 UTC on September 28 . At the time , it had winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) . Hurricane force winds were reported for two hours preceding the hurricane 's landfall , with numerous pressure readings below 948 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 00 inHg ) . Roads and crops on the peninsula sustained heavy damage due to Janet . In Xcalak , Quintana Roo , the strong winds from Janet flattened the port 's infrastructure , and only one house remained intact after the storm 's passage . 97 people were killed in Xcalak , constituting more than a third of the port 's population . Chetumal , Mexico was devastated , with only four buildings left standing . Storm surge pushed water to a depth of 6 @.@ 5 feet ( 2 m ) , 1600 ft ( 490 m ) inland , despite the peninsula protecting the city from the open ocean . The death toll in Chetumal remains uncertain ; 120 bodies were recovered in the city but it is unknown how many were ever found . An additional 10 @,@ 000 people in the city were left homeless after the hurricane , and were forced to sleep in the open overnight . Federal relief agencies previously providing service for areas affected by Hurricanes Gladys and Hilda earlier in the year in western areas of the Gulf Coast of Mexico were ordered to extend relief operations to the Yucatán Peninsula . In Quintana Roo , Hurricane Janet was estimated to have caused $ 40 million in damages and at least 500 deaths , the most of any region affected by Janet .
= = = = British Honduras = = = =
Making landfall near the border between Mexico and British Honduras , the latter colony 's Corozal and Orange Walk districts , containing a population of 15 @,@ 500 at the time , experienced severe devastation from Janet . Strong hurricane winds knocked down and damaged numerous trees across British Honduras , particularly in the Freshwater Creek Forest Preserve . There , an estimated 30 % of all trees had been damaged , especially mahogany and sapodilla trees . Hurricane Janet also caused extensive damage to crops , with an estimated $ 2 @.@ 631 million in damages . Fruit trees , maize , and sugar cane crops suffered the most damage . Sugar cane was expected to have a 20 % decrease in yield due to the damage sustained after the storm . Pineapple crops and livestock experienced less significant losses . To a lesser extent , the hurricane also affected the Belize District and several of British Honduras ' offshore cayes . Similar to Corozal and Orange Walk Districts , corn , trees , and coconut experienced the most severe damage of any crop .
In Corozal Town , British Honduras , south of where Janet made landfall , 500 people were made homeless , and six people were killed . About 90 % of all buildings in the town were destroyed , and communications were knocked out by the strong winds . Based on an average home cost of $ 2 @,@ 000 , it was estimated that property damage to homes in Corozal Town totaled $ 800 @,@ 000 . Much of Santa Elena , British Honduras was also flattened by the strong winds . Farther south in Belize City , winds peaked at 60 mph ( 100 km / h ) , though no damage was reported . In British Honduras , the hurricane 's effects were less deadly than in Quintana Roo , but in northern portions of the colony the storm killed 16 people and caused $ 5 million in damages .
= = = Mainland Mexico = = =
While in the Bay of Campeche , the shrimp boat Celestino Arias was sunken by strong waves generated by Janet after it suffered engine failures . The stranded ship was heavily damaged by the hurricane 's strong winds in the bay , which broke towing lines . All of the ship 's crewmen , which had evacuated the boat after it sunk , were later rescued and brought back to Tampa , Florida . Along the coast , tides were reported to be 3 – 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 – 1 @.@ 2 m ) above average . Farther north along the Texas coast , tides were 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) above average , blocking beach roads near Corpus Christi .
Janet made its final landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz between the cities of Nautla and Veracruz as a Category 2 hurricane at 2200 UTC on September 29 . In Nautla , communications were cut by strong winds from the hurricane . The strong winds also caused a relief plane to crash , causing five deaths . Heavy rains in the Tampico , Tamaulipas area added to floods caused by hurricanes Gladys and Hilda earlier in the year . The resulting flood was reported by the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans to be one of the worst natural disasters in Mexican history . In Tampico , 16 in ( 410 mm ) of rain was reported . The floods contributed to a localized typhoid fever and dysentery outbreak , causing over 1 @,@ 000 people to evacuate out of the city to prevent further spreading of the diseases . An additional 36 @,@ 000 people were being cared for in concentration centers . Although located south of where Janet made landfall , areas of Veracruz were inundated by strong storm surge , including the city 's main streets and port . Operations along a railroad stretching from Laredo , Texas to Mexico City were stopped , after having just reopened due to Hurricane Hilda .
Farther inland , as Janet dissipated over the mountainous central Mexico , the storm dropped torrential rainfall over the Tamisi and Panuco River basins . The water levels in the Panuco River remained above flood stage for four weeks . In Tampico , the river flooded neighborhoods , forcing cables to be stretched along roads to prevent people from being swept away . Small boats were also sent to monitor streets . According to some sources , 800 people died from the floods , with thousands more being stranded in the city . Tamazunchale was inundated by an overflowing Moctezuma River . The rains caused a landslide in Colonia San Rafael , killing 12 people . Heavy rains also impacted Guadalajara , which had previously not been affected by any tropical cyclones earlier in the year . In Maltarana , Jalisco , the Lerma and Duero Rivers overflowed , forcing 800 people in the town to evacuate . Farther north , in Sonora , cotton crops damaged by Janet were estimated to amount to $ 12 million in damages . Combined property damage in Mexico from Hurricanes Gladys , Hilda , and Janet was estimated to total $ 200 million , nearly half of the government 's 1955 national budget . Although there were no official damage or fatality estimates , at least 1 @,@ 000 people were injured and another 100 @,@ 000 people were made homeless on the Mexican mainland due to Janet .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Lesser Antilles = = =
After Janet passed Barbados , the island was declared a state of emergency . Relief workers on Barbados helped to clean up debris scattered by the strong winds on highways , and the local government made requests for food and construction materials . The extensive damaged caused by Janet on the island to low @-@ income households led the passage of the 1955 Housing Act , which created the National Housing Authority ( NHA ) in 1956 . The NHA was responsible for the acquisition of lands on which houses could be built with stronger and more permanent materials , which was thought to minimize maintenance costs and hurricane @-@ related damage . The newly founded organization quickly worked to rebuild homes after the hurricane struck .
In Grenada , the island 's governor issued an emergency order against the hoarding of food in the aftermath of Janet , due to the food and water shortage that resulted from Janet . A United States destroyer and a British frigate were sent to bring relief supplies to Grenada , and ships departing from Jamaica and Trinidad were redirected to the island to help send supplies . The British government later announced that it would send £ 50 @,@ 000 ( US $ 155 @,@ 000 ) in relief to the Grenadines . The Crown Agents and Red Cross delivered relief supplies to Barbados and the Grenadines , which included aluminum roofing sheets and portable electric generators .
= = = British Honduras and Mexico = = =
Relief and reconstruction measures were enacted in the British Honduras beginning on September 30 . A large @-@ scale reconstruction program was initiated by the government to help rebuild 48 villages . The government also declared a state of emergency for Corozal , Orange Walk , and Belize administrative districts , including a ban on liquor sales . Temporary communication lines were rebuilt , which initially only allowed official communications with affected areas . Due to the severity of the damage in Corozal , an airstrip was built to help deliver relief to the city more efficiently . Food depots in Corozal , Louisville , and Orange Walk Town were tasked with distributing food . The potential for widespread disease following the devastation wrought by Janet forced a widespread vaccination initiative against typhoid fever in affected areas . The Jamaican government sent £ 20 @,@ 000 ( US $ 55 @,@ 000 ) to the colony in relief funds , while the British government sent £ 40 @,@ 000 ( US $ 110 @,@ 000 ) to affected areas in the British Honduras and other affected islands in the Caribbean . The United States sent the cargo ship USS Antares , which supplied the colony with various relief materials . In Corozal Town , a $ 3 @.@ 5 million grant was given to land surveyor H.C. Fairweather to plan and reconstruct the township .
A U.S. Navy relief plane was sent to Chetumal , Mexico , to deliver food and other relief supplies after Janet struck the region . In areas previously affected by hurricanes Gladys and Hilda earlier in the year , federal relief agencies were ordered to extend relief operations to the Yucatán Peninsula . However , after crossing the Bay of Campeche and making landfall near Veracruz , relief measures were once again implemented in the western Gulf Coast of Mexico . The Mexican Air Force , commercial and private planes , and helicopters were sent to bring relief supplies and airlift refugees . The United States initiated the largest relief campaign ever staged in Mexico at the time . Various government and relief agencies , including the American Red Cross and The Salvation Army , participated in the relief efforts . The United States Air Force and United States Army began a joint @-@ relief operation to send relief supplies to the Tampico area , beginning with the deployment of a Curtiss C @-@ 46 Commando from the Harlingen Air Force Base on October 1 . Ten other military transport aircraft from the United States Air Force were sent from Texas to provide food and clothing . Pan American World Airways sent a Boeing 314 from Miami , Florida to evacuate victims . Helicopters were sent from the USS Saipan to transfer food and medical supplies from the light aircraft carrier . Other ships also aided in delivering supplies , including the USS Siboney , which also deployed helicopters to assist in relief efforts . By October 6 , 1 @,@ 500 people were estimated to have been rescued from the Tampico area , and at least 280 @,@ 000 lb ( 130 @,@ 000 kg ) of food and clothing materials were estimated to have been delivered by the US Air Force to the city . There , typhoid serum shots were administered as a precautionary measure . Former president Manuel Ávila Camacho died of a heart ailment , in part due to over @-@ exertion in helping in the relief efforts .
Due to its large swath of destruction , the name Janet was retired by the Weather Bureau , becoming just the seventh Atlantic tropical cyclone to have its name retired , and the fourth to be retired in 1955 .
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= 2010 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final =
The 2010 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final was played on October 5 , 2010 , at Qwest Field ( since renamed CenturyLink Field ) in Seattle , Washington . The match determined the winner of the 2010 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , a tournament open to amateur and professional soccer teams affiliated with the United States Soccer Federation . This was the 97th edition of the oldest competition in United States soccer . Seattle Sounders FC won the match , defeating the Columbus Crew 2 – 1 in front of a sellout crowd of 31 @,@ 311 , the highest attendance at a U.S. Open Cup final . Kevin Burns scored first , giving the Columbus Crew an early lead . Sanna Nyassi then scored both goals for Seattle Sounders FC as it became the first team since 1983 to win two consecutive U.S. Open Cup championships .
Both the Columbus Crew and Seattle Sounders FC qualified automatically for the third round of the U.S. Open Cup tournament by finishing among the top six in the 2009 Major League Soccer season standings . Both clubs won three matches in the tournament to advance to the final . Seattle won the bidding process to host the final .
As a result of its U.S. Open Cup championship , Sounders FC earned a berth in the preliminary round of the 2011 – 12 CONCACAF Champions League , as well as a $ 100 @,@ 000 cash prize . The Crew received the runner @-@ up prize of $ 50 @,@ 000 .
= = Road to the final = =
The U.S. Open Cup is an annual American soccer competition open to all United States Soccer Federation affiliated teams , from amateur adult club teams to the professional clubs of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The 2010 tournament was the 97th edition of the oldest soccer tournament in the United States .
In 2010 , MLS , which has teams that play in both the United States and Canada , was allowed to enter eight of its U.S.-based teams in the tournament . The top six MLS teams from the previous season 's league table qualified automatically for the tournament , while the remaining two spots are determined by preliminary qualification matches . The eight MLS entries began play in the third round of the tournament . In 2009 , both Seattle Sounders FC and the Columbus Crew finished among the top six teams in MLS overall league standings and therefore qualified automatically for the third round of the 2010 U.S. Open Cup .
= = = Columbus Crew = = =
Prior to 2010 the Columbus Crew had been to the U.S. Open Cup final twice , in 1998 and again in 2002 , winning the cup in the latter appearance . On June 29 , 2010 , the Crew began the competition in the third round , hosting the Rochester Rhinos of the D2 Pro League at Columbus Crew Stadium in Columbus , Ohio in front of a crowd of 1 @,@ 760 . The Crew 's Andy Iro scored in the 30th minute by heading in a corner kick from teammate Eddie Gaven . In the second half , Rochester evened the score when substitute Darren Spicer scored from 17 yards out . The Rhinos ' Alfonso Motagalvan was sent off in the 84th minute for a dangerous tackle on Emilio Rentería , forcing Rochester to play the final minutes of the game with 10 men . The score remained level until the fourth minute of stoppage time , when Steven Lenhart scored with a volley over the onrushing goalkeeper to give Columbus the victory .
A week later , on July 6 , Columbus faced the Charleston Battery of the USL Second Division in the U.S. Open Cup quarterfinals . The match was hosted by Columbus , again at Crew Stadium in front of a crowd of 1 @,@ 847 . In the 37th minute , Lenhart was fouled in the penalty area while going for a cross and the referee signaled for a penalty kick . Rentería took the penalty kick and drove a right @-@ footed shot into the back of the net , making the score 1 – 0 . Columbus extended its lead in the 70th minute through a goal from Lenhart , and again in the 87th minute when Gaven scored off of a pass from Emmanuel Ekpo . The Crew won 3 – 0 , earning its first U.S. Open Cup semifinal appearance since 2002 .
On September 1 , 2010 , the Columbus Crew visited Washington , D.C. to face MLS club D.C. United in the semifinal match at RFK Stadium in front of a crowd of 3 @,@ 411 . Pablo Hernandez scored in the 17th minute on a penalty kick to give D.C. an early lead which it almost held for the victory . However , in the 89th minute D.C. ' s Marc Burch deflected a shot by Columbus 's Iro into the net for an own goal , tying the score and sending the match into extra time . In the 97th minute , the Crew 's Lenhart dribbled the ball into the 18 @-@ yard box and was tripped by D.C. United 's Carey Talley to draw a penalty . Guillermo Barros Schelotto took the penalty kick and scored the winning goal . The 2 – 1 final score secured the Crew 's spot in the final .
= = = Seattle Sounders FC = = =
Seattle won the 2009 U.S. Open Cup — the second MLS expansion club to do so in its inaugural season after the Chicago Fire in 1998 . Prior to the final , Sounders FC played U.S. Open Cup home games at the Starfire Sports Complex in Tukwila , Washington . The facility is smaller than the club 's home stadium for league matches , Qwest Field , but Sounders FC representatives preferred the atmosphere at Starfire for smaller cup matches .
On June 30 , 2010 , Seattle began the defense of its title in a match hosted by the Portland Timbers of the D2 Pro League in Portland , Oregon , at PGE Park in front of a crowd of 15 @,@ 422 . Sounders FC took the lead in the 13th minute on a header from Nate Jaqua , but the Timbers levelled the score in the 38th minute when Bright Dike scored on a shot from inside the penalty area . The score was 1 – 1 at halftime , and remained that way through full @-@ time and extra time . Seattle finally defeated Portland in a 4 – 3 penalty shootout with goalkeeper Kasey Keller making two saves and defender Zach Scott scoring the winning penalty kick .
Sounders FC hosted its quarterfinal match a week later on July 7 against an MLS club , the Los Angeles Galaxy , at Starfire Sports Complex in front of a sellout crowd of 4 @,@ 512 . Seattle forward Jaqua again led the attack scoring two goals in the second half . The first came in the 50th minute when he headed in a rebound off of the crossbar and the second came in the 62nd minute off a cross from Miguel Montaño . Seattle won 2 – 0 . Sounders FC 's reserve goalkeeper Terry Boss also made two saves in his first start for the team .
On September 1 , 2010 , Seattle hosted its semifinal match against another MLS club , Chivas USA . Like the quarterfinal , it was hosted at Starfire with a sellout crowd of 4 @,@ 547 . Jaqua gained Seattle an early lead in the 10th minute off a Steve Zakuani cross . Zakuani was involved again in the 58th minute , this time crossing to a diving Fredy Montero who increased the lead to two . Chivas USA 's Jesús Padilla scored in the 68th minute on a through ball from Justin Braun cutting the deficit to one . However , in second half stoppage time , Jaqua scored again making the score 3 – 1 and sealing the Sounders FC victory and an appearance in the tournament final . Jaqua 's two goals raised his total to five in the tournament . Zakuani , who had just returned from a pelvic strain injury , had two assists in the match .
= = Pre @-@ match = =
= = = Venue selection = = =
On August 26 , 2010 , U.S. Soccer announced the potential sites for the final , depending on the outcome of the semifinals . It was determined that if Seattle qualified for the final , they would host it at Qwest Field regardless of the opponent . If Chivas USA defeated Sounders FC in the semifinals , they would host the Columbus Crew at The Home Depot Center in Carson , California , or visit D.C. United at RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. , depending on the outcome of the other semifinal match . Since Columbus and Seattle advanced from the semifinals , the final was held at Qwest Field in Seattle . This was the first U.S. Open Cup final to be played in the state of Washington .
Columbus general manager Mark McCullers expressed concerns about the fairness of the scheduling since he claimed it would be difficult for the Crew to travel to the West Coast on October 5 and then return to Chicago three days later for a league match . Crew head coach Robert Warzycha also complained about the scheduling saying , " You make it to a final , but you have to go to Seattle on Sunday after playing a home game on Saturday ... You 've got to fly all day , play on the ( artificial ) turf on Tuesday and then you go play an important MLS game in Chicago on Friday . Great . "
A year after a public argument between Seattle and D.C. United ownership over the fairness of the bidding process to host the 2009 U.S. Open Cup Final — which D.C. United hosted — Sounders FC was successful in its bid to host the 2010 final . For the 2009 final , D.C. United drew an attendance of 17 @,@ 329 through extensive marketing efforts . Seattle began selling tickets to the 2010 final on September 7 and within six days 22 @,@ 000 had already been sold .
= = = Analysis = = =
In 2010 , prior to meeting in the U.S. Open Cup final , Sounders FC and the Crew met twice in MLS league matches . The first was played on May 1 at Qwest Field and finished in a 1 – 1 draw . The second meeting between the two teams was played on September 18 , only 17 days before the Open Cup final , at Crew Stadium . Seattle won by a convincing scoreline of 4 – 0 . Regarding the score of the latter meeting , Sounders FC coach Sigi Schmid stated , " I don 't think the difference between the two teams is four goals even though that was the score . " Discussing the difficulty of going into Seattle for the final , Crew forward Barros Schelotto commented , " The field is for Seattle . The stadium is for Seattle . Everything is for Seattle . But that does not matter . We have the final . We have 90 minutes to win a trophy . Nothing is more important . "
In the weeks leading up to the match , Seattle Sounders FC was on a six @-@ game home unbeaten streak . However , in the last match before the final ( a league match victory over Toronto FC ) goalkeeper Keller allowed a goal , ending his three @-@ game shutout streak . The Columbus Crew came into the final not having won a league match in the previous month , although their last match was a 0 – 0 draw with the San Jose Earthquakes on October 2 .
Since MLS teams began participating in the tournament in 1996 , the home team had won nine times and lost three in the U.S. Open Cup final prior to 2011 . The 2003 Chicago Fire , 2007 New England Revolution and 2009 Seattle Sounders FC were the only away teams to win a final .
= = Match = =
The 2010 U.S. Open Cup Final was played on October 5 at Qwest Field in Seattle , Washington . Live television coverage was provided nationally by Fox Soccer Channel . Prior to kickoff , Seattle 's 2009 U.S. Open Cup trophy was displayed at midfield . The final drew an attendance of 31 @,@ 311 surpassing the 81 @-@ year @-@ old record for the event . The previous record attendance for an Open Cup final was 21 @,@ 583 , set in 1929 when New York Hakoah defeated the Madison Kennel Club of St. Louis .
Both clubs started mostly their first @-@ team players for the final . Costa Rican Leonardo González , a regular starter at left back for Sounders FC , was unavailable due to U.S. Open Cup roster limitations , which allow teams to have only five foreign players on their 18 @-@ man , game day roster . Defender Tyson Wahl started in his place . Crew backup goalkeeper Andy Gruenebaum also started in place of normal starter Will Hesmer , though this was a normal change for U.S. Open Cup and CONCACAF Champions League matches . Each club was organized in a 4 – 4 – 2 formation at kickoff .
= = = First half = = =
Seattle had most of the early scoring opportunities . Two minutes into the match , Montero took the first shot of the game with a header at close range which was saved by Crew goalkeeper Gruenebaum . Seconds later , Montero had another shot from distance which went just over the bar . Four minutes later , Seattle midfielder Zakuani got around Crew defender Frankie Hejduk and passed the ball to Blaise Nkufo whose tap @-@ in attempt was saved by Gruenbaum . In the 12th minute , Gaven took the Crew 's first shot of the match but it flew high over the crossbar . In the 16th minute Zakuani had a run up the middle before passing to Montero , whose shot was again saved by Gruenbaum . Columbus successfully defended crosses from Zakuani and Nkufo in the 18th minute and kept Seattle from getting a shot off . Columbus nearly took the lead in the 20th minute as Emmanuel Ekpo got behind the defense and made a quick pass back to Gaven , who missed a wide @-@ open shot over the bar .
While Seattle controlled the game for much of the first half , Columbus took the lead on a counterattack movement in the 24th minute . The play developed on the right side when Hejduk made a low pass to Lenhart from a forward position . Lenhart touched the ball to Kevin Burns for a low shot inside the far post for a goal . Few chances were created after the goal as Columbus ' strong defensive play held off Seattle 's attacks . In the 34th minute Tyson Wahl crossed the ball into the box but Gruenbaum was able to jump and grab the ball before Nkufo could direct it towards goal with his head .
Seattle equalized in the 38th minute . Montero passed to Tyson Wahl , who crossed the ball into the 18 @-@ yard @-@ box , where Crew goalkeeper Gruenebaum hesitated on how to handle the ball . He knocked it away , and it fell to Nathan Sturgis , who passed the ball between the legs of Gaven to find teammate Sanna Nyassi 18 yards out . Nyassi turned on the ball and shot it past Gruenebaum , who was still out of position . Following the goal few scoring opportunities were created before halftime . After one minute of stoppage time , the first half ended with a tie score , 1 – 1 .
= = = Second half = = =
Columbus Crew midfielder Kevin Burns commented on the team 's attitude after the first half , " We were OK at halftime . Our heads weren 't down . " No substitutions were made as the teams returned to the field for the second half .
Despite Seattle 's continued control of the tempo of gameplay early in the second half , they were unable to create many scoring opportunities . In the 58th minute James Riley was alone on the edge of the penalty area after receiving a pass from Montero . However , Riley 's cross was deflected for a corner kick . Two minutes later Seattle 's Zakuani created a scoring threat when he received an aerial pass into the penalty area , but Crew goalkeeper Gruenebaum was quick to get to the play causing Zakuani to fall down and the ball to bounce away before being cleared by Columbus . In the 64th minute , Kasey Keller made a diving save to stop Gaven 's shot from 30 yards out , his fourth shot on goal in the game . Two minutes later , the score line finally changed as Seattle completed 18 consecutive passes . Montero got open on the right side of the field to receive the 19th and then crossed a ball into the penalty area . Gruenebaum decided not to chase the pass as Zakuani ran inside of Crew defender Hejduk and headed a shot that hit the crossbar . The Crew defenders failed to clear the ball before Nyassi ran in and easily scored the go @-@ ahead goal .
Zakuani was again on the attack in the 75th minute with a run down the middle , but was " sandwiched " by two Columbus defenders and lost possession . Columbus made two substitutions in the 78th minute , bringing on fresh legs at forward with Rentería in for Lenhart and swapping midfielder Burns out for forward Andrés Mendoza . Shortly after the substitutions , Keller came out to grab a Columbus cross and made a long throw to Montero . Seattle pushed up the field and Montero took a shot which bounced off of teammate Nkufo 's back . In the 81st minute , Crew coach Warzycha made his final substitution bringing on Robbie Rogers for Gaven . Shortly after , in the 85th minute , Columbus nearly equalized when Rogers received a pass from Hejduk and took a shot which bounced hard off of the crossbar .
Seattle made its first substitution in the 79th minute when Sanna Nyassi left the field to an ovation from the crowd as he was replaced by Álvaro Fernández . In the 87th minute , Zakuani ran free on a breakaway but was taken down by Crew forward Barros Schelotto who received a yellow card for the foul . Montero took the ensuing free kick and shot it on goal with Gruenebaum catching it for the save .
The referee added three minutes of stoppage time to the second half . During that time , Seattle made its remaining two substitutions . First in the 90th minute Roger Levesque was brought on for Zakuani , and then in the 93rd minute they brought on Jaqua for Montero . The referee blew his whistle ending the game shortly thereafter . Most of the fans in attendance remained after the game for the presentation of the trophy .
= = = Match details = = =
= = = Statistics = = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
Sounders FC head coach Sigi Schmid discussed the match in the post @-@ game press conference saying :
I thought there was some good soccer that was played by both teams . We caught a break at the end when they hit the crossbar . You work hard to make your own luck . We showed a lot of character going down 1 – 0 and coming back . Attitude of our team has been very strong that way . Really proud and what we accomplished tonight is super . It sets us apart and makes us unique and this is the kind of franchise when Adrian [ Hanauer ] , Joe [ Roth ] , Drew [ Carey ] and Tod Leiweke and the rest of the internal ownership group and everyone else who works at this organization wanted us to be something unique , something special , something different . The fans were fantastic . That 's the loudest I 've heard this place .
Columbus Crew goalkeeper Andy Gruenbaum commented after the match , " We knew it was going to be a tough place to play , their fan base is great . Anytime you have a championship match on your own pitch , the odds are going to be against you . We knew we had to defend and take advantage of any opportunity . We came out and scored the first goal and they were able to capitalize on two weird bounces . "
Seattle Sounders FC is the first MLS club to repeat as the U.S. Open Cup champion and the first club overall to repeat since the New York Pancyprian @-@ Freedoms did so in 1982 and 1983 . The victory was also Sigi Schmid 's third Open Cup championship as a head coach . Sanna Nyassi was the first player to score multiple goals in an Open Cup final since Mike Deleray in 1994 . As champions of the tournament , Sounders FC received the $ 100 @,@ 000 cash prize while the Columbus Crew received $ 50 @,@ 000 as the runner @-@ up . Seattle also earned a berth into the preliminary round of the 2011 – 12 CONCACAF Champions League .
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= Kent , Ohio =
Kent is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the largest city in Portage County . It is located along the Cuyahoga River in Northeast Ohio on the western edge of the county . The population was 28 @,@ 904 in the 2010 Census and 29 @,@ 810 in the 2015 estimate . The city is counted as part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area and the larger Cleveland – Akron – Canton Combined Statistical Area .
Part of the Connecticut Western Reserve , Kent was settled in 1805 and was known for many years as Franklin Mills . Settlers were attracted to the area due to its location along the Cuyahoga River as a place for water @-@ powered mills . Later development came in the 1830s and 1840s as a result of the settlement 's position along the route of the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal . Leading up to the American Civil War , Franklin Mills was noted for its activity in the " Underground Railroad " . With the decline of the canal and the emergence of the railroad , the town became the home of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad maintenance shops through the influence of Marvin Kent . In 1864 the town was renamed Kent in honor of and in gratitude for Marvin Kent 's efforts . It was incorporated as a village in 1867 and became a city after the 1920 Census . Today Kent is a college town best known as the home of the main campus of Kent State University , founded in 1910 , and as the site of the 1970 Kent State shootings .
Historically a manufacturing center , education is the city 's largest economic sector with Kent State University the city 's , and one of the region 's , largest employers . The Kent City School District and the Kent Free Library provide additional education opportunities and resources . Many of Kent 's demographic elements are influenced by the presence of the university , particularly the median age , median income , and those living below the poverty level . The city is governed by a council @-@ manager system with a city manager , a nine @-@ member city council , and a mayor . Kent has nearly 20 parks and preserves and hosts a number of annual festivals including ones related to Earth Day , folk music , and the U.S. Independence Day . In addition to the Kent State athletic teams , the city also hosts a number of amateur and local sporting events at various times during the year . Kent is part of the Cleveland @-@ Akron media market and is the city of license for three local radio stations and three television stations and includes the regional affiliates for National Public Radio ( NPR ) and the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Although most residents commute to work in private vehicles , alternate transportation includes a public bus service and hike @-@ and @-@ bike trails . As the home of the Davey Tree Expert Company , Kent is known as " The Tree City " while residents are referred to as " Kentites " . The city has produced a number of notable individuals , particularly in politics , athletics , and the entertainment industry .
= = History = =
The region was originally inhabited by various tribes of American Indians , including the early Mound Builders . Around 1780 , Captain Samuel Brady achieved notoriety for his activities in the area , including his famous leap of 21 feet ( 6 m ) over the Cuyahoga River to avoid capture by an unknown band of American Indians . The site , known as Brady 's Leap , is now a city park . Settlement by Europeans began in the late 1790s and early 19th century . As part of the Connecticut Western Reserve , the area was divided into survey townships in 1798 and almost all of what is now Kent was originally part of Town 3 Range 9 , which would eventually be known as Franklin Township . Aaron Olmsted , a wealthy Connecticut merchant , had purchased the 16 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 6 @,@ 500 ha ) township and named it for his son Aaron Franklin Olmsted .
Franklin Township was surveyed in 1803 and settled in November 1805 when John Haymaker and his family moved west from Warren to the banks of the Cuyahoga River . They were joined by John 's brother George and their father Jacob Haymaker and their families early the next year , and built a gristmill in 1807 . Initial growth in the area was slow , but eventually two small villages would develop due to the potential for power generated by the Cuyahoga River that could be used in gristmills and manufacturing . The first village , known as Franklin Mills , or locally as the " Lower Village " , developed mostly around the original Haymaker property . In 1818 , Joshua Woodard arrived in the area and began constructing buildings just north of the village forming the " Upper Village " that would come to be known briefly as Carthage .
In the 1820s , Franklin Mills was included in the route of the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal ( P & O Canal ) . When construction began on the canal in the mid @-@ 1830s , land speculation was rampant in many areas of northeast Ohio along the canal , including Franklin Mills . As a result , an industrial and business region was established along the east side of the river in what is now downtown Kent . Factories and mills were either planned or constructed along the Cuyahoga River , some of which either were never built or ultimately failed , due mostly to effects of the Panic of 1837 . A lock and attached arch dam , however , was completed in 1836 . The canal officially opened in 1840 , but would only operate into the 1860s . By the 1870s the canal was completely shut down .
In the era leading up to the American Civil War , Franklin Mills was an active stop on the Underground Railroad , giving fugitive slaves shelter on their escape to Canada . There were three notable stops in Franklin Mills , one of which still stands as of 2010 . During this period , from 1835 to 1839 , noted American abolitionist John Brown moved to the village , operating a tannery along the Cuyahoga River with Zenas Kent .
In 1863 the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad was constructed through Franklin Mills , due largely to the efforts of local businessman Marvin Kent , son of Zenas Kent . Marvin Kent had started his own railroad company , the Franklin and Warren Railroad , in 1851 after Franklin Mills , already home to several Kent family ventures and properties , was bypassed by the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad that same year . Kent was also successful in getting the village named as the location of the railroad 's maintenance yards and shops in 1864 . The geographic location along the railroad and being home to the shops reinvented and revitalized the village as an important stop on the east @-@ west line between St. Louis and New York City . The shops would open in 1865 and the railroad would play an important part of Kent 's industry and development through the early 20th century before the shops were completely shut down in 1930 . To honor Marvin Kent , the village was renamed Kent in 1864 , although this change was not official until the village was incorporated on May 6 , 1867 .
John Davey came to Kent in 1881 as head grounds keeper at Standing Rock Cemetery , and planted several trees , landscaped the cemetery , and performed experiments on trees . In 1901 , he published his theories on tree surgery with his book The Tree Doctor , and later established the Davey Tree Expert Company in 1909 . The efforts of Davey and the presence of Davey Tree led to the establishment of " The Tree City " as a nickname for Kent , which is reflected in the city 's seal . The company continues to be headquartered in Kent and serves as the city 's largest private employer .
After a fire destroyed the Seneca Chain Company in 1909 , one of the city 's main industries at the time , city leaders created the Kent Board of Trade in 1910 , a forerunner to the Chamber of Commerce . The new Board was successful later that year in having Kent selected out of twenty northeastern Ohio cities as the site of a new teacher training college , which became known as the " Kent State Normal School " . The site for the school was on 53 acres ( 21 ha ) of land donated by William S. Kent , son of Marvin Kent , on what was then the eastern edge of town . By 1929 the school was renamed Kent State College after the establishment of a college of liberal arts and degrees in the arts and sciences and in 1935 was renamed Kent State University after it was given authorization to grant advanced graduate degrees . The bill giving Kent State university status was signed into law by Ohio governor and Kent native Martin L. Davey , son of tree surgeon John Davey . During the 1950s and 1960s the growth of Kent State University combined with the effects of suburbanization resulted in significant population growth for the city , rising from just over 12 @,@ 000 residents at the 1950 census to over 28 @,@ 000 by 1970 . Black squirrels were brought to the campus from Canada in 1961 by Kent State University head groundskeeper Larry Woodell . The squirrels have become an icon for both KSU and the city and are often used as unofficial mascots and symbols .
In early May 1970 , protests began on the campus of Kent State University over the United States ' invasion of Cambodia in the Vietnam War . These protests and demonstrations , which included rioting in downtown Kent on May 2 , culminated in the Kent State shootings on May 4 , 1970 , where four students were killed and nine were wounded by the Ohio Army National Guard . Several memorials have been placed at the site over the years and commemorations have been held annually since 1971 . In 2010 the entire site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Also during the late 1960s and into the 1970s , construction of Haymaker Parkway , completed in 1975 , brought changes to the city 's layout while eliminating ongoing problems with traffic congestion and blocked rail crossings .
In 1995 , Kent received national attention when the city 's water was named " Best Tasting Municipality Water " at the Berkeley Springs International Water Tasting . The water and mayor Kathleen Chandler were featured on the March 3 episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Since then , Kent has placed in the top five a total of six times with the most recent being a fifth @-@ place finish in 2011 . In 2003 , the 1836 arch dam was bypassed to meet water quality standards set by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency . To preserve the historic dam , a small park was built behind the dam and the river was rerouted through the old canal lock . During warm @-@ weather months , water is pumped over the dam . The park , known as Heritage Park , was formally dedicated in May 2005 .
= = = Redevelopment = = =
Beginning in 2008 , several redevelopment projects in the downtown area , some of which had been discussed for decades , were put into motion and resulted in nearly $ 110 million in total investment from public and private sources . The first of these was the Phoenix Project , a development privately financed by Kent resident Ron Burbick that renovated and expanded a section of commercial space along East Main Street . Included in the project was construction of a pedestrian alleyway lined with small shops , eventually known as Acorn Alley , which opened in 2009 . A second phase of Acorn Alley opened the next year . Other aspects of the redevelopment , which include a 360 @-@ space parking deck and bus transfer station , a hotel and conference center , and three separate mixed @-@ use buildings , began to take shape in 2010 following the demolition of several buildings in a four block area . New offices for Ametek and the Davey Tree Expert Company opened in late 2012 along with several new small businesses on the first floors of each building . The hotel , operated by Kent State University , opened in June 2013 and the new parking garage , operated by the Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority ( PARTA ) opened April 30 , 2013 , as the Kent Central Gateway . In addition to parking , the facility functions as PARTA 's main bus transfer station and has storefronts on the ground level facing East Erie Street . Included in the redevelopment was the purchase and renovation of the old Kent hotel , which first opened in 1920 . After being mostly vacant since 1979 and completely vacant since 2000 , it re @-@ opened on April 1 , 2013 , as the new home to the Kent location of Buffalo Wild Wings and also houses offices , a wine and jazz bar , and apartments . A five @-@ story mixed @-@ use building called The Landmark was completed in 2014 and construction started in November 2015 on an additional five @-@ story mixed @-@ use building featuring microapartments , scheduled to be completed in 2016 . The developments attracted the attention of The Plain Dealer and The New York Times and earned the city and university the 2013 Larry Abernathy Award from the International Town – Gown Association in recognition of the positive town – gown cooperation and collaboration .
Additional development has been ongoing on the campus of Kent State University and the largely residential neighborhood located between downtown Kent and the western edge of campus . The university began buying properties in that neighborhood in 2007 and by December 2012 had acquired 43 . Construction of the University Esplanade extension , designed to link campus with downtown , started in August 2012 after several of the buildings in the area , most of which had been rental homes , were demolished or moved . The Esplanade extension continued a segment of the Portage Hike and Bike Trail that extends to Dix Stadium and was completed in October 2013 . Kent State is constructing a new $ 48 million , 107 @,@ 000 square feet ( 9 @,@ 900 m2 ) facility for the College of Architecture and Environmental Design along the Esplanade extension and also relocated the former home of May Prentice , the first female faculty member at Kent State , to the extension as the home for the Wick Poetry Center . Construction on the architecture building started in October 2014 and is scheduled to be completed in 2016 . In total , there are plans totaling approximately $ 150 million for several other facilities and upgrades across campus , including a new building for the College of Applied Engineering , Sustainability and Technology and a renovation and reorganization of the facilities for the School of Art . The city and county have also seen developments in the same area . A new county municipal courthouse on East Main Street was completed in April 2014 , and in 2015 , Kent City Council approved the sale of the city hall complex to a private developer for construction of a five @-@ story apartment building on the site , scheduled to open in August 2016 .
= = Geography = =
Kent is located in west @-@ central Portage County in Northeast Ohio approximately 10 miles ( 20 km ) northeast of Akron and 30 miles ( 50 km ) southeast of Cleveland . It is bordered by Franklin Township on the north and east , Brimfield Township on the south , and Stow on the west . Other nearby communities include Brady Lake and Ravenna to the east and Sugar Bush Knolls and Streetsboro to the north . It is included in the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area and the larger Cleveland – Akron – Canton Combined Statistical Area .
Located on the western end of the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau , the topography of Kent includes rolling hills and varied terrain . The Cuyahoga River passes through the city , cutting a gorge with a drop of nearly 40 feet ( 10 m ) adjacent to the downtown area . The United States Geological Survey lists the city 's elevation at 1 @,@ 056 feet ( 322 m ) above sea level at a point near Kent 's geographic center . Elevations vary slightly within the city limits with several buildings on the Kent State University campus at altitudes in excess of 1 @,@ 160 feet ( 350 m ) and points as high as 1 @,@ 200 feet ( 370 m ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , as of 2010 the city has a total area of 9 @.@ 28 square miles ( 24 @.@ 04 km2 ) , of which 9 @.@ 17 square miles ( 23 @.@ 75 km2 ) is land and 0 @.@ 11 square miles ( 0 @.@ 28 km2 ) is water .
= = = Climate = = =
Kent 's climate is classified as a humid continental climate in the Dfa Köppen climate classification meaning it typically has very warm , humid summers and cold , snowy winters with moderate and variable spring and autumn seasons . The record high temperature is 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , set on July 7 , 1988 , with the record low of − 22 ° F ( − 30 ° C ) recorded January 17 , 1982 . During the spring and summer months , thunderstorms are fairly common and the area is susceptible to tornadoes , though the last recorded tornado in Kent occurred in 1973 . Effects from tropical systems can also be felt , usually taking the form of increased humidity , rain , and wind , such as with the remnants of Hurricane Ike in September 2008 . During the winter months , snowfall is common and can occur in large quantities with considerable cloud cover . Kent is not considered part of the Lake Erie snowbelt , though lake @-@ effect snow does occur at times . The city is in what is referred to as the " secondary snowbelt " , meaning it will receive heavier snowfall totals from lake @-@ effect snow when certain wind directions are more prevalent , but typically sees far less snowfall than areas to the north closer to Lake Erie . While temperatures below the freezing point are typical in the winter months , thaw periods where temperatures exceed 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) and even 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) are not uncommon in January and February .
= = Demographics = =
As a college town , Kent 's demographic and population statistics are greatly affected by the presence and growth of Kent State University . As a result , several statistics are noticeably higher or lower than state and national averages including median age and the percentage of residents in the 18 – 24 age bracket , individuals below the poverty line , and percentage of residents with a college degree .
Initial population growth in Kent was influenced by the location on the Cuyahoga River which led to the development of industrial and manufacturing jobs . Early settlers mainly came from the northeastern United States and were largely of German descent . After the arrival of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad in 1863 , growth was steady into the early 20th century with the village battling Ravenna for the position of Portage County 's largest city . By the 1930 Census , Kent had passed Ravenna as the county 's most populous city with even larger population growth in the 1950s and 1960s rising from 12 @,@ 148 in 1950 to 28 @,@ 183 by 1970 . As of 2010 , Kent remains the county 's largest city . Most recent population measurements of the city have shown the effect of changes in the city 's overall population coinciding with changes in the number of students living on campus as well as a reduction in the number of persons per housing unit .
As of the 2010 Census , there were 28 @,@ 904 people residing in the city for a population density of 3 @,@ 150 @.@ 5 people per square mile ( 1 @,@ 216 @.@ 4 / km ² ) . There were 11 @,@ 174 housing units at an average density of 1 @,@ 218 @.@ 0 per square mile ( 470 @.@ 3 / km ² ) . The racial makeup of the city was 83 @.@ 1 % White , 9 @.@ 6 % African American , 3 @.@ 7 % Asian , 0 @.@ 2 % Native American , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 0 @.@ 5 % from other races , and 2 @.@ 9 % from two or more races . 2 @.@ 2 % of the population is Hispanic or Latino of any race . Though slightly below the national averages for diversity , Kent is very close to the averages for Ohio and above the averages for the surrounding area . Between the 2000 and 2010 censuses , the city saw slight increases in the number of minority residents . The 2015 estimate placed the population at 29 @,@ 810 .
There were 10 @,@ 288 households in 2010 out of which 20 @.@ 9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 27 @.@ 5 % were married couples living together , 12 @.@ 5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 56 @.@ 3 % were non @-@ families . 33 @.@ 4 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8 @.@ 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size in Kent was 2 @.@ 2 and the average family size was 2 @.@ 86 , which compares with the national average of 2 @.@ 58 for a household and 3 @.@ 14 for a family and the state average household size of 2 @.@ 44 and average family size of 3 @.@ 01 .
In the city the population was spread out with 29 @.@ 4 % ages 19 years and under , 44 @.@ 1 % from 20 to 39 , 15 @.@ 9 % from 40 to 59 , 8 @.@ 0 % from 60 to 79 , and 2 @.@ 5 % who were 80 years of age or older . The median age was 22 @.@ 7 years , which was well below both the median age for Ohio ( 38 @.@ 8 ) and the United States ( 35 @.@ 3 ) . The city 's population was 46 @.@ 3 % male and 53 @.@ 7 % female . The rate differs slightly from the national average of 49 @.@ 2 % male and 50 @.@ 8 % female and the state average of 48 @.@ 8 % male and 51 @.@ 2 % female . It contrasts with neighboring Franklin Township , which has a population that is 51 @.@ 3 % male and 48 @.@ 7 % female .
The mean income for a household in the city was $ 46 @,@ 848 , well below the mean household incomes for Ohio ( $ 61 @,@ 397 ) and the United States ( $ 70 @,@ 116 ) in the 2010 Census . The median household income in Kent was $ 28 @,@ 958 , compared to $ 46 @,@ 563 for Ohio and $ 51 @,@ 222 for the U.S. For families , the mean income in Kent was $ 71 @,@ 817 with a median income of $ 59 @,@ 936 , both of which were closer to the state ( $ 73 @,@ 084 mean , $ 58 @,@ 566 median ) and national ( $ 81 @,@ 568 mean , $ 62 @,@ 112 median ) averages . Males had a median income of $ 35 @,@ 316 versus $ 35 @,@ 255 for females . The per capita income for workers in the city was $ 18 @,@ 339 . 10 @.@ 4 % of families and 29 @.@ 3 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 21 @.@ 1 % of those under age 18 and 6 @.@ 6 % of those age 65 or over . While the number of individuals below the poverty line is significantly higher than both the state and national averages , with 14 @.@ 8 % of individuals in Ohio and 14 @.@ 4 % in the United States being below the poverty line , the percentage of families below the poverty line is slightly below the state ( 10 @.@ 5 % ) and national ( 10 @.@ 8 % ) averages . Measures of high poverty rates in similar college towns , however , is not uncommon across the U.S.
Educationally , Kent is above the national , state , and local averages for residents who have attained a bachelor 's , master 's , or above a master 's degree . At the 2010 Census , 41 @.@ 9 % of Kent 's population above the age of 25 had obtained a college degree compared to 24 @.@ 9 % of the same population in Portage County , 24 @.@ 1 % statewide , and 27 @.@ 9 % nationally .
= = Economy = =
Kent 's location along the Cuyahoga River and later the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal and multiple railroad lines made it attractive initially for the establishment of small gristmills for the production of flour and various factories . Progressively larger factories later developed due to increased power available from the river and eventually due to the ease and lower cost of transportation of goods to other markets . During the latter half of the 19th century and into the early 20th century , the city 's largest employers were all industrially based , including the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad and its successors , which operated its main maintenance shops in the village ; the Seneca Chain Company ; and bus manufacturer Twin Coach among others . A disastrous fire at the Seneca Chain Company in 1909 led to the creation of the Kent Board of Trade — an early Chamber of Commerce — which was successful in getting Kent selected in 1910 as the site of what would become Kent State University .
Changes in the structure of the railroad and declines in the manufacturing sector during the mid @-@ 20th century combined with the rapid growth of Kent State University following World War II led to the university becoming the city 's largest employer and influenced the development of other areas of the city 's economy . Beginning in the late first decade of the 21st century , the university , along with the city and private investors , began to play a more active role in the redevelopment of downtown Kent and has aided in the development of local high tech companies . Kent State operates Centennial Research Park , along Ohio State Route 59 in Kent 's Joint Economic Development District with Franklin Township , which houses two high tech start @-@ up companies in the liquid crystal industry . Kent has an additional Joint Economic Development District with Brimfield Township . Through the Kent Regional Business Alliance , the city also supports two business incubators .
As of 2010 , the educational , health , and social services fields were the city 's largest sector , and employed over 33 @.@ 5 % of well as Robinson Memorial Hospital , which operates an outpatient surgery center and general medical facility . 16 @.@ 3 % of the workforce is employed in arts , entertainment , and food service , with 12 @.@ 2 % employed in retail . Manufacturing accounts for 7 @.@ 1 % of the workforce with a Land O ' Lakes plant being the largest employer in the sector . Smithers @-@ Oasis , a floristry developer and manufacturer , was founded in Kent in 1954 and operates a plant in the city , with plans to return corporate offices to Kent by September 2013 . Kent is also home to the corporate headquarters of the Davey Tree Expert Company , which serves as the city 's largest private employer . In 2010 Davey Tree announced plans to relocate staff from its Davey Resource Group , who were previously in neighboring Stow , to Kent as part of a planned downtown development and has stated long @-@ term goals include having all corporate offices in Kent . The office , which included some office staff already in Kent at the main corporate headquarters , opened in August 2012 .
75 @.@ 1 % of those employed commuted alone to work by way of a car , truck , or van with another 7 @.@ 1 % carpooling . 10 @.@ 6 % of workers walked to work with 1 @.@ 9 % using public transportation . The average commute time was 22 minutes . 13 @.@ 0 % of the workforce was unemployed in 2010 , above the 9 @.@ 8 % for the state and 9 @.@ 0 % nationally. the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated the unemployment rate in Kent at 7 @.@ 9 % in 2010 and 6 @.@ 6 % in October 2011 .
= = Culture = =
Cultural elements in Kent include various arts , environmental , and entertainment events during the year , as well as the Kent State University Museum . The Kent Heritage Festival is held every July in the downtown area , coinciding with the U.S. Independence Day . The festival includes crafts , booths , entertainment , train rides , 5K and 10K races , and fireworks , drawing approximately 25 @,@ 000 people each year . In October , Kent hosts the homecoming festivities for Kent State University , including a parade down East Main Street as well as other events and activities both on campus and around the city . Also in October , the downtown area hosts an annual , yet unofficial , Halloween celebration , which usually takes place the last Saturday of October . The event typically draws thousands , largely Kent State students , and includes many who dress in costume . In 2007 Main Street Kent , a local organization that promotes downtown Kent , created a family @-@ oriented Halloween event downtown that precedes the unofficial celebration . Since 2007 , Kent has hosted an annual environmental festival known as " Who 's Your Mama ? " which takes place in conjunction with Earth Day . The festival has events at various locations in the city , such as a vegan chef competition , concerts , a film festival , guest speakers , and booths on environment @-@ based topics . Through Main Street Kent , additional events downtown include an ice cream social event in August , an outdoor concert series and " sidewalk cinema " between May and September , an art and wine festival in June , a cider festival in November , and the Festival of Lights Christmas celebration in early December .
From May to October , the Haymaker Farmers ' Market operates every Saturday morning in the downtown area adjacent to and under the Greer Bridge of Haymaker Parkway . The location is marked by a commissioned mural completed in October 2012 on the two bridge supports that line each side of the market 's area . The market was established in 1992 and includes over 40 vendors , making it one of the oldest and largest farmers ' markets in Northeast Ohio . An indoor Winter Market , established in 2008 , is held Saturday mornings from November through April .
The Kent Stage , located downtown , is a performance venue for a variety of arts performances in music and theater . It hosts around 90 concerts , four theatrical performances , and four film festivals or movie premiers per year , including local , national , and international performers . Since opening in 2002 , it has been visited by approximately 120 @,@ 000 patrons from all over Ohio , 38 U.S. states , and 3 countries . In April , it hosts events related to the " Who 's Your Mama ? " Earth Day festival and in June , it is one of the host venues for the Kent Folk Festival , an annual event in folk music since the late 1960s . The festival includes multiple folk music acts at venues throughout the city over a period of several days . The Kent Stage also hosts the Kent Blues Festival and a local artist music festival known as the Up From The River Music Festival .
Kent is also home to the Kent State University Museum , located in Rockwell Hall on the KSU campus . The museum focuses on the history of fashion design and decorative arts in the United States and around the world from the 18th century to the present . Each year in early May , the university hosts an annual commemoration of the Kent State shootings , which typically features several speakers , forums , artwork , and other related events . On campus , Kent State operates the May 4 Visitors ' Center , which covers the shootings and the events surrounding them . It is housed in Taylor Hall on the site added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 and includes three galleries covering art and media from the era of the 1960s leading up to the shootings , images from the actual event , and the local and national impact after the shootings . The center opened to the public October 20 , 2012 , during the Kent State Homecoming weekend .
In addition to the Kent State Shootings Site near the center of campus , there are also a number of additional sites and districts in Kent on the National Register of Historic Places , some of which are open to the public . The Kent Industrial District is a historical district along the Cuyahoga River adjacent to downtown that includes an area and structures that were important in Kent 's early history . On the northwestern part of the Kent State University campus is the Ohio State Normal College At Kent district , which includes the school 's five original classic revival buildings dating to 1913 . There is also the West Main Street District just west of downtown that includes 20 private homes of architectural and historical significance from the post @-@ Civil War and early 20th century periods . The district includes the Kent Masonic Center , which was originally built in the early 1880s as the home of Marvin Kent and his family , and the former residence of Martin L. Davey , who served as Governor of Ohio . Buildings in Kent listed on the register include three private homes noted for their architecture styles : the John Davey House for the Second Empire style , and both the Aaron Ferrey and Charles Kent Houses as examples of Gothic Revival . Other buildings include the 1869 Kent Jail , now used by the Parks and Recreation Department , and the 1837 Franklin Township Hall , the site of eventual U.S. President James A. Garfield 's first nomination for public office in 1859 . As part of its renovation and redevelopment , the former Franklin Hotel , first opened in 1920 , was added to the NRHP in 2013 for its local historical significance and its connections to notable people .
= = Sports = =
As the home of Kent State University , Kent is also the home of the university 's athletic teams , the Golden Flashes , who compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I level as a member of the Mid @-@ American Conference East Division . Several of Kent State 's teams have enjoyed league and national success , the most notable being the men 's basketball team 's run to the Elite Eight in the 2002 NCAA Tournament and the baseball team 's appearance in the 2012 College World Series . The 6 @,@ 327 @-@ seat Memorial Athletic and Convocation Center , commonly referred to as the MAC Center , is the site of a number of athletic events in multiple sports , including wrestling , women 's gymnastics , and women 's volleyball in addition to men 's and women 's basketball . It is also a regular site for the Mid @-@ American Conference 's wrestling and women 's gymnastics championships .
In addition to hosting the KSU football team , Kent State 's 25 @,@ 319 @-@ seat Dix Stadium has been a venue for high school football games both in the regular @-@ season and the state playoffs . The adjacent Murphy @-@ Mellis Field is a location for Ohio High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) field hockey tournament games and the Diamond at Dix is a regular venue for OHSAA regional softball tournament games . From 1975 to 1981 the Cleveland Browns held their training camp in Kent at Kent State University .
The Kent State University Ice Arena serves as host to several local ice hockey programs including youth leagues , high school and professional teams , and as a site for OHSAA high school tournament games and ice skating competitions in addition to being home of KSU 's club team , which competes in the American Collegiate Hockey Association . The ice arena is also the home of the Kent Twisters , a member of the Pennsylvania @-@ Ohio Women 's Hockey Association , an adult amateur women 's ice hockey league . Kent also plays host to the Portage County Open tennis tournament , held annually at the tennis courts of Theodore Roosevelt High School .
= = Parks and recreation = =
The city operates nearly 20 parks and preserves , the largest of which is the 56 @-@ acre ( 23 ha ) Fred Fuller park along the Cuyahoga River , named after a former Kent Parks chairman . The park includes the Kramer Fields baseball and softball complex , which contains four fields , two of which are lighted . Several of the parks along the Cuyahoga River are on or near areas of historical significance . Franklin Mills Riveredge Park , which follows the Cuyahoga River through downtown Kent , passes through a large portion of the Kent Industrial District along with Heritage Park and includes sites related to the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal . Adjacent on the south is the John Brown Tannery Park , on the site of the former tannery John Brown helped fund with Zenas Kent in the 1830s , while Brady 's Leap park , adjacent to the north , is at the location of the famed leap over the Cuyahoga River by Captain Samuel Brady circa 1780 . The parks and recreation department , in addition to operating and maintaining the city 's parks and preserves , also operates a recreation center on the city 's south side and offers several sports , arts , and education programs at various locations in Kent . The department also sponsors events throughout the year including Art in the Park , an ice @-@ skating party , hayrides , and Santa 's Arrival . The Kent City School District operates an indoor pool at Theodore Roosevelt High School that is available for public recreational and instructional use outside of its use by the school for athletics and physical education . The pool hosts swimming lessons and serves as a home venue for the Hudson @-@ based Hudson Explorers Aquatic Team , a competitive swimming program for ages five and above .
Within the city is are segments of the Portage Hike and Bike Trail , which is jointly managed with Kent State University , the Portage Park District , and the city of Ravenna . The main portion of the trail follows the Cuyahoga River in Kent with most of the trail paved with asphalt . In August 2012 , as part of several redevelopment projects in the downtown area , Kent State University began construction of the Esplanade Extension , which was completed in August 2013 and connects the university 's portion of trail extending to Dix Stadium , known as the University Esplanade , to downtown Kent . The trail connects with the hike and bike trails in neighboring Summit County and links Kent with nearby communities in Portage County . The city is also home to the Tom S. Cooperrider @-@ Kent Bog State Nature Preserve , located in the southern edge of Kent . It is one of the most intact bogs in Ohio , with the southernmost and largest stand of tamarack trees in the continental United States .
Through partnerships with Kent State University Recreational Services and other local agencies , additional recreational opportunities are available to city residents . A livery known as Crooked River Adventures is available at Tannery Park . The livery generally operates from May to October depending on weather and water levels . Canoe , kayak , tubing , and bicycle rentals are available to residents and students with kayak and canoe service as far as Brust Park in Munroe Falls and Water Works Park in Cuyahoga Falls . Kent also has a bicycle @-@ sharing system known as Flashfleet in partnership with the university and PARTA . The program offers yearly memberships or hourly rentals with locations on campus and in the downtown area .
= = Government = =
Kent is governed by a charter form of government with a council – manager system of nine council members and a mayor . The city is divided into six wards and voters select a mayor , a council member representing their ward , and three at @-@ large council members in staggered four @-@ year terms . The city charter , adopted in 1963 , is reviewed by a charter commission every 10 years who then make recommendations for changes , the last review being in 2015 . The city council hires a city manager who oversees the day @-@ to @-@ day operations in the various city departments and enforces policies set by council . The mayor serves a largely ceremonial role as president of the council and votes only in the event of a tie . Kent voters approved the change from a mayor @-@ council system to council @-@ manager in 1975 and it went into effect in 1977 . Jerry Fiala began his term as mayor January 1 , 2010 , and Dave Ruller began serving as city manager June 15 , 2005 .
As part of the city government , Kent also has departments of community development , health , human services , law , parks and recreation , public safety , and public service . The Public Service Department oversees a variety of construction and maintenance works as well as the city 's water treatment and water reclamation systems while the Public Safety Department includes both the police and fire departments . The Kent Police Department is housed in the city 's Safety Administration Building and includes 911 dispatch for Kent and Franklin Township . Kent State University also operates its own police department , which mainly patrols the KSU campus and KSU property in and out of the Kent city limits . The two departments frequently communicate and for several years were headed by identical twin brothers : James Peach in the city and John Peach at the university . The fire department operates two stations , the main station adjacent to the Safety Administration Building and the West Side Fire Station along North Mantua Street on the western side of the Cuyahoga River . Kent Fire also provides fire and emergency medical service coverage for Franklin Township and the village of Sugar Bush Knolls .
The city 's main sources of tax revenue come from income tax , set at 2 @.@ 25 % , and property tax . Voters approved an increase in the income tax rate from 2 @.@ 0 % in November 2013 to fund a new police station and the new rate took effect January 1 , 2014 . The rate increase includes a sunset provision that requires the tax rate to return to 2 @.@ 0 % once debt is paid off on the new facility . In 2014 , the city operated on a budget of approximately $ 40 million . The largest percentage of the budget , 31 % or $ 11 @.@ 9 million , was spent on public safety services followed by 22 % or $ 8 @.@ 5 million on basic utilities . Debt service accounted for $ 6 @.@ 0 million or 17 % of the budget while transportation projects accounted for 9 % or $ 3 @.@ 37 million of the budget , 8 % or $ 3 @.@ 33 million towards general government expenses , and $ 2 @.@ 35 million allocated for construction of a new police station .
At the state level , Kent is in the 68th district of the Ohio House of Representatives , represented since 2011 by Democrat Kathleen Clyde , a Kent resident . In the State Senate , Kent is part of the 18th district , represented since 2011 by Republican John Eklund of Geauga County . At the Federal level , Kent is included in Ohio 's 13th congressional district , represented since 2003 by Democrat Tim Ryan of Niles .
= = Education = =
Preschool , elementary , and secondary education is mainly provided by the Kent City School District with the small portion of the city south of State Route 261 a part of the neighboring Field Local School District . The Kent district was created around 1860 and later merged with the Franklin Township and Brady Lake school districts in 1959 . It serves most of Kent and Franklin Township , the villages of Brady Lake and Sugar Bush Knolls and a small part of southern Streetsboro . Kent has four neighborhood elementary schools that serve students in grades K – 5 , Stanton Middle School for grades 6 – 8 , and Theodore Roosevelt High School for grades 9 – 12 . The district also operates a preschool program housed at Davey Elementary School , and is a member of the Six District Educational Compact with five surrounding districts to facilitate vocational education , with many of these programs housed at Roosevelt High School . In 1985 , Roosevelt High School was given the United States Department of Education Excellence in Education award and the school has consistently been rated " Excellent " by the Ohio Department of Education since 2004 . For 2010 and 2015 , it was named in US News & World Report as one of the best high schools in the United States , earning the publication 's Bronze Medal designation . The Kent City School District has been consistently rated as " Excellent " or " Effective " by the Ohio Department of Education and in 2007 Walls Elementary School was named a " School of Promise " by the Ohio Department of Education , while Longcoy Elementary earned the U.S. Department of Education 's prestigious Blue Ribbon School award . Kent also has one private school , St. Patrick School , which serves around 300 students in grades K – 8 from Kent and several surrounding communities . It is part of Kent 's St. Patrick parish and is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown .
The Kent Free Library is the main public library . It was established in 1892 after Kent became the first village in Ohio to use an 1892 state law which allowed municipalities under a population of 5 @,@ 000 to tax residents for the upkeep of a library . Andrew Carnegie donated $ 10 @,@ 000 in 1901 for construction of a permanent home for the library , which opened in 1903 . The 2006 expansion to the library brought available space to 55 @,@ 000 square feet ( 5 @,@ 100 m2 ) with a book collection of 147 @,@ 390 items as of 2010 . It is a school district library associated with the Kent City School District and is also part of the Portage Library Consortium , connecting it with Reed Memorial Library in Ravenna and the Portage County District Library , which maintains six branch libraries across the county and a bookmobile .
The main campus of Kent State University is located in the southeastern part of the city . The campus itself occupies approximately 866 acres ( 350 ha ) and the university owns thousands of additional acres adjacent to the campus . Additional facilities include a research park and golf course just east of the city limits in Franklin Township and the Kent State University Airport , just west of Kent in Stow . Founded in 1910 as a teacher training institution , the university has become a world leader in the development of liquid crystals through the Liquid Crystal Institute and was the site of the first patent for the modern liquid crystal in the 1970s . Kent State also has a nationally recognized fashion design program and nationally ranked programs in library science and business . As of 2010 , the College of Nursing is the 5th @-@ largest nursing school in the United States and largest in Ohio . In 2009 the university inaugurated the College of Public Health , the second public health program in Ohio and 33rd in the U.S. The Kent State library system , which includes the 12 @-@ story main library and houses over 2 @.@ 6 million volumes , includes six additional department libraries on the main campus and a branch at each of the seven regional campuses . The library system is a member of the Association of Research Libraries , one of 3 in Ohio and 124 in North America . The university offers over 300 programs of study combined in the undergraduate and graduate levels and serves over 41 @,@ 000 students in eight campuses across Northeast Ohio with over 30 @,@ 000 at the campus in Kent .
= = Media = =
Kent is part of the Cleveland @-@ Akron Television Market Area as defined by the Federal Communications Commission , which includes a 17 @-@ county region of Northeast Ohio . As of 2015 it ranks as the 18th @-@ largest media market in the United States according to Nielsen Media Research . While most stations are located in Cleveland and Akron , Kent is home to the offices and main studio of Western Reserve Public Media , the PBS affiliate for Akron and Youngstown . The studios for WAOH and W35AX , local affiliates for the Retro Television Network , are located just east of the city limits in Franklin Township . TV @-@ 2 , a Kent State University student @-@ run production , is available on campus , on local cable , and online . Kent is also in range of the television stations that broadcast out of Youngstown .
For radio , Kent is part of the Akron Radio Market , though it is within range of major stations in the Cleveland Radio Market as well as many in the Youngstown @-@ Warren and Canton markets . Three stations , two FM and one AM , are licensed to Kent . WKSU , at 89 @.@ 7 FM , broadcasts from the campus of Kent State University and is the main affiliate for National Public Radio in Northeast Ohio for the Akron , Canton , and Cleveland radio markets via repeaters around the region . WNIR , at 100 @.@ 1 FM , is broadcast from studios shared with sister station WJMP and television stations WAOH and W35AX in Franklin Township . WNIR is centered on talk radio and news and is a local affiliate of ABC Radio and Westwood One . WJMP , which broadcasts at 1520 AM , is a daytime @-@ only news / talk station . Black Squirrel Radio is a student @-@ run online station from Kent State available online and on local cable .
The Record @-@ Courier , a daily newspaper which mainly covers Portage County , is the main source of printed news media for Kent . The Record @-@ Courier was formed by the merger of the Ravenna Evening Record and the Kent Courier @-@ Tribune and is published by the Record Publishing Company . The Record @-@ Courier maintained an office in Kent until 2008 before all offices were moved to Kent from Ravenna in 2012 . In addition to the Record @-@ Courier , the Kent offices house the various departments of Record Publishing and its other weekly newspapers that serve several Summit and Portage County communities . The building also includes some of the corporate offices of parent company Dix Communications , a regional media company in printed and radio media that also has offices in Wooster , Ohio . Kent Patch , a local division of Patch Media , mainly serves as an online bulletin board for local events . It was established in 2010 and functioned as a news source specific to Kent before Patch Media downsized hundreds of local Patch sites across the United States in October 2013 . The city is also served by Kent State University 's Daily Kent Stater , which is available in print at select locations on and off campus and online via KentWired.com , a collaborative site with TV @-@ 2 and Black Squirrel Radio . The Akron Beacon Journal and The Plain Dealer also serve Kent through regional coverage and delivery . Magazines published at Kent State include Fusion , a magazine devoted to sexual minority issues ; Kent State Magazine , an official publication of the university ; and The Burr , a student @-@ run magazine about events going on in and around Kent .
= = Infrastructure = =
The city operates its own water system , drawing groundwater from wells with an adjacent water treatment plant located just outside the city limits in Franklin Township as well as using a water reclamation facility along the Cuyahoga River in the southwestern part of the city . Waste collection for the entire city is handled through a local private contractor and Portage County handles the city 's recycling collection . Kent 's original recycling program was developed in 1970 by the Kent Environmental Council and was Ohio 's first comprehensive and self @-@ supporting program . Local phone utilities are provided through AT & T Ohio through the 330 and 234 area codes , electricity is supplied and lines are maintained by FirstEnergy in the former coverage area of Ohio Edison , and natural gas is supplied and lines are maintained by Dominion Resources East Ohio Energy . While residents are free to choose their own natural gas and electric suppliers , the city is part of the Northeast Ohio Public Energy Council , or NOPEC , the largest government aggregation in the United States .
= = = Transportation = = =
State Route 59 is the main east – west highway , following East and West Main Streets and Haymaker Parkway . Summit Street is another major east @-@ west road mainly on Kent 's eastern side , passing through and linking much of the Kent State campus . Fairchild Avenue is an important east @-@ west road on the city 's west side connecting with Stow and Cuyahoga Falls . State Route 43 is the main north – south highway , mainly following North Mantua and South Water Streets . SR 43 connects Kent with Interstate 76 , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) to the south via exit 33 in Brimfield and to the Ohio Turnpike / Interstate 80 and the eastern terminus of Interstate 480 , approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) to the north via Turnpike exit 187 in Streetsboro . Both SR 43 and SR 59 are four to five @-@ lane roads within the city limits . State Route 261 passes through the southern and eastern edges of the city and is a four @-@ lane divided highway for a short distance with the remainder a two @-@ lane highway . It serves as a bypass between SR 43 , SR 59 , and Summit Street on Kent 's south and eastern sides and to Tallmadge on the southwest .
Public transportation is provided by the Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority , known as PARTA , which is headquartered just outside the city limits in Franklin Township . PARTA serves Kent through a dial @-@ a @-@ ride service , the Suburban and Kent Circulator routes completely within the city limits , the seasonal Black Squirrel route along SR 59 during Kent State University 's Fall and Spring semesters , and the Interurban connecting with Stow and Ravenna . There are also two express routes , one to Akron connecting with METRO Regional Transit Authority via Brimfield , and a Cleveland Express route connecting with the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority via Streetsboro , Twinsburg , and Maple Heights . PARTA also includes Campus Bus Service , which provides three fixed routes on the campus of Kent State University . An intermodal transit facility , known as the Kent Central Gateway , opened in 2013 in the downtown area to provide better integration of the existing bus system , hike @-@ and @-@ bike trails , and parking . The building was financed mainly from a $ 20 million Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery ( TIGER ) grant received in February 2010 and construction began in April 2011 .
= = = Healthcare = = =
Hospital care is provided mainly through University Hospitals Portage Medical Center , affiliated with University Hospitals of Cleveland , which operates the UH Kent Health Center in the southern part of the city . The UH Kent Health Center includes an outpatient surgery center as well as a medical arts building housing a medical imaging center and family medicine doctors . The 150 @-@ bed main hospital is located in Ravenna and the system operates additional facilities throughout Portage County . Free clinics include the AxessPointe Community Health Center , located just east of the city limits in the Joint Economic Development District with Franklin Township , and a clinic in the downtown area operated by social agency Townhall II .
= = Religion = =
The earliest organized religious services in Kent were held in 1815 when a Methodist group was formed , followed by a Congregational church in 1819 . The first religious meetinghouse in Kent , which also served as the first schoolhouse , was built in 1817 and was used by several different denominations . Later , the Methodists built another building in 1828 that was also used by multiple denominations . The oldest church building in Kent still used as a place of worship is the Unitarian Universalist Church on Gougler Avenue , which was dedicated in 1868 . The former home of the Congregational Church was dedicated in 1858 and still stands along Gougler Avenue very near the Unitarian Universalist Church . It served as the home of the First Congregational Church — which became the Kent United Church of Christ in 1964 — until 1955 . It was later purchased by a local business and used as their corporate headquarters .
As of 2010 , within the city are two Roman Catholic parishes affiliated with the Diocese of Youngstown , one a family parish and one a Newman Center , as well as congregations of the United Methodist Church , African Methodist Episcopal Church , Free Methodist Church , United Church of Christ , Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod , Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , Church of the Brethren , the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , Presbyterian Church , Church of Christ , Episcopal Church , and Jehovah 's Witnesses . There are also Unitarian Universalist , non @-@ denominational Christian , and Bahá 'í Faith congregations . Although there are no Jewish synagogues or temples , there is a Hillel Jewish student center on the campus of Kent State University which serves students at both Kent State and the University of Akron . Just outside the city limits in Franklin Township are the Kent congregations of the Church of the Nazarene , Assemblies of God , as well as Baptist and Free Will Baptist churches . The Islamic Society of Akron and Kent operates a masjid and school on its main campus in Cuyahoga Falls , west of Kent . It was founded in Kent in 1979 and maintains an additional masjid in the city . Kent is also part of a ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints in Rootstown that was first organized in Kent and includes most of southern Portage County .
= = Notable people = =
Kent has produced and been home to a number of notable individuals in varying fields . Its natives and residents are referred to as " Kentites " . John Davey , a pioneer in tree surgery and founder of the Davey Tree Expert Company moved to Kent in the 1880s . His son , Martin L. Davey , would later serve as Governor of Ohio and a U.S. Representative . Other political figures to come from Kent include Wisconsin governor Lucius Fairchild , former U.S. Representative Robert E. Cook , and noted abolitionist John Brown , who lived in what was then Franklin Mills from 1835 – 1839 . Noted athletes to have come from Kent include former National Football League players Mike Adamle , Tom DeLeone , and Stan White and former Major League Baseball player , manager , and executive Gene Michael . Three members of the band Devo , which debuted in Kent in 1973 and was founded by Kent State University students , are natives of Kent : Gerald Casale , Peter Gregg , and Rod Reisman . Other performing artists to come from Kent include singer Julianne Baird , playwright Vincent J. Cardinal , and voice actor Joshua Seth . Lucien Price , an author and writer for The Boston Evening Transcript and The Atlantic Monthly grew up in Kent and used the pseudonym " Woolwick " for Kent in some of his stories . Kent was also the home of inventor Lucien B. Smith , regarded as the inventor of barbed wire . Additionally , people who have lived in Kent while attending Kent State University include comedians Drew Carey and Arsenio Hall , actor Michael Keaton , musicians Joe Walsh and Chrissie Hynde , and additional members of the band Devo . Athletes include football players Antonio Gates , Joshua Cribbs , and Jack Lambert ; Major League Baseball players Thurman Munson , Rich Rollins , and Andy Sonnanstine ; college football coaches Nick Saban and Lou Holtz ; and golfer Ben Curtis , who resides in Franklin Township just north of the Kent city limits and lists Kent as his residence .
= = Sister cities = =
Kent has one sister city , Dudince , a small spa town of about 1 @,@ 500 people in southern Slovakia . The relationship was established in 2003 through Sister Cities International and resulted in the formation of the Kent @-@ Dudince Sister City Association to promote learning and understanding of the Slovakian culture . The group meets regularly and organizes cultural exchanges and programs that feature Slovakian dance and music . Cultural exchanges have included a performance of a choir from Kent 's Theodore Roosevelt High School in Dudince in 2004 and tour groups from Kent visiting in 2006 and 2008 .
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= ' Round Springfield =
" ' Round Springfield " is the 22nd episode of the sixth season of The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 30 , 1995 . In the episode , Bart is rushed to the hospital after eating a jagged metal Krusty @-@ O and decides to sue Krusty the Clown . Whilst visiting Bart , Lisa meets her old mentor , jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy ( last seen in Moaning Lisa ) . She is saddened when she later learns that Murphy has died , and resolves to honor his memory . Steve Allen ( as himself ) and Ron Taylor ( as Bleeding Gums Murphy ) guest star , each in their second appearance on the show . Dan Higgins also returns as the writer and performer of all of Lisa and Bleeding Gums ' saxophone solos .
It was written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia based on a story idea by Al Jean and Mike Reiss and was the first episode directed by Steven Dean Moore . Jean and Reiss , who were previously the series ' showrunners , returned to produce this episode ( as well as " A Star Is Burns " ) in order to lessen the workload of the show 's regular staff . They worked on it alongside the staff of The Critic , the series they had left The Simpsons to create . The episode marks the first time in which a recurring character was killed off in the show , something the staff had considered for a while . The episode features numerous cultural references , including Carole King 's song " Jazzman " , the actor James Earl Jones and the Kimba the White Lion / The Lion King controversy .
The episode also features the phrase " cheese @-@ eating surrender monkeys " , used by Groundskeeper Willie to describe the French , which has since entered the public lexicon . It has been used and referenced frequently by journalists and academics and has been included in two Oxford quotation dictionaries .
= = Plot = =
On the day of a history test at school , Bart gets a stomachache after accidentally eating a jagged metal Krusty @-@ O with his breakfast cereal . Lisa is the only one who believes him , however , and Homer and Marge send him to school anyway . Bart struggles through the test , and after finally convincing Mrs. Krabappel that he is actually ill , she lets him go and see the nurse . Bart collapses on the medical room floor , and is taken to Springfield General Hospital where he undergoes surgery from Dr. Hibbert and Dr. Nick , as it emerges he has appendicitis . While visiting Bart in the hospital , Lisa meets her hero , jazzman Bleeding Gums Murphy , in a bed in another ward .
Later , Bleeding Gums lends Lisa his saxophone for her school recital . It starts off terribly ( owing to most of the orchestra having their appendixes removed so they could miss school ) , but Lisa gets up and performs a solo routine , becoming the star of the show . Returning to the hospital the next day , Lisa is saddened to learn that Bleeding Gums has died . Lisa is the only person who attends Bleeding Gums 's funeral , and she vows to make sure that everyone in Springfield knows the name Bleeding Gums Murphy . Bart , meanwhile , sues Krusty the Clown and is given a $ 100 @,@ 000 settlement . However , after Bart 's attorney Lionel Hutz takes his " legal fees " , Bart is left with only $ 500 , but does not realize the con and is thrilled with the amount .
Still stricken with grief , Lisa decides that the best way to honor Bleeding Gums ' memory is by having his album played at the local jazz station . Lisa spots it in the Android 's Dungeon store for $ 250 , but after hearing that Bleeding Gums is dead , Comic Book Guy doubles the price to $ 500 . Bart then walks in with his $ 500 to buy the ultimate pog with Steve Allen 's face . However , after remembering that Lisa was the only one who believed him about his stomachache , Bart decides to buy the album with his money . Lisa thanks him for it , but is worried he may never get the pog he wanted . Bart reassures her that he 's ok with it and reveals he got a better deal . He shows Lisa the new Krusty O 's cereal with flesh @-@ eating bacteria prizes in every box . When the station plays one of Bleeding Gums 's songs , Lisa is disappointed because the station 's tiny range still prevents anyone from hearing it . Lightning then strikes the antenna , giving it extra power and projecting it into every radio in Springfield . Lisa is finally satisfied . After proclaiming " that was for you Bleeding Gums , " she turns to leave , but not before Bleeding Gums appears from the heavens to tell Lisa that she had made " an old jazz man happy " . After saying a final goodbye , Lisa and Bleeding Gums jam to " Jazzman " one last time .
= = Production = =
" ' Round Springfield " was written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia , based on a story idea by Al Jean and Mike Reiss . It was the first episode directed by Steven Dean Moore . Due to Fox 's demand for 24 or 25 episodes per season , which the production staff found impossible to meet , two episodes of each season were written and produced by former showrunners , to relieve the stress on The Simpsons ' writing staff . Jean and Reiss , who were showrunners for the show 's third and fourth seasons returned to produce this episode , as well as " A Star Is Burns " , instead of the season 's main showrunner David Mirkin . On both episodes , they were aided by the staff of The Critic , the show the two left The Simpsons to create . Sternin and Ventimilia were writers on The Critic and were big fans of The Simpsons , so were thrilled to be able to write an episode .
This episode marked the first time a recurring character has been killed off on the show . The writers and production team felt that it would be a good , emotional storyline , which , through Lisa , could focus on the theme of grief . They decided that it could not be one of the main characters ; Jean joked that " we wouldn 't want it to be someone like Mr. Burns , that we 'd obviously want to see in the show again " . Eventually Jean decided on Bleeding Gums Murphy , a character introduced in the season one episode " Moaning Lisa " ; a flashback to " Moaning Lisa " is featured in the episode . Murphy was a fairly minor character , only appearing in a couple of episodes , but he appeared in the show 's opening sequence and remained there after this episode , until the opening was re @-@ designed in season 20 . Moore 's first ever job on the show was in the animation department for " Moaning Lisa " so he " appreciated " being able to direct this episode . Reiss stated " I had been polling for years to kill Marge 's mom but this was a better idea " . Actor Ron Taylor returned to guest star as Murphy in the episode . Comedian Steve Allen also made his second guest appearance on the show , having previously appeared in the episode " Separate Vocations " . This episode , alongside " Lisa 's Wedding " , served as the seed of a wave of character changes and developments , beginning with " Lisa the Vegetarian " , and continuing on for the rest of the series , finally laying to rest the creative team 's original mantra of maintaining a timelessness between episodes .
The main story of the episode 's first act sees Bart get appendicitis from eating a jagged metal Krusty @-@ O. Mike Reiss 's father , being a doctor , " sort of " acted as the medical consultant on this episode . He stated that " you can 't get " appendicitis from eating a piece of metal , but the writers decided to do it anyway . In his flashback , Murphy is shown as having a " $ 1 @,@ 500 a day Fabergé egg habit " ; Jean " didn 't realize just how expensive " Fabergé eggs actually were , so the joke does not make much sense .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode contains numerous references to popular culture . The title is a play on both the jazz standard ' Round Midnight by Thelonious Monk and the similarly named film also about an unappreciated jazz musician . When a deceased Bleeding Gums Murphy appears to Lisa in a cloud near the end he is joined by Darth Vader , Mufasa , and James Earl Jones saying " This is CNN " . Although all three roles were portrayed by Jones , the characters in this scene were impersonated by cast member Harry Shearer ; Jones himself guest starred twice previously . Additionally , Mufasa accidentally mentions " Kimba " and corrects himself by saying " Simba " . This is a reference to the debate regarding The Lion King 's resemblance to the anime Kimba the White Lion . Lisa and Bleeding Gums play Carole King 's song " Jazzman " in this scene and in the hospital earlier in the episode . Bleeding Gums has to leave at the end of the scene because he has a date with the jazz singer Billie Holiday .
Additionally , Homer has a Starland Vocal Band tattoo on his arm , Bart considers buying a Steve Allen " ultimate pog " , while the music just before Bart 's operation is a parody of the theme music of ER . Bleeding Gums appears on an episode of The Cosby Show , a reference to Bill Cosby often getting jazz musicians he liked to appear on the show ; in the episode , Cosby is voiced by The Simpsons regular Dan Castellaneta . Also , Cosby is heard to say that jazz was like Jello Pudding Pops , Kodak Film or New Coke , products which Cosby has advertised on television . Lionel Hutz 's " crack team of lawyers " Robert Shaporo and Albert Dershman are parodies of Robert Shapiro and Alan Dershowitz , two of the defense attorneys at the O. J. Simpson murder case . The three drive away in a white pickup truck , similar to the Ford Bronco that Al Cowlings and O.J. Simpson drove in their televised low @-@ speed pursuit before Simpson 's arrest .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " ' Round Springfield " finished 60th in the ratings for the week of April 24 to April 30 , 1995 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 2 . The episode was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week . Mike Reiss and Al Jean thought that the episode would " get a ton of awards " , and joked that this was why they opted to receive a story credit , which they usually would not . Ultimately it did not win any awards . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide found that it was " a real tear @-@ jerker " and praised Grampa believing everything he saw was death . In a DVD review of the sixth season , Ryan Keefer of DVD Verdict rated the episode a " B " . Adam Finley of TV Squad praised the episode , noting its many " great moments " including " Steve Allen pimping his books on TV : How to Make Love to Steve Allen ; Happiness is a Naked Steve Allen ; Journey to the Center of Steve Allen ; The Joy of Cooking Steve Allen " and " Moe running a " retox " clinic right next to a detox clinic " . On the other hand , Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide called the episode " dull " stating that " some of the moments connected to Bart 's illness are funny , " but that he " really hate [ s ] that " Jazzman " song " and dislikes " the Bleeding Gums parts . "
= = = Cheese @-@ eating surrender monkeys = = =
In the episode , budget cuts at Springfield Elementary School force the janitor Groundskeeper Willie to be used as a French teacher . Expressing his disdain for the French , he exclaims to his class : " Bonjour , you cheese @-@ eatin ' surrender monkeys . " The quote , particularly the phrase " cheese @-@ eating surrender monkeys " , has since entered wider use . It was used particularly in the run @-@ up to the war in Iraq , having been popularized by the conservative National Review journalist Jonah Goldberg , to describe European and especially French opposition to military action . A piece in The Guardian noted that the phrase was " made acceptable in official diplomatic channels around the globe " . Ben Macintyre has written that the phrase is " perhaps the most famous " of the show 's coinages and since Goldberg 's usage it " has gone on to become a journalistic cliché . "
It has subsequently been used by the New York Post ( as " Surrender Monkeys " ) as the headline for its December 7 , 2006 , front page , referring to the Iraq Study Group and its recommendation that U.S. soldiers be withdrawn from Iraq by early 2008 . The Daily Mail has used the phrase in reference the French 's " attitude problem " , and the editor of Metro used it describe the " muted " European reaction to the death of Osama bin Laden , while The Daily Telegraph has cited it in relation to Anglo @-@ French military cooperation . The term has been used in books by commentator Laura Ingraham , and academics Stuart Croft , Stephen Chan , and Paul L. Moorcraft and Philip M. Taylor . Ned Sherrin included the quote in the Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations ; it was introduced in the third edition in 2005 . It is also included in the Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations . Douglas Coupland 's 2009 novel Generation A refers to Groundskeeper Willie 's use of the phrase .
The line was " probably " written by Ken Keeler during one of the episode 's re @-@ write sessions , although none of those present on the episode 's DVD audio commentary could remember for sure . The writers were surprised it became as widely used as it did and never meant it as a political statement , merely as an " obnoxious " joke for Willie . The French dub of the show uses the line " singes mangeurs de fromage " , omitting the word " surrender " .
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= Enchanted ( film ) =
Enchanted is a 2007 American musical live @-@ action / animated fantasy romantic comedy film , produced by Walt Disney Pictures with New York Academy Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment . Written by Bill Kelly and directed by Kevin Lima , the film stars Amy Adams , Patrick Dempsey , James Marsden , Timothy Spall , Idina Menzel , Rachel Covey , and Susan Sarandon . The plot focuses on Giselle , an archetypal Disney Princess , who is forced from her traditional animated world of Andalasia into the live @-@ action world of New York City . Enchanted was the first Disney film to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , instead of Buena Vista Pictures Distribution .
The film is both a homage to , and a self @-@ parody of , Disney 's animated features , making numerous references to Disney 's past and future works through the combination of live @-@ action film @-@ making , traditional animation and computer @-@ generated imagery . It marks the return of traditional animation to a Disney feature film after the company 's decision to move entirely to computer animation in 2004 . Composer Alan Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz , who had written songs for previous Disney films , produced the songs of Enchanted , with Menken also composing its score .
The animation sequences were produced at James Baxter Animation in Pasadena . Filming of the live action segments took place around New York City . It premiered on October 20 , 2007 , at the London Film Festival before its wide release on November 21 , 2007 , in the United States . Enchanted was well @-@ received critically , established Adams as a leading lady , and earned more than $ 340 million worldwide at the box office . It won the 2007 Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Motion Picture , received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three Best Original Song nominations at the 80th Academy Awards .
= = Plot = =
In the land of " Andalasia " , a drawn cartoon fairy tale world , in which there are talking animals and " happy endings " , the evil Queen Narissa fears that her stepson Prince Edward will soon find his true love , which means that her position on the throne would be taken over . In the forest in a cottage , a girl named Giselle and her animal friends are making a statue of a prince she dreamed about . Meanwhile , Edward and Nathaniel ( Queen Narissa 's henchman ) successfully capture a troll , ( which is a way to prevent Edward from meeting a girl ) but Edward hears Giselle singing " true love " and rides off to find her . Knowing Narissa 's wishes , Nathaniel sets the troll free to get rid of Giselle , but Edward saves her just in time . When they meet , they instantly fall in love and plan to get married the following day .
However , Narissa had witnessed everything in her crystal ball , so she meets Giselle while the peasant runs off to marry Edward . Narissa , disguised as an old hag , tricks Giselle and exiles her to the real world of Earth by falling through a portal in a well that leads to a sewer hole in New York City 's Times Square . Meanwhile , a divorce lawyer named Robert prepares to propose to his longtime girlfriend Nancy , much to the dismay of Morgan , his young daughter who thinks she 'll be an evil stepmother . While Robert and Morgan are heading home , they see a confused Giselle trying to enter a brightly lit pink castle on a billboard which she has mistaken for the Andalasian palace . Luckily , Robert rescues her after she falls off , and he begrudgingly lets Giselle to stay at his apartment at the insistence of his daughter . Morgan thinks Giselle is a princess because of her wedding gown . As Giselle sleeps on the couch , Robert feels sorry for her .
Pip , Giselle 's best chipmunk friend from Andalasia , witnessed the events of Giselle 's fall through the portal and alerts Edward to it , ( there is a short film of how that happened ) so they embark on a rescue mission . Narissa sends Nathaniel through the well to stop Edward . In a restaurant , Narissa appears to Nathaniel in a soup pot and gives him three poisoned apples to get rid of Giselle . Pip eavesdrops on the conversation and Edward is unaware that Nathaniel is trying to eliminate chipmunk to stop him from helping Giselle . Meanwhile , Giselle accidentally makes the confused Nancy to think Robert is cheating on her . Robert decides to keep Giselle close by , knowing she needs help . Giselle questions the divorce lawyer about his relationship with Nancy , and decides to help the pair reconcile by sending heart shaped flowers and tickets to the " King and Queen 's Costume Ball " to Nancy . A great parade sings through New York ( That 's How You Know ) making everyone sing and dance along and making them extremely happy .
As they spend more time together , Giselle and Robert begin to develop feelings for each other while Edward continues to look for Giselle , eventually finding her at Robert 's apartment . While Edward is eager to take Giselle home to Andalasia and finally marry , she insists that they should first go on a date to get to know each other , still conflicted about her feelings . Giselle promises to return to Andalasia after ending their date at the King and Queen 's Ball , which Robert and Nancy are also attending . An angered Narissa , who has continued to spy on events , makes plans to come to New York City and kill Giselle herself after Nathaniel failed to poison her twice . She arrives in New York and learns that Giselle is at the Ball . Giselle and Robert dance as if they were the only couple in the room . From afar , Edward and Nancy sense the attraction between Giselle and Robert , and also discover a mutual attraction between themselves . At the climax of the ball , Narissa appears as the old hag and offers the last poisoned apple to Giselle , who is so bereft at the thought of leaving her true love behind that she takes a bite and falls to the floor unconscious .
As Narissa plans to escape with Giselle , Edward stops her and calls Robert and Nancy up . Nathaniel , realizing Narissa was using him and never loved him , reveals her plot . Robert realizes that true love 's kiss is the only force powerful enough to break the poisoned apple 's spell . After Edward 's kiss fails to wake Giselle , he prompts Robert to do so instead . When Robert kisses her just as the clock strikes twelve , Giselle awakens and the whole crowd cheers . The furious Narissa uses this moment of distraction to break free from Nathaniel 's grasp and transform into a giant blue dragon . When Robert shields Giselle after Narissa threatens to kill her , the evil witch takes him hostage instead . Giselle takes Edward 's sword , leaves her high heeled shoes behind and follows Narissa out the window and up to the top of the Woolworth Building . With Pip 's help , who was freed by Edward , Nathaniel and Nancy , Giselle successfully defeats Narissa , who falls off of the Woolsworth Building and lands in the street , disappearing into blue sparkles as she dies . After almost falling off the roof themselves , Robert and Giselle share a passionate kiss and embrace , while Edward puts Giselle 's shoes on Nancy which fit perfectly . Finding themselves in love , Edward and Nancy depart to Andalasia via manhole and got married there .
A happy new life follows , showing Edward and Nancy marrying in Andalasia , Giselle running a successful fashion business from memories back home and forming a happy family with Robert and Morgan , while Nathaniel becomes a best @-@ selling author on Earth , as does Pip in Andalasia .
= = Cast = =
Amy Adams as Giselle
A princess @-@ to @-@ be who ends up almost having her dream of meeting her prince a reality . Adams was announced to have been cast in the role of Giselle on November 14 , 2005 . Although the studio was looking for a film star in the role , director Kevin Lima insisted on casting a lesser @-@ known actress . Out of the 300 or so actresses who auditioned for the role , Adams stood out to Lima because not only did she look like " a Disney princess " but her " commitment to the character , her ability to escape into the character 's being without ever judging the character was overwhelming . " Hailing from Andalasia , Giselle displays similar traits to the Disney Princesses ; Lima describes her as " about 80 % Snow White , with some traits borrowed from Cinderella and Princess Aurora from Sleeping Beauty ... although her spunkiness comes from Princess Ariel from The Little Mermaid . " She is " eternally optimistic and romantic " but is also " very independent and true to her convictions " . Over the course of the film , she becomes more mature but maintains her innocence and optimism .
Patrick Dempsey as Robert
A cynical , New York City divorce attorney who does not believe in true love or happily @-@ ever @-@ after , or that Giselle understands his daughter , Morgan . Lima cast Dempsey after Disney was satisfied with the casting of Adams but had wanted more well @-@ known actors in the film . Dempsey , whose starring role on TV series Grey 's Anatomy had earned him the nickname " McDreamy " , was described by Lima as " a modern @-@ day Prince Charming to today 's audience " . The role was challenging for Dempsey because he had to play the straight man to Adams and Marsden 's more outrageous characters .
James Marsden as Prince Edward
A narcissistic and athletic , yet good @-@ hearted , prince who ends up confused with the world of New York once entering it . Marsden was announced to have been cast on December 6 , 2005 . At the time Marsden was auditioning , the role of Robert had not been cast but he decided to pursue the role of Prince Edward because he was " more fun and he responded more to that character . " Edward is a prince in Andalasia and the stepson of Narissa . He is " very pure , very simple @-@ minded and naive , but innocently narcissistic . "
Timothy Spall as Nathaniel
Nathaniel is a servant of Queen Narissa , who controls him through his infatuation with her and his own lack of self @-@ esteem . He initially does Narissa 's bidding , but ultimately realizes her true nature and rebels against her . He has a penchant for disguises . This is the first of two Disney films Timothy Spall has been in , the other being Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland in which he was the voice of Bayard the Bloodhound .
Idina Menzel as Nancy Tremaine
Robert 's fiancee . Once Giselle falls in love with Robert , she falls for and leaves with Edward . Menzel , who is well known for her Broadway musical roles in Wicked ( whose composer , Stephen Schwartz , wrote the lyrics to the film 's songs ) and Rent , was offered the role of Nancy Tremaine . Since the role did not require any singing , Menzel said in an interview that " it was a compliment to be asked to just be hired on her acting talents alone . " Nancy is a fashion designer and Robert 's girlfriend . She is named after Lady Tremaine , the stepmother from Cinderella . Menzel went on to play a Disney Princess : Elsa , the Snow Queen in Frozen , during which she worked with director Chris Buck , who previously directed Tarzan with Lima in 1999 .
Rachel Covey as Morgan
Morgan is Robert 's six @-@ year @-@ old daughter . Despite her father misunderstanding her and telling her otherwise , she believes in fairy tales and believes that magic exists .
Susan Sarandon as Queen Narissa
Queen Narissa is Edward 's evil stepmother , sorceress and a megalomaniac with a hatred for Giselle simply for being an obstacle for her to keep her power . Sarandon had been attracted to the project prior to Lima 's involvement as director . Since Sarandon 's on @-@ screen time was relatively short , it took only two weeks to film her scenes . Narissa 's mannerisms , characteristics , powers , and physical features were inspired by such classical Disney villains as the Evil Queen from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty .
Jeff Bennett and Kevin Lima as Pip
Bennett provided the voice for the hand drawn animated Pip in the animated segment while Lima provided the voice for the computer @-@ generated Pip in the live @-@ action segment . Pip , a chipmunk friend of Giselle who has no trouble expressing himself through speech in Andalasia , loses his ability to speak in the real world and must communicate by acting .
Jon McLaughlin as himself
singing " So Close " at the ball while Robert and Giselle dance together as do Edward and Nancy .
Fred Tatasciore as the Troll from Andalasia who tried to eat Giselle
Several actresses who have played characters in Disney films have cameos :
Paige O 'Hara as Angela
a soap opera character . O 'Hara provided the speaking and singing voice of Belle in Beauty and the Beast .
Jodi Benson as Sam
Robert 's secretary . Benson provided the speaking and singing voice of Ariel in The Little Mermaid ; she also voiced the various Barbie dolls in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 .
Judy Kuhn as Pregnant Woman with Kids
Kuhn provided the singing voice of the title character in Pocahontas and its sequel .
Julie Andrews as the Narrator
Andrews played the title character in Mary Poppins as well as appearing in The Princess Diaries series as Queen Clarisse Renaldi and Michaela Collins
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
The initial script of Enchanted , written by Bill Kelly , was bought by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures and Sonnenfeld / Josephson Productions for a reported sum of $ 450 @,@ 000 in September 1997 . However , it was thought to be unsuitable for Walt Disney Pictures because it was " a racier R @-@ rated movie " . To the frustration of Kelly , the screenplay was rewritten several times , first by Rita Hsiao and then by Todd Alcott . The film was initially scheduled to be released in 2002 with Rob Marshall as director but he withdrew due to " creative differences " between the producers and him . In 2001 , director Jon Turteltaub was set to direct the film but he left soon after , later working with Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer on the National Treasure franchise . Adam Shankman became the film 's director in 2003 , while Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle were hired by Disney to rewrite the script once again . At the time , Disney considered offering the role of Giselle to Kate Hudson or Reese Witherspoon . However , the project did not take off .
On May 25 , 2005 , Variety reported that Kevin Lima had been hired as director and Bill Kelly had returned to the project to write a new version of the script . Lima worked with Kelly on the script to combine the main plot of Enchanted with the idea of a " loving homage " to Disney 's heritage . He created visual storyboard printouts that covered the story of Enchanted from beginning to end , which filled an entire floor of a production building . After Lima showed them to Dick Cook , the chairman of the Walt Disney Studios , he received the green light for the project and a budget of $ 85 million . Lima began designing the world of Andalasia and storyboarding the movie before a cast was chosen to play the characters . After the actors were hired , he was involved in making the final design of the movie , which made sure the animated characters look like their real @-@ life counterparts .
= = = Filming = = =
Enchanted is the first feature @-@ length Disney live @-@ action / traditional animation hybrid since Disney 's Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1988 , though the traditionally animated characters do not interact in the live @-@ action environment in the same method as they did in Roger Rabbit ; however , there are some scenes where live @-@ action characters share the screen with two @-@ dimensional animated characters , for example , a live @-@ action Nathaniel communicating with a cel @-@ drawn Narissa , who is in a cooking pot . The film uses two aspect ratios ; it begins in 2 @.@ 35 : 1 when the Walt Disney Pictures logo and Enchanted storybook are shown , and then switches to a smaller 1 @.@ 85 : 1 aspect ratio for the first animated sequence . The film switches back to 2 @.@ 35 : 1 when it becomes live @-@ action and never switches back , even for the remainder of the cartoon sequences . When this movie was aired on televised networks , the beginning of the movie ( minus the logo and opening credits ) was shown in standard definition ; the remainder of the movie was shown in high definition when it becomes live @-@ action . Lima oversaw the direction of both the live @-@ action and animation sequences , which were being produced at the same time . Enchanted took almost two years to complete . The animation took about a year to finish while the live @-@ action scenes , which commenced filming on location in New York City during the summer of 2006 and were completed during the animation process , were shot in 72 days .
= = = = Animation = = = =
Out of the film 's 107 minutes of running time , ten of the approximately 13 minutes of animation are at the beginning of the film . Lima tried to " cram every single piece of Disney iconic imagery " that he could into the first ten minutes , which were done in traditional cel animation ( in contrast to computer @-@ generated 3 @-@ D animation ) as a tribute to past Disney fairy tale films such as Sleeping Beauty , Cinderella , and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . It was the first Disney film theatrically released in America to feature traditional cel animation since Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) . This film , although quite different in terms of plot from any previous Disney film , also contained obvious homages to other Disney films of the distant past , such as Old Yeller , The Shaggy Dog , Swiss Family Robinson , Bon Voyage ! , and Savage Sam . As most of Disney 's cel animation artists were laid off after the computer graphics boom of the late 1990s , the 13 minutes of animation were not done in @-@ house but by the independent Pasadena @-@ based company James Baxter Animation , which was started by noted lead animator James Baxter . Baxter had previously worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios , bringing to life many memorable Disney animated characters like Jessica Rabbit ( Who Framed Roger Rabbit ) , Belle ( Beauty and the Beast ) , Rafiki ( The Lion King ) , and Quasimodo ( The Hunchback of Notre Dame ) .
Although Lima wanted the animation to be nostalgic , he wanted Enchanted to have a style of its own . Baxter 's team decided to use Art Nouveau as a starting point . For Giselle , the hand drawn animated character had to be " a cross between Amy Adams and a classic Disney princess . And not a caricature . " Seeing Giselle as " a forest girl , an innocent nymph with flowers in her hair " and " a bit of a hippie " , the animators wanted her to be " flowing , with her hair and clothes . Delicate . " For Prince Edward , Baxter 's team " worked the hardest on him to make him look like the actor " because princes " in these kinds of movies are usually so bland . " Many prototypes were made for Narissa as Baxter 's team wanted her face to " look like Susan Sarandon . And the costumes had to align closely to the live @-@ action design . "
To maintain continuity between the two media , Lima brought in costume designer Mona May during the early stages of the film 's production so the costumes would be aligned in both the animated and live @-@ action worlds . He also shot some live @-@ action footage of Amy Adams as Giselle for the animators to use as reference , which also allowed the physical movement of the character to match in both worlds . Test scenes completed by the animators were shown to the actors , allowing them to see how their animated self would move .
= = = = Live @-@ action = = = =
Principal photography began in April 2006 and ended in July 2006 . Because of the sequence setting , the live action scenes are filmed in New York City . However , shooting in New York became problematic as it was in a " constant state of new stores , scaffolding and renovation " .
The first scene in New York , which features Giselle emerging from a manhole in the middle of Times Square , was filmed on location in the center of the square . Because of the difficulties in controlling the crowd while filming in Times Square , general pedestrians were featured in the scene with hired extras placed in the immediate foreground . Similarly , a crowd gathered to watch as James Marsden and Timothy Spall filmed their scenes in Times Square . However , the scene Lima found the most challenging to shoot was the musical number , " That 's How You Know " , in Central Park . The five @-@ minute scene took 17 days to finish due to the changing weather , which allowed only seven sunny days for the scene to be filmed . The filming was also hampered at times by Patrick Dempsey 's fans . The scene was choreographed by John O 'Connell , who had worked on Moulin Rouge ! beforehand , and included 300 extras and 150 dancers .
Many scenes were filmed at Steiner Studios , which provided the three large stages that Enchanted needed at the same facility . Other outdoor locations included the Brooklyn Bridge and The Paterno , an apartment building with a curved , heavily embellished , ivory @-@ colored façade located on the corner of Riverside Drive and 116th Street , which is the residence of the film 's characters Robert and Morgan .
= = = Costume design = = =
All the costumes in the film were designed by Mona May , who had previously worked on Clueless , The Wedding Singer and The Haunted Mansion . To create the costumes , May spent one year in pre @-@ production working with animators and her costume department of 20 people , while she contracted with five outside costume shops in Los Angeles and New York City . She became involved in the project during the time when the animators are designing the faces and bodies of the characters as they had to " translate the costumes from two @-@ dimensional drawings to live @-@ action human proportion " . Her goal was to keep the designs " Disneyesque to the core but bring a little bit of fashion in there and humor and make it something new " . However , May admitted this was difficult " because they 're dealing with iconic Disney characters who have been in the psyche of the viewing audience for so long " .
For the character of Giselle , her journey to becoming a real woman is reflected in her dresses , which become less fairy tale @-@ like as the film progresses . Her wedding dress at the beginning of the film directly contrasts her modern gown at the end of the film . The wedding dress served to provide a " humongous contrast to the flat drawings " and to accentuate the image of a Disney Princess . In order to make the waist look small , the sleeves are designed to be " extremely pouffy " and the skirt to be as big as possible , which included a metal hoop that holds up 20 layers of petticoats and ruffles . Altogether , 11 versions of the dress are made for filming , each comprised 200 yards ( 183 m ) of silk satin and other fabric , and weighed approximately 40 pounds ( 18 kg ) . On the experience of wearing the wedding dress , Amy Adams described it as " grueling " since " the entire weight was on her hips , so occasionally it felt like she was in traction " .
Unlike Giselle , Prince Edward does not adapt to the real world and James Marsden , who plays Edward , had only one costume designed for him . May 's aim was to try " not to lose Marsden in the craziness of the outfit ... where he still looks handsome " . The costume also included padding in the chest , buttocks and crotch , which gave Marsden the " same exaggerated proportions as an animated character " and " posture – his back is straight , the sleeves are up and never collapse " .
May was delighted that Lima " went for something more fashion @-@ forward " with Susan Sarandon 's Queen Narissa . She decided to make her look like a " runway lady " , wearing something that is " still Disney " but also " high fashion , like something John Galliano or Thierry Mugler might design " . Since Narissa appears in three media : hand drawn animation , live @-@ action and computer animation , May had to make sure that the costume would be the same throughout in terms of " color , shape and texture " . The costume for Narissa consisted of a leather corset and skirt , which looked " reptilian " , as well as a cape . Working with the animators , May incorporated parts of the dragon 's form into the costume ; the cape was designed to look like wings , the layers of the skirt wrap around like a tail and a crown that would turn into horns during Narissa 's transformation into a dragon .
= = = Music = = =
The film 's score was written by accomplished songwriter and composer Alan Menken , who has worked on a number of Disney films previously . Fellow composer Stephen Schwartz wrote the lyrics for six songs , also composed by Menken . Menken and Schwartz previously worked together on the songs for Pocahontas and The Hunchback of Notre Dame .
Menken became involved with the film in the early stages of the film 's development and invited Schwartz to resume their collaboration . They began the songwriting process by searching for the right moments in the story in which a song moment was allowed . Schwartz found that it was easier to justify situations in which the characters would burst into songs in Enchanted than in other live @-@ action musicals as its concept " allowed the characters to sing in a way that was completely integral to the plot of the story . " The three songs Giselle sings contain references to earlier Disney films . The first song played in the film , " True Love 's Kiss " , was written to be " a send @-@ up of , and an homage to , the style of those Disney animated features " , namely , " I 'm Wishing " ( Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ) and " A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes " ( Cinderella ) , during which Disney heroines sing about the joy of being loved . It posed a challenge for Menken and Schwartz because of the " many preconceptions with that number " ; it had to be reflective of the era of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Cinderella . Accordingly , Amy Adams performed the first song in an operetta style in contrast to the Broadway style of the later songs .
Both " Happy Working Song " and " That 's How You Know " also pay tributes to past Disney songs . " Happy Working Song " pays a lyrical homage to such songs as " Whistle While You Work " ( Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ) , " The Work Song " ( Cinderella ) " A Spoonful of Sugar " ( Mary Poppins ) and “ Making Christmas ” ( The Nightmare Before Christmas ) , and a musical homage to the Sherman Brothers ( with a self @-@ parodic " Alan Menken style " middle eight ) . " That 's How You Know " is a self @-@ parody of Menken 's compositions for his Disney features , specifically such big production numbers as " Under the Sea " ( The Little Mermaid ) and " Be Our Guest " ( Beauty and the Beast ) . To achieve this , Schwartz admitted he had to " push it a little bit further in terms of choices of words or certain lyrics " while maintaining " the classic Walt Disney sensibility " . However , Menken noted that the songs he has written for Disney have always been " a little tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek " . As the film progresses , the music uses more contemporary styles , which is heard through the adult ballad " So Close " and the country / pop number " Ever Ever After " ( sung by Carrie Underwood as a voice @-@ over ) .
Out of the six completed songs written and composed by Menken and Schwartz , five remained in the finished film . The title song , " Enchanted , " a duet featuring Idina Menzel and James Marsden , was the only song of Menken 's and Schwartz 's authorship and composition that was deleted from the movie .
= = = Effects = = =
The majority of the visual effects shots in Enchanted were done by Tippett Studio in Berkeley , California , who contributed a total of 320 shots . These shots involved virtual sets , environmental effects and CG characters that performed alongside real actors , namely the animated animals during the " Happy Working Song " sequence , Pip and the Narissa dragon during the live action portions of the film . CIS Hollywood was responsible for 36 visual effects shots , which primarily dealt with wire removals and composites . Reel FX Creative Studios did four visual effects shots involving the pop @-@ up book page @-@ turn transitions while Weta Digital did two .
Out of all the animals that appear in the " Happy Working Song " sequence , the only real animals filmed on set were rats and pigeons . The real animals captured on film aided Tippett Studio in creating CG rats and pigeons , which gave dynamic performances such as having pigeons that carried brooms in their beaks and rats that scrubbed with toothbrushes . On the other hand , all the cockroaches were CG characters .
Pip , a chipmunk who can talk in the 2D world of Andalasia , loses his ability to communicate through speech in the real world so he must rely heavily on facial and body gestures . This meant the animators had to display Pip 's emotions through performance as well as making him appear like a real chipmunk . The team at Tippett began the process of animating Pip by observing live chipmunks which were filmed in motion from " every conceivable angle " , after which they created a photorealistic chipmunk through the use of 3D computer graphics software , Maya and Furrocious . When visual effects supervisor Thomas Schelesny showed the first animation of Pip to director Kevin Lima , he was surprised that he was a looking at CG character and not reference footage . To enhance facial expressions , the modelers gave Pip eyebrows , which real chipmunks do not have . During the filming of scenes in which Pip appears , a number of ways were used to indicate the physical presence of Pip . On some occasions , a small stuffed chipmunk with a wire armature on the inside was placed in the scene . In other situations , a rod with a small marker on the end or a laser pointer would be used to show the actors and cinematographer where Pip is .
Unlike Pip , the Narissa dragon was allowed to be more of a fantasy character while still looking like a living character and a classic Disney villain . The CG dragon design was loosely based on a traditional Chinese dragon and Susan Sarandon 's live @-@ action witch . When filming the scene which sees the transformation of Narissa from a woman into a dragon , a long pole was used to direct the extras ' eyelines instead of a laser pointer . Set pieces were made to move back and forth in addition to having a computer @-@ controlled lighting setup and a repeatable head on the camera that were all synchronized together . In the film 's final sequence , in which Narissa climbs the Woolworth Building while clutching Robert in her claws , a greenscreen rig was built to hold Patrick Dempsey in order to film his face and movements . The rig was a " puppeteering " approach that involved a robotic arm being controlled by three different floor effects artists .
= = Release = =
The film was distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to 3 @,@ 730 theaters in the United States . It was distributed worldwide by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures International to over 50 territories around the world and topped the box office in several countries including the United Kingdom and Italy . It is the first movie to be released under the Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures name following the retirement of the previous Buena Vista Pictures Distribution .
= = = Merchandising = = =
Disney had originally planned to add Giselle to the Disney Princess line @-@ up , as was shown at a 2007 Toy Fair where the Giselle doll was featured with packaging declaring her with Disney Princess status , but decided against it when they realized they would have to pay for lifelong rights to Amy Adams ' image . While Giselle is not being marketed as one of the Disney Princesses , Enchanted merchandise was made available in various outlets with Adams ' animated likeness being used on all Giselle merchandise . Giselle led the 2007 Hollywood Holly @-@ Day Parade at Disney 's Hollywood Studios . She was also featured in the 2007 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade in the Magic Kingdom with the official Disney Princesses .
A video game based on the film was released for Nintendo DS and mobile phones in addition to a Game Boy Advance title , Enchanted : Once Upon Andalasia , which is a prequel to the film , about Giselle and Pip rescuing Andalasia from a magic spell .
= = = Home media = = =
Enchanted was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 18 , 2008 , in the United States . While Enchanted topped the DVD sales chart on the week of its release in the United States , narrowly defeating the DVD sales of I Am Legend , the Blu @-@ ray Disc sales of I Am Legend were nearly four times the number of Blu @-@ ray Disc sales of Enchanted . The DVD was released in United Kingdom and Europe on April 7 , 2008 , and in Australia on May 21 , 2008 .
The bonus features included on both the DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc are " Fantasy Comes to Life " , a three @-@ part behind @-@ the @-@ scenes feature including " Happy Working Song " , " That 's How You Know " and " A Blast at the Ball " ; six deleted scenes with brief introductions by director Kevin Lima ; bloopers ; " Pip 's Predicament : A Pop @-@ Up Adventure " , a short in pop @-@ up storybook style ; and Carrie Underwood 's music video for " Ever Ever After " . Featured on the Blu @-@ ray disc only is a trivia game titled " The D Files " that runs throughout the movie with high scoring players given access to videos " So Close " , " Making Ever Ever After " and " True Love 's Kiss " . In the United States , certain DVDs at Target stores contain a bonus DVD with a 30 @-@ minute long making @-@ of documentary titled Becoming Enchanted : A New Classic Comes True . This DVD is also sold with certain DVDs at HMV stores in the United Kingdom .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office performance = = =
Enchanted earned $ 7 @,@ 967 @,@ 766 on the day of its release in the United States , placing at # 1 . It was also placed at # 1 on Thanksgiving Day , earning $ 6 @,@ 652 @,@ 198 to bring its two @-@ day total to $ 14 @.@ 6 million . The film grossed $ 14 @.@ 4 million on the following day , bringing its total haul to $ 29 @.@ 0 million placing ahead of other contenders . Enchanted made $ 34 @.@ 4 million on the Friday @-@ Sunday period in 3 @,@ 730 theaters for a per location average of $ 9 @,@ 472 and $ 49 @.@ 1 million over the five @-@ day Thanksgiving holiday in 3 @,@ 730 theaters for a per location average of $ 13 @,@ 153 . Its earnings over the five @-@ day holiday exceeded projections by $ 7 million . Ranking as the second @-@ highest Thanksgiving opening after Toy Story 2 , which earned $ 80 @.@ 1 million over the five @-@ day holiday in 1999 , Enchanted is the first film to open at # 1 on the Thanksgiving frame in the 21st century .
In its second weekend , Enchanted was also the # 1 film , grossing a further $ 16 @,@ 403 @,@ 316 at 3 @,@ 730 locations for a per theater average of $ 4 @,@ 397 . It dropped to # 2 in its third weekend , with a gross of $ 10 @,@ 709 @,@ 515 in 3 @,@ 520 theaters for a per theater average of $ 3 @,@ 042 . It finished its fourth weekend at # 4 with a gross of $ 5 @,@ 533 @,@ 884 in 3 @,@ 066 locations for a per theater average of $ 1 @,@ 804 . Enchanted earned a gross of $ 127 @,@ 807 @,@ 262 in the United States and Canada as well a total of $ 340 @,@ 487 @,@ 652 worldwide . It was the 15th highest @-@ grossing film worldwide released in 2007 .
= = = Critical response = = =
Enchanted received very positive reviews from critics . As of September 2014 , the movie review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes had tallied the film at an overall 93 % approval rating ( based on 187 reviews , with 174 " fresh " and 13 " rotten " ) , while Metacritic gave it a rating of 75 out of 100 based on 32 reviews . Rotten Tomatoes ranked the film as the ninth best reviewed film in wide release of 2007 and named it the best family film of 2007 .
Positive reviews praised the film 's take on a classic Disney story , its comedy and musical numbers as well as the performance of its lead actress , Amy Adams . Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three stars out of four , describing it as a " heart @-@ winning musical comedy that skips lightly and sprightly from the lily pads of hope to the manhole covers of actuality " and one that " has a Disney willingness to allow fantasy into life " . Film critics of Variety and LA Weekly remarked on the film 's ability to cater for all ages . LA Weekly described the film as " the sort of buoyant , all @-@ ages entertainment that Hollywood has been laboring to revive in recent years ( most recently with Hairspray ) but hasn 't managed to get right until now " , while Todd McCarthy of Variety commented , " More than Disney 's strictly animated product , Enchanted , in the manner of the vast majority of Hollywood films made until the ' 60s , is a film aimed at the entire population – niches be damned . It simply aims to please , without pandering , without vulgarity , without sops to pop @-@ culture fads , and to pull this off today is no small feat . " Enchanted was the Broadcast Film Critics Association 's choice for Best Family Film of 2007 , while Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer named it the 4th best film of 2007 .
Rolling Stone , Premiere , USA Today , and The Boston Globe all gave the film three out of four , while Baltimore Sun gave the film a B grade . They cited that although the story is relatively predictable , the way in which the predictability of the film is part of the story , the amazingly extravagant musical numbers , along with the way in which Disney pokes fun at its traditional line of animated movies outweighs any squabbles about storyline or being unsure of what age bracket the film is made for . Michael Sragow of Baltimore Sun remarked that the film 's " piquant idea and enough good jokes to overcome its uneven movie @-@ making and uncertain tone " , while Claudia Puig of USA Today stated that " though it 's a fairly predictable fish @-@ out @-@ of @-@ water tale ( actually a princess @-@ out @-@ of @-@ storybook saga ) , the casting is so perfect that it takes what could have been a ho @-@ hum idea and renders it magical . "
Amy Adams herself garnered many favorable reviews . Reviewers praised her singing ability and asserted that her performance , which was compared by some to her Academy Award @-@ nominated performance in Junebug , has made Adams a movie star , likening it to Mary Poppins ' effect on Julie Andrews ' career . Similarly , film critics Richard Roeper and Michael Phillips , who gave the film positive reviews on At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper , emphasized the effect of Adams ' performance on the film with remarks like " Amy Adams is this movie " and " Amy Adams shows how to make a comic cliché work like magic . " However , both agreed that the final sequence involving the computer @-@ generated dragon " bogged down " the film .
Empire stated that the film was targeted at children but agreed with other reviewers that the " extremely game cast " was the film 's best asset . It gave the film three out of five . TIME gave the film a C- , stating that the film " cannibalizes Walt 's vault for jokes " and " fails to find a happy ending that doesn 't feel two @-@ dimensional " . Similarly , Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian commented that the film " assumes a beady @-@ eyed and deeply humourless sentimentality " and that Adams ' performance was the " only decent thing in this overhyped family movie covered in a cellophane shrink @-@ wrap of corporate Disney plastic @-@ ness " . Bradshaw gave the film two out of five .
= = = Accolades = = =
= = Disney references = =
According to director Kevin Lima , " thousands " of references are made to past and future works of Disney in Enchanted , which serve as both a parody of and a " giant love letter to Disney classics " . It took almost eight years for Walt Disney Studios to greenlight the production of the film because it " was always quite nervous about the tone in particular " . As Lima worked with Bill Kelly , the writer , to inject Disney references to the plot , it became " an obsession " ; he derived the name of every character as well as anything that needed a name from past Disney films to bring in more Disney references .
While Disney animators have occasionally inserted a Disney character into background shots , for example , Donald Duck appears in a crowd in The Little Mermaid , they have avoided " mingling characters " from other Disney films for fear of weakening their individual mythologies . In Enchanted , characters from past Disney films are openly seen , such as the appearances of Thumper and Flower from Bambi in the 2D animation portion of the film . Disney references are also made through camera work , sets , costumes , music and dialogue . Obvious examples include the use of poisoned apples from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and True Love 's Kiss from Snow White and Sleeping Beauty . Dick Cook , the chairman of Walt Disney Studios , admitted that part of the goal of Enchanted was to create a new franchise ( through the character of Giselle ) and to revive the older ones .
= = Sequel = =
In February 2010 , Variety reported that Walt Disney Pictures planned to film a sequel with Barry Josephson and Barry Sonnenfeld producing again . Jessie Nelson was attached to write the screenplay and Anne Fletcher to direct . Disney hoped the cast members from the first film would return and for a release as early as 2011 .
On January 12 , 2011 , composer Alan Menken was asked about the sequel in an interview . His reply was , " I ’ ve heard things but there 's nothing yet . I don ’ t know much about what ’ s happening with that . Honestly , I don ’ t know what the studio wants to do next . I presume there will be some future projects for me to work on . I love doing that , I really do . But I ’ m not frustrated that it isn ’ t one of them . At the moment I have a lot of stage things happening and I ’ m busy enough with that , so I really don ’ t need more on my plate . "
On March 28 , 2011 , in an interview for his latest film , Hop , James Marsden was asked about the sequel .
I don 't know . I think that the clock is ticking on that one . Amy Adams and I are both saying , " If there 's going to be a sequel , we 're not getting any younger . " Since we play sort of ageless animated characters . Hopefully we do . That was something really special and I 'd love to come back and do another . I 've heard the same things you 've heard . There 's a script out there somewhere and there 's talk of it , but I never believe it until I see the script and learned we 're making that film . So I don 't know . Too many eggs in that basket .
As of July 2014 , Disney had hired screenwriters J. David Stem and David N. Weiss to write a script for a sequel and also hired Anne Fletcher to direct the film .
As of September 2015 , the sequel was in development under the working title Disenchanted .
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= Tropical Storm Harvey ( 1999 ) =
Tropical Storm Harvey was a moderately strong tropical storm that caused flooding across south Florida during the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season . The tenth tropical cyclone and eighth named storm of the season , Harvey developed from a tropical wave in the Gulf of Mexico on September 19 . After forming , the system gradually intensified and became a tropical storm early on September 20 . Throughout the rest of its duration , Harvey slowly intensified as it headed eastward . Late on September 21 , Harvey made landfall in Southwest Florida with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Harvey emerged into the Atlantic early on September 22 , but was absorbed by an extratropical cyclone . The remnants of Harvey reached Atlantic Canada before dissipating .
Harvey caused minor flooding in south Florida because of light to relatively heavy rainfall in that portion of the state and at least 34 houses and businesses in southern Florida were flooded . There were sporadic reports of tropical storm @-@ force winds throughout the state , as well as two tornadoes . Damage estimates in Florida reached about $ 15 million ( 1999 USD ) . Throughout the rest of the United States , impact was limited , confined to light rainfall in Georgia , North Carolina and South Carolina . Heavy rainfall was reported in Atlantic Canada and Harvey became the wettest tropical cyclone on record in that country . Significant flooding , especially to roads and houses , was reported due to the heavy rainfall and damage throughout Atlantic Canada totalled several million dollars .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa on late on September 4 , 1999 and entered the Atlantic Ocean . The system trekked westward uneventfully and was unable to organize itself due to the influence of outflow from Hurricane Floyd . After Floyd moved northward , however , the system began developing convection as it traversed the Caribbean Sea . By September 16 the disturbance transitioned into a broad area of low pressure while tracking northwestward in the western Caribbean Sea . After two days the low had continued to intensify as it entered the southern Gulf of Mexico . Thunderstorm activity continued to increase in association with the weather system and a buoy in the eastern Gulf of Mexico recorded sustained winds of 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) . At 0600 UTC on September 19 , the system finally developed into Tropical Depression Ten , while located approximately 400 miles ( 640 km ) west @-@ southwest of St. Petersburg , Florida . The National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on the depression approximately four hours later .
Upon its designation the depression was still relatively weak and disorganized and , due to a number of factors , further strengthening was expected to be gradual . Outflow over the cyclone improved throughout the day on September 19 , however , as it drifted northward . At 0000 UTC on September 20 the depression was upgraded to the eighth named storm of the season , Tropical Storm Harvey , based on surface observations and reports from the Hurricane Hunters . Shortly thereafter the storm became nearly stationary while slowly beginning to turn eastward . Harvey remained disorganized due to persistent wind shear . Despite the strong wind shear , the cyclone managed to reach its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 994 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 35 inHg ) late on September 20 .
By the early on September 21 Harvey accelerated slightly and turned southeastward . Although the center of the storm was poorly defined at the time and located to the northwest of the main area of thunderstorm activity , convection was strong in nature . Later that day the storm curved towards the east while approaching Florida . At around 1700 UTC on September 21 Harvey made landfall near Everglades City , Florida with sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The storm further accelerated across the Florida Peninsula and quickly merged with a developing storm off the coast of South Carolina at 0600 UTC on September 22 . Although the remnants of Harvey became unidentifiable later that day , Environment Canada reported that the system crossed Newfoundland before dissipating on September 24 .
= = Preparations = =
Early on September 19 a tropical storm watch was issued for the west coast of Florida from Bonita Beach to the mouth of the Suwannee River , which was upgraded to a tropical storm warning and hurricane watch the next day . Tropical storm watches were posted for the state 's Atlantic coast north of Jupiter Inlet to near Flagler Beach . A tropical storm watch , and later a warning , was issued for the northwestern Bahamas . The advisories were amended several times before being discontinued on September 20 through September 21 .
In advance of the storm , public schools and many private schools closed , Although no mandatory evacuations were ordered , multiple shelters were opened in schools and churches and government offices shut down in anticipation of Harvey 's onslaught . Several counties issued a state of emergency . Residents prepared individually by , for example , securing boats and lawn furniture . Free sand and sandbags were made available to the general public and inmates filled bags for those physically unable to do so themselves . Officials at Lake Manatee began lowering the water level to help avoid flooding . In Hillsborough County the threat of the storm forced the cancellation of local football programs .
= = Impact = =
= = = Florida = = =
Tropical Storm Harvey dropped moderate to heavy rainfall throughout much of Florida , although the highest amounts were concentrated near its landfall location . Precipitation peaked at 10 @.@ 24 inches ( 260 mm ) in Naples . The 4 to 7 inches ( 100 to 180 mm ) of rain in southern Lee County caused minor flooding in homes and businesses in lowly @-@ lying areas , mostly along U.S. Route 41 between Estero and Bonita Springs . Storm surge was light , with tides ranging from 1 to 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 30 to 0 @.@ 61 m ) above normal in Levy , Citrus , Hernando , Pasco , Pinellas , Hillsborough , Manatee , and Sarasota counties ; the highest tide recorded was 2 @.@ 41 feet ( 0 @.@ 73 m ) above normal in Fort Myers .
Some tidal flooding occurred at Everglades City , where a runway at the county airport was inundated . Throughout Collier County , coastal flooding caused major street flooding and water entered 34 homes and buildings , as well as six cars . No locations on the East Coast of Florida reported abnormally high tides , although a storm surge of 0 @.@ 8 feet ( 0 @.@ 24 m ) and 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) was reported in Key West and Vaca Key , respectively . Minor coastal flooding was reported elsewhere , including along the Florida Keys ; part of State Road A1A was closed as a result . The surge combined with increased wave action to produce light beach erosion along the coast and in Everglades National Park .
The storm also spawned two tornadoes , in Collier and Miami @-@ Dade counties , one of which tore the roof off a house . The highest sustained wind speed was 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) , which was recorded at the Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station , while the strongest wind gust was 68 mph ( 109 km / h ) off the coast of Key Largo . Strong winds in the Florida Keys downed a few trees , but minimal damage occurred otherwise . Overall , damage in Florida totaled to approximately $ 15 million ( 1999 USD ; $ 21 @.@ 3 million 2016 USD ) .
= = = Canada = = =
= = = = Nova Scotia = = = =
In Nova Scotia the remnants of Harvey dropped torrential amounts of rainfall , peaking at 11 @.@ 89 inches ( 302 mm ) in Oxford . As a result , the system is , as of 2012 , ranked as the wettest known tropical cyclone ( or remnants ) in Canada . Several other locations reported heavy , but lesser , amounts of precipitation , including 5 @.@ 9 inches ( 150 mm ) in Cumberland County and Annapolis Valley , 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 89 mm ) in Greenwood , and between 1 @.@ 2 inches ( 30 mm ) and 1 @.@ 7 inches ( 43 mm ) in South Shore and Halifax . Throughout the province there was widespread flooding , countless road closures , and numerous flooded basements . Most notably , a portion of Trans @-@ Canada Highway and Highway 103 was inundated by water . Another major road was closed in Wolfville after Gaspereau River overflowed . A street in Amherst was closed due to sewer backups and , nearby , a culvert washed away , leaving a 49 @.@ 2 feet ( 15 @.@ 0 m ) by 65 @.@ 6 feet ( 20 @.@ 0 m ) hole in the road . Additionally , a bridge collapsed near Collingwood . In Oxford alone , damage to roads cost at least $ 3 million ( 1999 CAD ) to repair .
Flooding damage was also reported to infrastructure other than roads . After two rivers overflowed , at least 70 % of Oxford was flooded , which included a hardware store and dozens of homes , while a senior citizens living complex were evacuated . The SOS Children 's Village in Margaretsville sustained approximately $ 25 @,@ 000 ( 1999 CAD ) in flood damage . Schools in Amherst and the University of Windsor canceled afternoon classes on September 24 . In the Canning area , 1 @,@ 500 people were left without power , while electricity was also lost in Annapolis Valley , Yarmouth , Truro , Westville , Amherst , and Stellarton . A woman required rescue by firemen after her van plunged into the swollen River Philip . In Maccan , a tractor trailer loaded with lumber went off the road . Damage in Nova Scotia likely exceeded $ 5 million ( 1999 CAD ) .
= = = = New Brunswick = = = =
In New Brunswick , flooding also occurred throughout the province . Rainfall totals in the province include , 6 @.@ 7 inches ( 170 mm ) in Saint John , 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 170 mm ) in Fredericton , 5 @.@ 9 inches ( 150 mm ) in Moncton , 4 inches ( 100 mm ) in Miramichi , 3 @.@ 6 inches ( 91 mm ) in Acadian Peninsula , 2 @.@ 7 inches ( 69 mm ) in St. Stephen , 1 @.@ 9 inches ( 48 mm ) in Campbellton , 2 inches ( 51 mm ) in Bathurst , and 1 @.@ 2 inches ( 30 mm ) in Saint @-@ Léonard . As a result , three roads were flooded in Saint John , three other streets were closed in Moncton , and one street each was inundated by water in Fox Creek and Riverview . In addition , the causeway connecting Moncton and Riverview was closed due to flood waters . In Dieppe a local state of emergency was declared because of the numerous washed out roads . Along Route 16 travelers rescued four senior citizens from their car , which soon sank into a ditch . Train service by Via Rail was temporarily suspended after the tracks were washed out near Memramcook . Damage in the province of New Brunswick was came several million dollars , most of it in Moncton .
= = = = Elsewhere in Canada = = = =
Strong winds were reported in Prince Edward Island , with gusts reaching more than 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) , while rainfall was relatively heavy , with a peak of 7 inches ( 180 mm ) in Prince County . At another location , Charlottetown , precipitation totals only reached 2 @.@ 1 inches ( 53 mm ) . Although potato fields were inundated by water , minimal damage occurred to that crop . In Summerside at least five roads were closed due to flooding and water entered the mechanical room via the telephone and electrical conduit at the local intermediate school . Road infrastructure was also affected , such as in Howlan , where a bridge slightly longer than 180 feet ( 55 m ) washed away . Restrictions were imposed on the use of the Confederation Bridge during the height of the storm . Adverse conditions also prevented the Northumberland Ferry from docking in Prince Edward Island , causing it to return to Nova Scotia .
As rainfall in Newfoundland peaked at only 1 @.@ 6 inches ( 41 mm ) , damage in the province was mostly from strong winds . At Channel @-@ Port aux Basques , a sustained wind speed of almost 66 mph ( 106 km / h ) and gust to nearly 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) were reported . Strong winds left 4 @,@ 500 people without electricity in St. John 's and the Burin Peninsula , knocked down traffic lights in St. John 's , and snapped and uprooted trees throughout the province . On the main land of Newfoundland and Labrador , rainfall was mostly between 2 and 3 @.@ 9 inches ( 51 and 99 mm ) .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
The Tropicale , then owned by Carnival Cruise Lines , was left disabled after a fire on board shut down the vessel 's engines . The ship encountered 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) seas in the Gulf of Mexico before restarting one of its engines and taking a path around the storm , having initially planned to return to Tampa . The ship provided meteorological reports from the storm that were used to evaluate its winds . In the Bahamas Harvey caused flooding in low @-@ lying areas of three islands . In Georgia , much of the state reported rainfall , although totals did not reach 3 inches ( 76 mm ) , with a peak amount of 2 @.@ 9 inches ( 74 mm ) in Brunswick . Precipitation amounts were similar in South Carolina , peaking at 2 @.@ 6 inches ( 66 mm ) in Wagener . Rainfall was slightly heavier in North Carolina , with a few areas experiencing more than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) .
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= Freedom fries =
Freedom fries is a political euphemism for French fries in the United States . The term came to prominence in 2003 when the then Republican Chairman of the Committee on House Administration , Bob Ney , renamed the menu item in three Congressional cafeterias in response to France 's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq . Although originally supported with several restaurants changing their menus as well , the term fell out of use due to declining support for the Iraq War . Following Ney 's resignation as Chairman in 2006 , it was quietly reverted .
= = Background = =
= = = French war opposition = = =
Following the September 11 attacks by Al @-@ Qaeda and the declaration of a " War on Terror " by President George W. Bush , an invasion of Iraq was proposed . During the United Nations Security Council deliberations , French Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin made it clear France would neither support nor participate in the invasion . This caused some Americans to accuse France of betrayal , reigniting prior anti @-@ French sentiment in the United States .
= = = Initial renaming = = =
Renaming was initiated in February 2003 by Beaufort , North Carolina " Cubbie 's " restaurant owner Neal Rowland , who said he was motivated by similar actions against Germany in World War I , when " sauerkraut was called liberty cabbage , and frankfurters were renamed hot dogs " . In an interview about the name change , Rowland commented " since the French are backing down [ from the war ] , French fries and French everything needs to be banned " . In March 2007 , Rowland obtained a trademark registration for the term " freedom fries " .
= = U.S. House adoption = =
On March 11 , 2003 Republican U.S. Representatives Bob Ney and Walter B. Jones directed the three House cafeterias to change all references to French fries and French toast on menus , and replace them with Freedom fries and Freedom toast , respectively . Jones chose to follow Cubbie 's example by circulating a letter to his colleagues advocating their renaming because , he said , " the French were ' sitting on the sidelines . ' " As Ney was Chairman of the United States House Committee on House Administration , the action did not require any vote , as the committee has authority over House cafeterias . According to a statement released by Ney , the renaming was intended to express displeasure with France 's " continued refusal to stand with their U.S. allies " . The statement further read : " This action today is a small but symbolic effort to show the strong displeasure many on Capitol Hill have with our so @-@ called ally , France . " When asked about his view on the change , Jones said it was a " lighthearted gesture . "
= = = Reactions = = =
In response to the change , French Embassy spokeswoman Nathalie Loiseau commented " It 's exactly a non @-@ issue ... We focus on the serious issues " , and noted that fries originated in Belgium . She then remarked that France 's position on the change was that they were " in a very serious moment dealing with very serious issues , and we are not focusing on the name [ Americans ] give to potatoes . " After the name reversal , an Embassy spokeswoman said : " our relations are definitely much more important than potatoes ... and our relations are back on track . "
The very first episode of Anthony Bourdain : No Reservations , an American travel and food show , was broadcast during this era . Freedom fries was shown as an example of the then @-@ current frosty relations . It was named " Why the French Don 't Suck " .
In a 2005 opinion poll by Gallup , participants were asked if they felt the renaming of French fries and toast was " a silly idea or a sincere expression of patriotism ; " 66 % answered it was silly , 33 % answered it was patriotic , and 1 % had no opinion . Several restaurants followed the Houses ' change , and the name is still used by Geno 's Steaks and the chain restaurant Toby Keith 's I Love This Bar & Grill . Opposing the name change , The Saturn Cafe in Santa Cruz , California , changed their menu to " Impeach George W. Bush fries . " While Reckitt Benckiser , maker of French 's mustard , were sufficiently concerned about the movement to publicly clarify that its brand derived from a family name .
Massachusetts Democratic Congressman Barney Frank noted that the change made " Congress look even sillier than it sometimes looks . " New York Democratic Congressman José Serrano characterized the renaming as " petty grandstanding " , and urged fellow legislators to concentrate on more pressing issues .
In the March 15 , 2003 episode of Saturday Night Live , Tina Fey reported this on the satirical Weekend Update : " In a related story , in France , American cheese is now referred to as ' idiot cheese ' . " The 2006 documentary Freedom Fries : And Other Stupidity We 'll Have to Explain to Our Grandchildren directed by Carl Christman took a comedic viewpoint on American consumerism and patriotism . In the episode " Stan Knows Best " of American Dad ! , after being asked how his French toast is , the main character Stan remarks : " Smelly and ungrateful ! But this American toast is delicious . " In the comic strip Doonesbury , the characters Mark Slackmeyer and Zonker Harris criticized the name change in French . Slackmeyer said that , translated , the U.S. liberated France in World War II ; and that many French newspaper headlines after 9 / 11 were " We are all American . " At the end , he states that the anti @-@ French were " jingoistic , self @-@ regarding conquer @-@ monkeys ! " The French American indie band Freedom Fry chose their name based on the Freedom Fries phenomenon . In 2005 , Robert Plant and his band Strange Sensation released Mighty ReArranger , which contained the track " Freedom Fries ; " an anti @-@ war song , its lyrics contained : " Freedom fries and burns and scars , the liberator goes too far . "
= = = Policy reversal = = =
On August 2 , 2006 the House cafeteria menus were changed back without any announcement . The change was made by the new House Administration Committee Chairman , Vern Ehlers , who replaced Ney following his resignation due to a scandal . When asked about his decision , Ehlers responded , " It 's no big deal ... It 's not news . " When asked about his opinion on the " freedom fries " episode , Walter B. Jones responded , " I wish it had never happened . "
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= Lê Quang Tung =
Colonel Lê Quang Tung ( 1923 – 1 November 1963 ) was the commander of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces under the command of Ngô Đình Nhu . Nhu was the brother of South Vietnam 's president , Ngô Đình Diệm . A former servant of the Ngô family , Tung 's military background was in security and counterespionage .
During the 1950s , Tung was a high @-@ ranking official in Nhu 's Cần Lao , a secret political apparatus which maintained the Ngô family 's grip on power , extorting money from wealthy businessmen . In 1960 , Tung was promoted directly to the rank of colonel and became the commander of the special forces . His period at the helm of South Vietnam 's elite troops was noted mostly for his work in repressing dissidents , rather than fighting the Viet Cong insurgents . His best @-@ known attack was the raid on Xá Lợi pagoda on 21 August 1963 , in which hundreds died or disappeared .
Tung 's main military programme was a scheme in which Army of the Republic of Vietnam personnel attempted to infiltrate North Vietnam in order to engage in intelligence gathering and sabotage . The program was ineffective ; the vast majority of infiltrators were killed or captured . Tung was also reported to be planning an assassination attempt on Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . , the United States Ambassador to South Vietnam .
Following the pagoda raids , the United States terminated funding to Tung 's men because they were used as a political tool rather than against the communists . Along with Diệm and Nhu , Tung was assassinated during the November 1963 coup . Nhu and Tung had been preparing a fake coup and counter @-@ coup in order to give a false demonstration of the regime 's strength . However , the pair were unaware that General Tôn Thất Đính , who was planning the phony operation , was involved in the real coup plot . Đính tricked Tung into sending his men into the countryside , leaving the regime in Saigon without the protection of the special forces . This led to the easy overthrow of the regime .
= = Early career = =
Tung was born in 1923 in central Vietnam , which was then the protectorate of Annam in French Indochina . The former servant of the Ngô family was devoutly Roman Catholic , short and bespectacled . Tung had a military background almost entirely in security and counterespionage , which was an unusual basis for leading the special forces . Tung had first served the French as a security officer in Central Vietnam . He then worked for Diệm as a lieutenant in the military security service in Central Vietnam . As a high @-@ ranking official in Nhu 's Cần Lao , the secret Catholic political apparatus which maintained the Ngô family 's grip on power , Tung raised party funds by extorting money from wealthy businessmen . Tung was primarily known among colleagues for his unwavering loyalty to Diệm . In 1960 , he was promoted straight to the rank of colonel and placed in charge of the special forces . The Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) regarded Tung as the third most powerful man in South Vietnam behind Diệm and Nhu , thereby ranking him as South Vietnam 's most powerful military officer .
= = Head of special forces = =
Tung had been trained by the CIA in the United States . A Diệm loyalist , he led a force of 1 @,@ 840 men , which operated under the direction of Nhu rather than the army command . He did not conduct operations against the communist Việt Cộng insurgents , but used his forces mainly in Saigon to repress opponents of the Diệm regime . Tung 's most notable attacks occurred during the Buddhist crisis of 1963 . During this period , the Buddhist majority engaged in mass protests against the pro @-@ Catholic policies of the Diệm regime .
On 21 August 1963 , Tung 's men , acting on Nhu 's orders , raided the Xá Lợi Pagoda , Saigon 's main Buddhist temple . The attacks were replicated across the nation , leaving a death toll estimated to be in the hundreds . The pagodas suffered extensive damage and a further 1 @,@ 400 monks and nuns were arrested . The attacks occurred after Nhu had tricked a group of Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) generals into agreeing to declare martial law . He knew the generals were plotting and hoped to exploit martial law to overthrow his brother , but outmanoeuvred them by sending Tung 's special forces into the pagodas disguised as regular ARVN soldiers . As a result , South Vietnam 's Buddhist majority initially thought the regular army had attacked the monks , damaging its generals ' credibility among the populace as potential leaders of the country . Following the attacks , U.S. officials threatened to withhold aid to the special forces unless they were used to fight communists rather than attacking political or religious dissidents .
Another notable religious attack was perpetrated by Tung 's men in 1963 . A hugely oversized carp was found swimming in a small pond near the central city of Đà Nẵng . Local Buddhists began to believe that the fish was a reincarnation of one of Gautama Buddha 's disciples . As more people made pilgrimages to the pond , so disquiet grew among the district chief and his subordinates , who answered to Ngô Đình Cẩn , another younger brother of Diệm . The officials mined the pond , but the fish survived . They raked the pond with machine gun fire , but the carp again escaped death . To deal with the tenacious fish , they called in Tung 's special forces . Tung 's men grenaded the pond , finally killing the carp . The killing backfired , because it generated more publicity – many newspapers across the world ran stories about the miraculous fish . Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) helicopters began landing at the site , with paratroopers filling their bottles with water that they believed to be magical .
Tung also headed a group run by the CIA , in which ARVN personnel of northern origin infiltrated North Vietnam , posing as locals . The objective was to gather intelligence and sabotage communist infrastructure and communications facilities . The recruits were trained in bases at Nha Trang , Đà Nẵng , and sometimes offshore in Taiwan , Guam and Okinawa . Around eighty groups of operatives , each numbering six or seven men , were deployed in 1963 . They entered the north via parachute drops or sampan journeys at night , but nearly all were captured or killed . The captives were frequently used in communist propaganda broadcasts . Tung was criticised for his management of the operations .
At Nhu 's request , Tung was reported to have been planning an operation under the cover of a government @-@ organised student demonstration outside the US Embassy , Saigon . In this plan , Tung 's men would assassinate ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. and other key officials among the confusion . Another target was the Buddhist leader Thích Trí Quang , who had been given asylum in the embassy after being targeted in the pagoda raids . According to the plan , Tung 's men would then burn down the embassy .
= = U.S. sanctions = =
Following the pagoda raids , the U.S. began exploring the possibility of replacing Diệm . Cable 243 informed the US embassy to look for alternative leadership if Diệm did not remove Nhu . In September , the Krulak Mendenhall mission was despatched to South Vietnam to analyse the domestic situation and the war against the communists . One of the resulting suggestions was to terminate funding of the special forces as an expression of disapproval of Tung and Nhu 's actions . Another was to run covert campaigns to discredit Tung . The Krulak Mendenhall mission ended in a stalemate , so the Kennedy administration followed up with the McNamara Taylor mission . The second expedition resulted in the suspension of funding for the special forces until they were placed under the command of the army 's Joint General Staff ( JGS ) and sent into battle .
The McNamara Taylor mission 's report noted that one of the reasons for sending Tung 's men into the field was because they " are a continuing support for Diệm " . The Americans were aware that removing the special forces from Saigon would increase the chances that a coup would succeed , thereby encouraging the army to overthrow the president . Diệm and Nhu were undeterred by the suspension of aid , keeping Tung and his men in the capital . In private talks with US officials , Diệm insisted that the army was responsible for the pagoda attacks and that Tung 's men were already under the control of the JGS .
= = Coup and assassination = =
By September , Diệm and Nhu knew that a group of generals were planning a coup . Nhu ordered Tung and Tôn Thất Đính — a loyalist general who commanded the ARVN III Corps which encompassed the Saigon region — to plan a fake coup against the government . One objective was to trick anti @-@ government dissidents into joining the false uprising so that they could be identified and eliminated . Another aim was to provide a public relations stunt that would give a false impression of the strength of the regime .
Codenamed Operation Bravo , the first stage of the scheme involved some of Tung 's loyalist soldiers , disguised as insurgents , faking a coup . Tung would then announce the formation of a " revolutionary government " consisting of opposition activists , while Diệm and Nhu pretended to be on the run . During the orchestrated chaos of the first coup , the disguised loyalists would riot and in the ensuing mayhem , kill the leading coup plotters , such as Generals Dương Văn Minh , Trần Văn Đôn , Lê Văn Kim and junior officers that were helping them . Tung 's men and some of Nhu 's underworld connections were also to kill some figures who were assisting the conspirators , such as the titular but relatively powerless Vice President Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ , CIA agent Lucien Conein , who was on assignment in Vietnam as a military adviser , and Ambassador Lodge . These would then be blamed on " neutralist and pro @-@ communist elements " . This was to be followed by a fake " counter @-@ coup " , whereupon Tung 's special forces , having left Saigon on the pretext of fighting communists , as well as Đính 's forces would triumphantly re @-@ enter Saigon to reaffirm the Diệm regime . Nhu would then exploit the scare to round up dissidents .
However , Nhu and Tung were unaware that Đính was part of the real coup plot . The III Corps commander told Tung that the counter @-@ coup needed to employ an overwhelming amount of force . He said that tanks were required " because armour is dangerous " . In an attempt to outwit Tung , Đính said that fresh troops were needed , opining :
If we move reserves into the city , the Americans will be angry . They 'll complain that we 're not fighting the war . So we must camouflage our plan by sending the special forces out to the country . That will deceive them .
The loyalists were unaware that Đính 's real intention was to engulf Saigon with his rebel divisions and lock Tung 's loyalists in the countryside where they could not defend the president . Tung and the palace agreed to send all four Saigon @-@ based special forces companies out of the capital of Saigon on 29 October 1963 .
On 1 November 1963 , Tung was summoned by the coup organisers to the Joint General Staff headquarters at Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base , on the pretext of a routine officers ' lunch meeting . At 13 : 30 , General Trần Văn Đôn announced that a coup was taking place . Most of the officers rose to applaud , but Tung did not . He was taken away by Nguyễn Văn Nhung , the bodyguard of General Dương Văn Minh . As he was led away , Tung shouted " Remember who gave you your stars ! "
During the early stages of the coup , the rebels forced Tung to order his men to surrender . This meant that only the Presidential Guard was left to defend Gia Long Palace . At 16 : 45 , Tung was forced at gunpoint to talk to Diệm on the phone , telling the president that he had told his men to surrender . Minh ordered Nhung to execute the Diệm loyalist . Tung had failed to convince the president to surrender and still commanded the loyalty of his men . The other generals had little sympathy , since the special forces commander had disguised his men in army uniforms and framed the generals for the pagoda raids . The generals were aware of the threat Tung posed ; they had discussed his elimination during their planning , having contemplated waging an offensive against his special forces .
At nightfall he was taken with Major Lê Quang Triệu , his brother and deputy , hands tied , into a jeep and driven to edge of the air base . Forced to kneel over two freshly dug holes , the brothers were shot into their graves and buried . The coup was successful , and on the following morning , Diệm and Nhu were captured and executed .
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= Dunstan =
Dunstan ( Latin : Dunstanus ; 909 – 19 May 988 AD ) was an Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey , a Bishop of Worcester , a Bishop of London , and an Archbishop of Canterbury , later canonised as a saint . His work restored monastic life in England and reformed the English Church . His 11th @-@ century biographer , Osbern , himself an artist and scribe , states that Dunstan was skilled in " making a picture and forming letters " , as were other clergy of his age who reached senior rank .
Dunstan served as an important minister of state to several English kings . He was the most popular saint in England for nearly two centuries , having gained fame for the many stories of his greatness , not least among which were those concerning his famed cunning in defeating the devil .
= = Early life ( 909 – 43 ) = =
= = = Birth = = =
Dunstan was born in Baltonsborough , Somerset . He was the son of Heorstan , a noble of Wessex . Heorstan was the brother of Athelm the bishop of Wells and of the Bishop of Winchester . It is recorded that his mother , Cynethryth , was a pious woman . Osbern 's life of Dunstan relates that a messenger miraculously told her of the saintly child she would give birth to :
She was in the church of St Mary on Candleday , when all the lights were suddenly extinguished . Then the candle held by Cynethryth was as suddenly relighted , and all present lit their candles at this miraculous flame , thus foreshadowing that the boy " would be the minister of eternal light " to the Church of England .
The anonymous author of the earliest Life places Dunstan 's birth during the reign of Athelstan , while Osbern fixed it at " the first year of the reign of King Æthelstan " , 924 or 925 . This date , however , cannot be reconciled with other known dates of Dunstan 's life and creates many obvious anachronisms . Historians therefore assume that Dunstan was born around 910 or earlier .
= = = School to the king 's court = = =
As a young boy , Dunstan studied under the Irish monks who then occupied the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey . Accounts tell of his youthful optimism and of his vision of the abbey being restored . While still a boy , Dunstan was stricken with a near @-@ fatal illness and effected a seemingly miraculous recovery . Even as a child , he was noted for his devotion to learning and for his mastery of many kinds of artistic craftsmanship . With his parent 's consent he was tonsured , received minor orders and served in the ancient church of St Mary . He became so well known for his devotion to learning that he is said to have been summoned by his uncle Athelm , the Archbishop of Canterbury , to enter his service . He was later appointed to the court of King Athelstan .
Dunstan soon became a favourite of the king and was the envy of other members of the court . A plot was hatched to disgrace him and Dunstan was accused of being involved with witchcraft and black magic . The king ordered him to leave the court and as Dunstan was leaving the palace his enemies physically attacked him , beat him severely , bound him , and threw him into a cesspool . He managed to crawl out and make his way to the house of a friend . From there , he journeyed to Winchester and entered the service of his uncle , Ælfheah , Bishop of Winchester .
The bishop tried to persuade him to become a monk , but Dunstan was doubtful whether he had a vocation to a celibate life . The answer came in the form of an attack of swelling tumours all over Dunstan 's body . This ailment was so severe that it was thought to be leprosy . It was more probably some form of blood poisoning caused by being beaten and thrown in the cesspool . Whatever the cause , it changed Dunstan 's mind . He took Holy Orders in 943 , in the presence of Ælfheah , and returned to live the life of a hermit at Glastonbury . Against the old church of St Mary he built a small cell five feet long and two and a half feet deep . It was there that Dunstan studied , worked at his handicrafts , and played on his harp . It is at this time , according to a late 11th @-@ century legend , that the Devil is said to have tempted Dunstan and to have been held by the face with Dunstan 's tongs .
= = Monk , abbot , and bishop ( 943 – 60 ) = =
= = = Life as a monk = = =
Dunstan worked as a silversmith and in the scriptorium while he was living at Glastonbury . It is thought likely that he was the artist who drew the well @-@ known image of Christ with a small kneeling monk beside him in the Glastonbury Classbook , " one of the first of a series of outline drawings which were to become a special feature of Anglo @-@ Saxon art of this period . " Dunstan became famous as a musician , illuminator , and metalworker . Lady Æthelflaed , King Æthelstan 's niece , made Dunstan a trusted adviser and on her death she left a considerable fortune to him . He used this money later in life to foster and encourage a monastic revival in England . About the same time , his father Heorstan died and Dunstan inherited his fortune as well . He became a person of great influence , and on the death of King Æthelstan in 940 , the new King , Edmund , summoned him to his court at Cheddar and made him a minister .
Again , royal favour fostered jealousy among other courtiers and again Dunstan 's enemies succeeded in their plots . The king was prepared to send Dunstan away . There were then at Cheddar certain envoys from the " Eastern Kingdom " , which probably meant East Anglia . Dunstan implored the envoys to take him with them when they returned to their homes . They agreed to do so , but it never happened . The story is recorded :
... the king rode out to hunt the stag in Mendip Forest . He became separated from his attendants and followed a stag at great speed in the direction of the Cheddar cliffs . The stag rushed blindly over the precipice and was followed by the hounds . Eadmund endeavoured vainly to stop his horse ; then , seeing death to be imminent , he remembered his harsh treatment of St Dunstan and promised to make amends if his life was spared . At that moment his horse was stopped on the very edge of the cliff . Giving thanks to God , he returned forthwith to his palace , called for St. Dunstan and bade him follow , then rode straight to Glastonbury . Entering the church , the king first knelt in prayer before the altar , then , taking St. Dunstan by the hand , he gave him the kiss of peace , led him to the abbot 's throne and , seating him thereon , promised him all assistance in restoring Divine worship and regular observance .
= = = Abbot of Glastonbury = = =
Dunstan , now Abbot of Glastonbury , went to work at once on the task of reform . He had to re @-@ create monastic life and to rebuild the abbey . He began by establishing Benedictine monasticism at Glastonbury . The Rule of St. Benedict was the basis of his restoration according to the author of ' Edgar 's Establishment of the Monasteries ' ( written in the 960s or 970s ) and according to Dunstan 's first biographer , who had been a member of the community at Glastonbury . Their statements are also in accordance with the nature of his first measures as abbot , with the significance of his first buildings , and with the Benedictine leanings of his most prominent disciples .
Nevertheless , not all the members of Dunstan 's community at Glastonbury were monks who followed the Benedictine Rule . In fact , Dunstan 's first biographer , ' B. ' , was a cleric who eventually joined a community of canons at Liège after leaving Glastonbury .
Dunstan 's first care was to rebuild the Church of St. Peter , rebuild the cloister , and re @-@ establish the monastic enclosure . The secular affairs of the house were committed to his brother , Wulfric , " so that neither himself nor any of the professed monks might break enclosure . " A school for the local youth was founded and soon became the most famous of its time in England . A substantial extension of the irrigation system on the surrounding Somerset Levels was also completed .
Within two years of Dunstan 's appointment , in 946 , King Edmund was assassinated . His successor was Eadred . The policy of the new government was supported by the Queen Mother , Eadgifu of Kent , by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Oda , and by the East Anglian nobles , at whose head was the powerful ealdorman Æthelstan the " Half @-@ king " . It was a policy of unification and conciliation with the Danish half of the kingdom . The goal was a firm establishment of royal authority . In ecclesiastical matters it favoured the spread of Catholic observance , the rebuilding of churches , the moral reform of the clergy and laity , and the end of the religion of the Danes in England . Against all these reforms were the nobles of Wessex , who included most of Dunstan 's own relatives , and who had an interest in maintaining established customs . For nine years Dunstan 's influence was dominant , during which time he twice refused the office of bishop ( that of Winchester in 951 and Crediton in 953 ) , affirming that he would not leave the king 's side so long as the king lived and needed him .
= = = Changes in fortune = = =
In 955 , Eadred died , and the situation was at once changed . Eadwig , the elder son of Edmund , who then came to the throne , was a headstrong youth wholly devoted to the reactionary nobles . According to one legend , the feud with Dunstan began on the day of Eadwig 's coronation , when he failed to attend a meeting of nobles . When Dunstan eventually found the young monarch , he was cavorting with a noblewoman named Ælfgifu and her mother , and refused to return with the bishop . Infuriated by this , Dunstan dragged Eadwig back and forced him to renounce the girl as a " strumpet " . Later realising that he had provoked the king , Dunstan fled to the apparent sanctuary of his cloister , but Eadwig , incited by Ælfgifu , whom he married , followed him and plundered the monastery .
Although Dunstan managed to escape , he saw that his life was in danger . He fled England and crossed the channel to Flanders , where he found himself ignorant of the language and of the customs of the locals . The count of Flanders , Arnulf I , received him with honour and lodged him in the Abbey of Mont Blandin , near Ghent . This was one of the centres of the Benedictine revival in that country , and Dunstan was able for the first time to observe the strict observance that had seen its rebirth at Cluny at the beginning of the century . His exile was not of long duration . Before the end of 957 , the Mercians and Northumbrians revolted and drove out Eadwig , choosing his brother Edgar as king of the country north of the Thames . The south remained faithful to Eadwig . At once Edgar 's advisers recalled Dunstan . On his return , the archbishop consecrated Dunstan a bishop and , on the death of Coenwald of Worcester at the end of 957 , Oda appointed Dunstan to that see .
In the following year the See of London became vacant and was conferred on Dunstan , who held it in conjunction with Worcester . In October 959 , Eadwig died and his brother Edgar was readily accepted as ruler of Wessex . One of Eadwig 's final acts had been to appoint a successor to Archbishop Oda , who died on 2 June 958 . First he appointed Ælfsige of Winchester , but he perished of cold in the Alps as he journeyed to Rome for the pallium . In his place Eadwig nominated Byrhthelm , the Bishop of Wells . As soon as Edgar became king he reversed this act on the ground that Brithelm had not been able to govern even his former diocese properly . The archbishopric was then conferred on Dunstan .
= = Archbishop of Canterbury ( 960 – 78 ) = =
Dunstan went to Rome in 960 , and received the pallium from Pope John XII . On his journey there , Dunstan 's charities were so lavish as to leave nothing for himself and his attendants . His steward complained , but Dunstan seems to have suggested that they trust in Jesus Christ .
On his return from Rome , Dunstan at once regained his position as virtual prime minister of the kingdom . By his advice Ælfstan was appointed to the Bishopric of London , and Oswald to that of Worcester . In 963 , Æthelwold , the Abbot of Abingdon , was appointed to the See of Winchester . With their aid and with the ready support of King Edgar , Dunstan pushed forward his reforms in the English Church . The monks in his communities were taught to live in a spirit of self @-@ sacrifice , and Dunstan actively enforced the law of celibacy whenever possible . He forbade the practices of simony ( selling ecclesiastical offices for money ) and ended the custom of clerics appointing relatives to offices under their jurisdiction . Monasteries were built , and in some of the great cathedrals , monks took the place of the secular canons ; in the rest the canons were obliged to live according to rule . The parish priests were compelled to be qualified for their office ; they were urged to teach parishioners not only the truths of the Christian faith , but also trades to improve their position . The state saw reforms as well . Good order was maintained throughout the realm and there was respect for the law . Trained bands policed the north , and a navy guarded the shores from Viking raids . There was a level of peace in the kingdom unknown in living memory .
In 973 , Dunstan 's statesmanship reached its zenith when he officiated at the coronation of King Edgar . Edgar was crowned at Bath in an imperial ceremony planned not as the initiation , but as the culmination of his reign ( a move that must have taken a great deal of preliminary diplomacy ) . This service , devised by Dunstan himself and celebrated with a poem in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle forms the basis of the present @-@ day British coronation ceremony . There was a second symbolic coronation held later . This was an important step , as other kings of Britain came and gave their allegiance to Edgar at Chester . Six kings in Britain , including the kings of Scotland and of Strathclyde , pledged their faith that they would be the king 's liege @-@ men on sea and land .
Edgar ruled as a strong and popular king for 16 years . In 975 was succeeded by his eldest son Edward ( II ) " the Martyr " . His accession was disputed by his stepmother , Ælfthryth , who wished her own son Æthelred to reign . Through the influence of Dunstan , Edward was chosen and crowned at Winchester . Edgar 's death had encouraged the reactionary nobles , and at once there was a determined attack upon the monks , the protagonists of reform . Throughout Mercia they were persecuted and deprived of their possessions . Their cause , however , was supported by Æthelwine , the ealdorman of East Anglia , and the realm was in serious danger of civil war . Three meetings of the Witan were held to settle these disputes , at Kyrtlington , at Calne , and at Amesbury . At the second of them the floor of the hall where the Witan was sitting gave way , and all except Dunstan , who clung to a beam , fell into the room below , several men were killed .
= = Final years ( 978 – 88 ) = =
In March 978 , King Eadweard was assassinated at Corfe Castle , possibly at the instigation of his stepmother , and Æthelred the Unready became king . His coronation on Low Sunday 31 March 978 , was the last state event in which Dunstan took part . When the young king took the usual oath to govern well , Dunstan addressed him in solemn warning . He criticised the violent act whereby he became king and prophesied the misfortunes that were shortly to fall on the kingdom , but Dunstan 's influence at court was ended . Dunstan retired to Canterbury , to teach at the cathedral school .
Only three more public acts are known . In 980 , Dunstan joined Ælfhere of Mercia in the solemn translation of the relics of King Eadward II , soon to be known as St Edward the Martyr , from their grave at Wareham to a shrine at Shaftesbury Abbey . In 984 , in obedience to a vision of St Andrew , he persuaded King Æthelred to appoint Ælfheah as Bishop of Winchester in succession to Æthelwold . In 986 , Dunstan induced the king , by a donation of 100 pounds of silver , to stop his persecution of the See of Rochester .
Dunstan 's retirement at Canterbury consisted of long hours , both day and night , spent in private prayer , as well as his regular attendance at Mass and the daily office . He visited the shrines of St Augustine and St Æthelberht , and there are reports of a vision of angels who sang to him heavenly canticles . He worked to improve the spiritual and temporal well @-@ being of his people , to build and restore churches , to establish schools , to judge suits , to defend widows and orphans , to promote peace , and to enforce respect for purity . He practised his crafts , made bells and organs and corrected the books in the cathedral library . He encouraged and protected European scholars who came to England , and was active as a teacher of boys in the cathedral school . On the vigil of Ascension Day 988 , it is recorded that a vision of angels warned he would die in three days . On the feast day itself , Dunstan said Mass and preached three times to the people : at the Gospel , at the benediction , and after the Agnus Dei . In this last address , he announced his impending death and wished his congregation well . That afternoon he chose the spot for his tomb , then went to his bed . His strength failed rapidly , and on Saturday morning , 19 May , he caused the clergy to assemble . Mass was celebrated in his presence , then he received Extreme Unction and the Viaticum , and died . Dunstan 's final words are reported to have been , " He hath made a remembrance of his wonderful works , being a merciful and gracious Lord : He hath given food to them that fear Him . "
The English people accepted him as a saint shortly thereafter . He was formally canonised in 1029 . That year at the Synod of Winchester , St Dunstan 's feast was ordered to be kept solemnly throughout England .
= = Legacy = =
Until Thomas Becket 's fame overshadowed Dunstan 's , he was the favourite saint of the English people . Dunstan had been buried in his cathedral ; and when that building was destroyed by a fire in 1074 , his relics were translated by Archbishop Lanfranc to a tomb on the south side of the high altar in the rebuilt Canterbury Cathedral .
The monks of Glastonbury used to claim that during the sack of Canterbury by the Danes in 1012 , Dunstan 's body had been carried for safety to their abbey . This story was disproved by Archbishop William Warham , who opened the tomb at Canterbury in 1508 . They found Dunstan 's relics still to be there . Within a century , however , his shrine was destroyed during the English Reformation .
Dunstan became patron saint of English goldsmiths and silversmiths because he worked as a silversmith making church plate . His Feast Day is 19 May , which is why before the restoration the date year on London Assay Office hallmarks ran from 19 May one year to 18 May the next , not the calendar year . This was changed at the restoration of Charles II in 1660 so that the hallmarking year began on the King 's birthday , 29 May .
St Dunstan 's — the charity that provides support , rehabilitation , and respite care to blind ex @-@ service personnel of the British Armed Forces — is named after him , as are many churches all over the world . St Dunstan 's , Mayfield , St Dunstan 's , Stepney , St Dunstan @-@ in @-@ the @-@ East , London , and St Dunstan @-@ in @-@ the @-@ West , London are four of the more well known in Britain . The church at the junction of London Road and Whitstable Road gives its name to the neighbourhood of Canterbury on the north bank of the River Stour .
English literature contains many references to him , for example in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens , and in this folk rhyme :
St Dunstan , as the story goes ,
Once pull 'd the devil by the nose
With red @-@ hot tongs , which made him roar ,
That he was heard three miles or more .
This folk story is already shown in an initial in the Life of Dunstan in the Canterbury Passionale , from the second quarter of the 12th century ( British Library , Harley MS 315 , f . 15v . ) , and the tongs have become a symbol of St Dunstan and are featured in the arms of Tower Hamlets .
Daniel Anlezark has tentatively suggested that Dunstan may be the medieval author of Solomon and Saturn citing the style , word choice , and Hiberno @-@ Latin used in the texts . However , Clive Tolley examines this claim from a linguistic point @-@ of @-@ view and disagrees with Anlezark 's claim .
Another story relates how Dunstan nailed a horseshoe to the Devil 's hoof when he was asked to re @-@ shoe the Devil 's horse . This caused the Devil great pain , and Dunstan only agreed to remove the shoe and release the Devil after he promised never to enter a place where a horseshoe is over the door . This is claimed as the origin of the lucky horseshoe .
The Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and the Anglican Communion mark his feast day on 19 May .
At various passages in " The Deptford Trilogy " by the Canadian writer Robertson Davies , the character Dunstan Ramsay is compared with the saint of the same name , and in particular some stormy events in the character 's love @-@ life are rather humorously compared to Saint Dunstan 's famous struggle with Satan .
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= 2003 FA Cup Final =
The 2003 FA Cup Final was the 122nd final of the FA Cup , the world 's oldest domestic football cup competition . The final took place on Saturday 17 May 2003 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , in front of a crowd of 73 @,@ 726 . It was the third consecutive year the final was played at the stadium , due to the ongoing reconstruction of Wembley Stadium , the final 's usual venue . The 2003 final was the first to be played indoors ; the roof was closed because of bad weather . The clubs contesting the final were Arsenal , the holders of the competition and Southampton . This was Arsenal 's sixteenth appearance in a final to Southampton 's fourth .
As Premier League clubs , Arsenal and Southampton entered the FA Cup in the third round , which meant each club needed to progress through five rounds to reach the final . Arsenal made a convincing start , they won their opening three rounds , but needed a sixth @-@ round replay against Chelsea . By contrast , Southampton played one replay in the fourth round against Millwall . Arsenal entered the match as favourites and beat Southampton 6 – 1 nine days earlier in the league . Goalkeeper David Seaman captained Arsenal in the absence of the injured Patrick Vieira ; it was to be Seaman 's last appearance for the club . In defence for Southampton , Chris Baird made only his second competitive start . Chris Marsden captained the club in the absence of the injured club captain , Jason Dodd .
Arsenal began the match more effectively of the two and scored what proved to be the winning goal in the latter minutes of the first half – Freddie Ljungberg 's rebounded goal effort was converted by Robert Pirès . Midway through the second half , Southampton goalkeeper Antti Niemi was substituted , as he strained his calf muscle ; he was replaced by Paul Jones . In stoppage time , striker James Beattie had his header cleared off the line by Ashley Cole , in what was the final chance for Southampton .
Arsenal 's win marked the first time a team had retained the trophy since Tottenham Hotspur in 1982 . They later played against league champions Manchester United in the 2003 FA Community Shield . Given Arsenal had already qualified for Europe via their league position , their UEFA Cup spot was awarded to runners @-@ up Southampton .
= = Route to the final = =
= = = Arsenal = = =
Arsenal entered the competition in the third round , receiving a bye as a Premier League club . Their opening match was a 2 – 0 home win against Oxford United on 4 January 2003 . Striker Dennis Bergkamp scored his 100th goal for the club and an own goal by defender Scott McNiven ensured progression to the next round . Arsenal faced non @-@ league side Farnborough Town ; the match switched from Farnborough 's ground at Cherrywood Road to Highbury due to concerns over safety . Farnborough began the match as the home team and conceded the first goal , scored by Arsenal defender Sol Campbell in the 19th minute . They went down to ten men after Christian Lee was sent off for a professional foul . Francis Jeffers scored twice before Rocky Baptiste added a consolation , beating Pascal Cygan for pace and despite having his first shot saved by goalkeeper Stuart Taylor , he managed to lift the ball over him and into the net . Lauren and Bergkamp each scored in the final 15 minutes to give Arsenal a 5 – 1 victory .
Arsenal 's fifth round match was away to league rivals Manchester United at Old Trafford on 16 February 2003 . After Ryan Giggs missed the chance to score past an open goal , midfielder Edu gave Arsenal the lead through a free kick which took a deflection off David Beckham 's shoulder . Striker Sylvain Wiltord scored the second goal of the match in the 52nd minute , running onto a pass from Edu and side @-@ footing the ball past goalkeeper Fabien Barthez . Arsenal captain Patrick Vieira said of the performance : " We knew when we lost here in the league that we had lost the battle in midfield . We had to put that right , and we did . " In the sixth round , Arsenal was drawn at home to Chelsea in a repeat of the previous season 's final . Chelsea defender John Terry put Chelsea ahead with a header from a set piece before Arsenal responded through Jeffers and Thierry Henry . Frank Lampard scored a late equaliser for the visiting team meaning the match was replayed at Stamford Bridge . An own goal by Terry and a strike by Wiltord in the space of seven minutes during the replay gave Arsenal an early lead against Chelsea . Despite going down to ten men after Cygan was sent off and Terry scoring from a header , the away team scored a third goal through Lauren to ensure progression into the semi @-@ finals . In the semi @-@ final against Sheffield United on 13 April 2003 at Old Trafford , Freddie Ljungberg scored the winning goal to help Arsenal reach their third successive FA Cup final appearance . The match was best remembered for David Seaman 's late save , which prevented Sheffield United from equalising .
= = = Southampton = = =
Like Arsenal , as a Premier League club , Southampton received a bye into the third round . Their opening match was a 4 – 0 win against fellow league club Tottenham Hotspur . A goal by defender Michael Svensson and three from Jo Tessem , Anders Svensson and James Beattie in the second half was the second straight victory against Tottenham , having beaten them on New Year 's Day in the league . In the fourth round , Southampton was drawn at home to First Division club Millwall on 25 January 2003 . The visitors took the lead through striker Steve Claridge but were denied victory 90 seconds from the end of the match as Southampton striker Kevin Davies scored from a rebounded shot . In the replay , midfielder Matthew Oakley scored twice for Southampton ( one in both halves ) after Steven Reid equalised for Millwall .
Southampton 's fifth round match was against Norwich City at home on 5 February 2003 . Two goals in the space of three minutes , scored by Svensson and Tessem was enough to take the team into the quarter @-@ finals . Southampton defender Claus Lundekvam was pleased with the win and said following the match : " When you get to this stage in the competition you have to believe you can win it . " The club then faced Wolverhampton Wanderers at home in the following round . Former Wolves player Chris Marsden gave Southampton the lead in the 56th minute and with nine minutes remaining of normal time , the team added a second goal when Tessem 's shot took a deflection off Paul Butler 's legs to go inside the goal net . The victory meant Southampton reached the semi @-@ finals of the FA Cup for the first time in 17 years . At Villa Park , Southampton played First Division team Watford on 13 April 2003 . Brett Ormerod opened the scoring two minutes before half time and set up the second goal which the ball was taken over the line by Watford defender Paul Robinson . Despite Marcus Gayle scoring a late header to half the scoreline Southampton won the match .
= = Pre @-@ match = =
Arsenal was appearing in the final of the FA Cup for the sixteenth time . They had won the cup eight times previously ( in 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 and 2002 ) and had been beaten in the final seven times , the most recent in 2001 . By comparison , Southampton made their fourth appearance in a FA Cup final . Their previous best was winning the cup in 1976 , by beating opponents Manchester United .
Both clubs received an allocation of approximately 25 @,@ 000 tickets , with the remaining 25 @,@ 000 being sent out to other clubs . 17 @,@ 500 of those tickets were available to Southampton season ticket holders . Seat prices for the final exceeded £ 80 , with the cheapest tickets available at £ 25 . Southampton was given the South Stand , which was the larger end of the stadium , whereas Arsenal was situated at the opposite end . Although Southampton supporters were disappointed at the allocation share , chairman Rupert Lowe refused to criticise the FA 's decision , by saying : " The reality is that too many people want to go and there are never enough tickets . " In the lead up to the final , the South Wales Echo reported that many tickets were being sold on the black market , for " 20 times " the face @-@ value price .
Nine days before the final , the two clubs faced each other in a league match at Highbury . With Arsenal unable to retain the title , having lost to Leeds United , manager Arsène Wenger rested several players , as did Southampton manager Gordon Strachan , whose team started without six of their first @-@ choice eleven . Winger Jermaine Pennant on his league debut scored a hat @-@ trick , as did Pirès , in a 6 – 1 win . Strachan believed the result had little bearing on their chances of winning the cup , noting : " There is little pressure on Southampton to lift the trophy . We were not expected to reach the final and have already clinched a place in the UEFA Cup . " Wenger accepted his team were " favourites " but expected " ... Southampton to be at their best against us because it will be a different team than the one we faced in the championship recently . "
The traditional Cup Final hymn , " Abide with Me " was sung by Tony Henry , an opera singer from South London . Sir Bobby Robson was invited as the FA 's chief guest for the final and performed several duties ordinarily reserved for royalty , such as presenting the trophy to the winning captain . Heavy rain on Friday night and forecasted showers in Cardiff meant the final would be the first to be played indoors ; the stadium closed its retractable roof and floodlights were used to light up the ground .
= = Match = =
= = = Team selection = = =
Vieira was ruled out of the match because of a knee injury , so Seaman was named as Arsenal captain , in a match widely anticipated as his final for the club . With Campbell suspended and Cygan absent due to a thigh strain , Daily Mail journalists Steve Curry and Ian Gibb revealed the night before the final that midfielder Kolo Touré was pencilled in as an " emergency centre back " . Wenger however picked Oleg Luzhny to pair up with Martin Keown , who was rested the previous Sunday away to Sunderland . For Southampton , the major absentee was striker Marian Pahars , who underwent a third operation to overcome a troubling knee injury . Defender Chris Baird made his second competitive start for the club and Chris Marsden captained Southampton , given Jason Dodd 's absence with an injury . Although both teams set up in a 4 – 4 – 2 formation , Bergkamp was positioned as a deep @-@ lying forward behind Henry .
= = = Report = = =
Arsenal created their first chance inside 24 seconds , when Ljungberg put Henry clear down the right @-@ hand side . The striker used his pace to get the better of Lundekvam , only to have his shot blocked by goalkeeper Antti Niemi . Bergkamp 's goal effort in the eighth minute was cleared off the line by full back Chris Baird , after Niemi fumbled Henry 's initial shot . Southampton fashioned their first opportunity in the 15th minute through a high cross ; in spite of unsettling the Arsenal defence , the unmarked Svensson volleyed over the bar . Baird moments after won the ball in midfield and curled a shot that left Seaman " scrambling across his goal to save " . Seven minutes before the break , Arsenal went into the lead . Henry , receiving the ball from Parlour , slipped it into Bergkamp down the right . He in turn fed the ball to Ljungberg , whose shot was blocked . The ball rebounded in the direction of Pirès , who needed one touch to set himself and another to fire at the near post , despite Niemi getting a hand . Arsenal missed further chances to extend their lead when a cross from the right by Henry was shot over the bar by Pirès and from the same area , Bergkamp 's " cross @-@ cum @-@ shot " was missed by Ljungberg .
After the break , Southampton applied pressure and a poor clearance by Seaman invited a chance for Paul Telfer to shoot from " 35 yards out " ; his pass found Ormerod , but was eventually intercepted by Luzhny . Minutes after , Beattie failed to take advantage from Oakley 's cross , as the ball drifted wide . Arsenal regained possession and in the 52nd minute went close to doubling their lead . In Southampton 's penalty box , Bergkamp turned and beat Ormerod before curling a shot which Niemi palmed off ; it fell to the feet of Ljungberg , who shot the ball into the side @-@ netting . Telfer misguided his header from a Southampton corner , before Niemi denied Henry again . In the 65th minute , Niemi injured himself , in an attempt to clear the ball and was replaced by substitute Paul Jones . Both clubs made substitutions in the final third of the game , with Wiltord coming on for Bergkamp and Tessem replacing Svensson . Ormerod 's goal @-@ bound effort was saved by Seaman with 10 minutes remaining of the match . In the fourth minute of injury time , Southampton earned themselves a corner . Beattie 's on @-@ target header was cleared off the line by Ashley Cole and out for another corner , which Pirès kicked out in the final action of the game .
= = = Details = = =
= = = Statistics = = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
In retaining the cup , Arsenal became the first team to do so since Tottenham Hotspur in 1982 . Wenger commented after the game that his team " got the trophy we wanted " while Strachan was in admiration of Southampton 's performance : " I 'm very proud of the way they competed . I couldn 't have asked for any more . " Keown said the FA Cup win was " the best ever " and Seaman felt the disappointment of losing out to Manchester United in the league spurred the team on . Football pundits Alan Hansen , Peter Schmeichel and Mark Hughes unanimously agreed that Arsenal deserved to win the match .
Arsenal 's victory set up a Community Shield match against Manchester United , winners of the 2002 – 03 Premier League . The FA Cup winners are awarded qualification into the UEFA Cup , but because Arsenal qualified for the UEFA Champions League via their league position , the UEFA Cup place was passed to Southampton , the runners @-@ up .
The match was broadcast live in the United Kingdom by both the BBC and Sky Sports , with BBC One providing the free @-@ to @-@ air coverage and Sky Sports 1 being the pay @-@ TV alternative . BBC One held the majority of the viewership , with a peak audience of 9 @.@ 6 million viewers ( 55 @.@ 7 % viewing share ) watching at 16 : 50pm and the match averaged at 8 @.@ 3 million ( 55 % ) – the highest audience for a FA Cup final in four years . Coverage of the final began on the channel at 12 : 10pm and averaged 5 @.@ 3 million ( 44 @.@ 4 % ) . The Match of the Day coverage concluded at different times dependent on station , with the broadcast in Scotland ending 10 minutes before the main broadcast finished .
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= Pierre @-@ François Chabaneau =
Pierre @-@ François Chabaneau ( 1754 @-@ 1842 ) was a French chemist who spent much of his life working in Spain . He was one of the first chemists to succeed in producing malleable platinum . Chabaneau was born in Dordogne , France , and died near his home village at the age of 88 years .
= = Early life = =
Chabaneau was born in 1754 in Nontron , a village in the Dordogne department of France . His uncle , a member of the order of Saint Anthony , encouraged him to study theology . While Chabaneau excelled in his studies , his distaste for metaphysical speculation led him to antagonize his teachers , which in turn caused him to be expelled from school .
Sympathetic towards Chabaneau 's state of poverty , the director of a Jesuit college in Passy offered him a position as a mathematics professor , despite Chabaneau having only a basic understanding of arithmetic . In studying the material for the next day 's lessons , Chabaneau taught himself algebra and geometry . His academic interest soon spread to physics , natural history , and chemistry . At the age of twenty , Chabaneau was convinced to join the newly established Real Seminario Patriotico at Vergara to teach French and physics by brothers Fausto and Juan José Elhuyar . The two brothers , who later made a name for themselves by isolating metallic tungsten , had been hired by the Count of Peñaflorida , who had sent them to France to find professors for the Vergara Seminary .
= = Platinum research = =
After the Elhuyar brothers isolated metallic tungsten in 1783 , Chabaneau collaborated with them in researching platinum . This did not last long , though , as the brothers had been appointed Directors General of Mining , and soon left Spain for South America . King Charles III created a public chair of mineralogy , physics and chemistry for Chabaneau in Madrid and provided him with a laboratory for his research . The Count d 'Aranda secured the government 's entire supply of platinum for Chabaneau 's laboratory .
Chabaneau was able to easily remove most of platinum 's natural impurities , including gold , mercury , lead , copper , and iron , leading him to believe that he was working with pure platinum . However , the metal displayed inconsistent characteristics . At times it was malleable , yet at times it was highly brittle . Sometimes it was entirely incombustible , yet sometimes it burned readily . These inconsistencies were a result of various impurities : rhodium , palladium , osmium , iridium , and ruthenium . These elements would later come to be known as the platinum group metals , but at the time of Chabaneau 's research , they had not yet been discovered .
So frustrated was Chabaneau by his research that , in 1786 , he lost his temper and smashed all of his equipment , exclaiming , " Away with it all ! I 'll smash the whole business ; you shall never again get me to touch the damned metal ! " Nevertheless , three months later Chabaneau presented the Count d 'Aranda with a 10 cm cube of pure malleable platinum . His process , involving powder metallurgy and intense heating , was kept secret until 1914 .
= = Platinum age and death = =
Chabaneau realized that the sheer difficulty of working with platinum would lend value to objects made from it . He and Don Joaquín Cabezas carried on a lucrative business producing platinum ingots and utensils . This marked the beginning of what is now known as the " platinum age in Spain , " during which nearly 18 @,@ 000 troy ounces of malleable platinum were produced in a span of 22 years . The platinum age ended in 1808 when Chabaneau 's laboratory was destroyed during Napoleon 's second invasion .
In 1799 , Chabaneau returned to France seeking rest near his native village of Nontron . There he remained until January 1842 , when he died at the age of 88 years .
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= The Tower of Babble =
The Tower of Babble : Sins , Secrets and Successes inside the CBC is a Canadian non @-@ fiction book written by Richard Stursberg . The book is a memoir detailing Stursberg 's experience as the vice @-@ president in charge of English services at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) between October 2004 and August 2010 . Stursberg was recruited by CBC president Robert Rabinovitch who understood and supported Stursberg 's intention to move the CBC 's focus more towards producing popular content with success and failure defined by the number of people who watch , rather than awards or critical praise . The book covers a range of topics relating to CBC , including acquiring popular shows , like Little Mosque on the Prairie and Heartland , for CBC Television , modernizing news coverage at CBC News , adjustments to CBC Radio , and CBC Sports losing broadcasting rights to its competitors .
This tell @-@ all memoir was called entertaining but was met with generally mixed reviews . While it was valued as an insider account of a well @-@ known institution , the author used the book to aggressively defend his views without relating to opposing views , and elaborate on what he views to be the CBC 's deficiencies .
= = Background = =
When The Tower of Babble was released in April 2012 , a little over one and a half years had elapsed since its author Richard Stursberg left the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) , in August 2010 . Stursberg had been recruited by CBC president Robert Rabinovitch , as his vice @-@ president in charge of English services . Stursberg had previously worked in the media business , most recently as the director of Telefilm Canada ( 2001 – 2004 ) . He entered CBC in October 2004 , to replace the retiring Harold Redekopp , with the idea of changing the network 's direction , away from its focus on high arts and towards popular content . Though Rabinovitch supported him , Stursberg understood how difficult that transition would be and that he would face resistance and criticism . Stursberg 's vision was not supported by Rabinovitch 's successor , Hubert Lacroix , who eventually replaced Stursberg with Kirstine Stewart . The 63 @-@ year @-@ old Stursberg left CBC in August 2010 and by October 2011 publisher Douglas & McIntyre acquired the world rights to his memoir . Douglas & McIntyre 's parent company , D & M Publishers , filed for bankruptcy in October 2012 , still owing Stursberg $ 13 @,@ 000 .
= = Synopsis = =
The book is divided into ten subject @-@ related chapters . The first chapter provides an introduction to how Stursberg entered the CBC scene , how he viewed his role replacing the retiring Harold Redekopp as the executive vice president in charge of English services , and previews what challenges he would encounter . The second chapter covers his experience entering CBC senior management amid contract negotiations with its union , the resulting lock out during summer 2005 , and the relations between what he labeled the Gang of Four ( senior management ) and the Central Committee ( union representatives ) . In the third chapter , Entertainment , he explains his plan for re @-@ orienting CBC television towards entertainment which would use audience numbers to gauge success . He cancelled critically acclaimed shows ( Da Vinci 's City Hall , This Is Wonderland , and Opening Night ) which had low ratings and ordered what he expected would be more audience @-@ friendly shows . Beginning in summer 2006 , the first new show under Stursberg 's strategy , The One , received very low ratings and was quickly cancelled . That Autumn 's schedule , though , was successful , introducing Little Mosque on the Prairie , The Tudors , Heartland . The nest year 's schedule introduced the successful The Border and Being Erica but also the unsuccessful MVP and jPod . Strusberg 's move of Marketplace to Friday nights resulted in higher ratings but his plan to move The National to 11pm was denied by the CBC board of directors . In the fourth chapter , The French , he details his relationship with his French counterpart , the style differences between English and French television shows , the disproportionate funding given to the French services , and the lack of CBC Board members who can understand French . As a means of trying to bridge the two cultures , he ordered English versions of the popular Quebec shows Rumours and Sophie but both received low ratings in English Canada .
In the fifth chapter , Stursberg recounts CBC 's experience losing sports licenses . While the CBC had superior market placement ( with respect to geographic coverage and experience with amateur sports ) , they lost the 2010 and 2012 Olympics to a joint CTV / TSN / Rogers $ 153 million bid . The Canadian Football League moved its broadcasting rights to TSN with Stursberg citing Commissioner Tom Wright 's displeasure with the CBC 's poor coverage of CFL games during the CBC 2005 lock @-@ out . The CBC also lost broadcasting rights for The Brier and the Tournament of Hearts to CTV / TSN . Stursberg negotiated for Hockey Night in Canada 's NHL rights with Gary Bettman and managed to extend their contract , but at a significantly higher price . The sixth chapter deals with CBC News which , as Stursberg explains , were scheduled to have the local newscasts eliminated . Instead , he initiated style and content reforms , taking effect in October 2009 , including the creation of an internal newswire to provide stories suitable for TV , radio , and web services . He also commissioned an independent study to analyze a perceived anti @-@ conservative bias in news coverage but the study found the coverage to be more conservative friendly than either the Global or CTV coverage . The chapter on Radio noted CBC Radio One 's dominance in the Canadian radio market but CBC Radio Two 's low ratings . Stursberg advocated for more local radio coverage , especially in the Hamilton area , and facilitated the programming change of CBC Radio Two by inserting more musical variety , specializing in Canadian music .
Chapter 8 , Money , describes the internal debate at CBC regarding how to cover a $ 70 million loss in advertising revenue from the 2008 @-@ 2009 recession with the government unwilling to cover the deficit or allow CBC to incur debt . Ultimately , they decided on cutting 400 jobs , reducing the number of episodes ordered , and selling excess real estate . Chapter 9 , The Plan , addresses CBC 's adaption to new technology and the consolidation of the Canadian telecommunications industry . Stursberg details his struggles with the new CBC president Hubert Lacroix , who did not endorse Stursberg 's strategy of providing popular content and initiated a new strategic planning process . In the final chapter Stursberg notes the changes that have occurred since his departure and predicts the demise of CBC Sports as it loses NHL rights to CTV / TSN .
= = Genre and style = =
The Tower of Babble is a memoir that focuses on how Stursberg saw CBC operations between 2004 and 2010 . He reveals details about his relationships with CBC presidents , Robert Rabinovitch and Hubert Lacroix and his fellow executives . Written about a year after he left CBC , Stursberg uses several themes such as illustrating the corporation 's deficiencies , such as the motif " superior losers " to describe attitude of superiority at the CBC despite low ratings , elaborating on what CBC should be ( providers of popular content ) , and defending his work there . His aggressive defense against his critics was compared to a similar tactic found in Conrad Black 's memoir , A Matter of Principle , which was released only a few months before . In addition to being called a " tell @-@ all memoir " , the book was also described as " as much an elegy as a chronicle " , a " catalogued defence ... [ or ] parting shot " and like a " diary of a battlefield general " . Regarding the title , a biblical reference to the Tower of Babel , one reviewer believed it to " hint at Stursberg 's view of [ CBC ] as the place that business common sense forgot " while another reviewer thought it " reflect [ ed ] the warring languages spoken by the author and his detractors "
= = Publication and reception = =
The book was published by the Vancouver @-@ based publisher Douglas & McIntyre . They published the hardcover and ebook versions in April 2012 . Stursberg promoted it through reading and book signing events across Canada , including in Winnipeg , Calgary , and Vancouver , as well as at the Ottawa International Writers Festival . Excerpts were published in the National Post , the Regina Leader @-@ Post , Winnipeg Free Press , Ottawa Citizen , and Maclean 's .
The book was called " entertaining " as well as " tough and eloquent " . As a memoir , one reviewer called it " well @-@ documented " though another complained about the use of unattributed quotations . The Winnipeg Free Press described the book as " certain to infuriate the CBC 's strongest adherents . ... its proclamations , though , deserve attention , strident though they may be . Not only is this the leading account of a tumultuous time within the institution — history written by a partial victor — but some elements of its prescription may help restore the public broadcaster to health . In particular , Stursberg 's analysis of the " intimidating frenemies " on the international media landscape merits attention . " Arts and culture editor Mike Landry of the Telegraph @-@ Journal found that " while well @-@ written , his attempts at humour and levity in The Tower of Babble often fall flat , more confusing than chuckle @-@ inducing . "
Writer Peter C. Newman concluded that " Stursberg 's rage dominates his crackling autobiography - as does his grief for the lost network 's unfulfilled promise . " Columnist Martin Knelman , in the Toronto Star , advised , " Don 't expect a balanced account of the troubles that brewed . This is strictly the Gospel According to Richard - entertaining but also blatantly self @-@ serving . ... He had no appetite for compromise , consensus or conciliation . He seemed to relish the chance to shock people , make them angry and create dramatic showdowns . Now with this book , he seizes the chance to attack those who stood in his way . " Knelman found the best parts were " the passages where he goes after his perceived enemies with a hatchet " , while Newman found " the volume 's most devastating profile [ to be ] that of CBC president Hubert Lacroix " .
Critic John Doyle wrote , " From what I 've seen , there is a lot of self @-@ serving blather in Stursberg 's book , and his loathing for shows that are " dark " ( Da Vinci 's Inquest , Intelligence ) is comical . But he 's correct that there is something genuinely appalling about CBC 's hand @-@ wringing about where it goes . " One journalist reported that the president of Canada Media Research challenged Stursberg 's interpretation of CBC 's ratings , failing to take into account a new method of calculating ratings which made the numbers appear higher , though Stursberg countered that he only used rating numbers that came from the CBC 's research department .
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= Inocybe saliceticola =
Inocybe saliceticola is a fungus found in moist habitats in the Nordic countries . The species produces brown mushrooms with caps of varying shapes up to 40 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) across , and tall , thin stems up to 62 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) long . At the base of the stem is a large and well @-@ defined " bulb " . The species produces unusually shaped , irregular spores , each with a few thick protrusions . This feature helps differentiate it from other species that would otherwise be similar in appearance and habit .
Inocybe saliceticola grows in mycorrhizal association with willow trees , and it is for this that the species is named . However , particular species favoured by the fungus are unclear and may include beech and alder taxa . The mushrooms grow from the ground , often among mosses or detritus . I. saliceticola was first described in 2009 , and within the genus Inocybe , the species is a part of the section Marginatae . The species has been recorded in Finland and Sweden and is relatively common in some areas .
= = Taxonomy = =
Inocybe saliceticola was first described in 2009 by Jukka Vauras and Katri Kokkonen in the journal Karstenia , based on around 20 specimens from Finland , the majority of which were collected by the authors . The holotype was collected from the shore of lake Pahakala , near Nurmes . The specific name saliceticola is in reference to the fact that the species grows among willow ( Salix ) . Within the genus Inocybe , I. saliceticola belongs to the section Marginatae , as defined by Rolf Singer . The section has been defined in several ways . It was established in 1933 by Robert Kühner , who identified two key characteristics : a stem which does not feature a cortina ( a fragile , cobweb @-@ like partial veil ) but is entirely covered by cystidia , and the presence of a marginate " bulb " at the base of the stem . Singer emended the section in 1986 to take into account that a bulb is not always present . A slightly different infrageneric taxonomy was offered by Thom Kuyper in 1986 . He , like Singer , grouped Marginatae under Inocybe subg . Inocybe , but he labelled it a " supersection " . However , phylogenetic studies have indicated that neither Singer 's section Marginatae nor Kuyper 's " supersection " Marginatae truly form monophyletic groups , but that Singer 's section comes closer to doing so . Species within Marginatae similar to I. saliceticola include I. obtusiuscula , I. dunensis , I. salicis @-@ herbaceae , I. substellata , I. praetervisa , I. salicis and I. mixtilis . These species are all known to associate with willow , and all have macroscopic similarities .
= = Description = =
Incoybe saliceticola produces mushrooms with caps of between 7 and 40 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 28 and 1 @.@ 57 in ) in diameter . The shape of the cap varies , depending on the age of the mushroom . In younger specimens , they are conical or nearly so , but as the mushroom matures , the caps flatten into a more convex or flat shape . As such , the height of the cap varies from 4 to 11 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 16 to 0 @.@ 43 in ) . The cap features an umbo that is usually very prominent . Around the umbo , the cap surface is smooth , but towards the cap margin , the surface is defined by fibrils running from the margin towards the umbo . The cap sometimes splits along these . The cap 's colour varies from yellow @-@ brown to pale brown , and is palest at the margins . The umbo contrasts to this somewhat , being a grey @-@ brown or red @-@ brown . The slender stem measures from 0 @.@ 7 to 6 @.@ 2 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 3 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) long by 1 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 059 to 0 @.@ 256 in ) thick . It thickens slightly towards the base , where it joins a large , well @-@ defined " bulb " that can be up to 11 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 43 in ) across . Shallow grooves run up the surface of the stem , which is covered in a fine white powder . In one case , however , an atypical specimen was recovered with an almost completely smooth stem , free of striations or powder . The stem varies in colour , with whitish , pale yellow @-@ brown , pale red @-@ brown , pale brown and grey @-@ brown all observed , while the base is white . No veil or ring is visible .
The fairly crowded gills are adnate , meaning that they attach to the stem through their entire depth . They are a pale grey to pale grey @-@ brown when young , darkening to grey @-@ brown as they mature . The gill edges , which are slightly fimbriate , are the same colour or paler . The flesh lacks any strong or distinctive smell or taste , and is described in the original description as " fungoid " . In the cap , the flesh varies in colour from whitish to a pale brown @-@ grey or pale yellow , while in the stem , it is the same colour as the stem surface or slightly paler .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The irregularly shaped spores measure from 7 @.@ 2 to 11 @.@ 6 by 5 @.@ 1 to 7 @.@ 9 micrometres ( μm ) , each featuring a few thick protusions . Abnormal spores of a different shape , sometimes with protrusions more distinct from the actual spore than is typical , can sometimes form ; this is perhaps due to poor weather . The club @-@ shaped basidia measure 25 to 40 by 9 to 14 μm , and each basidium bears four spores . The yellowish pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the face of the gill ) are ventricose or occasionally club @-@ shaped , measuring 41 to 89 by 12 to 23 μm , including a cell wall up to 4 @.@ 5 μm thick . The tip often bends and is encrusted with crystal @-@ like structures , while the base tapers , or narrows into a small stalk . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the edge of the gill ) are much the same , but they are typically somewhat shorter and stouter . The longer caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) occur all the way down the stem and measure up to 99 μm in length with a more variable shape . The mushrooms also feature " paracystidia " , club @-@ shaped cystidia @-@ like structures on the gills lacking crystals , as well as " cauloparacystidia " on the stem . In Inocybe saliceticola , the paracystidia are fairly abundant , with thin cell @-@ walls , while the abundant cauloparacystidia can have slightly thicker walls and are often arranged in clusters .
= = = Similar species = = =
Of the species of Marginatae associated with willow , five ( I. salicis @-@ herbaceae , I. substellata , I. praetervisa , I. salicis and I. mixtilis ) can be readily distinguished from I. saliceticola as their spores feature distinct , strongly protruding excrescences . In addition , they are found in vastly different habitats : I. mixtilis and I. praetervisa favour willow only in montane habitats , while I. salicis @-@ herbaceae and I. substellata grow exclusively in montane habitats . I. salicis is rare in Nordic countries , and is typically collected from dunes . Of the other two listed by Vauras and Kokkonen , the spores of I. dunensis are distinctly larger and of a different shape to those of I. saliceticola , and the cystidia are shorter . While the species is typically found on the beach , it grows on fine sand , and has not been recorded in Finland . I. obtusiuscula also has larger spores of a different shape , and they are a darker colour , owing to their thick cell walls . Phylogenetic analysis of the respective internal transcribed spacer sequences has confirmed that I. obtusiuscula and I. saliceticola are separate species .
Inocybe alnea and I. ochracea , regarded by some as the same species , can also be distinguished from I. saliceticola by the presence of protruding nodules on the spores . DNA analysis confirmed that they were separate from I. saliceticola , and , in any case , it is possible that they do not grow in association with willow . I. hirculus has been recorded growing near I. saliceticola , but can be differentiated both macroscopically and microscopically ; the mushrooms of I. hirculus have a much more fibrillose cap , and the stem does not join a bulb , while the spores are larger . Macroscopically , I. rivularis , which could grow in similar habitats to that of I. saliceticola , produces larger mushrooms and has powder only towards the top of the stem . It also differs microscopically .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Inocybe saliceticola grows in a mycorrhizal association with willow ( Salix ) . Precise favoured species are unclear ; at least one of the tea @-@ leaved willow ( Salix phylicifolia ) or the dark @-@ leaved willow ( S. myrsinifolia ) is a possible symbiont , while other trees that the species has been found near include the bay willow ( S. pentandra ) , the grey willow ( S. cinnerea ) , the grey alder ( Alnus incana ) and species of birch ( Betula ) . I. saliceticola is found most typically in moist thickets or woodland close to shores , but recordings have also been made in other moist habitats . Mushrooms are encountered on the ground , growing from detritus or amongst moss , such as the heart @-@ leaved spear @-@ moss ( Calliergon cordifolium ) , the spiky @-@ bog moss ( Sphagnum squarrosum ) and species of Mnium . They are typically near plants such as the tufted loosestrife ( Lysimachia thyrsiflora ) , the creeping buttercup ( Ranunculus repens ) , the common marsh @-@ bedstraw ( Galium palustre ) , the purple marshlocks ( Comarum palustre ) and the purple small @-@ reed ( Calamagrostis canescens ) , and share the habitat with other Inocybe , including I. acuta and I. lacera var. helobia .
Inocybe saliceticola has been recorded in several locations around Finland , ranging from the hemiboreal zones in the east and the south of the country , to boreal areas in the north , and it has also been found in Sweden , close to the Klarälven . At least in North Karelia , Finland , it is relatively common in the right habitats . It is one of over 150 species of Inocybe found in the Nordic countries , and fruit bodies can be encountered between late July and early October .
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= Indestructible ( Robyn song ) =
" Indestructible " is a song by Swedish recording artist Robyn , taken from her seventh studio album Body Talk ( 2010 ) . The song was written by Robyn and Klas Åhlund , and produced by Åhlund . It was released as the lead single from Body Talk on 1 November 2010 in Sweden and one day later in the United States . The song was previously heard , in an acoustic form , as the final track on Body Talk Pt . 2 , released in September 2010 . The song was one of the first to be recorded for the Body Talk series , but Robyn saved it for later to give it a chance of becoming a single .
According to Robyn , " Indestructible " describes how meeting new people and falling in love can be scary and fun at the same time . The song is a synthpop ballad with string sounds , pulsing bass and an electronic arrangement . The song was met with generally positive reviews from critics , who praised its production and Robyn 's songwriting . It reached number four on the Sverigetopplistan chart , becoming Robyn 's ninth top ten hit in her native country . It charted moderately elsewhere , reaching number thirteen in Denmark and number twenty @-@ one on the UK Dance Chart .
The accompanying music video was directed by Max Vitali and Nils Ljunggren . It shows scenes of couples having sex , and cutscenes of Robyn wearing a special designed dress featuring tubes with colored liquid . Robyn wanted to make the video to show the truth about sex . The dress was designed by Lucy McRae , who specializes in " body architecture " . An advanced machine was built to control the flow of the liquid and a kilometre of tubes were used . The video received positive reviews from critics , who called it honest and intriguing . Robyn performed the song at the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Concert .
= = Background = =
" Indestructible " was written by Robyn and Klas Åhlund with production done by the latter . The song was recorded at a studio named Apmamman , in Stockholm , Sweden . The strings in the song were arranged by Carl Bagge , and played by various cello and violin players . The song alongside " Hang with Me " were among the first songs to be recorded for the Body Talk series , and Robyn said that she saved them for a later release because " [ she ] knew they would be singles , or could be singles , and [ she ] wanted them to get that chance . " Robyn described the song to The Macomb Daily as " a love song ... about what you can do in a club " . In an interview with MTV News , she elaborated on the song 's theme and message , saying , " I think ' Indestructible ' is a song that talks about what happens when you meet new people and fall in love , and how that can be scary and fun at the same time . "
An acoustic version of the song was featured on Body Talk Pt . 2 , released in September 2010 . The uptempo version was announced as the first single from Body Talk on 12 October 2010 , and the single artwork was released on the same date . The song premiered online on 14 October 2010 , via Robyn 's SoundCloud account . The single was initially planned to be released on 17 November 2010 in Sweden , but it was changed to 1 November 2010 . It was released in the United States on 2 November 2010 . A CD single was released in Germany on 18 February 2011 .
= = Composition = =
" Indestructible " is an uptempo ballad that uses string sections and a pulsating beat . The song makes use of a synthpop style , and incorporates elements Europop . It carries a 4 / 4 beat that is driven by an " endlessly looped " arpeggio . The song utilizes ascending keyboard bubbles , disco claps , drum machines and whistles as backing . The string sounds from the acoustic version of the song are accompanied by four @-@ to @-@ the @-@ floor beats and an electronic arrangement , as well as " relentless " bass and pulsing synthesized chords . Molly Lambert of Pitchfork noted the " human quality " of Robyn 's voice on the track , writing that it is " cloaked in waves of arpeggiated synth " .
The lyrics speak of a love connection , where the protagonist makes bad decisions ; " I never was smart with love , I let the bad ones in and the good ones go " . In the chorus , Robyn sings " I 'm gonna love you like I 've never been hurt before / I 'm gonna love you like I 'm indestructible . " Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music noted that Robyn sings " tough and knowing " and " pessimistically optimistic " lines , but manages to make it sound romantic for the listener . Emma Gaedekke of Billboard commented on the lyrical content , saying , " Robyn 's heartfelt vocal turn prevents the backing music from overwhelming her story of a love connection found at the tail @-@ end of heartbreak . "
= = Critical reception = =
Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review , awarding it five out of five stars . Levine praised the synths and strings present on the track , as well as Åhlund 's production . He commented that the lyrics made the song " not just touching , but utterly , utterly life @-@ affirming " . Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music and compared it to " heartbreak songs " by ABBA , but noted its modern synthpop as opposed to 1970s disco . McAlpine noted that the song about dancing and being " terrified / upset " at the same time , and wrote that Robyn has created a " devastating happysad feeling " . McAlpine awarded the song five out five stars , and gave it " special points " for its " faux @-@ classical synth solo " in the middle . Emma Gaedeke of Billboard highlighted the songwriting and praised it for being emotionally honest , without " generic pop cheesiness " . Molly Lambert of Pitchfork wrote a positive review of the song , saying that the drum machines on the track contrast well with the qualities of her voice . Lambert wrote , " “ Indestructible ” encapsulates the kind of freedom Robyn sings about ; freedom from reductionist categories , unfair expectations , and life 's daily indignities . "
Paul Davey of Drowned in Sound wrote that the song " sits comfortably alongside " previous singles " Hang with Me " and " Dancing on My Own " . Davey referred " Indestructible " to as " an example of a pop @-@ innovator at the top of her game " . Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine praised the song 's production and named it one of Robyn 's best singles . Keefe also named it the standout among the new songs on Body Talk . Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone gave it three and a half out of five stars , and wrote that " [ Robyn ] sings an uncommonly elegant Europop melody " . Evan Sawdey of PopMatters compared the song negatively to the acoustic version , believing it was a bad choice to " swap out strings for synths " . He wrote , " Robyn 's voice gets lost amidst the laser lights , and its impact just isn 't as strong " . Sawdey , however , considered it " great [ for ] the dance floor " .
= = Chart performance = =
On the issue dated 17 September 2010 of the Sverigetopplistan chart , the acoustic version of " Indestructible " debuted and peaked at number fifty @-@ four due to strong digital downloads . The original version of the song debuted at number nine on the issue dated 12 November 2010 , becoming Robyn 's ninth top ten hit in the country . Three weeks later , it peaked at number four . It was the thirtieth best @-@ selling song of 2010 in Sweden . In Denmark , the song debuted at number thirty @-@ eight on the chart issue dated 12 November 2010 , but fell off the chart next week . On 3 December 2010 , it re @-@ entered at number twenty @-@ four and peaked at number thirteen on 21 January 2011 . After thirteen non @-@ consecutive weeks , the song fell off the chart dated 4 March 2011 . On 20 October 2011 the song was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for sales of 15 @,@ 000 digital units in Denmark .
" Indestructible " managed to chart at number 171 on the UK Singles Chart , on the issue dated 18 December 2010 . It debuted at number thirty on the UK Dance Chart , and reached its peak of number twenty @-@ one on its second week on the chart . In Belgium , the song peaked at number twenty @-@ three on the Flanders Ultratop 50 chart , and number twenty @-@ nine on the Wallonia Ultratip airplay chart . In Germany , the song debuted at number fifty @-@ six , immediately becoming Robyn 's highest charting single in the country since " With Every Heartbeat " in 2007 .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Indestructible " was directed by Max Vitali and Nils Ljunggren . Vitali had previously worked with Robyn on the music videos for " Hang with Me " and " Dancing on My Own " . For the video , Australian artist Lucy McRae , who makes " body architecture " , designed a special " tube dress " for Robyn to wear . McRae also designed the outfits Robyn wore on the Body Talk album covers . The dress for the video was made up of plastic pipes that were periodically filled with colored fluids and wrapped around Robyn 's body . Robyn recalled that the machine that kept the liquid flowing was " very complicated " . It was powered by drills and required " a whole lot of complex machinery to function " . The machine was built by McRae , who had to do it quickly because of the video 's budget . McRae said , " Me and the dream team had never done anything like this before , the whole project was happening for the first time . The machine was super loud . " The shooting stopped four times due to leaks , and the team had to mop and re @-@ set the technology . The shooting took twenty hours , and by 3 a.m. McRae said that Robyn was wrapped " in a kilometre of tubing draped over her head and body " . She praised Robyn 's stamina throughout the shoot , saying that " there were chaotic moments that could have been potentially disastrous and the entire time Robyn was working with us , smiling , moving when the tubes were stuck and just super happy we were making it happen . "
Due to the complex technology used to for the video , Robyn believed " It looked like ' MacGyver ' on the set . " She said that the video " [ is ] very much about [ ... ] giving almost a physical experience of what it feels like to be on a dance floor or fall in love , whether it 's blood or endorphins or other body fluids . " She wanted to make a video about sex , but said that " in a way that wasn 't so clichéd . [ ... ] And [ the video ] is made to give you a picture of what sex really is , which I think is something that 's very hard to do , because sex is everywhere all the time , but very rarely is it made out to be something real . " The video begins with a reversed scene of a young couple having sex . In cutscenes , Robyn appears with a tube dress with clear liquid flowing through it . When the young woman begins to switch her sex partners , the liquid in the tubes wrapped around Robyn begins to alter colors and flow more quickly . The video ends with Robyn standing alone with black liquid in the tubes .
The music video premiered via Robyn 's official Myspace account on 28 October 2010 . The video received positive reviews from critics . James Montgomery of MTV News called it " a clothing @-@ optional video that 's raising eyebrows ( and temperatures ) worldwide . Though [ ... ] there 's nothing really all that shocking about the clip ... except maybe for its honesty . " Megan Vick of Billboard was positive on the video , saying that , " We can 't be entirely sure what Robyn was trying to say with this treatment , but we do know that this video is hot – and intriguing . " Robbie Daw of music website Idolator compared it to a scene from The X @-@ Files . He concluded by saying that " This is hardcore , indeed . " Amber Katz of MTV Buzzworthy said that Robyn looks " cherubic and futuristic [ in the video ] , as if she belongs on the set of “ Caprica ” . " Katz compared Robyn 's outfit to Rebecca Horn 's " Overflowing Blood Machine " . DJ Ron Slomowicz of About.com called the video " creepy and confusing " and said , " Overall , it is a scintillating if not entirely clear video . "
= = Live performances = =
On 3 November 2010 , Robyn performed the song alongside several other songs on the Myspace Secret Shows in London . On 1 December 2010 , she made an appearance on The 5 : 19 Show on BBC to perform the song . " Indestructible " was performed on 11 December 2010 at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert . The performance opened with the Swedish folk song " Jag vet en dejlig rosa " and her previous single " Dancing on My Own " . Robyn was accompanied by two drummers and two keyboardist on stage , and string players later joined for " Indestructible " . The stage was designed with vertical light columns that altered colors in time with the music . Two days later , she performed the song at the Svenska Hjältar awards ceremony in Sweden , broadcast on TV4 . The song was mixed with the acoustic version for this performance . She also performed the song during the Body Talk Tour .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Robyn and Klas Åhlund – music , lyrics , production , instruments and programming
Niklas Flyckt – mixing
Carl Bagge – string arranging
Marianne Herresthal and Pelle Hansen – cello
Claudia Bonfiglioli , Erik Arvinder , Patrik Swedrup and Simona Bonfiglioli – violin
Source
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Humphrey de Bohun , 3rd Earl of Hereford =
Humphrey ( V ) de Bohun ( c . 1249 – 31 December 1298 ) , 3rd Earl of Hereford and 2nd Earl of Essex , was an English nobleman known primarily for his opposition to King Edward I over the Confirmatio Cartarum . He was also an active participant in the Welsh Wars and maintained for several years a private feud with the earl of Gloucester . His father , Humphrey ( V ) de Bohun , fought on the side of the rebellious barons in the Barons ' War . When Humphrey ( V ) predeceased his father , Humphrey ( VI ) became heir to his grandfather , Humphrey ( IV ) . At Humphrey ( IV ) ' s death in 1275 , Humphrey ( VI ) inherited the earldoms of Hereford and Essex . He also inherited major possessions in the Welsh Marches from his mother , Eleanor de Braose .
Bohun 's spent most of his early career reconquering Marcher lands captured by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd during the Welsh war in England . This was finally accomplished through Edward I 's war in Wales in 1277 . Hereford also fought in Wales in 1282 – 83 and 1294 – 95 . At the same time he also had private feuds with other Marcher lords , and his conflict with Gilbert de Clare , Earl of Gloucester , eventually ended with the personal intervention of King Edward himself . Hereford 's final years were marked by the opposition he and Roger Bigod , Earl of Norfolk , mounted against the military and fiscal policy of Edward I. The conflict escalated to a point where civil war threatened , but was resolved when the war effort turned towards Scotland . The king signed the Confirmatio Cartarum – a confirmation of Magna Carta – and Bohun and Bigod agreed to serve on the Falkirk Campaign . Bohun died in 1298 , and was succeeded by his son , Humphrey de Bohun , 4th Earl of Hereford .
= = Family background and inheritance = =
Humphrey ( VI ) de Bohun was part of a line of Anglo @-@ Norman aristocrats going back to the Norman Conquest , most of whom carried the same name . His grandfather was Humphrey ( IV ) de Bohun , who had been part of the baronial opposition of Simon de Montfort , but later gone over to the royal side . He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Lewes in May 1264 , but was restored to favour after the royalist victory at the Battle of Evesham the next year . Humphrey ( IV ) ' s son , Humphrey ( V ) de Bohun , remained loyal to the baronial side throughout the Barons ' War , and was captured at Evesham on 4 August 1265 . In October that year Humphrey ( V ) died in captivity at Beeston Castle in Cheshire from injuries he had sustained in the battle .
Humphrey ( V ) had been excluded from succession as a result of his rebellion , but when Humphrey ( IV ) died in 1275 , Humphrey ( VI ) inherited the earldoms of Hereford and Essex . Humphrey ( VI ) had already served as deputy Constable of England under Humphrey ( IV ) . Humphrey ( IV ) had reserved the honour of Pleshey for his younger son Henry , but the remainder of his lands went to Humphrey ( VI ) . The inheritance Humphrey ( VI ) received – in addition to land in Essex and Wiltshire from Humphrey ( IV ) – also consisted of significant holdings in the Welsh Marches from his mother . His mother Eleanor was a daughter and coheir of William de Braose and his wife Eva Marshal , who in turn was the daughter and coheir of William Marshal , regent to Henry III .
Since Humphrey ( VI ) was only sixteen years old at the time of his father 's death , the Braose lands were taken into the king 's custody until 1270 . Part of this inheritance , the Marcher lordship of Brecon , was in the meanwhile given to the custody of Gilbert de Clare , Earl of Hertford . Humphrey technically regained his lordship from Clare in 1270 , but by this time these lands had effectively been taken over by the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , who had taken advantage of the previous decade 's political chaos in England to extend his territory into the Marches .
He granted his brother Gilbert de Bohun all of their mother 's lands in Ireland and some land in England and Wales .
= = Welsh Wars = =
Over the next years , much of Hereford 's focus was on reconquering his lost lands in the Marches , primarily through private warfare against Llywelyn . Henry III died in 1272 , while his son – now Edward I – was crusading ; Edward did not return until 1274 . Llywelyn refused to pay homage to the new king , partly because of the military actions of Bohun and other Marcher lords , which Llywelyn saw as violations of the Treaty of Montgomery . On 12 November 1276 , Hereford was present at a royal assembly where judgment was passed on Llewelyn , and in 1277 , Edward I declared war on the Welsh prince . Rebellion in his own Brecon lands delayed Hereford 's participation in the early days of the Welsh war . He managed , however , to both suppress the rebellion , and conquer lands further west . He then joined up with the royal army and served for a while in Anglesey , before returning to Brecon , where he received the surrender of certain Welsh lords . After the campaign was over , on 2 January 1278 , he received protection from King Edward to go on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in Spain .
In 1282 , war with Wales broke out again ; this time it would not be simply a punitive campaign , but a full @-@ scale war of conquest . Initially , the king wanted to fight the war with paid forces , but the nobility insisted on the use of the feudal summons . To men like Hereford , this was preferable , because as part of a feudal army the participants would have both a stake in the war and a justifiable claim on conquered land . In the end , although the earls won , none of them were paid for the war effort . Hereford jealously guarded his authority as hereditary Constable of England , and protested vigorously when the Gilbert de Clare , Earl of Gloucester was appointed commander of the forces in South Wales . In the post war settlement , however , neither Hereford nor Gloucester received any significant rewards of land , the way several other magnates did . Hereford fought again in Wales , in the suppression of the rebellion of 1294 – 95 , when he again had to pacify the territory of Brecon before joining the king in the north .
= = Private war in the Marches = =
Parallel with the Welsh Wars , Hereford was also struggling to assert his claims to lands in the Marches against other Marcher lords . In 1284 Edward I granted the hundred of Iscennen in Carmarthenshire to John Giffard . Hereford believed the land belonged to him by right of conquest , and started a campaign to win the lands back , but the king took Giffard 's side . Problems also arose with the earl of Gloucester . As Gloucester 's former ward , Hereford had to buy back his own right of marriage , but Gloucester claimed he had not received the full sum . There was also remaining resentment on Hereford 's part for his subordination to Gloucester in the 1282 – 83 campaign . The conflict came to a head when Gloucester 's started construction of a castle at Morlais , which Hereford claimed was his land . In 1286 , the Crown ordered Gloucester to cease , but to no avail .
It had long been established Marcher custom to solve conflicts through private warfare . Hereford 's problem , however , was his relative weakness in the Marches , and now he was facing open conflict with two different enemies . He therefore decided to take the issue to the king instead , in a break with tradition . King Edward again ordered Gloucester to stop , but the earl ignored the order and initiated raids on Hereford 's lands . Hostilities continued and Hereford responded , until both earls were arrested and brought before the king . The real offense was not the private warfare in itself , but the fact that the earls had not respected the king 's injunction to cease . In the parliament of January 1292 , Gloucester was fined 10 @,@ 000 marks and Hereford 1 @,@ 000 . Gloucester 's liberty of Glamorgan was declared forfeit , and confiscated by the crown , as was Hereford 's of Brecon .
In the end the fines were never paid , and the lands were soon restored . Edward had nevertheless demonstrated an important point . After the conquest of Wales , the strategic position of the Marcher lordships was less vital to the English crown , and the liberty awarded to the Marcher lords could be curtailed . For Edward this was therefore a good opportunity to assert the royal prerogative , and to demonstrate that it extended also into the Marches of Wales .
= = Opposition to Edward I = =
In 1294 the French king declared the English duchy of Aquitaine forfeit , and war broke out between the two countries . Edward I embarked on a wide @-@ scale and costly project of building alliances with other princes on the Continent , and preparing an invasion . When the king , at the parliament of March 1297 in Salisbury , demanded military service from his earls , Roger Bigod , Earl of Norfolk , refused in his capacity of marshal of England . The argument was that the king 's subjects were not obliged to serve abroad if not in the company of the king , but Edward insisted on taking his army to Flanders while sending his earls to Gascony .
At the time of the Salisbury parliament , Hereford was accompanying two of the king 's daughters to Brabant , and could not be present . On his return , however , as Constable of England , he joined Bigod in July in refusing to perform feudal service . The two earls were joined in their opposition by the earls of Arundel and Warwick . The main reasons for the magnates ' defiance was the heavy burden of taxation caused by Edward 's continuous warfare in Wales , France and Scotland . In this they were also joined by Robert Winchelsey , the Archbishop of Canterbury , who was in the midst of an ongoing dispute with the king over clerical taxation . At one point Bohun and Bigod turned up in person at the Exchequer to protest a tax they claimed did not have the consent of the community of the realm . For Hereford there was also a personal element in the opposition to the king , after the humiliation and the affront to his liberties he had suffered over the dispute in the Marches . At a meeting just outside London , Bohun gave an impassioned speech objecting to the king 's abuse of power and demanding the restoration of ancient liberties . The grievances were summarised in a document known as the Remonstrances .
Neither party showed any inclination to back down , and the nation seemed on the brink of another civil war . Just as the conflict was coming to a head , however , external events intervened to settle it . In September 1297 , the English suffered a heavy defeat to the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge . The Scottish victory exposed the north of England to Scottish raids led by William Wallace . The war with Scotland received wider support from the English magnates , now that their own homeland was threatened , than did the war in France to protect the king 's continental possessions . Edward abandoned his campaign in France and negotiated a truce with the French king . He agreed to confirm Magna Carta in the so @-@ called Confirmatio Cartarum ( Confirmation of the Charters ) . The earls consequently consented to serve with the king in Scotland , and Hereford was in the army that won a decisive victory over the Scots in the Battle of Falkirk in 1298 . Hereford , not satisfied that the king had upheld the charter , withdrew after the battle , forcing Edward to abandon the campaign .
= = Death and family = =
In 1275 Bohun married Maud de Fiennes , daughter of Enguerrand de Fiennes , chevalier , seigneur of Fiennes , by his 2nd wife , Isabel ( kinswoman of Queen Eleanor of Provence ) . She predeceased him , and was buried at Walden Priory in Essex . Hereford himself died at Pleshey Castle on 31 December 1298 , and was buried at Walden alongside his wife . They had one son Humphrey de Bohun , 4th Earl of Hereford , born around 1276 . The son was given possession of his father 's lands and titles on 16 February 1299 . The young Humphrey also inherited his father 's title of Constable of England .
A common theme in Humphrey de Bohun 's actions was his fierce protection of what he regarded as his feudal privileges . His career was marked by turbulence and political strife , particularly in the Marches of Wales , but eventually he left a legacy of consolidated possessions there . In 1297 , at the height of the conflict between Edward I and rebellious barons , the king had actively tried to undermine Hereford 's authority in the Marches , but failed due to the good relations the earl enjoyed with the local men .
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= Iranian Embassy siege =
The Iranian Embassy siege took place from 30 April to 5 May 1980 , after a group of six armed men stormed the Iranian embassy in South Kensington , London . The gunmen took 26 people hostage — mostly embassy staff , but several visitors and a police officer , who had been guarding the embassy , were also held . The hostage @-@ takers , members of an Iranian Arab group campaigning for Arab national sovereignty in the southern region of Khūzestān Province , demanded the release of Arab prisoners from jails in Khūzestān and their own safe passage out of the United Kingdom . The British government quickly resolved that safe passage would not be granted , and a siege ensued . Over the following days , police negotiators secured the release of five hostages in exchange for minor concessions , such as the broadcasting of the hostage @-@ takers ' demands on British television .
By the sixth day of the siege the gunmen had become increasingly frustrated at the lack of progress in meeting their demands . That evening , they killed one of the hostages and threw his body out of the embassy . As a result , the British government ordered the Special Air Service ( SAS ) , a special forces regiment of the British Army , to conduct an assault to rescue the remaining hostages . Shortly afterwards , soldiers abseiled from the roof of the building and forced entry through the windows . During the 17 @-@ minute raid , the SAS rescued all but one of the remaining hostages , and killed five of the six terrorists . The soldiers subsequently faced accusations that they unnecessarily killed two of the terrorists , but an inquest into the deaths eventually cleared the SAS of any wrongdoing . The remaining terrorist was prosecuted and served 27 years in British prisons .
The hostage @-@ takers and their cause were largely forgotten after the Iran – Iraq War broke out later that year and the hostage crisis in Tehran continued until January 1981 . Nonetheless , the operation brought the SAS to the public eye for the first time and bolstered the reputation of Margaret Thatcher , the Prime Minister . The SAS was quickly overwhelmed by the number of applications it received from people inspired by the operation and , at the same time , experienced greater demand for its expertise from foreign governments . The building , having suffered major damage from a fire that broke out during the assault , was not reopened as the Iranian embassy until 1993 .
= = Background = =
= = = Motives = = =
The hostage @-@ takers were members of the Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan ( DRFLA ) — Iranian Arabs protesting for the establishment of an autonomous Arab state in the southern region of the Iranian province of Khūzestān ( also known as Arabistan ) which is home to an Arabic @-@ speaking minority . The oil @-@ rich area had become the source of much of Iran 's wealth , having been developed by multi @-@ national companies during the reign of the Shah .
According to Oan Ali Mohammed , suppression of the Arab sovereignty movement was the spark that led to his desire to attack the Iranian Embassy in London — a plan inspired by the Iran hostage crisis in which supporters of the revolution held the staff of the American embassy in Tehran hostage .
= = = Arrival in London = = =
Using Iraqi passports , Oan and three other members of the DRFLA arrived in London on 31 March 1980 and rented a flat in Earls Court . They claimed they had met by chance on the flight . The men typically returned to the flat drunk , late at night , and sometimes accompanied by prostitutes . Within a week , the housekeeper asked them to leave . They soon found another flat , where they told their new landlord they were moving because they had been joined by other men and required larger accommodation . Over the following days , the group swelled , with up to a dozen men in the flat on one occasion .
Oan was 27 and from Khūzestān ; he had studied at the University of Tehran , where he became politically active . He had been imprisoned by SAVAK , the Shah 's secret police , and bore scars which he said were from torture in SAVAK custody . The other members of his group were Shakir Abdullah Radhil , known as " Faisal " , Oan 's second @-@ in @-@ command who also claimed to have been tortured by SAVAK ; Shakir Sultan Said , or " Hassan " ; Themir Moammed Hussein , or Abbas ; Fowzi Badavi Nejad , or " Ali " ; and Makki Hanoun Ali , the youngest of the group , who went by the name of " Makki " .
On 30 April the men informed their landlord that they were going to Bristol for a week and then returning to Iraq , stated that they would no longer require the flat , and arranged for their belongings to be sent to Iraq . They left the building at 09 : 30 ( BST ) on 30 April . Their initial destination is unknown , but en route to the Iranian Embassy they collected firearms ( including pistols and submachine guns ) , ammunition and hand grenades . The weapons , predominantly Soviet @-@ made , are believed to have been smuggled into the United Kingdom in a diplomatic bag belonging to Iraq . Shortly before 11 : 30 , and almost two hours after vacating the nearby flat in Lexham Gardens in South Kensington , the six men arrived outside the embassy .
= = = Special Air Service = = =
The Special Air Service ( SAS ) is a regiment of the British Army and part of the United Kingdom 's special forces . The regiment was formed by Colonel David Stirling in Africa in 1941 , at the height of the Second World War . Its original role was to penetrate enemy lines and strike at airfields and supply lines deep in enemy territory , first in North Africa and later around the Mediterranean and in occupied Europe . Stirling established the principle of using small teams , usually of just four men , to carry out raids — having realised that a four @-@ man team could sometimes prove much more effective than a unit of hundreds of soldiers .
Western governments were prompted to form specialist anti @-@ terrorist units following the " Munich massacre " . During the 1972 Olympic Games , a firefight between a group of hostage @-@ takers and West German police left a police officer and all the hostages dead . The British government , worried that the country was unprepared for a similar crisis in the United Kingdom , ordered the formation of the Counter Revolutionary Warfare ( CRW ) Wing of the SAS , which became the UK 's primary anti @-@ terrorist and anti @-@ hijacking unit . The SAS had taken part in counter @-@ insurgency operations abroad since 1945 , and had trained the bodyguards of influential people whose deaths would be contrary to British interests . Thus , it was believed to be better prepared for the role than any unit in the police or elsewhere in the armed forces . The CRW Wing 's first operational experience was the storming of Lufthansa Flight 181 in 1977 , when a small detachment of soldiers were sent to assist GSG 9 — the elite West German police unit set up after the events of 1972 .
= = Siege = =
= = = Day one : 30 April = = =
At approximately 11 : 30 on Wednesday 30 April the six heavily armed members of DRFLA stormed the Iranian Embassy building on Princes Gate , South Kensington . The gunmen quickly overpowered Police Constable Trevor Lock of the Metropolitan Police 's Diplomatic Protection Group ( DPG ) . Lock was carrying a concealed Smith & Wesson .38 @-@ calibre revolver , but was unable to draw it before he was overpowered , although he did manage to press the " panic button " on his radio . Lock was later frisked , but the gunman conducting the search did not find the constable 's weapon . He remained in possession of the revolver , and refused to remove his coat — which he told the gunmen was to " preserve his image " as a police officer — in order to keep it concealed . The officer also refused offers of food throughout the siege for fear that the weapon would be seen if he had to use the toilet and a gunman decided to escort him .
Although the majority of the people in the embassy were captured , three managed to escape — two by climbing out of a ground @-@ floor window and the third by climbing across a first @-@ floor parapet to the Ethiopian Embassy next door . A fourth person , Gholam @-@ Ali Afrouz — the chargé d 'affaires and thus the most senior Iranian official present — briefly escaped by jumping out of a first @-@ floor window , but was injured in the process and quickly captured . Afrouz and the 25 other hostages were all taken to a room on the second floor . The majority of the hostages were embassy staff — predominantly Iranian nationals , but several British employees were also captured . The other hostages were all visitors , with the exception of Lock , the British police officer tasked with guarding the embassy . Afrouz had been appointed to the position less than a year before , his predecessor having been dismissed after the revolution . Abbas Fallahi , who had been a butler before the revolution , was appointed the doorman by Afrouz . One of the British members of staff was Ron Morris , from Battersea , who had worked for the embassy in various positions since 1947 .
During the course of the siege , police and journalists established the identities of several other hostages . Mustapha Karkouti was a journalist covering the crisis at the US Embassy in Tehran and was at the embassy for an interview with Abdul Fazi Ezzati , the cultural attaché . Muhammad Hashir Faruqi was another journalist , at the embassy to interview Afrouz for an article on the Iranian Revolution . Simeon " Sim " Harris and Chris Cramer , both employees of the BBC , were at the embassy attempting to obtain visas to visit Iran — hoping to cover the aftermath of the 1979 revolution — after several unsuccessful attempts . They found themselves sitting next to Moutaba Mehrnavard , who was there to consult Ahmad Dadgar , the embassy 's medical adviser , and Ali Asghar Tabatabai , who was collecting a map for use in a presentation he had been asked to give at the end of a course he had been attending .
Police arrived at the embassy almost immediately after the first reports of gunfire , and , within ten minutes , seven DPG officers were on the scene . The officers moved to surround the embassy , but retreated when a gunman appeared at a window and threatened to open fire . Deputy Assistant Commissioner John Dellow arrived nearly 30 minutes later and took command of the operation . Dellow established a temporary headquarters in his car before moving it to the Royal School of Needlework further down Princes Gate and then to 24 Princes Gate , a nursery school . From his various command posts , Dellow coordinated the police response , including the deployment of D11 , the Metropolitan Police 's marksmen , and officers with specialist surveillance equipment . Police negotiators made contact with Oan via a field telephone passed through one of the embassy windows , and were assisted by a negotiator and a psychiatrist . At 15 : 15 Oan issued the DRFLA 's first demand , the release of 91 Arabs held in prisons in Khūzestān , and threatened to blow up the embassy and the hostages if this were not done by noon on 1 May .
Large numbers of journalists were on the scene quickly and were moved into a holding area to the west of the front of the embassy , while dozens of Iranian protesters also arrived near the embassy and remained there throughout the siege . Shortly after the beginning of the crisis , the British government 's emergency committee COBRA , was assembled . COBRA is made up of ministers , civil servants and expert advisers — including representatives from the police and the armed forces . The meeting was chaired by William Whitelaw , the Home Secretary , as Margaret Thatcher , the Prime Minister , was unavailable . The Iranian government accused the British and American governments of sponsoring the attack as revenge for the ongoing siege of the US Embassy in Tehran . Given the lack of co @-@ operation from Iran , Thatcher — who was kept apprised of the situation by Whitelaw — determined that British law would be applied to the embassy , despite the Vienna Convention , under which the embassy is considered Iranian soil .
At 16 : 30 , the gunmen released their first hostage , Frieda Mozaffarian . She had been unwell since the siege began , and Oan had asked for a doctor to be sent into the embassy to treat her , but the police refused . The other hostages deceived Oan into believing that Mozaffarian was pregnant , and Oan eventually released Mozaffarian after her condition deteriorated .
= = = Day two : 1 May = = =
The COBRA meetings continued through the night and into Thursday . Meanwhile , two teams were dispatched from the headquarters of the Special Air Service ( SAS ) near Hereford , and arrived at a holding area in Regent 's Park Barracks . The teams — from B Squadron , complemented by specialists from other squadrons — were equipped with CS gas , stun grenades , and explosives and armed with Browning Hi @-@ Power pistols and Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns . Lieutenant Colonel Michael Rose , commander of 22 SAS had travelled ahead of the detachment and introduced himself to Dellow , the commander of the police operation . At approximately 03 : 30 on 1 May , one of the SAS teams moved into the building next door to the embassy , normally occupied by the Royal College of General Practitioners , where they were briefed on Rose 's " immediate action " plan — to be implemented should the SAS be required to storm the building before a more sophisticated plan could be formed .
Early in the morning of 1 May , the gunmen ordered one of the hostages to telephone the BBC 's news desk . During the call , Oan took the receiver and spoke directly to the BBC journalist . He identified the group to which the gunmen belonged and stated that the non @-@ Iranian hostages would not be harmed , but refused to allow the journalist to speak to any other hostages . At some point during the day , the police disabled the embassy 's telephone lines , leaving the hostage @-@ takers just the field telephone for outside communication . As the hostages woke up , Chris Cramer , a sound organiser for the BBC , became seriously ill and his colleague , Sim Harris , was taken to the field telephone to negotiate for a doctor . The police negotiator refused the request , instead telling Harris to persuade Oan to release Cramer . The ensuing negotiations between Harris , Oan , and the police took up most of the morning , and Cramer was eventually released at 11 : 15 . He was rushed to hospital in an ambulance , accompanied by police officers sent to gather information from him .
As the deadline of noon approached , set the previous day for the release of the Arab prisoners , the police became convinced that the gunmen did not have the capability to carry out their threat of blowing up the embassy , and persuaded Oan to agree to a new deadline of 14 : 00 . The police allowed the deadline to pass , to no immediate response from the gunmen . During the afternoon , Oan altered his demands , requesting that the British media broadcast a statement of the group 's grievances and for ambassadors of three Arab countries to negotiate the group 's safe passage out of the UK once the statement had been broadcast . At approximately 20 : 00 , Oan became agitated by noises coming from the Ethiopian Embassy next door . The noise came from technicians who were drilling holes in the wall to implant listening devices , but PC Trevor Lock , when asked to identify the sound , attributed it to mice . COBRA decided to create ambient noise to cover the sound created by the technicians and instructed British Gas to commence drilling in an adjacent road , supposedly to repair a gas main . The drilling was aborted after it agitated the gunmen , and instead British Airports Authority , owner of London Heathrow Airport , was told to instruct approaching aircraft to fly over the embassy at low altitude .
= = = Day three : 2 May = = =
At 09 : 30 on 2 May , Oan appeared at the first @-@ floor window of the embassy to demand access to the telex system , which the police had disabled along with the telephone lines , and threatened to kill Abdul Fazi Ezzati , the cultural attaché . The police refused and Oan pushed Ezzati , who he had been holding at gunpoint at the window , across the room , before demanding to speak to somebody from the BBC who knew Sim Harris . The police , relieved to have a demand to which they could easily agree , produced Tony Crabb , managing director of BBC Television News and Harris 's boss . Oan shouted his demands — for safe passage out of the UK , to be negotiated by three ambassadors from Arab countries — to Crabb from the first @-@ floor window , and instructed that they should be broadcast along with a statement of the hostage @-@ takers ' aims by the BBC . The Foreign and Commonwealth Office informally approached the embassies of Algeria , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Syria and Qatar to ask if their ambassadors would be willing to talk to the hostage @-@ takers . The Jordanian ambassador immediately refused and the other five said they would consult their governments . The BBC broadcast the statement that evening , but in a form unsatisfactory to Oan , who considered it to be truncated and incorrect .
Meanwhile , the police located the embassy caretaker and took him to their forward headquarters to brief the SAS and senior police officers . He informed them that the embassy 's front door was reinforced by a steel security door , and that the windows on the ground floor and first floor were fitted with armoured glass — the result of recommendations made after the SAS had been asked to review security arrangements for the embassy several years earlier . Plans for entering the embassy by battering the front door and ground @-@ floor windows were quickly scrapped and work began on other ideas .
= = = Day four : 3 May = = =
Oan , angered by the BBC 's incorrect reporting of his demands the previous evening , contacted the police negotiators shortly after 06 : 00 and accused the authorities of deceiving him . He demanded to speak with an Arab ambassador , but the negotiator on duty claimed that talks were still being arranged by the Foreign Office . Recognising the delaying tactic , Oan told the negotiator that the British hostages would be the last to be released because of the British authorities ' deceit . He added that a hostage would be killed unless Tony Crabb was brought back to the embassy . Crabb did not arrive at the embassy until 15 : 30 , nearly ten hours after Oan demanded his presence , to the frustration of both Oan and Sim Harris . Oan then relayed another statement to Crabb via Mustapha Karkouti , a journalist also being held hostage in the embassy . The police guaranteed that the statement would be broadcast on the BBC 's next news bulletin , in exchange for the release of two hostages . The hostages decided amongst themselves that the two to be released would be Hiyech Kanji and Ali @-@ Guil Ghanzafar ; the latter was apparently released for no other reason than his loud snoring , which kept the other hostages awake at night .
Later in the evening , at approximately 23 : 00 , an SAS team reconnoitred the roof of the embassy . They discovered a skylight , and succeeded in unlocking it for potential use as an access point , should they later be required to storm the building . They also attached ropes to the chimneys to allow soldiers to abseil down the building and gain access through the windows if necessary .
= = = Day five : 4 May = = =
During the day , the Foreign Office held further talks with diplomats from Arabian countries in the hope of persuading them to go to the embassy and talk to the hostage @-@ takers . The talks , hosted by Douglas Hurd , ended in stalemate . The diplomats insisted they must be able to offer safe passage out of the UK for the gunmen , believing this to be the only way to guarantee a peaceful outcome , but the British government was adamant that safe passage would not be considered under any circumstances . Karkhouti , through whom Oan had issued his revised demands the previous day , became increasingly ill throughout the day and by the evening was feverish , which led to suggestions that the police had spiked the food that had been sent into the embassy . John Dellow , the commander of the police operation , had apparently considered the idea and even consulted a doctor about its viability , but eventually dismissed it as " impracticable " .
The SAS officers involved in the operation — including Brigadier Peter de la Billière , Director Special Forces ; Lieutenant Colonel Mike Rose , Commander of 22 SAS ; and Major Hector Gullan , commander of the team that would undertake any raid — spent the day refining their plans for an assault .
= = = Day six : 5 May = = =
Oan woke Lock at dawn , convinced that an intruder was in the embassy . Lock was sent to investigate , but no intruder was found . Later in the morning , Oan called Lock to examine a bulge in the wall separating the Iranian embassy from the Ethiopian embassy next door . The bulge had , in fact , been caused by the removal of bricks to allow an assault team to break through the wall and to implant listening devices , resulting in a weakening of the wall . Although Lock assured him that he did not believe the police were about to storm the building , Oan remained convinced that they were " up to something " and moved the male hostages from the room in which they had spent the last four days to another down the hall . Tensions rose throughout the morning and , at 13 : 00 , Oan told the police that he would kill a hostage unless he was able to speak to an Arab ambassador within 45 minutes . At 13 : 40 , Lock informed the negotiator that the gunmen had taken Abbas Lavasani — the embassy 's chief press officer — downstairs and were preparing to execute him . Lavasani , a devout believer in the Iranian Revolution , had repeatedly provoked his captors during the siege . According to Lock , Lavasani stated that " if they were going to kill a hostage , [ Lavasani ] wanted it to be him . " At exactly 13 : 45 , 45 minutes after Oan 's demand to speak to an ambassador , three shots were heard from inside the embassy .
Home Secretary Willie Whitelaw , who had been chairing COBRA during the siege , was rushed back to Whitehall from a function he had been attending in Slough , roughly 20 miles ( 30 km ) away , arriving 19 minutes after the shots had been reported . He was briefed on the SAS plan by de la Billière , who told him to expect that up to 40 per cent of the hostages would be killed in an assault . After deliberations , Whitelaw instructed the SAS to prepare to assault the building at short notice , an order that was received by Mike Rose at 15 : 50 . By 17 : 00 , the SAS were in a position to assault the embassy at ten minutes ' notice . The police negotiators recruited the imam from a local mosque at 18 : 20 , fearing that a " crisis point " had been reached , and asked him to talk to the gunmen . Three further shots were fired during the course of the imam 's conversation with Oan . Oan announced that a hostage had been killed , and the rest would die in 30 minutes unless his demands were met . A few minutes later , Lavasani 's body was dumped out of the front door . Upon a preliminary examination , conducted at the scene , a forensic pathologist estimated that Lavasani had been dead for at least an hour — meaning he could not have been killed by the three most recent shots , and leading the police to believe that two hostages had been killed . In fact , only Lavasani had been shot .
After Lavasani 's body had been recovered , Sir David McNee , Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police , contacted the Home Secretary to request approval to hand control of the operation over to the British Army , under the provisions of Military Aid to the Civil Power . Whitelaw relayed the request to Thatcher , and the prime minister agreed immediately . Thus John Dellow , the ranking police officer at the embassy , signed over control of the operation to Lieutenant Colonel Mike Rose at 19 : 07 , authorising Rose to order an assault at his discretion . Meanwhile , the police negotiators began stalling Oan . They offered concessions in order to distract him and prevent him killing further hostages , buying time for the SAS to make its final preparations for the now @-@ inevitable assault .
= = SAS assault = =
The two SAS teams on @-@ scene — Red Team and Blue Team — were ordered to begin their simultaneous assaults , under the codename Operation Nimrod , at 19 : 23 . One group of four men from Red Team abseiled from the roof down the rear of the building , while another four @-@ man team lowered a stun grenade through the skylight . The detonation of the stun grenade was supposed to coincide with the abseiling teams detonating explosives to gain entry to the building through the second @-@ floor windows . Their descent had not gone according to plan and the staff sergeant leading the abseilers became entangled in his rope . While trying to assist him , one of the other soldiers had accidentally smashed a window with his foot . The noise of the breaking window alerted Oan , who was on the first floor communicating with the police negotiators , and he went to investigate . The soldiers were unable to use explosives for fear of injuring their stranded staff sergeant , but managed to smash their way into the embassy .
After the first three soldiers entered , a fire started and travelled up the curtains and out of the second @-@ floor window , severely burning the staff sergeant . A second wave of abseilers cut him free , and he fell to the balcony below before entering the embassy behind the rest of his team . Slightly behind Red Team , Blue Team detonated explosives on a first @-@ floor window — forcing Sim Harris , who had just run into the room , to take cover . Much of the operation at the front of the embassy took place in full view of the assembled journalists and was broadcast on live television , thus Harris 's escape across the parapet of a first @-@ floor balcony was famously captured on video . As the soldiers emerged onto the first @-@ floor landing , Lock tackled Oan to prevent him attacking the SAS men . Oan , still armed , was subsequently shot dead by one of the soldiers . Meanwhile , further teams entered the embassy through the back door and cleared the ground floor and cellar . The SAS then began evacuating hostages , manhandling them down the stairs towards the back door of the embassy . Two of the terrorists were hiding amongst the hostages — one of them produced a hand grenade when he was identified . An SAS soldier , who was unable to shoot for fear of hitting a hostage or another soldier , pushed the grenade @-@ wielding terrorist to the bottom of the stairs , where two other soldiers shot him dead .
The raid lasted 17 minutes and involved 30 – 35 soldiers . The terrorists killed one hostage and seriously wounded two others during the raid while the SAS killed all but one of the terrorists . The rescued hostages and the remaining terrorist , who was still concealed amongst them , were taken into the embassy 's back garden and restrained on the ground while they were identified . The last terrorist was identified by Sim Harris and led away by the SAS .
= = Aftermath = =
After the end of the siege , PC Trevor Lock was widely considered a hero . He was awarded the George Medal , the United Kingdom 's second @-@ highest civil honour , for his conduct during the siege and for tackling Oan during the SAS raid — the only time during the siege that he drew his concealed side arm . In addition , he was honoured with the Freedom of the City of London and in a motion in the House of Commons . Police historian Michael J. Waldren , referring to the television series Dixon of Dock Green , suggested that Lock 's restraint in the use of his revolver was " a defining example of the power of the Dixon image " , and Maurice Punch noted the contrast between Lock 's actions and the highly aggressive tactics of the SAS . Sergeant Tommy Palmer was awarded the Queen 's Gallantry Medal for his part in the assault , in which he shot dead a terrorist who was apparently about to throw a grenade amongst the hostages . After the operation concluded , the staff sergeant who was caught in his abseil rope was treated at St Stephen 's Hospital in Fulham . He suffered serious burns to his legs , but went on to make a full recovery .
The Iranian government welcomed the end of the siege , and declared that the two hostages killed were martyrs for the Iranian Revolution . They also thanked the British government for " the persevering action of your police force during the unjust hostage @-@ taking event at the Embassy " .
After the assault concluded , the police conducted an investigation into the siege and the deaths of the two hostages and five terrorists , including the actions of the SAS . The soldiers ' weapons were taken away for examination and , the following day , the soldiers themselves were interviewed at length by the police at the regiment 's base in Hereford . There was controversy over the deaths of two terrorists in the telex room , where the male hostages were held . Hostages later said in interviews that they had persuaded their captors to surrender and television footage appeared to show them throwing weapons out of the window and holding a white flag . The two SAS soldiers who killed the men both stated at the inquest into the terrorists ' deaths that they believed the men had been reaching for weapons before they were shot . The inquest jury reached the verdict that the soldiers ' actions were justifiable homicide ( later known as " lawful killing " ) .
Fowzi Nejad was the only gunman to survive the SAS assault . After being identified , he was dragged away by an SAS trooper , who allegedly intended to take him back into the building and shoot him . The soldier reportedly changed his mind when it was pointed out to him that the raid was being broadcast on live television . It later emerged that the footage from the back of the embassy was coming from a wireless camera placed in the window of a flat overlooking the embassy . The camera had been installed by ITN technicians , who had posed as guests of a local resident in order to get past the police cordon , which had been in place since the beginning of the siege . Nejad was arrested , and was eventually tried , convicted , and sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the siege . He became eligible for parole in 2005 . As a foreign national , he would normally have been immediately deported to his home country but Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights , incorporated into British law by the Human Rights Act 1998 , has been held by the European Court of Human Rights to prohibit deportation in cases where the person concerned would be likely to be tortured or executed in his home country . Nejad was eventually paroled in 2008 and granted leave to remain in the UK , but was not given political asylum . The Home Office released a statement , saying " We do not give refugee status to convicted terrorists . Our aim is to deport people as quickly as possible but the law requires us to first obtain assurances that the person being returned will not face certain death " . After 27 years in prison , Nejad was deemed no longer to be a threat to society , but Trevor Lock wrote to the Home Office to oppose his release .
= = Long @-@ term impact = =
The SAS raid , codenamed " Operation Nimrod " , was broadcast live at peak time on a bank holiday Monday evening and was viewed by millions of people , mostly in the UK , making it a defining moment in British history . Both the BBC and ITV interrupted their scheduled programming to show the end of the siege , which proved to be a major career break for several journalists . Kate Adie , the BBC 's duty reporter at the embassy when the SAS assault began , went on to report from war zones across the world and eventually to become chief news correspondent for BBC News , while David Goldsmith and his team , responsible for the hidden camera at the back of the embassy , were awarded a BAFTA for their coverage . The success of the operation , combined with the high profile it was given by the media , invoked a sense of national pride compared to Victory in Europe Day — the end of the Second World War in Europe . The operation was declared " an almost unqualified success " . Margaret Thatcher recalled that she was congratulated wherever she went over the following days , and received messages of support and congratulation from other world leaders . However , the incident strained already @-@ tense relations between the UK and Iran following the Iranian Revolution . The Iranian government declared that the siege of the embassy was planned by the British and American governments , and that the hostages who had been killed were martyrs for the Revolution .
Operation Nimrod brought the SAS , a regiment that was largely unknown at the time owing to the covert nature of its operations , into the public eye . The regiment was not pleased with its new high profile , having enjoyed its previous obscurity . Nonetheless , the operation vindicated the SAS , which had been threatened with disbandment and whose use of resources had previously been considered a waste . The regiment was quickly overwhelmed by new applicants . Membership of 22 SAS is open only to individuals currently serving in the Armed Forces ( allowing applications from any individual in any service ) , but the unit also has two regiments from the volunteer Territorial Army ( TA ) — 21 SAS and 23 SAS . Both the TA regiments received hundreds more applications than in previous years , prompting de la Billière to remark that the applicants seemed " convinced that a balaclava helmet and a Heckler & Koch sub @-@ machine gun would be handed to them over the counter , so that they could go off and conduct embassy @-@ style sieges of their own " . All three units were forced to introduce additional fitness tests at the start of the application process . The SAS also experienced an increased demand for their expertise in training the forces of friendly countries and those whose collapse was considered not to be in Britain 's interest .
The British government 's response to the crisis , and the successful use of force to end it , strengthened the Conservative government of the day and boosted Thatcher 's personal credibility . McNee believed that the conclusion of siege exemplified the British government 's policy of refusing to give in to terrorist demands , " nowhere was the effectiveness of this response to terrorism more effectively demonstrated " .
The embassy building was severely damaged by fire . It was more than a decade before the British and Iranian governments came to an agreement whereby the United Kingdom would repair the damage to the embassy in London and Iran would pay for repairs to the British embassy in Tehran , which had been damaged during the 1979 Iranian Revolution . Iranian diplomats began working from 16 Princes Gate again in December 1993 .
The DRFLA was undermined by its links with the Iraqi government after it emerged that Iraq had sponsored the training and equipping of the hostage @-@ takers . The Iran – Iraq War started five months after the end of the siege and continued for eight years . The campaign for autonomy of Khūzestān was largely forgotten in the wake of the hostilities , as was the DRFLA .
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= Ecstasy ( My Bloody Valentine album ) =
Ecstasy is the second mini album by the alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine , released on 23 November 1987 on Lazy Records . Released in a limited edition of 3 @,@ 000 copies , it was the band 's final release for Lazy Records and second to feature vocalist and guitarist Bilinda Butcher , who was recruited in April 1987 following the departure of original My Bloody Valentine vocalist David Conway . Ecstasy followed the noise pop and twee pop standards of My Bloody Valentine 's earlier releases for the label , drawing influence from various artists including The Jesus and Mary Chain , Love and The Byrds , and the album distanced the band further from their earlier post @-@ punk and gothic rock sound .
The album experienced several technical and financial problems during its recording sessions , including errors in the mastering process , and the band were dissatisfied with its outcome ; although upon its release , Ecstasy received moderate critical acclaim and peaked at number 12 on the UK Independent Albums Chart . The album was later combined with My Bloody Valentine 's preceding single , " Strawberry Wine " , and reissued on the compilation album Ecstasy and Wine ( 1989 ) , which was released on Lazy Records without the band 's consent .
= = Background = =
Following minor success on the underground scene after the release of The New Record by My Bloody Valentine ( 1986 ) and 1987 's " Sunny Sundae Smile " , original My Bloody Valentine vocalist David Conway left the band due to a gastric illness , disillusionment with music and his ambitions to become a writer . The remaining members — guitarist Kevin Shields , drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig and bassist Debbie Googe — considered splitting up and forming a new band under a different name . However , the band placed advertisements for a vocalist in the local music press in London , which Shields referred to later as " pointless , … disastrous and excrutiating [ sic ] " due to the advertisements attracting a number of Morrissey inspired vocalists who he referred to as " fruitballs " . Through mutual friends the band recruited two vocalists , Joe Byfield and Bilinda Butcher . After performing one show in April 1987 with both on vocals , My Bloody Valentine considered Byfield " unsuitable " for the band and he was subsequently fired . Butcher , whose prior musical experience had been playing classical guitar as a child , and singing and playing tambourine " with some girlfriends for fun " , was chosen as My Bloody Valentine 's new vocalist and began rehearsing with the band in the middle of 1987 .
Lazy Records , on which the band released " Sunny Sundae Smile " , requested a full @-@ length album from My Bloody Valentine during summer 1987 . The band refused the label 's request , claiming their newly formed line @-@ up " had only been together a couple of months and hadn 't really had time to get settled " . However , the band compromised and agreed to record a mini album , provided they could release a single beforehand . The preceding single , " Strawberry Wine " , was released on 9 November 1987 and peaked at number 13 on the UK Independent Singles Chart .
= = Recording = =
The recording sessions for Ecstasy took place a week after the recording sessions for " Strawberry Wine " . My Bloody Valentine spent a total of 10 days recording the album . According to Kevin Shields , the sessions " had no direction and [ the band ] didn 't even know what [ they ] were doing " and " bashed out all these tunes quickly , very demo @-@ like " . A number of songs were recorded that did not feature on the final release , as the band considered them " awful " . However , the sessions were " the first time [ the band had ] actually played around properly in the studio " , which resulted in " extreme " and " quite nasty " guitar sounds , which My Bloody Valentine would later become associated with .
Ecstasy 's recording was plagued by technical and financial errors , which impacted the eventual release of the album . The mastering process was affected by the album 's engineer Steve Nunn , who mislaid the source material of the final mix prior to its transfer to the master recording . Shields subsequently " brought an independent engineer in to the studios to point out what was wrong " but Lazy Records refused to invest further finances into the album 's recording process . As a result , " much of what was originally the sound of Ecstacy [ sic ] was lost , and much of the tone was dulled " and the album " showed a group who appeared to have run out of money half way through recording " .
= = Composition = =
All of Ecstasy 's seven tracks were written and composed by Kevin Shields , with Colm Ó Cíosóig credited as the co @-@ writer of three tracks — " The Things I Miss " , " Clair " and " ( Please ) Lose Yourself in Me " . Regarding the lyrical content of the album in contrast to the music , Shields said that " the songs may sound sweet , but the subject matter isn 't necessarily very nice . A lot of it is relationship @-@ based , but it 's always vague , and never just boy @-@ meets @-@ girl . It could easily be boy @-@ meets @-@ boy , or girl @-@ meets @-@ girl . Then there 's hate , and whimsical thoughts you get from nowhere " . Ó Cíosóig remarked that " it 's more weird perversions of feeling you get in a relationship " and referred to the lyrics as being marked by " extremes , because we 're entertained by extreme things " . Shields noted that the lyrics were a progression from the band 's earlier releases as " the idea of composing a sweet pop song that sugar @-@ coated some lyrical horror and sending it hurtling up the charts appealed to our sense of humour " and considered the songwriting process for Ecstasy as " fresh after having made pure noise earlier " .
My Bloody Valentine experimented with a noise pop sound on the album , a venture which was influenced by The Jesus and Mary Chain , and incorporated elements of twee pop similar to " Strawberry Wine " . Shields used a twelve @-@ string electric guitar during the Ecstasy 's recording sessions and was influenced by The Byrds during the writing process , which resulted in the guitar tones being " too jingly jangly " . Writer Colin Larkin described Ecstasy 's sound as " bubblegum pop with buzzsaw guitars " , which was similar to their prior releases and further diverged from their earlier post @-@ punk and gothic rock sound . Jim DeRogatis noted that Ecstasy 's overall sound " ushered in a sunnier , more optimistic vibe " for the band which was reminiscent of the sound of 1960s American psychadelia , in particular the Los Angeles based band Love . " Clair " , one of the first recordings to feature Bilinda Butcher , features a sampled tape loop of audience screams from The Beatles ' live album , The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl ( 1977 ) . The sample was processed through audio filters to emulate guitar feedback .
However , the music on Ecstasy has been criticised as being " directionless and floundered about within the framework of songs which appeared to be only half formed ideas , " which was due to the band 's in @-@ studio experimentation with different aspects of their guitar sound . In hindsight , Shields said that " even when we 'd finished it we didn 't like half the songs we 'd done . The record never came out right and it made us realise that we were still too twee " . In response to the band 's " unwanted reputation for jangly feyness " , My Bloody Valentine later incorporated elements of American indie rock music and Shields customised his guitars ' tremolo systems , resulting in the band pioneering an alternative rock subgenre known as shoegazing . The term " shoegazing " , which was considered derogatory , was coined by Sounds journalists in the early 1990s to describe certain bands ' " motionless performing style , where they stood on stage and stared at the floor " .
= = Release and reception = =
Ecstasy was released on 23 November 1987 on Lazy Records . It received a limited edition release of 3 @,@ 000 LP copies distributed by Rough Trade Records and went out of print within three months of its release . The album entered the UK Independent Albums Chart in December 1987 and spent four weeks in total on the chart , peaking at number 12 . The contents of the album were later combined with the band 's preceding single , " Strawberry Wine " , and reissued on the compilation album Ecstasy and Wine , released in February 1989 on Lazy Records . Ecstasy and Wine , however , was released without the band 's consent and Kevin Shields retrieved 10 @,@ 000 LP copies from the manager of Lazy Records soon after its release . Shields sold the records to various distributors in the early 1990s , after My Bloody Valentine were dropped from Creation Records , and used the funds to finance later recording sessions .
Upon its release Ecstasy received moderate critical acclaim . Melody Maker referred to the album as " a series of aloof , pastel washes of sound , suspended guitars , words from the back of beyond tying in to a large , shifting whole " and " larger than the sum of its parts " . In Loveless , a book from the 33 ⅓ series about the My Bloody Valentine album of the same name , Mike McGonial referred to Ecstasy as a " rarified , effete and poppy approach to Byrdsian rock " and AllMusic rated the album two and a half out of five stars . In a separate review of Ecstasy and Wine , AllMusic writer Bradley Torreano described Ecstasy as the point where the band " started moving toward Cocteau Twins territory , using guitarist Bilinda Butcher 's airy voice to define their image " and when " Shields and Butcher [ were ] exploring the guitar landscapes that would later become their trademark " .
On Ecstasy 's supporting tour My Bloody Valentine conceived the idea of " the holocaust " , an interlude of noise and excessive feedback during live performances which was later attributed to their song " You Made Me Realise " and often exceeded 130 decibels . The band toured small student venues and , according to Kevin Shields , at " one particular place , there were these guy playing pool in the background , shouting amongst themselves and being quite loud and not paying attention " . Before performing " Clair " , Shields said to the band " let 's just do it until those guys stop " and performed a two @-@ chord riff in the song that lasted for an approximate 30 minutes .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Kevin Shields unless otherwise noted .
= = Personnel = =
All personnel credits adapted from Ecstasy 's liner notes .
My Bloody Valentine
Kevin Shields – vocals , guitar
Bilinda Butcher – vocals , guitar
Debbie Googe – bass
Colm Ó Cíosóig – drums
Additional musicians
Nick Brown – violin ( 5 )
Technical personnel
My Bloody Valentine – production
Steve Nunn – engineering
Lucy Smith – photography
= = Chart positions = =
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= Lee Smith ( baseball ) =
Lee Arthur Smith ( born December 4 , 1957 ) is a retired American right @-@ handed baseball pitcher who played 18 years in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for eight teams . Pitching primarily for the Chicago Cubs , with whom he spent his first eight seasons , Lee served mostly as a relief pitcher during his career . One of the dominant closers in baseball history , Smith held the major league record for career saves from 1993 until 2006 , when San Diego Padres relief pitcher Trevor Hoffman passed his final total of 478 .
A native of Jamestown in Bienville Parish in north Louisiana , Smith was scouted by Buck O 'Neil and drafted by the Cubs in the 1975 Major League Baseball Draft . Smith was an intimidating figure on the pitcher 's mound at 6 feet , 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 98 m ) and 265 pounds ( 120 kg ) with a 95 @-@ mile per hour ( 150 km / h ) fastball . In 1991 , Smith set a National League ( NL ) record with 47 saves for the St. Louis Cardinals , and was runner @-@ up for the league 's Cy Young Award ; it was the second of three times he led the NL in saves , and he later led the American League ( AL ) once while with the Baltimore Orioles in 1994 . He also set the major league career record for games finished ( 802 ) , and his 1 @,@ 022 career games pitched were the third @-@ most in history when he retired ; he still holds the team records for career saves for the Cubs ( 180 ) , and he also held the Cardinals record ( 160 ) until 2006 .
Smith has been a candidate for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame 14 times , but has generally received 37 – 47 % of the necessary votes on all total ballots cast by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America , with 75 % needed for election . After the end of his major league career , Smith spent time working as a pitching instructor at the minor @-@ league level with the San Francisco Giants . He then served as the pitching coach for the South Africa national baseball team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and 2009 World Baseball Classic . Lee currently continues his job as a minor @-@ league roving pitching instructor for the Giants .
= = Early life and early career = =
Lee Smith was born in Jamestown , Louisiana , and raised in the small town of Castor in Bienville Parish . Buck O 'Neil claimed credit for having scouted him . At age 17 , partly on O 'Neil 's recommendation , Smith was drafted in the second round as the 28th overall pick by the Chicago Cubs in the 1975 draft . Smith began his professional career as a starting pitcher . In 1978 with the Class AA minor league Midland Cubs , Smith struggled as a starter with an ERA near 6 @.@ 00 , prompting manager Randy Hundley to move him to the bullpen . Smith resisted the move and briefly tried college basketball at Northwestern State University . At the behest of former Cubs outfielder Billy Williams , Smith returned to Midland as a reliever for the 1979 season and pitched well enough to earn a promotion to Class AAA baseball for 1980 . With the major league Chicago Cubs struggling to a last @-@ place finish , Smith came into the big leagues as a September call @-@ up that season .
= = Professional baseball career = =
= = = Chicago Cubs ( 1980 – 87 ) = = =
Smith made his major league debut with the Cubs on September 1 , 1980 , against the Atlanta Braves , coming in relief for starting pitcher Dennis Lamp , who had given up four runs and eight hits in the four innings he pitched . Smith pitched one inning , giving up no hits , striking out one and walking two . He finished the season for the last @-@ place Cubs and was invited back to the majors for 1981 . He was used mostly as a middle relief pitcher . A streak of poor pitching was interrupted by the 1981 Major League Baseball strike , and he finished with an ERA of 3 @.@ 51 .
The Cubs ' closer for 1981 , Dick Tidrow , had a 3 – 10 season with a 5 @.@ 06 ERA , and as a result , in 1982 Smith , Willie Hernández and Bill Campbell shared closing duties . Smith pitched well and even started five games from mid @-@ June to early July . Significantly , former Cubs star pitcher Ferguson Jenkins returned to the team in 1982 , and became a major influence on the young reliever ; Smith credited Jenkins with simplifying his delivery , introducing him to the slider and forkball , and teaching him how to set up hitters . In what would be the last start of his career , Smith picked up his first major league hit , a home run off eventual Hall of Famer Phil Niekro . Smith managed only two singles for the rest of his career . He saved 17 games during that season and performed as the regular closer for the Cubs , a position he held for the next five years .
In 1983 , Smith had his best season in the majors up to that point . By May 6 , he had pitched in ten games without allowing any runs while allowing only three hits and striking out 12 batters . His ERA rose to 1 @.@ 85 by the end of May , but he lowered it to 1 @.@ 15 in July . Smith was selected for his first All @-@ Star Game but did not fare well , surrendering the final two runs in the American League 's 13 – 3 rout . Although the Cubs continued losing , Smith finished with a career @-@ best 1 @.@ 65 ERA — more than two points below the league average — and a career @-@ best 1 @.@ 074 WHIP while leading the National League with 29 saves and 56 games finished . He also received a point in the NL 's Cy Young Award voting and eight points in the NL Most Valuable Player Award voting .
The 1984 Cubs were the best team Smith pitched for in his career . While they finished with the franchise 's best record and had their first postseason appearance since 1945 , Smith compiled his worst ERA of the decade — although he saved more than 30 games for the first time in his career . In Game 2 of the NL Championship Series , Smith recorded two outs for the save to give Chicago a 2 – 0 lead in the best @-@ of @-@ five series against the San Diego Padres , putting them one win away from the World Series . In Game 4 , the score was tied when Smith began the eighth inning . After a scoreless eighth and a strikeout to start the bottom of the ninth , Smith allowed a one @-@ out ninth @-@ inning single to Tony Gwynn , and Steve Garvey followed with a two @-@ run homer to force Game 5 . The Cubs led that game in the seventh inning , but the underdog Padres scored four runs and won a trip to the World Series . It would be the Cubs ' only winning season in Smith 's eight years with the team .
In 1985 , Smith for the first time dominated the league in strikeouts as a relief pitcher . After averaging fewer than eight strikeouts per nine innings in each prior season , he improved to 10 @.@ 32 in 1985 . He finished the season with a career @-@ high 112 strikeouts in only 97 @.@ 2 innings . Meanwhile , the Cubs were in first place until a 13 @-@ game losing streak from June 12 to June 25 from which they never recovered .
Smith saved more than 30 games while the Cubs had losing records in 1985 , 1986 and 1987 . In 1987 , he was chosen for his second All @-@ Star Game . When the midsummer classic went into extra innings , Smith pitched the 10th , 11th and 12th innings , striking out four and getting credit for the win when the NL scored the only two runs of the game in the 13th .
With his 30th save in 1987 , Smith became only the second pitcher ( joining Dan Quisenberry ) to reach the mark in four consecutive seasons . Even before then , he was known as one of the most feared relief pitchers in the game . One player told writers Bruce Nash and Allan Zullo for their book , Baseball Confidential , that one of the most daunting sights in the majors was Smith throwing " pure gas from the shadows " of Wrigley Field , which didn 't have lights at the time .
Despite his numbers , rumors were swirling about his weight and its effect on his knees and his request for a trade out of Chicago . On December 8 , Smith , the team 's career leader in saves , was traded to the Boston Red Sox for pitchers Al Nipper and Calvin Schiraldi . Nipper pitched only 104 more innings in the majors , and Schiraldi was out of baseball before age 30 . Smith , meanwhile , registered nearly 300 saves after the trade . The trade started Smith on a journey involving seven teams in eight seasons , which may have hurt his chances in the Baseball Hall of Fame .
= = = Boston Red Sox ( 1988 – 90 ) = = =
After losing the 1986 World Series to the New York Mets , the Red Sox compiled a winning percentage below .500 for 1987 . One of the main problems was a weak bullpen , and Smith was brought in to rectify the relief problems .
Despite giving up a game @-@ winning home run in his 1988 opening day Fenway Park debut , Smith posted his best ERA in five years . The Red Sox had the good fortune of being in the American League 's Eastern division ; in September , they caught the Detroit Tigers and held off every other team to clinch Smith 's second and last trip to the postseason . In Game 2 of the 1988 ALCS against the Oakland Athletics , Smith gave up three singles , including Walt Weiss ' game @-@ winning RBI single , in the ninth inning of a tied game . Boston had a 0 – 2 series deficit going to Oakland . After Boston lost Game 3 , Smith surrendered two insurance runs after entering Game 4 with the score 2 – 1 to complete the four @-@ game sweep .
Smith 's salary rose to over $ 1 @.@ 4 million , but he followed his 1988 season with a mediocre 1989 , finishing with his worst ERA in five years . For the seventh consecutive season , his number of innings pitched decreased or remained the same . However , he compiled 12 @.@ 23 strikeouts per nine innings , nearly two higher than any other season of his career . It was also the last of his four seasons with more than 10 strikeouts per nine innings .
Smith 's statistics for the 1980s gave him a valid claim as the best reliever of the decade , although he was rivaled by Jeff Reardon . While Smith had four consecutive 30 @-@ save seasons , Reardon finished the decade with five consecutive . Smith saved 234 games by the end of 1989 , and Reardon had 266 . Reardon was also a member of the 1987 World Series @-@ winning Minnesota Twins . On December 6 , 1989 , the Red Sox had both closers on their roster when they signed Reardon as a free agent . Two of the past decade 's most dominating closers in history were even pitching in games together for Boston for the first month of 1990 with Reardon setting up Smith for a save on April 18 — a game started by a third famous pitcher , Roger Clemens . The unusual double @-@ closer situation lasted less than a month before Smith was traded to St. Louis for slugging outfielder Tom Brunansky on May 4 , 1990 .
= = = St. Louis Cardinals ( 1990 – 93 ) = = =
As was the case in Boston , Lee Smith 's first game with St. Louis went poorly as he gave up two runs in his only inning of pitching . He recovered quickly , registered a 0 @.@ 00 ERA for the entire month of July , and finished his partial season with St. Louis with a 2 @.@ 10 ERA and 27 saves . The Cardinals , however , were at a low point in 1990 , finishing in last place for the only time since 1918 . In 1991 , St. Louis righted their ship , and Smith accumulated saves at a record pace . With his salary roughly doubled to nearly $ 2 @.@ 8 million , Smith reached 40 saves for the first time in his career . On September 28 , he picked up save number 45 to tie Bruce Sutter 's National League record from 1984 ( Coincidentally , when Sutter and Smith reached 45 saves in their respective seasons , both were ex @-@ Cubs pitching for St. Louis against the Cubs ) . Smith claimed the league record for himself three days later and finished the season with a career @-@ high 47 saves . One difference for him in 1991 was walks as he surrendered only 1 @.@ 60 walks per nine innings , by far the best in his career to that point . Smith won his first Rolaids Relief Award , received the most significant consideration for league MVP in his career , and finished second in Cy Young Award voting behind only Tom Glavine , who had a breakout 20 @-@ win season in 1991 .
In the early 1990s , records were falling quickly for closers . Lee Smith set the single @-@ season National League record for saves in 1991 and was on pace to break his own record in 1992 . However , he fell four short of his record , which was broken the following season by Rod Beck . In 1992 , Smith 's former teammate , Jeff Reardon , broke the career saves record held for over a decade by Hall of Famer Rollie Fingers . However , Smith was registering saves at a faster pace than Reardon and by the end of 1992 , he was not far behind him on the career list . Just two weeks into the 1993 season , Smith passed Reardon with career save number 358 . At age 37 , Reardon was slowing down , and Smith was well in front of him when Reardon retired in 1994 . The day after setting the career major league record , he saved his 301st National League game to break that record as well . ( As had been the case with the single @-@ season NL record , the career NL record was held by Bruce Sutter ) . Smith had 15 saves in June 1993 , the most ever in one month for a pitcher until John Wetteland and Chad Cordero tied him in June 1996 and June 2005 , respectively . He reached 30 saves in only the 83rd game of the season , tying the record set by Bobby Thigpen in 1990 for the earliest any pitcher had reached 30 saves . ( Éric Gagné broke the record in 2002 ) . While only in August , Smith logged his 40th save for the third consecutive year , but his ERA had ballooned to a career @-@ worst 4 @.@ 50 . Also , the Cardinals were ten games behind Philadelphia , seemingly out of contention , and Smith was poised to become a free agent after the season . On August 31 , 1993 , the Cardinals traded Smith to the Yankees for Rich Batchelor . Smith left the team as their all @-@ time save leader until Jason Isringhausen passed him on June 13 , 2006 .
= = = Final years ( 1993 – 97 ) = = =
The Yankees were just 1 ½ games behind the Toronto Blue Jays when they acquired Lee Smith , and he pitched nearly perfectly for the last month of the season . In eight games , Smith did not allow a single run and picked up three saves and 11 strikeouts . The Yankees as a team , however , did poorly during the remainder of the season , and Toronto easily pulled away to win the division . Smith 's New York career lasted just those eight games as he filed for free agency after the season . He signed with Baltimore for 1994 for $ 1 @.@ 5 million plus incentives .
At age 36 , Smith started 1994 pitching better than ever . In his first 12 games , he had 12 saves and a 0 @.@ 00 ERA . After nearly two months , his ERA was still under 1 @.@ 00 and it was still under 2 @.@ 00 in mid @-@ July . Smith had been selected for the All @-@ Star Game in 1991 , 1992 and 1993 but had not played . After his sixth selection in 1994 , Smith was brought into the game to hold a two @-@ run American League lead in the ninth inning . Instead , he gave up a game @-@ tying two @-@ run home run to Fred McGriff , and the AL lost in ten innings . Smith 's bad streak continued for the next several weeks until the 1994 – 95 Major League Baseball strike ended the season . He filed for free agency again and signed a two @-@ year contract with the California Angels for over $ 2 @.@ 5 million while the strike was still in progress .
In 1995 , Smith registered a save in every appearance from April 28 to June 25 . On June 11 , he saved his 16th consecutive game to break the major league record set by Doug Jones in 1988 . He ran his streak to 19 games before finally blowing a save on June 28 . ( John Wetteland broke the record the next year by saving 24 straight ) . After keeping his ERA at 0 @.@ 00 through the first two months of the season , he was selected to his seventh and final All @-@ Star Game , thereby becoming only the fourth player to be an All @-@ Star for four different teams ( after Walker Cooper , George Kell and Goose Gossage ) . Smith did not fare well for the next month , pushing his ERA all the way up to 5 @.@ 40 . Regardless , the Angels held a double @-@ digit lead in the division and seemed set for the postseason . Instead , California suffered one of the worst collapses in major league history , blowing the entire double @-@ digit lead in less than six weeks . While the rest of the team was reeling , Smith reverted to his early @-@ season form and pitched fantastically for the last two months , only blowing one save attempt in that span . He finished the season with 37 saves and a 3 @.@ 47 ERA , which was more than a point higher than the league average .
For 1996 , the Angels replaced Smith in the closer role with second @-@ year pitcher Troy Percival . After only eight games as a setup pitcher , Smith , who was unhappy in California , was traded to Cincinnati for Chuck McElroy on May 27 . He resumed setup duty for the Reds — this time for Jeff Brantley , who was in the midst of his best season — but did not fare as well in his return to the National League . His ERA was nearly as high as the league average , his strikeout rate was the lowest in 15 years , and the Reds granted him free agency after the season .
He was picked up by the Montreal Expos in the following season for only $ 400 @,@ 000 and had the worst season of his career . His last game of the season was two innings of relief during extra innings of an all @-@ Canada interleague game ( sometimes called the Pearson Cup ) won by Toronto on July 2 . It turned out to be the last game of his major league career . On July 15 , 1997 , Lee Smith announced his retirement .
After posting career @-@ worsts in ERA ( 5 @.@ 82 ) , hits per nine innings ( 11 @.@ 63 ) and several other statistics and then announcing his retirement in mid @-@ July , Smith was released by the Expos on September 25 , 1997 . Regardless , the Kansas City Royals signed Smith as a free agent and invited him to spring training for 1998 . When he refused to start the season in the minor leagues , the Royals released him . Later in 1998 , he signed a minor league deal with the Houston Astros , but with an ERA near 7 @.@ 00 at Triple @-@ A , he retired from the majors again .
= = Post @-@ retirement = =
Two years after his retirement in 1998 , Smith went to work as a roving minor league pitching instructor for the San Francisco Giants . A former teammate , Dick Tidrow , and the manager of the Double @-@ A Shreveport Captains , Jack Hiatt , offered the job to Smith , who gladly agreed , since it was right in his hometown . Smith still held this job with the Giants as of 2009 .
In the 2006 World Baseball Classic , Smith served as the pitching coach of the South Africa national baseball team , which was given 20 @,@ 000 to 1 odds of winning the tournament . In 2007 , Smith participated as a coach in the second annual European Baseball Academy for Major League Baseball International in Tirrenia , Italy . The Academy provides instruction to young players from Europe and Africa , several of whom have signed professional contracts .
Lee Smith became the father of twins , Nicholas and Alanna , in October 2003 . He also has three children from a previous marriage , Nikita ( born c . 1987 ) , Lee Jr . ( born c . 1989 ) and Dimitri ( born c . 1993 ) .
= = Hall of Fame candidacy = =
In 1995 , Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning sportswriter Jim Murray selected Lee Smith as the active player most likely to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame , describing him as " the best one @-@ inning pitcher the game ever saw " , and " the best at smuggling a game into the clubhouse in history . " Since his retirement two years later , much speculation has centered on Smith 's specific chances of becoming a member of the Hall of Fame as well as the criteria for relief pitchers and closers in general . Only Hoyt Wilhelm , Rollie Fingers , Dennis Eckersley , Goose Gossage , and Bruce Sutter have been inducted into the Hall of Fame @-@ based primarily on their relief pitching , and only Sutter has been inducted with fewer innings or starting appearances than Smith . In addition , Fingers and Eckersley – the only two to be elected in fewer than eight tries – won MVP awards , and Sutter captured a Cy Young Award , but Smith was rarely a serious contender for either trophy . He pitched in a transitional era , when closers began to be expected to pitch only a single inning ; although Smith and Goose Gossage each pitched in slightly over 1 @,@ 000 games , Gossage ended his career with over 500 more innings . Sutter was the first pitcher ever elected to the Hall with fewer than 1 @,@ 700 innings pitched ; Smith , who pitched fewer innings every year from 1982 through 1989 and never pitched more than 75 innings after 1990 , ended his career with fewer than 1 @,@ 300 . In 2005 , statistician Alan Schwarz described Smith as a long shot for election despite the career record , and used Retrosheet data to compare the saves of several top relievers including Smith , Eckersley , Fingers , Gossage and Sutter . While Smith 's save percentage ( 82 % ) , outs per save ( 3 @.@ 72 ) and average of inherited runners per game ( .50 ) compared well with Eckersley 's marks ( 84 % , 3 @.@ 33 , .49 ) , his figures in the last two categories sharply trailed those of the others ; Fingers , Gossage and Sutter all averaged between 4 @.@ 72 and 4 @.@ 82 outs per save , with Sutter inheriting .67 runners per game and the other two .86 , suggesting their saves were harder to achieve . Smith started his career earning multiple @-@ inning saves , but the strategy in baseball for closers changed , and he was later used as a one @-@ inning pitcher . He had a higher career save percentage than Fingers , Gossage and Sutter . Trevor Hoffman and Mariano Rivera both exceeded Smith 's former record of 478 saves , and the two are now widely considered the best one @-@ inning closers ever .
At Sutter 's July 2006 induction to the Hall , Smith talked with reporters about his chances for election . Like many others , he commented that he was puzzled that he had not yet been selected . " This confuses the hell out of me . But I 've always been baffled by it " , he said . Smith 's candidacy may have been hampered by the number of outstanding relievers on the ballot ; Sutter had earned increasing vote totals for nine years before Smith appeared on the ballot , and Gossage — who first appeared on the ballot three years before Smith — has received greater support in each year from 2004 until his induction in 2008 .
To be eligible for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame , a candidate needs to receive votes on 75 percent of the total ballots cast by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . However , if the candidate receives less than 5 percent , he is no longer eligible for future Hall of Fame consideration by the BBWAA . Smith was first eligible for the ballot five years after he retired , and is allowed to be on the ballot through 2017 if he continues to meet the minimum vote threshold . Should he fail to be elected by the BBWAA , he will remain eligible for consideration by the Veterans Committee ; under current rules , his first chance for consideration by that body would be in 2019 for the induction class of 2020 . In his first year of eligibility , 2003 , Smith received 210 votes , or 42 percent of the 496 total ballots cast . The following year , Smith only received 185 votes , or 37 percent of the 506 total ballots cast . In 2005 , Smith improved from the previous year 's results , and received a total of 200 votes , or 39 percent of the 516 total cast . Smith came closer to joining the Hall of Fame in 2006 by receiving 45 percent of the ballots cast , or 234 votes . In 2007 , Smith 's received only 217 votes , just 40 percent of the 545 total ballots cast . Smith increased his total in 2008 , with 235 votes , 43 @.@ 3 % of the total ballots cast . He received 44 @.@ 5 % of the vote in 2009 and 47 @.@ 3 % of the vote in 2010 . In 2011 , he received 45 @.@ 3 % of the vote . He peaked at a new high of 50 @.@ 6 % in 2012 , but dropped down to 47 @.@ 8 % the following year . In 2014 , he dropped to 29 @.@ 9 % , but received 30 @.@ 2 % of the vote in 2015 .
Smith is the last player to be on 15 BBWAA ballots after the Hall of Fame reduced eligibility to ten years . His final year of eligibility is 2017 .
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= Anglo @-@ Norman horse =
The Anglo @-@ Norman horse is a warmblood horse breed developed in Lower Normandy in northern France . A major center of horse breeding , the area had numerous regional types that were bred to one another and then crossed with Thoroughbreds to form the Anglo @-@ Norman . Various body types developed within the Anglo @-@ Norman breed , two of which were split off to form the Norman Cob and French Trotter . The remaining types were eventually standardized , although there remained some criticism of the " hybrid " nature of the breed 's conformation . However , it is successful as an international sport horse , especially in the sport of show jumping . The Anglo @-@ Norman also contributed to the development of several other breeds in Europe and Asia .
The Anglo @-@ Norman was developed in the early 19th century , and along with Thoroughbred and local Norman blood , influences were seen from other breeds , including British and Russian trotting horses . By the mid @-@ 19th century , the Anglo @-@ Norman was a popular breed throughout France , and in 1864 a breed association was founded . While often purchased by the French army and used as cavalry and artillery horses , there was controversy over whether the Anglo @-@ Norman was the best choice for the military . The late 19th century saw significant improvements in breeding programs , although there remained a dispute between the goals of breeders and the needs of the military . Mechanization in the early 20th century significantly reduced demand for the breed , and fighting during World War II and the German occupation of France resulted in major damage to breeding centers and the deaths of many horses . While rebuilding their herds , breeders turned away from draft and carriage horses and began breeding sport horses for equestrian competition .
A stud book was created for the Anglo @-@ Norman in 1950 , and during that decade the breed became successful in international competition . In 1958 , the Anglo @-@ Norman is combined with other French types to create the Selle Français , the national French saddle horse . Despite active government support for Selle Français breeding programs , variations remained , and Anglo @-@ Norman bloodlines continued to be distinguishable for decades after the merge . In the 1990s and 2000s , a movement began to reopen the Anglo @-@ Norman stud book and recreate it as a separate breed from the Selle Français . The plan , which remains open , has been presented to the French Stud Book Commission and Ministry of Agriculture , and created controversy within the French breeding community . In 2015 , the Anglo @-@ Norman Stud Book is open again
= = Breed characteristics = =
The conformation of the Anglo @-@ Norman reflected its multiple influences . By 1861 , the French government attempted to standardize the look of various historic Norman horse types by adding large amounts of Thoroughbred blood . The resulting offspring gave rise to the Anglo @-@ Norman . However , in spite of these breeding programs , by 1909 when author Alfred Gallier studied the Anglo @-@ Norman , he described members of the breed as " hybrids from various crosses " . He distinguished three types : trotting horses used for harness racing , carriage horses , and military horses . He subdivided the military type further into heavy cavalry , light cavalry , " cavalry of the line " ( a specific type used by the French ) and artillery horses . Anglo @-@ Norman trotters were the fastest in France , and were reputed to be patient and hard @-@ working . The first official trotting races in France took place in 1836 , in Cherbourg , at the instigation of Ephrem Houël , an officer of the National Stud . He believed that trotting races were the best way to select breeding stock for producing saddle horses . The best of the Anglo @-@ Norman trotting horses emerged between 1820 and 1870 , with five major stallions becoming the foundation bloodstock for the French Trotter breed , which officially split from the Anglo @-@ Norman breed in 1906 . The continuing breeding goal of the Anglo @-@ Norman was to maintain a balanced breed with input from Thoroughbred stallions and heavier mares of the original Norman type .
By 1966 , the Anglo @-@ Norman breed had been further standardized and was described as averaging 15 @.@ 1 to 16 @.@ 3 hands ( 61 to 67 inches , 155 to 170 cm ) high , although sometimes taller . The facial profile was convex , the neck long , and the shoulders and hindquarters powerful . The breed had a tendency to have a too @-@ upright shoulder angle and one author still criticized the horses as " ... [ consisting ] of two inharmonious and badly united pieces , one being Norman ; the other , English " , suggesting that better results would occur if breeders used higher @-@ quality broodmares . Despite this criticism , Anglo @-@ Normans were known for their jumping abilities , with many successful horses competing at the international level .
= = History = =
The original horses in Normandy and Brittany were small horses called bidets , introduced by the Celts , who settled in ancient Gaul beginning about the third century BC . Later , the Romans crossed them with larger mares . By the 6th century , the practice of horse racing was documented in the region , and beginning in the 10th century , these " Norman horses " were desired throughout Europe . During the 16th century , Norman horses were known to be heavy and strong , able to pull long distances , and used to pull artillery and diligences . Barb and Arabian blood was added during the reign of Louis XIV .
The development of the modern Anglo @-@ Norman horse is similar to that of many other French regional equine populations of the 19th century , when government @-@ run national studs transformed indigenous French horses by introducing foreign stallions . Arabians and Thoroughbreds were major influences . The most common crossbreeding was between native mares used by the military or for pulling carriages and Thoroughbred stallions , and by 1914 these types were recognized as " demi @-@ sang " or " half @-@ blood " horses . Half @-@ blood horses were found in many French regions , and different types were usually named after the regions in which they were bred . The origin of the Anglo @-@ Norman was in Lower Normandy , known for horse breeding , thanks to its climate and soil . The breed developed region @-@ specific specializations . Le Merlerault is the oldest area of origin , and mainly produced saddle horses , while the Cotentin and Auge valleys produced carriage horses . The main center for breeding , especially during the Second French Empire ( 1852 @-@ 1870 ) , was the plains around Caen , where young foals were placed on pasture . The National Studs at Saint @-@ Lô and du Pin , originally military studs for the breeding of cavalry horses , also participated in the breeding of Anglo @-@ Norman horses . At the end of the 19th century , in the Orne , the Anglo @-@ Norman arose almost exclusively in the district of Alençon , specifically Merlerault , with a few being bred in the department of Calvados . Today , Normandy , still a horse breeding center , is home to 20 percent of all mares of the Selle Français breed , the national French sport horse developed in large part from the Anglo @-@ Norman . The region has produced numerous Selle Français that have been successful in international competition .
During its early development , the Norman horse , also known as the Carrossier Normand , had several distinct types : the Merlerault ; the horse from the plains of Caen ; the Cotentin , from the area of the same name ; the horse of La Hague ; and other , more minor , variations . From Alençon , the Merlerault was developed from the Thoroughbred and was very popular at the end of the Ancien Régime , which lasted until the late 18th century . It was a mid @-@ sized type , particularly suited for riding and pulling small carriages . The Cotentin was the oldest type of Carrossier Normand from which the Anglo @-@ Normans were in large part developed , and was also the ancestor of the Norman Cob . Intended for the luxury carriage trade , Contentin horses were larger and slower than trotting horses bred for racing . Standing 14 @.@ 3 to 15 @.@ 3 hands ( 59 to 63 inches , 150 to 160 cm ) , the type was almost always black in color , allowing drivers to easily form matched teams . Until 1775 , Cotentin horses were unrivaled in popularity in France and some other parts of Europe as carriage horses , and remained one of the most popular carriage horse breeds in the world until the early 19th century , when they disappeared due to unchecked crossbreeding .
= = = 19th century = = =
After the Napoleonic Wars , there were almost no saddle horses remaining in France . This situation was exacerbated by improvements to the roads , resulting in a large demand for carriage horses , further reducing demand for riding horses . Between 1815 and the 1850s , only the wealthy and the army continued to purchase riding horses . Early in the 19th century , in Lower Normandy , breeders focused on the Carrossier Normand , the ancestor of the Anglo @-@ Norman and the French Trotter , which was mainly used as a carriage horse . When the Carrossier Normand was crossed with Thoroughbreds , a practice which likely started around 1830 , the resulting mix was called the " Anglo @-@ Norman " . When other local native mares were crossed with Thoroughbreds and Arabians , however , the early results were disappointing . However , despite very low population numbers of riding horses , in the early 1850s , author Ephrem Houël noted a type of Norman saddle horse still extant in Le Merlerault .
Beginning in the early 1850s , with the arrival of the Second French Empire , the Anglo @-@ Norman became a popular breed in France , competing with the Thoroughbred . It was reputed to be a versatile horse , appropriate for riding and pulling light carriages . From 1840 to 1860 , the breed was further influenced by part @-@ Thoroughbred trotting horses from England . Local Norman mares were crossed with imported Thoroughbreds , Norfolk Trotters , Orlov Trotters and other crossbred horses , which themselves had Norfolk and Mecklenburger blood . By 1855 , the quality of the resulting animals had ensured the breed 's success , and the Anglo @-@ Norman spread throughout France , especially supplanting another type of riding horse from the south , the Limousin horse . In 1864 , the Société du cheval français de demi @-@ sang ( Society of French Half @-@ Blood Horses ) was founded , which later became the Société d 'encouragement à l 'élevage du cheval français ( Society to Encourage French Horse Breeding ) . The breeders spread the description of Norman horses , particularly Anglo @-@ Normans , as versatile horses that could be used for both riding and driving .
The French conquest of Algeria ( 1830 @-@ 1847 ) brought the Anglo @-@ Norman into competition with the Barb horse . In 1873 , the Bocher law was passed , which established premiums for French horse breeders , while taxing imported horses . The protectionism was the result of the desire of native French breeders to protect their interests against imports from the French colonies . The law was named after Edward Bocher , a politician from Calvados , who argued that the law was supportive of French agriculture , and especially the Anglo @-@ Norman breed . He called the Anglo @-@ Norman a " horse of the time ... suitable for all services . " He said that they were useful for both riding and driving , and sought after by both military and commercial interests . The law significantly increased national breeding standards and encouraged the production of half @-@ blood horses , especially Anglo @-@ Normans , for military use . The development of the Anglo @-@ Norman saddle horse breed had long been delayed by a focus on the production of fashionable carriage horses . This resulted in the military imposing major breeding changes on breeders , who were often unaware of the jobs their horses performed for the military . However , conflict between breeders and the military often resulted from disagreements over breeding aims .
From the 1830s to the interwar period ( 1919 – 1939 ) , the Anglo @-@ Norman was one of the main horses used by the French cavalry . Although author Alfred Gallier stated that it was a good breed for this use , many opposing scholars argued that this was not the case . Military requirements conflicted with Norman breeders , as the carriage horses preferred by the breeders were very different from the style sought by the military , which required fast horses with stamina and agility . According to military equestrian Denis Bogros , the economic weight of the Norman horse breeders was such as they negatively influenced the effectiveness of the French army until the early 20th century , producing only large , overweight trotters that became fatigued more easily than Barbs or Arabians . Bogros states that breeders of Norman horses managed to deceive the French government , through powerful lobbying groups , by selling the military rejects from the breeding programs . The Anglo @-@ Norman was a commercial success as carriage horses , but proved worthless for the cavalry . This led to the creation of the Société du cheval de guerre ( Society of the War Horse ) , which in 1906 severely criticized the use of the Anglo @-@ Norman . Bogros considered the Anglo @-@ Arabians bred near Tarbes to be much more useful for the military .
= = = 20th century = = =
With the mechanization of transport and the military in the 20th century , the Anglo @-@ Norman was no longer in demand as a carriage and military horse . In addition , World War II and the German occupation of France caused significant damage to the Norman homeland of the breed as fighting destroyed farms and killed half of the horses at the National Stud at Saint @-@ Lô . Most of the surviving were of the Norman Cob breed , and horses lost their status as animals of luxury and leisure . Many farms were left in ruins , and breeders were left rethinking their breeding aims . Certain provisions of the Marshall Plan convinced them not to focus on breeding draft horses , and that type began to disappear . Instead , emphasis shifted toward producing horses for equestrian sports , and a stud book was created for the Anglo @-@ Norman breed on December 7 , 1950 , at Saint @-@ Lô . In the 1950s and 1960s , the Anglo @-@ Norman became a major force in international equine competition . At the 1964 Summer Olympics , the Anglo @-@ Norman Lutteur B won a gold medal in show jumping .
In 1958 , the Anglo @-@ Norman studbook was combined with other regional warmblood saddle horses such as the Demi @-@ sang du Centre and the Vendéen in order to create a unified national warmblood studbook for the Selle Français or French saddle horse . The French government actively supported the merger of regional types and breeds with a large financial appropriation . In spite of this merger , for decades afterwards , horses from Anglo @-@ Norman bloodlines were clearly identifiable within the Selle Français due to differences in conformation .
In August 1996 , breeder Fernand Leredde , of the " Haras des Rouges " stud farm , developed the idea of the Cheval de Sport Anglo @-@ Normand ( CSAN , or Anglo @-@ Norman Sport Horse ) , to preserve the genetic heritage of four generations of Anglo @-@ Norman horses still extant within the Selle Français breed . The plan moved forward in August 2008 with the support of other professional breeders . Their argument was that the Selle Français had become increasingly crossed with other European breeds since the advent of artificial insemination in 1980 and the opening of the stud book to horses of foreign breeds in 2000 ; the theory of jus soli allowed horses of foreign bloodlines to be called Selle Français if they were born in France . The breeders allying themselves with Leredde prefer to return to the original French Anglo @-@ Norman as a regional sport horse . However , when Anglo @-@ Norman breeders as a whole were asked to vote , they rejected the idea of amending the studbook .
The idea for the new stud book was presented in December 2009 and November 2011 to the Commission des livres généalogiques ( Stud Book Commission ) and on May 24 , 2013 , to the Ministry of Agriculture . The president of the Association nationale du selle français ( French Saddle Horse Association ) , Bernard Le Courtois , publicly spoke out against the idea on June 18 , 2013 , arguing that competition from other countries is already strong in the world of sport horse breeding , and that creating competition within France should be avoided . He described the proposed re @-@ opening of an Anglo @-@ Norman stud book as " criminal " , saying it would be a step backwards led by a " small group of unscrupulous and fanciful breeders " . In response , the Syndicat des Éleveurs et Cavaliers professionnels de chevaux et poneys de sport ( Union of Breeders and Professional Riders of Horses and Sport Ponies ) defended the project by stating that the breeder behind the Anglo @-@ Norman stud book project is one of the top in his field in the world , while the Selle Français stud book is " the largest and the most in decline in Europe " . In August 2014 , this new stud book was approved by the French government , and made official on May 27 , 2015 , submitted for publication in the JORF edition of June 4 , 2015 . As of September 2015 , this stud @-@ book has no horses registered in it yet .
= = Influence on other breeds = =
The Anglo @-@ Norman was used to create several other breeds of horses throughout Europe and Asia . These included the Greek Andravida , which was created by crossing native Greek mares with Anglo @-@ Norman stallions , and the Swiss Freiberger , a blend of Anglo @-@ Norman lines with Thoroughbreds and native horses from the Jura Mountains . The Hungarian Nonius breed stems from an Anglo @-@ Norman stallion named Nonius Senior , and Anglo @-@ Norman blood was also used to add refinement to the German Oldenburg , through the stallions Condor ( born 1950 ) and Furioso II , a Selle Français . The Anglo @-@ Norman was used to create the Polish Sokolsky horse and the Chinese Heihe breed .
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= Lindsay Lohan 's Indian Journey =
Lindsay Lohan 's Indian Journey is a 2010 British documentary film directed and produced by Maninderpal Sahota . It is presented and narrated by American actress Lindsay Lohan . In the hour long documentary , Lohan talks to victims of human trafficking in Delhi , Kolkata and a village in West Bengal . She also talks to a former trafficker , parents of trafficked children and visits the Sanlaap women 's and children 's shelter in Kolkata . The documentary was filmed in India over a period of a week in December 2009 . Lohan became involved in the project after meeting Sahota at a social event and expressing an interest in participating .
Lindsay Lohan 's Indian Journey received extensive negative media coverage since its inception . The BBC were heavily criticized for hiring Lohan despite her then recent widely publicized drink @-@ driving conviction and " party lifestyle " . BBC said they chose Lohan to attract an audience that might otherwise not watch . Indian non @-@ governmental organization , Bachpan Bachao Andolan , criticized Lohan for a Twitter post where she appeared to take credit for one of their raids , something BBC said was a misinterpretation . The media coverage did not translate to high ratings . In its original broadcast on BBC Three on 1 April 2010 , it was viewed by 224 @,@ 000 households , a 0 @.@ 9 % share of the audience . Critics complimented the documentary for being well researched and compelling , but found Lohan 's presence to be odd and distracting .
= = Synopsis = =
In Lindsay Lohan 's Indian Journey , Lohan meets and interviews victims of human trafficking in Delhi , Kolkata and a village in West Bengal . They talk about the exploitation and abuse they have experienced , describing sexual slavery , physical abuse and difficulties in bringing their traffickers to justice . She also talks to a former trafficker and parents of trafficked children . One trafficked boy says that he can not go back home because his mother is ill . A mother who trafficked her daughter describes how her family did not have enough food , and how even though they never received the promised payments for her daughter 's work , at least she was fed .
Lohan visits the Sanlaap centre , a women 's and children 's shelter in Kolkata . The centre offers dance therapy as part of their treatment and a group of girls perform a dance they have rehearsed . She talks to girls who had been held at a brothel and they describe being raped and drugged . The director of the Sanlaap centre describes how Lohan taking an interest in trafficking might inspire other young people to get involved in counteracting exploitation . Bharti Ali , director of the Non @-@ governmental organization Centre for Child Rights , criticizes the government for not prioritizing child protection . Returning home , Lohan and the film crew are chased by paparazzi photographers at the airport . Two months later , Lohan is in London , England talking to Kate Redman , from Save the Children UK , who describes how one of the issues with government intervention is that only sex and drug trafficking is illegal . She also advocates raising awareness of the issues with trafficking .
= = Production = =
Lohan spent a week in December 2009 in India filming Lindsay Lohan 's Indian Journey with a BBC crew consisting of four people . Lohan became involved in the documentary after meeting Sahota at a social event and expressing her interest in doing it . Sahota stated that he was under the impression that Lohan chose to participate in the documentary " as a result of working in an adult world since she was ten , she feels childhood is precious , and when you lose one you can never replace those years " . He also stated that the people they met in rural India were not previously familiar with Lohan .
On the second day of filming the documentary , Lohan posted a message on her Twitter account stating : " Over 40 children saved so far ... Within one day 's work " . Indian non @-@ governmental organization , Bachpan Bachao Andolan , said she had not been part of the raid mentioned and threatened legal action over the post . BBC said Lohan was " misinterpreted " and that " she was merely referring to a raid that happened connected to child trafficking " . A few days later Lohan posted again on Twitter praising the work of Bachpan Bachao Andolan . She was originally scheduled to be present for the raid , but due to rescheduling arrived in the country too late . Lohan had also been scheduled to interview a representative for UNICEF for the documentary , but failed to show up . The BBC failed to ensure that Lohan had a proper work visa , which might lead to her being added to an immigration blacklist in India . Of her experience working on the film , Lohan said : " [ t ] he strength of the young boys and girls I met has been truly humbling " and " I hope my presence in India will bring awareness to the really important issues raised in making this film " .
= = Reception = =
According to John Plunkett of The Guardian : " Few BBC3 programmes have generated quite so much media attention in such a short space of time . But the controversy generated by Lindsay Lohan 's Indian Journey ... was not quite matched by its ratings " . In its original broadcast on BBC Three on Thursday , 1 April 2010 , the documentary was viewed by 224 @,@ 000 households . It had a 0 @.@ 9 % share of the audience between 9pm and 10pm .
Critics complimented Lindsay Lohan 's Indian Journey for being well researched and compelling , but they also found Lohan 's presence to be odd . In her Lost in Showbiz column in The Guardian , Marina Hyde repeatedly criticized the documentary , in particular the choice to include Lohan , since its inception . She mentions Lohan 's then recent conviction for " drink @-@ driving and drug possession " , describing her as a " trainwreck star " with a " [ career ] ... in foreclosure " and goes on to question if BBC was doing " image @-@ laundering services " and whether the decision to hire Lohan was " symptomatic of a wider cultural malaise " . Salon.com 's Mary Elizabeth Williams likewise criticized BBC3 's decision to have Lohan , whom she called a " disaster @-@ prone starlet " , front the programme , though she also said that " an effort that raises awareness of a global epidemic – even one that employs a crazy hot chick – is still an effort . "
Amelia Gentleman of The Guardian described Lohan as " better known for what is euphemistically termed a party lifestyle " and said that while her participation did bring publicity to the project , the attention was uniformly negative and about her person , not the issues . Of the documentary she said that " the material is potent and persuasive " , but that Lohan was a " constant , distracting presence " . Sam Wollaston of The Guardian wrote a satirical , mocking letter ostensibly from the point of view of Lohan : " Some of these kids are sent to work when they 're so young . Which I can relate to because I started out working as a child model aged three , and got into movies when I was 11 . I can , like , so totally understand where these people are coming from " .
Andrew Billen of The Times described the documentary as " a crash @-@ course sentimental education " and " a rush job " . He said that rather than highlight the crime of trafficking , " the spotlight was effectively turned on Lohan and under it she wilted " . In a review in The Times , Caitlin Moran wrote that the juxtaposition of Lohan with the human suffering of trafficking made for " an odd , disconcerting programme " . Alice @-@ Azania Jarvis of The Independent found the documentary " very well put @-@ together , very thoroughly researched , and very compelling " and she said that the inclusion of Lohan was " definitely not a terrible choice . Just a very , very odd one . "
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= Sydney punchbowls =
The Sydney punchbowls , made in China during Emperor Chia Ch 'ing 's reign in 1796 – 1820 , are the only two known examples of Chinese export porcelain hand painted with Sydney scenes and dating from the Macquarie era . The bowls were procured in Canton about three decades after the First Fleet 's arrival at Port Jackson where the British settlement at Sydney Cove was established in 1788 . They also represent the trading between Australia and China via India at the time . Even though decorated punchbowls were prestigious items used for drinking punch at social gatherings during the 18th and 19th centuries , it is not known who originally commissioned these bowls or what special occasion they were made for .
The punchbowls are a ' harlequin pair ' , similar but not exactly matching . The bowls have been donated independently , one to the State Library of New South Wales ( SLNSW ) in 1926 and the other to the Australian National Maritime Museum ( ANMM ) in 2006 . The Library bowl is the more widely known of the pair . Its earliest provenance places it in England in the late 1840s , where it is said to originally have been commissioned for William Bligh ; another source suggests Henry Colden Antill . It passed through several owners in Britain before it was presented to the State Library . The Museum bowl 's first provenance is from England in 1932 and it has been suggested that it was made to the order of Arthur Phillip . Its whereabouts were unknown until it appeared in the Newark Museum , United States , in 1988 , on loan from Peter Frelinghuysen Jr .. Through donations , the Maritime Museum later acquired the punchbowl from Frelinghuysen .
The punchbowls are of polychrome famille rose with gilding , adorned with panoramic views from opposite vantage points of early 19th century Sydney , combined with traditional Chinese porcelain decorations and each features a rare , lively tondo grouping of Aboriginal figures . The panoramas are detailed and show a number of landmarks in and around Sidney Cove at the time . The motifs have probably been taken from artwork by several artists working in Australia during the 18th and early 19th century .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Hand painted Chinese porcelain dinner wares became the height of fashion in Europe and North America during the 18th century as a way showing off wealth and status in society . The porcelain was ordered through different East India Companies and later independent American traders ; all Western trading companies with ships sailing to China . The porcelain was decorated with a combination of Chinese patterns and Western motifs selected by its commissioner . The Chinese manufacturers sent porcelain samples of decorations to their prospective clients in Europe and the United States and their clients provided the porcelain painters in China with paintings , drawings or sketches for their orders . These dinner wares are categorized into familles ( French for " families " ) mainly by the colors they are painted in such as famille verte , noire , jaune and rose .
These sets of tableware included all the dishes necessary to set a grand table for a gala dinner . A 1766 order form from the Swedish East India Company stated that " small services " contained 224 pieces and a " larger service " 281 pieces . Punchbowls however , were not included in these sets , they were ordered separately as showcase pieces . The bowls were used to serve hot or cold drinks at special occasions in clubs , at social gatherings and in wealthy homes , or before or after grand dinners .
After the British settlement at Sydney Cove was established in 1788 , a significant part of the Chinese porcelain shipped to Australia came via British traders living in India . Operating under licences issued by the British East India Company , who held a commercial monopoly in the Far East , this trade was known as the ' Country Trade ' , the Indian ships were called ' Country Ships ' and their captains ' Country Captains ' . Examination of the cargo of ships wrecked during the early colonisation of Australia show that the Country Trade played an important role in getting supplies , including Chinese porcelain traded via India often in Indian @-@ built vessels , to the early Australian colonies .
The two Sydney punchbowls are the only known examples of Chinese export porcelain hand painted with Sydney scenes and dating from the Macquarie era , lasting 1810 – 1821 . The bowls were procured in China sometime between 1796 and 1820 ; about three decades after the First Fleet 's arrival at Port Jackson in Sydney Cove . By 1850 Chinese @-@ made porcelain imports had been replaced with British earthenwares transfer @-@ printed with decoration of Chinese derivation .
= = = Function = = =
Whilst the drinking of punch from punchbowls was an actual social practice of the times , the Sydney Cove punchbowls were specially commissioned and expensive items which had other purposes . Such punchbowls were prestigious items owned by individuals of high rank in society , such as John Hosking Sydney 's first elected Mayor , and New York 's fourth Governor Daniel Tomkins , who also acquired a punchbowl . The two punchbowls , previously owned by Hosking , are the first Chinese objects acquired by the Australiana Fund . The bowls could also have been commissioned as commemorative gifts , like the 1812 Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania Union Lodge punchbowl gift. and the New York City punchbowl presented to the City of New York on 4 July 1812 . It has also been suggested that , given the Aboriginal marriage motif , the Sydney punchbowls may have been a marriage gift . Punchbowls were also regarded as exotic souvenirs at the time .
It is also possible the Sydney punchbowls may have had other purposes – to promote the fledgling settlement and to encourage new settlers . In 1820 , artist John William Lewin 's patron , merchant Alexander Riley , looking for ways to promote the New South Wales colony , stated : " It has long been a subject of our consideration in this Country that a Panorama exhibited in London of the Town of Sydney and surrounding scenery would create much public interest and ultimately be of service to the Colony " . This purpose is clearly set forth even in the title of William Charles Wentworth 's tome on New South Wales , which contained the engraving of Lewin 's Sydney Cove painting . The full title ends " ... With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration , and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America " . The punchbowls were also an opportunity to present the art of topographical panoramas in the form of a high status object and to portray the new colony in a more glamorous way than that of simply a remote convict colony as perceived at the time .
= = = Commissioning = = =
The gilded monogram initials on the Library punchbowl are perhaps the only current clue as to the original commissioner of the punchbowls . The initials are difficult to decipher because of partial loss of the gilt Copperplate script . Possibilities include HCA or HA , TCA or FCA over B. Several candidates have been suggested including Henry , 3rd Earl of Bathurst , and Sir Thomas Brisbane , New South Wales Governor in 1821 – 1825 after Lachlan Macquarie , but the most likely is Henry Colden Antill ( 1779 – 1852 ) . Antill was appointed aide @-@ de @-@ camp to the fifth New South Wales Governor , Macquarie who was in office 1810 – 1821 , on his arrival in Sydney on 1 January 1810 . He was promoted to Major of Brigade in 1811 and retired from the British Army in 1821 . Antill settled on land first at Moorebank near Liverpool and then in 1825 on his estate near Picton — named Jarvisfield in honour of Macquarie 's first wife , Jane Jarvis . He was buried at Jarvisfield on 14 August 1851 . Antill had subdivided part of the estate in 1844 , making possible the founding of the town of Picton . When the State Library acquired its punchbowl in 1926 , the Antill family of Picton — Henry 's antecedents — had no knowledge of the punchbowl 's provenance .
= = = 20th @-@ century provenance = = =
= = = = The Library punchbowl = = = =
The State Library 's punchbowl was the earlier of the two to become more widely known . It was presented to the Library by Sydney antiques dealer , auctioneer and collector , William Augustus Little , in November 1926 , an event reported in the Sydney Evening News on 3 November 1926 . The punchbowl discovery itself was reported in several Australian newspapers earlier in March , including the The Sydney Morning Herald on 4 March 1926 , with the title Bookshop Find : Relic of Early Sydney . These newspaper articles state that Little bought the punchbowl from London antiquarian bookseller , Francis Edwards Ltd of 83 Marylebone High Street and that Little subsequently had it appraised by experts from the Victoria and Albert Museum ( V & A ) in February 1926 . The newspapers report that the V & A wished to keep the bowl . The articles also state that the bowl had " paintings of Sydney in 1810 , executed to the order of Major Antill who was Governor Macquarie 's aide @-@ de @-@ camp " . Among the clientele of Francis Edwards Ltd were some of the noted Australiana collectors of the day , including William Dixon , James Edge @-@ Partington , David Scott Mitchell and the Mitchell Library itself .
Before Little 's purchase , the punchbowl had been the property of Sir Timothy Augustine Coghlan , New South Wales Agent @-@ General in London , who bought the bowl for ₤ 40 in 1923 from one Miss Hall for his own collection . The bowl was subsequently in the possession of Francis Edwards Ltd before Coghlan 's unexpected death in London on 30 April 1926 . Coghlan had personally collected the bowl from a Miss Hall at ' Highfield ' , 63 Seabrook Rd , Hythe ( Kent ) , England , a few months after she had decided to offer the bowl to the New South Wales Government for ₤ 50 . Earlier , a visit to Miss Hall by a Sydney schoolteacher , Jessie Stead , on 6 August 1923 , resulted in the proposal that the bowl ought to be the property of the City of Sydney . Jessie Stead later indicated that she was informed by Miss Hall that her father had acquired the bowl in the late 1840s – the earliest dating for the punchbowls ' provenance – and that Miss Hall believed the bowl was commissioned for William Bligh , New South Wales 's fourth Governor ( in office 1806 – 1808 ) . In 2002 , the State Library of New South Wales digitised the punchbowl images with the support of the Nelson Meers Foundation , a philanthropic foundation supporting Australian arts , and the bowl became one of the 100 extraordinary library objects to be exhibited as part of Mitchell Library 's centenary celebrations in 2010 .
= = = = The Museum punchbowl = = = =
The second Sydney punchbowl had a much more circuitous journey to the present . The bowl first appeared in May 1932 , when Sir Robert Witt , chairman of the British National Art Collections Fund , wrote to James MacDonald , Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales , inquiring if a Sydney museum would be interested in acquiring the second punchbowl . The Gallery Director referred the offer to William Herbert Ifould , Principal Librarian of the Public Library of New South Wales , in August 1932 . Ifould wrote directly to Sir Robert Witt indicating that the bowl was not required by the Library as a very similar one was already held . Ifould received a reply dated 31 October 1932 , stating that during the intervening months the owner of the bowl in England – whose name was undisclosed – had since sold the bowl to another undisclosed buyer . The bowl 's subsequent whereabouts was unknown until 1988 . In the original offer by Sir Robert – who had also co @-@ founded the Courtauld Institute of Art in London – a suggestion was made that this bowl had been made to the order of Arthur Phillip , the first Governor of New South Wales ( in office 1788 – 1795 ) who established the settlement at Sydney Cove . However , no evidence to support this view was given in Witt 's letter .
1988 was the bicentenary of non @-@ indigenous settlement in Australia and , as such , there was renewed interest in the ' lost ' second Sydney punchbowl . The bowl eventually turned up in a catalogue for a Chinese export porcelain exhibition at Newark Museum , New Jersey , United States , titled Chinese Export Porcelain : A Loan Exhibition from New Jersey Collections . The bowl had been lent by Peter Frelinghuysen Jr . , a former United States Congressman ( in office 1953 – 1975 ) . The discovery was made by Terry Ingram , a Sydney journalist specialising in antiques and art , who wrote about it in his Saleroom column , titled Newark Museum packs Aussie punch , in The Australian Financial Review on 25 August 1988 . It transpired that in the early 1930s , the bowl was acquired by Frelinghuysen 's parents in a private negotiation with the owner at the time the National Art Collections Fund was attempting to raise interest from Sydney 's cultural institutions . This discovery drew the attention of Paul Hundley , senior curator of the Australian National Maritime Museum ( ANMM ) ' s USA Gallery , the Gallery itself a bicentennial gift of the American people to Australia . In May 2006 , the ANMM announced it had acquired the bowl as a part gift from Frelinghuysen through the American Friends of the ANMM , a charitable organisation recognised by the US Internal Revenue Service which enabled Frelinghuysen to receive appropriate taxation benefits . The Australian Financial Review reported the acquisition in its Saleroom column , titled Museum bowled over , on 18 May 2006 . The punchbowl has been on display in the Museum 's USA Gallery ever since . It also features as one of the 100 Stories from the ANMM , has digitised images in the ANMM catalogue and can be viewed on YouTube . At the time the ANMM acquired the punchbowl in 2006 , the bowl was valued at $ A330,000 .
= = Ceramic origin = =
The notes accompanying the State Library 's acquisition of its punchbowl indicate that on 25 February 1926 , William Bowyer Honey , Keeper , Department of Ceramics , Victoria & Albert Museum , had appraised this particular punchbowl . Honey concluded that the bowl was made in China during Emperor Chia Ch 'ing 's reign in 1796 – 1820 . In 1757 , foreign trade had been restricted to Canton . Chinese exports , consisting largely of tea , porcelain and silk , had to be paid for in silver . The European ( and soon the American ) presence was restricted to the Thirteen Factories known as hongs on the harbour of Canton ( now known as Guangzhou ) . The Canton hongs themselves are frequently illustrated on punchbowls , known as hong bowls , whereas the portrayal of ports that traded with Canton – such as Sydney and New York – are extraordinarily rare . The Canton System lasted until the defeat of China 's Qing dynasty by the British Empire in the first of the Opium Wars in 1842 . Virtually no Chinese export porcelain was produced from 1839 to 1860 because of the Opium Wars . Canton hong trade was subsequently overshadowed by the rise of Hong Kong as a trading centre – territory ceded to the British as a consequence of China 's military defeats – and the subsequent establishment of 80 Treaty ports along China 's coast . The punchbowls therefore are a product made just before China 's eclipse , commissioned in Canton , where they were painted and glazed by Chinese ceramic artists . The unpainted bowls , however , would have first been manufactured in Jingdezhan , a town 800 km ( 500 mi ) by road from Canton , where pottery factories have operated for nearly 2 @,@ 000 years , and still do today .
= = Similarities and differences = =
The punchbowls can be considered a harlequin pair as they are similar but not exactly matching . They are both Chinese ceramics ware of Cantonese origin , made of clear glaze on hard @-@ paste porcelain and painted with polychrome famille rose overglaze enamel and gilding . They are similar in size , each approximately 45 cm ( 18 in ) in diameter , 17 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) high and weighing about 5 @.@ 4 kg ( 12 lb ) , footring 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 in ) high and 22 @.@ 5 cm ( 8 @.@ 9 in ) in diameter . Whilst the indigenous Australian groups painted within the inner centre of both bowls are identical , the outer panoramic views of Sydney Cove are not . The Library punchbowl has a view from the eastern side of Sydney Cove whilst the view on the Museum bowl is from Dawes Point on the western shore . This pairing follows a standard convention in late 18th @-@ and early 19th @-@ century topographical art of painting two views of the same scene from opposite vantage points .
Whilst the Cantonese ceramic painters would have worked from images of Sydney Cove and the Aboriginal group provided by the customer commissioning the punchbowls , the border and edge trims were generally left to the choice of the ceramic painters . The traditional floral motif of such Chinese flowers as chrysanthemums , peonies , cherry and plum blossom has been applied to the internal borders of both bowls in a similar pattern . However , the external borders differ considerably . The Library bowl has a more traditional Chinese outer border design in vermilion , rose and gilt , whilst the Museum bowl has a trim of looped circles on a cobalt blue ground , edged with narrow gold bands . There are other differences . The Library bowl has large , gilded monogram initials on the outside and the footring has a single narrow gold band and gilded lower edge . However , the Museum bowl has no visible monogram but the footring does have " View of the Town of Sydney in New South Wales " lettered in black .
= = Illustration sources = =
= = = Sydney Cove = = =
The sources of the two illustrations of Sydney Cove and the Aboriginal group are not known . The ceramic colouring bears a general resemblance to contemporary Sydney Cove images which implies that an original watercolour or hand coloured engraving was used for copying rather than black and white images . In the case of the Library punchbowl , the depiction of Sydney Cove is most likely done from an engraving after a now lost drawing by Lewin , which may date to 1814 . This Sydney Cove engraving appeared as a full @-@ page illustration in the second edition of A Statistical , Historical and Political Description of New South Wales and its dependent settlements in Van Diemen 's Land etc ( London , 1820 ) by Wentworth , with a later , smaller , version as one of ten Port Jackson harbour views illustrated on Map of Part of New South Wales ( London , 1825 ) by publisher and engraver , Joseph Cross . As Australia 's first professional artist , Lewin produced many paintings for Macquarie and his senior officers . He also made a number of commissions for Riley . Lewin had a close association with Antill and both were part of Governor Macquarie 's 50 @-@ strong excursion party to inspect land and the new road over the Blue Mountains from 25 April to 19 May 1815 . The road had been built by convicts in 1814 , after the first European crossing by Gregory Blaxland , William Lawson and Wentworth in May 1813 .
Unlike the Library punchbowl , the Sydney Cove image on the Museum punchbowl is not known in its entirety in any other version so it is assumed that the original artwork provided by the commissioner to the ceramic artists in China has been lost . The only similar Sydney Cove view of the period is an original watercolour by convict artist Joseph Lycett , which first appeared in an engraved version as page 86 in Views in New South Wales , 1813 – 1814 [ and ] An Historical Account of the Colony of NSW , 1820 – 1821 ( Sydney , 1819 ) by soldier , James Wallis . A second engraved version appeared on page 74 of a similar folio edition Album of original drawings by Captain James Wallis and Joseph Lycett , ca 1817 – 1818 etc by publisher Rudolph Ackermann in London , 1821 . However , the Dawes Point fortifications — designed by the convict architect Francis Greenway — and its gun emplacements , dominate the foreground of both engravings . The Museum punchbowl view pre @-@ dates this as it has , instead , a grassy slope and figures of an Aboriginal man and woman in the equivalent location . The Lycett version has other major differences , including a less extensive vista of the eastern side of the Harbour .
= = = Aboriginal group = = =
The Aboriginal group forms the inner centre piece in the tondo of both bowls . As the same image was used for both bowls , the implication is that the Chinese ceramic painters were copying from the same drawing and finishing them at the same place and time . The image is of a group of four Aboriginal men with club , shield and spears , one woman with a baby on her shoulders – standing and turned slightly away from the rest of the figures – and another woman cowed by the men . This is thought to depict a preliminary marriage ceremony . As with the Museum bowl 's Sydney Cove image , no directly related , surviving , version is known that would have been used by the ceramic artists to paint the Aboriginal group . The closest match is a drawing after an apparently now @-@ lost original sketch by Nicolas @-@ Martin Petit , artist on the 1800 – 1803 French expedition to Australia led by Nicolas Baudin . Research made around 2009 – 2012 , indicated that during Baudin 's expedition , a report was prepared for Emperor Napoleon on the feasibility of capturing the British colony at Sydney Cove . As this expedition progressed around coastal Australia , Petit began to specialise in the drawing of portraits of indigenous peoples . The French expedition arrived at Port Jackson on 25 April 1802 . Petit 's drawing was copied for publication as plate 114 in the Voyage autour du monde : entrepris par ordre du roi ( Paris , 1825 ) , regarding a voyage around the world ( 1817 – 1820 ) led by Louis @-@ Claude de Saulces de Freycinet . The engraving is entitled Port Jackson , Nlle Hollande . Ceremonie preliminaire d 'un mariage , chez les sauvages ( ceremony before a marriage among the natives , Port Jackson , New Holland ) . Port Jackson aborigines are from the Eora group of indigenous people living in the Sydney Basin .
= = Sydney Cove panoramas = =
= = = The Library punchbowl = = =
The panorama on the Library punchbowl begins with a view of the eastern shore of Sydney Cove . In the foreground is an octagonal two @-@ storey , yellow , sandstone house ① , built by Governor Macquarie in 1812 for his favourite boatman and former water bailiff , Billy or William Blue . The drawing of this little house – now the site of the Sydney Opera House — is out of all proportion to its actual modest size . To the left of the house is a sandy beach where the Circular Quay ferry wharves now stand . Facing the beach is First Government House ② where the Museum of Sydney is now situated .
On the western shore is the Rocks district , the convicts ' side of the town , with two windmills on the ridge . The buildings were simple vernacular houses . Newly arrived convicts often found lodging in the district and in the 1790s a large number of the inhabitants were also Aborigines . To the left of The Rocks area is a long , low , military barracks ③ , built between 1792 and 1818 around Barracks Square / the Parade Ground – which is now Wynyard Park . It was from here that , in 1808 , the New South Wales Corps marched to arrest Macquarie 's predecessor William Bligh , an event later known as the Rum Rebellion . Heading east is St. Philip 's Church ④ – the earliest Christian church ( Church of England ) in Australia – erected in stone in 1810 on Church Hill – now Lang Park . In 1798 , the original wattle and daub church – on what is now the corner of Bligh and Hunter Streets – was burnt down , allegedly by disgruntled convicts in response to a decree by the second New South Wales Governor ( 1795 – 1800 ) , John Hunter , that all colony residents , including officers and convicts , attend Sunday services . The jail had earlier suffered a similar fate .
Further along the ridge to the east is Fort Phillip , flying the Union Jack , on Windmill ( later Observatory ) Hill where the Sydney Observatory is now located . It was the highest point above the colony , affording commanding views of the Harbour approaches from east and west . On the waterfront below Fort Phillip is the yellow , four @-@ storey , Commissariat Stores , ⑤ , constructed by convicts for Macquarie in 1810 and 1812 . One of the largest buildings constructed in the colony at the time , it is now the site of the Museum of Contemporary Art . The foreshore buildings on the extreme right are the warehouse and " Wharf House " residence of merchant , Robert Campbell ⑥ who was to become one of the colony 's biggest landholders . This is now the site of the Sydney Harbour Bridge pylons and is just to the left of Dawes Point . Three British sailing ships , flying either the Red Ensign of the Merchant Navy or ( more likely ) the White Ensign of the Royal Navy , are anchored in the Cove along with four sailboats and five canoes .
= = = The Museum punchbowl = = =
The Sydney Cove panorama on the Museum punchbowl is dated between 1812 and 1818 . The vantage point is from beneath Dawes Point , shown with its flagstaff and before the Dawes Point fortifications built 1818 – 1821 ⑦ . Looking directly into Campbell 's Cove , the immediate focal points are Robert Campbell 's warehouse and the " Wharf House " roof of his residence ⑥ . To the right of Campbell 's Wharf are extensive stone walls marking boundaries between properties in this part of the Rocks district ⑧ . First Government House can be seen at the head of Sydney Cove in the distance ② and around the eastern shore a small rendition of Billy Blue 's 1812 @-@ house ① . The Governor and civil personnel lived on the more orderly eastern slopes of the Tank Stream , compared to the disorderly western side where convicts lived . The Tank Stream was the fresh water course emptying into Sydney Cove and supplied the fledgling colony until 1826 . Further along is Bennelong Point – with no sign of Fort Macquarie built from December 1817 – and Garden Island – the colony 's first food source . The distant vista of the eastern side of the Harbour goes almost as far as the Macquarie Lighthouse – Australia 's first lighthouse – built between 1816 and 1818 on South Head . There are seven sailing ships flying the white ensign of the British Royal Navy in the Harbour , along with three sailboats and two canoes .
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= Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre =
The inaugural games were held , on the orders of the Roman Emperor Titus , to celebrate the completion in AD 80 ( 81 according to some sources ) of the Colosseum , then known as the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin : Amphitheatrum Flavium ) . Vespasian began construction of the amphitheatre around AD 70 and it was completed by his son Titus who became emperor following Vespasian 's death in AD 79 . Titus ' reign began with months of disasters – including the eruption of Mount Vesuvius , a fire in Rome , and an outbreak of plague – he inaugurated the completion of the structure with lavish games that lasted for more than one hundred days , perhaps in an attempt to appease the Roman public and the gods .
Little literary evidence survives of the activities of the gladiatorial training and fighting ( ludi ) . They appear to have followed the standard format of the Roman games : animal entertainments in the morning session , followed by the executions of criminals around midday , with the afternoon session reserved for gladiatorial combats and recreations of famous battles . The animal entertainments , which featured creatures from throughout the Roman Empire , included extravagant hunts and fights between different species . Animals also played a role in some executions which were staged as recreations of myths and historical events . Naval battles formed part of the spectacles but whether these took place in the amphitheatre or on a lake that had been specially constructed by Augustus is a topic of debate among historians .
Only three contemporary or near @-@ contemporary accounts of the games survive . The works of Suetonius and Cassius Dio focus on major events , while Martial provides some fragments of information on individual entertainments and the only detailed record of a gladiatorial combat in the arena known to survive : the fight between Verus and Priscus .
= = Background = =
= = = Construction of the amphitheatre = = =
Construction of the Colosseum started under Vespasian in a low valley surrounded by the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine hills . The site became available to Nero by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 and redeveloped for his personal enjoyment with the construction of a huge artificial lake in the Domus Aurea , and a colossal statue of himself .
Vespasian started his own redevelopment of the site around AD 70 to 72 , possibly funding the construction with booty seized after the Roman victory in the First Jewish @-@ Roman War in AD 70 . The lake was in @-@ filled and the site designated as the location for the Flavian Amphitheatre . Reverting the private use by Nero to a more popular social purpose of a colosseum raised Vespasian 's popularity . Gladiatorial schools ( ludi ) and other support buildings were later constructed within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea , much of which had been torn down .
Vespasian died just as the structure had reached the third story . Titus was able to finish construction within a year of Vespasian 's death of the amphitheatre and the adjacent public baths ( which were to be called the Baths of Titus ) .
= = = Reign of Titus = = =
By the time the amphitheatre was completed , Titus 's short reign had already endured a series of disasters : two months after he had succeeded Vespasian , Mount Vesuvius had erupted , destroying Pompeii , Herculaneum , Stabiae , and Oplontis ; a fire had burned in the city of Rome for three days and three nights causing substantial damage and destroying the Temple of Jupiter that had recently been restored by Vespasian ; and there had been an outbreak of plague which was said to be the worst the city had ever endured . To dedicate the amphitheatre and the baths , and probably in an attempt to mollify both the Roman public and the gods , Titus inaugurated the opening of the Colosseum with lavish games which lasted for more than a hundred days .
= = Animal entertainments = =
Animal entertainments formed a central part of the games and normally took place in the morning . Dio says that over the course of the inaugural games upward of nine thousand tamed and wild animals were slain sometimes by women of no particular prominence . This conflicts with the work of Eutropius who wrote , in the later part of the fourth century , that 5 @,@ 000 animals were slain during the games .
Dio and Martial record some of the animals that were exhibited . Dio notes a hunt involving cranes and another involving four elephants , and Martial mentions elephants , lions , leopards , at least one tiger , hares , pigs , bulls , bears , wild boar , a rhinoceros , buffalo and bison ( most likely the wisent ) . Other exotic animals may have been used but are not mentioned ; ostriches , camels and crocodiles were commonly used in the games . Giraffes are unlikely to have been featured ; Julius Caesar had brought a single giraffe to Rome in 46 BC . Another is not recorded in Europe until the Medici giraffe in 1486 , although they were first seen in Rome in 58 BC , and were impressive enough to be detailed in the games of Augustus and Commodus , there is no mention of hippopotami at Titus ' games .
Martial reports a contest between an elephant and a bull , and the elephant , having won , knelt before Titus . This may have formed part of its training , but Martial attributed it to a spontaneous recognition of the Emperor 's power . He also mentions a bull enraged by fires in the amphitheatre being tossed around the arena before being killed by an elephant , but there is nothing to indicate that these two epigrams are about the same events or repeated many times during the span of one hundred days of celebration .
From Martial 's account it appears that some of the animals were would not react in the manner expected of them for the crowds which Martial commented on as an opportunity for Titus to exhibit his command of the beasts ; the lions ignored their intended prey :
... Caesar 's lions are won over by their prey and the hare plays safely in the massive jaws .
The rhinoceros , too , proved difficult to handle . It was initially paraded around the arena , but became infuriated and attacked a bull , to the apparent delight of the crowd . Later , when it was supposed to fight , it had calmed down . Intended to face a company of men armed with spears and a host of other animals , it had to be goaded by " trembling trainers " until it would engage the other combatants :
... at length the fury we once knew returned . For with his double horn he tossed a heavy bear as a bull tosses dummies from his head to the stars . [ With how sure a stroke does the strong hand of Carpophorus , still a youth , aim the Norcian spears ! ] He lifted two steers with his mobile neck , to him yielded the fierce buffalo and the bison . A panther fleeing before him ran headlong upon the spears .
Carpophorus was a skilled bestiarius , specializing in fighting animals in the arena , and is mentioned again by Martial , who compares him to Hercules and praises his abilities in dispatching a bear , a leopard and a lion of " unprecedented size " . A frieze from the Temple of Vespasian and Titus ( Templum Divi Vespasiani ) in the Roman Forum shows events similar to those described by Martial . Two separate sets of decoration show a rhinoceros confronting a bull and a bestarius , possibly Carpophorus , with a spear , facing a lion and a leopard . Carpophorus was not the only beast slayer worthy of mention : another of Martial 's epigrams refers to a woman equalling Hercules 's feat of slaying the Nemean Lion .
While the trainers of the rhinoceros may have trembled in fear at the fate that awaited them if their animal failed to perform , and another trainer was savaged by his lion , some were more successful . One trainer was noted for his tigress which , though tame enough to lick his hand , had torn a lion to pieces , " a novelty unknown in any times " . It also appears that the crowd was pleased when a bull ( perhaps ridden by a bestarius ) was hoisted aloft in the arena , but Martial gives little clue as to the nature of this entertainment .
= = Executions = =
Executions were a common feature of the Roman games . They took place around midday as an interlude between the animal entertainments of the morning sessions and the gladiatorial combat in the afternoon . Although the executions were seen as symbolizing Rome 's power , the higher classes normally took advantage of this interval to leave the arena to dine ; the Emperor Claudius was criticised by some authors for not doing so , so it is unlikely that Titus would have watched this part of the show . The executions of deserters , prisoners @-@ of @-@ war , and criminals from the lower classes were normally crucifixions or damnatio ad bestias in which they would face wild animals . Scipio Aemilianus had been the first to execute criminals in this way when he had deserters from his army exposed to wild beasts in 146 BC . These executions often took the form of the re @-@ creation of some tragic scene from history or mythology with the criminal cast in the role of the victim killed by wild beasts . Martial records one such execution , a version of the mime Laureolus by Catullus , in which a notorious bandit was executed by crucifixion . For the games this was adapted as a version of the legend of Prometheus , who each day would have his liver devoured by an eagle . The element of crucifixion from Catullus ' mime remained , but a wild bear was substituted for the eagle from the Prometheus legend :
As Prometheus , bound on a Scythian crag , fed the tireless bird with his too abundant breast , so did Laureolus , hanging on no sham cross , give his naked flesh to a Caledonian bear . His lacerated limbs lived on , dripping gore , and in all his body , body there was none . Finally he met with the punishment he deserved ; the guilty wretch had plunged a sword into his father 's throat or his master 's , or in his madness had robbed a temple of its secret gold , or laid a cruel torch to Rome . The criminal had outdone the misdeeds of ancient story ; in him , what had been a play became an execution .
Another execution was staged as a cruel twist on the story of Orpheus , who supposedly charmed the plants and flowers with his song after he lost Eurydice . In the version presented at the inaugural games , the tree and animals were charmed just as in the story , except for an " unappreciative " bear which tore the minstrel to pieces . It is likely that the harmless creatures were released first to give the impression of the story proceeding as planned before the bear was released to dispatch the unfortunate criminal forced into the role of Orpheus , whose probable restraint prevented him fleeing . Ironic reinterpretations of the myths may have been popular : in addition to Orpheus ' failure to charm the beasts , Martial mentions " Daedalus " being torn apart by another bear , mocking him with the words " how you must wish you had your feathers now " .
Martial also suggests the rape of a woman by a bull in a re @-@ creation of the myth of Pasiphaë . Nero had provided a similar entertainment at an event he had staged using an actor dressed in the costume of a bull , though Martial claims that the act performed at the inaugural games was authentic .
= = Combat , hunting and racing = =
Dio , Suetonius and Martial all record naumachiae , the commonly used Greek term for what the Romans also called navalia proelia , re @-@ creations of famous sea battles . While Dio claims that both the purpose @-@ built naumachia of Augustus and the amphitheatre itself were flooded for two separate shows , Suetonius states only that the event took place on the old artificial lake ( which would have been that of Augustus ) . Martial does not specify where the naumachiae took place , but he is clear that whatever location he is discussing could be flooded and drained at will :
If you are here from a distant land , a late spectator for whom this was the first day of the sacred show , let not the naval warfare deceive you with its ships , and the water like to a sea : here but lately was land . Don 't you believe it ? Watch while the waters weary Mars . But a short while hence you will be saying " But here lately was sea . "
It appears it would have been difficult to flood the amphitheatre , but , because few records survive on the operation of the Colosseum , it is impossible to say for certain where the naval battles took place . Suetonius writes that Titus ' brother and successor , Domitian , staged sea @-@ fights in the amphitheatre , but he had made alterations to the structure , which probably included adding the hypogeum — a complex of underground passages that may have allowed the arena to be quickly flooded and emptied . While Suetonius only records that Titus ' recreations of naval battles took place , Dio gives some details :
For Titus suddenly filled this same theatre with water and brought in horses and bulls and some other domesticated animals that had been taught to behave in the liquid element just as on land . He also brought in people on ships , who engaged in a sea @-@ fight there , impersonating the Corcyreans and Corinthians ; and others gave a similar exhibition outside the city in the grove of Gaius and Lucius , a place which Augustus had once excavated for this very purpose .
Both Dio and Suetonius agree that gladiatorial contests and a wild @-@ beast hunt , the venatio , also took place at the lake area , but they again disagree on the details . Dio states this took place on the first day , with the lake covered over with planking and wooden stands erected around it , while Suetonius says the events occurred in the basin after the water had been let out . Suetonius writes that 5 @,@ 000 animals were killed there in a single day . Although no record of the animals pursued in these hunts survives ( Dio mentions hunts of cranes and elephants but does not give a location ) , larger exotic animals were popular , notably elephants , big cats and bears , though smaller game such as birds , rabbits and goats also featured .
Suetonius writes that when Domitian staged his games there were other entertainments aside from the " usual two @-@ horse chariot races " , which indicates these races probably formed part of Titus ' games , and Dio tells us that there was a horse race on the second day though he gives no details of the type of race .
Only Dio 's record extends to detail of the third day specifically , during which he says :
… there was a naval battle between three thousand men , followed by an infantry battle . The " Athenians " conquered the " Syracusans " ( these were the names the combatants used ) , made a landing on the islet and assaulted and captured a wall that had been constructed around the monument .
This may again suggest the amphitheatre was flooded , as the monument referred to could be an altar of Diana , or Pluto , or of Jupiter Latiaris that may have been present in the centre of the arena , but Pliny the Elder mentions a bridge in connection with the lake of Augustus , suggesting there may have been an island there as well .
= = Verus and Priscus = =
Details of most of the gladiatorial combats are not recorded . Suetonius writes that they were lavish and Dio that there were both single combats and fights between groups . One fight , between the gladiators Verus and Priscus , was recorded by Martial :
While Priscus continued to draw out the contest , and Verus likewise , and for a long time the struggle was evenly balanced on both sides , discharge was demanded for the stout fighters with loud and frequent shouting ; but Caesar obeyed his own law ( the law was that once the palm had been set up the fight had to proceed until a finger was raised ) : he did as he was allowed , making frequent awards of plate . Still , a resolution was found for the contest , equal they fought , equal they yielded . To both Caesar awarded the wooden sword and the palm : thus courage and skill received their reward . This has happened under no emperor but you , Caesar : two men fought and two men won .
As usual , the tone of the epigram is somewhat fawning toward his patron , Titus , but it gives more detail than any other account of the games . It seems to imply that a draw was uncommon in gladiatorial combat at this level , but that Titus eventually yielded to the wishes of the crowd , declared the match equal , and granted both men their freedom ( with the traditional presentation of the wooden sword ) . The traditional way of acknowledging defeat was for the yielding gladiator to raise a finger ( ad digitum ) , and it is possible that in this case both men raised their fingers , but Martial 's emphasis here is on Titus ' even @-@ handedness and generosity in granting a reprieve ( missio ) to the crowd 's two favourites . His reference to this only happening under Titus probably alludes to the declaration of both as victors , as there is evidence that neither ties nor the survival of both gladiators in a contest were uncommon : it was expensive to train and keep a gladiator and they were not despatched lightly . There is some evidence for the existence of both Priscus and Verus , at least as names of gladiators , outside of Martial 's account . A first @-@ century graveyard in Smyrna contains the grave of a gladiator named Priscus , and Verus ' name is etched on a marble slab from Ferentinum , recording a gladiatorial contest . The details of Verus ' fights are unfortunately not legible . While neither of these may be the Priscus and Verus mentioned by Martial they do attest to the use of these names by gladiators .
Martial 's mention of gift @-@ giving is repeated in the account by Dio , who says that Titus would throw wooden balls into the crowd from his seat in the box at the north end of the arena . These balls were inscribed with a description of a gift , either food , clothing , slaves , pack animals , horse , cattle , or gold or silver vessels . Anybody who caught one could hand over the ball to an official who would provide the named gift in return . This was not unusual : Suetonius mentions that Nero did the same , giving 1 @,@ 000 birds daily , as well as food parcels , and vouchers for various extravagant gifts .
= = Later events = =
Some of Suetonius ' other comments on Titus ' reign mention the baths and events in the amphitheatre . Since Titus did not survive long after the end of the opening games , it is likely that these events took place during the days of the inauguration . Suetonius says that Titus promised for one day to forgo his own preferences and allow the crowd to decide the fate of the gladiators competing in the arena . He admired the Thracian gladiators , and while arguing passionately with the crowd on the subject , did not let his preferences sway him from his promise . He had some informers and their managers whipped and paraded in the arena . Some were sold as slaves in an auction and others sent away to " the most forbidding islands " . Suetonius also records that Titus invited some senators , whom he had pardoned for plotting against him , to sit with him during one of the days of the games , and to inspect the swords of the gladiators , a statement that is reinforced to some degree by Dio who remarks that Titus had no senators put to death during his reign .
On the last day of the games , Titus wept openly in view of the public in the amphitheatre . According to Dio , Titus died the following day , after officially dedicating the amphitheatre and the baths . Suetonius says that he had set out for the Sabine territories after the games but collapsed and died at the first posting station .
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= Congregation Beth Israel ( New Orleans ) =
Congregation Beth Israel ( Hebrew : בית ישראל ) is a Modern Orthodox synagogue located in Louisiana . Founded in 1903 or 1904 , though tracing its roots back to 1857 , it is the oldest Orthodox congregation in the New Orleans region . Originally located on Carondelet Street in New Orleans ' Central City , it constructed and moved to a building at 7000 Canal Boulevard in Lakeview , New Orleans in 1971 .
At one time the largest Orthodox congregation in the Southern United States , its membership was over 500 families in the 1960s , but fell to under 200 by 2005 . That year its Canal Boulevard building was severely flooded by the 2005 New Orleans levee failure disaster during Hurricane Katrina . Despite attempts to save them , all seven of its Torah scrolls were destroyed , as were over 3 @,@ 000 prayer @-@ books . The building suffered further flooding damage caused by the theft of copper air @-@ conditioning tubing in 2007 .
In the wake of Katrina another 50 member families left New Orleans , including the rabbi 's . The congregation began sharing space with Gates of Prayer , a Reform synagogue in Metairie , a suburb of New Orleans . In 2009 , the congregation purchased land from Gates of Prayer , and by 2012 had built a new synagogue next to it at 4000 West Esplanade Avenue . As of 2016 the rabbi was Gabriel Greenberg .
= = Early history = =
Beth Israel is the oldest Orthodox congregation in the New Orleans region , and its most prominent . Though it was founded as early as 1903 , it traces its roots back to much older synagogues . In the mid @-@ 19th century New Orleans had a number of small Orthodox congregations of Eastern European Jews , generally " structured along nationalistic lines " . These included a synagogue of Galitzianer Jews ( Chevra Thilim ) , and two of Lithuanian Jews , ( one — Chevra Mikve Israel — following the non @-@ Hassidic liturgy , the other — Anshe Sfard — following the Hassidic liturgy ) . In 1857 , a congregation consisting primarily of Prussian Jews from Posen organized as Tememe Derech , " The Right Way " . As they followed the Polish rite , they were known as " The Polish Congregation " .
Tememe Derech built a synagogue in the 500 block of Carondelet Street in the Central City section of New Orleans in 1867 . It was the sole Orthodox congregation to construct its own building ; only a minority of New Orleans ' Jews were Orthodox , and other congregations rented space or met in members ' homes . Tememe Derech 's membership , however , never exceeded 50 , and in 1903 or 1904 the synagogue disbanded , and merged with a number of other small Orthodox congregations and a burial society to form Beth Israel . Services were initially held in rented quarters in the same 500 block of Carondelet Street .
In 1905 , Beth Israel purchased the home of New Orleans ' former mayor Joseph A. Shakspeare at 1610 Carondelet Street . Funds for the new acquisition came from both the Orthodox and Reform communities of New Orleans . After remodeling the building , the congregation began holding services there , in time for the 1906 High Holy Days . Membership grew quickly ; by 1910 Beth Israel was the second @-@ largest Jewish congregation in the city , with 180 member families , and by 1914 that number had grown to 250 families . By 1918 , however , membership had fallen to 175 families . That year the synagogue 's income was $ 6 @,@ 000 ( today $ 94 @,@ 000 ) .
Moses Hyman Goldberg was the congregation 's first rabbi , but within a year he moved to Chevra Thilim . Goldberg served as New Orleans ' mohel until his death in 1940 .
= = 1920s to early 2000s = =
Beth Israel rebuilt its synagogue at the Carondelet Street location in 1924 . The new building was designed by Emil Weil , a noted Southern architect , particularly of Jewish religious buildings . He designed other New Orleans ' synagogues , including the Touro Synagogue and the Anshe Sfard , as well as other non @-@ religious buildings throughout Louisiana . Beth Israel 's new Byzantine Revival building , with its seating capacity of 1 @,@ 200 , reflected " the growing economic and social confidence of the membership " : it had " beautiful " stained @-@ glass windows , a " magnificent " imported European chandelier , and " hand @-@ carved Stars of David in the ceiling " . The building was dedicated on September 12 , and a Boston rabbi , Henry Raphael Gold , was a guest speaker . He was so impressed that he stayed on , becoming Beth Israel 's rabbi .
In 1926 Beth Israel built the " Menorah Institute " Talmud Torah building on Euterpe Street , adjoining the Carondelet synagogue . The school , which served as an Orthodox alternative to the existing Communal Hebrew School , comprised a nursery school , a Hebrew school , and a Sunday school . The building also housed Beth Israel 's offices , and the " Little Shul " ( " shul " is the Yiddish word for synagogue ) , where services were held twice a day .
The congregation leased land for burials in the Chevra Thilim Cemetery on Canal Street , a site that had been used by Tememe Derech as early as 1860 , and which was shared with several other congregations . In the 1930s Beth Israel purchased its own cemetery on Frenchmen Street .
Uri Miller joined Beth Israel as rabbi in 1935 , a post he would hold through the early 1940s . He was president of the Hebrew Theological College Alumni from 1936 to 1938 , and of its successor the Rabbinical Council of America from 1946 to 1948 .
During Miller 's tenure the synagogue 's neighborhood began to deteriorate . Members started moving uptown , and the congregation embarked on a search for a new location . In 1963 Beth Israel purchased a block of land at 7000 Canal Boulevard at Walker Street in the Lakeview neighborhood . It moved into its new larger building there in 1971 .
Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke 's successful 1989 run for a Louisiana House of Representatives seat in nearby Metairie was a cause for concern in the congregation . Then @-@ rabbi Gavriel Newman spoke out against Duke , feeling that people were being " taken in " by " the modern guise of Klan members of Duke 's ilk is the two @-@ piece suit , the blow @-@ dried hair and the sweet smile , which seem to serve them very well to hide the inherent racism and the propensity to violence . " During the campaign an anti @-@ Duke rally was planned to be held at Beth Israel by Mordechai Levy of the Jewish Defense Organization ( JDO ) . It was , however , cancelled by Beth Israel , after strong objections by members of Beth Israel and the larger Jewish community , in part because it was felt that the JDO 's actions would actually create more support for Duke , and in part because of Levy 's statements that the JDO would not rule out violence in its efforts against Duke .
From 1914 through World War II Beth Israel described itself the " largest Orthodox congregation in the South " , and in the 1960s it had 500 member families . By 2005 , however , that number had been reduced to fewer than 200 . Nevertheless , Beth Israel still held services twice a day , the only synagogue in New Orleans to do so .
= = Hurricane Katrina and aftermath = =
As a result of Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans , the congregation 's building at 7000 Canal Boulevard filled with at least ten feet of water , and Beth Israel garnered national attention after attempts were made to save its Torah scrolls . Beth Israel 's rabbi , Yisroel Shiff , who had evacuated to Tennessee before Katrina hit , contacted Rabbi Isaac Leider , who had worked on ZAKA search @-@ and @-@ rescue teams in Israel for five years . After contacting federal officials and the Louisiana National Guard , Leider hired a helicopter to fly him to within a mile of Beth Israel , met with the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) search @-@ and @-@ rescue team appointed to retrieve the scrolls . The group used rubber rafts to reach Beth Israel and enter it , where Leider waded into the sanctuary and rescued the Torah scrolls and their silver ornaments .
Despite Leider 's efforts , all seven Torah scrolls were unsalvageable , and had to be buried . They had initially been buried in her backyard by Rebecca Heggelund , Beth Israel 's non @-@ Jewish secretary , who first received them after their rescue , and were subsequently re @-@ buried next to the grave of Beth Israel 's gabbai Meyer Lachoff . Lachoff had died just after Katrina , but could not be buried in New Orleans until months later .
In addition to losing all of its Torah scrolls , Beth Israel lost all its furniture , and over 3 @,@ 000 siddurs and mahzors , and almost all of its members ' homes were flooded , forcing them to move . The congregation did , however , receive assistance in replacing some of its assets ; the Orthodox Union immediately sent Beth Israel 50 ArtScroll siddurs , and Brith Shalom Beth Israel Congregation of Charleston , South Carolina , and Congregation Shaare Zedek Sons of Abraham of Providence , Rhode Island each donated Torahs . Hayley Fields , a 14 @-@ year @-@ old from Los Angeles , heard of Beth Israel 's difficult circumstances , and with the support of her mother , spearheaded a fund @-@ raising drive , selling 3 @,@ 500 watches . $ 18 @,@ 000 was ultimately raised to buy a Torah , which was dedicated in August , 2006 , two days before the first anniversary of the hurricane . At that ceremony the National Council of Young Israel also donated 150 new Artscoll mahzors , in time for the High Holy Days .
In the wake of Katrina 50 families that were members of Beth Israel left New Orleans , and gave up membership in the congregation . These included Rabbi Schiff and his family . After the flood Beth Israel 's board of directors informed Schiff , who had joined they synagogue in April 2002 , that it would not be able to meet its contractual obligations and pay him past December . Schiff and his family had also lost their home and much of their possessions , and had been living in Memphis . Schiff resigned effective November 1 , 2005 , citing this loss , and the lack of a functioning Jewish Day School in the area for his children .
Soon after the flood , Beth Israel received an offer to temporarily use space from Congregation Gates of Prayer , a Reform synagogue in Metairie , a suburb of New Orleans . The congregation began holding weekly services and renting office space there .
In 2006 it was unclear if Beth Israel , which had already been in difficult financial shape , would be allowed , or have the means , to re @-@ build its synagogue . The building suffered further flood damage in July 2007 when thieves stole the copper tubing for the main air @-@ conditioning system . They broke the water main , and water from the second floor flooded the building for three days , to a depth of three to four feet , before it was discovered . The property was put up for sale .
= = Recent events = =
In 2007 , the congregation began some joint programming with Anshe Sefard , New Orleans ' only other remaining Orthodox synagogue , and in the summer hired Uri Topolosky as its new rabbi . A graduate of Yeshivat Chovevei Torah , Topolosky had previously served as the associate rabbi of the Hebrew Institute of Riverdale , and had been one of 21 rabbis arrested at the United Nations during an April 2007 sit @-@ in demanding that Iran be expelled from the U.N.
To help attract new members , in the summer Topolosky started a recruitment campaign , placing an advertisement in the New York newspaper The Jewish Week , and re @-@ designing Beth Israel 's website . The campaign 's tagline was " If you believe in the ability to destroy , you can believe in the ability to rebuild " , a saying of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov , and by the end of October ten new members had joined . However , while all New Orleans synagogues lost membership after Katrina , as of 2007 , Beth Israel was the only New Orleans synagogue that had not re @-@ opened in its former location .
Beth Israel started " The Minyan Project " in 2008 , an effort to attract 10 ( see minyan ) new Orthodox families to New Orleans . The families were given " generous financial assistance " , and in return had to " commit to providing community service , from maintaining the eruv enclosure that 's due to be completed within the month to assisting in kosher supervision at a local supermarket . " According to Topolosky , with the move of four new families to the area , New Orleans likely had proportionately the fastest growing Modern Orthodox community in the United States . In April of that year the Orthodox Union gave the congregation $ 235 @,@ 000 towards a new building . At the time , Beth Israel had 80 member families , and 80 " associate member " families ( families who belonged to other synagogues as well ) .
By 2009 , the congregation had decided to erect a new synagogue on land it had purchased from Gates of Prayer , part of the lot on which the Gates of Prayer synagogue stood . For the 2009 High Holy Days , Topolosky planned to launch a capital campaign to raise $ 1 million towards the construction of the building . The new building at 4004 West Esplanade Avenue was completed and occupied in August 2012 . The old building , which still stood vacant , had been purchased by a surgeon for use as medical offices . All that was saved from it and brought to the new building were a bimah ( originally from the building on Carondelet Street ) , a ner tamid , two menorahs , a hanukiah , and " a stained @-@ glass window and a wooden plaque honoring pioneer donor families from Carondelet Street " . The hanukiah had previously been featured and lit at the 2010 White House Hanukkah Party .
Topolosky and his family left Beth Israel the following year , citing " the deteriorating Jewish educational landscape in New Orleans " . New Orleans ' only Jewish school , which had been established in 1996 , closed for a year after Hurricane Katrina , and was never able to regain its peak enrollment of over 80 students . Although by then New Orleans ' Jewish population exceeded its pre @-@ Katrina size , demographic changes negatively affected the school 's population . In 2012 the school 's board began recruiting non @-@ Jewish students , and changed the name from New Orleans Jewish Day School to Community Day School , but enrollment continued to fall to 29 students , half non @-@ Jewish , by 2013 . The same demographic changes affected Beth Israel ; its Saturday morning service only attracted around 40 worshipers , its Friday night service only 25 , and it had no daily minyan .
In 2013 Beth Israel hired Gabriel Greenberg to succeed Topolosky as rabbi , though he could not join the synagogue until the following year . A native of New England , he , like Topolosky , received his rabbinic ordination at Yeshivat Chovevei Torah . As of 2016 , Greenberg was Beth Israel 's rabbi .
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= Brunei at the 2004 Summer Olympics =
Brunei , as Brunei Darussalam , competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , which took place between 13 to 29 August 2004 . The country 's participation in Athens marked its fourth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut in the 1988 Summer Olympics .
The Brunei delegation included only one track and field athlete , meaning Brunei , along with British Virgin Islands and Liechtenstein , sent the lowest number of athletes to the 2004 Summer Games at one . The athlete selected was Jimmy Anak Ahar , who was a middle @-@ distance runner that was selected via a wildcard as the nation had no athletes that met the " A " or " B " standards in any event . Ahar was also selected as flag bearer for the opening ceremony . Ultimately , Ahar did not progress beyond the heats , meaning Brunei won no medals at this Summer Olympics .
= = Background = =
Although Brunei first participated in the Summer Olympic in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , it was only represented by one official . It would not be until the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , United States that the country would send athletes to the Games . Since then , it has participated in four Summer Olympics between its debut and the 2004 Summer Olympics . No Brunei athlete had ever won a medal at the Summer Olympics before the 2004 Athens Games .
The Brunei National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) selected one athlete via a wildcard . Usually , a NOC would be able to enter up to three qualified athletes in each individual event as long as each athlete met the " A " standard , or one athlete per event if they met the " B " standard . However , since Brunei had no athletes that met either standard , they were allowed to select an athlete as a wildcard . The one athlete that was selected to compete in the Athens Games was Jimmy Anak Ahar in the Men 's 1500 meters . Sending only one athlete to the Athens Games meant that the country , along with British Virgin Islands and Liechtenstein , was notable for sending the lowest number of athletes to the 2004 Summer Games . Ahar was flag bearer for the opening ceremony . Among officials , sports official Sofian Ibrahim represented the country .
= = Athletics = =
Making his Summer Olympic debut , Jimmy Anak Ahar was notable for becoming the youngest ever competitor to represent Brunei at the Olympics aged 22 . The age record stood until the 2012 Summer Olympics , when Anderson Chee Wei Lim surpassed it . Ahar qualified for the 2004 Athens Games as a wildcard , as his best time , three minutes , 59 @.@ 81 seconds at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games Men 's 1500 meters , was 21 @.@ 81 seconds slower than the " B " qualifying standard required . He competed on 20 August in the Men 's 1500 meters against thirteen other athletes in the third heat . He ran a time of 4 minutes , 14 @.@ 11 seconds , finishing 13th . He ranked ahead of Tanzania 's Samwel Mwera ( who did not start ) , and behind Guam 's Neil Weare ( 4 minutes , 5 @.@ 86 seconds ) , in a heat led by Great Britain 's Michael East ( 3 minutes , 37 @.@ 37 seconds ) . Overall , Ahar placed 39th out of the 41 athletes that competed , and was 32 @.@ 97 seconds behind the slowest athlete that progressed to the next round . Therefore , that was the end of his competition .
Key
Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only
Q
= Qualified for the next round
q =
Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR
= National record
N / A =
Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
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= Crater Glacier =
The Crater Glacier ( also known as Tulutson Glacier ) is a geologically young glacier that is located on Mount St. Helens , in the U.S. state of Washington . The glacier formed after the 1980 Eruption and due to its location , the body of ice grew rapidly , unknown to the public for nearly 20 years . The glacier once contained ice caves in the smooth ice before the 2004 @-@ 2008 volcanic activity . The growth of the lava dome and volcanic eruptions from 2004 to 2008 significantly altered the appearance of the glacier . In the same time period , several agencies decided to put an official name on the glacier which , at first , was Tulutson Glacier . A later decision made Crater Glacier the official glacier name . Despite the volcanic activity , the glacier continued to advance and by mid @-@ 2008 , the glacier completely encircled the lava domes . In addition , new glaciers ( rock or ice ) have formed around Crater Glacier as well .
= = Description = =
True to its name , the glacier lies inside the north @-@ facing crater left by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens and the glacier 's elevation is about 6 @,@ 794 ft ( 2 @,@ 071 m ) . A massive central lava dome emplaced from 1980 to 1987 occupies the center of the crater , and the glacier formed in the shape of a horseshoe around the dome , with two terminal moraines on the eastern and western sides . Heavy winter snowfall , repeated snow avalanches , rockfalls , and sun @-@ shading by the surrounding cliffs to the south , led to the exceptionally rapid growth of this glacier . Thus , the glacier composition is estimated to be six @-@ tenths ice and four @-@ tenths rock , with an average thickness of 328 feet ( 100 m ) and a maximum thickness of around 656 feet ( 200 m ) ; nearly as deep as Mount Rainier 's Carbon Glacier . None of the ice is older than the year 1980 , however , the volume of the new glacier is about the same as all the pre – 1980 glaciers combined . The surface of the glacier looks dark and dirty in the summer due to the numerous rockfalls from the steep , unstable crater walls along with ash from eruptions , all of which help to insulate and protect the growing glacier . The 2004 @-@ 2008 volcanic activity created a series of domes that nearly split the glacier into two lobes at the south end of the crater . In spite of the four @-@ year lava dome building period , the glacier remains North America 's youngest and fastest growing glacier . With the joining of the termini on the north end of Crater Glacier in May 2008 , the body of ice completely encircles the lava domes . Meltwater from the glacier gives rise to Loowit Creek .
Pre @-@ 2004 eruption glacier caves of Crater Glacier
In 2000 , glacier caves were discovered on the then @-@ smooth glacier surface . Many of these glacier caves were big enough to explore , like the glacier caves on the summit of Mount Rainier . Most of the glacier caves were located near the 1980s lava dome , where hot steam and volcanic gas emissions from hidden fumaroles on the crater floor or lava dome melted holes in the young glacial ice . About 7 @,@ 900 feet or 2 @.@ 4 km of underground caves and passageways in the glacier were mapped and studied .
Other glaciers and new rock glaciers
Since 2004 , new glaciers have formed on the crater wall above Crater Glacier feeding rock and ice to Crater Glacier below . In addition , there are two rock glaciers to the north of the eastern lobe of Crater Glacier and one north of the western lobe . Two of these rock glaciers have merged with the Crater Glacier , with one on the west and one on the east . The other rock glacier on the eastern slopes of the crater wall is very close to touching the glacier .
= = Evolution of the Glacier = =
In the months after the eruption , the crater floor of St. Helens remained hot and unstable , with five minor volcanic eruptions , and lava dome construction between May and October 1980 . After the eruptions ceased in the winter of 1980 , the crater floor cooled down enough for snow and ice accumulation . Beginning with snowfall in the winter of 1980 @-@ 1981 , the glacier began to grow very rapidly in the shadow of the crater . The glacier thickened at a rate of as high as 50 ft ( 15 m ) per year and advanced northward as much as 135 ft ( 41 m ) a year . This glacier growth was discovered by scientists working in the crater about seven to nine years later . However , the existence of the glacier was not publicized until 1999 . By 2004 , Crater Glacier covered about 0 @.@ 36 square mile ( 0 @.@ 93 km2 ) , about 20 % of the glacier area in the pre @-@ 1980 glaciers , and there was a western and eastern lobe flowing around the 1980s dome . Due to the gas emissions on the crater floor , there were glacier caves ( ice caves ) in the once smooth glacial ice , and several of them had been explored by the late 1990s .
With the volcanic activity from 2004 to 2008 , the glacier lobes were pushed aside and overthickened by the growth of new volcanic domes . As the two streams of ice were compressed between the caldera wall and the new lava domes , the ice moved rapidly downhill , much like the squeezing of toothpaste out of a container . This resulted in a very rapid advance of the glacier termini ; first the western glacier arm merged with the rock glacier on the western crater wall and then , both arms of the Crater Glacier joined north 1980s lava dome in May 2008 , despite the volcanic activity . In addition , the volcanic activity modified the surface of the glacier and transformed it from being mostly crevasse @-@ free to being a chaotic jumble of icefalls heavily criss @-@ crossed with crevasses and seracs due to movement of the crater floor and lava dome growth . At the south end , the new domes almost split the Crater Glacier into two separate glaciers and melted 10 % in volume of the glacier 's ice . However , cold rock on the edge of the glacier insulated the glacier ice from the 1 @,@ 300 ° F ( 700 ° C ) lava spewing out of the lava domes , easing concerns of a catastrophic lahar caused by glacier melting . The porous nature of the crater floor also reduced the amount of meltwater flowing out of the caldera .
After the volcanic activity of the 2000s , the thickness of the glacier continues to increase at a slower rate of 15 ft ( 5 m ) per year and the glacier continues to advance at 3 ft ( 1 m ) per day . The latest aerial imagery taken in 2012 shows that the glacier has entered the upper reaches of the Loowit Creek canyon and the headwaters of the creek . Ice mixed with rock debris now spills into the canyon and the creek has been pushed to the east . Nearby , on the slopes of the eastern crater wall , the glacier touches one of the rock glaciers and the glacier is very close to merging with the other rock glacier . A medial moraine can be seen at the interface of the eastern and western arms of the Crater Glacier .
Glacier Evolution in the Caldera
= = Naming the glacier = =
Since the glacier was first observed to be forming and actively flowing in the late 1980s , most scientists working on the mountain have referred to it informally as the " crater glacier " . That name has been in wide use with the public ( at least those who were aware of the glacier 's existence ) for the two decades since the glacier formed , and has appeared in several scientific publications too . A single scientific paper , the most complete published study of the glacier to date , referred to it as the " Amphitheater glacier , " but that name has not been used otherwise .
Despite numerous observations and publications about the growing glacier in the late 1990s and early 2000s , no move was made to give the glacier a permanent and official name until late 2004 , after the current eruptive cycle began and the new dome began to split the glacier . At that time , a proponent from the Cowlitz tribe suggested the name " Tulutson Glacier , " from the Cowlitz language word for ice . In March 2005 , the Washington State Board on Geographic Names chose Tulutson over three other contenders ( Crater , Spirit , and Tamanawas ) , and so Tulutson Glacier became the de facto name .
However , the U.S. Board on Geographic Names had yet to make its decision , which would be official throughout the United States . The name Tulutson Glacier was submitted for consideration , along with Crater Glacier and Kraffts Glacier , which would have honored the volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft , killed by a pyroclastic flow in 1991 . In June 2006 , the U.S. BGN chose Crater Glacier because of its two @-@ decade precedent of common use , despite objections from the state of Washington and the United States Forest Service which both preferred Tulutson . The scientists at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory strongly supported Crater Glacier , and also commented that Tulutson may not be an appropriate name since the volcano " lies inland in a region where the native language was not Cowlitz but Sahaptin . "
After the decision , some controversy erupted following an editorial in a local newspaper protesting the decision , and the state of Washington " has indicated that the name Tulutson Glacier will continue to appear on State products , although if the feature melts soon , as is anticipated , this may not be a great concern . " Despite these protests , the glacier 's official name remained Crater Glacier , though shortly after their June 2006 decision , the BGN received a follow @-@ up proposal to name the two arms of the glacier , East Crater Glacier and West Crater Glacier . This was because , at that point in time , the dome @-@ building eruptions had nearly split the glacier into an east and west arm . No further action has been taken on this matter and the merging of the ice streams north of the 1980s lava dome has rendered this move unnecessary .
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= Auburn High School ( Alabama ) =
Auburn High School is a public high school in Auburn , Alabama , United States , enrolling 1 @,@ 748 students in grades 10 – 12 . It is the only high school in the Auburn City School District . Auburn High offers technical , academic , and International Baccalaureate programs , as well as joint enrollment with Southern Union State Community College and Auburn University . Auburn High School is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools .
Founded in 1837 as Auburn Academy , Auburn High School is the oldest public secondary school in Alabama , and is the fifth @-@ oldest extant public high school in the American South . From 1852 through 1885 , the school was known as the Auburn ( Masonic ) Female College , offering secondary and , prior to 1870 , collegiate degrees . From 1892 through 1908 , the school was named the Auburn Female Institute , providing collegiate programs equivalent to an associates degree . Auburn High became Lee County 's flagship high school in 1914 as Lee County High School , and gained its present name , Auburn High School , in 1956 . The school moved to its current 36 acres ( 0 @.@ 15 km2 ) campus in 1965 .
Auburn High was ranked the 28th best non @-@ magnet public high school and 77th best public high school in the United States by Newsweek in May 2006 , and the second best educational value in the Southeastern United States by SchoolMatch , as reported in the Wall Street Journal . Auburn High School averages seven National Merit Finalists a year , and has scored among the top five percent of Alabama high schools on statewide standardized tests each year since testing began in 1995 . Auburn High 's varsity sporting teams have won 40 team state championships , and the Auburn High School Band has been rated one of the top high school concert band programs in the United States , winning the John Philip Sousa Foundation 's Sudler Flag of Honor in 1987 .
= = Academics = =
= = = Profile = = =
Auburn High School , the fourteenth – largest high school in Alabama ( fourth @-@ largest by grades 10 @-@ 12 enrollment ) , enrolled 1 @,@ 748 students in the 2015 – 2016 school year . Twenty @-@ six percent of Auburn High 's enrollment is African American , ten percent is of Asian descent whose majority is Korean , fifty @-@ nine percent is of European descent . Three percent of students are classified as Hispanic . Over forty languages are spoken in the homes of Auburn High School students , and twenty percent of enrolled students are eligible for federal free or reduced lunch programs . Auburn High School has a 14 @.@ 8 : 1 student @-@ teacher ratio and a drop @-@ out rate of 1 @.@ 09 % .
Auburn High was ranked the 77th best public high school overall and 28th best non @-@ magnet public high school in the United States by Newsweek in May 2006 and one of the top 100 public high schools in the United States by the Associated Press based on Advanced Placement test scores . The school was rated the 125th best public high school in the United States by US News and World Report and the second best educational value in the Southeast by SchoolMatch , as reported in the Wall Street Journal .
All teachers are certified in the area in which they teach . Of the 90 faculty , 4 have Doctorates and 57 have a Masters or AA degree . The student @-@ teacher ratio is 1 : 25 . In addition , Auburn High School has 4 Professional School Counselors , a College and Career Readiness Coordinator , an International Baccalaureate Coordinator , a Registrar , and a Counseling Department Secretary .
On average , seven Auburn High students earn National Merit Finalist status each year , and , in 2006 , 92 students were named AP Scholars by the College Board . Three Auburn High alumni have been named Fulbright Scholars , two Truman Scholars , one alumnus a Marshall Scholar and one a Rotary Scholar . In 2007 , ninety @-@ five seniors received 190 scholarships worth US $ 5 @.@ 54 million to 69 different colleges in 24 states . ( $ 6 million , $ 7 @.@ 5 million , $ 14 @.@ 18 million in scholarship moneys in 2011 , 2010 , and 2012 , respectively . ) Graduates of the class of 2007 attend the University of Chicago , Columbia , Duke , Harvard , and Princeton . Strong academic and admission trend of Auburn High School continues , as graduates of the class of 2011 attend the University of Chicago , Cornell , Emory , Northwestern , North Carolina , Oberlin , Tulane , UC Berkeley , USC , Vanderbilt , Virginia , Wake Forest , and Yale , with vast majority of student body who attends Auburn University , Southern Union , Alabama , and UAB .
In 2012 , there are 68 AP Scholars , 1 National AP Scholar , 9 AP Scholar with Honor , 6 AP Scholar with Distinction , 8 National Merit Commended Students , 2 National Merit Semi @-@ Finalists , 5 National Merit Finalists , 2 National Merit Special Scholarship Competition Award Recipients , and 1 National Merit Hispanic Recognition Program Award Recipient . Also in 2012 , US $ 14 @.@ 18 million in scholarships have raised by seniors whose population is just about 450 . Some of these seniors would attend U @-@ Penn , UC Berkeley , UCLA , Chicago , Vanderbilt , Emory , North Carolina , Georgia Tech , Cooper Union , McGill , and Berklee College of Music . As many students won scholarships that averaged about US $ 31 @,@ 000 per students from these colleges and local colleges .
= = Curriculum = =
Auburn High School is a secondary school along the classic American model . The Auburn High School curriculum includes traditional high school academic subjects , advanced academic classes , music and art , and programs in business and marketing , agriscience , industrial systems technology , and engineering . All students at Auburn High take a basic academic core including English , social studies , science , and mathematics courses . The school offers ninety – one elective courses and students may elect to major in one of six programs : Arts and Humanities ; Business , Marketing and Management ; Environmental and Agricultural Systems ; Family and Consumer Sciences ; Health Sciences ; and Industrial , Manufacturing , Engineering and Communication . Systems Technology . Individual majors are offered in Performing Arts ; International Studies ; Military Science ; Business Information Technology ; Accounting ; Merchandising ; Power , Structural and Technical Systems ; Restaurant , Food and Beverage Service ; Therapeutic Services ; Diagnostic Services ; Maintenance , Installation and Repair ; Engineering and Technology ; Architecture and Construction ; Printing Techniques ; Visual Arts ; and Communication .
Auburn High School awards three diploma endorsements indicating advanced study in a particular field , as well as the International Baccalaureate Diploma . Auburn High offers 35 college @-@ level Advanced Placement , Technical Advanced Placement , and International Baccalaureate courses for college credit . Students are also provided access to college courses at nearby Auburn University and Southern Union State Community College .
= = = Advanced Placement ( AP ) = = =
Auburn High School offers AP courses in : Economics , European History , English , French , German , Spanish , Art Studio ( General and Drawing Portfolio ) , Biology , Chemistry , Calculus AB and BC , American Government , American History and Statistics . In May 2010 , 59 % of the students who took AP exams scored 3 or higher . 2010 AP recognitions included 49 AP Scholars , 23 AP Scholars with Honor , 21 AP Scholars with Distinction , and 1 National Scholar . In 2012 , there are 1 National AP Scholar , 5 AP National Merit Finalists and 2 Semi @-@ Finalists .
= = = International Baccalaureate ( IB ) = = =
Auburn High School has a complete IB Diploma curriculum for the 11th and 12th grades , which includes IB courses in English , Math , Science , Social Studies , Foreign Language , Theory of Knowledge , and Fine Arts . To prepare for this challenging curriculum , students enroll in advanced classes in the 8th , 9th and 10th grades . The Class of 1999 was Auburn High School ’ s first official IB Diploma Class . In addition to the Auburn High School Diploma , in May 2011 , 74 % of the students completing the IB Diploma curriculum received International Baccalaureate Diplomas .
= = = Concurrent Enrollment = = =
This is an option for 11th and 12th grade students , who have completed all of their high school requirements , to jointly enroll at Auburn University or Southern Union State Community College . Students may receive college credit only for these courses .
Classes at Auburn High are arranged in a combination block / alternating day schedule in which four 96 @-@ minute classes are offered each day . Some classes meet every day for one semester , while others alternate every other day for the whole year .
= = = Academic departments = = =
Auburn High School has nine departments , listed below in order of foundation :
The Foreign Language Department ( 1838 )
The Language Arts Department ( 1838 )
The Department of Mathematics ( 1838 )
The Science Department ( 1838 )
The Department of the Social Studies ( 1838 )
The Music Department ( 1841 ) , with programs in :
Choral Music ( 1880 )
Instrumental Music ( 1936 )
The Art Department ( 1846 )
The Athletic Department ( 1911 )
The Department of Career and Technical Education ( 1915 ) , with programs in :
Industrial Systems Technology ( 1915 )
Agriscience ( 1918 )
Foods , Culinary Arts , and Hospitality ( 1922 )
Business Management and Administration ( 1953 )
Health Science ( 1979 )
Pre @-@ Engineering ( 1999 )
In addition , Auburn High School has two programs outside of academic departments :
The Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps ( 1975 )
The International Baccalaureate Program ( 1996 )
= = = Test scores = = =
Auburn High School has scored among the top five percent of Alabama high schools each year since statewide standardized testing began in 1995 . As are all Alabama public high school students , Auburn High students are assessed using the Alabama High School Graduation Exam . In addition , AHS students are measured on the ACT and SAT college entrance exams , and on Advanced Placement tests .
In 2005 , 58 @.@ 1 % of Auburn High School students took an Advanced Placement exam , compared with 7 @.@ 2 % of students in Alabama and 20 @.@ 9 % in the nation as a whole . In 2006 , 58 % of AHS students received a 3 or greater on an AP test , compared with 5 @.@ 7 % in Alabama and 14 @.@ 8 % nationwide . In 2010 , Auburn High administered 1 @,@ 125 Advanced Placement Tests .
= = History = =
= = = Beginnings = = =
Auburn High School was founded as the private Auburn Academy in 1837 , less than three years after the Auburn area had been opened to settlement , funded by the sale of the lots which now make up downtown Auburn . On February 19 , 1838 , the Academy opened its first session , under the instruction of Simeon W. Yancey . A two @-@ story frame school building was constructed later that year , and in 1840 the school divided into male and female divisions as the Auburn Male and Female Academy . By 1846 , the schools were known as the Auburn High Schools , and in 1847 the male division split off the school , with the remaining female division taking the name Auburn Female Seminary . The school received a legislative charter as a Mason school in 1852 , becoming the Auburn Masonic Female College .
The school attracted hundreds of boarding students to Auburn in the 1840s and 1850s , offering a complete secondary education to women — including ancient and modern languages , literature , mathematics , and musical arts — at the same academic level of that given to men . By the 1850s , the school physical plant had been expanded to three buildings : a main building , a music building , and a chapel which included the largest auditorium in eastern Alabama and a fully equipped chemistry laboratory . By 1855 , the school enrolled 110 students . Faculty members included John M. Darby , a scientist who wrote his own textbooks for his students , including a Textbook of Chemistry and Botany of the Southern States , which was the earliest compilation of flora in the Southern United States , and William P. Harrison , a Methodist theologian who was eventually appointed Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives . A significant part of the curriculum included foreign languages ; courses in Greek , Latin , French , Spanish , German , and Italian were offered in 1861 . The Auburn Masonic Female College hosted speakers and debates among some of the region 's greatest luminaries , most notably an 1860 debate over secession which included William Lowndes Yancey , Alexander Stephens , Benjamin Harvey Hill , and Robert Toombs .
The Masons relinquished control of the school to a shared board of trustees with the East Alabama Male College in the late 1850s , and in the early 1860s , the school began admitting boys to the secondary division . When the American Civil War began in 1861 , virtually the entire male junior and senior classes of the school , as well as much of the faculty , joined Confederate States of America military units , particularly the 37th Alabama Regiment . As the " principal teacher " , W.F. Slaton , was a major in the regiment , classes in Auburn stopped for the remainder of the war . The regiment was captured at Corinth , Mississippi , and exiled to the Johnson 's Island prisoner of war camp on Lake Erie . While imprisoned there , Slaton held the school 's classes in the camp . Notably , the African American Union guards , who were prohibited by law from attending school in their native Wisconsin , were invited to join the classes , making Auburn High one of the first Southern schools to integrate , some 90 years before Brown v. Board .
While the school continued operation through and after the war , economic hardships in the Reconstruction era caused the school to temporarily close in the late 1860s .
= = = From private college to public high school = = =
Around 1870 , the school reopened in the building formerly occupied by the male academy , on the site of the current Auburn City Hall . The school took the name Auburn Female College , despite admitting both boys and girls .
Through the 1870s the town 's economic condition was poor , and the school , still run by the Methodist Episcopal Church , South , closed at least once more before reopening permanently in 1877 . In 1885 , a separate town @-@ funded public school system for Auburn was created , and the previously private Auburn Female College became the public " Auburn High School " , although tuition was still charged . While this new public funding allowed the school to remain open much longer than before — 200 days in 1886 — enrollment was significantly lower than it was prior to the Civil War , with an 1889 report listing Auburn High School as enrolling fewer than 20 students .
In 1892 , Auburn University ( then the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College ) decided to admit women . Since the college only admitted women with junior standing , Auburn High added three more years of classes beyond the secondary level — equivalent to freshman and sophomore college classes — for women . With this addition , the name of the school was changed to the " Auburn Female Institute " .
In 1899 , a two @-@ story building was built for Auburn High . In 1908 , the school dropped the post @-@ secondary program and became " Auburn High School " once more . Around 1910 , Auburn High fielded its first basketball team , and in 1911 , its first football squad .
= = = Modern era = = =
In 1914 , Auburn High became the flagship high school for the county and was officially renamed Lee County High School , though " Auburn High School " remained the common name of the school . That same year , the school relocated from the 1899 building to a new structure on Opelika Road .
In the period between 1910 and 1920 , Auburn High changed from an academy of the classic 19th @-@ century model , focusing on the traditional Latin course , to a high school offering vocational and technical courses in addition to the academic offerings . Auburn High added vocational courses to the curriculum in 1918 , the eighth high school in the state to implement such a program . Over the next two decades , Auburn High developed its modern extracurricular face , forming band , choir , drama , and other programs , as well as diversifying occupational classes . In 1925 , Auburn High became one of the first high schools in the state to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . A new school building was constructed in 1931 , and in 1956 , the school was officially renamed Auburn High School .
In 1961 , the City of Auburn again created its own school system , with Auburn High as the new district 's high school . In 1966 , the school moved to the current campus , organized as a " Freedom of Choice " school designed to promote desegregation . In 1971 , Auburn High merged with nearby Drake High to complete its integration .
Six major additions have been made to Auburn High since the original construction in 1966 , and in 2004 the school was changed from housing grades 9 – 12 to housing grades 10 – 12 . In 1997 , Auburn High added an International Baccalaureate program , with the first IB diplomas awarded in 1999 .
= = Extracurricular organizations = =
Auburn High School offers the following academic clubs , athletic teams , and service organizations ( founding year at Auburn High in parentheses ) .
= = = Athletics = = =
Auburn High School offers 11 men 's and 10 women 's varsity sports , all in the large school ( 7a ) classification of the Alabama High School Athletic Association ( AHSAA ) . Men 's sports offered are basketball , baseball , cross country , indoor track , outdoor track , American football , wrestling , tennis , golf , swimming , and soccer . Women 's sports offered are basketball , softball , cross country , indoor track , outdoor track , volleyball , tennis , golf , swimming , and soccer . Auburn High has placed in the top ten of the 6A all @-@ sports rankings every year since 1995 , ranking in the top four for each of the last five years . Auburn High has won a total of 44 team state championships .
Auburn High 's football team competes in Region 3 of class 6A along with Central High of Phenix City , Dothan , Enterprise , Northview High of Dothan , Opelika , and Smiths Station . Since 2004 , Auburn High has produced more Pro Bowl National Football League players than any other high school . AHS alumni in the NFL include Marcus Washington of the Washington Redskins , Osi Umenyiora of the New York Giants , and Demarcus Ware of the Dallas Cowboys . Auburn High 's football team was organized in 1911 , and has an all @-@ time record of 545 – 355 – 33 . AHS has traditional rivalries with Opelika , Central , Lanett , and Valley High Schools . The Auburn High football squad has finished the regular season unbeaten on eight occasions ( 1915 , 1918 , 1919 , 1921 , 1923 , 1934 , 1952 , 2008 , and 2009 ) , the second @-@ most of any Alabama high school in class 6A . Auburn High has twice been ranked first in the state ( October 1967 and October – November 2009 ) , and proceeded deepest into the playoffs in 2001 and 2009 , when the team reached the semifinal round . AHS has won the region , area or conference championship on nineteen occasions since 1921 : in 1922 , 1923 , 1925 , 1926 , 1927 , 1929 , 1934 , 1937 , 1940 , 1948 , 1952 , 1967 , 1972 , 1973 , 1987 , 1990 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 . The football team 's home field is 8 @,@ 310 @-@ seat Duck Samford Stadium . Football games are broadcast on the radio station WTGZ 93 @.@ 9 FM , WAUD AM 1230 and sportscallauburn.com.
Auburn High 's men 's basketball team won the 6A state championship in 2005 , and was state runner @-@ up in 1924 , 1987 , 1991 , and 1996 . Since 1980 , the team has won the region championship eleven times and has reached the playoffs twenty times . The team is coached by 27 @-@ year veteran Frank Tolbert , who holds a 633 – 303 record . The Auburn High women 's basketball team won the state championship in 1919 . The basketball team plays at the 1 @,@ 600 seat Auburn Fieldhouse on the Auburn High campus . Basketball games are broadcast on WAUD AM 1230 and sportscallauburn.com.
Auburn High 's six track family sports — men 's and women 's outdoor track , men 's and women 's indoor track , and men 's and women 's cross country — have won twenty state championships . AHS men 's outdoor track squad has won eight AHSAA titles and has placed in the top 13 at the state track meet seven of the last eight years . AHS men 's track team most recently won the 6A State Title in 2013 . AHS women 's outdoor team won a state title in 1986 , and has placed in the top 12 at the state meet each of the last eight years . Men 's indoor track has won four state titles , and men 's cross country has won the state crown six times . An Auburn High student won the state Decathlon in 1970 . Prior to the creation of the AHSAA state meet , Auburn High School won the Alabama Interscholastic Track and Field Meet in 1921 and 1923 .
The Auburn High baseball Tigers trace their lineage to teams which played as early as 1912 . The baseball Tigers have won three state titles , in 1986 , 2009 , and 2010 , and were state runners @-@ up in 1973 . Matt Cimo is the head coach of the AHS baseball team . Auburn High has reached the state playoffs eleven of the past thirtenn years , reaching the semifinals in 1998 and 2001 in addition to the state championships of 2009 and 2010 . The most notable player produced by the Auburn High School baseball program is pitcher Joe Beckwith , who played for the Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1979 – 1983 , 1986 ) and Kansas City Royals ( 1984 – 1985 ) . Baseball games are broadcast on WAUD AM 1230 and sportscallauburn.com
Auburn High 's men 's soccer program , coached by Bo Morrissey , has reached the 6A state playoffs each year of the program 's existence , including final four appearances in 2005 , 2010 , and 2012 , winning the 6A state championship in 2012 . The women 's soccer program , coached by Mac Matthews , has reached the final four of the state playoffs six of the last seven years ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 ) . Soccer matches are broadcast on AM 1230 WAUD and sportscallauburn.com. Auburn High 's men 's golf program has won the last four 6A state championships . AHS women 's golf won the state title in 2010 , and was runner up in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 . Auburn High 's official home golf course is Indian Pines Golf Course , though the Auburn University Club and Robert Trent Jones ' Grand National are often used as home courses . Divers on Auburn High School 's swimming team have won ten state championships since 1988 , and both the men 's and women 's swimming and diving teams were state runners @-@ up in 2008 and 2009 . The women 's swimming and diving team was also third in the state in 2006 with a state champion relay performance . Auburn shares the James E. Martin Aquatics Center with the Auburn University swimming and diving program .
= = = Band = = =
The Auburn High School Band was awarded the Sudler Flag of Honor by the John Philip Sousa Foundation as the top high school concert ensemble in the United States , Canada , and Japan in 1988 . The Auburn High Band has also been placed on the " Historic Roll of Honor of Distinguished High School Concert Bands in America " as a band which as attained " unusual levels of achievement nationally and which [ is ] considered to be of historical importance and influence to the nation 's high school concert band programs . " The top concert band , the Auburn High School Honors Band , has an all @-@ time ratings record of 347 – 4 – 0 – 0 – 0 , has received less than a perfect rating only three times since 1946 , and has received perfect ratings from all judges since 1974 . The Band has twice performed for the Music Educators National Conference , and in 1996 became the first high school band ever invited to perform for a College Band Directors National Association Conference .
Auburn High School 's jazz ensemble , the Lab Band , was named one of the top ten high school jazz bands in the United States in 1974 , and in 1978 performed on the National Association of Jazz Educators " Project II " album as one of " The Nation 's Most Outstanding Jazz Bands " . The Lab Band has an all @-@ judges record of 126 – 2 – 0 – 0 – 0 , and has performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland .
= = = Science Olympiad = = =
The Auburn High School Science Olympiad team has placed either first or second in the state , and thus has represented Alabama at the national competition , 10 out the past 12 years .
= = Campus = =
Auburn High is situated on 36 acres ( 0 @.@ 15 km2 ) in the east @-@ central part of Auburn . The school is designed in a modernist style on an open campus @-@ style setting , with nine detached buildings separated by outdoor walkways and courtyards spread out over 70 % of the campus area . The campus is located at the corner of Samford Avenue and Dean Road , in a residential area . Adjacent to the campus are the Auburn City Schools central office , Dean Road Elementary School , and Memorial Park Cemetery . Auburn University is located approximately one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of the school .
The current Auburn High School campus was constructed in 1965 , and originally consisted of four buildings ; the 100 , 200 , 300 , and 400 buildings . The 100 building contains the auditorium , cafeteria , and music and vocational classrooms , the 200 and 300 buildings contain academic classrooms including the aquatic biology laboratory ( 300 ) and the counselors ' offices ( 200 ) , and the 400 building contains a gymnasium and athletic facilities . Additions were constructed in 1974 with the 500 building , containing academic classrooms , and in 1979 with the 600 building , containing business and JROTC classrooms . An administration building was erected in the 1980s , and the largest academic classroom building , the 800 building , containing classrooms , a library , and a multi @-@ media room , was built in 1995 . The Auburn Fieldhouse , a competition gymnasium , was built in 2005 , a new academic building containing science classrooms was constructed in 2008 , and the Julie and Hal Moore Center for Excellence , a performing arts facility , was completed in 2010 . Outdoor areas include " The Hill " , a slope directly south of the 100 building and traditional site of senior pranks , and " The Courtyard " , between the 200 , 300 , 400 , and 500 buildings .
The campus contains 94 academic classrooms , a 1 @,@ 250 @-@ seat auditorium , a 1 @,@ 600 @-@ seat competition gym ( the Auburn Fieldhouse ) , six tennis courts , a baseball field ( Sam Welborn Field ) , a track , cafeteria , library , multi @-@ media room , practice gym , and physical education fields . Off @-@ campus athletic facilities include 8 @,@ 310 @-@ seat Duck Samford Stadium , the Auburn Softball Complex , and the James E. Martin Aquatic Center . The school maintains a 1 @.@ 16 : 1 student – to – computer ratio , with all classrooms having wired ( 100 Mbit / s ) Internet connections and LCD projectors , while the campus as a whole is covered by a wireless network .
= = Traditions = =
= = = Mascot = = =
Auburn High 's mascot is the tiger . The tiger was chosen because of its association with Auburn in Oliver Goldsmith 's 1770 poem The Deserted Village . The first line of the poem is " Sweet Auburn ! Loveliest village of the plain " , while a later line describes Auburn as , " where crouching tigers wait their hapless prey . "
Auburn High 's costumed mascot is Samford , an anthropomorphic tiger . Samford was created in 1995 and named for three symbols of the school : Samford Avenue , which runs by the school ; Duck Samford Stadium , Auburn High 's football stadium ; and Samford Hall , the most prominent building in Auburn . Kari Pierce and Brian Puckett were the first Samford in 1995 .
= = = School songs = = =
The Auburn High School " Alma Mater " is Auburn High 's school song . For athletic events , Auburn High uses two fight songs , " Hooray for Auburn ! " — the primary fight song — and " Glory , Glory to Ole Auburn " .
= = = = Alma Mater = = = =
The Auburn High School " Alma Mater " was written in 1955 by band and choral director George Corradino and members of the Auburn High School Glee Club . It replaced a previous alma mater of unknown origins . The " Alma Mater " is used at academic ceremonies and at some athletic events . A common epithet for the school used by students and alumni , " dear old Auburn High " , is taken from the last line of the song .
= = = = Fight songs = = = =
Auburn High School 's primary fight song is " Hooray for Auburn ! " . The lyrics to " Hooray for Auburn ! " come from a cheer that was commonly used in the mid @-@ 20th century . In 1961 , Auburn High School band director Tommy Goff wrote music to fit those lyrics to create the current fight song . In subsequent years , the fight song was adopted by other schools , including Prattville High School and Opelika High School . At football games , " Hooray for Auburn ! " is played after a touchdown .
" Glory , Glory to Ole Auburn " — often simply " Glory " — was Auburn High 's fight song before " Hooray for Auburn ! " was written in 1961 and is currently a secondary fight song of Auburn High . " Glory , Glory to Ole Auburn " has the tune of the chorus of the " Battle Hymn of the Republic " , while the lyrics are identical to those of the University of Georgia 's " Glory , Glory " but substitute the word " Auburn " for " Georgia " . At football games , " Glory , Glory to Ole Auburn " is played after a successful PAT conversion .
For the 1955 football season , Auburn High used the Alabama Polytechnic Institute fight song " War Eagle " . An earlier school song , " We 're Loyal to You , Auburn High " , was used from the 1920s through the 1940s . " We 're Loyal to You , Auburn High " has the melody of " Illinois Loyalty " .
= = = Student publications = = =
The Auburn High School yearbook is The Tiger . The Tiger has been published each year since 1945 , and is produced by students on the yearbook staff . In addition , Auburn High has a literary magazine , The Sheet .
The journalism classes at Auburn High print a monthly newspaper , the AHS Free Press . The Free Press and its three predecessor student newspapers , the AHS Chronicle , the Tiger Tales , and the Tiger News have been published since the early 1950s . An earlier paper , the Young Ladies ' Mirror , was published by students in the 1850s .
Starting in 2007 , Auburn High students run a campus television station , known as Tiger TV .
= = Notable people = =
The following are notable people associated with Auburn High School . If the person was an Auburn High School student , the number in parentheses indicates the year of graduation ; if the person was a faculty or staff member , that person 's title and years of association are included .
John M. Darby ( President , 1855 – 1858 ; Professor of Natural Science , 1855 – 1862 ) — botanist
William P. Harrison ( President , 1861 – 1862 ) — theologian and author , Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives
James R. Dowdell ( 1863 – 64 ) — Chief Justice , Supreme Court of Alabama
William J. Samford ( 1864 ) — Governor of Alabama
Leonidas Warren Payne , Jr . ( 1888 ) — academic , editor of the first anthology of Texas literature
William Spratling ( 1917 ) — Silversmith and artist
Tom Sellers ( 1941 ) — Journalist , winner 1955 Pulitzer Prize
John E. Pitts , Jr . ( 1942 ) — US Army brigadier general , director International Staff , Inter @-@ American Defense Board
Mary Lou Foy ( 1962 ) — Photojournalist , Picture Editor Washington Post
Cody Sanders
Joe Beckwith ( 1973 ) — Major League Baseball pitcher
Joe Turnham ( 1977 ) — Chairman , Alabama Democratic Party
Vanessa Echols ( 1979 ) — News anchor , WRDQ and WFTV , Orlando , Florida
Ted Vives ( 1982 ) — Composer
Man or Astro @-@ man ? ( 1980s ) — Surf punk band
Ed Packard ( 1986 ) -State Election Director , Office of the Secretary of State , State of Alabama ( 2013 to present ) , first person in the United States to earn a Master of Public Administration with a speciality in election administration ( 1994 , Auburn University ) .
Kate Higgins ( 1987 ) — Voice actress , Naruto ; singer
William Chen ( 1988 ) — Mathematician , winner in two 2006 World Series of Poker events
Ace Atkins ( 1989 ) — Author , Pulitzer Prize — nominated journalist
Robert Gibbs ( 1989 ) — 28th White House Press Secretary
Tracy Rocker ( Defensive coordinator , 1992 – 1993 ) – NFL football player , winner of college football 's Outland Trophy and Lombardi Award
Mark Spencer ( 1995 ) — Founder / CTO Digium , creator of Asterisk PBX
Marcus Washington ( 1996 ) — NFL football player
Osi Umenyiora ( 1999 ) — NFL football player
Demarcus Ware ( 2001 ) — NFL football player
Beach Head ( fictional alumnus ) – character in the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero series
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= The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson =
" The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson " is the first episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . The 179th episode of the series overall , it was originally broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on September 21 , 1997 . The episode features the Simpson family traveling to Manhattan to recover the family car , which was taken by Barney Gumble and abandoned outside the World Trade Center , therefore gaining numerous parking tickets and a parking boot .
Writer Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham was interested in making an episode where the Simpson family travels to New York to retrieve their lost car . Executive producers Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein suggested that the car be found in Austin J. Tobin Plaza at the World Trade Center , as they wanted a location that would be widely known . Great lengths were taken to make a detailed replica of the borough of Manhattan . The episode received generally positive reviews , and has since been on accolade lists of The Simpsons episodes . The " I 'm Checkin ' In " musical sequence won two awards . Because of the World Trade Center 's main role , the episode was taken off syndication in many areas following the September 11 attacks , but has come back into syndication in recent years .
= = Plot = =
At Moe 's Tavern , Moe informs Homer and his friends that one of them must be a designated driver , and Barney loses the choosing draw . After Barney drives the drunken men home in Homer 's car , Homer allows him to use it to drive himself home , expecting Barney to return it the following morning . In his distressed state , Barney disappears with the car . Two months later , Barney returns to Moe 's Tavern , unable to recall where he left the car . Homer later receives a letter from the New York City government , which informs him that his car has been found parked in the World Trade Center plaza . Homer reveals to the family that he had once been to New York before when he was 17 years old and had a horrible experience . Marge and the children persuade Homer to go retrieve the car and he reluctantly agrees .
When the family arrives in Manhattan , they decide to split up . Upon arrival at his car , Homer discovers it has been issued many parking tickets and has been wheel clamped . While waiting for a parking officer to come remove the clamp , Homer drinks an excessive amount of crab juice from a food vendor and needs to urinate , but is afraid to leave his car behind . After several hours of holding it in , he finally goes to the restroom at the South Tower 's indoor observation deck , but discovers that it is out of order and must use the one at the top of the North Tower . While he is doing that , the officer arrives at the car and finding no one present , issues another ticket and leaves ; Homer 's subsequent " D 'oh ! " echoes across the city . Meanwhile , the rest of the family tours the Statue of Liberty , Little Italy , Chinatown , and the Empire State Building . Bart leaves the group to visit the offices of Mad magazine , and is in awe when he sees Alfred E. Neuman . The family attends a Broadway musical about the Betty Ford Clinic , and then take a carriage through Central Park to where they are planning to meet Homer .
Upon returning to the car , Homer realizes he must make it to Central Park to find his family and leave before it gets dark . Ignoring the wheel clamp , he tries to accelerate and in the process destroys the car 's fender . Homer stops by a road construction crew and steals a jackhammer so he can use it to remove the clamp . The car is free from the clamp , but further damaged as a result . Homer races to Central Park and reunites with his family . While driving back to Springfield , the family reflects on their wonderful time , while Homer 's hatred for New York remains .
= = Production = =
Writer Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham , a former resident of New York , had conceived the idea of having the family travel to the city to locate their missing car and believed it to be " a classic Manhattan problem " . Bill Oakley , who had visited the World Trade Center when the construction of the towers was completed in 1973 , suggested parking the car in the plaza of the buildings . Josh Weinstein observed that , " When we realized that there was a plaza between the two towers , we knew it was a perfect spot to have Homer 's car . "
The animators were told to make a detailed replica of the city . David Silverman was sent to Manhattan to take hundreds of pictures of the city and areas around the World Trade Center . When he returned , Lance Wilder and his team spent time creating new scenes and backgrounds , incorporating small details such as signs and hundreds of extras that would correctly illustrate the city . Oakley and Weinstein were pleased with the final results , and both noted that the buildings , streets , and even elevator cabins were detailed closely to their real life counterparts . In the final scene , as the family is seen driving away from New York on the George Washington Bridge , the credits roll with the " camera " gradually pulling back from a view of the car , to a view of the side , and then on to a panorama view of the city ; as if the whole sequence was being shot from a helicopter . To achieve this effect , a computer model of the bridge pulling out was made and then printed out . With the print outs , photocopies were made traced onto the animation cels . The process took a long time and was expensive , as the use of computer animation was not widespread when the episode was produced . Director Jim Reardon wanted to replicate films that ended in a similar way , and commented , " I remembered that every movie located in New York would pull back if you were leaving town on a bridge . " Shortly before the episode aired , the production staff contacted Fox to make sure they would not run commercials during the credits .
Ken Keeler , who wrote the lyrics for the " You 're Checkin ' In " musical number , spent two hours in a room alone to write the song . Upon sharing the lyrics with the rest of the production staff , some revisions were made , although little was changed . Bill Oakley was unsatisfied with the part of the musical where the actor claims , " Hey , that 's just my Aspirin ! " , claiming that a better line could have been written .
= = Cultural references = =
The song used during Duffman 's first and subsequent appearances is " Oh Yeah " by Yello , popularized in the final scene of the film Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . The Original Famous Ray 's Pizza shop Homer sees is a parody of independently owned pizza stores that carry the name " Ray " in their name . The musical sequence played during the Flushing Meadows segment is a stylistic parody of the piece Flower Duet from the opera Lakmé by Leo Delibes . When the traveling bus passes by Hasidic Jews , Bart mistakes them for ZZ Top , and when Bart visits Mad magazine 's offices , he sees Alfred E. Neuman , the Spy vs. Spy characters , and cartoonist Dave Berg . The actor in the musical number " You 're Checkin ' In " was based on Robert Downey , Jr . , who was battling a cocaine addiction during the time of the episode creation , just as the character in the musical was . The sequence where Homer races alongside the carriage in Central Park was a reference to a similar scene in the film Ben @-@ Hur . The final scene when the family is crossing the George Washington Bridge uses a version of the song " Theme from New York , New York " , which continues to play throughout the credits .
Several cultural references are made during Homer 's flashback to his previous visit to New York City . During the entire flashback , " The Entertainer " , a piece made famous by the film The Sting , is played . Writer Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham had brought the piece to the attention of director Jim Reardon and asked him to try to fit the piece into the flashback . Maxtone @-@ Graham later commented , " It turned out that the music and the visual gags fit each other perfectly . " In the beginning of the scene , Homer passes by three pornographic film theaters , which are playing " The Godfather 's Parts , II " , " Jeremiah 's Johnson " , and " Five Sleazy Pieces " , plays on the names of The Godfather Part II , Jeremiah Johnson , and Five Easy Pieces . Woody Allen can be seen during the flashback , pouring trash out of his window onto Homer .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson " finished 18th in ratings for the week of September 15 – 21 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 7 , equivalent to approximately 10 @.@ 5 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , beating King of the Hill 's season two opener " How to Fire a Rifle Without Really Trying " .
The episode was mostly well received . The song " You 're Checkin ' In " won a 1998 Primetime Emmy Award for " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics " , and an Annie Award for " Outstanding Music in an Animated Television Production " in the same year . In honor of The Simpsons ' 300th episode milestone in 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked the episode at number 13 on the list of their 25 favorite episodes , and AskMen.com ranked the episode at number seven on their top ten ; in both cases it was the second @-@ most @-@ recent installment chosen to co @-@ inhabit the lists . IGN named the episode the best of the ninth season , claiming " this is a very funny episode that started season nine off on a strong note " . Since the release of the season nine DVD box set , the episode has been highlighted by newspaper reviewers to show excellence of the season .
Ian Jones and Steve Williams , writers for British review website Off the Telly , claimed that the episode " ditched all pretence of a plot and went flat out for individual , unconnected sight gags and vignettes " . The two noted that it was their least favorite debut episode for a season of The Simpsons . In a separate article in Off the Telly , Jones and Williams write that the episode " ... wasn 't shown for reasons of taste and has never appeared on terrestrial television in Britain " , referring to a BBC Two schedule of the ninth season , which began October 2001 . It had actually been shown prior to the attacks on Sky One , before being made available on digital terrestrial television as well as satellite and was later shown free @-@ to @-@ air , on Channel 4 .
Due to the prominence of the World Trade Center in the plot , the episode was removed from syndication after the September 11 attacks . By 2006 , the episode had come back into syndication in some areas ; however , parts of the episode were often edited out . One previously such edited item is a scene of two men arguing across Tower 1 and Tower 2 , where a man from Tower 2 claims , " They stick all the jerks in Tower One " . Co @-@ executive producer Bill Oakley commented in retrospect that the line was " regrettable " .
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= Myst Online : Uru Live =
Myst Online : Uru Live is an open source massively multiplayer online adventure game developed by Cyan Worlds . The game is the multiplayer component to the 2003 video game Uru : Ages Beyond Myst . Like Uru , Myst Online takes place in 2000 's New Mexico , where an ancient civilization known as the D 'ni once thrived . The D 'ni had the ability to create portals to other worlds or Ages by writing descriptive books of the Age . Players uncover clues and solve puzzles together ; plot developments were added via episodic content updates .
Uru 's multiplayer segment was delayed and did not ship with the single @-@ player component as planned ; in February 2004 the multiplayer was scrapped entirely . Dedicated fans kept an unsupported version of the game alive through Cyan @-@ maintained servers . Online game distributor GameTap resurrected the game as Myst Online in 2007 , but this version was canceled due to a lack of subscribers despite generally positive reviews . Cyan received the rights to Myst Online from GameTap and announced its intention to bring the game back .
In 2010 , Cyan Worlds released the game free of charge , under the name MO : ULagain . It is currently hosted on Cyan @-@ maintained servers .
In 2011 , Cyan Worlds and OpenUru.org announced the release of Myst Online 's client and 3ds Max plugin under the GNU GPL v3 license .
= = Gameplay = =
Myst Online 's gameplay is a massively multiplayer online game , where players interact with others to solve puzzles and advance the story . Players communicate with others using a " Ki " , an artifact which provides a special interface . Each player has their own personal Age , called Relto ; unlike in public areas , each player 's Relto is different depending on the player 's tastes . In public areas , any action a player takes is persistent and remains part of that world — kick a stone in one player 's game , for instance , and the stone will be moved when any other player enters the area .
Myst Online takes place in fictitious caverns below Earth 's surface . Thousands of years ago , a race known as the D 'ni practiced a craft known as The Art . By writing special books describing a location , the D 'ni created a link to that world . The D 'ni had their own number system and language distinct from the humans dwelling above them . According to the story , though the D 'ni society crumbled ( shortly after their first contact with a human who found her way down from the surface , and whose presence triggered a cultural collapse ) , archeologists much later discovered the caverns and teamed with a development studio ( Cyan Worlds ) to produce educational video games based on their findings ; thus , the story in the Myst games is canonically findings from the caverns . New content and additions to the story were revealed through " episodes " .
= = Development = =
After completing Riven — the sequel to the bestselling Myst — in 1997 , developer Rand Miller and his company , Cyan Worlds , began development of what would become Uru : Ages Beyond Myst . Initially , the game was to have been called Myst Online and have been a multiplayer @-@ only title , but game publisher Ubisoft pushed for a single @-@ player dimension . The online component , branding Uru Live , did not ship with Ages Beyond Myst ; in 2004 , Uru Live was suspended entirely . In 2006 , Cyan developed a stand @-@ in for Uru Live , called Until Uru ; this replacement was hosted by players in servers known as " shards " , and did not have content updates or official support .
= = = GameTap = = =
On May 9 , 2006 , Cyan Worlds and GameTap announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo that Myst Online : Uru Live would be returning in the holiday season of 2006 . The GameTap version did not require any physical purchase : all the game content was downloaded through GameTap , which was subscribed to for a monthly fee . A major reason for the resurrection of the game was the fan support . According to GameTap 's vice president of content Ricardo Sanchez , " One of the reasons [ GameTap was ] so attracted to Uru Live is that it had this persistent group that kept it alive during the dark days of it not being a product . " Closed public beta testing of Myst Online : Uru Live began in August 2006 . A period of semi @-@ open beta testing lasted from December 12 to December 18 , 2006 , with an open beta beginning on December 20 . On January 18 , 2007 , it was announced that a Macintosh port of the game was being developed by TransGaming ; a beta became available soon after . This coincided with the release of the first new Age , Eder Delin . GameTap brought Myst Online : Uru Live online in February 2007 . On May 19 , 2007 , Myst Online made the move to episodic content releases , with each episode adding new Ages , puzzles , and a plot continuation . It was also released for Mac OS X , the first GameTap game for the platform .
In February 2008 , GameTap announced that Myst Online was canceled . Sanchez released a statement that " The decision was a very difficult one and was made for business reasons rather than due to any issues regarding the design and vision of the amazing world that Cyan Worlds and Rand Miller have brought to us . Despite the great Myst Online experience coming to a close , Cyan is still a very valued partner of GameTap , we are on excellent terms , and we look forward to continuing our relationship in the future . "
Various explanations for Uru Live 's continuing troubles were given . Game designer Ernest Adams stated that " An important part of Myst 's atmosphere came from being alone in a very strange place . " Adams stated that the realities of online play distracted from the fantasy setting . When asked about the game 's commercial failure , Miller responded :
I 'm always going to fall back on ' we were ahead of our time , ' because it 's easy . The biggest thing we did was an all or nothing proposal from an entertainment point of view . It 's not like you can start up a new TV network and give one show a month and expect it to be successful ... We couldn 't quite pull that off with the money we had . "
GameTap parent Turner Broadcasting 's product development vice president Blake Lewin added that he did not believe any budget would have worked , due to the difficult content production pipeline . Lewin compared the game 's production to the television series Lost , which had difficulties producing a full season . In an article discussing the current state of the adventure game genre , IGN writers Steve Butts and Charles Onyett considered the major issues with Myst Online that while a different kind of adventure game , Myst Online was not accessible to players other than the " hardcore faithful " . The authors suggested that the franchise needed " to try something more dramatic than slapping an online architecture onto a game that already released , then periodically putting out small content updates . "
= = = MORE and future = = =
After several months of negotiations , Cyan regained the rights to Myst Online for no charge . Miller stated that Cyan was committed to resurrecting Myst Online once again , giving fans the chance to interact with and create content . The new version of Myst Online was dubbed the " Myst Online Restoration Experiment " or MORE , and Cyan planned to reopen the game on their own servers without new content ; instead , tools would be released for fans to create new content . Cyan put forward a tentative outline , which started with Cyan running MORE servers , the restructuring of the MystOnline.com web site , the release of MORE tools to players , and the delegation of approving fan @-@ made content given to groups known as " Guilds " . The ultimate goal was a continuation of the storyline and new content , with or without fan aid .
MORE was postponed after revenue to Cyan was disrupted and the company was forced to lay off all but seven employees in November 2008 . The company has since announced that Myst Online 's source code and tools would be given to the fans , making MORE an open source project . On April 6 , 2011 , Cyan Worlds released the client and the tools under the GNU GPL v3 license on the OpenUru.org website .
= = Uru Live Again = =
On February 8 , 2010 , Cyan Worlds announced the return of Myst Online under the new title " Myst Online : URU Live Again " . The game is now running a live server and is being advertised as entirely free to play . Until MO : RE is released , MOULAgain won 't be hosting any new content .
Fans are , however , attempting to revitalize the community through existing means . One notable example is the inclusion of an experimental Artificial Intelligence called OHBot [ 1 ] , named after his creator 's avatar OHB , or in @-@ game events such as heritage night [ 2 ] . Also , attempts are being made to revitalize the community through generous donations from those that wish to contribute , which are measured using Cyan 's CAVCON meter .
= = Reception = =
Myst Online was generally well received by critics . The game has average critic scores of 77 % and 83 % at aggregate sites Metacritic and Game Rankings , respectively . The Age 's varied visuals and strong aesthetic design were praised , as were the ambient sounds and music . The world that persistently changes depending on player actions was also lauded as more sophisticated than other MMOs .
Complaints from Uru : Ages Beyond Myst carried over to Myst Online ; for example , Robert Washburne of JustAdventure found that the interface was still clunky . Charles Onyett of IGN said that those who had played through the previous Uru content would not find many changes : " As a result , Myst veterans uninterested in plugging through Uru 's content again will be left with a dearth of things to actually do , shifting the onus of gameplay creation to the community . " Onyett continued that the only reason to subscribe to the game was the dedicated fan community and the potential for the game to expand . Sarah Borger of GamesRadar noted that most puzzles could be completed without the help of other players , making the game " a pretty chat room " .
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= U.S. Route 45 in Michigan =
US Highway 45 ( US 45 ) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Mobile , Alabama , to the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan . The highway forms a part of the state trunkline highway system that is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) . It enters the state from Wisconsin south of Watersmeet , ending at an intersection with Ontonagon Street in Ontonagon . In between , the roadway crosses the UP running for approximately 54 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 88 @.@ 1 km ) through the Ottawa National Forest and parallel to the Ontonagon River .
The highway dates back to the 1930s in Michigan . At the time it was extended into the state , it replaced sections of M @-@ 26 and M @-@ 35 . An eight @-@ mile ( 13 km ) segment was significantly reconstructed in the late 1950s , and an alignment change in the 1970s moved the routing of US 45 near Rockland before it was reversed soon afterwards . A segment of roadway that formerly carried US 45 is the site of the Paulding Light , a local phenomenon whose origins were scientifically described in 2010 .
= = Route description = =
US 45 crosses from Wisconsin to Michigan near Land O ' Lakes , Wisconsin , east of the Sylvania Wilderness area of the Ottawa National Forest . The highway angles northeast from the state line before curving around to the north toward Watersmeet , where it intersects US 2 . Watersmeet is home to the northern section of the Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation . Continuing north across the Gogebic – Ontonagon county line , US 45 crosses the boundary between the Central and Eastern time zones .
In southern Ontonagon County , the highway runs west of the Bond Falls Flowage near Paulding . North of here , the trunkline enters Bruce Crossing and intersects M @-@ 28 . After leaving town , US 45 runs northward parallel to the Middle Branch of the Ontonagon River , and the highway crosses the river near a roadside park south of Rockland . East of Rockland , US 45 meets the southern terminus of M @-@ 26 ; after the intersection , US 45 turns northwesterly and runs parallel to the Ontonagon River and a branch of the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad ( ELS ) .
US 45 enters the south side of Ontonagon on Rockland Road near the Holy Family Cemetery . The roadway turns due north and crosses the ELS rail line , still running parallel to the course of the river . South of downtown , the highway crosses an intersection that serves as the joint termini of M @-@ 38 and M @-@ 64 . M @-@ 64 crosses the river from the west on a bridge built in 2006 and ends at the intersection . M @-@ 38 comes into town from the east and also ends at the same intersection . US 45 continues north on Rockland Road and turns northwest on River Street along the eastern river bank through downtown . The northern terminus of US 45 is at Ontonagon Street , about 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) from Lake Superior .
= = History = =
US 45 debuted in Michigan by 1935 on maps of the time . The highway previously terminated in Des Plaines , Illinois , until it was extended northward to Michigan . US 45 replaced M @-@ 26 between the state line north toward Rockland , as well as M @-@ 35 between Rockland and Ontonagon . The Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) rebuilt an eight @-@ mile ( 13 km ) section of the highway in the Military Hills area of eastern Ontonagon County starting in 1957 . As part of the project , tons of waste copper rock were hauled into the area to provide a base for the reconstructed roadway , which was previously quite steep through the hills and muddy during rains . The project included a new bridge over the Ontonagon River that opened in late 1959 . Along with this bridge , the last eight miles ( 13 km ) of US 45 in the country were paved , connecting the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Superior with a hard @-@ surfaced road .
A rerouting in late 1971 moved the US 45 designation along M @-@ 26 between Rockland and Greenland . From Greenland , US 45 followed Ontonagon – Greenland Road to Ontonagon . In late 1973 , MDOT reversed the rerouting — US 45 was restored to its previous routing on Rockland Road between Rockland and Ontonagon and M @-@ 26 was re @-@ extended south from Greenland to Rockland ; M @-@ 38 was extended west along Ontonagon – Greenland Road .
In 2010 , students from Michigan Technological University solved the mystery of the Paulding Light , a local phenomenon commonly attributed to paranormal activity . The phenomenon is viewable from a section of Robbins Pond Road , the former routing of US 45 in the Paulding area . According to area folklore , and indicated on signs in the viewing area , the light is from the ghost of a railroad brakeman . Other explanations say the light comes from a ghost train from the 1800s . The students ' investigation showed that the light comes from headlights of cars on US 45 in the Paulding area .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Sweet Smell of Success =
Sweet Smell of Success is a 1957 American film noir drama film made by Hecht @-@ Hill @-@ Lancaster Productions and released by United Artists . It was directed by Alexander Mackendrick and stars Burt Lancaster , Tony Curtis , Susan Harrison and Martin Milner . The screenplay was written by Clifford Odets , Ernest Lehman and Mackendrick from the novelette by Lehman . Mary Grant designed the film 's costumes .
The film tells the story of powerful newspaper columnist J.J. Hunsecker ( portrayed by Lancaster and based on Walter Winchell ) who uses his connections to ruin his sister 's relationship with a man he deems unworthy of her .
Despite a poorly received preview screening , Sweet Smell of Success has greatly improved in stature over the years . It is now highly acclaimed by film critics , particularly for its cinematography and screenplay . In 1993 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . "
Sweet Smell of Success : The Musical was created by Marvin Hamlisch , Craig Carnelia and John Guare in 2002 .
= = Plot = =
Manhattan press agent Sidney Falco ( Tony Curtis ) has been unable to gain mentions for his clients in J.J. Hunsecker 's ( Burt Lancaster ) influential , nationally syndicated newspaper column of late because of Falco 's failure to make good on a promise to break up the romance between Hunsecker 's younger sister Susan ( Susan Harrison ) and musician Steve Dallas ( Martin Milner ) , an up @-@ and @-@ coming jazz guitarist .
Falco is losing money and clients . Given one last chance by the bullying , intimidating Hunsecker , he schemes to plant a false rumor in a rival column that Dallas is a dope @-@ smoking Communist , then encourages Hunsecker to rescue Dallas 's reputation , certain that the headstrong boyfriend will reject Hunsecker 's favor and end up looking bad to Susan .
The plan works , in a way — Dallas can 't resist insulting Hunsecker 's methods , and , forced to choose between them , the timid Susan breaks up with Dallas in order to protect him from her brother . Hunsecker , however , is enraged by Dallas 's insults to him after a brief confrontation . He decides to ruin the boy after all ( against Falco 's advice ) and wants to have marijuana planted on the musician , then have him arrested and roughed up by corrupt police Lt. Harry Kello ( Emile Meyer ) .
It is such a dirty trick that even Falco wants no part of it , at least until Hunsecker promises to take a long vacation from his powerful column and turn it over to Falco in his absence . At a nightclub , Falco slips the marijuana cigarettes into a pocket of a coat belonging to Dallas , who is accosted by Kello outside the club .
Falco is summoned to Hunsecker 's penthouse apartment , only to find Susan there by herself and about to attempt suicide . He grabs her just as her brother walks in , but Hunsecker , encouraged by Susan 's silence , accuses Falco of trying to assault Susan and begins beating the physically weaker Falco . Falco pleads that he only came to the apartment at Hunsecker 's request , prompting Hunsecker to tell Falco that he never called him . As Susan stops Hunsecker from further harming him , Falco realizes that Susan placed the call in order to bring the men to blows .
In a climactic confrontation , Falco reveals to Susan that it was her brother who ordered him to destroy Dallas 's reputation and their relationship . Hunsecker makes a call to Kello to come after Falco , who tries to flee but is caught in Times Square by the brutal cop .
Back in the penthouse , Susan , her bags packed , acknowledges to her brother that she attempted suicide , considering death preferable to living with him . She walks out on him , saying that she will go to Dallas and tells Hunsecker that she pities rather than hates him . A mortified J.J. looks at his sister from his apartment , as she walks out into the daylight .
= = Cast = =
Burt Lancaster as J. J. Hunsecker
Tony Curtis as Sidney Falco
Susan Harrison as Susan Hunsecker
Martin Milner as Steve Dallas
Sam Levene as Frank D 'Angelo
Barbara Nichols as Rita
Jeff Donnell as Sally
Joe Frisco as Herbie Temple
Emile Meyer as Lt. Harry Kello , NYPD
Edith Atwater as Rita
Chico Hamilton as Himself
= = Production = =
Faced with potential unemployment from the sale of Ealing Studios to the BBC in 1954 , director Alexander Mackendrick began entertaining offers from Hollywood . He rejected potential contracts from Cary Grant and David Selznick and signed with independent production company Hecht @-@ Hill @-@ Lancaster , enticed by their offer to adapt George Bernard Shaw ’ s play The Devil 's Disciple . After the project collapsed during pre @-@ production , Mackendrick asked to be released from his commitment . Harold Hecht refused and asked him to start work on another project – adapting Ernest Lehman ’ s novellette Sweet Smell of Success into a film .
Lehman ’ s story had originally appeared in a 1950 issue of Cosmopolitan , renamed " Tell Me About It Tomorrow ! " because the editor of the magazine did not want the word " smell " in the publication . It was based on his own experiences working as an assistant to Irving Hoffman , a prominent New York press agent and columnist for The Hollywood Reporter . Hoffman subsequently did not speak to Lehman for a year and a half . Hoffman then wrote a column for The Hollywood Reporter speculating that Lehman would make a good screenwriter , and within a week Paramount called Lehman , inviting him to Los Angeles for talks . Lehman went on to forge a notable screenwriting career in Hollywood , writing Executive Suite , Sabrina , North by Northwest , The Sound of Music , West Side Story , The King and I , and Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? .
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
By the time Hecht @-@ Hill @-@ Lancaster acquired Success , Lehman was in position to not only adapt his own novellette but also produce and direct the film . After scouting locations , Lehman was told by Hecht that distributor United Artists was having second thoughts about going with a first @-@ time director , so Hecht offered the film to Mackendrick . Initially the director had reservations about trying to film such a dialogue @-@ heavy screenplay , so he and Lehman worked on it for weeks to make it more cinematic . As the script neared completion , Lehman became ill and had to resign from the picture . James Hill took over and offered Paddy Chayefsky as Lehman ’ s replacement . Mackendrick suggested Clifford Odets , the playwright whose reputation as a left @-@ wing hero had been tarnished after he named names before the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee .
Mackendrick assumed that Odets would need only two or three weeks to polish the script , but he took four months . The director recalled , " We started shooting with no final script at all , while Clifford reconstructed the thing from stem to stern " . The plot was largely intact , but in Mackendrick 's biography he is quoted from Notes on Sweet Smell of Success : " What Clifford did , in effect , was dismantle the structure of every single sequence in order to rebuild situations and relationships that were much more complex , had much greater tension and more dramatic energy " . This process took time , and the start date for the production could not be delayed . Odets had to accompany the production to Manhattan and continued rewriting while they shot there . Returning to the city that had shunned him for going to Hollywood made Odets very neurotic and obsessed with all kinds of rituals as he worked at a furious pace , with pages often going straight from his typewriter to being shot the same day . Mackendrick said , " So we cut the script there on the floor , with the actors , just cutting down lines , making them more spare – what Clifford would have done himself , really , had there been time " .
Tony Curtis had to fight for the role of Sidney Falco because Universal , the studio to which he was contracted , was worried that it would ruin his career . Tired of doing pretty @-@ boy roles and wanting to prove that he could act , Curtis got his way . Orson Welles was originally considered for the role of J. J. Hunsecker . Mackendrick wanted to cast Hume Cronyn because he felt that Cronyn closely resembled Walter Winchell , the basis for the Hunsecker character in the novelette . Lehman makes the distinction in an interview that Winchell was the inspiration for the version of the character in the novelette , and that this differs from the character in the film version . United Artists wanted Burt Lancaster in the role because of his box office appeal and his successful pairing with Curtis on Trapeze . Robert Vaughn was signed to a contract with Lancaster 's film company and was to have played the Steve Dallas role but was drafted into the Army before he could begin the film .
Hecht @-@ Hill @-@ Lancaster allowed Mackendrick to familiarize himself with New York City before shooting the movie . In Notes on Sweet Smell of Success , Mackendrick said , " One of the characteristic aspects of New York , particularly of the area between 42nd Street and 57th Street , is the neurotic energy of the crowded sidewalks . This was , I argued , essential to the story of characters driven by the uglier aspects of ambition and greed " . He took multiple photographs of the city from several fixed points and taped the pictures into a series of panoramas that he stuck on a wall and studied once he got back to Hollywood .
Cellist Fred Katz and drummer Chico Hamilton , who briefly appear in the film as themselves , wrote a score for the movie , which was ultimately rejected in favor of one by Elmer Bernstein .
= = = Principal photography = = =
Mackendrick shot the film in late 1956 , and was scared the entire time because Hecht @-@ Hill @-@ Lancaster had a reputation for firing their directors for any or even no reason at all . The filmmaker was used to extensive rehearsals before a scene was shot and often found himself shooting a script page one or two hours after Odets had written it . Lancaster ’ s presence proved to be intimidating for numerous individuals involved with the production ; at one point , Lehman had been approached to direct the film , but declined due to his fear of Lancaster . Mackendrick and composer Elmer Bernstein both found Lancaster difficult to work with , with Bernstein later recalling , “ Burt was really scary . He was a dangerous guy . He had a short fuse . ” Mackendrick decided to use Lancaster 's volatility to work for the character of JJ , asking that Lancaster wear his own browline glasses , which Mackendrick felt gave him the presence of " a scholarly brute . " Mackendrick smeared a thin layer of vaseline on the lenses , preventing Lancaster from focusing his eyes and giving him a perpetually blank gaze ; Mackendrick then intentionally filmed scenes with JJ from a low angle using a wide lens with overhead lighting directly above Lancaster , so that the frames cast shadows on his face .
Shooting on location in New York City also added to Mackendrick ’ s anxieties . Exteriors were shot in the busiest , noisiest areas with crowds of young Tony Curtis fans occasionally breaking through police barriers . Mackendrick remembered , " We started shooting in Times Square at rush hour , and we had high @-@ powered actors and a camera crane and police help and all the rest of it , but we didn ’ t have any script . We knew where we were going vaguely , but that ’ s all " .
= = Musical score and soundtrack = =
The film score was composed , arranged and conducted by Elmer Bernstein , but the picture also featured jazz themes performed by the Chico Hamilton Quintet , and two soundtrack albums were released on the Decca label in 1958 . Allmusic 's Blair Sanderson noted , " The soundtrack to Alexander Mackendrick 's 1957 motion picture Sweet Smell of Success combines orchestral music by the versatile Elmer Bernstein and modern jazz by the Chico Hamilton Quintet , including numbers performed in the film 's club scenes . Both provide a moody backdrop to the cynical showbiz drama and intersect at several key points through the use of a common theme , the tune ' Goodbye Baby ' . ... For his part , Bernstein employs richly dissonant big band sonorities and nocturnal urban blues in his score , and much of his music has the hard @-@ edged , gritty sound that was associated with big city life in the 1950s . Hamilton 's exploratory improvisations and Bernstein 's studio orchestrations make this a highly sophisticated film score " . In The Guardian , John L. Walters called the soundtrack " the sonic equivalent of a well @-@ mixed Manhattan : seven cool cues by drummer Chico Hamilton 's adventurous band , and 14 orchestral blasts by Elmer Bernstein " .
= = = Track listing = = =
= = = Personnel = = =
= = Reaction = =
A preview screening of Sweet Smell of Success was poorly received , as Tony Curtis fans were expecting him to play one of his typical nice guy roles and instead were presented with the scheming Sidney Falco . Mackendrick remembered seeing audience members " curling up , crossing their arms and legs , recoiling from the screen in disgust " . Burt Lancaster 's fans were not thrilled with their idol either , " finding the film too static and talky " . The film was a box office failure , and Hecht blamed his producing partner Hill . " The night of the preview , Harold said to me , ' You know you 've wrecked our company ? We 're going to lose over a million dollars on this picture , ' " Hill recalled . However , Lancaster blamed Lehman , who remembers a confrontation they had : " Burt threatened me at a party after the preview . He said , ' You didn 't have to leave – you could have made this a much better picture . I ought to beat you up . ' I said , ' Go ahead – I could use the money . ' "
Sweet Smell of Success premiered in New York at Loew ’ s State in Times Square on June 27 , 1957 . Critical reaction was much more favorable . Time said that the movie was " raised to considerable dramatic heights by intense acting , taut direction ... superb camera work ... and , above all , by its whiplash dialogue " . Both it and the New York Herald included the film on their ten @-@ best lists for 1957 . The film 's reputation improved over time , with David Denby in New York magazine calling it " the most acrid , and the best " of all New York movies because it captured , " better than any film I know the atmosphere of Times Square and big @-@ city journalism " .
Sweet Smell of Success holds a 98 percent " fresh " rating based on 45 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes and a 100 metascore rating based on 5 reviews at Metacritic . Though Mackendrick 's direction of the actors and his staging of the scenes are at times extraordinary , in recent years critics have praised only the film 's dialogue , " courtesy of Ernest Lehman and Clifford Odets , a high @-@ toned street vernacular that no real New Yorker has ever spoken but that every real New Yorker wishes he could " , A. O. Scott wrote in The New York Times . Andrew Sarris in the New York Observer wrote , " the main incentive to see this movie is its witty , pungent and idiomatic dialogue , such as you never hear on the screen anymore in this age of special @-@ effects illiteracy " .
= = = Legacy = = =
In 1993 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " .
In 2002 , Sweet Smell of Success : The Musical was created by Marvin Hamlisch , Craig Carnelia and John Guare .
In its " 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains " list , the American Film Institute ( AFI ) named J. J. Hunsecker number 35 of the top 50 movie villains of all time in 2003 .
Filmmaker Barry Levinson paid tribute to Sweet Smell of Success in his film Diner ( 1982 ) , with one character wandering around saying nothing but lines from the film .
The Law & Order : Criminal Intent episode " Contract " is an homage to the film , with Mo Rocca playing a gossip columnist who is clearly based on J.J. ( in both appearance and attitude ) and other characters from the episode quoting the film 's lines many times .
( * ) designates unordered lists .
= = = American Film Institute recognition = = =
100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- nominated100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains -- # 35 Villain ( J.J. Hunsecker )
= = Home media = =
Sweet Smell of Success was released on DVD ( Region 1 ) and Blu @-@ ray ( Region A ) as part of The Criterion Collection in February 2011 . The release includes new audio commentary featuring film scholar James Naremore , Mackendrick : The Man Who Walked Away , a 1986 documentary featuring interviews with director Alexander Mackendrick , actor Burt Lancaster , producer James Hill , and others . James Wong Howe : Cinematographer , a 1973 documentary about the film 's director of photography , featuring lighting tutorials with Howe , a new video interview with film critic and historian Neal Gabler ( Winchell : Gossip , Power and the Culture of Celebrity ) about legendary columnist Walter Winchell , inspiration for the character J. J. Hunsecker , and a new video interview with filmmaker James Mangold about Mackendrick , his instructor and mentor . There is also a booklet featuring an essay by critic Gary Giddins , notes about the film and two short stories introducing its characters by screenwriter Ernest Lehman , and an excerpt about Clifford Odets from Mackendrick ’ s book On Film @-@ making , introduced by the book ’ s editor , Paul Cronin .
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= Berghuis v. Thompkins =
Berghuis v. Thompkins , 560 U.S. 370 ( 2010 ) ( docket 08 @-@ 1470 ) , is a decision by the United States Supreme Court in which the Court considered the position of a suspect who understands his or her right to remain silent under Miranda v. Arizona and is aware he or she has the right to remain silent , but does not explicitly invoke or waive the right .
The Court held that unless and until the suspect actually stated that he was relying on that right , his subsequent voluntary statements could be used in court and police could continue to interact with ( or question ) him . The mere act of remaining silent was , on its own , insufficient to imply the suspect has invoked his or her rights . Furthermore , a voluntary reply even after lengthy silence could be construed as implying a waiver .
The Court was split 5 @-@ 4 . The dissent , authored by Justice Sonia Sotomayor , argued that Miranda and other previous cases had required a claimed waiver of a constitutional right to be shown more strongly , especially in light of a lengthy interrogation with a possible " compelling influence " during which the accused had remained almost entirely silent for almost 3 hours prior to the self @-@ incriminating statement .
Responses from legal observers and the media were divided . Many considered Berghuis a further erosion of Miranda and were concerned it was " turning the clocks back " on safeguards developed in previous cases . At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda Others saw the ruling as a sign of strength and a signal that the Court , under its own impetus , was willing to address known issues resulting from the view of terrorism as crime . The more common view was concerned that vulnerable citizens could now be placed under pressure and , despite having an understanding of their rights , could be more easily coerced in a manner prejudicial to their interests .
= = Background of the case = =
= = = Legal background = = =
Under U.S. law and with rare exceptions , people ( whether criminal suspects or defendants or not ) have the right to remain silent as part of their right not to incriminate themselves under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Remaining silent is optional - they may speak or be silent as they wish . The Miranda warning concerns the duty of the police or other formal questioners to make sure that the suspect is aware they have that right prior to questioning , in case they want to be silent at some point or the suspect later pleads ignorance that they had the right ( and would have relied upon it had they been aware ) . Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) and related cases contemplate that a suspect might invoke their rights ( make clear they wish to rely on them ) , waive their rights ( make clear they do not wish to rely on them ) , or do neither of these . A number of cases such as the present one , refine Miranda by addressing when and at what point a suspect , who is aware that they have the right to remain silent , is said to have begun to rely on that right , as opposed to when they were aware of the right but were not choosing to rely on it .
= = = Interrogation and conviction = = =
Van Chester Thompkins was considered a suspect in a fatal shooting on January 10 , 2000 in Southfield , Michigan . After advising Thompkins of his Miranda rights , police officers interrogated him . Thompkins did not state at any time that he wanted to rely on his right to remain silent , nor that he did not want to talk to the police , nor that he wanted an attorney . The court record suggested that he had been almost completely silent during the 3 @-@ hour interrogation and the few sporadic comments he made had no bearing on the case ( police described it as " nearly a monologue " ) , but near the end , detectives changed their approach and " tried a spiritual tac [ k ] " and an " appeal to his conscience and religious beliefs " . Thompkins was asked in sequence - did he believe in God , did he pray to God , and did he pray to God to forgive him for shooting the victim . He answered " yes " to each of these . Thompkins made a motion to suppress his statements , claiming that he had invoked his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent , that he had not waived that right , and that his inculpatory statements were involuntary . The trial court denied his motion and Thompkins was found guilty by a jury and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole . Of note , there had been significant other evidence of guilt corroborating the conviction .
= = = State court appeal and federal court habeas corpus proceedings = = =
Thompkins appealed his conviction on grounds that included suppression of his admission - that he had invoked and not waived his right to remain silent - and deficient representation related to improper jury instructions , but the Michigan Court of Appeals rejected Thompkins ' Miranda claim . Thompkins then filed a writ of habeas corpus in federal District Court but it denied his request . However , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the District Court 's decision , holding that the state court was unreasonable in finding an implied waiver of Thompkins ’ right to remain silent .
= = = Petition to the U.S. Supreme Court = = =
The state 's petition to the Supreme Court advanced a number of reasons to hold that extended silence should not be construed as an invoke , and asserted that the interview in the present case had not been coercive .
" Although the right of silence , in contrast to the right to counsel , can be exercised passively ( by not speaking ) , a suspect ’ s initial reticence does not inherently convey to a reasonable police officer that the suspect wishes to exercise a right to silence and terminate the interview . A suspect may want to listen to a recitation of the evidence against him or learn about the benefits of cooperation before deciding whether to exercise his rights . Or a suspect may be formulating an explanation of events that lessens his culpability , planning an alibi , or thinking through his options . Or he may be willing to talk about some topics but not others ... Simply presuming an invocation after some initial period of silence ... would override the wishes of those suspects who wanted to listen and deliberate further , rather than to end questioning ... Once a suspect has been provided with the requisite warnings and has had an opportunity to invoke his rights , the primary purposes of Miranda are fulfilled . This Court has described " a person 's right to cut off questioning " as " [ t ] he critical safeguard " provided by the Miranda warnings . "
" The police did not aggressively and relentlessly question respondent ... The three @-@ hour time period is similar to those the courts of appeals have found acceptable , and does not begin to approach the lengthy interrogations that this Court has disapproved . "
= = The Court 's decision = =
On June 1 , 2010 , by a vote of 5 @-@ 4 , the Supreme Court reversed the Sixth Circuit 's decision . In the Opinion of the Court , written by Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy , the Court ruled that Thompkins ' silence during the interrogation did not invoke his right to remain silent and that he had waived his right to remain silent when he knowingly and voluntarily made a statement to police .
( On the other issue considered , the court ruled that prejudice due to deficient representation in respect of jury instruction was " doubtful " , but even if it had been deficient , other evidence of guilt corroborating the conviction made it unlikely that a change of jury instruction would have made any difference . )
= = = Majority opinion = = =
The Court reasoned as follows on Thompkins ' various arguments :
There was no good reason why the standard for invoking the Miranda right to remain silent and the Miranda right to counsel should differ . " Both protect ... against compulsory self @-@ incrimination ... by requiring an interrogation to cease when either right is invoked " . Making either of these statements would have ended the questions but the accused made neither of them .
The court further considered whether invocation of Miranda rights could be implied from the behavior or ambiguous words of the accused . It concluded ( in line with previous cases such as Davis v. United States ) that there was good reason why invoking these rights should require an unambiguous act of the accused , including certainty for police , prosecutors , and accused , and social benefit in law enforcement .
The court then considered whether the accused had taken action that waived those rights . Waiver must be a free choice with full awareness ( Moran v. Burbine ) . Miranda v. Arizona ( the Miranda ruling ) states that " [ A ] heavy burden rests on the government to demonstrate that the defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his privilege against self @-@ incrimination and his right to retained or appointed counsel . " It was noted that the accused had read and expressed understanding of the rights , and had them read aloud , he had not pleaded lack of understanding , was given time , and therefore knew his rights . Specifically , having read the 5th warning ( " you have the right to decide at any time before or during questioning to use your right to remain silent and your right to talk with a lawyer while you are being questioned " ) he was aware this right was enduring and could be applied at any time in the questioning if he chose , and the police would have to honor the invocation if he did so . The court observed that " [ p ] olice are not required to rewarn suspects from time to time " . That a question is linked to religious beliefs does not cause the reply to be " involuntary " . The accused , understanding his rights and that they were capable of invocation at any point , had not chosen to invoke them .
The case of North Carolina v. Butler 441 U.S. 369 ( 1979 ) showed that a waiver of Miranda rights may be implied through " the defendant 's silence , coupled with an understanding of his rights and a course of conduct indicating waiver " . The court held that where a Miranda warning had been given and was understood by the accused , an accused 's uncoerced statement established an implied waiver of the right to remain silent . Thompkins answer to the police question , having understood but not chosen to invoke his rights , was sufficient to show a course of conduct indicating waiver . Further corroboration was that he had sporadically made other comments as well .
The court concluded that :
" In sum , a suspect who has received and understood the Miranda warnings , and has not invoked his Miranda rights , waives the right to remain silent by making an uncoerced statement to the police . Thompkins did not invoke his right to remain silent and stop the questioning . Understanding his rights in full , he waived his right to remain silent by making a voluntary statement to the police . "
= = = Sotomayor 's dissent = = =
Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote the dissenting opinion for four Justices , her first major dissenting opinion on the Court . She wrote that the case represented " a substantial retreat from the protection against compelled self @-@ incrimination that Miranda v. Arizona has long provided during custodial interrogation " , and that " [ S ] uspects must now unambiguously invoke their right to remain silent — which , counterintuitively , requires them to speak . At the same time , suspects will be legally presumed to have waived their rights even if they have given no clear expression of their intent to do so . "
The dissent noted that the government must satisfy the " high standar [ d ] of proof for the waiver of constitutional rights [ set forth in ] Johnson v. Zerbst " . It cited from Miranda that :
" [ A ] valid waiver will not be presumed simply from the silence of the accused after warnings are given or simply from the fact that a confession was in fact eventually obtained [ ... ] the fact of lengthy interrogation ... before a statement is made is strong evidence that the accused did not validly waive his rights . In these circumstances the fact that the individual eventually made a statement is consistent with the conclusion that the compelling influence of the interrogation finally forced him to do so . It is inconsistent with any notion of a voluntary relinquishment of the privilege . "
and that Miranda and North Carolina v. Butler both agreed that :
" [ a ] court ' must presume that a defendant did not waive his right [ s ] ' ; the prosecution bears a ' heavy burden ' in attempting to demonstrate waiver ; the fact of a ' lengthy interrogation ' prior to obtaining statements is ' strong evidence ' against a finding of valid waiver ; ' mere silence ' in response to questioning is ' not enough ' ; and waiver may not be presumed ' simply from the fact that a confession was in fact eventually obtained ' . "
The Court had previously observed that " while the privilege [ against self @-@ incrimination ] is sometimes a shelter to the guilty , [ it ] is often a protection to the innocent " and that " [ f ] or these reasons , we have observed , a criminal law system which comes to depend on the ' confession ' will , in the long run , be less reliable and more subject to abuses than a system relying on independent investigation . "
Although giving " sporadic " comments during the interview , no answers had been given that touched upon the case . The Court had not previously considered " whether a suspect can invoke the right to remain silent by remaining uncooperative and nearly silent for 2 hours and 45 minutes " and the dissent considered that silence throughout a lengthy interrogation " long past the point when he could be deciding whether to respond [ , ] cannot reasonably be understood other than as an invocation of the right to remain silent " . Butler also distinguished between a " sufficient course of conduct " and mere " inculpatory statements " .
The dissent concluded that the ruling was unnecessary in the changes it established , " flatly contradicts " Miranda and Butler , and that " [ e ] ven if Thompkins did not invoke that right , he is entitled to relief because Michigan did not satisfy its burden of establishing waiver " .
= = Other views = =
= = = Prior cases = = =
This particular view as the majority gave is not new . In the case of United States v. Johnson , 76 F. Supp . 538 , 540 ( D. Pa . 1947 ) , the court ruled that ,
= = = Legal views and responses = = =
Responses to the ruling were divided with a significant number of commentators focusing upon the erosion of Miranda , and others commenting upon the impact of the case on terrorism suspect interviews — a topic where Congress had recently attempted to legislate .
Cornell Law School professor Sherry F. Colb 's discussion of the decision at Findlaw.com was one of the former . She called the decision " an alarming break with the philosophy of Miranda v. Arizona [ that ] leaves that decision to stand as an arbitrary disclosure requirement , rather than the protection against coercive interrogation that it was originally crafted to be " . The author noted the purpose of Miranda was to address psychologically pressured interviews and that it had noted that adequate protection was essential in order " to dispel the compulsion inherent in custodial surroundings " . The Miranda decision was intended to prevent coercion not merely to require a " disclosure of legal facts " . The present decision " allow [ ed ] a waiver of the right to occur after interrogation had commenced , through a response to that interrogation " . As a result , two subtly different meanings of " right to remain silent " could be construed , and a suspect who was ( in the words of Miranda v. Arizona ) " vulnerable , unassertive , and in need of protection " — precisely the kind of suspect Miranda aimed at protecting — would be left unaware :
" that one must utter magic words to go from possessing only one of these rights ( to remain silent while interrogation takes place ) to possessing the other right ( to avoid interrogation altogether ) . Thus , the law of Miranda sets a trap for the unwary — the very people who are feeling unable to assert themselves — to be subjected to interrogation until they are worn down and respond to questions . "
A joint Amicus Curiae brief on behalf of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and American Civil Liberties Union cautioned similarly :
" What is clear from the record is that the detectives chose not to seek an express Miranda waiver ... and importantly , the detectives made a strategic choice not to ask Thompkins whether he would be willing to waive his rights ... presumably because doing so risked invocation ... Miranda 's " waiver first " rule is the most effective way to avoid the very evil that case sought to address , namely that the highly coercive and intimidating custodial environment compels unwilling suspects to speak [ ... ] a " waiver by confession " hours later is presumed to be the product of the interrogation environment – just the sort of coerced " waiver " Miranda sought to prevent . " ( emphasis in original )
Steven Shapiro , legal director of the ACLU , stated on similar lines in the Wall Street Journal online edition , that Berghuis " seriously undermines " Miranda , in which the court had " recognized that a suspect in police custody can be worn down by prolonged questioning and other interrogation tactics " .
UC Berkeley law professor John Yoo responded in a matching article in the same publication , that the court 's view provides interpretive guidance when a suspect says nothing for an extended period . More significantly ( he wrote ) , it symbolizes and parallels the Obama administration 's favouring of the " terrorism @-@ as @-@ crime " pre @-@ 2001 paradigm over the " terrorism @-@ as @-@ war " paradigm of the Bush era . ( See anti @-@ terrorism legislation and Bush Doctrine ) This perspective could influence terrorism cases , when the opponents were declared to be at war , since " interrogation would seek actionable intelligence to stop attacks , not confessions for use in civilian trials " . Yoo concluded that the court 's " new flexibility " would perhaps allow it to " ease the burden " on military , intelligence and police " and permit " more [ flexible responses to ] terrorism within the criminal @-@ justice paradigm , though at the expense of weakening the civil rights of all Americans " . The present ruling might clarify that Miranda was not relevant where information was not being collected for use at a trial . As such it might act in mitigation of " weak anti @-@ terrorism policies " .
Kent Scheidegger , legal director of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation , stated that the court had recognized the " practical realities that the police face in dealing with suspects " and placed reasonable limits on " an artificial rule that is not really in the Constitution " . The statement concluded that " [ t ] he rule that really is in the Constitution , that no person may be compelled to be a witness against himself , is not changed by today 's decision " .
Emily Berman , counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice at the NYU School of Law commented that " [ Berghuis ] ' potential consequences are as predictable as night following day : Police will interrogate criminal suspects who do not explicitly invoke their rights — often , those will be suspects who are unsophisticated , poorly educated or mentally ill — for hours on end . This will lead , just as inevitably , to more coerced — and therefore unreliable — confessions ... the very phenomenon that Miranda aimed to eliminate . " She noted the attorney general 's comment that Miranda warnings had not deterred terrorism suspects such as Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab and Faisal Shahzad from talking and providing " valuable intelligence " . The positive observation was a reflection upon attempts by Congress to amend Miranda legislatively , that the decision " sends a strong signal " that " the Supreme Court is not shy about curtailing Miranda protections , even without prodding from Congress " . She concluded that " [ w ] hile it might look with hostility on congressional attempts to rein in the scope of the Miranda rule , the Supreme Court itself is willing to interpret narrowly the protections that Miranda affords criminal defendants . And it is willing to reach relatively far to do so . "
Other legal responses included Stanford University law professor Robert Weisberg , who stated that " this decision authorizes lower courts to construe ambiguous situations in favor of police and prosecutors " , and University of Michigan law professor Richard Friedman who concluded , " [ t ] his decision means that police can keep shooting questions at a suspect who refuses to talk as long as they want in hopes that the person will crack and give them some information ... It 's a little bit less restraint that the officers have to show . "
At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda . In The Right to Remain Silent , Charles Weisselberg argues that " the majority in Thompkins rejected the fundamental underpinnings of Miranda v. Arizona ’ s prophylactic rule and established a new one that fails to protect the rights of suspects . " and that " But in Thompkins , neither Michigan nor the Solicitor General were able to cite any decision in which a court found that a suspect had given an implied waiver after lengthy questioning . Thompkins persevered for almost three hours before succumbing to his interrogators . In finding a waiver on these facts , Thomphins gives us an implied waiver doctrine on steroids . "
= = = Media response = = =
National and regional media outlets reported a range of views similar to the above :
Kansas City Star - " this is but one of a series of high court rulings in recent months that have effectively nipped away at the Miranda ruling .... Perhaps because it is occurring incrementally , few outside the legal community have taken note of the trend ... And besides , as long as the good guys win out over the bad , who cares how we get there , right ? ... We ought to care .... [ z ] eal for fighting crime shouldn ’ t be allowed to undercut American standards like ' innocent until proven guilty ' . " It concluded that Sotomayor - the newest justice at the court - seemed to understand that " [ g ] ood policing is based on building cases , not on coercing confessions ... What ’ s the matter with the conservatives on the court ? "
Bakersfield Californian - stated that " local attorneys [ are ] mixed on the decision " , citing a variety of local attorneys . These included a defense attorney as saying " [ t ] ime will tell whether this activist conservative @-@ majority Supreme Court is doing the right thing in moving back the clock on Miranda rights " and a district attorney as saying " Miranda had been broadened over the years far beyond what was necessary for its original goal of protecting suspects from [ coercion ] ... police culture has dramatically changed for the better in the 40 @-@ plus years since it came into being " . A second defense attorney was quoted as saying that " [ i ] t 's placing too much on a person who is already in an incredibly stressful situation . If I sit you down in a chair in a little room and shine a harsh light in your face and question you for three hours , under those conditions I could get a ham sandwich to confess . " A county public defender opined that the ruling was not unfavorable , as a clear answer would be preferable to uncertainty . Local police stated the ruling did not affect how interrogations would be conducted .
Philadelphia Inquirer - asked " [ s ] ince when do Americans have to declare their constitutional rights out loud in order to claim them ? " and that the decision had " set off ... shock waves among rights activists " . It commented that " [ t ] he fact that DNA exonerations often upend criminal confessions that turn out to have been coerced after lengthy interrogations demonstrates the risks of such police procedures . That 's a key reason Miranda rights were established in the first place " . The ruling made automatic videotaping of major @-@ crime interviews " critical " . It concluded that " [ i ] t may seem to some that the high court ruling will enable police to nab more bad guys and make the charges stick . But by setting up a ' gotcha ' set of rules about a key constitutional protection , the high court has eroded individual liberty for all Americans . "
A number of newspapers , including well known and national titles such as USA Today , The New York Times and The Washington Post , and titles such as Associated Press and The Washington Times , reported the facts on both sides without stating a strong editorial position in their coverage .
= = Subsequent ruling in Salinas v. Texas = =
The U.S. Constitution ’ s Fifth Amendment gives an individual suspected of crime a right not to be forced , by police or other government officials , into giving up evidence that would show he or she was guilty of a crime . Based on this constitutional prohibition against self @-@ incrimination and to prevent coerced testimony by police or other government officials , the Supreme Court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona that an individual who was being held by police and was not free to leave had to be told of his / her right to remain silent . After Berghuis , a subsequent case , Salinas v. Texas , considered a suspect who was not being held against his will by police officers , but who had instead agreed to accompany officers and discuss a case upon their request . It extended Berghuis by ruling that in such a situation and prior to any arrest , the individual was not required to be explicitly told about his / her right to remain silent under the Fifth Amendment .
In Salinas , Genevevo Salinas of Houston had voluntarily gone to a police station when officers asked him to accompany them to talk about the murder of two men . Salinas answered most of the officers ’ questions , but simply remained silent when they asked him whether shotgun casings found at the scene of the murders would match his gun . He shifted his feet , and otherwise acted nervously , but did not say anything . Later , at his trial , prosecutors told jurors that his silence in the face of that question showed that he was guilty , that he knew that the shotgun used to kill the victims was his . Salinas lawyer wanted the Supreme Court to rule that the simple fact of silence during police questioning , when an individual was not under arrest , could not be used against that person at a criminal trial .
The Supreme Court extended the standard from Berghuis v. Thompkins in Salinas v. Texas , 570 U.S. _ _ _ ( 2013 ) , on June 17 , 2013 , holding that a suspect 's silence in response to a specific question posed during an interview with police when the suspect was not in custody and the suspect had been voluntarily answering other questions during that interview could be used against him in court where he did not explicitly invoke his Fifth Amendment right to silence in response to the specific question . Of the five justices who concluded that the suspect 's silence could be used against him in these circumstances , Justices Alito , Roberts and Kennedy concluded that the defendant 's Fifth Amendment claim failed because he did not expressly invoke the privilege . The other two Justices , Thomas and Scalia , concluded that the defendant 's claim would fail even if he had invoked the privilege , on the theory that the prosecutor 's comment at the trial — regarding the defendant 's silence in response to a question during the police interview — did not compel the defendant to give self @-@ incriminating testimony .
In essence the Supreme Court ruled the Fifth Amendment ’ s Self @-@ Incrimination Clause does not protect a defendant ’ s refusal to answer questions asked by law enforcement before he has been arrested or read his Miranda rights . In the concrete case the court issued the following holding : When petitioner had not yet been placed in custody or received Miranda warnings , and voluntarily responded to some questions by police about a murder , the prosecution ’ s use of his silence in response to another question as evidence of his guilty at trial did not violate the Fifth Amendment because petitioner failed to expressly invoke his privilege not to incriminate himself in response to the officer ’ s question . Long @-@ standing judicial precedent has held that any witness who desires protection against self @-@ incrimination must explicitly claim that protection . This requirement ensures that the government is put on notice when a defendant intends to claim this privilege and allows the government to either argue that the testimony is not self @-@ incriminating or offer immunity . The plurality opinion of Justices Alito , Roberts and Kennedy reiterated two exceptions to this principle : 1 ) that a criminal defendant does not need to take the stand at trial in order to explicitly claim this privilege ; and 2 ) that failure to claim this privilege must be excused when that failure was due to government coercion . The plurality opinion declined to extend these exceptions to the situation in Salinas v. Texas . Notwithstanding popular misconceptions , the Court held that the Fifth Amendment does not establish a complete right to remain silent but only guarantees that criminal defendant may not be forced to testify against himself or herself . Therefore , as long as police do not deprive defendants of the opportunity to claim a Fifth Amendment privilege , there is no Constitutional violation . The Court stated that there was no " ritualistic formula " necessary to assert the privilege against self @-@ incrimination , but that a person could not do so " by simply standing mute . " If an individual fails to invoke his right , and is later charged with a crime , the prosecution may use his silence at trial as evidence of his guilt .
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= Jerome Is the New Black =
" Jerome is the New Black " is the seventh episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on November 22 , 2009 . The episode follows Peter , Joe and Quagmire as they go on a search for a new friend , in the absence of Cleveland . The group eventually decides on Jerome , a hip bar patron , which Peter goes on to regret when he eventually finds out that Jerome and Lois used to date . Meanwhile , Brian attempts to discover the source of Quagmire 's personal dislike of him , only to become upset once Quagmire scolds him during a dinner date .
The episode served as a follow @-@ up to the exit of the main character Cleveland Brown , who left Family Guy in order to star in his own Fox spin @-@ off , entitled The Cleveland Show . Voice actor Kevin Michael Richardson , who also stars as Cleveland Brown , Jr. on The Cleveland Show , guest starred as Cleveland 's replacement , Jerome . He would not appear again until the Season 11 episode , " Save the Clam " , but he has appeared more regularly since then . It was first announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
The episode was written by series regular John Viener and directed by Brian Iles . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 38 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Kevin Michael Richardson and Nana Visitor , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . " Jerome is the New Black " was released on DVD along with seven other episodes from the season on June 15 , 2010 .
= = Plot = =
Upset that Cleveland left the quartet to move to Stoolbend , Virginia , Peter , Quagmire and Joe decide to interview potential friends to fill the vacancy , and are approached by a fellow bar patron named Jerome . After impressing the group with his dart skills , they decide to let Jerome join as their new fourth member . Later , when Peter introduces Jerome to Lois , she reveals that the two used to date . Peter grows jealous and , in a fit of drunken rage , throws a bottle through the window of Jerome 's home , inadvertently causing a fire and burning down his house . Jerome , unaware of the fact that Peter was the vandal who burned down his house , later told Lois " When I find the guy who did it , I 'm gonna rip his arms off and do his wife in front of him ! " The next morning , Peter discovers that Lois has invited Jerome to live with them . As time goes on , Peter cannot contain his jealousy and eventually appears to dress as a member of the Ku Klux Klan , though it is immediately revealed that Peter 's intention is to dress as a ghost carrying a torch , kicking Jerome out . During an argument , Lois reveals that Jerome had bought Peter a gift , and he goes on to apologize to Jerome for being so insensitive . Jerome forgives him and he remains friends with Peter , but admits to having had sex with Meg , to which Peter indifferently responds .
Meanwhile , Brian tries to join Peter 's group , but Peter says it is not a good idea because Quagmire dislikes him . Brian attempts to rectify the situation outside Quagmire 's house . However , Brian ends up making things worse by mistaking Quagmire 's sister , who is hiding out from her abusive boyfriend , for one of his dates . Brian tricks Quagmire into going to dinner with him by making him think Cheryl Tiegs , Quagmire 's long @-@ lost love , is the one inviting him .
At dinner , Brian attempts to make small talk , but Quagmire does not soften up . Finally , Brian asks Quagmire why he does not like him . Quagmire responds with an angry tirade detailing everything about Brian he finds reprehensible , at the end of which he calls Brian " a big , sad , alcoholic bore " . Brian then returns home , having been crying on the way back . Stewie cheers him up by saying that he only needs to like himself , and then professes his own admiration for Brian by letting him spend the night in his room .
= = Production and development = =
First announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , the episode was written by series regular John Viener , and directed by Brian Iles before the conclusion of the eighth production season . The episode was produced to introduce a new fourth member to replace Cleveland Brown , after removing him from Family Guy , in order to create the spin @-@ off series The Cleveland Show , which is also executive produced by Seth MacFarlane , as well as his voice actor , Mike Henry , and writer Richard Appel . Voice actor Kevin Michael Richardson , who portrayed Jerome in the episode , based the character largely on his role as Rockefeller Butts on the short @-@ lived ABC comedy series The Knights of Prosperity . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors , with Danny Smith , Seth MacFarlane and David Zuckerman serving as staff writers for the episode .
In addition to the regular cast and Richardson , actress Nana Visitor briefly appeared as a crying woman in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Johnny Brennan , Chris Cox , Ralph Garman , writer and showrunner Mark Hentemann , writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener also made minor appearances .
= = Cultural references = =
In the opening scene of the episode , Peter , Joe and Quagmire are shown watching television at the Drunken Clam , when an infomercial featuring Rat Pack members Frank Sinatra , Sammy Davis , Jr . , and Dean Martin is shown , featuring several songs with racially offensive lyrics . Immediately after , the group believes that they see their old friend , Cleveland , who moved to Virginia , across the bar , but are disappointed when it is revealed to be a lamp . Peter then goes on to express his desire to finally replace Cleveland , stating that their group is just like the Muppets character Statler without Waldorf . Deciding to hold auditions for a replacement , they first audition actor Kevin Connolly , who is discouraged from joining once Quagmire attempts to steal his Lucky Charms cereal .
At one point Peter suggests Jerome " shoot people in the D.C. area " in reference to the Beltway sniper attacks . Feeling sorry for Jerome , Lois invites him to stay at their home , with Peter reluctantly agreeing , before suddenly being cut off mid @-@ sentence by the Mac OS X spinning wait cursor . The next day , after Jerome decides to cook for Lois , Peter and Chris , sitting in the other room , overhear Lois passionately complimenting Jerome , and believe they are having sex . Racing to the kitchen , the two discover that she was only complimenting his food , with Don Knotts as Ralph Furley from the sitcom Three 's Company also appearing .
Attempting to win over Quagmire , Brian decides to invite him to dinner , using model and actress Cheryl Tiegs as bait . Soon discovering the invitation to be fake , Quagmire is crushed , causing Brian to suggest that they can be a better team than Lewis and Clark , and a third member who enjoyed " ripping up maps . " After Jerome is convinced to leave by Peter , Lois reveals a gift from Jerome of an original garbage structure from the sitcom Family Ties .
= = Reception = =
" Jerome Is the New Black " was broadcast on November 22 , 2009 , as a part of an animated television night on Fox , and was preceded by an episode of The Simpsons , and Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane 's new show The Cleveland Show . It was followed by MacFarlane 's second show , American Dad ! . It was watched by 7 @.@ 39 million viewers in its original airing , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with the 2009 American Music Awards on ABC , Sunday Night Football on NBC and The Amazing Race on CBS . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , surpassing The Simpsons , The Cleveland Show and American Dad ! in addition to edging out all three shows in total viewership .
Reviews of the episode were mostly mixed , calling it an " inconsistent mixed bag episode , " with many jokes " [ falling ] flat . " In a simultaneous review of the episodes of The Simpsons and American Dad ! that preceded and followed the episode respectively , as well as The Cleveland Show , The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff commented that he thought the episode " started out well before sort of just petering out as the episode went on , " comparing it to South Park 's attempt to replace Kenny McCormick , before ultimately reintroducing the character into the series . In the conclusion of his review , VanDerWerff praised Quagmire 's monologue , commenting " it 's certainly amusing that the show is spending all of this time tearing down the one character who 's a mouthpiece for the creator . " Ahsan Haque of IGN criticized the episode for its " execution , " stating , " Auditioning friends to replace Cleveland seemed like a better idea on paper . " Haque praised Quagmire 's tirade against Brian , however , as " completely unexpected " and " mildly amusing , " but ultimately gave the episode a 6 @.@ 4 out of 10 . In a subsequent review of Family Guy 's eighth season , Ramsey Isler of IGN listed " Jerome Is the New Black " as " remarkably unfunny , with lazy and unoriginal writing . "
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= Stephen V Báthory =
Stephen Báthory of Ecsed ( Hungarian : Báthory István , pronounced [ ˈbaːtori ˈiʃtvaːn ] ; Romanian : Ștefan Báthory ; 1430 – 1493 ) was a Hungarian commander , ' dapiferorum regalium magister ' ( 1458 – ? ) , judge royal ( 1471 – 1493 ) and voivode of Transylvania ( 1479 – 1493 ) . He rose to power under King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and after the king 's death sided with Vladislav Jagiellon of Bohemia and later together with Pál Kinizsi defeated Prince John Corvin in the Battle of Csonthegy ( 1493 ) . As a result of his cruelty in Transylvania , especially against the Székelys , he was deposed by the King in 1493 and died shortly afterwards .
= = Family history = =
The Báthory family was a powerful and influential Hungarian noble family from the 14th to 17th century . The two branches of the family produced many voivodes , Transylvanian princes and a king , ( Stefan Batory of Poland ) . Báthory belonged to the powerful family of Gutkeled , of the Ecsed branch . The name Báthory and the family coat @-@ of @-@ arms were granted in 1325 .
= = Career = =
In 1467 , he took part in Matthias ' bitter defeat against Moldavia at the Battle of Baia . In 1476 , Corvinus decided to support Vlad III Dracula in reclaiming his Wallachian throne from Basarab Laiotă . He therefore made Báthory supreme commander over an army of 8 @,@ 000 infantry and 13 @,@ 000 cavalry , but since Báthory was rather inexperienced in military leadership , " the actual leadership was shared by Dracula and the Serbian despot Vuk Brancovic . Before this , Dracula and Báthory had waged war in Bosnia , where Báthory was sent by Corvinus to free a certain Bosnian king whose name was also Matthias . The new campaign would involve Hungarian , Moldavian , and Wallachian troops , with the assistance of a small Serbian contingent . Dracula wrote to his cousin , Prince Stephen III of Moldavia , to wait for him so that the two could merge their armies , but the merging failed due to delayment in movement of the Hungarian troops , which resulted in Stephen 's defeat at the Battle of Valea Albă on July 26 , 1476 . On August 18 , the two armies merged and helped Stephen get rid of the Turks in Moldavia . After a consultation that took place in the city of Braşov , Dracula , Báthory , and Brancovic invaded Wallachia from southern Transylvania with an army of 35 @,@ 000 , whereas Stephen would aid them by attacking eastern Wallachia with 15 @,@ 000 men . Dracula 's offensive began in early November 1476 and defeated Laiotă 's 18 @,@ 000 strong army at Rucăr , at the Wallachian @-@ Transylvanian border . Both armies lost around 10 @,@ 000 men .
On November 8 , Dracula captured the capital of Târgovişte where he met with Stephen . The two swore eternal allegiance to one another and when at the presence of Báthory , the two pledged as well to pursue a great crusade against the Turks . By November 11 , Báthory reported to the town officials of Sibiu that most of Wallachia was in Dracula 's hands and added that " all the boyars aside from two are with us " and " even the latter will soon join us . " On November 16 , Bucharest fell to Báthory 's army and on November 26 , Dracula was reestablished as Prince of Wallachia for his third time . After Stephen and Báthory retreated from Wallachia , Laiotă would return to Wallachia with an army to reclaim his throne . In December , Laiota and Dracula met each other in battle . Dracula possessed only a small army and was killed in battle .
= = Battle of Bread Field = =
In 1479 , Báthory was made governor of Transylvania and in late August 1479 , an Ottoman expedition from Bosnia , commanded by twelve pashas , invaded Transylvania with a force of 43 @,@ 000 men . The Turks moved very quickly through the land while pillaging it , giving Báthory little time to gather his militia at Sibiu . Pál Kinizsi , the Ban of Timişoara , promised to aid Báthory . As Báthory approached Sebeş , Ali Bey , one of the Turkish pashas , had raised camp on a plain between Mureş and Sebeş , totally unaware that Kinizsi was also on his way against him .
On the early morning of October 13 , Báthory appeared on the " heights beyond the brook . " Ali was forced to stand ground in order to secure an eventual redrawl and evacuate his booty . " Báthory ordered his army to prepare for battle : his 3 @,@ 000 Transylvanian Saxons , supported by a second line of Transylvanian Wallachians , comprised the right flank on the Mureş River , while the Hungarians comprised the left flank — he and his heavy cavalry were placed in the middle . The Ottoman leaders were in disagreement and had their preparations for the battle delayed ; after " three hours of idle waiting , Báthory , confident that Pál Kinizsi would arrive any minute , gave the order to attack . " The Transylvanian Saxons opened the attack , but were routed ; the Transylvanian Wallachians followed their fate , with many being wounded or killed ; and later , the Hungarian line would be pressured to retreat to the centre . Báthory then charged with his heavy cavalry , but fell off his horse ; this alerted his companions who interpreted it as a bad omen and advised him to either turn back or retreat to the mountains . He ignored their advice and as head of his cavalry , charged the first Ottoman line with a great force , routing them . Ali then charged with his cavalry and a fierce battle took place that lasted for three hours . Báthory was seriously injured , as he bled from six wounds ; " his horse had been killed under him . " Surrounded by a " wall of corpses " and barely holding onto his life , he was about to lose the battle when Kinizsi 's army appeared on the hill , with drums and trumpets making their noise . Some 900 Serbs under a Demeter Jakšić assisted by " numerous courtiers of the king " , charged against the Turks . The Turks , who were taken by surprise , were slaughtered by the furious Kinizsi and after a renewed attack , he managed to save Báthory .
The few Turks who survived the massacre fled into the mountains , where the majority were killed by the local population . Ali , who spoke Romanian put on some peasant clothes and fled to Wallachia . Some 30 @,@ 000 Turks died in the battle , whereas Báthory lost 8 @,@ 000 Hungarians and some 2 @,@ 000 Transylvanian Saxons and Transylvanian Wallachians . The two commanders feasted together with their troops , with Kinizsi dancing with a dead Turk as his companion .
= = Aftermath = =
Báthory was accused of using excessive cruelty against the Székely in Transylvania and was disposed by Vladislaus II in 1493 . He died shortly afterwards . His family would return to rule as Voivodes and then Princes of Transylvania .
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= Tropical Storm Barbara ( 2007 ) =
Tropical Storm Barbara was the first tropical cyclone to make landfall during the 2007 Pacific hurricane season . The second storm of the season , Barbara developed from a small low pressure area on May 29 about 235 miles ( 380 km ) southeast of Acapulco , Mexico . The system drifted southward before turning to a steadily eastward motion , and quickly intensified into a tropical storm . Increased wind shear weakened Barbara , though it re @-@ organized to attain peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) before moving ashore just west of the border of Mexico and Guatemala . It rapidly weakened over land , and on June 2 the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories on the storm . Despite expectations that the storm would attain hurricane status , Barbara moved ashore as a small , weak tropical storm . It produced locally heavy rainfall and gusty winds , and in most locations damage was minor . However , in southern Mexico , the rainfall destroyed large areas of cropland , with crop damage totaling 200 million pesos ( 2007 MXN , $ 55 million 2007 USD ) . In El Salvador , four people were killed by storm @-@ induced floods .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on May 14 , which is believed to have been the impetus to Barbara . The wave axis crossed Central America on May 25 and emerged into the eastern North Pacific Ocean the next day . Interacting with the Intertropical Convergence Zone , a broad surface low pressure area developed within the area on May 27 , and as it drifted northward the system maintained limited and disorganized convection . On May 29 , convection increased and became concentrated near the low pressure center , and banding features developed in its eastern semicircle as the circulation became better defined . It is estimated the system formed into Tropical Depression Two @-@ E at 1800 UTC on May 29 about 115 miles ( 185 km ) southeast of Puerto Escondido , Oaxaca . Upon becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression was stationary in an area with warm sea surface temperatures , very light wind shear , and favorable upper @-@ level conditions .
In the hours after becoming a tropical cyclone , the deep convection associated with the depression decreased , though it again increased later in the day . A ragged rainband developed in the southeastern quadrant of the circulation , and based on increased Dvorak numbers and improved presentation on satellite imagery , the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Barbara on May 30 while it was located about 115 miles ( 185 km ) south of Puerto Escondido . This marked only the third time on record that two storms formed in May in the basin , after 1956 and 1984 . Initially , Barbara was forecast to intensify to attain hurricane status and reach winds of 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) .
The storm drifted southward and later eastward due to northerly flow behind a mid- to upper @-@ level trough in the Gulf of Mexico . With well @-@ defined outflow and warm sea surface temperatures , Barbara became better organized as tightly curved bands of convection developed near the center . However , by May 31 , increased wind shear and less inflow deteriorated the definition of the circulation , causing the storm to weaken . By later that day , the system contained a very small circulation within a large @-@ scale trough , and early on June 1 it was downgraded to tropical depression status . Later in the day , convective banding features re @-@ developed , and after a QuikSCAT overpass indicated a well @-@ defined circulation in the system , Barbara was again upgraded to tropical storm status . The storm reached peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) and turned to the northeast as it tracked through a break in a ridge extending from the southwest Gulf of Mexico . Banding features continued to organize , and shortly before moving ashore a low @-@ level eye feature developed . At about 1300 UTC on June 2 , Barbara made landfall just west of the border between Mexico and Guatemala . The center quickly deteriorated to tropical depression status over the mountainous terrain of extreme southeastern Chiapas , and Barbara dissipated within twelve hours of moving ashore .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Early in the duration of the cyclone , the National Hurricane Center recommended for interests along the coast of southwestern Mexico to monitor the progress of the storm . Upon regaining tropical storm status on June 1 , the governments of Guatemala and Mexico issued a tropical storm watch from Sipacate , Guatemala to Barra de Tonala , Mexico . Later , as the track became more apparent , the watch was replaced by a tropical storm warning , and a tropical storm watch was extended westward to Salina Cruz , Mexico . Officials in Mexico allocated emergency funds for southern regions of Chiapas and Oaxaca in preparation for a potential flooding disaster . At least 1 @,@ 400 people were evacuated in Chiapas to emergency shelters .
The outer rainbands of the storm first began affecting Guatemala and southeastern Mexico late on June 1 . In Mexico , the peak 24 @-@ hour rainfall total was 4 @.@ 96 inches ( 126 mm ) in Huixtla , and across southeastern Mexico , the rainfall led to above normal levels in many rivers . An automatic surface station in Puerto Madero , Mexico recorded sustained winds of 36 mph ( 58 km / h ) with gusts of 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) shortly after landfall . In most locations , damage from the storm was minor , limited to downed light posts , some damaged roofs , and a brief power outage . However , winds and rains from the storm caused moderate to severe crop damage in the mountain range of southern Chiapas . About 35 sq. miles ( 90 km ² ) of banana crops were destroyed , with about 4 sq. miles ( 10 km ² ) of coffee damaged . The passage of the storm also resulted in damage to cocoa beans , mango , coconut , and other vegetables , with crop damage totaling about 200 million pesos ( 2007 MXN , $ 55 million 2007 USD ) . As a result of the crop damage , the government of Mexico provided 108 million pesos ( 2007 MXN , $ 10 million 2007 USD ) in financial aid to the affected farmers .
In Ocos , Guatemala near the border , winds from the storm destroyed the roofs of about a dozen palm huts , forcing over 100 residents to evacuate . The winds also downed hundreds of trees near the coastline . Heavy rainfall from the storm led to river flooding ; the island of Ocos was separated from the mainland after the bridge was washed away . Heavy rains along the periphery of the storm triggered significant flooding in El Salvador which killed at least four people .
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= Portal 2 =
Portal 2 is a 2011 first @-@ person puzzle @-@ platform video game developed and published by Valve Corporation . It is the sequel to Portal ( 2007 ) and was released on April 19 , 2011 , for Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . The retail versions of the game are distributed by Electronic Arts while online distribution of the Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X and Linux versions is handled by Valve 's content delivery service Steam . Portal 2 was announced on March 5 , 2010 , following a week @-@ long alternate reality game based on new patches to the original game . Before the game 's release on Steam , the company released the Potato Sack , a second multi @-@ week alternate reality game , involving 13 independently developed titles which culminated in a distributed computing spoof to release Portal 2 several hours early .
The game retains Portal 's gameplay elements , and adds new features , including tractor beams , laser redirection , bridges made of light , and paint @-@ like ' gels ' accelerating the player 's speed , allowing the player @-@ character to jump higher or place portals on any surface . These gels were created by the team from the Independent Games Festival @-@ winning DigiPen student project Tag : The Power of Paint . In the single @-@ player campaign , the player controls protagonist Chell , awoken from suspended animation after many years , who must navigate the now @-@ dilapidated Aperture Science Enrichment Center during its reconstruction by the reactivated GLaDOS , a powerful supercomputer . The storyline introduces new characters , including Wheatley ( Stephen Merchant ) and Cave Johnson ( J. K. Simmons ) . Ellen McLain reprised the role of GLaDOS . Jonathan Coulton and The National each produced a song for the game . Portal 2 also includes a two @-@ player cooperative mode , in which the robotic player @-@ characters Atlas and P @-@ Body ( both voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) are each given a portal gun and are required to work together to solve puzzles . Valve provided post @-@ release support for the game , including additional downloadable content and a simplified map editor to allow players to create and share test chambers with others .
Although some reviewers initially expressed concerns about the difficulty of expanding Portal into a full sequel , Portal 2 received critical acclaim , particularly for its writing , pacing , and dark humor . The voice work of McLain , Merchant , and Simmons were also praised , as were the new gameplay elements , the challenging but surmountable learning curve , and the additional cooperative mode . Some journalists ranked Portal 2 among the best games of 2011 , and several named it their Game of the Year . Portal 2 has since been hailed as one of the greatest video games of all time .
= = Gameplay = =
Portal 2 is a first @-@ person perspective puzzle game . The Player takes the role of Chell in the single @-@ player campaign , as one of two robots — Atlas and P @-@ Body — in the cooperative campaign , or as a simplistic humanoid icon in community @-@ developed puzzles . These four characters can explore and interact with the environment . Characters can withstand limited damage but will die after sustained injury . There is no penalty for falling onto a solid surface , but falling into bottomless pits or toxic pools kills the player character immediately . When Chell dies in the single @-@ player game , the game restarts from a recent checkpoint ; in the cooperative game , the robot respawns shortly afterwards without restarting the puzzle . The goal of both campaigns is to explore the Aperture Science Laboratory — a complicated , malleable mechanized maze . While most of the game takes place in modular test chambers with clearly defined entrances and exits , other parts occur in behind @-@ the @-@ scenes areas where the objective is less clear .
The initial tutorial levels guide the player through the general movement controls and illustrate how to interact with the environment . The player must solve puzzles using the ' portal gun ' or ' Aperture Science Handheld Portal Device ' , which can create two portals connecting two distant surfaces depicted as matte white , continuous , and flat . Characters can use these portals to move between rooms or to " fling " objects or themselves across a distance . Outlines of placed portals are visible through walls and other obstacles for easy location .
Game elements include Thermal Discouragement Beams ( lasers ) , Excursion Funnels ( tractor beams ) , and Hard Light Bridges , all of which can be transmitted through portals . Aerial Faith Plates launch the player or objects through the air and sometimes into portals . The player must disable turrets or avoid their line of sight . The Weighted Storage Cube has been redesigned , and there are new types : Redirection Cubes , which have prismatic lenses that redirect laser beams , spherical Edgeless Safety Cubes , an antique version of the Weighted Storage Cube used in the underground levels , and a cube @-@ turret hybrid created by Wheatley after taking control of Aperture . The heart @-@ decorated Weighted Companion Cube reappears briefly . Early demonstrations included Pneumatic Diversity Vents , shown to transport objects and transfer suction power through portals , but these do not appear in the final game . All of these game elements open locked doors , or help or hamper the character from reaching the exit .
Paint @-@ like gels ( which are dispensed from pipes and can be transported through portals ) impart certain properties to surfaces or objects coated with them . Players can use orange Propulsion Gel to cross surfaces more quickly , blue Repulsion Gel to bounce from a surface , and white Conversion Gel to allow surfaces to accept portals . Only one type of gel can be effective on a certain surface at a time only . Some surfaces , such as grilles , cannot be coated with a gel . Water can block or wash away gels , returning the surface or object to its normal state .
The game includes a two @-@ player cooperative mode . Two players can use the same console with a split screen , or can use a separate computer or console ; Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , and PlayStation 3 users can play with each other regardless of platform ; a patch provided in late 2012 added split @-@ screen support for Windows and Mac OS X users under " Big Picture " mode . Both player @-@ characters are robots that control separate portal guns and can use the other character 's portals . Each player 's portals are of a different color scheme , whereof one is blue and purple and the other is orange and red . A calibration chamber separates the characters to teach the players to use the communication tools and portals . Most later chambers are less structured and require players to use both sets of portals for laser or funnel redirection , launches , and other maneuvers . The game provides voice communication between players , and online players can temporarily enter a split @-@ screen view to help coordinate actions . Players can " ping " to draw the other player 's attention to walls or objects , start countdown timers for synchronized actions , and perform joint gestures such as waving or hugging . The game tracks which chambers each player has completed and allows players to replay chambers they have completed with new partners .
Portal 2 's lead writer Erik Wolpaw estimates each campaign to be about six hours long . Portal 2 contains in @-@ game commentary from the game developers , writers , and artists . The commentary , accessible after completing the game once , appears on node icons scattered through the chambers . According to Valve , each of the single @-@ player and cooperative campaigns is 2 to 2 @.@ 5 times as long as the campaign in Portal , with the overall game five times as long .
= = Plot = =
= = = Backstory = = =
The Portal series is linked to the Half @-@ Life series . The events in Portal take place between the first and second Half @-@ Life games ; while most of Portal 2 is set " a long time after " the events in Portal and Half @-@ Life 2 .
Before Portal , Aperture Science conducted experiments to determine whether human subjects could safely navigate dangerous " test chambers " , until the artificial intelligence GLaDOS , governing the laboratory , killed its employees . At the end of the first game the protagonist Chell destroys GLaDOS and momentarily escapes the facility , but is dragged back inside by an unseen figure later identified by writer Erik Wolpaw as the " Party Escort Bot " . A promotional comic shows estranged Aperture Science employee Doug Rattmann , who used graffiti to guide the player in Portal , placing Chell into suspended animation to save her life , until the beginning of Portal 2 .
= = = Single @-@ player campaign = = =
Chell wakes in a stasis chamber resembling a motel room , where an artificial voice guides her through a cognitive test before she is put back to sleep . When she awakens again , the Aperture Science complex has become dilapidated and overgrown and appears on the verge of destruction . Wheatley ( Stephen Merchant ) , a personality core , helps her attempt to escape via the test chambers . In the process , they accidentally reactivate the dormant GLaDOS ( Ellen McLain ) , who separates Chell from Wheatley and rebuilds the laboratory .
Having done so , GLaDOS subjects Chell to new obstacle courses until Wheatley helps her escape once again . The pair sabotage the turret- and neurotoxin @-@ manufacturing plants before confronting GLaDOS and performing a " core transfer " which replaces GLaDOS with Wheatley as the laboratory 's controlling intelligence . He is quickly corrupted by his newfound power and becomes malevolent , and when he attaches GLaDOS 's personality core to a potato battery , GLaDOS tells Chell that Wheatley was intentionally designed as an " intelligence dampening sphere " producing illogical thoughts , created to hamper her own personality . Denying this , Wheatley drops Chell and GLaDOS through an elevator shaft into the laboratories ' abandoned lowest level . Thereafter Chell ascends through the laboratories in order of construction ( the decor slowly changing from 1950s styles to one similar to that seen early in the game ) , periodically hearing audio recordings of Aperture Science 's founder , Cave Johnson ( J. K. Simmons ) , through which the player learns that Johnson became embittered and deranged as his company lost money and prestige , until his poisoning by moon dust , whereafter his assistant Caroline ( McLain ) became a test subject for a mind @-@ to @-@ computer transfer experiment , and ultimately became GLaDOS . Chell retrieves GLaDOS , and the two form a reluctant partnership to stop Wheatley before his mistakes destroy the laboratories . During their search , GLaDOS is troubled by the identification of herself as Caroline .
Chell and GLaDOS return to the modern chambers and face Wheatley , who is driven by GLaDOS 's software to test them against a series of traps , which Chell escapes . In their final confrontation , Chell attaches three corrupted personality cores ( Nolan North ) to Wheatley , allowing GLaDOS a second core transfer restoring her control . With the laboratories ' nuclear reactor on the brink of meltdown , the roof collapses , revealing the night sky , whereupon Chell places a portal on the moon overhead , causing the vacuum of space to pull her and Wheatley through the other portal still inside the chamber . GLaDOS retrieves Chell , who falls unconscious , leaving Wheatley in space with a corrupt personality core orbiting him .
When Chell awakens , GLaDOS claims to have learned " valuable lessons " about humanity from the remnants of Caroline , then deletes Caroline 's personality files and reverts to her usual attitude , but decides that Chell is not worth the trouble of trying to kill , and releases her . Chell then traverses the building in an elevator , serenaded by the laboratories ' robotic sentinels in a song entitled " Cara Mia Addio " . On the surface , she enters a wheat field from a corrugated metal shed , with the charred and battered Weighted Companion Cube , supposedly incinerated during the events of Portal , thrown after her .
In a post @-@ credits scene , Wheatley floats helplessly through space with the corrupt personality core , and regrets betraying Chell .
= = = Cooperative campaign = = =
The cooperative story takes place after the single @-@ player campaign and has some ties into it , but players are not required to play them in order . Player characters Atlas and P @-@ Body are bipedal robots who navigate five sets of test chambers together , each with a fully functioning portal gun . After completing a test chamber , the robots are disassembled and reassembled at the next chamber . After completing each set of chambers , they are returned to a central hub . The puzzles in each set of chambers focus on a particular testing element or puzzle @-@ solving technique . In the first four sets , GLaDOS prepares the robots to venture outside of the test systems of Aperture Laboratories to recover data disks . She destroys them and restores their memories to new bodies — which also happens when they die in a test chamber hazard . At first , GLaDOS is excited about her non @-@ human test subjects , but later becomes dissatisfied because the two robots cannot truly die . At the end of the story , the robots gain entry to " the Vault " , where humans are stored in stasis . GLaDOS gives thanks to the robots on locating the humans , whom she sees as new test subjects , and destroys the robots .
= = Development = =
After the success of Portal , Valve decided to make Portal 2 a standalone product , partly because of pressure from other developers within Valve who wanted to work on a Portal product . Work began almost immediately after the release of Portal . Valve committed more resources to Portal 2 's development than they had for the first game ; Portal had a team of seven or eight people , but Portal 2 had a team of 30 or 40 . The initial team of four was expanded as subgroups formed to devise game mechanics and to plot the story . Participants in internal review processes were inspired by what they saw to join the project . According to Erik Wolpaw , some Portal 2 developers worked on the Left 4 Dead games to help them meet milestones , but returned to Portal 2 , " with extra people in tow . " Kim Swift , Portal 's designer , left Valve for Airtight Games halfway through Portal 2 's development .
Project manager Erik Johnson said Valve 's goal for Portal 2 was to find a way to " re @-@ surprise " players , which he considered a " pretty terrifying " prospect . In March 2011 , one month before the game 's release , Valve president Gabe Newell called Portal 2 " the best game we 've ever done . " After Portal 2 's release , Geoff Keighley wrote that according to Newell , " Portal 2 will probably be Valve 's last game with an isolated single @-@ player experience " . Keighley later stated that the use of the word " probably " suggests that " this could change . " Newell said that Valve is not " giving up on single @-@ player at all " , but intends to include more social features on top of the single player experience , akin to the cooperative mode in Portal 2 .
= = = Design = = =
Early in its development , the development team planned to exclude portals from Portal 2 . For five months , Valve focused on a gameplay mechanic called " F @-@ Stop " , the specifics of which as of January 2013 are unknown outside of Valve , because the developers considered using it for a new game . Though the new mechanics prompted some positive feedback , every playtester expressed disappointment at the omission of portals . Following a report in Kotaku of some leaked aspects of the game 's plot then under consideration , Newell directed the team to reconsider its plans for Portal 2 , including the lack of portals .
Johnson stated that Valve 's aim was not to make Portal 2 more difficult than its predecessor , but instead to produce " a game where you think your way through particular parts of the level , and feel really smart when you solve it . " Portal 2 allows the player to take incremental steps to understand the game 's mechanics , an approach that led to two basic types of test chamber . The first type , which Valve calls " checklisting " , provides a relatively safe environment for player to experiment with a new gameplay concept ; the second type combines elements in new ways to force the player to think laterally , providing challenging and rewarding puzzles . Chambers were first developed through whiteboard via isometric drawings . The developers performed a sanity check on the chamber before crafting simple levels with a software tool called the Hammer level editor . Extensive playtesting ensured the solutions to each chamber were neither too obvious nor too difficult , and observed alternative solutions discovered by playtesters . Based on play @-@ testing results , the design team retained these alternative solutions or blocked them if they were considered too easy . These versions were sent back for further play @-@ testing to verify that the new elements did not prevent players from finding solutions ; further iterations between artists and playtesters occurred until such issues were resolved . Some elements from Portal were modified to suit Portal 2 ; whereas players of Portal would be familiar with the game mechanics , novice players required some training , as would players of Portal for some game elements . For example , the energy spheres used in the first game were replaced with lasers , which provided immediate feedback and reduced the in @-@ game training time .
The designers built several of Portal 2 's early chambers by applying decay , collapse , and overgrowth to Portal chambers to give Portal players a sense of nostalgia and a sense of time passed in the game 's world . The design team replaced low resolution textures from the first game with higher @-@ resolution , dirty textures that the new game engine could support . The middle section of the single @-@ player campaign takes place in large in @-@ game spaces in which most surfaces are unable to accept portals , which forces players to find creative ways to cross them . Much of the architecture in these sections was inspired by photographs of industrial complexes , including CERN , NASA , and the abandoned Soviet space program . According to writer Jay Pinkerton , in the game 's final section , in which Wheatley controls the Aperture facility , " the level designers just had a blast " creating deranged chambers reflecting Wheatley 's stupidity . The designers recognized that solving puzzles would mentally tire players , so they inserted occasional " experiences " to provide a respite and to advance the plot .
Portal 2 integrates a game mechanic from Tag Team 's Tag : The Power of Paint : paint @-@ like gels that impart special properties to surfaces or objects they coat . Impressed by Tag , Valve hired its creators to develop the mechanic further and only later decided to include it in Portal 2 . Valve 's vice @-@ president of marketing said , " the decision to combine their tech with Portal 2 came naturally " . Journalists have likened Tag to Narbacular Drop , the DigiPen student project that became Portal . The Repulsion ( jumping ) and Propulsion ( running ) gels in Portal 2 originated in Tag . Using the third Tag gel , which allows the character to walk on any coated surface regardless of gravity , gave playtesters motion sickness . It was replaced by Conversion gel , which integrates with the portal mechanic . The gels give the player more control over the environment , which increased the challenge for the puzzle designers . The gels are rendered using fluid dynamics routines specially developed at Valve by the former Tag Team .
Portal 2 uses advanced rendering techniques developed for Left 4 Dead 2 for rendering pools of liquid ; Portal 2 combines " flowing " surface maps to mimic the motion of water with " debris flow " maps and random noise to create realistic , real @-@ time rendering of water effects .
The cooperative gameplay originated from players ' requests and from anecdotes of players working together on the same computer or console to solve the game 's puzzles . Wolpaw likened this to players working together on the same computer to solve point @-@ and @-@ click adventure games . The cooperative campaign was also inspired by Valve 's Left 4 Dead cooperative games , in which players enjoyed discussing their personal experiences with the game when they had finished playing it . While the single player campaign in Portal 2 is designed to avoid frustrating the player , the cooperative levels focus on coordination and communication , and Valve recognizes they are much more difficult than the single @-@ player puzzles . Valve did not include timed puzzles in the single @-@ player campaigns in Portal and Portal 2 , but found that their inclusion in the cooperative mode is effective and gives players a positive feeling after they successfully plan and execute difficult maneuvers . Each puzzle chamber in the cooperative mode requires four portals to solve to prevent puzzles being solved by the actions of only one player . As soon as a playtester discovered a way to complete a puzzle with one set of portals , the level was sent back to the designers for further work . Except in a few cases , Valve designed the chambers so that both players would remain in sight of each other to promote communication and cooperation . Some of the puzzle chambers were designed asymmetrically ; one player would manipulate portals and controls to allow the other player to cross the room , emphasizing that the two characters , while working together , are separate entities . The designers soon realized that the ability to tag surfaces with instructional icons for one 's partner was a necessary element , since they found this to be more effective for cooperation than simple , verbal instructions .
Valve considered adding a competitive mode to Portal 2 . According to Wolpaw , the mode was similar to the video game Speedball ; one team would try to transport a ball from one side of the playing field to the other using portals , while the other team would attempt to stop them with their own use of portals . Matches would commence with this objective in mind , but quickly descended into chaos . Valve realized that people enjoyed solving puzzles with portals more and therefore they focused on the cooperative mode .
= = = Writing = = =
Erik Wolpaw , National Lampoon veteran Jay Pinkerton and Left 4 Dead writer Chet Faliszek wrote the game 's script . Wolpaw and Pinkerton wrote the single @-@ player campaign story , while Faliszek wrote GLaDOS 's lines for the cooperative campaign . The game has 13 @,@ 000 lines of dialogue . The writers felt they needed to create a larger story for a stand @-@ alone title , and wanted the game to " feel relatively intimate " , and avoided adding too many new characters . They considered expanding the " sterility and dryness " of Portal and adding more comedy to the script . Wolpaw said that while some developers have been moving towards art games , no one had made a comedic video game . The game 's story development was tightly coordinated with the gameplay development and testing .
The developers of Portal 2 initially envisioned it as a prequel to Portal set in the 1950s , long before GLaDOS took over the Aperture Science facility , with events set in motion when Aperture CEO Cave Johnson becomes trapped within a computer . Johnson would have led an army of robots , which would battle against the player to rise to power within Aperture . In June 2008 , based on information from a casting call website and leaked script samples , Kotaku reported that Valve was seeking voice actors to play Johnson , named him as an AI and identified the game as a prequel . Valve attributed this leak to an " overeager agent " . Following negative playtester feedback about the omission of Chell and GLaDOS , Portal 2 was re @-@ conceived as a sequel . The team returned to the idea of exploring parts of the facility from Aperture 's early days , and reincorporated Johnson through a series of recordings .
The writers originally conceived several premature joke game endings if the player performed certain actions , but these required too much development effort for little payback and were scrapped . One of these joke endings was triggered by shooting a portal onto the moon 's surface , after which the player 's character would die from asphyxiation over a closing song , but the idea of creating a portal on the moon was incorporated into the game 's final ending . The writers planned that Chell would say a single word during the ending , but this was not considered funny enough . In an early version of the script , Chell finds a lost " tribe " of turrets looking for their leader , a huge " Animal King " turret which can be seen in in @-@ game videos of the retail product . As a reward , the Animal King would have married Chell to a turret , which would have followed Chell around the game without visible movement . The cooperative campaign was planned to feature a more detailed storyline , in which GLaDOS would send two robots to discover human artifacts , such as a comic based on a pastiche of Garfield . The writers hoped to use this idea to make the robots human @-@ like for testing purposes , but recognized that unlike the captive audience of the single @-@ player campaign , the two players in cooperative mode may simply talk over the story , and thus the story was condensed into very basic elements .
Wolpaw said that while many story elements of Portal are revisited in Portal 2 , he avoided some of the memes — such as the frequently repeated " the cake is a lie " . He said , " if you thought you were sick of the memes , I was sick of it way ahead of you " . Wolpaw " couldn 't resist putting in just one " cake joke . The writers did not try to predict or write new memes , and Wolpaw said , " you can 't really plan for [ dialogue to become a meme ] because if you do it probably seems weird and forced " . Portal 2 produced its own memes , including a space @-@ obsessed personality core . Valve later created a Space Core modification for the game The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( see below ) , and the Space Core also appeared as a laser @-@ based engraving on a panel manufactured by NASA for the International Space Station .
The writers saw Aperture Science itself as a character . It is depicted as a " living , breathing place " , and " a science company that 's gone mad with science . " In the Lab Rat comic , the facility is described as a " beautiful and terrible " place , " a metastasized amalgam of add @-@ ons , additions and appropriations . Building itself out of itself . "
Richard McCormick of PlayStation 3 Magazine identified several elements of Portal 2 's story that reference the myth of Prometheus ; McCormick wrote that GLaDOS is a personification of Prometheus , who grants knowledge to humanity — in the form of the portal gun — and is then punished by being bound to a rock , pecked at by birds , and is cast into the pits of Tartarus . McCormick also likens Wheatley to Prometheus ' foolish brother Epimetheus . Within the game , a sentry gun makes reference to the Prometheus myth , the word " Tartarus " is visible on the supporting columns in the depths of Aperture Science , and a portrait of Cave and Caroline also shows Aeschylus , the presumed author of Prometheus Bound . Journalists and players have also found connections between Portal 2 and Half @-@ Life 2 . In a crossover , in Portal 2 an experiment accidentally teleported Aperture Science 's cargo ship , the Borealis , into the position in which it is discovered at the end of Half @-@ Life 2 : Episode Two .
= = = Character design = = =
Though Portal 2 introduced some new characters , the writers wanted to maintain the one @-@ on @-@ one relationships between each character and the player @-@ character . Valve explored the possibility of introducing a new protagonist for Portal 2 . The playtesters accepted playing as a different character for the first part of the game , but they became disoriented when GLaDOS did not recognize them . The writers returned to using Chell , the protagonist of Portal . Valve artists experimented with Chell 's attire , and considered changing her ( ambiguous ) nationality . They returned to the orange " dehumanizing " jumpsuit from Portal with the top tied around Chell 's waist to enhance her freedom of movement and help her " stand out more as an individual " . PSM3 called the new look " controversially sexy " . As in the first game , Chell 's facial appearance is based on that of voice actress Alésia Glidewell . Chell continues her role as a silent observer , as the straight man in response to the insanity around her and refuses to give her antagonists any satisfaction .
As part of her character arc , the plot moves GLaDOS from her anger with Chell for her actions in Portal , which Wolpaw said " was going to get old pretty quick " , to an internal struggle . The reuse of McLain 's voice led to the creation of a backstory and subplot about GLaDOS 's creation . The writers panicked when they realized that their plans to have Chell and GLaDOS play off each other would only work if both players spoke . To remedy this , they created the Caroline subplot to give GLaDOS an external situation to deal with and to drive the story during the middle act of the game .
The writers considered introducing about six personality cores stored in portable spheres , whose main function would be story advancement . They planned cores based on Morgan Freeman 's character Red from The Shawshank Redemption and Quint from Jaws , among others . Ultimately they decided to concentrate on a single core , Wheatley , recycling two of the rejected cores in the final boss fight . Karen Prell led the animation team for Wheatley and the other personality cores .
Pictures of Cave Johnson , based on the face of lead animator Bill Fletcher , appear throughout Portal 2 . Though comparisons have been made between Johnson and Andrew Ryan , the wealthy industrialist who created the fictional underwater city of Rapture in BioShock , Wolpaw says the writers did not consider this character while creating Johnson . The two robotic characters provide some amusing death scenes in the cooperative mode , such as struggling while being crushed by a lowering ceiling . The artists thought the look of the robots would help tell the story , and the fact that they are holding hands emphasizes the cooperative mode . " Expressive noises " and mannerisms are used in place of distinguishable dialogue , and the robotic characters were designed as a double @-@ act , similar to Laurel and Hardy .
= = = Voice cast = = =
GLaDOS returns from Portal as a major character and the game 's antagonist , and is voiced by Ellen McLain . The writers found that they needed another character to play off Johnson , but did not want to hire another voice actor . Having already recruited McLain to play GLaDOS , they asked her to provide the voice for Caroline , Cave Johnson 's assistant . Wheatley is voiced by Stephen Merchant ; early demonstrations at trade shows used the voice of Valve animator Richard Lord . The writers wrote Wheatley 's lines with Merchant in mind , citing his unique " vocal silhouette " and his ability to ad lib in a " frantic " manner . They had assumed that Merchant would be unavailable and contacted The IT Crowd 's writer Graham Linehan to try to get Richard Ayoade , but then discovered that Merchant was interested . Merchant spent around sixteen hours recording lines and was given freedom to improvise .
J. K. Simmons voices Cave Johnson , Aperture Science 's founder and CEO . Simmons 's selection helped to solidify the character 's development . The robots ' voices were provided by Dee Bradley Baker , who had performed similar robotic voices for the Star Wars : The Clone Wars media .
In the cooperative campaign , a separate story involves two robotic characters and GLaDOS . The designers initially planned to use Chell and a new human character called " Mel " . GLaDOS ' dialogue would play off the humans ' " image issues " , and this aspect was retained after the designers switched to using robots . GLaDOS seems troubled by the robots ' cooperation , and tries to aggravate their relationship through psychological tactics , such as praising one robot over the other . Valve initially considered having GLaDOS deliver separate lines to each player , but they found this to be a significant effort for minimal benefit . The writers also tried adding lines for GLaDOS that would encourage the players to compete against each other for rewards , such as meaningless points , but playtesters did not respond well . Faliszek said that in cooperative games , it can be difficult to deliver key dialogue or in @-@ game events to players , who may not be looking in the right direction at the right time . Instead , using their experience from previous games , Faliszek and Wolpaw kept the story and key comedic lines short , and repeated them frequently .
= = = Music = = =
Portal 2 contains both scored and procedurally generated music created by Valve 's composer , Mike Morasky , and two songs ; " Want You Gone " recorded by Jonathan Coulton , used on the final credits of the single @-@ player mode , and " Exile Vilify " by The National , used in the background of one of the Rat Man 's dens . The full soundtrack " Songs to Test By " , containing most of the songs in the game , was released as three free downloads between May and September 2011 , and later in October 2012 as a retail Collector 's Edition , including the soundtrack from Portal .
= = Release = =
= = = Announcement = = =
In January 2008 , Valve spokesman Doug Lombardi told Eurogamer , " There 'll be more Portal , for sure " , and Portal designer Kim Swift confirmed that work on Portal 2 would begin the following month . Swift said multiplayer Portal was technically possible , but that it was " less fun than you 'd think . "
Portal 2 was officially announced on March 5 , 2010 , via Game Informer . Events during the preceding week foreshadowed the announcement . On March 1 , Valve released a patch for Portal that included a new achievement , " Transmission Received " , requiring the player to manipulate in @-@ game radios . This revealed new sound effects that became part of an alternate reality game ( ARG ) . The new effects included Morse code strings that suggested GLaDOS was rebooting and SSTV images from a grainy Aperture Science video . The images included hints to a BBS phone number that , when accessed , provided a large number of ASCII @-@ based images relating to Portal and segments of Aperture Science documents . Many of these ASCII pictures were later published in the Game Informer reveal of the title . New ASCII images continued to appear on the BBS after the official announcement . Background on the ARG is embedded in additional SSTV images found in a hidden room in Portal 2 . Valve 's Adam Foster came up with the idea for the ARG , tying it to the Game Informer reveal , and he provided his own home phone line to run the BBS software on , as Valve 's offices at the time were too modern to support the protocol . Foster estimates the ARG cost less than $ 100 to run .
A second Portal patch released on March 3 altered the game 's ending sequence to show Chell being pulled back into the Aperture facility . Gaming journalists speculated that an announcement of Portal 2 was imminent . On March 5 , Game Informer announced Portal 2 's official release on the cover of its April issue . During the following week , Gabe Newell 's speech accepting the Pioneer Award at the Game Developers Conference 2010 ended with a fake blue screen of death appearing on a screen behind him with a message purported to be from GLaDOS which hinted of further Portal 2 news at the upcoming E3 2010 . Two weeks before the E3 , game journalists received a cryptic e @-@ mail , worded as a press release from Aperture Science , hinting that the presentation on Portal 2 would be replaced with " a surprise " jointly hosted by Aperture Science and Valve . This prompted speculation that the surprise would be the announcement of Half @-@ Life 2 : Episode Three , but Valve confirmed that it would be about Portal 2 . The surprise was the announcement of Portal 2 on PlayStation 3 .
= = = Marketing and release = = =
The March 2010 announcement said that Portal 2 would be released in late 2010 . In August 2010 , Valve postponed the release to February 2011 , with a Steam release date of February 9 , to allow it to complete changes to the game 's dialogue , to fill and connect about sixty test chambers , and to finish refinements to the gel gameplay mechanic . Valve announced a further delay in November 2010 , and gave a worldwide release date through retail and online channels of April 18 , 2011 . Wolpaw stated that this eight @-@ week delay was used to expand the game 's content before reaching an internal milestone called a " content lock " , after which no further content could be added . The remaining development work involved debugging . Newell allowed the delay considering the added benefits of the new content , because he thought the company would not lose any commercial opportunities because of it . On February 18 , 2011 , Newell confirmed that Valve had completed the development work on Portal 2 and that they were " waiting for final approvals and to get the discs manufactured " . Portal 2 was the first Valve product simultaneously released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X computers through the Steam platform . Retail copies for all platforms were distributed by Electronic Arts .
On April 1 , 2011 , Valve released another alternate reality game called the Potato Sack . Players tried to solve the multi @-@ tiered puzzle , coordinating efforts through web sites and chat rooms . Some journalists believed the game denoted the release of Portal 2 on April 15 , 2011 , instead of the target release date of April 19 , 2011 . On April 15 , the players discovered " GLaDOS @ Home " , a distributed computing spoof that encouraged participants to play the games to unlock Portal 2 early . Once the puzzles were solved , Portal 2 was unlocked about ten hours before its planned release .
Valve created a series of television commercials to promote Portal 2 . Valve had worked with advertising agencies in the past , but Lombardi found the advertisements created had shown little ingenuity . Valve 's Doug Lombardi had been disappointed by " Copycat treatments . Cliché treatments . Treatments that reveal the agency wasn 't listening in the initial meeting . " Using viewer feedback , Valve tailored the ad content until they were satisfied with the results . The ads took eight weeks to complete . Valve also developed online promotional videos featuring J. K. Simmons narrating as Cave Johnson , to promote new elements of Portal 2 's gameplay . These videos were part of a larger effort described by Newell as a " documentary @-@ style investment opportunity " for Portal 2 . An earlier video released on February 14 , 2011 , promoted the cooperative aspect of Portal 2 as a St.Valentine 's gift and " lit up our preorders , our buzz , all the metrics that are used and collected by publishers and retailers " . Lombardi said the videos " dwarfed the demos and interviews we did " . Valve also offered Portal 2 @-@ themed merchandise , such as posters , drinking glasses , and T @-@ shirts .
= = = Additional and downloadable content = = =
Portal 2 includes bonus content , including four promotional videos , a Lab Rat comic , and an interactive trailer for the 2011 film Super 8 , constructed with the Source game engine . A feature called " Robot Enrichment " allows players to customize the cooperative campaign characters with new gestures and cosmetic items such as hats or flags . These can be earned in @-@ game , traded with other players , or bought through microtransactions at the in @-@ game store .
Valve planned to produce downloadable content for Portal 2 , beginning with " Peer Review " , released on October 4 , 2011 . The content , which is free regardless of platform , includes a new cooperative campaign which extends the game 's story . A week from the end of the cooperative campaign , GLaDOS prepares Atlas and P @-@ Body to deal with an intruder within Aperture Science — the bird that had previously abducted her as a potato . The content also adds a " challenge mode " similar to that in Portal — players try to complete specific chambers with the shortest time or fewest number of portals used , both which are tracked on overall and friends leaderboards . The challenge modes are available for both single @-@ player and cooperative modes .
According to Faliszek , user @-@ generated content for Portal 2 would be available on all platforms , but because of software dependencies , the necessary modding tools would only be available for Windows . Valve released beta versions of the modding tools on May 10 , 2011 , and supported a competition held by the community mapping website " Thinking with Portals " in May 2011 , providing prizes for the most @-@ selected maps . The " Perpetual Testing Initiative " , a free title update for the Windows and Mac versions , was released on May 8 , 2012 , and includes a new level editor and a means of obtaining and sharing user @-@ created levels through the Steam Workshop . In November 2011 , GTTV host Geoff Keighley said that Valve was developing a simplified level editing tool to allow novice editors to assemble test chambers without learning how to use the modified Valve Hammer Editor , and an in @-@ game system to distribute user @-@ created levels via the Steam Workshop . This mapping system entered beta testing in March 2012 . Within a few days of release , the Perpetual Testing Initiative add @-@ on had been used to create 35 @,@ 000 maps , with 1 @.@ 3 million downloads of these maps through Steam . Within a month , more than 150 @,@ 000 user @-@ created maps were available . The first release of the Perpetual Testing Initiative was limited to single @-@ player maps , but a patch released in August 2012 enabled users to create new levels for cooperative play .
As of January 2013 , Valve supports fan reuse of Portal 2 content , offering selected assets and assistance . The Windows release of Bastion includes a weapon inspired by Portal 2 's Conversion Gel and turrets ; its developer Supergiant Games received writing assistance from Eric Wolpaw and McLain voiced new lines for the turrets . An add @-@ on scenario for Hidden Path Entertainment 's tower defense game Defense Grid : The Awakening incorporates GLaDOS as an antagonist using new dialogue from McLain and assets from Portal 2 . Wolpaw and McLain also helped to create additional lines for GLaDOS for a custom single @-@ player map commissioned by Gary Hudston , which he used to propose marriage to his fiancee , Stephanie . For a patch for Bethesda 's The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim that incorporated support for Steam Workshop content , Valve developed a free add @-@ on module that introduced the Space Core as a non @-@ player character that follows the player around . Valve collaborated with Zen Studios to create a Portal 2 @-@ themed pinball table , among other Valve @-@ themed tables , for their games Pinball FX 2 and Zen Pinball . A Portal 2 @-@ themed set is available for Lego Dimensions by Warner Bros. Entertainment and Traveller 's Tales ; the game features additional stories written by Traveller 's Tales with Valve 's blessing set after the events of Portal 2 , with Ellen McLain , Stephen Merchant and J.K. Simmons reprising their respective voice roles , as well as a new GLaDOS credits song written by Jonathan Coulton and performed by McLain .
The Xbox 360 version was added to the backwards compatibility feature for the Xbox One in June 2016 .
= = Use in education = =
Several critics wrote that Portal 2 excels in teaching the player to solve puzzles ; in a review for the New York Times , Seth Schiesel wrote , " Somewhere out there an innovative , dynamic high school physics teacher will use Portal 2 as the linchpin of an entire series of lessons and will immediately become the most important science teacher those lucky students have ever had . " Mathematics and science teachers wrote e @-@ mails to Valve to tell them how they had included Portal in their classroom lessons as part of a project to promote the " gamification of learning " . Portal developers Joshua Weier and Yassr Malaika led a team within Valve to explore ways of using Portal 2 for education . This led to the development of Puzzle Maker , a level editor for Portal 2 players , built from the professional tools used to develop the game . Weier and Malaika did not want to design curricula themselves , but wanted to provide educators with tools for creating lesson plans . Hammer , the only tool freely available before the release of the built @-@ in level editor in 2012 , was difficult for educators to learn and understand . Valve gave Puzzle Maker an easy @-@ to @-@ learn interface and the ability to share puzzles and lesson plans . The tools were developed with a mathematics teacher and her students . This formed the basis of a new " Steam for Schools " initiative launched in June 2012 , under which educators could acquire Portal 2 and the Puzzle Maker software free of charge for classroom use through its " Teach with Portals " program . As of November 2012 , Valve estimates that over 2 @,@ 500 educators are using the " Teach with Portals " software within their lesson plans .
= = Hardware support = =
= = = Razer Hydra = = =
Sixense developed a version of Portal 2 to support the Razer Hydra motion controller for PC that allows enhanced control of some game elements . Ten extra single @-@ player levels are available as downloadable content for this version . Writer Chet Faliszek said Sixense developers spent nine months to a year in @-@ house at Valve preparing the native version . A limited edition of the Razer Hydra comes bundled with a copy of Portal 2 for PC .
= = = PlayStation 3 = = =
The announcement that Portal 2 would be available on PlayStation 3 came as a surprise to the industry because Gabe Newell had criticized that console in the past , citing difficulties in the port of The Orange Box . The move toward the PlayStation 3 was a result of growing frustration with Microsoft 's policies for Xbox 360 content , including the difficulty of pushing patching and new content to players . Newell saw Sony 's publication model as more open , allowing Steam @-@ like features to be used on the console . Portal 2 was the first PlayStation 3 game to support a subset of features from Steamworks , including automatic updates , downloadable content , and community support . The game supports cross @-@ platform play between the PlayStation 3 , Windows , and OS X versions .
The Steam overlay shows the player 's friends on both Steam and the PlayStation Network , with achievements rewarded for both Steam and PlayStation Network Trophies . Players can unlock the game on Steam for Windows and OS X for no additional charge . The integration of Steamworks on the PlayStation 3 allows Valve to collect data about problems that arise after shipping and push appropriate updates . Valve has stated they do not plan on integrating other PlayStation 3 features , such as 3D television or PlayStation Move support . In June 2012 , Valve announced that the PlayStation 3 version would be patched later that year to include support for the PlayStation Move motion controller , and to add the additional content that was previously provided with the Hydra , under the name Portal 2 In Motion . The patch was released in early November 2012 . A free co @-@ op add @-@ on for the Portal 2 In Motion content was added in June 2013 . Valve said that despite additional support for PlayStation 3 over Xbox 360 , the core game is the same on both platforms .
= = = SteamOS and Linux = = =
As of February 2014 , SteamOS , Valve 's own Linux @-@ based operating system , supports Portal 2 and its predecessor , as do most modern Debian @-@ based Linux distributions on its services via the Steam client . Released as a Beta in early 2014 for Linux distributions , it holds all of the same traits as the other versions , retaining cross @-@ platform play , split screen and fully native controller support .
= = Reception = =
= = = Pre @-@ release = = =
Portal 2 was a strong favorite of gaming journalists during closed @-@ door previews at the E3 2010 convention . The Game Critics Awards , selected by journalists and critics , awarded Portal 2 the title of Best PC Game and Best Action / Adventure Game , and nominated the game for Best of Show and Best Console Game . IGN named Portal 2 as its Best of E3 for PC , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 systems and Best Puzzle Game , and nominated it for Best Overall Game . Gamespy named Portal 2 the Best Overall Game and Best Puzzle Game of E3 . Portal 2 won the 2010 Spike Video Game Award for " Most Anticipated Game for 2011 " .
= = = Post @-@ release = = =
Portal 2 received universal acclaim from reviewers on its release , and received an average score of 95 out of 100 according to review aggregator Metacritic , and between the different platform versions was ranked as the third- to fifth @-@ highest rated game by the aggregator throughout 2011 . Several reviewers identified Portal 2 as an early contender for " Game of the Year " , while others called it one of the best games of all time . Upon release , the game was widely considered to be as good as or better than the original . Eurogamer 's Oli Welsh said that the game avoids the normal pitfalls that developers introduce in sequels , stating that " Portal is perfect . Portal 2 is not . It 's something better than that . " . Gus Mastrapa of the A.V. Club wrote that with Portal 2 , Valve had alleviated any doubts that " Portal could be expanded into a big , narrative experience with all the bells and whistles of a mainstream gaming hit " . IGN 's Charles Onyett wrote that the sequel " makes the original look like the prototype it was " by expanding the game in gameplay and story .
Most reviewers praised the writing and voice acting in the game . Entertainment Weekly 's Dan Stapleton of PC Gamer was able to predict many of the plot twists within Portal 2 's story but " still looked forward to witnessing exactly how the characters would react " ; he praised the development of the characters , as " their charm makes what would otherwise be an empty and lifeless world feel boisterous and alive " . The characters were well received . Oynett wrote that Merchant 's " obvious enthusiasm for the role benefits the game " and that the " consistently clever writing perfectly complements the onscreen action " . Game Informer 's Adam Biessener considered Johnson to be an even better character than GLaDOS , and praised the game 's " pitch @-@ perfect delivery " and " brilliant comedic timing " . In contrast , Peter Bright of Ars Technica wrote that compared to the loneliness and despair he felt while playing the first game , the characters , Wheatley and GLaDOS , lost some of this feeling and " the inane babble served only to disrupt the mood " .
Portal 2 's additional gameplay elements , like light bridges , lasers , and the gels , were praised as appropriate additions to the game . Reviewers were pleased with the difficulty of the puzzles throughout the game , which appeared visually complicated at first but had uncomplicated solutions . Time 's Evan Narcisse said that he feared the addition of new gameplay elements would " dilute the purity of the experience , but everything 's still executed with Valve 's high level of charm and panache . " Tom Hoggins of The Telegraph praised the manner with which these elements were introduced through a " brilliant learning curve of direction , rather than instruction " , and considered it a " design ethos that is supremely generous , but dealt with marvellous economy " . Chris Kohler of Wired wrote that the game 's puzzles " never require excessively complicated solutions " , and that much of the puzzle solving is " filled with moments that will have you slapping your forehead and thinking , ' Oh my God , I 'm such an idiot — why didn 't I see that before ? ' " . Stapleton was not as pleased with the gel additions as with the other new mechanics , calling it " difficult to control " . He felt that they have " only a couple of uses at most " . Bright felt that Portal 2 was easier than its predecessor , in part that he felt much of the game was effectively tutorials for the new gameplay additions , requiring " careful use of the tools provided " , leaving him with the impression that " the game was on rails " .
The cooperative puzzle solving aspect was highlighted as a valuable addition to the game . Welsh called the cooperative mode " one of the most satisfying and genuinely collaborative gaming experiences you can have with a friend " . Onyett wrote , " Valve knows how a good co @-@ operative mode requires a game design that doesn 't simply encourage but requires you to work together . In Portal 2 , communication is vital to success " . Several reviewers praised the non @-@ verbal cues that players could initiate to work with their partners . Portal 2 was praised for the amount of detail in its design , sound , and music . Nelson credited the " sheer amount of detail " put into the game 's world , and wrote , " it all feels very real and natural with brief moments where you 're simply sucked into this world " . Onyett was impressed with the amount of visual details and capabilities Valve achieved from their Source game engine and that the added details and animations of the levels " consistently serv [ ed ] not only to entertain the eye but to expand our understanding of the game 's characters " . Hoggins wrote that the game 's world reacted to the player @-@ character Chell 's presence " in a startlingly organic way " , and praised Valve 's design as " an achievement of world @-@ building that compares favourably with BioShock 's underwater city of Rapture " .
Some reviewers said that the second act of the game , taking place in the less @-@ structured portion of the old Aperture facilities , may be confusing to some players . Young wrote that in the second act , the game " cranks up the difficulty level at a speed that may dishearten casual gamers " , and said that particularly when traveling between chambers , he had " absolutely no idea where I was supposed to head next " . Kohler wrote that while the player can explore the abandoned areas of Aperture , " none of it ever does anything — it 's just a lot of sterile , duplicated , non @-@ interactive environments " . Watters wrote that the loading time between the game 's levels , in contrast to earlier Valve games , are " long enough to make you take notice and wish they were shorter " . Watters also said that it was unfortunate that the game lacks " stand @-@ alone test chambers and leaderboards ... but even so , Portal 2 is not light on content " without these . Welsh said that the attempt to recapture the spirit of the song " Still Alive " at the end credits of Portal 2 " was a mistake " . Video game critic Ben " Yahtzee " Croshaw named it the best game of 2011 in his review show Zero Punctuation . However he wrote in his Extra Punctuation column that , while Portal 2 was a " very good game " , it unnecessarily retconned portions of the origin game 's story , and did not really further the game 's concept . However , this criticism was directed solely at the campaign , and he stated that he found the game 's co @-@ op to be " much more appealing and much more within the spirit of the original " .
On April 20 , 2011 , it was reported that customers had launched a protest against perceived shortcomings of Portal 2 . Users complained that the game was too short — some saying that it is only four hours long , about the existence of paid , downloadable content for some versions at launch , and that the Windows and OS X versions were ports of the console version . Other journalists countered that the quality of the graphics on the Windows and Mac versions did not suggest a simple console port . Stephen Totilo of Kotaku wrote that the game lasted nine hours and that the downloadable content consisted purely of cosmetic add @-@ ons . Some journalists said that the minimal impact of The Potato Sack alternative reality game on the early release of Portal 2 may be influencing the user scores .
= = = Awards = = =
Portal 2 won the title of " Ultimate Game of the Year " at the 2011 Golden Joystick Awards , and ranked second place on Time 's " Top 10 Video Games of 2011 " . Gamasutra , IGN , Eurogamer , Kotaku , the Associated Press , and The Mirror listed Portal 2 as their top video game of 2011 . The game received twelve nominations including " Game of the Year " for the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards , where it was the most @-@ nominated title , and won for " Best PC Game " , " Best Male Performance " for Stephen Merchant , " Best Female Performance " for Ellen McLain , " Best Downloadable Content " , and " Best Multiplayer Game " . The title was nominated for five Game Developers Choice Awards for 2011 , including " Game of the Year " , and won in the " Best Narrative " , " Best Audio " and " Best Game Design " categories . It was nominated for ten Interactive Achievement Awards , including " Game of the Year " , from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences , and won the awards for " Outstanding Achievement in Connectivity " , " Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition " , and " Outstanding Character Performance " for Wheatley . Portal 2 was nominated for six BAFTA video game award categories , and won in the " Best Game " , " Best Story " and " Best Design " categories . The Game Audio Network Guild awarded the game for " Best Dialog " , " Best Interactive Score " , and " Best Original Vocal – Pop " ( for " Want You Gone " ) . In the inaugural New York Videogame Critics Circle Awards , Portal 2 was given the top honors for best writing and best acting . The Perpetual Testing Initiative add @-@ on was awarded the 2012 Golden Joystick for " Best Use of DLC " .
= = = Sales = = =
Based on sales data from Amazon.com , Portal 2 was the best @-@ selling game in the United States in the first week of its release , but was overtaken by Mortal Kombat in its second week . According to NPD Group , Portal 2 was the second @-@ best selling game in the U.S. in April 2011 , at 637 @,@ 000 copies , and the fourth @-@ best selling in May . However , NPD does not include sales on Valve 's Steam platform . Portal 2 was the best selling game in the U.K. in the first week of its release , the first number @-@ one for a Valve game . It retained the top spot during its second week .
Portal 2 was released a few days before the PlayStation Network outage . Gamasutra analyst Matt Matthews said that , based on NPD Group data , the outage " did not seriously affect retail sales of software " , but some developers did report drops in sales . ShopToNews analyst Joe Anderson expected that the effect of the outage on UK sales of Portal 2 would be mild . On June 22 , Newell announced that Portal 2 had sold 3 million copies . As of July 2011 , Electronic Arts stated that more than 2 million copies of Portal 2 have been sold by retailers worldwide . In an August 2011 interview , Newell stated that " Portal 2 did better on the PC than it did on the consoles " . Upon release of the Perpetual Testing Initiative in May 2012 , Newell stated that Portal 2 had shipped more than 4 million units , with the personal computer versions outselling the console versions . Overall , Portal and Portal 2 had together shipped more than 8 million units .
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= New Jersey Route 19 =
Route 19 is a state highway in Passaic County , New Jersey , United States . Also referred to as the Paterson Peripheral , it runs 3 @.@ 04 mi ( 4 @.@ 89 km ) from an intersection with County Route 509 ( Broad Street ) and County Route 609 ( Colfax Avenue ) in Clifton north to another intersection with County Route 509 ( Main Street ) in downtown Paterson . Between U.S. Route 46 in Clifton and Interstate 80 in Paterson , Route 19 is a freeway . The main purpose of the route is to connect the Garden State Parkway to I @-@ 80 and downtown Paterson . The road was originally proposed as the Paterson spur of the Garden State Parkway that was to run north to Wayne . In 1959 , it was planned to become part of the Paterson Peripheral , an extension of Route 20 from downtown Paterson . By 1971 , the road was completed between the Garden State Parkway and I @-@ 80 , at which time it received the Route 20 designation ; the rest was cancelled in 1978 due to feared community disruption . In 1988 , this portion of Route 20 became Route 19 as it did not connect with the other segment of the route . In the 1990s , Route 19 was extended to Main Street in downtown Paterson as part of a project that also completed the interchange with I @-@ 80 .
= = Route description = =
Route 19 begins at the intersection of County Route 509 ( Broad Street ) and County Route 609 ( Colfax Avenue ) in Clifton . From this intersection , it heads north concurrenct with County Route 509 as a four @-@ lane divided highway with a 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) speed limit , soon interchanging with U.S. Route 46 . Past US 46 , the road crosses a brook and County Route 509 ( Broad Street ) splits off , with Route 19 interchanging with the Garden State Parkway . Route 19 continues past the Garden State Parkway as a six @-@ lane 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) freeway surrounded by trees , coming to a northbound exit and southbound entrance with County Route 509 .
Past this interchange , the speed limit increases to 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) and the road heads into Paterson . Here , the route has a southbound exit and northbound entrance with County Route 621 ( Valley Road ) before becoming an eight @-@ lane road and interchanging with Interstate 80 , where the speed limit drops to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . Past I @-@ 80 , the speed limit lowers to 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) and Route 19 continues north as a five @-@ lane road , with three northbound lanes and two southbound lanes , to an interchange with County Route 638 ( Grand Street ) . From here , the route becomes a four @-@ lane divided surface road and heads into urbanized areas of downtown Paterson . The route turns east and becomes a 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) county @-@ maintained undivided road at the intersection with Marshall Street and continues to its northern terminus at the intersection of County Route 509 ( Main Street ) and Ward Street .
= = History = =
What is now Route 19 was once planned as the Paterson spur of the Garden State Parkway , which was to run through Paterson and Haledon to County Route 504 in Wayne . The planned Paterson spur would become an extension of Route 20 in 1959 . This road , which was to be a six @-@ lane , $ 58 million freeway called the Paterson Peripheral , was to run from Clifton north to the existing Route 20 in downtown Paterson . This road was completed between the Garden State Parkway and Valley Road by 1969 and north to Interstate 80 in 1975 . Upon completion , this road received the Route 20 designation . The extension to Route 20 through Paterson was stopped in 1971 because of the designation of the Great Falls Historic District , a historical district recognizing Paterson ’ s heritage as an industrial center . By the 1990s , this portion of Route 20 was redesignated Route 19 as it did not connect with the mainline of the route . In 1992 , a project to complete the interchange with I @-@ 80 and extend the route to Main Street in downtown Paterson to ease congestion was finished . This interchange received the Prize Bridge Award in the category of Grade Separation from Modern Steel Construction magazine in 1996 .
= = Exit list = =
The entire route is in Passaic County .
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= Firefly ( TV series ) =
Firefly is an American space Western drama television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon , under his Mutant Enemy Productions label . Whedon served as an executive producer , along with Tim Minear . The series is set in the year 2517 , after the arrival of humans in a new star system and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of Serenity , a " Firefly @-@ class " spaceship . The ensemble cast portrays the nine characters who live on Serenity . Whedon pitched the show as " nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things " .
The show explores the lives of a group of people who fought on the losing side of a civil war and others who now make a living on the fringe of society , as part of the pioneer culture that exists on the fringes of their star system . In this future , the only two surviving superpowers , the United States and China , fused to form the central federal government , called the Alliance , resulting in the fusion of the two cultures . According to Whedon 's vision , " nothing will change in the future : technology will advance , but we will still have the same political , moral , and ethical problems as today " .
Firefly premiered in the U.S. on the Fox network on September 20 , 2002 . By mid @-@ December , Firefly had averaged 4 @.@ 7 million viewers per episode and was 98th in Nielsen ratings . It was canceled after eleven of the fourteen produced episodes were aired . Despite the relatively short life span of the series , it received strong sales when it was released on DVD and has large fan support campaigns . It won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2003 for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series . TV Guide ranked the series at No. 5 on their 2013 list of 60 shows that were " Cancelled Too Soon " .
The post @-@ airing success of the show led Whedon and Universal Pictures to produce Serenity , a 2005 film which continues from the story of the series , and the Firefly franchise expanded to other media , including comics and a role @-@ playing game .
= = Premise = =
= = = Backstory = = =
The series takes place in the year 2517 , on a variety of planets and moons . The TV series does not reveal whether these celestial bodies are within one star system , only saying that Serenity 's mode of propulsion is a " gravity @-@ drive " . The film Serenity makes clear that all the planets and moons are in one large system , and production documents related to the film indicate that there is no faster @-@ than @-@ light travel in this universe . The characters occasionally refer to " Earth @-@ that @-@ was " , and the film establishes that , long before the events in the series , a large population had emigrated from Earth to a new star system in generation ships : " Earth @-@ that @-@ was could no longer sustain our numbers , we were so many " . The emigrants established themselves in this new star system , with " dozens of planets and hundreds of moons " . Many of these were terraformed , a process in which a planet or moon is altered to resemble Earth . The terraforming process was only the first step in making a planet habitable , however , and the outlying settlements often did not receive any further support in the construction of their civilizations . This resulted in many of the border planets and moons having forbidding , dry environments , well @-@ suited to the Western genre .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The show takes its name from the " Firefly @-@ class " spaceship , Serenity , that the central characters call home . It resembles a firefly in general arrangement , and the tail section , analogous to a bioluminescent insectoid abdomen , lights up during acceleration . The ship was named after the Battle of Serenity Valley , where Mal and Zoe were on the losing side . It is revealed in " Bushwhacked " that the Battle of Serenity Valley is widely considered the loss which sealed the fate of the Independents .
Throughout the series , the Alliance is shown to govern the star system through an organization of " core " planets , following its success in forcibly unifying all the colonies under a single government . DVD commentary suggests that the Alliance is composed of two primary " core " systems , one predominantly Western in culture , the other pan @-@ Asian , justifying the mixed linguistic and visual themes of the series . The central planets are firmly under Alliance control , but the outlying planets and moons resemble the 19th @-@ century American West , with little governmental authority . Settlers and refugees on the outlying worlds have relative freedom from the central government , but lack the amenities of the high @-@ tech civilization that exists on the inner worlds . In addition , the outlying areas of space ( " the black " ) are inhabited by the Reavers , a cannibalistic group of nomadic humans that have become savage and animalistic .
The captain of the crew of Serenity is Malcolm " Mal " Reynolds ( Nathan Fillion ) and the episode " Serenity " establishes that the captain and his first mate Zoe Washburne ( Gina Torres ) are veteran " Browncoats " of the Unification War , a failed attempt by the outlying worlds to resist the Alliance 's assertion of control . A later episode , titled " Out of Gas " , reveals that Mal bought the spaceship Serenity to continue living beyond Alliance control . Much of the crew 's work consists of cargo runs or smuggling . One of the main story arcs is that of River Tam ( Summer Glau ) and her brother Simon ( Sean Maher ) . River is a child prodigy , whose brain was subjected to experiments at the hands of Alliance scientists at a secret government institution . As a result , she displays schizophrenia and often hears voices . It is later revealed that she is a " reader " , one who possesses telepathic abilities . Simon gave up a career as a highly successful trauma surgeon to rescue her from the Alliance , and as a result of this rescue they are both wanted fugitives . In the original pilot " Serenity " , Simon joins the crew as a paying passenger with River smuggled on board as cargo . As Whedon states in an episodic DVD commentary , every show he does is about creating family . By the last episode , " Objects in Space " , the fractured character of River has finally become whole , partly because the others decided to accept her into their " family " on the ship .
= = = Signature show elements = = =
The show blended elements from the space opera and Western genres , depicting humanity 's future in a manner different from most contemporary science fiction programs in that there are no large space battles . Firefly takes place in a multi @-@ cultural future , primarily a fusion of Western and East Asian cultures , where there is a significant division between the rich and poor . As a result of the Sino @-@ American Alliance , Mandarin Chinese is a common second language ; it is used in advertisements , and characters in the show frequently use Chinese words as curses . According to the DVD commentary on the episode " Serenity " , this was explained as being the result of China and the United States being the two superpowers that expanded into space .
The show also features slang not used in contemporary culture , such as adaptations of modern words , or new words altogether . For example , " shiny " is frequently used in a similar manner as the real world slang " cool " , and " gorram " is used as a mild swear word . Written and spoken Chinese as well as Old West dialect are also employed . As one reviewer noted : " The dialogue tended to be a bizarre purée of wisecracks , old @-@ timey Western @-@ paperback patois , and snatches of Chinese " .
Tim Minear and Joss Whedon pointed out two scenes that , they believed , articulated the mood of the show exceptionally clearly . One scene is in the original pilot " Serenity " , when Mal is eating with chopsticks and a Western tin cup is by his plate ; the other is in " The Train Job " pilot , when Mal is thrown out of a holographic bar window . The DVD set 's " making @-@ of " documentary explains the distinctive frontispiece of the series ( wherein Serenity soars over a herd of horses ) as Whedon 's attempt to capture " everything you need to understand about the series in five seconds " .
One of the struggles that Whedon had with Fox was the tone of the show , especially with the main character Malcolm Reynolds . Fox pressured Whedon to make Mal more " jolly " , as they feared he was too dark in the original pilot , epitomized by the moment he suggests he might " space " Simon and River , throwing them out of the airlock to die . In addition , Fox was not happy that the show involved the " nobodies " who " get squished by policy " instead of the actual policy makers .
= = Cast = =
= = = Main characters = = =
Firefly maintained an ensemble cast that portrayed nine crew members and passengers of the ship , Serenity . These characters fight criminals and schemers , Alliance security forces , the utterly psychotic and brutal Reavers , and the mysterious men with " hands of blue " — who are apparently operatives of a secret agency which is part of the megacorporation referred to in the DVD commentary only as The Blue Sun Corporation . The crew is driven by the need to secure enough income to keep their ship operational , set against their need to keep a low profile to avoid their adversaries . Their situation is greatly complicated by the divergent motivations of the individuals on board Serenity , but complex characterization was hampered by the show 's brief run .
All nine of the main characters appeared in every episode , with the exception of " Ariel " , from which Book is absent — he was meditating at an abbey .
Nathan Fillion as Malcolm " Mal " Reynolds — the owner and captain of Serenity and former Independent sergeant in the pivotal Battle of Serenity Valley . Malcolm grew up on a ranch , and was raised by his mother and the ranch hands . In the Unification War , he fought for the Independent Army , the " Browncoats " , as a platoon sergeant in the 57th Overlanders . He is cunning , a capable leader and a skilled fighter . Mal 's main character drive is his will for independence . While he is not above petty theft , smuggling or even killing to maintain his free lifestyle , he is generally honest in his dealings with others , fiercely loyal to his crew and closely follows a personal moral code . He is openly antagonistic toward religion .
Gina Torres as Zoe Alleyne Washburne — second @-@ in @-@ command onboard Serenity , a loyal wartime friend of Captain Reynolds , and the wife of Wash . Her surname during the Unification War was Alleyne . She was born and raised on a ship and served under Mal during the war as a corporal . Described by her husband as a " warrior woman " , she is a capable fighter who keeps calm even in the most dangerous situations . She demonstrates an almost unconditional loyalty to Mal , the only exception noted being her marriage to Wash , which the captain claims was against his orders .
Alan Tudyk as Hoban " Wash " Washburne — Serenity 's pilot and Zoe 's husband . Deeply in love with his wife , Wash expresses jealousy over his wife 's " war buddy " relationship and unconditional support of their captain , most particularly in the episode " War Stories " , in which he confronts Mal regarding their relationship . He joined pilot training just to see the stars , which were invisible from the surface of his polluted homeworld , and he joined Serenity despite being highly sought after by other ships . He is very light @-@ hearted and tends to make amusing comments , despite the severity of any situation .
Morena Baccarin as Inara Serra — a Companion , which is the 26th century cross between a geisha and an escort or mistress , who rents one of Serenity 's two small shuttles . Inara enjoys high social standing . Her presence confers a degree of legitimacy and social acceptance the crew of Serenity would not have without her on board . Inara displays great dignity , civility and compassion . There is strong romantic tension between her and Mal , who share many character traits , but each jokingly objects to the other 's " whoring " or " petty theft " , respectively . Both refuse to act on their feelings , and try to keep their relationship professional .
Adam Baldwin as Jayne Cobb — a mercenary . He and Mal met on opposite sides of a rivalry ; Mal , while held at gunpoint , offered Jayne his own bunk and a higher cut than his current employer , so he turned coat and shot his then @-@ partners . In the original Pilot " Serenity " he intimates to Mal that he did not betray him because " The money wasn 't good enough , " however previously he had pointedly asked the Alliance agent whether he would be required to turn on the captain to help him , and in " Ariel " defends his actions alerting the authorities regarding Simon and River by claiming he had not intended to betray Mal . He is someone who can be depended on in a fight . He tends to act like a " lummox " who thinks he is the smartest person in space , but occasional hints of intelligence peek through this façade , giving the impression that he acts dumber than he is . As Whedon states several times , Jayne is the man who will ask the questions that no one else wants to . Even though he is a macho character , he has shown a particularly intense fear of Reavers , more so than the rest of the crew . Despite his amoral mercenary persona , he sends a significant portion of his income to his mother , again suggesting that there is more to his character than what he presents to the rest of the crew .
Jewel Staite as Kaywinnet Lee " Kaylee " Frye — the ship 's mechanic . In the episode " Out of Gas " , it is established that she has no formal training , but keeps Serenity running with an intuitive gift for the workings of mechanical equipment . Jewel Staite explains Kaylee 's character as being wholesome , sweet , and " completely genuine in that sweetness " , adding " She loves being on that ship . She loves all of those people . And she is the only one who loves all of them incredibly genuinely . " She has a crush on Dr. Simon Tam . Kaylee is the heart of the ship : according to creator Joss Whedon , if Kaylee believes something , it is true .
Sean Maher as Dr. Simon Tam — a trauma surgeon of the first caliber ( top 3 % in his class at a top core @-@ planet institution ) , who is on the run after breaking his sister River out of a government research facility . In the episode " Safe " , it is revealed that he and River had a privileged upbringing with access to the best education . In rescuing River over his stern father 's severe objections , Simon sacrificed a highly successful future in medicine . His bumbling attempts at a romantic relationship with Kaylee are a recurring subplot throughout the series , and at every turn he seems to find a way to unwittingly foil his own attempts at romance . His life is defined by caring for his sister .
Summer Glau as River Tam — smuggled onto the ship by her brother . A highly intelligent , compassionate and intuitive child prodigy . Experiments and invasive brain surgery at an Alliance secret facility left her delusional , paranoid , and at times violent , though her uncanny ability to seemingly sense things before they happen leaves questions as to where the delusions end and reality begins for her . The experiments seemed to have made her a psychic . The experiments also gave her with a seemingly innate ability in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , and she is capable of killing or incapacitating several stronger opponents with ease . She gets frequent fits of anxiety and experiences post @-@ traumatic flashbacks of her time in the Alliance facility . Her mental instability and uncanny abilities , paired with several erratic and violent acts , are a recurring source of fear and doubt among the crew , especially with Jayne , whom she once slashed with a knife . Jayne very frequently requests that River and Simon be taken off the ship .
Ron Glass as Derrial Book — a Shepherd ( equivalent to a pastor ) . Although presented as a devout Christian , Book has profound , unexplained knowledge about criminal activities , police corruption , and military strategy , tactics , and weapons . In " Safe " , he was shown to have sufficient status in the Alliance to receive emergency medical treatment from an Alliance ship , with no questions asked . He is also proficient in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat and the use of firearms . While objecting to violence most of the time , on a rescue mission he joins the fight , stating that while the Bible is quite specific about killing , it is " somewhat fuzzier on the subject of kneecaps " . Book is a moral guide for Mal and the rest of the crew , a voice of reason , conscience and spirituality . At the same time , he seems to get along well with the amoral mercenary Jayne , with the two spotting each other while working out using a bench press . His hidden backstory would have been gradually revealed , had the series continued , but was instead explored in the 2010 comic book The Shepherd 's Tale .
= = = Recurring characters = = =
Despite the series ' short run , several recurring characters emerged from the inhabitants of the Firefly universe :
Badger ( Mark Sheppard ) is an established smuggling middleman on the planet Persephone . He provided jobs for Serenity on at least two occasions . In the DVD commentary for the episode " Serenity " , it was revealed that this part was originally written with the intention of Whedon himself playing the part . Badger appeared in the original pilot " Serenity " and in " Shindig " , with a return in the comic book series Serenity : Those Left Behind .
Adelai Niska ( Michael Fairman ) is a criminal kingpin who has a reputation for violent reprisals , including severe , prolonged torture , against those who fail him or even irritate him . He appeared in " The Train Job " and " War Stories " .
" Saffron " ( Christina Hendricks ) is a con artist whose real name is unknown . She first appeared in the episode " Our Mrs. Reynolds " as Mal 's involuntarily acquired wife . She has a habit of marrying her marks during her scams . She returns in episode " Trash " , where Mal jokingly addresses her as " YoSaffBridge " , a portmanteau of her three aliases , " Yolanda " , " Saffron " , and " Bridget " .
" The Hands of Blue " ( Jeff Ricketts and Dennis Cockrum ) : Two anonymous men wearing suits and blue gloves who pursue River , apparently to return her to the institute from which she escaped , as shown in " The Train Job " , " Ariel " , and the Serenity : Those Left Behind comic . They kill anyone , including Alliance personnel , who had contact with her , using a mysterious hand @-@ held device that causes fatal hemorrhaging in anyone at whom it is aimed . River , during anxiety attacks or psychological meltdowns , has repeated the phrase " Two by two / hands of blue " in a way that resembles poetic meter . This suggests that River has had close experience ( s ) with them .
= = Episodes = =
= = Production = =
= = = Origin = = =
Whedon developed the concept for the show after reading The Killer Angels , the Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning novel by Michael Shaara chronicling the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War . He wanted to follow people who had fought on the losing side of a war and their experiences afterwards as pioneers and immigrants on the outskirts of civilization , much like the post @-@ American Civil War era of Reconstruction and the American Old West culture . He intended the show to be " a Stagecoach kind of drama with a lot of people trying to figure out their lives in a bleak pioneer environment " . Whedon wanted to develop a show about the tactile nature of life , a show where existence was more physical and more difficult . After reading The Killer Angels , Whedon read a book about Jewish partisan fighters in World War II that also influenced him . Whedon wanted to create something for television that was more character @-@ driven and gritty than most modern science fiction . Television science fiction , he felt , had become too pristine and rarefied .
Whedon wanted to give the show a name that indicated movement and power , and felt that " Firefly " had both . This powerful word 's relatively insignificant meaning , Whedon felt , added to its allure . He eventually wound up creating the ship in the image of a firefly .
= = = Format = = =
During filming of the pilot episode , Whedon was still arguing with Fox that the show should be displayed in widescreen format . Consequently , he purposely filmed scenes with actors on the extreme edge of both sides so that they could only be shown in widescreen . This led to a few scenes on the DVD ( and later Blu @-@ ray ) where objects or setups that were not visible in the original 4 : 3 broadcasts were now displayed — such as the scene in the pilot where Wash mimes controlling the ship with a non @-@ existent yoke . However , the pilot was rejected by the Fox executives , who felt that it lacked action and that the captain was too " dour " . They also disliked a scene in which the crew backed down to a crime boss , since the scene implied the crew was " being nothing " . Thus , Fox told Whedon on a Friday afternoon that he had to submit a new pilot script on Monday morning or the show would not be picked up . Whedon and Tim Minear closeted themselves for the weekend to write what became the new pilot , " The Train Job " . At the direction of Fox , they added " larger than life " characters such as the henchman " Crow " , and the " hands of blue " men , who also introduced an X @-@ Files @-@ type ending .
For the new pilot , Fox made it clear that they would not air the episodes in the widescreen format . Whedon and company felt they had to " serve two masters " by filming widescreen for eventual DVD release , but keeping objects in frame so it could still work when aired in pan and scan full frame . To obtain an immersive and immediate feel , the episodes were filmed in a documentary style with hand @-@ held cameras , giving them the look of " found footage " , with deliberately misframed or out @-@ of @-@ focus subjects . As Whedon related : " ... don 't be arch , don 't be sweeping — be found , be rough and tumble and docu [ mentary ] and you @-@ are @-@ there " . Computer @-@ generated scenes mimicked the motion of a hand @-@ held camera . This style was not used , however , when shooting scenes that involved the central government , the Alliance . Tracking and steady cameras were used to show the sterility of this aspect of the Firefly universe . Another style employed was lens flares harking back to 1970s television . This style was so desired that the director of photography , David Boyd , sent back the cutting @-@ edge lenses which reduced lens flare in exchange for cheaper ones .
Unlike most other science fiction shows , which add sound to space scenes for dramatic effect , Firefly portrays space as silent , because a vacuum cannot transmit sound .
= = = Set design = = =
Production designer Carey Meyer built the ship Serenity in two parts ( one for each level ) as a complete set with ceilings and practical lighting installed as part of the set that the cameras could use along with moveable parts . The two @-@ part set also allowed the second unit to shoot in one section while the actors and first unit worked undisturbed in the other . As Whedon recalled : " ... you could pull it away or move something huge , so that you could get in and around everything . That meant the environment worked for us and there weren 't a lot of adjustments that needed to be made . " There were other benefits to this set design . One was that it allowed the viewers to feel they were really in a ship . For Whedon , the design of the ship was crucial in defining the known space for the viewer , and that there were not " fourteen hundred decks and a holodeck and an all @-@ you @-@ can @-@ eat buffet in the back " . He wanted to convey that it was utilitarian and that it was " beat @-@ up but lived @-@ in and ultimately , it was home " . As Joss Whedon discusses in the DVD commentary , each room represented a feeling or character , usually conveyed by the paint color . He explains that as you move from the back of the ship in the engine room , toward the front of the ship to the bridge , the colors and mood progress from extremely warm to cooler . Besides evoking a mood associated with the character who spends most time in each area , the color scheme also alludes to the heat generated in the tail of the ship . Whedon was also keen on utilizing vertical space ; thus , having the crew 's quarters accessible by ladder was important . Another benefit of the set design was that it also allowed the actors to stay in the moment and interact , without having to stop after each shot and reset up for the next . This helped contribute to the documentary style Whedon strove for .
The set had several influences , including the sliding doors and tiny cubicles reminiscent of Japanese hotels . Artist Larry Dixon has noted that the cargo bay walls are " reminiscent of interlaced , overlapping Asian designs , cleverly reminding us of the American @-@ Chinese Alliance setting while artistically forming a patterned plane for background scale reference " . Dixon has also remarked on how the set design contributed to the storytelling through the use of color , depth and composition , lighting , as well as its use of diagonals and patterned shadows .
Their small budget was another reason to use the ship for much of the storytelling . When the characters did go off the ship , the worlds all had Earth atmosphere and coloring because they could not afford to design alien worlds . " I didn 't want to go to Yucca Flats every other episode and transform it into Bizarro World by making the sky orange " , recalled Whedon . As Meyer recalled : " I think in the end the feel was that we wound up using a lot of places or exteriors that just felt too Western and we didn 't necessarily want to go that way ; but at some point , it just became the lesser of two evils — what could we actually create in three days ? "
= = = Music = = =
Greg Edmonson composed the musical score for the series . He stated that he wrote for the emotion of the moment . However , one reviewer averred that he also wrote for the characters , stating : " Edmonson has developed a specialized collection of musical symbolism for the series " . To help illustrate the collection , the reviewer gave key leitmotifs , or " signatures " , various names , noting that " Serenity " recalls the theme of the show and is used when they return to the ship , or when they were meeting clandestinely ; it was " the sound of their home " . The slide guitar and fiddle used in this piece are portable instruments which fit the lifestyle of the crew : " the music they make calls up tunes played out in the open , by people who were hundreds of miles away yesterday . ' Serenity ' conjures the nomadic lifestyle the crew leads and underlines the western aspect of the show . " Another emotional signature was " Sad Violin " . It was used at the end of the Battle of Serenity Valley , but also helped set up the joke for when Mal tells Simon that Kaylee is dead in the episode " Serenity " . The most memorable use of " Sad Violin " , however , is at the end of " The Message " , when the crew mourned the death of Tracey . This was also the last scene of the last episode the actors shot , and so this was seen by them , and Edmonson , as Firefly 's farewell . To denote impending danger , " Peril " was used , which is " a low pulse , like a heartbeat , with deep chimes and low strings " . The reviewer also noted character signatures . The criminal Niska has his own signature : Eastern European or Middle Eastern melodies over a low drone . Simon and River 's signature was a piano played sparsely with a violin in the background . This is in contrast to the portable instruments of " Serenity " : the piano is an instrument that cannot be easily moved and evokes the image of " the distant house and family they both long for " . The various signatures were mostly established in the first pilot , " Serenity " , and helped enhance the narrative .
In every episode , the musical score intensified my experience of this intelligent , remarkable show . Using and combining all these signatures , Greg Edmonson brought out aspects of Firefly 's story and characters that were never explicitly revealed in the other elements of the series .
The musical score expressed the cultural fusion depicted in the show . Cowboy guitar blended with Asian influence produced the atmospheric background for the series . As one reviewer stated :
Old music from the future — the music of roaring campfires and racous [ sic ] cowboys mixed with the warm , pensive sounds of Asian culture and , occasionally , a cold imperial trumpet , heralding the ominous structural presence of a domineering government . Completely thrilling .
— Steve Townsley
The show 's theme song , " The Ballad of Serenity " , was written by Joss Whedon and performed by Sonny Rhodes . Whedon wrote the song before the series was greenlit and a preliminary recording performed by Whedon can be found on the DVD release . The soundtrack to the series was released on CD on November 8 , 2005 , by Varèse Sarabande , although a 40 @-@ minute soundtrack was released by Fox Music in September 2005 as a digital EP . " The Ballad of Serenity " was used by NASA as the wake @-@ up song for astronaut Robert L. Behnken and the other crewmembers of STS @-@ 130 on February 12 , 2010 .
= = = Casting = = =
In casting his nine @-@ member crew , Whedon looked first at the actors and considered their chemistry with others . Cast member Sean Maher recalls , " So then he just sort of put us all together , and I think it was very quick , like right out of the gate , we all instantly bonded " . All nine cast members were chosen before filming began . However , while filming the original pilot " Serenity " , Whedon decided that Rebecca Gayheart was unsuitable for the role of Inara Serra , and shot her scenes in singles so that it would be easier to replace her . Morena Baccarin auditioned for the role and two days later was on the set in her first television show . " Joss brought me down from the testing room like a proud dad , holding my hand and introducing me , " Baccarin recalled .
Whedon approached Nathan Fillion to play the lead role of Malcolm Reynolds ; after Whedon explained the premise and showed him the treatment for the pilot , Fillion was eager for the role . Fillion was called back several times to read for the part before he was cast . He noted that " it was really thrilling . It was my first lead and I was pretty nervous , but I really wanted that part and I wanted to tell those stories . " Fillion later said he was " heartbroken " when he learned the series had been cancelled . Fillion has called his time on Firefly the best acting job he ever had , and compares every job he has had to it .
Alan Tudyk applied through a casting office and several months later was called in for an audition , where he met with Whedon . He was called back to test with two candidates for the role of Zoe ( Wash 's wife ) and was told that it was down to him and one other candidate . The Zoes he tested with were not selected ( Gina Torres eventually received the role ) and Tudyk was sent home , but received a call informing him he had the part anyway . His audition tape is included in the special features of the DVD release .
Gina Torres , a veteran of several science fiction / fantasy works ( Cleopatra 2525 , The Matrix Reloaded , Alias , Hercules : The Legendary Journeys ) , was at first uninterested in doing another science fiction show , but " was won over by the quality of the source material " . As she recalled , " you had these challenged characters inhabiting a challenging world and that makes for great storytelling . And no aliens ! "
For Adam Baldwin , who grew up watching westerns , the role of Jayne Cobb was particularly resonant .
Canadian actress Jewel Staite videotaped her audition from Vancouver and was asked to come to Los Angeles to meet Whedon , at which point she was cast for the role of Kaylee Frye , the ship 's engineer .
Sean Maher recalls reading for the part and liking the character of Simon Tam , but that it was Whedon 's personality and vision that " sealed the deal " for him . For the role of Simon 's sister , River Tam , Whedon called in Summer Glau for an audition and test the same day . Glau had first worked for Whedon in the Angel episode " Waiting in the Wings " . Two weeks later , Whedon called her to tell her she had the part .
Veteran television actor Ron Glass has said that until Firefly , he had not experienced or sought a science @-@ fiction or western role , but he fell in love with the pilot script and the character of Shepherd Book .
= = = Production staff = = =
Tim Minear was selected by Whedon to be the show runner , who serves as the head writer and production leader . According to Whedon " [ Minear ] understood the show as well as any human being , and just brought so much to it that I think of it as though he were always a part of it " . Many of the other production staff were selected from people Whedon had worked with in the past , with the exception of the director of photography David Boyd , who was the " big find " and who was " full of joy and energy " .
The writers were selected after interviews and script samplings . Among the writers were José Molina , Ben Edlund , Cheryl Cain , Brett Matthews , Drew Z. Greenberg and Jane Espenson . Espenson wrote an essay on the writing process with Mutant Enemy Productions . A meeting is held and an idea is floated , generally by Whedon , and the writers brainstorm to develop the central theme of the episode and the character development . Next , the writers ( except the one working on the previous week 's episode ) meet in the anteroom to Whedon 's office to begin ' breaking ' the story into acts and scenes . For the team , one of the key components to devising acts is deciding where to break for commercial and ensuring the viewer returns . " Finding these moments in the story help give it shape : think of them as tentpoles that support the structure " . For instance , in " Shindig " , the break for commercial occurs when Malcolm Reynolds is gravely injured and losing the duel . " It does not end when Mal turns the fight around , when he stands victorious over his opponent . They 're both big moments , but one of them leaves you curious and the other doesn 't . "
Next , the writers develop the scenes onto a marker @-@ filled whiteboard , featuring " a brief ordered description of each scene " . A writer is selected to create an outline of the episode 's concept — occasionally with some dialogue and jokes — in one day . The outline is given to showrunner Tim Minear , who revises it within a day . The writer uses the revised outline to write the first draft of the script while the other writers work on developing the next . This first draft is usually submitted for revision within three to fourteen days ; afterward , a second and sometimes third draft is written . After all revisions are made , the final draft would be produced as the ' shooting draft ' .
= = = Costume = = =
Jill Ohanneson , Firefly 's original costume designer , brought on Shawna Trpcic as her assistant for the pilot . When the show was picked up , Ohanneson was involved in another job and declined Firefly , suggesting Trpcic for the job .
The costumes were chiefly influenced by World War II , the American Civil War , the American Old West , and 1861 samurai Japan . Trpcic used deep reds and oranges for the main cast , to express a feeling of " home " , and contrasted that with grays and cool blues for the Alliance . Since the characters were often getting shot , Trpcic would make up to six versions of the same costume for multiple takes .
For River , mostly jewel tones were used to set her apart from the rest of the Serenity crew . River had boots to contrast with the soft fabrics of her clothes , " because that 's who she is — she 's this soft , beautiful , sensitive girl , but with this hardcore inner character , " recalled Trpcic .
The designers also wanted to contrast Simon , River 's brother , with the rest of the crew . Whereas they were dressed in cotton , Simon wore wool , stiff fabrics , satins and silk . He was originally the " dandy " , but as the show progressed , he loosened up slightly .
For Kaylee , Trpcic studied up on Japanese and Chinese youth , as originally the character was Asian . Other inspirations for Kaylee 's costumes were Rosie the Riveter and Chinese Communist posters .
Inara 's costumes reflect her high status , and are very feminine and attractive .
Trpcic designed and created the clothes for the minor character of Badger with Joss Whedon in mind , since he intended to play that part . When Mark Sheppard played the role instead , he was able to fit into the clothes made for Whedon .
For the Alliance , besides the grays and cool blues , Trpcic had in mind Nazi Germany , but mixed it with different wars , as the first sketches were " too Nazi " . The uniforms of the Alliance soldiers are from the 1997 film Starship Troopers .
In the commentary for the pilot episode Whedon points out that " bad guys wear hats , good guys don 't " .
= = = Unproduced episodes = = =
Since the cancellation of the series , various cast and crew members have revealed details they had planned for the show 's future :
Alan Tudyk had the idea for an episode about a planet that is always day on one side , and night on the other . On the night side , Jayne accidentally spills a type of pheromone on himself and the crew , which attracts a species of dogs . The crew are chased back to the ship by these dogs . There River uses her mind powers to domesticate the dogs .
Adam Baldwin wanted to make an episode in which Jayne goes up against Mal as captain of his own ship .
Tim Minear revealed the secret of Inara 's syringe , as seen in the pilot episode ; she is infected with a deadly disease . There would have been an episode where she is gang @-@ raped by Reavers . Because she injected herself with the syringe , all of the Reavers on the ship die .
According to Nathan Fillion , there was an episode in which the crew land on a dying planet . The inhabitants try to steal Serenity , after they explain to the crew about their need to get off the planet . The problem is that unless they were to run into another ship along the way , with the extra passengers , Serenity would not have enough fuel and oxygen to make it to the closest destination . While everyone else is asleep , Mal takes the ship himself and discovers that help never would have arrived .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Many reviews focused on the show 's fusion of Wild West and outer space motifs . TV Guide 's Matt Roush , for instance , called the show " oddball " and " offbeat " , and noted how literally the series took the metaphor of space operas as Westerns . Roush opined that the shift from space travel to horseback was " jarring " , but that once he got used to this , he found the characters cleverly conceived , and the writing a crisp balance of action , tension and humor . Several reviewers , however , criticized the show 's setting ; Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle felt that the melding of the western and science fiction genres was a " forced hodgepodge of two alarmingly opposite genres just for the sake of being different " and called the series a " vast disappointment " , and Carina Chocano of Salon.com said that while the " space as Wild West " metaphor is fairly redundant , neither genre connected to the present . Emily Nussbaum of the New York Times , reviewing the DVD set , noted that the program featured " an oddball genre mix that might have doomed it from the beginning : it was a character @-@ rich sci @-@ fi western comedy @-@ drama with existential underpinnings , a hard sell during a season dominated by Joe Millionaire " .
The Boston Globe described Firefly as a " wonderful , imaginative mess brimming with possibility " . The review further notes the difference between the new series and other programs was that those shows " burst onto the scene with slick pilots and quickly deteriorate into mediocrity ... Firefly is on the opposite creative journey . " Jason Snell called the show one of the best on television , and one " with the most potential for future brilliance " .
Reviewers also compared Firefly to Whedon 's other series , Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Chocano noted that the series lacks the psychological tension of Buffy , and suggests that this might be attributable to the episodes being aired out of order . MSN , on the other hand , pointed out that after viewing the DVD boxed set it was easy to see why the program had attracted many die @-@ hard fans . " All of Whedon 's fingerprints are there : the witty dialogue , the quirky premises and dark exploration of human fallacy that made Buffy brilliant found their way to this space drama " .
= = = Fandom = = =
Firefly generated a loyal base of fans during its three @-@ month original broadcast run on Fox in late 2002 . These fans , self @-@ styled Browncoats , used online forums to organize and try to save the series from being canceled by Fox only three months after its debut . Their efforts included raising money for an ad in Variety magazine and a postcard writing campaign to UPN . While unsuccessful in finding a network that would continue the show , their support led to a release of the series on DVD in December 2003 . A subsequent fan campaign raised over $ 14 @,@ 000 in donations to have a purchased Firefly DVD set placed aboard 250 U.S. Navy ships by April 2004 for recreational viewing by their crews .
These and other continuing fan activities eventually persuaded Universal Studios to produce a feature film , Serenity . ( The title of Serenity was chosen , according to Whedon , because Fox still owned the rights to the name ' Firefly ' ) . Numerous early screenings of rough film cuts were held for existing fans starting in May 2005 as an attempt to create a buzz to increase ticket sales when the final film cut was released widely on September 30 , 2005 . The film was not as commercially successful as fans had hoped , opening at number two and making only $ 40 million worldwide during its initial theatrical release .
On June 23 , 2006 , fans organized the first worldwide charity screenings of Serenity in 47 cities , dubbed as Can 't Stop the Serenity or CSTS , an homage to the movie 's tagline , " Can 't stop the signal " . The event raised over $ 65 @,@ 000 for Whedon 's favorite charity , Equality Now . In 2007 , $ 106 @,@ 000 was raised ; in 2008 , $ 107 @,@ 219 ; and in 2009 , $ 137 @,@ 331 .
In July 2006 , a fan @-@ made documentary was released , titled Done the Impossible , and is commercially available . The documentary relates the story of the fans and how the show has affected them , and features interviews with Whedon and various cast members . Part of the DVD proceeds are donated to Equality Now .
NASA Browncoat astronaut Steven Swanson took the Firefly and Serenity DVDs with him on Space Shuttle Atlantis 's STS @-@ 117 mission in June 2007 . The DVDs were added to the media collection on the International Space Station as entertainment for the station 's crews .
A fan @-@ made , not @-@ for @-@ profit , unofficial sequel to Serenity , titled Browncoats : Redemption , premiered at Dragon * Con 2010 on September 4 , 2010 . According to the film 's creator and producer , Whedon gave " his blessing " to the project . The film was sold on DVD and Blu @-@ ray at the film 's website , with all proceeds being distributed among five charities . The film was also screened at various science @-@ fiction conventions across the United States , with admission receipts similarly being donated . All sales ended on September 1 , 2011 , one year after its premiere , with total revenues exceeding $ 115 @,@ 000 . Community discussion continues regarding screenings in conjunction with the Can 't Stop the Serenity project .
= = = Cult status = = =
In 2005 , New Scientist magazine 's website held an internet poll to find " The World 's Best Space Sci @-@ Fi Ever " . Firefly came in first place , with its cinematic follow @-@ up Serenity in second . In 2012 , Entertainment Weekly listed the show at No. 11 in the " 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years , " commenting , " as it often does , martyrdom has only enhanced its legend . "
Brad Wright , co @-@ creator of Stargate SG @-@ 1 has said that the 200th episode of SG @-@ 1 is " a little kiss to Serenity and Firefly , which was possibly one of the best canceled series in history " . In the episode , " Martin Lloyd has come to the S.G.C. [ Stargate Command ] because even though ' Wormhole X @-@ Treme ! ' was canceled after three episodes , it did so well on DVD they 're making a feature [ film ] " . The follow @-@ up film , Serenity , was voted the best science fiction movie of all time in an SFX magazine poll of 3 @,@ 000 fans . Firefly was later ranked # 25 on TV Guide 's Top Cult Shows Ever . The name for the Google beta app Google Wave was inspired by this TV series .
On the CBS sitcom , The Big Bang Theory , Sheldon Cooper is a fan of Firefly . When he and Leonard Hofstadter are discussing their roommate agreement , they include a passage in which they dedicate Friday nights to watching Firefly , as Sheldon believes it will last for years . Upon its cancellation , he brands Rupert Murdoch , the owner of Fox , a traitor . During the second season of The Big Bang Theory , in episode 17 ( " The Terminator Decoupling " ) , Summer Glau appears as herself , encountering Sheldon , Leonard , and their friends on a train to San Francisco . When Raj tries to hit on her he says that although he is an astrophysicist , she was actually in space during the shooting of Firefly . Glau chides him for believing this and Raj backtracks , saying , " Those are crazy people ! "
On the NBC comedy Community , the characters Troy and Abed are fans of the show . They have an agreement that if one of them dies , the other will stage it to look like a suicide caused by the cancellation of Firefly , in the hopes that it will bring the show back .
In the 2003 Battlestar Galactica miniseries / pilot , a ship resembling Serenity appears in the background of the scene with Laura Roslin ( Mary McDonnell ) . Serenity is one of several spaceships inserted as cameos into digital effects scenes by Zoic Studios , the company responsible for digital effects in both Firefly and Battlestar Galactica .
In an interview on February 17 , 2011 , with Entertainment Weekly , Nathan Fillion joked that : " If I got $ 300 million from the California Lottery , the first thing I would do is buy the rights to Firefly , make it on my own , and distribute it on the Internet " . This quickly gave rise to a fan @-@ run initiative to raising the funds to purchase the rights . On March 7 , 2011 , the organizers announced the closure of the project due to lack of endorsement from the creators , with $ 1 million pledged at the time it was shut down .
Joss Whedon , Tim Minear , and cast members Nathan Fillion , Alan Tudyk , Summer Glau , Adam Baldwin and Sean Maher reunited at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con for a 10th anniversary panel . Ten thousand people lined up to get into the panel , and the panel ended with the entire crowd giving the cast and crew a standing ovation .
A tenth anniversary special , Browncoats Unite , was shown on the Science Channel on November 11 , 2012 . The special featured Whedon , Minear , and several of the cast members , in a discussion on the series ' history .
The television series Castle , where Fillion plays the lead character Richard Castle , has made ongoing homages to Firefly . Castle has props from Firefly as decorative items in his home , has dressed up as a " space cowboy " for Halloween ( " You wore that five years ago , " cracked his daughter ) , speaks Chinese that he learned from " a TV show [ he ] loved " , and has made rapid " two @-@ by @-@ two " finger motions while wearing blue surgical gloves . He has been humorously asked if he has ever heard of a spa known as " Serenity " , and Firefly catchphrases such as " shiny " , " special hell " and " I was aiming for the head " have been used as punchlines during various dramatic scenes in Castle . He has worked a murder case at a science fiction convention with suspects being the cast of a long @-@ cancelled space opera that only ran for a season , and has had incidental interaction with people portrayed by Firefly cast members .
Con Man , a 2015 comedy web series created by Tudyk and co @-@ produced by Fillion , draws on the pair 's experiences as cult science fiction actors touring the convention circuit . Though it is not autobiographical , the show 's fictional Spectrum echoes Firefly and Tudyk 's and Fillion 's roles reflect their own Firefly roles . Torres and Maher made guest appearances . Maher played himself as a former Firefly actor .
According to Reason 's Julian Sanchez , Firefly 's cult following " seems to include a disproportionate number of libertarians . " The story themes are often cautionary about too @-@ powerful central authority and its capacity to do bad while being considered by the majority as good . The characters each exhibit traits that exemplify core libertarian values , such as the right to bear arms ( Jayne , Zoe ) , legal prostitution ( Inara ) , freedom of religion ( Book ) , logic and reasoning ( Simon ) , and anti @-@ conscription ( River ) . Joss Whedon notes this theme , saying " Mal is , if not a Republican , certainly a libertarian , he 's certainly a less @-@ government kinda guy . He 's the opposite of me in many ways . "
= = = Awards = = =
Firefly won the following awards :
Emmy Award : Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series , 2003
Visual Effects Society : Best visual effects in a television series , 2003 ( episode " Serenity " )
Saturn Award : Cinescape Genre Face of the Future Award , Male , 2003 ( Nathan Fillion )
Saturn Award : Saturn Award for Best DVD Release ( television ) , 2004
SyFy Genre Awards : Best Series / Television , 2006
SyFy Genre Awards : Best Actor / Television Nathan Fillion , 2006
SyFy Genre Awards : Best Supporting Actor / Television Adam Baldwin , 2006
SyFy Genre Awards : Best Special Guest / Television Christina Hendricks for " Trash " , 2006
SyFy Genre Awards : Best Episode / Television " Trash " , 2006
The series was also nominated for the following awards :
Visual Effects Society : Best compositing in a televised program , music video , or commercial , 2003
Motion Picture Sound Editors , USA , " Golden Reel Award " : Best sound editing in television long form : sound effects / foley , 2003
Hugo Award : Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form , 2003 ( episode " Serenity " )
Hugo Award : Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form , 2004 ( episodes " Heart of Gold " and " The Message " , which at that time had not been shown on television in the USA )
Golden Satellite Award : Best DVD Extras , 2004
= = = Ratings = = =
At the time the series was cancelled by Fox , it averaged 4 @.@ 7 million viewers and ranked 98th in Nielsen ratings .
= = Broadcast history = =
Firefly consists of a two @-@ hour pilot and thirteen one @-@ hour episodes ( with commercials ) . The series originally premiered in the United States on Fox in September 2002 . The episodes were aired out of the intended order . Although Whedon had designed the show to run for seven years , low ratings resulted in cancellation by Fox in December 2002 after only 11 of the 14 completed episodes had aired in the United States . The three episodes unaired by Fox eventually debuted in 2003 on the Sci Fi Channel in the United Kingdom . Prior to cancellation , some fans , worried about low ratings , formed the Firefly Immediate Assistance campaign whose goal was to support the production of the show by sending in postcards to Fox . After it was canceled , the campaign worked on getting another network such as UPN to pick up the series . The campaign was unsuccessful in securing the show 's continuation .
The A.V. Club cited several actions by the Fox network that contributed to the show 's failure , most notably airing the episodes out of sequence , making the plot more difficult to follow . For instance , the double episode " Serenity " was intended as the premiere , and therefore contained most of the character introductions and back @-@ story . However , Fox decided that " Serenity " was unsuitable to open the series , and " The Train Job " was specifically created to act as a new pilot . In addition , Firefly was promoted as an action @-@ comedy rather than the more serious character study it was intended to be , and the showbiz trade paper Variety noted Fox 's decision to occasionally preempt the show for sporting events .
Fox remastered the complete series in 1080i high @-@ definition for broadcast on Universal HD , which began in April 2008 .
On March 12 , 2009 , the series was the winner of the first annual Hulu awards in the category " Shows We 'd Bring Back " .
The Science Channel began airing the series on March 6 , 2011 . All episodes aired in the intended order , including episodes " Trash " , " The Message " and " Heart of Gold " , which were not aired in the original Fox series run . Along with each episode , Dr. Michio Kaku provided commentary about the real @-@ life science behind the science fiction of the show .
= = Home video releases = =
A box set containing the fourteen completed episodes ( including those which had not yet aired in the United States ) was released on region 1 DVD on December 9 , 2003 , region 2 on April 19 , 2004 , and region 4 on August 2 , 2004 . The box features the episodes in the original order in which the show 's producers had intended them to be broadcast , as well as seven episode commentaries , outtakes and other features . The DVDs feature the episodes as they were shot in 16 : 9 widescreen , with anamorphic transfers and Dolby Surround audio . By September 2005 , its DVD release had sold approximately 500 @,@ 000 copies .
The series was re @-@ released on Blu @-@ ray Disc on November 11 , 2008 , comprising three discs ; exclusive extras to the Blu @-@ ray release include extra audio commentary from Joss Whedon , Nathan Fillion , Alan Tudyk and Ron Glass for the episode " Our Mrs. Reynolds " , as well as an additional featurette , " Firefly " Reunion : Lunch with Joss , Nathan , Alan and Ron .
= = Media franchise = =
The popularity of the short @-@ lived series served as the launching point for a media franchise within the Firefly universe , including the feature film Serenity , which addresses many plot points left unresolved by the series ' cancellation .
Additionally , there are two comic @-@ book mini @-@ series , Serenity : Those Left Behind ( 3 issues , 104 pages , 2006 ) , Serenity : Better Days ( 3 issues , 80 pages , 2008 ) and a one @-@ shot hardcover Serenity : The Shepherd 's Tale ( 56 pages , 2010 ) , along with the one @-@ shots Serenity : Downtime and The Other Half and Serenity : Float Out in which Whedon explored plot strands he had intended to explore further in the series . The comics are set , in plot terms , between the end of the TV series and the opening of the feature film . The two mini @-@ series were later published in collected form as hardcover and paperback graphic novels . A six @-@ issue series titled Serenity : Leaves on the Wind began in January 2014 and the series takes place after the events of the film .
In July 2014 , the release of video game Firefly Online was announced , in which all the cast will reprise their roles .
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= Jyllands @-@ Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy =
The Jyllands @-@ Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy ( or Muhammad cartoons crisis ) ( Danish : Muhammedkrisen ) began after the Danish newspaper Jyllands @-@ Posten published 12 editorial cartoons on 30 September 2005 , most of which depicted Muhammad , the principal figure of the religion of Islam . The newspaper announced that this was an attempt to contribute to the debate about criticism of Islam and self @-@ censorship . Muslim groups in Denmark complained , and the issue eventually led to protests around the world , including violent demonstrations and riots in some Muslim countries .
Islam has a strong tradition of aniconism , and it is considered highly blasphemous in most Islamic traditions to visually depict Muhammad . This , compounded with a sense that the cartoons insulted Muhammad and Islam , offended many Muslims . Danish Muslim organisations that objected to the depictions responded by petitioning the embassies of Islamic countries and the Danish government to take action in response , and filed a judicial complaint against the newspaper , which was dismissed in January 2006 . After the Danish government refused to meet with diplomatic representatives of the Muslim countries and would not intervene in the case , a number of Danish imams visited the Middle East in late 2005 to raise awareness of the issue . They presented a dossier containing the twelve cartoons from the Jyllands @-@ Posten , and other information some of which was found to be falsified . As a result , the issue received prominent media attention in some Muslim countries , leading to protests across the world in late January and early February 2006 . Some escalated into violence resulting in more than 200 reported deaths , attacks on Danish and other European diplomatic missions , attacks on churches and Christians , and a major international boycott . Some groups responded to the outpouring of protest by endorsing the Danish policies , launching " Buy Danish " campaigns and other displays of support . The cartoons were reprinted in newspapers around the world both in a sense of journalistic solidarity and as an illustration in what became a major news story .
Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen described the controversy as Denmark 's worst international relations incident since the Second World War . The incident came at a time of heightened political and social tensions between Muslim majority countries and Western countries , following several , high profile Islamic terrorist attacks in the West — including the September 11 attacks — and Western military interventions in Muslim countries , such as Iraq and Afghanistan . The cartoons and the reaction to them aggravated already @-@ strained relations . The relationship between Muslims in Denmark and the broader society was similarly at a low @-@ point , and the conflict came to symbolise the misunderstandings between the Islamic community and the rest of society . In the years since , terrorist plots claiming to be in retaliation for the cartoons have been planned , and some executed , against targets affiliated with newspapers that published the cartoons or Denmark .
Supporters said that the publication of the cartoons was a legitimate exercise of free speech regardless of the validity of the expression , that it was important to openly discuss Islam without fear or that the cartoons made important points about topical issues . The Danish tradition of relatively high tolerance for freedom of speech became a focus of some attention . The controversy ignited a debate about the limits of freedom of expression in all societies , religious tolerance and the relationship of Muslim minorities with their broader societies in the West , and relations between the Islamic World in general and the West . Critics of the cartoons described them as Islamophobic , racist , or baiting and blasphemous to Muslims , possibly intended to humiliate a Danish minority . Others saw them as a manifestation of ignorance about the history of Western imperialism , double standards , and stereotyping .
= = Timeline = =
= = = Debate about self @-@ censorship = = =
On 16 September 2005 , Danish news service Ritzau published an article discussing the difficulty encountered by the writer Kåre Bluitgen , who was initially unable to find an illustrator prepared to work on his children 's book The Qur 'an and the life of the Prophet Muhammad ( Danish : Koranen og profeten Muhammeds liv ) . Three artists declined Bluitgen 's proposal out of fear of reprisals .
One artist agreed to assist anonymously ; he said that he was afraid for his and his family 's safety . According to Bluitgen , one artist declined due to the murder in Amsterdam of the film director Theo van Gogh the year before ; another cited the attack in October 2004 on a lecturer at the Carsten Niebuhr Institute at the University of Copenhagen ; he was assaulted by five assailants who opposed his reading of the Qur 'an to non @-@ Muslims during a lecture . The story gained some traction , and the major Danish newspapers reported the story the following day .
The supposed refusals from these first three artists to participate was seen as evidence of self @-@ censorship out of fear of violence from Islamists , which led to much debate in Denmark . The Danish news paper Politiken stated at February 12 , 2006 , that they asked Bluitgen to put them in touch with the artists , so the claim that none of them dared to work with him could be proved . The author refused , and nobody has ever been able to confirm whether the incident is properly described .
= = = Publication = = =
At an editorial meeting of Jyllands @-@ Posten ( " The Jutland Post " , Denmark 's largest daily newspaper ) on 19 September , reporter Stig Olesen mooted the idea of asking the members of the newspaper illustrators union if they would be willing to draw Muhammad . This would be an experiment to see the degree to which professional illustrators felt threatened . Flemming Rose , culture editor , was interested in the idea and wrote to the 42 members of the union asking them to draw their interpretations of Muhammad .
15 illustrators responded to the letter ; three declined to participate , one did not know how to contribute to what he called a vague project , one thought the project was stupid and badly paid , and one said he was afraid . 12 drawings had been submitted — three from newspaper employees and two which did not directly show Muhammad . The editors thought that some of the illustrators who had not responded were employed by other newspapers and were thus contractually prohibited from working for Jyllands @-@ Posten . In the end , editor @-@ in @-@ chief Carsten Juste decided that given its inconclusive results , the story was better suited as an opinion piece rather than a news story , and it was decided to publish it in the culture section , entirely under the direction of editor Flemming Rose .
Peter Hervik , a professor of Migration Studies , has since written that the results of this experiment disproved the idea that self @-@ censorship was a serious problem in Denmark because the overwhelming majority of cartoonists had either responded positively or refused for contractual or philosophical reasons . Carsten Juste has said that the survey " lacked validity and the story fell short of sound journalistic basis . " Hervik said that this , along with the fact that the most controversial cartoons were drawn by the newspaper 's staff cartoonists , demonstrates that the newspaper 's " desire to provoke and insult Danish Muslims exceeded the wish to test the self @-@ censorship of Danish cartoonists . "
Rose wrote the editorial which accompanied the cartoons in which he argued there had been several recent cases of self @-@ censorship , weighing freedom of speech against the fear of confronting issues about Islam , so he thought it was legitimate news story . Among the incidents he cited were : the translators of a book critical of Islam did not want their names published ; the Tate gallery in London withdrew an installation by the avant @-@ garde artist John Latham depicting the Quran , Bible and Talmud torn to pieces , and comedian Frank Hvam said in an interview with Jyllands @-@ Posten that he would hypothetically dare to urinate on the Bible on television , but not on the Quran . Rose also mentioned the case of a Danish imam who had met with Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen and " called on the prime minister to interfere with the press in order to get more positive coverage of Islam . "
On 30 September 2005 , Jyllands @-@ Posten published an article entitled " Muhammeds ansigt " ( " The face of Muhammad " ) incorporating the cartoons . The article consisted of the 12 cartoons and an explanatory text , in which Rose wrote :
Modern , secular society is rejected by some Muslims . They demand a special position , insisting on special consideration of their own religious feelings . It is incompatible with contemporary democracy and freedom of speech , where one must be ready to put up with insults , mockery and ridicule . It is certainly not always attractive and nice to look at , and it does not mean that religious feelings should be made fun of at any price , but that is of minor importance in the present context . ... we are on our way to a slippery slope where no @-@ one can tell how the self @-@ censorship will end . That is why Morgenavisen Jyllands @-@ Posten has invited members of the Danish editorial cartoonists union to draw Muhammad as they see him .
Later , Rose explained his intent further in The Washington Post : " The cartoonists treated Islam the same way they treat Christianity , Buddhism , Hinduism and other religions . And by treating Muslims in Denmark as equals they made a point : We are integrating you into the Danish tradition of satire because you are part of our society , not strangers . The cartoons are including , rather than excluding , Muslims . " The publication of the cartoons was also accompanied by an editorial titled ' Truslen fra mørket ( ' The Threat from the Darkness ) condemning Islamic spiritual leaders " who feel entitled to interpret the prophet 's word , and cannot abide the insult that comes from being the object of intelligent satire . " In October 2005 , Politiken , another leading Danish newspaper , published its own poll of thirty @-@ one of the forty @-@ three members of the Danish cartoonist association . Twenty @-@ three said they would be willing to draw Muhammad . One had doubts , one would not be willing because of fear of possible reprisals , and six artists would not be willing because they respected the Muslim ban on depicting Muhammad .
= = = Description of the cartoons = = =
The 12 cartoons were drawn by 12 professional cartoonists in Denmark . Four of the cartoons have Danish texts , one deliberately evades the issue and depicts a school child in Denmark named Muhammad rather than the Islamic prophet , one is based on a Danish cultural expression , and one includes a Danish politician .
= = = Response = = =
The immediate responses to the publication included newspaper sellers refusing to distribute that day 's paper . In the following days , the cartoons received significant attention in other Danish press outlets . According to Jytte Klausen , " most people groaned that the newspaper was at it again , bashing Muslims . The instinct was to split the blame . " Berlingske @-@ Tidende criticised the ' gag ' , but also said that Islam should be openly criticised . Politiken attacked Rose 's account of growing self @-@ censorship ; it also surveyed Danish cartoonists and said that self @-@ censorship was not generally perceived as a problem . On October 4 , a local teenager telephoned the newspaper offices threatening to kill the cartoonists , but he was arrested after his mother turned him in .
Shortly after the publication , a group of Islamic leaders formed a protest group . Raed Hlayhel called a meeting to discuss their strategy , which took place in Copenhagen a few days after the cartoons appeared . The Islamic Faith Community and four mosques from around the country were represented . The meeting established 19 " action points " to try to influence public opinion about the cartoons . Ahmed Akkari from an mosque in Aarhus was designated the group 's spokesman . The group planned a variety of political activities , including launching a legal complaint against the newspaper , writing letters to media outlets inside and outside Denmark , contacting politicians and diplomatic representatives , organising a protest in Copenhagen , and mobilising Danish Muslims through text messages and mosques . A one @-@ day strike and sleep @-@ in were planned , but never took place . A peaceful protest , which attracted about 3 @,@ 500 demonstrators , was held in Copenhagen on 14 October 2005 .
Having received petitions from Danish imams , eleven ambassadors from Muslim @-@ majority countries — Turkey , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Pakistan , Egypt , Indonesia , Algeria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Libya , Morocco — and the Head of the Palestinian General Delegation asked for a meeting with Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen on 12 October 2005 . They wanted to discuss what they perceived as an " on @-@ going smearing campaign in Danish public circles and media against Islam and Muslims " . In a letter , the ambassadors mentioned the issue of the Muhammad cartoons , a recent indictment against Radio Holger , and statements by MP Louise Frevert and the Minister of Culture Brian Mikkelsen . It concluded :
We deplore these statements and publications and urge Your Excellency 's government to take all those responsible to task under law of the land in the interest of inter @-@ faith harmony , better integration and Denmark 's overall relations with the Muslim world .
The government answered with a letter without addressing the request for a meeting : " The freedom of expression has a wide scope and the Danish government has no means of influencing the press . However , Danish legislation prohibits acts or expressions of blasphemous or discriminatory nature . The offended party may bring such acts or expressions to court , and it is for the courts to decide in individual cases . "
The refusal to meet the ambassadors was later prominently criticised by the Danish political opposition , twenty @-@ two Danish ex @-@ ambassadors and the Prime Minister 's fellow party member , former Minister of Foreign Affairs Uffe Ellemann @-@ Jensen . Hervik wrote , " While it is certainly true that the prime minister did not have a legal right to intervene in the editorial process , he could have publicly ( as an enactment of free speech ) dissociated himself from the publication , from the content of the cartoons , from Rose 's explanatory text , from Jyllands @-@ Posten 's editorial of the same day , and from the general association of Islam with terrorism . Rasmussen did none of those . Instead , he used his interview [ on 30 October 2005 ] to endorse Jyllands @-@ Posten 's position and the act of publishing the cartoons . "
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) and Arab League also wrote a joint letter to the Prime Minister expressing alarm about the cartoons and other recent incidents and insults committed by Danish politicians . The Muslim countries continued to work diplomatically to try to have the issue — and the other issues mentioned in their initial letter — addressed by the Danish government . Turkey and Egypt were particularly active . Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Copenhagen in November in an encounter which the Turkish press described as a crisis . Erdogan clashed with Rasmussen over the cartoons as well as Roj TV — a television station affiliated with the Kurdistan Workers ' Party — being allowed to broadcast from Denmark . After trying to engage the Danish government diplomatically , Egyptian foreign minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit and the secretary @-@ generals of the OIC and the Arab League sent letters to the OSCE , OECD , and EU foreign policy coordinator complaining about Danish inaction .
= = = Judicial investigation of Jyllands @-@ Posten ( October 2005 – January 2006 ) = = =
On 27 October 2005 , representatives of the Muslim organisations which had complained about the cartoons in early October filed a complaint with the Danish police claiming that Jyllands @-@ Posten had committed an offence under section 140 and 266b of the Danish Criminal Code , precipitating an investigation by the public prosecutor .
Section 140 of the criminal code , known as the blasphemy law , prohibits disturbing public order by publicly ridiculing or insulting the dogmas of worship of any lawfully existing religious community in Denmark . Only one case , a 1938 case involving an anti @-@ Semitic group , has ever resulted in a sentence . The most recent case was in 1971 when a programme director of Danmarks Radio was accused in a case involving a song about the Christian god , but was found not guilty .
Section 266b criminalises insult , threat or degradation of natural persons , by publicly and with malice attacking their race , colour of skin , national or ethnic roots , faith or sexual orientation .
On 6 January 2006 , the Regional Public Prosecutor in Viborg discontinued the investigation as he found no basis for concluding that the cartoons constituted a criminal offence because the publication concerned a subject of public interest and Danish case law extends editorial freedom to journalists regarding subjects of public interest . He stated that in assessing what constitutes an offence , the right to freedom of speech must be taken into consideration , and said that freedom of speech must be exercised with the necessary respect for other human rights , including the right to protection against discrimination , insult and degradation . In a new hearing resulting from a complaint about the original decision , the Director of Public Prosecutors in Denmark agreed with the previous ruling .
= = = Danish Imams tour the Middle East = = =
In December , after failing to make any progress with the Danish government or the newspaper , the " Committee for Prophet Honouring " decided to gain support and leverage outside of Denmark by meeting directly with religious and political leaders in the Middle East . They created a 43 @-@ page dossier ( commonly known as the Akkari @-@ Laban dossier , after two leading imams ( Arabic : ملف عكّاري لبن ) ) containing the cartoons and supporting materials for their meetings .
The dossier , finalised for the group 's trip to Lebanon in mid @-@ December , contained the following :
An introduction describing the situation of Muslims in Denmark , the country itself , background on the cartoons , and the group 's action plan .
Clippings of the articles and editorials from 30 September 2005 that accompanied the cartoons and a copy of the page with cartoons translated into Arabic ;
An 11 @-@ point declaration by Raed Hlayhel against alleged Western double standards about free speech ; he wrote that Islam and Muhammed are ridiculed and insulted under the guise of free speech while parallel insults would be unacceptable ;
11 of the 12 cartoons from the paper itself blown up to A4 size and translated . The cartoon with Muhammad and the sword was not shown here , only in the overview page ;
Copies of letters and the group 's press releases ;
Arabic translation of the Jyllands @-@ Posten editorial of 12 October discussing the early controversy and refusing to apologise ;
10 satirical cartoons from another Danish newspaper , Weekendavisen , published in November 2005 in response to the Jyllands @-@ Posten controversy , which Kasem Ahmad , spokesman for Islamisk trossamfund , called " even more offensive " than the original 12 cartoons despite being intended as satire . He said that they were part of a broader campaign to denigrate Muslims and were gratuitously provocative ;
Three additional pictures that the dossier 's authors alleged were sent to Muslims in Denmark , said to be indicative of the " hate they feel subjected to in Denmark " '
Some clippings from Egyptian newspapers discussing the group 's first visit to Egypt .
The dossier also contained " falsehood about alleged maltreatment of Muslims in Denmark " and the " tendentious lie that Jyllands @-@ Posten was a government @-@ run newspaper " .
The imams said that the three additional images were sent anonymously by mail to Muslims who were participating in an online debate on Jyllands @-@ Posten 's website , and were apparently included to illustrate the perceived atmosphere of Islamophobia in which they lived . On 1 February , BBC World incorrectly reported that one of the images had been published in Jyllands @-@ Posten . This image was later found to be a wire @-@ service photograph of a contestant at a French pig @-@ squealing contest in the Trie @-@ sur @-@ Baise 's annual festival . One of the other two additional images ( a photograph ) portrayed a Muslim being mounted by a dog while praying , and the other ( a cartoon ) portrayed Muhammad as a demonic paedophile .
Experts — including Helle Lykke Nielsen — who have examined the dossier said that it was broadly accurate from a technical point of view but contained a few falsehoods and could easily have misled people not familiar with Danish society , an assessment which the imams have since agreed to . Some mistakes were that Islam is not officially recognised as a religion in Denmark ( it is ) , that the cartoons are the result of a contest , and that Anders Fogh Rasmussen in his role as Prime Minister gave a medal to Ayaan Hirsi Ali ( he gave one in his capacity as party leader of the Liberal Party ) . The imams also claimed to speak on behalf of 28 organisations , many of which later denied any connection to them . Additions such as the " pig " photograph may have polarised the situation ( the association of a person and a pig is considered very insulting in Islamic culture ) , as they were confused for the cartoons published in the newspaper . Muslims who met with the group later said Akkari 's delegation had given them the impression that Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen somehow controlled or owned Jyllands @-@ Posten .
Delegations of imams circulated the dossier on visits to Egypt , Syria and Lebanon in early December 2005 , presenting their case to many influential religious and political leaders and asking for support . The group was given high level access on these trips through their contacts in the Egyptian and Lebanese embassies . The dossier was distributed informally on 7 – 8 December 2005 at a summit of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference in Mecca , with many heads of state in attendance . The OIC issued a condemnation of the cartoons : " [ We express our ] concern at rising hatred against Islam and Muslims and condemned the recent incident of desecration of the image of the Holy Prophet Mohamed . " The communique also attacked the practice of " using the freedom of expression as a pretext for defaming religions . " Eventually an official communiqué was issued requesting that the United Nations adopt a binding resolution banning contempt of religious beliefs and providing for sanctions to be imposed on contravening countries or institutions . The attention of the OIC is said to have led to media coverage which brought the issue to public attention in many Muslim countries .
= = = International protests = = =
Protests against the cartoons were held around the world in late January and February 2006 . Many of these turned violent , resulting in at least 200 deaths globally , according to the New York Times . Large demonstrations were held in many majority @-@ Muslim countries , and almost every country with significant Muslim minorities , including Nigeria , Canada , India , the United States , the United Kingdom ( see : 2006 Islamist demonstration outside the Embassy of Denmark in London ) , Australia , New Zealand , Kenya , and throughout continental Europe . In many instances , demonstrations against the cartoons became intertwined with those about other local political grievances . Muslims in the north of Nigeria used protests to attack local Christians as part of an ongoing battle for influence , radical Sunnis used protests against governments in the Middle East , and authoritarian governments used them to bolster their religious and nationalist credentials in internal disputes ; these associated political motives explain the intensity of some of the demonstrations .
Several Western embassies were attacked ; the Danish and Austrian embassies in Lebanon and the Norwegian and Danish representations in Syria were severely damaged . Christians and Christian churches were also targets of violent retribution in some places . Condoleezza Rice , Secretary of State of the United States , accused Iran and Syria of organising many of the protests in Iran , Syria and Lebanon . However , Hezbollah , ally of Syria and Iran in Lebanon , has condemned the attack on the Danish Embassy . Several death threats were made against the cartoonists and the newspaper , resulting in the cartoonists going into hiding . Danish Prime Minister Rasmussen called it Denmark 's worst international relations incident since the Second World War .
Peaceful counter @-@ demonstrations in support of the cartoons , Denmark , and freedom of speech were also held . Three national ministers lost their jobs amid the controversy : Roberto Calderoli in Italy for his support of the cartoons , Laila Freivalds in Sweden for her role in shutting down a website displaying the cartoons , and the Libyan Interior Minister after a riot in Benghazi in response to Calderolli 's comments , which led to the deaths of at least 10 people . In India , Haji Yaqoob Qureishi , a minister in the Uttar Pradesh state government , announced a cash reward for anyone who beheaded " the Danish cartoonist " who caricatured Mohammad . Subsequently , a case was filed against him in the Lucknow district court and eminent Muslim scholars in India were split between those supporting punishment for the cartoonists and those calling for the minister 's sacking . As of 2011 , legal action was ongoing .
= = = = Boycott = = = =
A consumer boycott was organised in Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , and other Middle Eastern countries against Denmark . On 5 March 2006 , Ayman al @-@ Zawahiri of Al @-@ Qaeda urged all Muslims to boycott not only Denmark , but also Norway , France , Germany and all others that have " insulted the Prophet Mohammed " by printing cartoons depicting him . Consumer goods companies were the most vulnerable to the boycott ; among companies heavily affected were Arla Foods , Novo Nordisk , and Danisco . Arla , Denmark 's biggest exporter to the Middle East , lost 10 million kroner ( 1 @.@ 6 million US dollars , 1 @.@ 3 million euros ) per day in the initial weeks of the boycott . Scandinavian tourism to Egypt fell by between 20 – 30 % in the first two months of 2006 .
On 9 September 2006 , BBC News reported that the Muslim boycott of Danish goods had reduced Denmark 's total exports by 15 @.@ 5 % between February and June . This was attributed to an approximated 50 % decline in exports to the Middle East . The BBC said , " The cost to Danish businesses was around 134 million euros ( $ 170m ) , when compared with the same period last year , the statistics showed . " However , The Guardian newspaper in the UK said , " While Danish milk products were dumped in the Middle East , fervent right @-@ wing Americans started buying Bang & Olufsen stereos and Lego . In the first quarter of this year Denmark 's exports to the US soared 17 % . " Overall the boycott did not have a significant effect on the Danish economy .
= = = Response to protests and reprintings = = =
In response to the initial protests from Muslim groups , Jyllands @-@ Posten published an open letter to the citizens of Saudi Arabia on its website , in Danish and in Arabic , apologising for any offence the drawings may have caused but defending the right of the newspaper to publish them . A second open letter " to the honourable Fellow Citizens of the Muslim World " , dated 8 February 2006 , had a Danish version , an Arabic version , and an English version . It said ,
Serious misunderstandings in respect of some drawings of the Prophet Mohammed have led to much anger ... Please allow me to correct these misunderstandings . On 30 September last year , Morgenavisen Jyllands @-@ Posten published 12 different cartoonists ' idea of what the Prophet Mohammed might have looked like ... In our opinion , the 12 drawings were sober . They were not intended to be offensive , nor were they at variance with Danish law , but they have indisputably offended many Muslims for which we apologise .
Six of the cartoons were first reprinted by the Egyptian newspaper El Fagr on 17 October 2005 , along with an article strongly denouncing them , but this did not provoke any condemnations or other reactions from religious or government authorities . Between October 2005 and early January 2006 , examples of the cartoons were reprinted in major European newspapers from the Netherlands , Germany , Scandinavia , Romania , and Switzerland . After the beginning of major international protests , they were re @-@ published around the globe , but primarily in continental Europe . The cartoons were not reprinted in any major newspapers in Canada , the United Kingdom , or many in the United States where articles covered the story without including them .
Reasons for the decision not to publish the cartoons widely in the United States — despite that country 's permissive free speech laws — included increased religious sensitivity , higher integration of Muslims into mainstream society , and a desire to be tactful considering the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan .
Numerous newspapers were closed and editors dismissed , censured , or arrested for their decision or intention to re @-@ publish the cartoons . In some countries , including South Africa , publication of the cartoons was banned by government or court orders .
The OIC denounced calls for the death of the Danish cartoonists . The OIC 's Secretary General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said at the height of crisis that the violent protests were " un @-@ Islamic " and appealed for calm . He also denounced calls for a boycott of Danish goods . Twelve high @-@ profile writers , among them Salman Rushdie , signed a letter called Manifesto : Together Facing the New Totalitarianism which was published in a number of newspapers . It said that the violence sparked by the publication of cartoons satirising Muhammad " shows the need to fight for secular values and freedom . "
= = = Later developments = = =
Numerous violent plots related to the cartoons have been discovered in the years since the main protests in early 2006 . These have primarily targeted editor Flemming Rose , cartoonist Kurt Westergaard , the property or employees of Jyllands @-@ Posten and other newspapers that printed the cartoons , and representatives of the Danish state . Westergaard has been the subject of several attacks or planned attacks and now lives under special police protection . On 1 January 2010 , police used firearms to stop a would @-@ be assassin in Westergaard 's home . In February 2011 , the attacker , a 29 @-@ year @-@ old Somalian man , was sentenced to nine years in prison . In 2010 , three men based in Norway were arrested on suspicion that they were planning a terror attack against Jyllands @-@ Posten or Kurt Westergaard ; two of the men were convicted . In the United States , David Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana were convicted of planning terrorism against Jyllands @-@ Posten and were sentenced in 2013 .
Naser Khader , a Muslim Danish MP , founded an organisation called Democratic Muslims in Denmark in response to the controversy . He was worried that what he believed to be Islamists were seen to speak for all Muslims in Denmark . He said that there is still a sharp division within the Danish Muslim community between Islamists and moderates , and that Denmark had become a target for Islamists . He said that some good came from the crisis because " the cartoon crisis made clear that Muslims are not united and that there is a real difference between the Islamists and people like myself . Danes were shown that talk of ' the Muslims ' was too monolithic . " He also said that the crisis served as a wake @-@ up call about radical Islam to European countries .
In 2009 , when Brandeis professor Jytte Klausen wanted to publish a book about the controversy titled The Cartoons that Shook the World , Yale University Press refused to publish the cartoons and other representations of Muhammad out of fear for the safety of its staff . In response , another company published Muhammad : The " Banned " Images in what it called " a ' picture book ' — or errata to the bowdlerized version of Klausen 's book . " Five years to the day after the cartoons were first published in Jyllands @-@ Posten , they were republished in Denmark in Rose 's book Tyranny of Silence . When the book 's international edition was published in the United States in 2014 it did not include the cartoons .
In 2013 , The Islamic Society in Denmark stated that they regretted their visit to Lebanon and Egypt in 2006 to show the caricatures because the consequences had been much more serious than they expected . In August 2013 , Ahmed Akkari expressed his regret for his role in the Imams ' tour of the Middle East , stating " I want to be clear today about the trip : It was totally wrong . At that time , I was so fascinated with this logical force in the Islamic mindset that I could not see the greater picture . I was convinced it was a fight for my faith , Islam . " Still a practising Muslim , he said that printing the cartoons was ok and he personally apologised to the cartoonist Westergaard . Westergaard responded by saying " I met a man who has converted from being an Islamist to become a humanist who understands the values of our society . To me , he is really sincere , convincing and strong in his views . " A spokesman for the Islamic Society of Denmark said " It is still not OK to publish drawings of Muhammad . We have not changed our position . "
= = = = Charlie Hebdo controversies & attacks = = = =
The French satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo was taken to court for publishing the cartoons ; it was acquitted of charges that it incited hatred . The incident marked the beginning of a number of violent incidents related to the cartoons of Muhammad at the newspaper over the following decade .
On 2 November 2011 , Charlie Hebdo was firebombed right before its 3 November issue was due ; the issue was called Charia Hebdo and satirically featured Muhammad as guest @-@ editor . The editor , Stéphane Charbonnier , known as Charb , and two co @-@ workers at Charlie Hebdo subsequently received police protection . Charb was placed on a hit list by Al @-@ Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula along with Kurt Westergaard , Lars Vilks , Carsten Juste and Flemming Rose after editing an edition of Charlie Hebdo that satirised Muhammad .
On 7 January 2015 , two masked gunmen opened fire on Charlie Hebdo 's staff and police officers as vengeance for its continued caricatures of Muhammad , killing 12 people , including Charb , and wounding 11 others . Jyllands @-@ Posten did not re @-@ print the Charlie Hebdo cartoons in the wake of the attack , with the new editor @-@ in @-@ chief citing security concerns .
In February 2015 , in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo shootings in Paris , a gunman opened fire on attendants and police officers at a meeting discussing freedom of speech with the Swedish cartoonist Lars Vilks among the panelists , and later attacked a synagogue killing two people in Copenhagen in the 2015 Copenhagen shootings .
= = Background , opinions and issues = =
= = = Danish journalistic tradition = = =
Freedom of speech was guaranteed in law by the Danish Constitution of 1849 , as it is today by The Constitutional Act of Denmark of 5 June 1953 . Danish freedom of expression is quite far @-@ reaching — even by Western European standards — although it is subject to some legal restrictions dealing with libel , hate speech , blasphemy and defamation . The country 's comparatively lenient attitude toward freedom of expression has provoked official protests from several foreign governments , for example Germany , Turkey and Russia for allowing controversial organisations to use Denmark as a base for their operations . Reporters Without Borders ranked Denmark at the top of its Worldwide Press Freedom Index for 2005 . Danish newspapers are privately owned and independent from the government .
Denmark has a blasphemy law , which makes it an offence to " mock legal religions and faiths " . However , no @-@ one has been charged with the law since 1971 and no @-@ one has been convicted since 1938 . A complaint was filed against Jyllands @-@ Posten under this section of the law , but in his decision the Regional Public Prosecutor stated " that in assessing what constitutes an offence under both section 140 and section 266 b of the Danish Criminal Code , the right to freedom of expression must be taken into consideration " ; he found that no criminal offence had taken place in this case . However , the Director of Public Prosecutions said , " there is , therefore , no free and unrestricted right to express opinions about religious subjects . It is thus not a correct description of existing law when the article in Jyllands @-@ Posten states that it is incompatible with the right to freedom of expression to demand special consideration for religious feelings and that one has to be ready to put up with ' scorn , mockery and ridicule ' . " Utterances intended for public dissemination deemed hateful based on ' race , colour , national or ethnic origin , belief or sexual orientation ' can be penalised under Section 266b of the criminal code . Some people have been convicted under this provision , mostly for speech directed at Muslims .
= = = = Jyllands @-@ Posten = = = =
While Jyllands @-@ Posten has published satirical cartoons depicting Christian figures , it rejected unsolicited cartoons in 2003 which depicted Jesus , opening it to accusations of a double standard . In February 2006 , Jyllands @-@ Posten refused to publish Holocaust cartoons , which included cartoons that mocked or denied the Holocaust , offered by an Iranian newspaper which had held a contest . Six of the less controversial images were later published by Dagbladet Information , after the editors consulted the main rabbi in Copenhagen , and three cartoons were later reprinted in Jyllands @-@ Posten . After the competition had finished , Jyllands @-@ Posten also reprinted the winning and runner @-@ up cartoons .
Jyllands @-@ Posten has been described as conservative and it was supportive of the then @-@ ruling party Venstre . It frequently reported on the activities of imams it considered radical , including Raed Hlayhel and Ahmed Akkari . Peter Hervik has argued that anti @-@ Islamic positions and discourse dominated Jyllands @-@ Posten 's editorial leadership from at least 2001 until the cartoon crisis . An article written by journalist Orla Borg , employed at the paper , won second prize in the EU " For Diversity . Against Discrimination " Awards for journalism that contributed to " better public understanding of the benefits of diversity and the fight against discrimination in employment " in 2005 .
= = = Islamic tradition = = =
= = = = Aniconism = = = =
The Qu 'ran condemns idolatry , and this has led some Islamic scholars to interpret it as prohibiting figurative representation ; this is known as aniconism . However , since Islam has many centres of religious authority , opinion and tradition about this is not uniform . In popular practice today there is no general injunction against pictorial representation of people outside of religious contexts . Generally , images of Muhammad have been prohibited throughout history . In practice , images of Muhammad have been made on many occasions , generally in a restricted and socially regulated way ; for example , they are often stylised or do not show Muhammad 's face . Within Muslim communities , views about pictorial representations have varied : Shi 'a Islam has been generally tolerant of pictorial representations of human figures while Sunni Islam generally forbids any pictorial representation of living beings , albeit with some variation in practice outside a religious context . Some contemporary interpretations of Islam , such as those followed by adherents of Wahhabism , are entirely aniconistic and condemn pictorial representations of any kind .
= = = = Insulting Muhammad = = = =
In Muslim societies , insulting Muhammad is considered one of the gravest of all crimes . According to Ana Belen Soage of the University of Granada , " The Islamic sharî 'a has traditionally considered blasphemy punishable by death , although modern Muslim thinkers such as Mohammad Hashim Kamali maintain that , given that the Quran does not prescribe a punishment , determining a penalty is left to the judicial authorities of the day . " In the Quran itself , " God often instructs Muhammad to be patient to those who insult him and , according to historical records , no action was taken against them during his years in Mecca . " Many Muslims said their anti @-@ cartoon stance is against insulting pictures and not so much as against pictures in general . According to the BBC , " It is the satirical intent of the cartoonists and the association of the Prophet with terrorism , that is so offensive to the vast majority of Muslims . " This link played into a widespread perception among Muslims across the world that many in the West are hostile towards Islam and Muslims .
= = = Political issues = = =
The cartoon controversy became one of the highest profile world events in 2006 . It attracted a great deal of coverage and commentary , mostly focusing on the situation of Muslims living in the West , the relationship between the Western world and Islamic world , and issues surrounding freedom of speech , secularism , and self @-@ censorship .
= = = = Situation of Muslim minority in Denmark = = = =
Approximately 350 @,@ 000 non @-@ Western immigrants lived in Denmark in 2006 , representing about 7 % of the country 's population . According to figures reported by the BBC , about 270 @,@ 000 of these were Muslim ( ca . 5 % of the population ) . In the 1970s Muslims arrived from Turkey , Pakistan , Morocco and Yugoslavia to work . In the 1980s and 90s most Muslim arrivals were refugees and asylum seekers from Iran , Iraq , Somalia and Bosnia . Muslims are the second @-@ largest religious group in Denmark behind Lutherans .
Peter Hervik said that the cartoon controversy must be seen in the context of an increasingly politicised media environment in Denmark since the 1990s , increasingly negative coverage of Islam and the Muslim minority in Denmark , anti @-@ Muslim rhetoric from the governing political parties , and government policies such as restrictions on immigration and the abolishment of the Board for Ethnic Equality in 2002 . Hervik said these themes are often ignored in international coverage of the issue and that they render conclusions that Jyllands @-@ Posten and the Danish government were innocent victims in a dispute over freedom of speech inaccurate . Against this background , Danish Muslims were particularly offended by the cartoons because they reinforced the idea that Danes stigmatize all Muslims as terrorists and do not respect their religious beliefs .
Heiko Henkel of British academic journal Radical Philosophy wrote :
the solicitation and publication of the ʻMuhammad cartoonsʼ was part of a long and carefully orchestrated campaign by the conservative Jyllands @-@ Posten ( also known in Denmark as Jyllands @-@ Pesten – the plague from Jutland ) , in which it backed the centre @-@ right Venstre party of Prime Minister Fogh Rasmussen in its successful bid for power in 2001 . Central to Venstreʼs campaign , aside from its neoliberal economic agenda , was the promise to tackle the problem of foreigners who refused to ' integrate ' into Danish society .
Kiku Day , writing in the Guardian said , " We were a liberal and tolerant people until the 1990s , when we suddenly awoke to find that for the first time in our history we had a significant minority group living among us . Confronted with the terrifying novelty of being a multicultural country , Denmark took a step not merely to the right but to the far right . " Professor Anders Linde @-@ Laursen wrote that while the controversy " should be understood as an expression of a growing Islamophobic tendency in Danish society , " this is just latest manifestation of a long @-@ standing , and particularly deep conflict between traditionalists and agents of modernity in Denmark , and should not be seen as a major departure for Danish society .
Danish Muslim politician Naser Khader said , " Muslims are no more discriminated against in Denmark than they are elsewhere in Europe ... Generally , Danes give you a fair shake . They accept Muslims if you declare that you are loyal to this society , to democracy . If you say that you are one of them , they will accept you . If you have reservations , they will worry . " His concern has centred on the power of " Islamism " or fundamentalist political Islam in Denmark 's Muslim community which he has tried to fight , especially in the wake of the controversy by forming an association of democratic , moderate Muslims .
= = = = Relationship between the West and Muslims = = = =
The incident occurred at a time of unusually strained relations between the Muslim world and the West . This was a result of decades of Muslim immigration to Europe , recent political struggles , violent incidents such as September 11 and a string of Islamist terrorist attacks and Western interventions in Muslim countries . The cartoons were used as a tool by different political interests in a wide variety of local and international situations . Some debate surrounded the relationship between Islamic minorities and their broader societies , and the legal and moral limits that the press should observe when commenting on that minority or any religious minority group .
= = = = = Cartoons as a political tool in the West = = = = =
Some commentators see the publications of the cartoons as part of a deliberate effort to show Muslims and Islam in a bad light , thus influencing public opinion in the West in aid of various political projects . Journalist Andrew Mueller wrote , " I am concerned that the ridiculous , disproportionate reaction to some unfunny sketches in an obscure Scandinavian newspaper may confirm that ... Islam and the West are fundamentally irreconcilable " . Different groups used the cartoon for different political purposes ; Heiko Henkel wrote :
the critique of ' Muslim fundamentalism ' has become a cornerstone in the definition of European identities . As well as replacing anti @-@ communism as the rallying point for a broad ' democratic consensus ' ( and , in this shift , remaking this consensus ) , the critique of Islamic fundamentalism has also become a conduit for imagining Europe as a moral community beyond the nation . It has emerged as a banner under which the most diverse sectors of society can unite in the name of ' European ' values .
= = = = = Use by Islamists and Middle @-@ Eastern governments = = = = =
Some commentators believed that the controversy was used by Islamists competing for influence both in Europe and the Islamic world . Jytte Klausen wrote that the Muslim reaction to the cartoons was not a spontaneous , emotional reaction arising out of the clash of Western and Islamic civilisations . " Rather it was orchestrated , first by those with vested interests in elections in Denmark and Egypt , and later by Islamic extremists seeking to destabilise governments in Pakistan , Lebanon , Libya , and Nigeria . " Other regimes in the Middle East have been accused of taking advantage of the controversy and adding to it to demonstrate their Islamic credentials , distracting from their domestic situations by setting up an external enemy , and according The Wall Street Journal , " [ using ] the cartoons ... as a way of showing that the expansion of freedom and democracy in their countries would lead inevitably to the denigration of Islam . "
Among others , Iran 's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei blamed a Zionist conspiracy for the row over the cartoons . Palestinian Christian diplomat Afif Safieh , then the Palestine Liberation Organization 's envoy to Washington , alleged the Likud party concocted the distribution of Muhammad caricatures worldwide in a bid to create a clash between the West and the Muslim world .
= = = = = Racism and ignorance = = = = =
One controversy that arose around the cartoons was the question of whether they were racist . The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR ) Special Rapporteur " on contemporary forms of racism , racial discrimination , xenophobia and related intolerance " , Doudou Diène , saw xenophobia and racism in Europe as the root of the controversy , and partly criticised the government of Denmark for inaction after the publication of the cartoons .
However , Aurel Sari has since said that the special rapporteur 's interpretation was wrong and that " neither the decision to commission images depicting the Prophet in defiance of Islamic tradition , nor the actual content of the individual cartoons can be regarded as racist within the meaning of the relevant international human rights instruments " although " some of the more controversial pictures may nevertheless be judged ' gratuitously offensive ' to the religious beliefs of Muslims in accordance with the applicable case @-@ law of the European Court of Human Rights . " This means that the Danish authorities probably could have prohibited the drawings ' dissemination if they had chosen to . Randall Hansen said that the cartoons were clearly anti @-@ Islamic , but that this should not be confused with racism because a religion is a system of ideas not an inherent identity . Tariq Modood said that the cartoons were essentially racist because Muslims are in practice treated as a group based on their religion , and that the cartoons were intended to represent all of Islam and all Muslims in a negative way , not just Muhammad . Erik Bleich said that while the cartoons did essentialise Islam in a potentially racist way , they ranged from offensive to pro @-@ Muslim so labelling them as a group was problematic . The Economist said Muslims were not targeted in a discriminatory way , since unflattering cartoons about other religions or their leaders are frequently printed . Noam Chomsky posited that the cartoons were inspired by a spirit of " ordinary racism " and that they must be seen in the context of Jyllands @-@ Posten agenda of incitement against immigrants in Denmark .
On 26 February 2006 , the cartoonist Kurt Westergaard who drew the " bomb in turban " cartoon — the most controversial of the 12 — said :
There are interpretations of [ the drawing ] that are incorrect . The general impression among Muslims is that it is about Islam as a whole . It is not . It is about certain fundamentalist aspects , that of course are not shared by everyone . But the fuel for the terrorists ' acts stem from interpretations of Islam ... if parts of a religion develop in a totalitarian and aggressive direction , then I think you have to protest . We did so under the other ' isms ' .
Many Muslims saw the cartoons as a sign of lack of education about Islam in Denmark and in the West . Egyptian preacher and television star Amr Khaled urged his followers to take action to remedy supposed Western ignorance , saying , " It is our duty to the prophet of God to make his message known ... Do not say that this is the task of the ulema ( religious scholars ) — it is the task of all of us . " Ana Soage said , " the targeting of a religious symbol like Muhammad , the only prophet that Muslims do not share with Jews and Christians , was perceived as the last in a long list of humiliations and assaults : it is probably not a coincidence that the more violent demonstrations were held in countries like Syria , Iran and Libya , whose relations with the West are tense . " Yusuf al @-@ Qaradawi , a prominent Islamic theologian , called for a day of anger from Muslims in response to the cartoons . He supported calls for a UN resolution that " categorically prohibits affronts to prophets — to the prophets of the Lord and His messengers , to His holy books , and to the religious holy places " . He also castigated governments around the world for inaction on the issue , saying , " Your silence over such crimes , which offend the Prophet of Islam and insult his great nation , is what begets violence , generates terrorism , and makes the terrorists say : Our governments are doing nothing , and we must avenge our Prophet ourselves . This is what creates terrorism and begets violence . "
= = = = = Double standards = = = = =
Ehsan Ahrari of Asia Times accused some European countries of double standards in adopting laws that outlaw Holocaust denial but still defended the concept of freedom of speech in this case . Anti @-@ holocaust or genocide denial laws are in place in Austria , Germany , Belgium , the Czech Republic , France , Israel , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Poland , Portugal , and Romania in 2005 . However , Denmark has no such laws and there was — and still is — no EU @-@ wide law against holocaust denial . Randall Hansen said that laws against holocaust denial were not directly comparable with restrictions on social satire , so could not be considered a double standard unless one believed in an absolute right to freedom of speech , and that those who do would doubtless oppose holocaust denial laws . Columnist Charles Krauthammer wrote that there was a double standard in many protesters ' demands for religious sensitivity in this case , but not in others . He asked , " Have any of these ' moderates ' ever protested the grotesque caricatures of Christians and , most especially , Jews that are broadcast throughout the Middle East on a daily basis ? "
= = = = = Relationship between the Liberal West and Islam = = = = =
Francis Fukuyama of online magazine Slate wrote that " while beginning with a commendable European desire to assert basic liberal values , " the controversy was an alarming sign of the degree of cultural conflict between Muslim immigrant communities in Europe and their broader populations , and advocated a measured and prudent response to the situation . Helle Rytkonen wrote in Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2007 that most of the debate around the cartoon controversy was over @-@ simplified as a simple matter of free speech against religion . She said that the actual dispute was more nuanced , focusing on the tone of the debate and broader context of Western @-@ Islamic relations .
Christopher Hitchens wrote in Slate that official reaction in the West — particularly the United States — was too lenient toward the protesters and Muslim community in Denmark , and insufficiently supportive of Denmark and the right to free speech . He said , " nobody in authority can be found to state the obvious and the necessary — that we stand with the Danes against this defamation and blackmail and sabotage . Instead , all compassion and concern is apparently to be expended upon those who lit the powder trail , and who yell and scream for joy as the embassies of democracies are put to the torch in the capital cities of miserable , fly @-@ blown dictatorships . Let 's be sure we haven 't hurt the vandals ' feelings . " William Kristol also wrote that the response of Western leaders , with the exception of the Danish Prime Minister , was too weak and that the issue was used as an excuse by " those who are threatened by our effort to help liberalize and civilize the Middle East " to fight back against the " assault " on radical Islamists and Middle Eastern dictatorships .
Flemming Rose said he did not expect a violent reaction , and talked about what the incident implies about the relationship between the West and the Muslim world . He said ,
I spoke to [ historian of Islam ] Bernard Lewis about this , and he said that the big difference between our case and the Rushdie affair is that Rushdie is perceived as an apostate by the Muslims while , in our case , Muslims were insisting on applying Islamic law to what non @-@ Muslims are doing in non ‑ Muslim countries . In that sense , he said it is a kind of unique case that might indicate that Europe is perceived as some kind of intermediate state between the Muslim world and the non @-@ Muslim world .
= = = = Freedom of speech , political correctness and self @-@ censorship = = = =
One of the principal lines of controversy surrounding the cartoons concerned the limits of free speech , how much it should be legally or ethically constrained and whether the cartoons were an appropriate expression for a newspaper to print . The cartoons were first printed in response to the perception of some journalists at the newspaper that self @-@ censorship was becoming a problem ; the ensuing reaction did nothing to dispel that idea . Rose said :
When I wrote the accompanying text to the publication of the cartoons , I said that this act was about self @-@ censorship , not free speech . Free speech is on the books ; we have the law , and nobody as yet has thought of rewriting it . This changed when the death threats were issued ; it became an issue of the Sharia trumping the fundamental right of free speech . "
Rose also highlighted what he believed to be a difference between political correctness and self @-@ censorship — which he considered more dangerous . He said :
There is a very important distinction to be made here between what you perceive as good behavior and a fear keeping you from doing things that you want to do ... A good example of this was the illustrator who refused to illustrate a children 's book about the life of Mohammed . He is on the record in two interviews saying that he insisted on anonymity because he was afraid .
Christopher Hitchens wrote that it is important to affirm " the right to criticize not merely Islam but religion in general " . He criticised media outlets which did not print the cartoons while covering the story . Ralf Dahrendorf wrote that the violent reaction to the cartoons constituted a sort of counter @-@ enlightenment which must be defended against . Sonia Mikich wrote in Die Tageszeitung , " I hereby refuse to feel badly for the chronically insulted . I refuse to argue politely why freedom of expression , reason and humour should be respected " . She said that those things are part of a healthy society and that deeply held feelings or beliefs should not be exempt from commentary , and that those offended had the option of ignoring them .
Ashwani K. Peetush of Wilfrid Laurier University wrote that in a liberal democracy freedom of speech is not absolute , and that reasonable limits are put on it such as libel , defamation and hate speech laws in almost every society to protect individuals from " devastating and direct harm " . He said that the cartoons " create a social environment of conflict and intimidation for a community that already feels that its way of life is threatened . I do not see how such tactics incorporate people into the wider public and democratic sphere , as Rose argues . They have the opposite effect : the marginalised feel further marginalised and powerless . " He said that it is reasonable to consider two of the cartoons as hate speech , which directly undermine a group of people ( Muslims ) by forming part of an established discourse linking all Muslims with terrorism and barbarity .
In France , satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo was taken to court for publishing the cartoons ; it was acquitted of charges that it incited hatred . In Canada a human rights commission investigated The Western Standard , a magazine which published the cartoons , but found insufficient grounds to proceed with a human rights tribunal ( which does not imply criminal charges , but is a quasi @-@ judicial , mandatory process ) against the publication . These government investigations of journalists catalysed debate about the role of government in censoring or prosecuting expressions they deemed potentially hateful . Critics said the cartoon controversy was a sign that attempts at judicial codification of such concepts as respect , tolerance and offence have backfired on the West . Michael Neumann wrote , " Western piety has left the West without a leg to stand on in this dispute . It is no good trumpeting rights of free expression , because these rights are now supposed to have nebulous but severe limitations . " Tim Cavanaugh wrote that the incident revealed the danger of hate speech laws , writing , " The issue will almost certainly lead to a revisiting of the lamentable laws against ' hate speech ' in Europe , and with any luck to a debate on whether these laws are more likely to destroy public harmony than encourage it . "
= = Comparable incidents = =
The following incidents are often compared to the cartoon controversy :
The Satanic Verses controversy ( novel , 1988 , global )
The Calcutta Quran Petition ( a controversy about a petition to ban the Quran , 1985 , India )
Mohammad , Messenger of God ( film , 1977 , United States , Libya , UK and Lebanon )
Capitalist Piglet ( cartoon , published in response to the Jyllands @-@ Posten incident , generating national attention , 2006 , Canada )
Gregorius Nekschot ( cartoons , 2008 , Netherlands )
Innocence of Muslims ( film , 2012 , United States )
Charlie Hebdo ( cartoon controversies , 2011 and 2012 ; terror attack 2015 )
Fitna , 2008 Dutch film about Islam , which led to worldwide Muslim protests and a hate speech trial
Behzti , ( 2004 play , United Kingdom )
Submission ( film , 2004 , the Netherlands )
Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings controversy
2015 Copenhagen shootings
= = = Inline citations = = =
= = = Video = = =
Protesters Burn European Embassies , Consulates , Churches in Damascus and Beirut 4 – 5 February 2006
BBC HARDtalk : Ahmad Abu Laban and Fleming Rose , 8 February 2006
Bloody Cartoons A documentary by Carsten Kjær from October 2007 on the cartoon affair , including many interviews with the major protagonists .
= = = Images = = =
The 12 cartoons in full size at Newspaper Index ( Internet Archive )
Picture series – Burning of the Danish embassy in Syria
Copy of Akkari @-@ Laban dossier
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= David Archuleta =
David James Archuleta ( born December 28 , 1990 ) is an American singer @-@ songwriter , musician , and actor . At ten years old , he won the children 's division of the Utah Talent Competition leading to other television singing appearances . When he was twelve years old , Archuleta became the Junior Vocal Champion on Star Search 2 . In 2007 , at sixteen years old , he became one of the youngest contestants on the seventh season of American Idol . In May 2008 he finished as the runner @-@ up , receiving 44 percent of over 97 million votes .
In August 2008 Archuleta released " Crush " , the first single from his self @-@ titled debut album . The album , released three months later , debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart ; it has sold over 750 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. , and over 900 @,@ 000 worldwide . In October 2010 he released a third album , The Other Side of Down , featuring lead single " Something ' Bout Love " . On March 28 , 2012 , Archuleta left on a two @-@ year hiatus to be a missionary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints in Chile , but stated that he will continue his music career after that . As of February 2012 , Archuleta has sold 1 @,@ 108 @,@ 000 albums and 3 @,@ 327 @,@ 000 tracks in the United States .
In March 2012 , Archuleta released his fourth album , Forevermore , exclusively in the Philippines . This was his first Original Pilipino Music album , composed of several covers of Filipino songs . The album was certified gold in the Philippines ( 10 @,@ 000 units ) as of June 2012 . Archuleta 's fifth album , Begin , was released on August 7 , 2012 , in the United States . His sixth album , No Matter How Far , was released on March 26 , 2013 .
= = Early life = =
Archuleta was born on December 28 , 1990 in Miami , Florida , to Lupe Marie ( née Mayorga ) , a salsa singer and dancer , and Jeff Archuleta , a jazz musician . His mother is from Honduras and his father is of Spanish – Basque , Danish , Irish , German , and Iroquois descent . He speaks fluent Spanish . Archuleta has four siblings . His family moved to the Salt Lake City suburb of Sandy , Utah , when he was six years old . He now lives in Murray where he attended Murray High School . Archuleta earned his Eagle Scout award in 2010 of the Boy Scouts of America . When Archuleta , a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints , was 21 , he volunteered for two years as a full @-@ time missionary in Santiago , Chile . Archuleta is also a graduate of Barbizon Modeling and Acting School in Salt Lake City .
Archuleta started singing at the age of six , inspired by a Les Misérables video . " That musical is what started all of this , " he said . He started performing publicly at age ten when he participated in the Utah Talent Competition , singing " I Will Always Love You " by Dolly Parton ; he won the Child Division .
= = Music career = =
= = = 2003 – 06 : Star Search and musical beginnings = = =
In 2003 , when he was twelve years old , Archuleta sang on several episodes of the television show Star Search . He ended up as the Junior Vocal Champion on Star Search 2 , losing the Junior Grand Champion title to Tiffany Evans . On one episode , he sang against then @-@ 11 @-@ year @-@ old Alexandréa Lushington , who became a " top 20 " semi @-@ finalist on American Idol alongside Archuleta . Around the second year of being on Star Search he started focusing on the lyrics , " I didn 't even pay attention to the lyrics when I was 12 , 13 " .
Archuleta 's competing on Star Search was preceded by an appearance on The Jenny Jones Show , meeting the finalists from American Idol 's first season , for whom he performed a spontaneous a cappella rendition of " And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going " from Dreamgirls . He received praise from Season 1 winner Kelly Clarkson , and the episode led to appearances on CBS 's The Early Show . The year after Star Search , he found out he had partial vocal paralysis but declined risky surgery and has said he feels he is almost fully recovered . He limited his singing for specific occasions like Stadium of Fire , the Independence Day celebration at Brigham Young University Stadium .
Archuleta made initial attempts at songwriting and arranging music after his Star Search experience and has written at least three songs . His first singles in 2002 written by his father and Sunny Hilden " Dream Sky High " and a song he had written by Yani Gileadi " Don 't Tell Me " .
= = = 2007 – 08 : American Idol and David Archuleta = = =
Archuleta received his ticket to the Hollywood auditions at the San Diego tryouts – held at Qualcomm Stadium at the end of July 2007 – with a performance of John Mayer 's " Waiting on the World to Change " with judge Randy Jackson spontaneously joining in to sing the background " waiting " in the song . He was sixteen during the Hollywood auditions and attended school while a part of American Idol 's seventh season . A parent / guardian was required to be there because he was a minor . Archuleta also took advantage of the decision to allow contestants to play musical instruments when he accompanied himself on piano for his performances of " Crazy " , " Another Day in Paradise " , and " Angels " .
During the 1970s themed week Archuleta sang the John Lennon song " Imagine " , omitting the earlier verses in favor of the last one . Los Angeles Times columnist Ann Powers speculated that he wanted to avoid singing " no religion too " because of his faith . " As a Mormon , he 's unlikely to espouse the song 's agnostic ideal " , she wrote . However , he did sing the entire song on Good Things Utah when he was thirteen . When asked by judge Randy Jackson why he didn 't sing the first verse , Archuleta said the third verse was his favorite because it has " a great message . "
After his performance of " We Can Work It Out " , which judge Simon Cowell called " a mess " , Entertainment Tonight reported that Archuleta was feeling pressure from his father , Jeff Archuleta , who " reportedly yelled at " his son after a recording session the previous night . Jeff Archuleta , in an interview with Us Weekly , denied the claim . A May 2008 Associated Press article reported that Jeff Archuleta had his son add a lyric from the Sean Kingston song " Beautiful Girls " into an interpretation of " Stand by Me " ( from which " Beautiful Girls " samples its bass line ) , increasing the costs for licensing , and that this had resulted in Jeff Archuleta being banned from American Idol backstage rehearsals . Archuleta defended his father , calling him " a great guy " who keeps him grounded .
During the Top 7 results show , the contestants were split into two groups . In one group was Syesha Mercado , Brooke White , and Kristy Lee Cook . In the other group was David Cook , Carly Smithson , and Jason Castro . Archuleta was the only one not sorted into a group . He was declared safe after the groups were formed , then was asked to choose the group he thought was safe . He refused , and sat down on the floor of the stage , much as Melinda Doolittle had done the previous season .
In the finale he sang " Don 't Let the Sun Go Down on Me " , " In This Moment " and " Imagine " . Judge Simon Cowell declared that Archuleta won the evening and even David Cook , who ultimately won , thought Archuleta would win : " I have to concede it , the kid came out all three songs and nailed it , " said Cook . In the final tally , Archuleta received 44 percent of the votes . During the finale show , identical commercials featuring Archuleta and fellow finalist Cook mimicked the Tom Cruise scene from Risky Business where he dances in his underwear playing an air guitar ; they were promoting the game franchise Guitar Hero .
Archuleta 's first appearances on music ranking charts were with the three songs he performed in the American Idol finale ; " Don 't Let the Sun Go Down on Me " , " In This Moment " , and " Imagine " , debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart the week of June 7 , 2008 . " Imagine " entered at number 36 ( giving Archuleta his first top forty hit ) , " Don 't Let the Sun Go Down on Me " at number 58 , and " In This Moment " entered at number 60 . That same week he had three songs on Billboard 's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart as well , where his versions of " Longer " , " Think of Me " , and " Angels " debuted at number 15 , number 19 , and number 24 respectively . In July 2008 So You Think You Can Dance , a dance competition reality show , Archuleta 's cover of " Imagine " by John Lennon was the featured music for contestants Katee Shean and William Wingfield with their pas de deux performance .
Archuleta signed with Jive Records in June 2008 . His self @-@ titled album , David Archuleta , was released in November 2008 . His first single , " Crush " , was released in August 2008 on Z100 , a New York radio station . On August 12 " Crush " became available on iTunes . It debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , beaten only by Rihanna 's " Disturbia " . It was the best chart debut in more than 18 months . According to Nielsen SoundScan , the track sold 166 @,@ 000 downloads in the first week in the United States . It has sold 1 @.@ 92 million digital copies in the US .
Along with American Idol winner David Cook , Archuleta placed second on Forbes ' list of " Breakout Stars of 2008 " . The two co @-@ presented an award at the 2008 Teen Choice Awards in August 2008 . Archuleta also received the Teen Choice Award surfboard for " Most Fanatic Fans " .
= = = 2009 – 11 : Christmas from the Heart , The Other Side of Down , Asian Tour and My Kind of Christmas Tour = = =
Since the release of his debut album , Archuleta has released three new songs : " Let 's Talk About Love ( The Build @-@ A @-@ Bear theme song ) " , " Save the Day ( released only in Japan as a bonus track in his album ) " , and " Zero Gravity " . In February , it was announced that Archuleta would be touring the United Kingdom , supporting British band McFly on their " Up Close ... And This Time It 's Personal " tour . The tour began on April 21 , 2009 , and continued until May . Archuleta became the opening act for Demi Lovato 's tour which began June 21 , 2009 .
On April 22 , 2009 , Archuleta returned to the American Idol stage in its eighth season and performed the third single from his debut album , " Touch My Hand " . On April 30 , 2009 , he made his first UK television appearance , on The Paul O 'Grady Show , performing " Crush " and chatting about his album , which was released there in May . In May , Archuleta and fellow American Idol David Cook visited the Philippines . Two days later he made live appearances on two of GMA @-@ 7 's shows , Sis and Eat Bulaga ! . He also confirmed that month that he was working on two new albums , his sophomore pop album and a Christmas album . In August 2009 , Archuleta won three Teen Choice Awards for Breakout Artist , Love Song , and the Music Tour category with Demi Lovato . In September he won the Year in Music – Rising Male Star award at the ALMA Awards and performed a cover of the standard " Contigo en la Distancia " .
Archuleta 's acting debut was when he appeared as himself on Nickelodeon 's show iCarly , in " iRocked the Vote " . The episode aired February 7 , 2009 . He made a special guest appearance in Season 3 of the Disney Channel show Hannah Montana in the episode " Promma Mia " as himself , and he sang a duet ( " I Wanna Know You " ) with Miley Cyrus , who played the title character . The song was featured on the soundtrack Hannah Montana 3 and also appeared later on the compilation Best of Hannah Montana .
On May 16 , 2009 , Archuleta and David Cook performed in the Mall of Asia : Concert Grounds for their Back @-@ to @-@ Back Concert in Manila , Philippines . On June 1 , 2010 , Archuleta released Chords of Strength : A Memoir of Soul , Song , and the Power of Perseverance , a memoir which refers to " the partial vocal paralysis he suffered in 2004 but has now fully recovered from " . He went on a book signing tour beginning in Ridgewood , New Jersey . The book was a bestseller .
Archuleta came back to the American Idol stage on April 7 , 2010 , on the show 's ninth season and performed John Lennon 's " Imagine " , which David had performed previously in the Top 20 Week when he was a contestant on the show . After his performance , he mentioned that he was working on his third studio album . Archuleta sang " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " and " Stand by Me " at the 30th anniversary of the annual A Capitol Fourth concert in Washington , D.C. on the Fourth of July . The show was aired on PBS at 8pm EST live and tape delay PT .
Archuleta sang live at the Tejano Music Awards , covering Selena 's songs , Como La Flor and No Me Queda Más at the event as a tribute on July 11 , 2010 . In an interview with AOL 's Something Pitchy , Archuleta revealed that the release of his next album was planned for Fall 2010 ( he did mention a late September release , but then went back to the Fall ) . On June 24 , 2010 , Jive Records announced that his new single would be released on DavidArchuleta.com on July 13 , and iTunes on July 20 . However , on June 30 , 2010 , the full version of " Something ' Bout Love " became available to play on his website . His album The Other Side of Down was released on October 5 , 2010 .
On October 7 , 2010 , it was announced that David Archuleta would be the guest star at the annual Christmas concert of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir . Archuleta sang in performances on December 16 – 19 . On September 6 , 2011 , Glad Christmas Tidings , a concert CD and DVD of the choir and Archuleta 's performance , was released .
On February 18 , 2011 , it was announced by Jive Records that David Archuleta had been released from his contract with them . It was also announced on February 17 , 2011 , that Archuleta left his management Wright Entertainment Group . Archuleta intends to spend time working on writing original material . On July 2 , 2011 , Archuleta joined Brad Paisley to perform at the Stadium of Fire , where he performed the national anthem in addition to his five @-@ song set . From July 16 to 26 , 2011 , Archuleta toured Asia , performing in Indonesia , Philippines , Vietnam ( Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh ) , and Malaysia .
At the conclusion of the December 19 , 2011 , show of the My Kind of Christmas Tour , Archuleta announced his intention to serve as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints for two years . He stated that he would return to music upon the completion of his mission .
= = = 2012 @-@ 2014 : Nandito Ako , missionary work , Forevermore , Begin , No Matter How Far and Social Media Break = = =
In early 2012 , Archuleta signed a contract with TV5 to shoot a prime @-@ time mini series in the Philippines titled Nandito Ako ( Here I Am ) , which was broadcast from February to March 2012 . An Original Pilipino Music album was released in March 26 , 2012 , in the Philippines , titled Forevermore . This album contains covers of classic Filipino songs , including " Nandito Ako " by Ogie Alcasid , " Forevermore " by Side A , and South Border 's " Rainbow " .
As announced at the end of 2011 , Archuleta would serve a two @-@ year mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints . The singer , who was reportedly assigned to Chile , entered the Provo , Utah , Missionary Training Center on March 28 , 2012 . On August 7 , 2012 , a pre @-@ recorded album titled Begin was released in the United States . The album consists of cover songs as well as a new original track titled " Broken " . On February 12 , 2013 , a new song called " Don 't Run Away " , which had leaked online back in October 2012 , was released on iTunes as the lead single from Archuleta 's second release while serving on his mission . The album titled No Matter How Far , which consists of tracks previously only available in Asia and two newly released original songs , was released on March 26 , 2013 . Archuleta confirmed on March 24 , 2014 , that his mission is now completed and he is back home in Utah .
Archuleta embarked on a Military Tribute Tour .
= = = 2015 @-@ present : Meet the Mormons = = =
Archuleta has been reportedly shooting a music video in Costa Rica for an untitled track , following a tweet from his manager , Kari Sellards , attached with a picture that shows sets for shooting concluded with hashtag # DA2014 , which fans have been tweeting on his absence for 2 years . On September 25 , photos surfaced online from the set of the shoot for the music video , the title of which remains unrevealed . The song and its music video were to debut on February 12 – 15 , 2015 , to perform at RootsTech 2015 with comedy sketch group Studio C. On September 28 , he released a new single as a free download titled " Glorious " . The song was used in the motion picture Meet the Mormons .
Archuleta performed on the fifteenth season finale of American Idol in April 2016 .
= = Philanthropy = =
Along with Do Something and the Dunkin ' Brands Community Foundation , Archuleta is involved with helping willing teenagers make a difference in others ' lives with disaster relief . He was also one of several teen celebrities taking part in DoSomething.org 's Teens for Jeans charity initiative , which donates denim to homeless teenagers nationwide . In January 2010 , Haiti was hit with a major earthquake . On January 22 , 2010 , Archuleta joined other celebrities for a 2 @-@ hour fundraising telethon , where he answered phones and even stayed longer afterward to keep answering the phones .
Archuleta partnered with ChildFund International for his My Kind of Christmas Tour in an effort to increase awareness and recruit new sponsors for children in need worldwide . Archuleta also surprised some of ChildFund 's children in their Philippines program , when he sang " Bridge Over Troubled Water , " and then met with the children in small groups . He has also been one of the most consistent artist supporters of Invisible Children , rallying fans to donate to protection initiatives in Central Africa , and performing at events held by the organization .
In January 2011 , Archuleta travelled to Chennai , India , with Rising Star Outreach , a non @-@ profit charity giving children from leper colonies a first @-@ class education and a chance at a future in India .
Archuleta was one of the many Latino singers who participated in Somos El Mundo , the Spanish version of " We Are the World 25 for Haiti " . The song and video premiered on the Cristina Show in March 2010 ; funds raised benefited Haiti relief .
= = Musical influences = =
Archuleta 's mother is from Honduras , and much of the music he listened to as a child was Latin @-@ influenced , including watching his mom sing at events with her sisters . She also " was big on dancing " according to Archuleta , and would " make " him dance to traditional music with his older sister . He also listened to jazz music , he said , from his father 's collection as well as gospel , pop , rock and " soulful music . " In a later interview , he revealed that his father was a jazz musician . Archuleta also said he enjoys Broadway musicals .
On his American Idol " Fast Facts " page , Archuleta cited his musical influences as Natalie Cole , Stevie Wonder , Kirk Franklin and Bryan Adams . Like Elliott Yamin and another singer he admires , John Mayer , Archuleta tries to infuse his pop selections with a soulful vibe . In a Seventeen interview , he cited Sara Bareilles as a clever singer @-@ songwriter whom he looks up to .
= = Discography = =
David Archuleta ( 2008 )
Christmas from the Heart ( 2009 )
The Other Side of Down ( 2010 )
Forevermore ( 2012 )
Begin ( 2012 )
No Matter How Far ( 2013 )
= = Filmography = =
= = Tours = =
As main act
American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2008 ( 2008 )
David Archuleta Live In Concert ( 2009 )
Christmas from the Heart Tour ( 2009 )
The Other Side of Down Asian Tour ( 2011 )
My Kind of Christmas Tour ( 2011 )
As supporting act
McFly Up Close and This Time It 's Personal Tour ( 2009 )
Demi Lovato Summer Tour 2009 ( 2009 )
= = Awards and nominations = =
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= 1860 Atlantic hurricane season =
During the 1860 Atlantic hurricane season , three severe hurricanes struck Louisiana and the Gulf Coast of the United States within a period of seven weeks . The season effectively began on August 8 with the formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Gulf of Mexico , and produced seven known tropical storms and hurricanes until the dissipation of the last known system on October 24 . Six of the seven storms were strong enough to be considered hurricanes on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale , of which four attained Category 2 status and one attained Category 3 major hurricane strength . The first hurricane was the strongest in both winds and pressure , with peak winds of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 950 millibars ( 28 inHg ) . Until contemporary reanalysis discovered four previously unknown tropical cyclones that did not affect land , only three hurricanes were known to have existed ; all three made landfall in Louisiana , causing severe damage .
The first two hurricanes to strike the Gulf Coast — in August and September , respectively — caused significant inundation of low @-@ lying and coastal communities , inflicting severe damage and killing dozens of people . In some cases , flood waters were more than 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) deep , and the center of destruction shifted slightly with each storm . Sugar cane crops were destroyed by these two systems as well as the succeeding storm in early October . Property and infrastructure suffered with all three events . With the third storm that made landfall , extreme winds blasted the city of New Orleans and surrounding areas . All other storms remained away from land with no effects except on shipping .
= = Methodology = =
Prior to the advent of modern tropical cyclone tracking technology , notably satellite imagery , many hurricanes that did not affect land directly went unnoticed , and storms that did affect land were not recognized until they made landfall . As a result , information on older hurricane seasons was often incomplete . Modern @-@ day efforts have been made and are still ongoing to reconstruct the tracks of known hurricanes and to identify initially undetected storms . In many cases , the only evidence that a hurricane existed was reports from ships in its path . However , judging by the direction of winds experienced by ships , and their location in relation to the storm , it is possible to roughly pinpoint the storm 's center of circulation for a given point in time . This is the manner in which four of the seven known storms in the 1860 season were identified by hurricane expert José Fernández Partagás 's reanalysis of hurricane seasons between 1851 and 1910 . Partagás also extended the known tracks of three other hurricanes previously identified by scholars . The information Partagás and his colleague uncovered was largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database ( HURDAT ) , with some slight adjustments . HURDAT is the official source for such hurricane data as track and intensity , although due to a sparsity of available records at the time the storms existed , listings on some storms are incomplete .
Although extrapolated peak maximum sustained winds based on whatever reports are available exist for every storm in 1860 , estimated minimum central barometric air pressure listings are only present for the three storms that made landfall in the United States . As the three landfalling storms moved inland , information on their meteorological dissipation was limited . As a result , the intensity of these storms after landfall and until dissipation is based on an inland decay model developed in 1995 to predict the deterioration of inland hurricanes .
= = Storms = =
= = = Hurricane One = = =
The first known storm of the season — which would also become the strongest — is listed in the hurricane database as having formed on August 8 in the eastern Gulf of Mexico , just offshore the west coast of the Florida peninsula , although it is possible the hurricane was related to a heavy gale encountered by a ship on August 5 during its voyage from Havana , Cuba to New York City . The cyclone drifted southwest for three days , gradually intensifying to attain a strength corresponding to Category 3 major hurricane status on the modern @-@ day Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . Beginning on August 11 , the hurricane slowly curved to the north , then gained an easterly component to its movement , and was at its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph ( 210 km / h ) about midday .
Coming ashore at an " oblique " angle , the storm crossed the coast at modern Burrwood , Louisiana , and traversed the Mississippi River Delta . The storm made landfall in Mississippi between Biloxi and Pascagoula early on August 12 . The hurricane quickly weakened as it continued inland and turned toward the east , likely deteriorating below tropical storm status while over southern Georgia , although because the hurricane database does not utilize tropical depression status for storms before 1871 , it is listed as maintaining tropical storm intensity as it crossed the southeastern U.S. ; by August 14 , it had remerged into the western Atlantic Ocean . Ship reports from the vicinity of the system indicate it regained some strength once over open waters , although it only persisted a couple more days before it disappeared on records .
Storm conditions battered New Orleans , Louisiana , on August 11 , with winds of up to roughly 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) and heavy rainfall . The hurricane wrought a great deal of damage throughout southeastern Louisiana . At least 35 to 40 people drowned when a low @-@ lying community at the eastern end of Lake Pontchartrain was inundated with flood waters up to a depth of 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) , a result of intense and persistent winds generating a significant storm surge . It was reported that in the town " there is hardly a house remaining " . A railroad wharf near the lake was largely destroyed , and another settlement called Milneburg was flooded ; residents were rescued by boat . In Plaquemines Parish , where vast areas of land were left underwater , the hurricane was the most severe since 1812 . At least 20 additional people drowned , although it was suspected that since up to 200 fishermen along the Mississippi River would have had extreme difficulty finding shelter amid the rapidly rising waters , the death toll was likely substantially higher . The storm flattened sugarcane fields across the parish : " the knowing ones will say that two thousand hogshead of sugar less will be made here " , according to a post @-@ storm account . Monetary losses from the destruction totaled over $ 250 @,@ 000 . Rice and corn crops were also ruined , and 300 head of cattle drowned in the flood on Cat Island .
At La Balize ( now known as Pilottown ) , ominous weather conditions on the night of August 9 preceded the onset of gathering clouds and " a violent storm " , characterized by building seas and torrents of rain and wind such that water was driven under roof shingles , " leaving not a dry spot to lay our heads " . Sea water swamped the town overnight on August 10 , and it was not until around noon when the storm let up and waters receded with a shift in winds . Property damage was widespread and many trees were blown down . The hurricane beached several watercraft , destroyed wharves , and inflicted losses that " can hardly by estimated " , but were initially judged at up to $ 10 @,@ 000 . No lives were lost in Balize . Further down the storm 's track , Biloxi , Mississippi , experienced a gale beginning on the morning of August 11 and lasting until early the next morning . Tides ran 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) above average at Biloxi , and in Mobile , Alabama , residents also found wind @-@ driven rain seeping " through cracks and crevices not known before to exist " in dwellings " always waterproof to ordinary showers " . Waters rose enough to cause minor inundations , but not nearly at the same severity as those that occurred in other areas . Heavy storm conditions extended as far east as Pensacola , Florida , where 3 @.@ 03 in ( 77 mm ) of rain fell , accompanied by frequent thunder and lightning . The overall death toll from the hurricane was at least 47 .
= = = Hurricane Two = = =
Over a week after the dissipation of the first system , another tropical storm formed to the east of Florida on August 23 . The storm tracked generally northeastward , roughly paralleling the East Coast of the United States as it peaked with sustained winds of 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) on August 25 . These winds would have made it a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . Continuing in the same general direction , the hurricane began to weaken shortly after attaining peak intensity , and the last official data point for the storm places it east of New England on August 26 . The hurricane was undetected until modern @-@ day reanalysis reconstructed its path based on reports from ships in the area . On August 24 , the vessel Mary Rusell encountered the storm and sustained some damage . A day later , a heavy southeasterly gale left the vessel Rocius in a " sinking condition " ; her captain and crew were rescued by the crew of the Zurich .
= = = Hurricane Three = = =
The second storm discovered in contemporary reanalysis was identified based on meteorological reports from a single ship , the Ocean Spray , which experienced a northeast gale shifting to northwest on September 11 . Given the intensity of the winds , the cyclone is estimated to have been a Category 1 hurricane , although due to a nearly complete lack of information on the system , its track is unknown with the exception of a single set of coordinates well to the southeast of Newfoundland .
= = = Hurricane Four = = =
A hurricane in the middle of September affected some of the same areas along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico as the August hurricane . It was first detected on the evening of September 10 in the southeastern Gulf , although its track may be far off from the actual storms movement due to a lack of available information . Its first data point in the hurricane database lists it as possessing sustained winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , placing it at Category 2 intensity on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The storm followed a broad northward curve through the central Gulf of Mexico , making landfall along the Mississippi River Delta of Louisiana on the night of September 14 . It continued toward the north @-@ northeast , dissipating on September 16 .
Once again , Balize , Louisiana was directly in the hurricane 's path , and suffered heavily as a consequence . The storm lasted from the afternoon on Friday , September 14 to late Saturday morning . Local reports indicate heavy rain and large hail fell in association with the cyclone , and in Balize , nearly every structure was destroyed ; any buildings that withstood the initial winds were swept away by the ensuing inundation . Floodwaters killed ten people at one location alone in Plaquemines Parish . Residents of the hardest @-@ hit communities were forced to wade to safety , in some cases through water shoulder @-@ high . Northerly winds drove water from Lake Pontchartrain that had already been built up by northeasterly winds southward over small fishing and resort towns along the southern bank of the lake . Sheds , wharves , and bathhouses along that section of the lake were destroyed . Several people drowned in flood waters that covered lower Plaquemines Parish . The hurricane drove several ships , including the steamer Galveston , ashore .
An article published in The Times @-@ Picayune contrasted this hurricane with the cyclone of August , noting that the two storms were of similar intensity , and although the September system did not last as long in any one location , hydrology played a more significant role : " in August the swamps were nearly dry and the waters from the lake found a natural outlet ; whereas , yesterday , the swamp being full , the water rose in the streets of Milneburgh and covered the railroad track for some distance . " In New Orleans proper , heavy rain and gusty winds were reported , but no flooding was observed . The worst damage from the hurricane most likely occurred in Biloxi , where the coastline itself was altered by up to 20 to 30 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 to 9 @.@ 1 m ) and the lighthouse was swept out to sea . A hotel collapsed amid the disaster , killing at least one person , and loose debris covered the town . At East Pascagoula , Mississippi , the sea rose well beyond that of any storm in around 40 years , and nearby a wharf was totally destroyed . Initial estimates placed total damage in the area at $ 40 @,@ 000 . The storm was just as severe in Mobile , Alabama , and the majority of the $ 1 million in losses there was from lost cotton stored on flooded wharves . At Pascagoula , water reportedly rose 7 ft ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) in 20 minutes .
= = = Tropical Storm Five = = =
The fifth known storm of the year was yet another cyclone first identified in post @-@ season reanalysis . Forming on September 18 well to the north of Puerto Rico , efforts made to piece together wind observations from ships reveal a track that curved toward the northwest , passing about midway between the U.S. East Coast and Bermuda before heading northeast . Based on available information , the cyclone is estimated to have remained at tropical storm intensity for its entire existence . It is last noted southeast of New England on September 21 .
= = = Hurricane Six = = =
The third and final hurricane known to have existed prior to reanalysis formed in the south @-@ central Gulf of Mexico . Ludlum ( 1963 ) describes the storm along the Gulf Coast , but a reconstruction of its track further south , including its intensification , was made possible by ship reports . In particular , a schooner along the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula encountered stormy conditions around September 30 with southeasterly winds and was driven northward through the Gulf . The storm moved toward the north for a few days , reaching its peak with winds of 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) early on October 2 . It likely made landfall on the Atchafalaya Basin around noon on October 2 before passing west of New Orleans , weakening to a tropical storm before moving into central Mississippi . Strong winds at New Orleans lasted more than 24 hours .
The New Orleans area was hit harder than in the two prior storms to strike the Gulf Coast ; the most densely populated areas were now located in the eastern semicircle of the storm , which is one of the most intense quadrants . Residents in Plaquemines Parish , Louisiana reported the storm to be the worst wind event they had ever experienced . Coinciding with the beginning of the annual season of sugar production , the storm destroyed vast fields of sugar cane south and southwest of New Orleans and flattened many sheds used to store farming equipment . Winds throughout the region of south @-@ central Louisiana inflicted " unparallelled destruction " , causing major structural damage . It was reported to be nearly impossible to walk through the streets of the city at the height at the storm ; the winds came with over 5 in ( 130 mm ) of rain . Thirteen people died in the hurricane at New Orleans . A five @-@ story brick building succumbed to the force of the hurricane and crashed onto the city below ; caught in its path were two other buildings . This particular incident killed two people . Many other buildings suffered damaged roofs and broken glass , and telegraph and police wires were brought down .
The easterly winds created a storm surge on Lake Pontchartrain and inundated eastern and northern areas of New Orleans . The dynamics of the flood were considered " unprecedented " , having come within 0 @.@ 75 mi ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) of the Mississippi River . Flood waters rose until early on October 4 , when they slowly began to recede . The Jackson Railroad , on the western and northwestern shore of the lake , was flooded up to a depth of 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) , and 11 mi ( 18 km ) of track were washed out . Numerous families in residents near the railroad were forced to leave their homes and seek shelter upon the onset of rising waters . Numerous coal boats and steamboats were swamped and sunk in and around Baton Rouge , which experienced its first severe hurricane strike in many years . Countless trees were uprooted along the Mississippi , and crop damage continued its prevalence going further north . Natchez saw the highest winds in the town since a tornado in 1840 , and although the hurricane struck further west than the previous two , gale winds still extended eastward to Pensacola .
= = = Hurricane Seven = = =
The final known storm of the season existed in late October , and followed roughly the same track as Tropical Storm Five , forming in the southwestern Atlantic basin and curving northward between the U.S. and Bermuda . Its track is only known between October 20 and October 24 , and it was also not recognized until subsequent reanalysis . It was determined to have attained the equivalence of Category 2 hurricane intensity based on reports from many ships . Its last data point places it southeast of Nova Scotia early on October 24 . The hurricane is thought to have only been a threat to shipping interests , and numerous ships encountered dangerous conditions in association with the cyclone . A few vessels sustained significant damage : the Gondar experienced winds " with such violence that the top gallant mast was broken off by the cap , the maintopsail was blown to pieces and the ship thrown on her beam ends . "
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= Minnehaha Park ( Minneapolis ) =
Minnehaha Park is a city park in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States , containing Minnehaha Falls and the lower reaches of Minnehaha Creek . Minnehaha Park lies within the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area , a unit of the National Park Service . The park was designed by landscape architect Horace W.S. Cleveland in 1883 as part of the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway system , and was part of the popular steamboat Upper Mississippi River " Fashionable Tour " in the 1800s .
The park preserves historic sites that illustrate transportation , pioneering , and architectural themes . Preserved structures include the Minnehaha Princess Station , a Victorian train depot built in the 1870s ; the John H. Stevens House , built in 1849 and moved to the park from its original location in 1896 , utilizing horses and 10 @,@ 000 school children ; and the Longfellow House , a replica of the Henry Wadsworth Longfellow House in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 as the Minnehaha Historic District in recognition of its state @-@ level significance in architecture , commerce , conservation , literature , transportation , and urban planning .
The central feature of the park , Minnehaha Falls , has long been a favorite subject of artists and pioneer photographers , beginning with Alexander Hesler 's daguerreotype in 1852 . Although he never visited the park , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow helped to spread the park 's notoriety when he wrote his famous poem , The Song of Hiawatha . The falls are located on Minnehaha Creek near the creek 's confluence with the Mississippi River , near Fort Snelling . The main Minnesota Veterans Home is located on a bluff where the Mississippi and Minnehaha Creek converge . More than 850 @,@ 000 people visit Minnehaha Falls each year , and it continues to be one of the most photographed sites in Minnesota .
= = History = =
Settlement in the area began in 1805 when the US military bought a nine @-@ square @-@ mile tract of land at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota River from the Sioux Nation . On a bluff overlooking the rivers , Fort Snelling , a military outpost , was built under the command of Colonel Josiah Snelling between 1820 and 1824 . In 1821 Snelling 's son , William Joseph Snelling came to the fort after leaving West Point and spending a year with friendly Sioux . According to a Minnesota history account written in 1858 , " The year after he came to the fort young Snelling set out in company with Joseph R. Brown , a frontiersman and local celebrity , to explore the rivulet that supplies the cascade of Minne Ha @-@ Ha , as far as Lake Minne Tonka . " Both " men " were 17 @-@ year @-@ old boys at the time .
Although some very early records refer to the falls as " Brown 's Falls " , leading historians to assume they were named after Joseph Brown , Park Ranger Kathy Swenson , writing for the National Park Service in 2009 states : " The over whelming evidence points to Brown ’ s Falls ( and creek ) being named for Jacob Brown , major general and commander in chief of the army from 1814 – 1828 rather than for Joseph R. Brown , teenage musician at Fort Snelling and later army sergeant ( 1820 – 1828 ) , fur trader , politician , editor , and inventor . However , I have not yet found a document that officially or specifically mentions Jacob Brown as the namesake . " Swenson explains " ' Browns Fall / Creek ' seems to be most associated with military maps and personnel while ' Little Falls / Creek ' seems to be favored by those without a strong military connection although there are exceptions . "
= = = The Song of Hiawatha brings fame = = =
The name " Minnehaha Falls " was the common name by 1855 , when the publication of The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow brought the falls world @-@ wide fame . Longfellow 's epic poem features Hiawatha , a Native American hero who falls in love with Minnehaha , a Native American woman who later dies during a severe winter . Longfellow never visited the falls himself ; he was inspired by the stories of Mary H. Eastman and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , and by a photograph created by Alexander Hessler , when he chose the name for Hiawatha 's lover . The photograph was taken in 1851 , according to a tribute written for Hessler when he died in 1895 . The author of the eulogy wrote : " It has been the subject of much comment among artists and poets that it was Mr. Hessler who was principally responsible for the inspiration which induced Henry W. Longfellow to write ' Hiawatha ' . "
= = = The " Fashionable Tour " = = =
Beginning in 1828 , steamboats began to travel the Mississippi River as far north as St. Anthony Falls , the upper limit of commercial navigation on the Mississippi , until two dams and a series of locks were built between 1948 and 1963 . The steamboat journey began to attract the attention of tourists , and in 1835 well known artist of American Indian life George Catlin made a trip by steamboat up the Mississippi from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony and Fort Snelling . Impressed with the scenery , Catlin proposed a " Fashionable Tour " of the upper Mississippi , saying :
This Tour would comprehend but a small part of the great " Far West " ; but it will furnish to the traveller a fair sample , and being apart of it which is now made so easily accessible to the world , and the only part of it to which ladies can have access , I would recommend to all who have time and inclination to devote to the enjoyment of so splendid a Tour , to wait not , but make it while the subject is new , and capable of producing the greatest degree of pleasure .
Following Catlin 's visit , each ensuing year saw an increasing number of sightseerers , artists , and photographers . Hundreds of Stereoscopic View cards of the falls exist . The visitors were mainly men but a few women took the journey , most notably 80 @-@ year @-@ old Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , the widow of Alexander Hamilton . The beauty of the area was also spread through moving panoramas , artistic panoramic creations that were shown much like today 's travel documentaries . Quoting from a 1939 paper written by the Minnesota Historical Society :
Crowds of people went to see these travel movies of the1840 's and 1850 's and thus toured the great river vicariously . The throngs that wished to view Banvard 's panorama were so great when it was displayed in Boston and New York that railroads ran special excursions to accommodate them . In these two cities alone more than four hundred thousand people saw the exhibition . " The river comes to me instead of my going to the river , " wrote Longfellow . Whittier , after seeing a panorama , sang of the " new Canaan of our Israel , " and Thoreau , who not only viewed a panorama but also made the tour itself , envisaged a coming heroic age in which simple and obscure men , the real heroes of history , would build the foundations of new castles [ i ] n the West and throw bridges across a " Rhine stream of a different kind . "
According to an account written in 1852 , passengers disembarked at Minneapolis or St. Paul and " [ from there traveled by ] stagecoach for what was called the ' grand tour . ' It consisted of a drive from St. Paul to St. Anthony , then out to Lakes Harriet and Calhoun , thence to the Minnehaha Falls and Fort Snelling , and by the Spring Cave [ probably " Fountain Cave " ] to St. Paul , arriving in time for the visitors , if in haste , to return with the boat down the river . "
By the 1870s the railroads had extended their rails to Minneapolis / St. Paul and they began to actively advertise northern Minnesota as a tourist destination . The 1878 Chicago , Burlington & Quincy railway promotional booklet , A Guide to the Summer Resorts of Minnesota , told of the delights and health benefits of travel to the upper Minnesota region : " The scenery is unequaled and the invigorating air is so rich in oxygen and ozone that it is unsurpassed anywhere in the world and is sure to offer to the tourist and the invalid a hearty welcome , confident that the one will surely find rest and enjoyment , and the other that much coveted of earthly blessings — health . " The booklet describes the coach ride from Minneapolis to Minnehaha Falls : " One of the famous trips that few tourists miss taking is that from Minneapolis to St. Paul by carriage . Starting from the former place on the west side of the river , a pleasant drive of four miles over a level prairie , brings the traveler to Where the Falls of Minnehaha Flash and gleam among the oak trees . Laugh and leap into the valley . The round trip fare from St. Louis to Minneapolis was $ 30 and it featured Pullman sleeping cars . The booklet lists the population of Minneapolis as 40 @,@ 000 at that time .
= = = Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway = = =
Fortunately for the generations to come , the state legislature began in 1883 acquiring land immediately adjoining its lakes and the Mississippi River in order to turn them into public parks rather than allowing them to be privately developed . The choice of noted landscape architect Horace Cleveland was fortunate as well ; he was hired by the Minneapolis Board of Park Commissioners to create a series of parks and interconnected parkways to connect and preserve existing natural features in and near the city . Cleveland was a preservationist by nature , respecting the natural landscape features and using the existing topography and vegetation to keep his designs as natural as possible . When the park board considered building a photographic stand in the lower glen near the falls in 1884 , he responded saying :
" I learn that the park commission are seriously thinking of a building at Minnehaha for the express purpose of taking photographs — on the site heretofore profaned by a shanty for that purpose . I cannot remain silent in view of this proposed vandalism which I am sure you cannot sanction — and which I am equally sure will forever be a stigma upon Minneapolis and elicit the anathema of every man of sense and taste who visits the place . If erected it will simply be pandering to the tastes of the army of boobies who think to boost themselves into notoriety by connecting their own stupid features with the representation of one of the most beautiful of God ’ s works . ”
The result of Cleveland 's vision is the famous " Grand Rounds " , an interconnected series of parkways and parks centered on the Mississippi River . This vision was expanded by subsequent park commissioners and superintendents to encircle a series of lakes , now known as the " Chain of Lakes " , and to follow Minnehaha Creek to Minnehaha Falls . The area was designated as a National Scenic Byway in 1998 , and the Minneapolis Grand Rounds is known today as one of the best urban park systems in the world .
= = = Acquisition and development = = =
When Minnesota purchased Minnehaha Falls and surrounding land in 1889 , it became one of the first state parks in the United States ; only New York had created a state park by that time . The next summer the park board began to furnish the park with tables , seating , and lavatories . By 1893 a pavilion had been built and the park approved funding for two bridges " of a rustic nature " , one above the falls and the other below . A refectory designed by noted architect Harry Wild Jones was built in 1905 to serve " refreshments of a clean and wholesome nature at a reasonable cost . " In 1926 the park board designated the park to be a center for winter sports activities ; plans were made to build a ski jump and the board purchased toboggans for rental . Major improvements including retaining walls , bridges , and stairs were made by federal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) crews from 1932 to 1940 .
While on the campaign trail in 1964 , Lyndon B. Johnson and Minnesota Senator Hubert H. Humphrey visited the park . Johnson would go on to win the presidential election that year with Humphrey as his running mate . Their visit is commemorated with a plaque which reads :
President Lyndon B. Johnson , Senator Hubert H. Humphrey and Governor Karl Rolvaag enjoy the spray from Minnehaha Falls . On that day , however , Minneapolis was experiencing a drought . In order to create the beautiful spray of the falls pictured here the city had to open many fire hydrants upstream and out of sight , to feed water to the creek . "
The park saw conflict in the 1960s when the highway department planned an elevated freeway between Minnehaha Park and Longfellow Gardens over Minnehaha Creek . The park board challenged the plan and brought the case all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court . Fortunately for the park a similar case was decided in favor of the preservation of park land , thus setting a precedent , and the elevated freeway was never built . Eventually a highway was built in the late 1990s that routed the road through a tunnel over the creek and covered by a " land bridge " . A new garden , the Longfellow Garden , was established on top of the land bridge .
Major improvements were also made in the 1990s . The Pergola Garden was created , featuring native wildflowers and grasses . The parking lot that once overlooked the falls was removed , and replaced by a garden and fountain inscribed with Longfellow 's words . The old refectory was given a veranda and a bandshell was added . In 2007 a new river overlook was built in the Wabun picnic area and included a children 's playground .
In 2011 major restoration work on the park was completed . The crumbling historic retaining walls built by the WPA in the 1930s were reinforced , eroded stream banks were restored , natural seating areas made of limestone were added , and trails and paths were improved . Landscape improvements were also done ; invasive plants were removed and replaced with native plantings with deeper roots to stabilize the stream banks and prevent erosion .
Currently more than 850 @,@ 000 people visit Minnehaha Falls each year , and it continues to be one of the most photographed sites in Minnesota .
= = Description = =
Minnehaha Park is situated on the banks of the Mississippi River within the Minnehaha Historic District . Located between Hiawatha Avenue and the Minnehaha Parkway , the park includes Minnehaha Creek with its falls and glen . The 167 @-@ acre park is divided into two main portions : an upper section above the falls , which is kept trimmed and maintained like many other city parks , and the lower 54 @-@ acre section which is for the most part allowed to maintain its natural state . The creek runs through the upper section and after it drops at the falls , it flows through the lower glen for another three @-@ fourths of a mile .
Minnehaha Park is a popular site for cultural festivities and weddings . Minnesota is well known for its large population of Swedish immigrants . Since 1934 Swedes have celebrated Svenskarnas Dag ( Swedish Heritage Day ) at the park in June of each year . The park has a bandstand with free music concerts in the summer . Besides the main trail which follows the falls down to the Mississippi River , there are numerous trails that crisscross the park , including a path leading to the Fort Snelling State Park . Bikes are available for rent , and there is an off @-@ leash dog park area . Also located within the park are several outdoor picnic sites , and a picnic shelter with cooking and restroom facilities , as well as playgrounds and a summer wading pool for children . The falls freeze in the winter , making the park a popular year @-@ round attraction .
At one time the park also featured a zoo , pony rides , and a refectory . In 1893 the park board gave permission for a Shetland pony concession and began to accept gifts of animals for a zoo in the lower glen . The zoo grew in size , and by 1899 a bear pit and an alligator tank had been added . Although very popular , when Theodore Wirth became the new park superintendent in 1906 , the zoo was removed at his urging . The animals were donated to Longfellow Gardens , however a fenced area containing deer and elk remained until 1923 . To this day the area is sometimes referred to as " the deer pen " .
Between the 1930s and the 1950s there was also an " Auto Tourist Camp " where large numbers of tourists tented or stayed in small cabins . A park historian states that in those years " the camp was intended to appeal to the many tourists who were traveling the country in their new automobiles " . At one time there were several grist mills located on Minnehaha Creek . The remains of a stone and earth dam of a mill , built in the lower glen in 1853 or 1854 , is still visible beside the creek .
Gardens in the upper park area include Longfellow Gardens , Minnehaha Falls Pergola Garden , and the Song of Hiawatha Garden . The lower glen area offers examples of a surprisingly large number of trees that are native to Minnesota including basswood , black ash , maples , oaks , willows , and cottonwoods . Unusual plants include the first spring @-@ blooming plant , skunk cabbage , often blooming so early that temperatures are still freezing and snow may still be on the ground . As the name implies , they have a disagreeable odor except to the various insects that prefer to feed on rotting flesh or dung . By consuming carbohydrates stored in its fleshy roots , skunk cabbages can maintain a temperature inside the spathe that is 15 – 35 degrees warmer than the surrounding air temperature . The warmth helps attract cold @-@ blooded , early @-@ emerging pollinating insects during early spring when temperatures are still chilly . As the spathe dies back the large , showy leaves emerge which die back by mid @-@ August , making the plant difficult to find in late summer . Other wild flowers include wild ginger , trout lilies , anemones , marsh marigold and various ferns and sedges . The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board is working to remove invasive species that have been introduced into the park in order to promote a healthy environment so that native species may survive and grow .
The central feature of the park , Minnehaha Falls , lies several hundred feet upstream from its original mouth where it emptied into the Mississippi River 10 @,@ 000 years ago at the end of the last Great Ice Age . Erosion below the falls has exposed Minnesota 's geologic past from the present day back to over 450 million years ago , when Minnesota was covered with shallow seas .
Statues on the grounds include a bronze statue of Hiawatha carrying Minnehaha created by Jacob Fjelde . It was created for the Columbian Exposition in 1893 and moved to the park in 1912 . Other statues commemorate several notable figures including John H. Stevens , the first authorized resident on the west bank of the Mississippi River in what would become Minneapolis . He was granted permission to occupy the site , then part of the Fort Snelling military reservation , in exchange for providing ferry service to St. Anthony across the river . A statue of Swedish musician and poet Gunnar Wennerberg has been in the park since it was created in 1915 . A mask of Dakota leader Taoyateduta ( Little Crow ) was placed overlooking the falls in 1992 .
While the name Minnehaha is often translated as " Laughing Water " , the correct translation is " curling water " or " waterfall " . The name comes from the Dakota language elements mni , meaning water , and ȟaȟa , meaning waterfall . Thus the expression " Minnehaha Falls " translates as " Waterfall Falls " . The " Laughing Water " translation comes from Mary H. Eastman 's book Dahcotah – Life and Legends of the Sioux Around Fort Snelling , published in 1849 . The Dakota called Minnehaha Creek " Wakpa Cistinna " , meaning " Little River " . According to information provided by the National Park Service , an early missionary who had learned the Dakota language wrote : " The Indian name , ' Little Waterfall , ' is given . . . in speaking of the falls now called by white people ' Minnehaha ' . The Indians never knew it by the latter name , bestowed upon it by the whites . "
= = = Minnehaha Creek and Falls = = =
Minnehaha Creek extends from Lake Minnetonka in the west and flows east for 22 miles ( 35 km ) through several suburbs west of Minneapolis , and continuing through south Minneapolis . The watershed for the creek covers 181 square miles ( 470 km2 ) . Along the creek is a 53 @-@ foot ( 16 @-@ meter ) waterfall , Minnehaha Falls , which is situated 3 / 4 of a mile from where the stream empties into the Mississippi River .
Minnehaha Falls is geologically linked to Saint Anthony Falls , which was the only natural major waterfall on the Upper Mississippi River until being replaced by a concrete overflow spillway in 1869 , and then by a series of locks and dams in the 1950s and 1960s . St. Anthony Falls first appeared roughly 10 @,@ 000 years ago several miles downstream of the Mississippi River at the confluence of the glacial River Warren ( at present @-@ day Ft . Snelling ) . The water churning at the bottom of the falls ate away at the soft underlying sandstone eventually breaking off the hard limestone cap in chunks and the falls receded , moving upstream at a rate of about 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) per year . As the falls on the Mississippi River moved past Minnehaha Creek a second falls was created , Minnehaha Falls , which also continued to move upstream to its present site in the park .
An island in the Mississippi River near Minnehaha Creek once existed ; the receding St. Anthony Falls divided into two as it passed around the island . The falls in the channel farthest from Minnehaha Creek reached the upstream end of the island first , cutting off water to the west channel and resulting in an " abandoned waterfall " at the north end of the channel . The abandoned west channel is now a grassy cul @-@ de @-@ sac known as the " Deer Pen " . Locating the abandoned waterfall was made difficult in recent years since the Deer Pen was partially filled with tons of fill dirt from nearby construction projects . The lower portion of Minnehaha Creek now flows through a wide and deep channel once belonging to the larger stream that was still receiving glacial runoff . The mouth of Minnehaha Creek where it joins the Mississippi River is the lowest surface point in the city of Minneapolis at 686 ft ( 209 m ) above sea level .
Erosion within the last century has resulted in a falls that is fairly narrowly channeled and vigorous , notably after a heavy rain . Photographs of the waterfall from the 19th century show a much wider , curtain like character to the falls . When the creek is dry , the older , much @-@ broader ledge can be observed . If there were sufficient interest and funding , some remedial work could theoretically restore the 19th century appearance of the falls .
Due to the extremely cold temperatures in the area during the winter months , the falls freeze , creating a dramatic cascade of ice that can last well into the spring . If there is a rain shortage in the autumn , the falls may virtually dry up . In the summer , especially in the rainy months of June and July , the flow can be surprisingly forceful .
On June 19 , 2014 , professional kayaker Hunt Jennings descended the waterfall in a kayak when it was at record height due to several days of heavy rain . The only injury sustained by Jennings was a small cut above his upper lip . A spokesperson for the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board commented , " We are deeply concerned that this act and subsequent publicity will inspire others to attempt the same feat . The impact of the drop , the large boulders at the base of the Falls , the deep water and fast current could easily injure or kill a kayaker . "
= = Park geology = =
Visitors to the park can view the ancient geological history of Minnesota as they walk the path leading from the falls down to the Mississippi River . The uppermost layer of soils and gravels of Minnesota were deposited by the most recent Ice Age , about 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Four great ice ages have swept away all traces of the more recent Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras in the Twin Cities area , however standing at the upper falls , one is standing directly on the Platteville Limestone Formation laid down during the Ordovician Period of the Paleozoic Era . During the Ordovician Period , about 450 million years ago , the North American continent was situated along the equator and a warm shallow sea covered much of Minnesota . Sea life was abundant and a large number of marine fossils including corals , bryozoans , brachiopods , clams , snails , cephalopods , and trilobites can be found in the limestone and shale sediments at several areas in the Twin Cities and along the Mississippi River in the park .
Walking from the upper falls to the base of the falls one passes through the layered Platteville Limestone Formation and a thin layer of Glenwood Shale . Just below the base of the falls one enters the level of the Saint Peter Sandstone Formation of pure white quartz sandstone . The Minnesota St. Peter Sandstone is " famous the world over as the example of a well @-@ rounded , well @-@ sorted , pure quartz sand . It is the Ivory Snow of sediments , because it is close to 99 @.@ 44 % pure " . This sand was first deposited as beach sand , probably eroded from earlier Cambrian sandstones , along the shores of the Ordovician sea .
Walking along the creek to the area at which a foot bridge crosses the creek the Glenwood Shale Formation , a thin layer of grey @-@ green rock probably deposited in deeper @-@ water offshore from the beaches , can be seen where it has been exposed by erosion . Together , the three formations that are visible as one walks from the upper falls to the river represent a sequence of sea @-@ level rise which occurred during the Ordovician period .
= = Historical buildings = =
= = = Minnehaha Depot = = =
A small train station officially named Minnehaha Depot but also known as " the Princess Depot " was built in 1875 ; it was a stop on the Milwaukee Road railroad and provided easy access to the park from Fort Snelling , downtown Minneapolis , and downtown St. Paul . The depot handled as many as 39 round trips per day , and was once integrated into the region 's streetcar system . The interior is complete and well @-@ preserved , containing an iron heating stove , waiting room benches and a ticket window . In 1964 , the title was transferred to the Minnesota Historical Society . The Minnesota Transportation Museum has assisted in the restoration of the building . The depot is open on Sundays from 1 : 30 to 4 : 30 . The 50th Street / Minnehaha Park light rail station of the METRO Blue Line currently serves the park .
= = = Longfellow House = = =
Despite its name , the Longfellow House was never home to the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ; it was instead the home of Robert F. Jones , a Minneapolis philanthropist and entrepreneur . Built in 1907 , the house is a two @-@ thirds scale replica of Longfellow 's home in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Originally the home was part of Jones ' private 4 @.@ 6 @-@ acre botanical garden and zoological park near Minnehaha Falls . After Jones died , the home fell into disrepair . He had deeded the property to the city which used the house as part of the Minneapolis public library from 1936 to 1967 . The house was moved in 1994 and renovated . It opened as an information center in 2001 . Today the home serves as the public information center at Minnehaha Park . Photos of the home 's previous owner can be seen inside . The most popular photos are shots taken of him in his private " zoo " with lions , bears and birds . The Longfellow House Hospitality Center provide information about the falls and Minneapolis Grand Rounds , a 50 @-@ mile recreation loop which includes Minnehaha Falls . The Longfellow House and John H. Stevens House also co @-@ sponsor 90 @-@ minute historic nature walks around the park .
= = = John Harrington Stevens House = = =
The John Harrington Stevens House , built in 1849 or 1850 near St. Anthony Falls ( on the site where the Minneapolis Post Office now sits ) , was moved to Minnehaha Park in 1896 . According to the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board , the home has the distinction of being the first wood @-@ frame dwelling built west of the Mississippi . John H. Stevens was granted permission to build his house on land controlled by Fort Snelling in exchange for providing ferry service across the Mississippi River . In subsequent years it became a hub of civic and social activity . Dubbed the " Birthplace of Minneapolis " , both Hennepin County and Minneapolis were organized in Stevens ' home ; it was in this home that the name Minneapolis was suggested .
In 1896 over 10 @,@ 000 school children helped pull the house to its present location in Minnehaha Park . The children were divided into seven relay teams , each consisting of around 1 @,@ 000 pupils . As teams finished their designated distance , they dropped the ropes and boarded trolley cars for the park . All went well until " the lads from the South Side High School " refused to give up the ropes to the next relay team . The Minneapolis Tribune reported the event :
At this point there was something of unexpected interest . Waving their school flag in triumph from the gable window of the old building the lads from the South Side High School shouted their school yell and BAD DEFIANCE TO ALL COMERS . At this point the Central High School scholars were billed to relieve the South Siders , and consequently surrounded the building . The spirit of school rivalry broke out , strong and bitter . The South Siders refused to surrender the fortress and flaunted their banner from the window in spite of all entreaties and orders . Contractor Pratt could not oust them . Supt. Jordan could not oust them , and finally Sergeant Martinson called for a detail of police and made a rush for the house . But the South Side lads were still game , and did not give up until several had been made to feel the force of police authority . Then they made a break . As they dashed from one door the Centrals entered by the other , and their banner was soon flying from the gable amid vociferous cheers . The South Siders were chased up the street by a detachment of Centrals , and for a moment it looked as if the rush would result in some bruised heads . However , good nature was restored and again the house started on its way .
The house arrived in the park at 3 pm along with the last relay team of children , a distance of four miles . In the evening , 1 @,@ 000 Japanese lanterns were placed about the park and the festivities included fireworks and a falls light show . The Tribune reported that some people complained about the children having a day out of school and " ... the park commissioners and the park policemen objected to the way in which the children took possession of the park and everything in it . There was no such thing as controlling them , and they ran over everything in sight . It would have taken a small regiment of policemen to have kept that throng in check . "
= = Image gallery = =
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= Eric A. Havelock =
Eric Alfred Havelock ( / ˈhævlɒk / ; 3 June 1903 – 4 April 1988 ) was a British classicist who spent most of his life in Canada and the United States . He was a professor at the University of Toronto and was active in the Canadian socialist movement during the 1930s . In the 1960s and 1970s , he served as chair of the classics departments at both Harvard and Yale . Although he was trained in the turn @-@ of @-@ the @-@ 20th @-@ century Oxbridge tradition of classical studies , which saw Greek intellectual history as an unbroken chain of related ideas , Havelock broke radically with his own teachers and proposed an entirely new model for understanding the classical world , based on a sharp division between literature of the 6th and 5th centuries BC on the one hand , and that of the 4th on the other .
Much of Havelock 's work was devoted to addressing a single thesis : that all of Western thought is informed by a profound shift in the kinds of ideas available to the human mind at the point that Greek philosophy converted from an oral to a literate form . The idea has been very controversial in classical studies , and has been rejected outright both by many of Havelock 's contemporaries and modern classicists . Havelock and his ideas have nonetheless had far @-@ reaching influence , both in classical studies and other academic areas . He and Walter J. Ong ( who was himself strongly influenced by Havelock ) essentially founded the field that studies transitions from orality to literacy , and Havelock has been one of the most frequently cited theorists in that field ; as an account of communication , his work profoundly affected the media theories of Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan . Havelock 's influence has spread beyond the study of the classical world to that of analogous transitions in other times and places .
= = Education and early academic career = =
Born in London , Havelock grew up in Scotland where he attended Greenock Academy before enrolment at The Leys School in Cambridge at the age of 14 . He studied there with W. H. Balgarnie , a classicist to whom Havelock gives considerable credit . In 1922 , Havelock started at Emmanuel College , Cambridge .
While studying under F. M. Cornford at Cambridge , Havelock began to question the received wisdom about the nature of pre @-@ Socratic philosophy and , in particular , about its relationship with Socratic thought . In The Literate Revolution in Greece , his penultimate book , Havelock recalls being struck by a discrepancy between the language used by the philosophers he was studying and the heavily Platonic idiom with which it was interpreted in the standard texts . It was well known that some of these philosophical texts ( Parmenides , Empedocles ) were written not only in verse but in the metre of Homer , who had recently been identified ( still controversially at the time ) by Milman Parry as an oral poet , but Cornford and other scholars of these early philosophers saw the practice as a fairly insignificant convention leftover from Hesiod . Havelock eventually came to the conclusion that the poetic aspects of early philosophy " were matters not of style but of substance , " and that such thinkers as Heraclitus and Empedocles actually have more in common even on an intellectual level with Homer than they do with Plato and Aristotle . However , he did not publicly break from Cornford until many years later .
In 1926 Havelock took his first academic job at Acadia University in Nova Scotia , Canada . He married Ellen Parkinson in 1927 , and moved on to Victoria College at the University of Toronto in 1929 . Havelock 's scholarly work during this period focused on Latin poetry , particularly Catullus , far from the early Greek philosophy he had worked on at Cambridge . While in Canada Havelock became increasingly involved in politics . With his fellow academics Frank Underhill and Eugene Forsey , Havelock was a cofounder of the League for Social Reconstruction , an organisation of politically active socialist intellectuals . He and Underhill were also the most outspoken of a group of dissident faculty members at the University .
Havelock 's political engagement deepened rapidly . In 1931 , after Toronto police had blocked a public meeting by an organisation the police claimed was associated with communists , he and Underhill wrote a public letter of protest , calling the action " short @-@ sighted , inexpedient , and intolerable . " The letter led to considerable tension between the leadership of the university and the activist professors led by Havelock and Underhill , as well as a sharply critical public reaction . All of the major newspapers in Toronto , along with a number of prominent business leaders , denounced the professors as radical leftists and their behaviour as unbecoming of academics .
Though the League for Social Reconstruction began as more of a discussion group than a political party , it became a force in Canadian politics by the mid @-@ 1930s . After Havelock joined the Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation , along with several other members of the League , he was pressured by his superiors at the University to curtail his political activity . He did not , continuing to act as an ally and occasional spokesman for Underhill and other leftist professors . He found himself in trouble again in 1937 after criticising both the government 's and industry 's handling of an automotive workers ' strike . Despite calls from Ontario officials for his ouster , he was able to remain at Victoria College , but his public reputation was badly damaged .
While at Toronto , Havelock began formulating his theory of orality and literacy , establishing the context of a later movement at the University interested in the critical study of communication , which Donald F. Theall has called the " Toronto School of Communications . " Havelock 's work was complemented by that of Harold Innis , who was working on the history of media . The work Havelock and Innis began in the 1930s was the preliminary basis for the influential theories of communication developed by Marshall McLuhan and Edmund Snow Carpenter in the 1950s .
During World War II , Havelock moved away from the socialist organisations he had been associated with , and in 1944 was elected founding president of the Ontario Classical Association . One of the association 's first activities was organising a relief effort for Greece , which had just been liberated from Nazi control . Havelock continued to write about politics , however , and his political and academic work came together in his ideas about education ; he argued for the necessity of an understanding of rhetoric for the resistance to corporate persuasiveness .
= = Toward a new theory of Greek intellectual history = =
At the same time that he was becoming increasingly vocal and visible in politics , Havelock 's scholarly work was moving toward the concerns that would occupy him for the bulk of his career . The first questions he raised about the relationship between literacy and orality in Greece concerned the nature of the historical Socrates , which was a long @-@ debated issue . Havelock 's position , drawn from analyses of Xenophon and Aristophanes as well as Plato himself , was that Plato 's presentation of his teacher was largely a fiction , and intended to be a transparent one , whose purpose was to represent indirectly Plato 's own ideas . He argued vociferously against the idea associated with John Burnet , which still had currency at the time , that the basic model for the theory of forms originated with Socrates . Havelock 's argument drew on evidence for a historical change in Greek philosophy ; Plato , he argued , was fundamentally writing about the ideas of his present , not of the past . Most earlier work in the field had assumed that , since Plato uses Socrates as his mouthpiece , his own philosophical concerns must have been similar to those debated in the Athens of his youth , when Socrates was his teacher . Havelock 's contention that Socrates and Plato belonged to different philosophical eras was the first instance of one that would become central to his work : that a basic shift in the kinds of ideas being discussed by intellectuals , and the methods of discussing them , happened at some point between the end of the fifth century BC and the middle of the fourth .
In 1947 , Havelock moved to Cambridge , Massachusetts , to take a position at Harvard University , where he remained until 1963 . He was active in a number of aspects of the University and of the department , of which he became chair ; he undertook a translation of and commentary on Aeschylus ' Prometheus Bound for the benefit of his students . He published this translation , with an extended commentary on Prometheus and the myth 's implications for history , under the title The Crucifixion of Intellectual Man ( and then changed it back to Prometheus when the book was republished in the 1960s , saying that the earlier title had " come to seem a bit pretentious " ) . During this time he began his first major attempt to argue for a division between Platonic or Aristotelian philosophy and what came before . His focus was on political philosophy and , in particular , the beginnings of Greek liberalism as introduced by Democritus . In his book The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics , he argued that for Democritus and the liberals , political theory was based on an understanding of " the behaviour of man in a cosmic and historical setting " : that is , humanity defined as the poets would define it — measured through its individual actions . Plato and Aristotle were interested in the nature of humanity and , in particular , the idea that human actions might be rooted in inherent qualities rather than consisting of individual choices .
In arguing for a basic heuristic split between Plato and the contemporaries of Democritus , Havelock was directly contradicting a very long tradition in philosophy that had painstakingly assembled innumerable connections between Plato and the pre @-@ Socratics , to reinforce the position that Plato , as his own dialogues imply , was primarily informed by his teacher Socrates , and that Socrates in turn was a willing participant in a philosophical conversation already several hundred years old ( again , with a seeming endorsement from Plato , who shows a young Socrates conversing with and learning from the pre @-@ Socratics Parmenides and Zeno in his dialogue the Parmenides — a historical impossibility that might represent figuratively an intellectual rather than direct conversation ) . The book was intriguing to some philosophers but was poorly received among classicists , with one reviewer calling Havelock 's argument for basic difference between Plato and the pre @-@ Socratics " a failure " and his analysis of Plato and Aristotle " distortion . "
= = Preface to Plato = =
The Liberal Temper makes the argument for the division between Plato and early Greek philosophy without a fully realised account of Havelock 's theory of Greek literacy , which he was still developing throughout this period . Rather than attempting once again to explain his distinction between 5th- and 4th @-@ century BC thought in terms of a dissection of the earlier school , Havelock turned , in his 1963 Preface to Plato , to 4th @-@ century BC philosophy itself . He was interested principally in Plato 's much debated rejection of poetry in the Republic , in which his fictionalised Socrates argues that poetic mimesis — the representation of life in art — is bad for the soul . Havelock 's claim was that the Republic can be used to understand the position of poetry in the " history of the Greek mind . " The book is divided into two parts , the first an exploration of oral culture ( and what Havelock thinks of as oral thought ) , and the second an argument for what Havelock calls " The Necessity of Platonism " ( the title of Part 2 ) : the intimate relationship between Platonic thought and the development of literacy . Instead of concentrating on the philosophical definitions of key terms , as he had in his book on Democritus , Havelock turned to the Greek language itself , arguing that the meaning of words changed after the full development of written literature to admit a self @-@ reflective subject ; even pronouns , he said , had different functions . The result was a universal shift in what the Greek mind could imagine :
We confront here a change in the Greek language and in the syntax of linguistic usage and in the overtones of certain key words which is part of a larger intellectual revolution , which affected the whole range of the Greek cultural experience . . . Our present business is to connect this discovery with that crisis in Greek culture which saw the replacement of an orally memorised tradition by a quite different system of instruction and education , and which therefore saw the Homeric state of mind give way to the Platonic .
For Havelock , Plato 's rejection of poetry was merely the realisation of a cultural shift in which he was a participant .
Two distinct phenomena are covered by the shift he observed in Greek culture at the end of the 5th century : the content of thought ( in particular the concept of man or of the soul ) , and the organisation of thought . In Homer , Havelock argues , the order of ideas is associative and temporal . The epic 's " units of meaning ... are linked associatively to form an episode , but the parts of the episode are greater than the whole . " For Plato , on the other hand , the purpose of thought is to arrive at the significance of the whole , to move from the specific to the general . Havelock points out that Plato 's syntax , which he shares with other 4th @-@ century writers , reflects that organisation , making smaller ideas subordinate to bigger ideas . Thus , the Platonic theory of forms in itself , Havelock claims , derives from a shift in the organisation of the Greek language , and ultimately comes down to a different function for and conception of the noun .
Preface to Plato had a profound impact almost immediately after publication , but an impact that was complex and inconsistent . The book 's claims refer to the ideas of a number of different fields : the study ( then fairly new ) of oral literature as well as Greek philosophy and Greek philology ; the book also acknowledges the influence of literary theory , particularly structuralism . The 1960s were a period in which those fields were growing further apart , and the reaction to Preface from each of them was starkly different . Among classicists the response ranged from indifference to derision , with the majority simply questioning the details of Havelock 's history of literacy , pointing both to earlier instances of writing than Havelock thinks possible or to later instances of oral influence . Philosophy , particularly Platonic scholarship , was moving in a different direction at the time , and Havelock neither engages nor was cited by the principal movers in that field . However , the book was embraced by literary theorists , students of the transition to literacy , and others in fields as diverse as psychology and anthropology .
Ultimately , the book 's utility as textual scholarship is limited by Havelock 's methods . His account of orality is based almost entirely on Homer , but the history of the Homeric text is not known , which forces Havelock to make claims based on assumptions that cannot fully be tested . Later classicists argue that the poetic nature of Homer 's language works against the very arguments Havelock makes about the intellectual nature of oral poetry . What he asserts as a definitive use of language can never be conclusively demonstrated not to be an accident of " metrical convenience . " Homerists , like Platonists , found the book to be less than useful for the precise work of their own discipline ; many classicists rejected outright Havelock 's essential thesis that oral culture predominated through the 5th century . At the same time , though , Havelock 's influence , particularly in literary theory , was growing enormously . He is the most cited writer in Walter J. Ong 's influential Orality and Literacy other than Ong himself . His work has been cited in studies of orality and literacy in African culture and the implications of modern literacy theory for library science . Preface to Plato has remained continuously in print since its initial publication .
= = Later years = =
Shortly after publication of Preface to Plato , Havelock accepted a position as chair of the Classics Department at Yale University . He remained in New Haven for eight years , and then taught briefly as Raymond Distinguished Professor of Classics at the State University of New York at Buffalo . He retired in 1973 and moved to Poughkeepsie , New York , where his wife Christine Mitchell , whom he had married in 1962 , taught at Vassar College . He was a productive scholar after his retirement , writing three books as well as numerous essays and talks expanding the arguments of Preface to Plato to a generalised argument about the effect of literacy on Greek thought , literature , culture , society , and law .
Increasingly central to Havelock 's account of Greek culture in general was his conception of the Greek alphabet as a unique entity . He wrote in 1977 :
The invention of the Greek alphabet , as opposed to all previous systems , including the Phoenician , constituted an event in the history of human culture , the importance of which has not as yet been fully grasped . Its appearance divides all pre @-@ Greek civilisations from those that are post @-@ Greek .
But his philological concerns now were only a small part of a much larger project to make sense of the nature of the Greek culture itself . His work in this period shows a theoretical sophistication far beyond his earlier efforts , extending his theory of literacy toward a theory of culture itself . He said of the Dipylon inscription , a poetic line scratched into a vase and the earliest Greek writing known at the time , " Here in this casual act by an unknown hand there is announced a revolution which was destined to change the nature of human culture . " It is this larger point about the differences between oral and literate culture that represents Havelock 's most influential contribution . Walter J. Ong , for example , in assessing the significance of non @-@ oral communication in an oral culture , cites Havelock 's observation that scientific categories , which are necessary not only for the natural sciences but also for historical and philosophical analysis , depend on writing . These ideas were sketched out in Preface to Plato but became central to Havelock 's work from Prologue to Greek Literacy ( 1971 ) onward .
In the latter part of his career , Havelock 's relentless pursuit of his unvarying thesis led to a lack of interest in addressing opposing viewpoints . In a review of Havelock 's The Greek Concept of Justice , a book that attempts to ascribe the most significant ideas in Greek philosophy to his linguistic research , the philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre accuses Havelock of a " brusque refusal to recognize the substance of the case he has to defeat . " As a result of this refusal , Havelock seems to have been caught in a conflict of mere contradiction with his opponents , in which without attempt at refutation , he simply asserts repeatedly that philosophy is fundamentally literate in nature , and is countered only with a reminder that , as MacIntyre says , " Socrates wrote no books . "
In his last public lecture , which was published posthumously , Havelock addressed the political implications of his own scholarly work . Delivered at Harvard on 16 March 1988 , less than three weeks before his death , the lecture is framed principally in opposition to the University of Chicago philosopher Leo Strauss . Strauss had published a detailed and extensive critique of Havelock 's The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics in March 1959 , as " The Liberalism of Classical Political Philosophy " in the journal Review of Metaphysics . ( Strauss died 14 years later in 1973 , the same year in which Havelock retired . ) Havelock 's 1988 lecture claims to contain a systematic account of Plato 's politics ; Havelock argues that Plato 's idealism applies a mathematical strictness to politics , countering his old teacher Cornford 's assertion that Platonic arguments that morality must be analyzable in arithmetical terms cannot be serious . This way of thinking about politics , Havelock concluded , could not be used as a model for understanding or shaping inherently nonmathematical interactions : " The stuff of human politics is conflict and compromise . "
= = Major works = =
The Lyric Genius of Catullus . Oxford : Blackwell , 1939 .
The Crucifixion of Intellectual Man , Incorporating a Fresh Translation into English Verse of the Prometheus Bound of Aeschylus . Boston : Beacon Press , 1950 . Reprinted as Prometheus . Seattle : University of Washington Press , 1968 .
The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1957 .
Preface to Plato . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1963 .
Prologue to Greek Literacy . Cincinnati : University of Cincinnati Press , 1971 .
The Greek Concept of Justice : From its Shadow in Homer to its Substance in Plato . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1978 .
The Literate Revolution in Greece and its Cultural Consequences . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1981 .
The Muse Learns to Write : Reflections on Orality and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1986 .
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= Jon Pollock =
Jon Pollock ( born 11 May 1977 ) is a British wheelchair basketball player . He was selected to train with the British wheelchair basketball squad in 1992 . Pollock has played at four Paralympic games : the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing and the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . He won a bronze medal at the 2004 Paralympics and the 2008 Paralympic Games .
= = Personal life = =
Pollock was born on 11 May 1977 in Liverpool , England with Spina bifida , a developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube . He currently lives in Wigan , Greater Manchester in north west England .
= = Wheelchair basketball = =
Pollock is a class 2 @.@ 5 wheelchair basketball player and currently plays for the RGK TCAT Rhinos of Wolverhampton . He has been competing in wheelchair basketball for over twenty years . In his twenty @-@ year career , he has represented Team GB and Paralympics GB four times at various Summer Paralympic Games .
Pollock first competed at the 1997 European Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Madrid , Spain winning silver . Two years later , he played in the 1999 European Championships in Roermond , Netherlands . He ended in fourth place with his team . In 2000 , he was a member of Team GB in the 2000 Summer Paralympic Games , held in Sydney , Australia . Along with his team , they finished in fourth place ; out of the medals . In 2001 – 02 , he finished in fourth place at the 2001 / 2002 European championships in Amsterdam , Netherlands . In the 2002 World Championships , he won silver , in Kitakyushu , Japan . He participated in the 2003 European Championships , in Sassari , Italy . He won bronze in this event . In the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , Greece , he was in medal position . He finished , along with his team , in the bronze medal position . Two years after the Paralympics , he was at the 2006 World Championships in Amsterdam . He finished in fifth position . The following year , Pollock was at the 2007 European Championships , in Wetzlar , Netherlands . Along with his team , he finished in silver medal position . The following year , he was a member of the squad in the 2008 Summer Paralympic Games in Beijing . Here , he won his second Paralympic bronze . In 2009 he won bronze in the European championships in Adana , southern Turkey . In 2010 , he finished fifth , along with his team , in the World Wheelchair Basketball Championships , held in Birmingham . At the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , Pollock and the GB team got through to the semi @-@ finals after beating Turkey , but lost against Canada 52 — 69 , keeping them out of medal position .
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= Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes =
Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes ( Hebrew : בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל אַנְשֵׁי אֱמֶת , " House of Israel – People of Truth " ) , more commonly known as the Kane Street Synagogue , is an egalitarian Conservative synagogue located at 236 Kane Street in Cobble Hill , Brooklyn , New York City , United States . It is currently the oldest continuously operating synagogue in Brooklyn .
Founded as Baith Israel in 1856 , the congregation constructed the first synagogue on Long Island , and hired Aaron Wise for his first rabbinical position in the United States . Early tensions between traditionalists and reformers led to the latter forming Congregation Beth Elohim , a Reform synagogue , in 1861 .
The synagogue nearly failed in the early 20th century , but the 1905 hiring of Israel Goldfarb as rabbi , the purchase of its current buildings , and the 1908 merger with Talmud Torah Anshei Emes re @-@ invigorated the congregation . The famous composer Aaron Copland celebrated his Bar Mitzvah there in 1913 , and long @-@ time Goldman Sachs head Sidney Weinberg was married there in 1920 .
Membership peaked in the 1920s , but with the onset of the Great Depression declined steadily , and by the 1970s the congregation could no longer afford to heat the sanctuary . Membership has recovered since that low point ; the congregation renovated its school / community center in 2004 , and in 2008 embarked on a million @-@ dollar capital campaign to renovate the sanctuary .
= = 19th century = =
= = = Origins = = =
Twelve Bavarian , Dutch , and Portuguese Jews gathered at a private home on January 22 , 1856 to discuss their " earnest desire [ to ] effect the incorporation of a synagogue and congregation for divine service " , and in March that year they founded Congregation Baith Israel . The group had originally organized in 1855 as the United Brethren Society , a benefit society that provided members with medical and burial assistance . Hiring the Reverend M. Gershon as cantor ( the person who leads the prayers ) , they first met in various homes , then rented space at 155 Atlantic Street , now Atlantic Avenue .
Gershon 's appointment was controversial ; after a background check , the board decided by a 10 – 9 vote on April 6 , 1856 , that he had never held the position of cantor in any other congregation , and was therefore not " sufficiently acquainted with the actual requirements to fill said office " , and was furthermore not " a competent reader enough to read the Sepher Torah " . As a result , services were led by laymen , except during the Jewish holidays , when a professional cantor would be brought in from Manhattan .
An 1886 Brooklyn Eagle article states that until the founding of Baith Israel " [ h ] itherto the Hebrew residents in Brooklyn had been under the necessity of finding their way across the East River in all kinds of weather , when they wished to go to their place of worship " . According to synagogue legend , the founders had grown tired of rowing across the East River each Friday to celebrate Shabbat in Manhattan . Carol Levin , however , writes that a ferry service from Whitehall Street in Manhattan to South Ferry , Brooklyn ( at the foot of Atlantic Street ) had existed since 1836 ( see South Ferry ( ferry ) ) , that the Atlantic Street synagogue 's location , so close to the ferry terminus , " must have seemed convenient to many " , and that " [ f ] erry service was fast , frequent and inexpensive ... In the year 1869 there were almost 52 million passengers . " Thus , in her view , the story of the founders growing tired of rowing across the East River is a " folk tale " .
= = = Attempts at reform and amalgamation , construction of first synagogue = = =
In the congregation 's early years , tensions existed between traditionalists and reformers , and in 1861 , 41 of the latter left Baith Israel to form the Congregation Beth Elohim , a Reform synagogue . That year Baith Israel hired the Reverend Joel Alexander as its religious leader . Alexander , the synagogue 's first full @-@ time rabbi , was a graduate of the Jews Seminary in Münster , and had been ordained both in Posen and by Hermann Adler , the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom .
In 1862 , the remaining 35 members purchased two lots at the corner of State Street and Boerum Place in Boerum Hill for $ 3 @,@ 000 ( today $ 71 @,@ 000 ) , and on January 12 laid the cornerstone for a new building , the first synagogue built on Long Island . The building was completed on August 12 , at a cost of $ 10 @,@ 000 ( today $ 237 @,@ 000 ) , and was consecrated on August 31 by Alexander and assembled dignitaries . The synagogue , which came to be known as the Boerum Schule , created a Sunday school soon afterwards , the first in Brooklyn , and at the time , an innovation . The school was free , and run by volunteers , with separate classes for boys and girls . By 1890 the school had 160 students , and at its peak the school had 500 pupils .
In 1869 reformers again left Baith Israel , and , joining with dissenters from Kahal Kodesh Beth Elohim of Williamsburg , founded Temple Israel . Though many reformers had left the congregation , several reforms in the service were nonetheless introduced : the congregation abolished most piyyutim and the Priestly Blessing , and , in 1873 , introduced a confirmation ceremony for girls , led by the Reverend Dr. Tinter . The confirmation ceremonies , which had initially been held during the holiday of Sukkot , were eventually moved to the holiday of Shavuot ( the holiday during which the Reform movement held these ceremonies ) , and continued for both boys and girls ( in place of Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations ) until the 1940s .
Aaron Wise , father of Stephen Samuel Wise , was one of the synagogue 's earliest rabbis , from 1874 to 1875 . This was his first rabbinical position in the United States , before moving to Congregation Rodeph Sholom in Manhattan .
= = = Building renovations , failed mergers , traditionalism = = =
In 1876 , the congregation voted by a margin of over two to one to re @-@ orient the synagogue pews in the manner of Christian churches , and introduce mixed seating . However , nothing was done about this until 1879 , when the renovations were carried out : the front pews were removed , the side pews extended to the walls , and the vestibule moved outside the sanctuary . Led by rabbi Dr. E. M. Myers , the synagogue was re @-@ dedicated on September 7 .
In April 1883 , Baith Israel , Beth Elohim , and Temple Israel , Brooklyn 's three leading synagogues , tried to merge ; Beth Elohim and Temple Israel had both been formed in the 1860s by dissenters from Baith Israel . This was the third such attempt ; the previous two had failed when the members could not agree on synagogue ritual . The combined congregation , which would purchase new premises , would have 150 members ( only heads of households were considered members at that time ) . Members would be refunded half the purchase price of the pews in their existing buildings . The rabbis of Beth Elohim and Temple Israel were to split the offices of rabbi and cantor : Baith Israel , at the time , had no rabbi . Though this attempt also failed , in the following year the three congregations carried out combined activities , including a picnic and a celebration of the 100th birthday of Sir Moses Montefiore .
Baith Israel hired Marcus Friedlander as rabbi in 1887 . Born in Congress Poland in 1862 , he left Russia for England before he was twenty . Though speaking little English at the time , he graduated there from the London Theological Seminary , before emigrating to the United States . He was 24 years old when he assumed the post at Baith Israel , at the time the youngest man in New York state to be appointed to so significant a position of Jewish leadership . Friedlander served until 1893 , when he resigned to take a more lucrative position in California at the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland . After Friedlander left , his name was , for reasons unknown , deleted from the synagogue histories , and the financial records and minute books dating from his tenure were removed from Baith Israel 's archives . He was succeeded by Joseph Taubenhaus , the brother of Dr. Gottheil / Godfrey Taubenhaus , the rabbi of Congregation Beth Elohim ; another brother , Jacob / Jean Taubenhaus was a famous French chess master .
In 1889 , the congregation again renovated the synagogue building , repairing it and replacing the roof , increasing the seating capacity , adding a new vestibule and double entrance way , and redecorating the interior . At that time over half of the congregants still spoke German as their native language . The congregation had 50 members — defined as " heads of families who own seats " — by 1891 , and 300 congregants in total . By 1900 , the congregation had 160 members , and the congregational school , which held classes for two hours once a week , had ten teachers and 150 students .
Though the synagogue had undertaken innovations in some areas of Jewish law , it still insisted on strict adherence in others . In 1878 Tinter was dismissed for officiating at the marriage of a Jewish woman and Christian man , and Baith Israel was , for a time , the only congregation in Brooklyn that celebrated Jewish holidays for the traditional two days . In 1889 Baith Israel asserted it was " the only orthodox congregation in the city " , and that year the board forced the resignation of a Mr. J. Folkart , for transgressing the laws of Yom Kippur . In 1892 , when Hyman Rosenberg was expelled as rabbi of Brooklyn 's Beth Jacob synagogue for eating ham , the Brooklyn Eagle canvassed local rabbis for their views on the matter . While George Taubenhaus , rabbi of Beth Elohim stated , " I do not believe my congregation would expel me if I ate ham " , Baith Israel 's rabbi Friedlander responded , " While there are some differences between the reform and orthodox Jews , I do not think it is the place for any Jewish minister to eat ham . The reformers do not so strictly observe the old Mosaic law , but it does not seem to me a good example for a rabbi to set to his congregation . "
= = 20th century = =
= = = Decline and reinvigoration = = =
By 1904 , membership had fallen to 30 , and the synagogue nearly failed : mass transit had allowed Jews to migrate away from downtown Brooklyn , and a fire had nearly destroyed the Boerum synagogue building . Further innovations were attempted , including a pipe organ and a mixed @-@ sex choir , but these were removed after objections from Orthodox members . The congregation decided that the Boerum location was part of the problem , and made the bold decision to sell it , buy new premises , and hire a rabbi ( the synagogue had , for many years , run without one ) . In 1905 , they hired Israel Goldfarb , a 1902 graduate of the Jewish Theological Seminary , as " Hazan [ cantor ] and Teacher " , his first and only pulpit . The following year Goldfarb was appointed rabbi , a position he would hold for over 50 years .
In 1905 , the congregation also purchased for $ 30 @,@ 000 ( today $ 790 @,@ 000 ) its current building at Tompkins Place and Harrison Street ( renamed Kane Street in 1928 ) , along with an adjacent school building and a connecting two @-@ story arcade . The Romanesque revival church building , erected in 1855 , had originally housed the Middle Dutch Reformed Church , and , from 1887 , the Trinity German Lutheran Church . The hiring of Goldfarb and purchase of a new building helped revive the congregation , and by 1906 ( its 50th anniversary ) membership had doubled .
Goldfarb was a talented musician , known to this day as composer of popular tunes for the songs " Shalom Aleichem " and " Magein Avot " used in most Ashkenazi synagogues . With his brother Samuel E. Goldfarb , he compiled The Jewish Songster for schoolchildren , the first American collection of Jewish songs . Israel Goldfarb also served as Professor of Liturgical Music at the Jewish Theological Seminary from 1920 to 1944 , and in 1949 founded the School of Sacred Music at Hebrew Union College .
In his Kol Nidre sermon of 1905 , Goldfarb emphasized the need for a Talmud Torah ( providing inexpensive Jewish education for primary school children ) , and it was immediately founded . Talmud Torahs helped synagogues in neighborhoods with small Jewish populations to attract young Jewish families , and were common in " second @-@ settlement areas of New York City such as Harlem and Brooklyn " . By 1907 – 1908 the congregation had grown to 85 member families . The Talmud Torah , which held classes four days a week , had three teachers and 75 students .
= = = Merger with Talmud Torah Anshei Emes and growth = = =
In 1908 , Baith Israel merged with Degraw Street 's Talmud Torah Anshei Emes Synagogue , a growing congregation which had become too large for the row house in which it held services . Talmud Torah Anshei Emes 's membership was mostly made up of Eastern European Jews , who were stricter in their observances than Baith Israel 's mostly German @-@ origin membership ; to accommodate them , a special all @-@ men section of pews was designated at the front left of the sanctuary .
The merged congregations adopted the current name , a combination of the two previous names , and , with the assistance and encouragement of Goldfarb and synagogue president Harris Copland founded a sisterhood . Nevertheless , the combined membership was still not large ; in 1911 , the year the congregation renovated the recently acquired synagogue building , the Talmud Torah had only 45 students , 10 of them the children of non @-@ members .
The sisterhood had grown to 42 members by 1913 ; that year 11 men were accepted as new congregants , including " a dentist , an optician , a druggist , a lawyer , a butler and two store owners and a roofer " — in general , middle class occupations . Baith Israel Anshei Emes also became one of the charter members of the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism in 1913 , with Michael Salit , who had been synagogue president in 1906 , serving as the congregation 's delegate , and he , Rabbi Goldfarb and another synagogue member , Isaac Applebaum , were among the 22 individuals who initially founded the organization .
Aaron Copland celebrated his Bar Mitzvah at Baith Israel Anshei Emes in 1913 . The Copland family was active in the synagogue ; his father Harris became treasurer and chairman of the Talmud Torah in 1905 , had helped purchase the current building , served as president of the congregation from 1907 to 1910 , and was made a life trustee in 1936 . Aaron 's brother Ralph served as superintendent of the Sunday School . Goldfarb was instrumental in assisting Aaron Copland in his early musical career . While still in high school , Aaron had approached Goldfarb for his support in studying music : Aaron 's father wanted him to enter the legal profession . Goldfarb engineered an agreement whereby Aaron would study music for two or three years , and , if that did not work out , then study law . In his memoirs , Copland would later describe Goldfarb as " a composer of liturgical music and the possessor of a fine baritone voice ... a sensitive human being and an effective leader of the congregation " .
By 1916 , the congregation had installed 10 stained glass windows , electric lighting , a new pulpit , and two large bronze menorahs , and employed six people . Dues were $ 12 ( today $ 260 ) per year , and Sunday school fees were $ 0 @.@ 02 ( today $ 0 @.@ 430 ) per session . Membership had grown to 140 families by 1919 . The congregational school held classes daily , and had 400 students and 20 teachers .
Sidney Weinberg , who rose from the job of assistant porter to head Goldman Sachs from 1930 to 1969 , was married at Baith Israel Anshei Emes in 1920 . The Weinberg family , which had joined the synagogue when it was still on Beorum Place , was also very active in the synagogue ; Sidney 's mother , Sophie , was sisterhood president from 1912 to 1913 , and his father , Pincus , served as president from 1919 to 1921 , and the children all attended the Sunday school and Talmud Torah . The Weinbergs subsequently moved to Flatbush , where in 1924 Pincus became the first president of the East Midwood Jewish Center .
In 1924 , a fire almost destroyed the upper level of the school building , but the congregation repaired the damage . Another renovation was begun in 1928 , and included installing illuminated stained glass over the ark and bronze memorial tablets at the rear of the sanctuary , and repainting the sanctuary walls and columns in a trompe @-@ l 'œil manner imitating Jerusalem stone and marble .
= = = Great Depression and post @-@ World War II decline = = =
On its 75th anniversary in 1931 , the congregation received a congratulatory message from President Herbert Hoover . Additional congratulatory messages arrived from Governor ( later President ) Franklin D. Roosevelt , Lieutenant Governor Herbert H. Lehman , Mayor Jimmy Walker , and Felix M. Warburg . Nevertheless , the Great Depression brought difficult times ; officers were no longer paid their salaries , and were informed in 1932 that they would have to " wait indefinitely " to receive their back wages . In 1933 , the synagogue abolished fixed wages entirely for its employees , and instead paid them on a " month @-@ to @-@ month basis " , depending on what the congregation could afford .
In 1932 women were allowed to join the choir . In deference to traditionalists , however , the choir was moved to the organ loft , so that the women would be less visible .
In the late 1940s and early 1950s , Herman Belth raised $ 20 @,@ 000 ( today $ 200 @,@ 000 ) and contributed another $ 20 @,@ 000 for another renovation of the synagogue . The building was fortified , the interior ( except the front wall ) repainted , and the exterior brick walls , which had been clad in " blue @-@ veined white stone " , were refinished with " brownstone type stuccoed slabs " . When the renovations were complete , the synagogue was re @-@ dedicated in January 1953 . Despite Belth 's efforts , membership continued to decline , as congregants moved to the suburbs . Though the Centennial Celebrations of 1956 " provided a brief burst of energy for the Congregation and produced funds to maintain the Synagogue " , during this period the choir was disbanded , the Sunday School and Talmud Torah closed , and paid staff reduced .
In the 1960s , following Goldfarb 's retirement , the synagogue hired a series of part @-@ time rabbis , including Goldfarb 's grandson , Henry D. Michelman , who served as rabbi from 1967 to 1971 . Michelman , who would later become the Executive Vice President of the Synagogue Council of America , was , like his grandfather , a talented musician , composing music for synagogues and churches , writing scores for television films for ABC , A & E , CNBC , and PBS , and serving as Chairman of the American Society of Jewish Music .
The membership decline continued in the late 1960s and early 1970s , as older congregants died and moved away , and dwindled to the point where the congregation could no longer afford to heat the sanctuary , and thought they would have to disband . Nevertheless , in 1972 the congregation established a nursery school and prozdor ( high school ) .
= = = Rebirth : 1980s and 1990s = = =
Changing demographics and new synagogue programs helped the congregation recover from its low point in the 1970s . In 1979 , Raymond Scheindlin , a Ph.D. in Arabic literature from Columbia University , and professor of medieval Hebrew poetry at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America ( JTSA ) , became the part @-@ time rabbi of the congregation , replacing Howard Gorin , who had served since 1976 . Scheindlin had become a member in 1974 , after joining the faculty of the JTSA and moving to Brooklyn Heights , and from that point on read the Torah every week and served as cantor . He also encouraged the re @-@ constitution of a choir , which called itself " the DeRossi Singers " after Salamone DeRossi , the leading Jewish composer of the late Italian Renaissance , whose works the choir sang .
In 1982 Scheindlin stated that the membership had grown to the point where it again required the services of a full @-@ time rabbi , and the congregation hired Jonathan Ginsburg as its first full @-@ time rabbi since Israel Goldfarb 's retirement . Ginsburg developed adult education and young singles programs , and improved standards in the synagogue 's children 's education programs . Geoffrey Goldberg followed him as rabbi from 1987 to 1988 .
In 1994 the buildings ' stained glass windows , parapet tower , and brownstone were repaired , landscaping redone , and , with a grant from the Sol Goldman Charitable trust , the bimah and vestibule were refurbished . Membership had increased to almost 200 families by 1995 , and in 1996 Samuel H. Weintraub was hired as rabbi .
= = = Increasing involvement of women = = =
In 1961 the synagogue began granting women some pulpit honors , giving the Sisterhood President gelila , and in 1966 granting married couples hagbaha and gelila ( the honors of lifting and re @-@ wrapping the Torah after it has been read ) . In the 1970s , women became more involved in the synagogue 's political and religious activities : in 1972 , the first woman was elected to the board of trustees , and in 1975 , the congregation began calling women to the Torah and counting women in the minyan , the latter just two years after the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly voted nine to four in favor of this innovation .
In 1980 , Nancy Fink , a Brooklyn Law School professor , was elected as the congregation 's first female president . Fink called a full membership meeting in 1982 to decide whether women could lead the services , blow the shofar ( the rams @-@ horn trumpet blown on the High Holidays ) , and whether daughters of kohanim ( hereditary priests ) could give the priestly blessing . Advised by Scheindlin , the congregation decided to make the services fully egalitarian , allowing women to perform all three functions .
Baith Israel Anshei Emes 's move to egalitarianism culminated in August 1988 , when Debra Cantor was hired as its first female rabbi , making it the first synagogue in the Northeastern United States to be led by a woman . Cantor , who was 33 at the time , had been valedictorian of that year 's graduating class at the Jewish Theological Seminary . The decision was not accepted by all congregants ; the Conservative movement had ordained its first female rabbi , Amy Eilberg , only three years before , in 1985 , and following Cantor 's appointment a number of families left the synagogue to form B 'nai Avraham , an Orthodox congregation in Brooklyn Heights .
= = 21st century = =
In 2002 Baith Israel Anshei Emes received a $ 1 million grant for building renovations from Lillian Goldman , just weeks before her death ; she had previously donated $ 20 million for the reconstruction and expansion of Yale Law School 's library , and $ 5 million to Manhattan 's 92nd Street Y for a family center there . After raising over $ 2 million more , including a $ 54 @,@ 000 grant from the Jewish Communal Fund , in 2003 the congregation began re @-@ building the three story school / community center from the ground up , leaving only the historic facade . In 2004 the building was re @-@ opened as the " Sol and Lillian Goldman Education Center " , and a day @-@ time pre @-@ school launched . Though the sanctuary also needed extensive repairs , the renovations of the school / community center were undertaken first because the congregation decided " a venue for social functions is at the heart of every cohesive religious group " . The following year , the school received a $ 25 @,@ 000 grant from the Edith Glick Shoolman Children 's Foundation " [ t ] o assist in the development of the Kane Street Kids program for pre @-@ school age children housed in the Congregation 's Early Childhood Center " .
Nearly 300 households were members by 2006 , and in the same year , the New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation awarded the synagogue a grant of $ 350 @,@ 000 for exterior restoration of the sanctuary . The grant was part of a million @-@ dollar capital campaign that the membership intended to carry out in 2008 , as the synagogue building still required extensive repairs : the roof leaked , causing interior damage , and ( along with the gutters ) needed to be replaced ; interior columns were taped to prevent plaster from falling off them ; the sanctuary doors needed to be replaced ; and the stained glass windows needed to be removed , the metal holding them repaired , and their wooden framing replaced . In 2007 the New York Landmarks Conservancy 's Sacred Sites Program awarded Baith Israel Anshei Emes grants totaling $ 17 @,@ 500 , for copper roof and masonry restoration .
The congregation had been supportive of gays since at least the early 1990s , and following the late 2006 decision by the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards to allow same @-@ sex commitment ceremonies , in 2007 Baith Israel Anshei Emes voted to follow suit . The day before Yom Kippur , 2009 , the synagogue was picketed by members of the Westboro Baptist Church , who shouted antisemitic and anti @-@ gay slogans .
Led by Rabbi Samuel H. Weintraub since 1996 , Baith Israel Anshei Emes is the oldest continuously operating synagogue in Brooklyn .
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= Somerset County Cricket Club in 1882 =
Somerset County Cricket Club made their debut in first @-@ class cricket in the 1882 English cricket season . They were captained by Stephen Newton , and played eight first @-@ class matches , five against county opposition , two against the Marylebone Cricket Club and one against the touring Australian team . They only won one of the eight contests , that against Hampshire at Taunton . Of the other matches , one was drawn and the other six were all losses for Somerset . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack described the season as " disastrous " , but the publication qualified this statement with mild optimism for 1883 .
Part of the reason for Somerset 's poor performances was their inability to consistently field their best players ; at least four of their better cricketers were unable to commit to the full fixture list , and in all the county played 30 different people in their eight matches . Faint praise was offered to the batting of William Herbert Fowler , Newton and Edward Sainsbury in The Sportsman , but the bowling was considered by Wisden to be sub @-@ standard , particularly that of Arnold Fothergill .
= = Background = =
Somerset County Cricket Club was formed in 1875 , and played irregular county fixtures in the years after that , during which time they struggled to remain financially solvent . Upon their formation , the club had no fixed home ground , and it was declared that they would play " on any ground in the county that may be selected by the committee . " However , in 1881 , they moved into the newly built Athletic Grounds in Taunton . Although it is widely accepted that Somerset 's debut first @-@ class match came in 1882 , some records do include earlier matches in 1879 and 1881 against Gloucestershire as being of first @-@ class status .
= = Squad = =
In their eight first @-@ class matches in 1882 , Somerset fielded 30 different players . Only three appeared in all eight matches : Arnold Fothergill , William Herbert Fowler , and Edward Sainsbury , while fourteen players appeared in only one match that season . The club captain , Stephen Newton , missed the first three matches of the season as he was a schoolmaster in London , and was not available until the summer holidays . Newton was not the only talented player to only make limited appearances for the side ; in their review of the season , the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack explained that Alfred Evans , Robert Ramsay and Bill Roe were all unavailable at various points , and that these absences were among " many good reasons to account for a disastrous season . "
The following players made at least one appearance for Somerset in first @-@ class cricket in 1882 . Age given is at the start of Somerset 's first match of the season ( 8 June 1882 ) .
Key
denotes that the player appeared as a wicket @-@ keeper for Somerset in 1882
Apps denotes the number of appearances made by the player for Somerset in 1882
Ref denotes the reference for the player details
= = County cricket = =
= = = Summary = = =
= = = = First half of the season : away matches = = = =
Somerset made their debut in first @-@ class cricket against Lancashire on 8 June 1882 . The Western Daily Press noted that Somerset were not able to field a full @-@ strength team in the match , missing Evans , Ramsay and Roe . However , the Lancashire team which faced them was described by the same paper as being " very second @-@ rate " . The weather was showery most of the day , and play was abandoned at half five because of the rain , with Lancashire on 231 for 8 having won the toss and batted first . Heavy rain overnight made the ground unplayable on the second day , so play resumed the following day , although rain continued to threaten . The original wicket was badly damaged , being described in the York Herald as " a puddle " , and so the stumps were moved to enable play to begin . Somerset took the final two Lancashire wickets in the first ten minutes , bowling them out for 237 . Fowler and Sainsbury opened the batting for Somerset , and put on eighteen runs together before being dismissed in quick succession . The Western Daily Press recorded that " after this disaster waited on the visitors . " Only two other batsmen scored any runs for Somerset , and they were all out for 29 runs , the second lowest first @-@ class total at the time . Somerset followed @-@ on , and their second innings proceeded in much the same fashion as the first ; the pair scored 35 runs , while the rest of the team only added a further 6 . Somerset lost the match by an innings and 157 runs . The Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette defended Somerset 's performance on the third day slightly , noting that the poor condition of the pitch favoured the Lancashire bowlers . Lancashire 's George Nash took eight wickets in the first innings , including four in one four @-@ ball over , while fellow spin bowler Jack Crossland collected six in the second innings .
In Somerset 's second match , they faced their nearest opposition , Gloucestershire . Once again , the weather was poor , and the Spa Ground in Gloucester , which was hosting the match , was specially looked after during the heavy rain preceding the match to ensure that it would be in a good condition for the game . As it was , the Bristol Mercury described the wicket as being " in fairly good order " , and play started just over half @-@ an @-@ hour late on the first day . Somerset 's batting failed to make a significant total ; Fowler was the only batsman to reach double figures , totalling more than half of his team 's runs with 39 . W. G. Grace took eight wickets for Gloucestershire to bowl Somerset out for 62 . In Gloucestershire 's reply , E. M. Grace and Billy Midwinter scored centuries to help them establish a lead of 286 runs . In their response , Somerset scored 109 , including a partnership of 61 between Sainsbury and Fred Welman which was praised in the Birmingham Daily Post . Despite an improved batting performance , Somerset lost the match by an innings and 177 runs .
Facing Hampshire in Southampton for the third match , Somerset won the toss and opted to bat first . The pitch was soft , due to the heavy rainfall through the morning , and play started shortly after midday . Sainsbury was yet again one of few Somerset players to reach double figures , and they were bowled out for 101 . Cecil Currie , a spin bowler for Hampshire , collected eight of the wickets . Somerset managed to restrict Hampshire 's lead to 46 runs ; Francis Reed took four wickets , and Fothergill three . Fowler and Fothergill were Somerset 's most successful batsmen in their second innings , played mostly in light rain , helping the county to reach 118 runs . That left Hampshire requiring 73 runs to win , which the hosts achieved without losing any wickets , to beat Somerset with ten wickets to spare .
The Somerset team travelled to Lord 's in London in early August to face the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) . Somerset batted first after winning the toss , but lost three batsmen for ducks early in the innings . Somerset 's captain , Newton – playing his first match of the season for the county , batted for the rest of the innings to score 57 runs , and shared a large partnership with Francis Reed . The MCC started well in their innings , but the introduction of Fowler into the bowling attack brought their batting to a quick conclusion ; Fowler took four wickets while only conceding eight runs , and claimed a hat @-@ trick by bowling Edward Hawtrey , Charles Burke and Thomas Mycroft in successive deliveries . Somerset had a 25 @-@ run lead going into the second innings , in which Newton once again top @-@ scored . In addition to his total of 67 , Lyonel Hildyard made an unbeaten 59 , and Fowler scored 23 runs from just six scoring shots , including a six which went out of the ground . The Western Daily Press described Fowler as " possibly the hardest hitter amongst English cricketers " , while his history of the county , David Foot suggests that Fowler was " perhaps the earliest Somerset batsman to parade the fundamental skills of slogging . " Somerset totalled 219 , to leave the MCC needing to score 245 runs to win . Principally due to the batting of John Russel , the MCC reached the target , but only had one wicket remaining ; Fothergill having taken five wickets and Charles Winter four .
= = = = Second half of the season : home matches = = = =
A few days later , Somerset played their first home fixture , at the Taunton Athletic Grounds , hosting Hampshire . In contrast to many of their previous game , the weather was good , and on winning the toss , Hampshire decided to bat first . Charles Seymour batted well for the visitors , accruing 57 out of Hampshire 's 146 runs , but Fowler was again the best of the Somerset bowlers , collecting four wickets for nine runs to help restrict the Hampshire total . Ramsay top @-@ scored for Somerset in their reply , accumulating 71 runs before being bowled , while a number of other batsmen made useful scores to help Somerset to their total of 214 . Edward Western , the Somerset secretary batted in his only innings of the season for the county , coming in as the last man , but he failed to score a run . Somerset struggled to collect wickets when Hampshire batted again , and tried eight different bowlers without much success . Their fielding was described by the Bristol Mercury as being " loose " , but when the sixth wicket was taken , with 232 runs scored , the rest followed reasonably quickly , and Hampshire finished on 290 . Fowler was dismissed early in Somerset 's chase , but Newton and Sainsbury put on 118 runs together to help their towards victory . Sainsbury was dismissed for 63 , but Newton continued to bat , putting on 80 runs before being dismissed . Somerset eventually reached the required total with five wickets remaining to achieve their first win of the season .
The next day after defeating Hampshire , Somerset faced the MCC at Taunton . The MCC had brought a strong team , including eight professionals , and on winning the toss they elected to bat . After a cautious start , the second @-@ wicket partnership of Billy Gunn and William Hearn put on 173 runs together , and according to the Western Daily Press , " the Somerset bowling was completely mastered . " Somerset tried eight different bowlers to try to get a wicket , but the partnership was eventually broken when Hearn was run out for 91 . Frank Hearne then joined Gunn at the crease , and the pair continued the MCC 's dominance , adding a further 130 runs . Another run out , again due to the fielding of Newton , brought Gunn 's innings to an end , after the MCC batsman had scored 188 runs . Wickets then began to fall more frequently ; Roe collected three , while Fothergill and Winter had two apiece , and the MCC were eventually all out for 506 on the second morning . In their response , Somerset lost the early wickets of Sainsbury and Newton , but then a partnership between Fowler and Roe took the score up to 181 , during which Fowler reached his century , coming in just 55 minutes . Once that partnership was ended with the dismissal of Roe , Somerset regularly lost wickets . Fowler was caught in the slips for 139 , which had included three sixes , and Somerset ended their innings on 286 . They followed on , and lost five early wickets before a partnership between Francis Terry , who scored 77 runs , and Fothergill steadied the innings and help Somerset secure a draw .
Somerset 's final county match of the season came against the same opposition as their first , Lancashire . The low attendance at the match was criticised in the press , and the Western Daily Press in particular described that " it was painfully obvious that Tauntonians , as a body , take no interest in first @-@ class cricket . " Six wickets from Evans helped Somerset to limit Lancashire to 178 runs in their first innings , but Somerset failed to capitalise ; Fowler and Newton scored 24 and 23 runs respectively , but no other batsman reached double figures . Somerset were dismissed for 74 runs , more than 100 behind , and were asked to follow on by Lancashire . Batting again , the Somerset players put in an improved performance , and reached 157 runs , of which Roe scored 45 . Lancashire were required to bat again , but reached the winning target of 53 runs for the loss of only one wicket .
Towards the end of August , the touring Australian team visited Taunton , attracting the largest crowd of the season , roughly 1 @,@ 500 people . Somerset were not considered to have much chance in the match , though Australia were missing three of their better players . The Leeds Mercury offered Somerset faint praise , suggesting that they had " no great cause to be dissatisfied with their performances . " The Australians batted first , and were restricted to 245 by Somerset . Alick Bannerman was the highest scorer for the tourists , with 50 runs , while Evans and Fothergill took three wickets each . In their response , Somerset 's batsmen struggled against the bowling of Fred Spofforth , who was known as the " Demon " . Spofforth took nine wickets , while conceding only 51 runs , and Somerset were forced to follow @-@ on ; no batsman scored more than 17 runs in the first innings for the county . In the second @-@ innings , Somerset performed slightly better ; Newton scored 32 runs , and five other batsmen reached double figures . The Australian bowling once again proved too much though , and Somerset lost the match by an innings and 19 runs . The Western Daily Press praised the accurate bowling of both Spofforth and Harry Boyle during the match .
= = = Season record = = =
= = = Match log and statistics = = =
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= Henry Garnet =
Henry Garnet ( July 1555 – 3 May 1606 ) , sometimes Henry Garnett , was an English Jesuit priest executed for his complicity in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 . Born in Heanor , Derbyshire , he was educated in Nottingham and later at Winchester College , before he moved to London in 1571 , to work for a publisher . There he professed an interest in legal studies , and in 1575 he travelled to the continent and joined the Society of Jesus . He was ordained in Rome some time around 1582 .
In 1586 Garnet returned to England as part of the Jesuit mission , soon succeeding Father William Weston as Jesuit superior , following the latter 's capture by the English authorities . Garnet established a secret press , which lasted until late 1588 , and in 1594 he interceded in the Wisbech Stirs , a dispute between secular and regular clergy . He preferred a passive approach to the problems Catholics faced in England , approving of the disclosure by Catholic priests of the existence of the 1603 Bye Plot , and exhorting English Catholics not to engage in violent rebellion .
In summer 1605 Garnet met with Robert Catesby , a religious zealot who , unknown to him , planned to kill the Protestant King James I. The existence of Catesby 's Gunpowder Plot was revealed to him by Father Oswald Tesimond on 24 July 1605 , but as the information was received under the seal of the confessional , he felt that Canon law prevented him from speaking out . Instead , without telling anyone of what Catesby planned , he wrote to his superiors in Rome , urging them to warn English Catholics against the use of force .
When the plot failed Garnet went into hiding , but he was eventually arrested on 27 January 1606 . He was taken to London and interrogated by the Privy Council , whose members included John Popham , Edward Coke and Robert Cecil , 1st Earl of Salisbury . Imprisoned in the Tower of London , his conversations with fellow prisoner Edward Oldcorne were monitored by eavesdroppers , and his letters to friends such as Anne Vaux were intercepted . His guilt , announced at the end of his trial on 28 March 1606 , was a foregone conclusion . Criticised for his use of equivocation , which Coke called " open and broad lying and forswearing " , and attacked for not warning the authorities of what Catesby planned , he was sentenced to be hanged , drawn and quartered . He was executed on 3 May 1606 .
= = Early life = =
Henry Garnet ( or Garnett ) was born some time around July 1555 at Heanor in Derbyshire , son of Brian Garnet ( or Garnett ) and Alice ( née Jay ) . He had at least five siblings : two brothers , Richard and John , and three sisters , Margaret , Eleanor and Anne , all of whom became nuns at Louvain . Henry studied at the grammar school in Nottingham where , from 1565 , his father was master . Following his election as a scholar on 24 August 1567 , in 1568 he entered Winchester College , where he apparently excelled . His love of music and " rare and delightful " voice were complemented by an ability to perform songs without preparation , and he was reportedly also skilled with the lute . Father Thomas Stanney wrote that Garnet was " the prime scholar of Winchester College , very skilful in music and in playing upon the instruments , very modest in his countenance and in all his actions , so much that the schoolmasters and wardens offered him very great friendship , to be placed by their means in New College , Oxford . "
= = Rome = =
Garnet did not enter New College ; instead , late in 1571 , he left Winchester for London . There he worked for a legal publisher , Richard Tottell , as a proof @-@ reader and corrector . He often dined with Sir John Popham , who as Lord Chief Justice was to preside over the trial of the Gunpowder Plotters , men whose association with Garnet would eventually prove so fateful . Although Garnet professed to Popham an interest in legal studies , in 1575 he sailed for Portugal with Giles Gallop , to enter the Society of Jesus .
The two men travelled to Rome and on 11 September 1575 were accepted into the church at Sant 'Andrea della Valle . Garnet studied under the theologian Father Robert Bellarmine . Two of his professors , Christopher Clavius and Robert Bellarmine , praised his abilities . He was ordained sometime around 1582 and stayed in Rome as a Professor of Hebrew , lecturing also on metaphysics and mathematics . He was also an English confessor at St Peter 's , but in May 1584 his academic career was curtailed when , perhaps as a consequence of a petition from the Jesuit superior for England William Weston , Father Robert Persons asked that he be sent to England . The Superior General Claudio Acquaviva , who saw Garnet as his successor , refused this request . He thought Garnet more suited to " the quiet life " than that which awaited him in England , but on 2 May 1586 he relented and allowed him to leave . Appointed superior for the journey , Garnet travelled with Robert Southwell , leaving for Calais on 8 May . He landed near Folkestone early in July 1586 .
= = England = =
After meeting the Jesuit superior for England William Weston at a London inn , Garnet , Southwell and Weston travelled to Harlesford , near Marlow , Buckinghamshire . Spending just over a week at the home of Richard Bold , they engaged in prayer and masses , and also took confessions . They discussed their mission in England , deciding to meet each year in February and August ( later changed to Easter and autumn ) . Weston also gave the two men details of Catholic houses that would shelter them .
Acquaviva had instructed that should anything happen to Weston , Garnet was to succeed him as superior in England , which he did when only days after leaving Harlesford , Weston was captured en route to London . Acquaviva had also given Garnet permission to print pro @-@ Catholic literature , and so early the next year he met Southwell in London to discuss the establishment of a secret press , which was probably located somewhere around a former Augustinian hospital near Spitalfields . It lasted until late 1588 and was responsible for A Consolatory Letter to All the Afflicted Catholikes in England , author unknown , and An Epistle of Comfort , by Southwell . From a friend 's window in Ludgate Hill , Garnet witnessed the November 1588 procession to a thanksgiving service at Old St Paul 's Cathedral , celebrating the failed Spanish invasion . Spain 's actions gave Garnet much cause for concern , " For when we thought that there was an end to these disasters by which we are already nearly destroyed , our hope was suddenly turned to sorrow , and now with redoubled effort the overseers are pressing upon us " . People were allowed to spectate from windows only if their loyalty to Queen Elizabeth I was guaranteed by the householder . In a letter to Acquaviva , Garnet said that many of his supporters thought that he was more concerned for the Queen than her Calvinist ministers . In light of the Armada 's destruction , he also wrote to the general to ask for advice on two versions of a proposed oath to allow Roman Catholics to swear their allegiance to the Queen . The government 's version required that Catholics reject the pope 's authority over Elizabeth , whereas the Catholic version proposed that they recognise her authority and " would wish with every effort to struggle to thwart and to fight to the death all those who will in any way endanger the life of her Highness " . The Privy Council rejected the latter .
Garnet 's first few years in England were spent meeting new priests in London , including John Gerard and Edward Oldcorne . Jesuits had been banished from England since 1585 , and if discovered they risked being charged with high treason . Avoiding pursuers was therefore a recurrent problem , and Garnet was almost caught on several occasions . As a result of an almost disastrous meeting at Baddesley Clinton in 1591 , when he and many others were almost captured together while renewing their vows , he reorganised the mission into eleven smaller groups , each assigned two weeks annually . Following Southwell 's capture in June 1592 , and the search of Anne Vaux and Eleanor Brooksby 's rented house in Warwickshire , he wrote to Acquaviva to ask for an assistant who could succeed him as superior . Henry Walpole was thus dispatched , but was captured on his arrival in December 1593 , and executed in York in April 1595 . Garnet believed that it was his duty to observe ( in disguise ) the executions of his fellow priests , so as to secretly administer the last rites , and he may have been present at Southwell 's execution at Tyburn in 1595 . The latter 's death was a significant blow for Garnet , who later wrote of the " intolerable burden of loneliness " he carried while in England .
In November 1593 Garnet travelled to the decrepit and decayed Wisbech Castle , requisitioned by the government in 1579 for the internment of Catholic priests . William Weston was held there . The castle 's inhabitants were supported by Catholic alms and lived a relatively comfortable existence ; Garnet was complimentary about Wisbech , calling it a " college of venerable confessors " . The following year he mediated in a dispute there between secular and regular clergy ( the latter represented by the Jesuits ) , which became known as the Wisbech Stirs . The argument was settled by the end of the year , but Garnet was concerned that reports of discontent at the Jesuit @-@ administered English College in Rome and tension between some Catholic English exiles in Brussels might undermine his efforts to stabilise the situation .
= = Gunpowder Plot = =
= = = Introduction to Catesby = = =
Garnet spent much of 1604 on the move , although few details of his travels exist . At Easter he reportedly gave a mass at Twigmoor Hall , the house of John Wright . In November he was with Anne Vaux ( whose family he had been introduced to in summer 1586 ) at White Webbs near Enfield , renewing the vows given on the Feast of the Presentation of Our Lady . On 9 June 1605 , he was to be found in a room on Thames Street in London , with Robert Catesby . In the midst of what Garnet later recalled was a seemingly casual conversation , Catesby asked the priest about the morality of " killing innocents " . Garnet replied according to Catholic theology , that often , during war , innocents were killed alongside the enemy . According to Antonia Fraser , Garnet may have thought that Catesby 's request was to do with him possibly raising a regiment in Flanders .
Garnet was not at all like Catesby , described by Fraser as possessing the mentality " of the crusader who does not hesitate to employ the sword in the cause of values which he considers are spiritual " . In contrast , Garnet believed that " things were best settled by submission to the will of God . " He was ebullient over King James 's succession to the English throne , and hoped there would be no foreign interference . Of the 1603 Bye Plot , revealed ( with his blessing ) to the Privy Council by two Catholic priests , he wrote that it was " a piece of impudent folly , for we know that it is by peaceful means that his Holiness and other princes are prepared to help us . " He exhorted that Pope Clement VIII instruct all English Catholics not to engage in violent rebellion , " quiete et pacifice " . It was a message echoed by Archpriest George Blackwell , who commanded his priests never to attempt any such thing , but it proved controversial ; early in summer 1605 Garnet reported to Rome that English Catholics had reached " a stage of desperation " .
The two met again in July at Fremland in Essex . Garnet told Catesby that he " wished him to look what he did if he intended anything . That he must first look to the lawfulness of the act itself , and then he must not have so little regard of Innocents that he spare not friends and necessary persons for the Commonwealth . " When Catesby offered to tell the priest more , Garnet declined : " I told him what charge we all had of quietness and to procure the like in others . " Garnet also spoke with William Parker , 4th Baron Monteagle , asking him " if Catholics were able to make their part good by arms against the King " , but Monteagle 's reply was vague . Author Alan Haynes suggests that Garnet may at that point have become marginalised .
= = = Seal of the confessional = = =
Garnet later claimed to have been ignorant of Catesby 's designs until 24 July , when he was approached by Father Oswald Tesimond . " An intelligent and thoughtful man " , Tesimond wanted his superior 's advice as Catesby had recently told him of his plan . As Garnet viewed Tesimond 's information as having been imparted under the seal of the confessional , he later claimed to have felt unable to warn anyone of Catesby 's plan . According to his own account , the two had a third meeting around 24 July . He read to Catesby a letter he had received from Persons , urging him to speak to the Pope before attempting any scheme , but fearful of being discovered , Catesby declined . So Garnet wrote to Aquaviva , claiming to have prevented several outbreaks of violence , and of his suspicion that there was " a risk that some private endeavour may commit treason or use force against the King " . As he had done following the failed Bye Plot , he urged the pope to publicly warn against the use of force , attempting to hide his knowledge of the plot by suggesting that the warning be aimed at recusants in Wales . He also sent Sir Edmund Baynham to deliver the same message , and when Parliament was prorogued on 28 July , Garnet satisfied himself that the danger had been averted .
On 24 August he was at White Webbs near Enfield , with Anne Vaux , her sister Eleanor Brooksby , her nephew William Brooksby and his wife Dorothy . A few days later the group set out on a pilgrimage to St Winefride 's Well at Holywell in Wales . They travelled to John Grant 's home at Norbrook , then Huddington Court near Worcester , through Shrewsbury , and finally to Wales . About 30 people made the journey west , including Everard Digby and his wife , and their secret chaplain Edward Oldcorne , and Nicholas Owen . On his return from Wales , Garnet travelled with Anne Vaux to Rushton Hall , home of the recently deceased Thomas Tresham ( father to Francis Tresham ) . From there they travelled to Digby 's home at Gayhurst House in Buckinghamshire . Vaux was suspicious that so many horses were being collected at the homes of her friends and family , and confessed to Garnet her fear that " these wild heads had something in hand " . She asked him to speak with Catesby , but Garnet reassured her that Catesby was instead seeking a commission in Flanders . Garnet wrote a letter of recommendation for Catesby for that very purpose . When in October Vaux raised the issue once more , claiming that several women had asked her where they should retreat to once " the brunt was passed in the beginning of Parliament " , Garnet again mentioned Flanders , although Fraser suggests that Vaux 's questioning must have concerned him deeply .
= = = Arrest and imprisonment = = =
Garnet was at Coughton Court on 6 November when Thomas Bates brought news of the plot 's failure . Catesby wanted him to help raise support in Wales , where it was thought Catholic support would be more likely , but Garnet was horrified . In a letter to Catesby and Digby , he urged them to abandon their " wicked actions " and follow the pope 's advice . He spent weeks on the run but was eventually arrested on 27 January 1606 , at Hindlip Hall . There , for eight days , he and Fr . Edward Oldcorne ( later beatified as the Blessed Edward Oldcorne ) secreted themselves in a small , cramped space , unable even to stand or stretch their legs . They received sustenance from their protectors through a small drinking straw hidden within the building 's structure , but with no commode or drainage they were eventually forced by " customs of nature which must of necessity be done " to emerge from hiding , and were immediately captured . They were taken first to Holt Castle in Worcestershire , and a few days later to London . Garnet was still weak from his ordeal , and Salisbury therefore ordered that he be given a good mount ; his supplies were paid for by the king . The group was accompanied by a Puritan minister who " ranted at length without interruption " , but Garnet 's replies remained erudite , brief and clear — much to the minister 's disappointment . On his arrival in London he was taken to the Gatehouse Prison in Westminster , already home to many Catholic prisoners , including his nephew , Father Thomas Garnet .
Garnet first appeared in front of the Privy Council on 13 February 1606 . Present were John Popham , Edward Coke , Sir William Waad , and the Earls of Worcester , Northampton , Nottingham and Salisbury . Superficially , they treated him with respect , removing their hats and addressing him as " Mr Garnet " , although they made fun of his relationship with Anne Vaux , claiming he was her lover , not her confessor . During his questioning he admitted some of his movements , and that he had received Catesby 's letter on 6 November , but he denied being involved in the plot , whose members he did not name . Garnet was convinced that his captors were interested only in the failed scheme and believed he might be able to clear his name , but the councillors also asked him about the doctrine of equivocation . His own treatise on this topic , one of the " heretical , treasonable and damnable books " found amongst Francis Tresham 's possessions , was laid on the council table before him . Although it condemned lying , Garnet 's treatise supported the notion that when questioned , for instance , on the presence of a priest in his house , a Catholic might " securely in conscience " answer " No " if he had a " secret meaning reserved in his mind " . The occasions on which a Catholic might legitimately use equivocation , he supposed , were limited , but such replies could be taken as an example of insincerity or deviousness — especially to the king 's council , who may not have wanted to see Garnet prove his case . The council 's view of equivocation was very different from Garnet 's . In their eyes , it was simple deceit .
The next day , Garnet was moved to the Tower of London , into what he described as " a very fine chamber " . He was afforded claret with his meals , though it took him some time to get bedding and coal for the fireplace . He claimed that Lieutenant of the Tower William Waad treated him well , although on the subject of religion his speeches became " violent and impotent " .
Garnet 's recent interrogation was only the first of many . Generally , his answers were carefully considered and demonstrated a passive resistance to his questioners ; the use of the rack was a distinct possibility , one which he answered with " Minare ista pueris [ Threats are only for boys ] " . What information he did give up was of limited interest only . His jailer , a man named Carey , was employed by Waad to gain the priest 's trust , offering to relay letters to his nephew in the Gatehouse Prison . Carey then placed Garnet into a cell containing a hole through which he was able to converse with Oldcorne , who was in a neighbouring cell . From " a place which was made for this precise purpose " , two government eavesdroppers were therefore able to record details of conversations between the two priests . Their communications were mostly innocent , although Garnet 's admission that on one occasion he drank too much wine was later used against him , along with other incriminating evidence recorded during their stay . His communications with his nephew , and Anne Vaux , were also intercepted . Most of these letters found their intended recipient , but not before they had first been read by Waad , who also kept Salisbury informed . Although Garnet told Vaux that the Council 's evidence constituted nothing but " presumptions " , insufficient for a state trial , early in March he confessed , possibly as a result of torture . Vaux too was arrested and interrogated twice , just as further questions were being asked of Garnet by the council and the king , the latter interested in his opinion on theological matters .
Despite his claims to have been horrified by Catesby 's plan , his declaration , which admitted that he had " dealt very reservedly with your Lordships in the case of the late powder action " , gave the government proof that he had prior knowledge of the plot , and in their view , he was therefore guilty of misprision of treason .
= = = Trial = = =
Garnet 's trial took place on Friday 28 March 1606 . He was taken to the Guildhall by closed coach ; an unusual method , considering prisoners were usually walked to trial , though the authorities may have had some concern about support from a sympathetic crowd . The trial began at about 9 : 30 am and lasted all day . In attendance were King James ( hidden from public view ) and several courtiers including Lady Arbella Stuart and Catherine Howard , Countess of Suffolk . Garnet was introduced with his various aliases , which included " Whalley , otherwise Darcy , otherwise Roberts , otherwise Farmer , otherwise Philips " . He was accused of having conspired with Catesby on 9 June 1605 to kill the king , his son , and to " alter and subvert the government of the kingdom and the true worship of God established in England " . He was also accused of having conspired with several others to blow up the House of Lords with gunpowder . He pleaded " not guilty " .
Speaking for the government , Edward Coke accused him of involvement in every treason since 1586 , the year he returned to England . According to Coke , the provincial superior was involved in the Main and Bye Plots of 1603 . He had sent Edmund Baynham to Rome to gain papal approval for the 1605 plot , and while at Coughton in November , had prayed " for the success of the great action " . Coke called Garnet " a doctor of five Ds , namely , of dissimulation , of deposing of princes , of disposing of kingdoms , of daunting and deterring of subjects , and of destruction " . His supposed inappropriate relationship with Anne Vaux was mentioned , but his adherence to the doctrine of equivocation proved extremely damaging . Francis Tresham 's deathbed letter , which claimed that Garnet had played no part in the so @-@ called Spanish Treason , was read aloud . Tresham claimed not to have seen Garnet " for fifteen or sixteen years before " , despite government evidence that the two had met more recently . Garnet had not seen the letter and did not know that it referred to events before 1602 , not 1605 . He was unable to explain it , except by saying " it may be , my Lord , that he meant to equivocate . "
Statements regarding Jesuit @-@ encouraged plots against Queen Elizabeth were read to the court , as well as some of the plotters ' confessions . Garnet defended his use of equivocation with his own treatise on the doctrine . He had denied his conversation with Oldcorne as it was a secret , but said that in matters of faith , equivocation could never be lawful . When asked by Salisbury what he would do if the pope excommunicated King James , he " denied to answer " . His defence of equivocation was scorned by Coke , who called it " open and broad lying and forswearing " . As for Tesimond 's confession , the planned assassination had not at that point happened and so Salisbury said that Garnet could easily have alerted the government . Salisbury attacked the idea that it had ever been made under the seal of the confessional , and claimed anyway that Garnet could have warned the authorities after his more ordinary conversation with Catesby about the death of innocents ; the priest replied by saying that at the time , he did not understand the relevance of Catesby 's questions . The Earl of Northampton said , in Latin , " quod non prohibet cum potest , jubet " ( what a man does not forbid when he can , he orders ) . Garnet 's defence , that he had forbidden Catesby from proceeding , was futile .
The jury took fifteen minutes to decide that Garnet was guilty of treason . He was sentenced to be hanged , drawn and quartered .
= = = Execution = = =
The day after his trial Garnet made a new statement , which he hoped would clarify his dealings with Tresham . He also wrote to the king , reiterating his stance on violence against a rightful monarch . When the government lied and told him they had captured Tesimond , he wrote an apologetic letter to the priest regarding the nature of their conversation the previous year . He also wrote a final letter to Anne Vaux , on 21 April , relating his lack of fortune over the previous few months .
After about three months spent in the Tower , on Saturday 3 May 1606 Garnet was strapped to a wooden hurdle and taken by three horses to the churchyard of St Paul 's . He wore a black cloak over his clothes and hat , and spent much of the journey with his hands together and eyes closed . Present in the churchyard were the Sheriff of London , Sir Henry Montague , George Abbot and John Overal . When asked if he had knowledge of any further treasons , Garnet replied that he had nothing to say . He rejected any entreatments to abandon his faith for Protestantism , and said that he had committed no offence against the king . The only thing he thought he might be condemned for was for abiding by the terms of the confessional , and if by that action he had offended the king or state , he asked for forgiveness . The recorder announced that this was an admission of guilt , but Garnet reiterated his not guilty plea and continued to argue the point .
Garnet highlighted the date of his execution , 3 May , the Feast of the Cross , and reaffirmed his innocence . He defended Anne Vaux against claims that their relationship had been inappropriate . He then prayed at the base of the ladder , disrobed down to his long , sewn @-@ up shirt , " that the wind might not blow it up " , and mounted the ladder . He ignored a Protestant minister who came forward , replying to an objectionable member of the audience that he " ever meant to die a true but perfect Catholic " . Bishop Overal protested that " we are all Catholics " , although Garnet disagreed with this . He once again said his prayers , and was then thrown off the ladder . Before the executioner could cut him down alive , many in the crowd pulled on his legs , and as a result , Garnet did not suffer the remainder of his grim sentence . There was no applause when the executioner held Garnet 's heart aloft and said the traditional words , " Behold the heart of a traitor " . His head was set on a pole on London Bridge , but crowds of onlookers fascinated by its pallid appearance eventually forced the government to turn the head upwards , so its face was no longer visible .
A bloodstained straw husk saved from the scene of the execution and said to bear Garnet 's image became an object of curiosity . It was smuggled out of the country into the possession of the Society of Jesus , before being lost during the French Revolution .
= = Writings = =
Garnet 's writings include An Apology Against the Defence of Schisme ( 1593 ) , an attack against church papistry in which he scolded Thomas Bell for supporting the occasional taking of Communion in the Church of England . This was followed by A Treatise of Christian Renunciation ( 1593 ) , which comprised a selection of quotations on what Catholics should be prepared to renounce for their faith , and The Societie of the Rosary ( 1593 – 1594 )
His defence of the practice of equivocation was published in A Treatise of Equivocation ( c . 1598 ) , originally titled A Treatise against lying and fraudulent dissimulation . Equivocation was condemned by most of his contemporaries as outright lying , including William Shakespeare , who may have alluded to Garnet in Macbeth with the following line : " who committed treason enough for God 's sake , yet could not equivocate to heaven " .
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= Halotus =
Halotus ( c . 20 – 30 AD – c . 70 – 80 AD ) was a servant to the Roman Emperor Claudius , the fourth member of the Julio @-@ Claudian dynasty . He served Claudius as a taster and as a chief steward ; it was because of his occupation , which entailed close contact with Claudius , that he is and was a suspect in the murder of the latter by poison . Along with Agrippina the Younger , the wife of Claudius , Halotus was considered one of the most likely to have committed the murder , although speculation by ancient historians suggest that he may have been working under orders of Agrippina .
Following the death of Claudius , much public outrage ensued , and there was a clear desire in the general public that Halotus and several other suspects ( such as Tigellinus , another servant who served Claudius ) , be executed . Nero , who acceded to the throne , allowed Halotus to continue as chief steward and taster ; Halotus served Nero until the latter 's death in 68 , and Galba 's assumption of the throne .
Shortly after Galba became Emperor , he bestowed upon Halotus an " important procuratorship " . This new occupation of procurator resulted in Halotus ' becoming a very wealthy man in Roman society . Galba 's reason for allowing Halotus such a well @-@ paying job when he was generally unpopular in the Roman society could not fairly be predicted ; Galba often made decisions that were not well liked by the public but which Galba often claimed were " for the economic good " .
Halotus died close to the end of the century , his public reputation somewhat restored after his rise in stature and wealth . His date of death is not mentioned by ancient historians of the time , such as Tacitus or Suetonius , who were also some of the main recorders of the events around Claudius ' death and the political trauma that followed . Whether Halotus was involved in the murder of Claudius and to what extent remains an unresolved point , as do many other aspects related to Claudius ' passing .
= = Servant = =
Halotus worked as a servant for Claudius and also held the position of official taster , an occupation which entailed his tasting of a portion of every meal Claudius ate each day for poison . Tasters also worked to detect less sinister problems with the Emperor 's meal , such as whether the food was fit to be consumed .
As the Emperor 's personal taster , Halotus would accompany Claudius to every banquet and dinner and as chief steward , he would have been with Claudius and his family for the majority of the time . Thus he could have formed a relationship with Agrippina the Younger , suggesting the possibility of their collaboration in poisoning Claudius . It also meant that he would have been aware of details such as the Emperor 's food preferences , his meal times and his schedule , making it easier for him to commit the murder .
Halotus was also known to have been a eunuch . There are many possible reasons for this but the most likely is related to the possibility of sexual contact between servant and master ; a prohibition against sexual contact between royalty and servants , guards and slaves was not uncommon in many parts of the world during Halotus ' era and it was thought that male castration would prevent this . Halotus may have been required to submit to castration in order to hold his position .
= = Poisoning of Claudius = =
Halotus is primarily remembered for his suspected involvement in the conspiracy and poisoning of Emperor Claudius on 13 October ( times of death are in dispute ; see below ) 54 AD . It is possible that Claudius died of natural causes , and the actual manner of the poisoning , in regards to which poison may have been used , in which food it could have been hidden , etc . , remains unclear . It is considered most likely , considering the writings of various ancient historians , that the poison was concealed in mushrooms ( as Claudius was known to have been particularly fond of them ) , and Agrippina the Younger , Claudius ' wife , is thought to have been the most likely to have instigated the murder or to have been the lead conspirator in the plot to overthrow Claudius .
Halotus , as the Emperor 's official taster , would probably have had a role in the plot , deceiving Claudius into believing the food was safe to consume . He is a prime suspect because he would have had access to everything eaten by the Emperor on the night of his death . It has been suggested that Halotus may have been the murderer but was working under orders of Agrippina . While it is uncertain whether Halotus would have had anything to gain from the death of the Emperor , Agrippina 's political and personal advantage gained by the death of her husband was evident ; with Claudius dead , Nero , Agrippina 's biological son , would be able to claim the throne . It was also known that the animosity between Agrippina and Claudius had grown during the months preceding the homicide . Other notable suspects included Locusta , a professional poisoner , and Xenophon , Claudius ' royal physician , who , in line with the suggestion that the poison was not immediately fatal , is said to have carried an ailing Claudius out of the banquet , taken him to his room and forced a poisoned feather into his mouth on the pretence of encouraging him to regurgitate . Others say Xenophon used poisoned gruel .
Other details about the poisoning have always been in dispute . While some argue that Claudius was in Rome , others claim he was in Sinuessa on the night he was poisoned . Whether one ingestion of poison was only enough to cause Claudius to fall ill and whether a second dose was given to kill him is also debated .
The time of death is also much discussed ; one version claims that the poison was so potent that he died instantly , while another says that he endured agony until dawn of the following day . It has been suggested that Claudius may have died as late as noon on 13 October .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Halotus = = =
Much public outrage resulted from the mystery shrouding Claudius ' death and the death itself ; there was a clear desire among the people of Rome that anyone suspected in Claudius ' murder be executed and this included Halotus ; he was not killed , and Nero allowed him to retain his position throughout his reign .
In 68 AD , , Nero 's successor Galba , despite public feeling , rewarded Halotus with a procuratorship . Galba ordered an edict relating to Tigellinus , another servant who had possibly been involved in the murder of Claudius and whose death was also being called for among the Romans , rebuking the public for their harshness and outrage .
Galba may have chosen to award Halotus the lucrative procuratorship for any number of reasons ; during his reign , Galba was known for making often unpopular political and economical actions , supposedly for what was , at least in Galba 's mind , the financial health of the city . Halotus ' great rise in status , and his subsequent prosperity , may have been in some way beneficial in Galba 's eyes . Less specifically , the move would certainly have had some degree of benefit for Galba in some way , whether indirectly , or directly , economically or financially .
The office was described by Suetonius as " an important procuratorship " but few other details relating to the actual occupation were specified . Mentions of Halotus ' receiving of the procuratorship include :
This person [ Halotus ] also survived Nero , and was promoted by Galba to a wealthy procuratorship
Why , when the Roman people called for the execution of Tigellinus and Halotus , he [ Galba ] saved these two alone out of all Nero 's agents , even though they were perhaps the worst of the lot . What is more , he gave Halotus an important procuratorship ....
Why Halotus in particular was chosen for such a high @-@ paid position is unclear . Why Halotus was even spared is also unclear , as almost all of Nero 's former servants were killed on Galba 's assumption of the throne , as Suetonius notes above .
As noted in the first quote above , the procuratorship was a " wealthy " one , leading to the possibility that the job involved tax collection .
= = = Public and political reaction = = =
For a while , it was pretended that Claudius was still alive , with all of those involved in the plot ( including Halotus ) undertaking their normal duties . This was done so that arrangements for Nero 's accession could be secure . The news that Claudius was merely sick rather than dead spread widely and Agrippina making requests " on Claudius ' behalf " further fooled the people into believing the Emperor lived . After all of the preparations for Nero 's accession had been made , the death was revealed to the Roman people .
Claudius was cremated , and his ashes were interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus on 24 October , 54 AD , ten days after his death . Despite the great political tumult Claudius ' passing caused , Nero and the Senate very quickly deified Claudius and Nero took the throne , just as Agrippina had wanted. at the young age of sixteen . The usurpation was politically easy for Nero ; Claudius ' will had specified that either Nero or Britannicus should take the throne following his death . Nero swiftly took firm control over an unsettled public ; all but Claudius ' most rigid and unmoving supporters became Nero 's men after only a short period . This can be at least partially attributed to Nero 's very well known opinions of Claudius , who was his adoptive father ; Nero often politically and publicly criticised and even insulted the late Claudius and many Claudian laws and policies were disregarded and abandoned under Nero 's reasoning that Claudius was simply too stupid and senile to be given any consideration . Nero responded to allegations of poisoned mushrooms being used to kill Claudius , by naming the fungus " the food of the gods " , lending further credence to the idea that mushrooms were used .
= = Death = =
Halotus died sometime in the latter part of the 1st century . At the time of his death , he still held the procuratorship that he had been granted by Galba . He kept this position despite Galba 's unseating very soon after it was bestowed and the political uproars of The Year of the Four Emperors . At the time of his death , Halotus ' public reputation had been at least partially restored and he had accumulated some degree of wealth after he had been cleared by Galba . Details relating to his death are not recorded in any of the writings of ancient historians , and neither are any specific dates .
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= A Very Merry Unauthorized Children 's Scientology Pageant =
A Very Merry Unauthorized Children 's Scientology Pageant is a satirical musical about Scientology and L. Ron Hubbard , written by Kyle Jarrow from a concept by Alex Timbers , the show 's original director . Jarrow based the story of the one @-@ act , one @-@ hour musical on Hubbard 's writings and Church of Scientology literature . The musical follows the life of Hubbard as he develops Dianetics and then Scientology . Though the musical pokes fun at Hubbard 's science fiction writing and personal beliefs , it has been called a " deadpan presentation " of his life story . Topics explored in the piece include Dianetics , the E @-@ meter , Thetans , and the story of Xenu . The show was originally presented in 2003 in New York City by Les Freres Corbusier , an experimental theater troupe , enjoying sold @-@ out Off @-@ Off @-@ Broadway and Off @-@ Broadway productions . Later productions have included Los Angeles , New York , Boston , Atlanta , Philadelphia and Washington , D.C.
Early in the production of the musical , the president of the Church of Scientology in New York sent a letter to the producer pointing out the Church 's history of litigation . This led Timbers and Jarrow to insert the word " Unauthorized " into the title , upon the advice of legal counsel . During the Los Angeles production , representatives of the Church of Scientology visited the production staff in the midst of rehearsals and handed out documentation of successful litigation against critics of Scientology . Parents of some of the Los Angeles cast members also received phone calls from Scientologists in the entertainment industry , asking them not to allow their children to perform in the musical .
A Very Merry Unauthorized Children 's Scientology Pageant has been well received . The 2003 New York production received an Obie Award , and director Alex Timbers received a Garland Award for the 2004 Los Angeles production . The musical also received positive reviews in the press . The New York Times characterized it as a " cult @-@ hit " , and The Village Voice , The Los Angeles Times and The Guardian all gave it favorable reviews . Variety and The Boston Globe had kind words for the updated 2006 edition . A 2004 cast recording released by Sh @-@ K @-@ Boom Records received four out of five stars from Allmusic and plaudits from The Los Angeles Daily News .
= = Background = =
Alex Timbers developed the concept and directed the play , while Kyle Jarrow wrote the accompanying book , music , and lyrics . Timbers and Jarrow were classmates together at Yale University . The script for the play is published by Samuel French , Inc . Jarrow was motivated to write the script by what he saw as a shift in religious teachings – from an old model involving hell and retribution , to a new system of thought promising money or peace . Jarrow commented on Timbers ' idea of using children to tell a story about Scientology : " I did a lot of work on cults in college , and what I learned is that they sort of turn you into a child by appealing to that part of you that wants to be taken care of and given answers . And so it all began to make sense to me . " He said Scientology would be " an especially interesting topic for a theater piece " because of its criticism of psychiatry , relative newness compared to Buddhism , Islam , Judaism , and Christianity , and practice of requiring " that the follower take courses which cost significant amounts of money . "
Jarrow 's script was " almost entirely based on Hubbard 's own writings and the church 's literature " , though Jarrow was also influenced by critical journalistic accounts . He also drew on the " awkward woodenness of Christmas pageants — the fact that children are often made to say large words that don 't sound natural coming out of their mouths . " Timbers said they chose to stick to Church of Scientology primary source material for background on the script because " We thought that the best way to satirize the Church of Scientology was to let the Church speak for itself . " During production , the creative team worked with cast members to educate them about the play 's background . " Kids shouldn 't just be saying things that they don 't understand . That 's what we 're criticizing ... people who just parrot behavior and language . We wanted to have an honest conversation with them , " Jarrow said . The published version of the script says that the musical should not be performed by adults ; Jarrow said adults are " too jaded " , and would not be able to portray the " unwinking satire " of the piece .
The producers wanted the musical to appear like a " corny and low @-@ rent production " . The ensemble includes 10 actors from ages eight to twelve . Though professionals , the child actors perform with a " realistic lack of polish " , as they are playing non @-@ professional children of Scientologists , performing in a holiday pageant . The chorus portrays Thetans , and the reactive and analytical portions of the mind are depicted by two children who share a conjoined right brain costume . During the Xenu story , the narrator is outfitted in a cardboard robot suit , and the actor portraying Xenu wears a " tacky headdress " . Staging , costumes and set design are all made to appear to be the " earnest work of schoolteachers and supportive parents trying to provide a colorful and cheery atmosphere on a small budget . " The stage design includes a " colorful , crayon @-@ colored backdrop of space age @-@ like , semi @-@ circular set pieces . " Costumes include white robes , rainbow @-@ striped socks and tinsel halos . Props used to denote locations include " a waving cardboard palm frond for Hawaii , a street sign and cell phones for New York . " The musical ends with a tableau vivant , where the audience sees the cast standing at the back of the theater holding candles and singing cheerfully as a door closes and they are blocked from view .
Early in the production of the play , John Carmichael , president of the Church of Scientology in New York , found out that a theatrical production involving Scientology was in the works . After showing up unannounced to a rehearsal , Carmichael sent a letter to the play 's New York producer , Aaron Lemon @-@ Strauss , citing his concerns at the possibility of being ridiculed . In the letter , Carmichael also pointed out the church 's many past lawsuits . Alex Timbers was quoted as saying : " We 've been told that the letter is a precursor to a lawsuit . " Carmichael visited the artistic staff a total of three times to voice his concerns before the play 's debut . After this occurrence , Jarrow and Timbers ' attorneys advised them to insert the word " Unauthorized " into the title of the play . This was done to avoid potential litigation from the Church of Scientology . In an interview with The New York Times , Carmichael later stated : " These folks have a right to write whatever play they want ... but they 've sunk to clichés . "
= = Plot summary = =
The characters gather on a cold winter night to rejoice in telling the story of L. Ron Hubbard . " Hey ! It 's a Happy Day ! " A narrator notes : " Today we relate the life of L. Ron Hubbard : Teacher , author , explorer , atomic physicist , nautical engineer , choreographer , horticulturist , and father of Scientology ! " Hubbard is born in a nativity scene , surrounded by parents and barnyard animals , as an angel proclaims , " Billions of years of evolution had climaxed with his birth . " He begins to question the nature of his existence . He is adrift on a boat in the Pacific Ocean during his service in World War II , when he begins to think about starting a religion . Hubbard tells his followers about what he has learned through his travels in " Science of the Mind " , singing about " the key to being free , the way to be happy " . He tells his followers that during the War " I saw how emotion can make you blind " , and he begins to teach his followers about the reactive mind .
Hubbard thanks the analytical mind ( portrayed by two characters ) for helping him to find the answers he was searching for , and proclaims : " Thinking rationally is the way to be happy and the key to learning more . " He announces to his followers , " You 'll operate with your analytical mind only .... There won 't be any emotions to stand in the way of your success . " As Hubbard tells his followers about his new ideas , they each proclaim to him : " You 're right ! " Hubbard answers : " Of course I 'm right ! " Hubbard 's followers thank him for teaching them his new ideas : " Now the sun will shine / And the world is fine / We have got the science of the mind . " A Church of Scientology Auditor explains some technical Scientology jargon to new recruits , and the E @-@ meter is described in a puppet show .
As Hubbard 's followers progress in their Scientology teachings , they learn of the story of evil alien prince Xenu . Celebrity actor characters describe their relationships with Scientology : John Travolta explains how Scientology " fueled his cool " ; Kirstie Alley says that it helped her conquer drug addiction " enabling me to star in the fine television series Fat Actress and to promote the quality products of weight loss expert Jenny Craig " ; and Tom Cruise interacts with sock @-@ puppet incarnations of his new wife and daughter . The Internal Revenue Service brings a case against Hubbard , but he is able to defeat the tax charges by brainwashing his accuser . Celebrities Cruise , Alley and Travolta testify on Hubbard 's behalf during the trial . Skeptics question Hubbard about the Church of Scientology 's finances and methods of recruiting and retaining members . One young boy , left alone on the stage , sings about profound alienation . The entire company finally comes together to sing the " chilling finale " , which includes the refrain : " Just don 't ask questions / And everything is clear . "
= = Musical analysis = =
Jarrow incorporated musical themes from The Road to Freedom , a 1986 pop album with lyrics by Hubbard and performances by John Travolta , Leif Garrett , Frank Stallone , Chick Corea , and Karen Black . Jarrow also incorporated musical themes from 1980s pop , saying " the liturgical music of Scientology is 1980s pop , which seems strangely appropriate because of the science fiction books . So that 's what we did [ in the show ] . It 's a pastiche of synth @-@ pop and pageant choir music . " Jarrow said he tried " to capture the feel of kiddie rock " such as Free to Be … You and Me and Kids Incorporated .
The song , " Hey ! It 's a Happy Day ! " quotes Hubbard 's Scientology : A New Slant On Life . Songs are set to " cheesy synth @-@ keyboard backing " and feature " sublimely clunky dance breaks " . An electronic score emphasizes the musical 's " loony conviction " , while sleigh bells give the play a feeling of a " jazzed @-@ up saint 's play " . The songs incorporate video game music , and " beats from a child 's keyboard synthesizer . " The music in the show has been compared with the symphonic band Polyphonic Spree , and with the educational short films of Schoolhouse Rock .
= = Productions = =
= = = 2003 – 2004 = = =
A Very Merry Unauthorized Children 's Scientology Pageant debuted in November 2003 , and had sold @-@ out Off @-@ Off @-@ Broadway and Off @-@ Broadway runs that winter , both directed by Alex Timbers . The musical was initially shown at The Tank theatre on 42nd Street where it ran for three weeks , and later moved to The John Houseman Theatre , where it was performed for an additional three weeks . The show opened in Los Angeles at the Powerhouse Theatre , in October 2004 , again directed by Timbers . The run was initially scheduled for October 15 through November 21 , 2004 , but was extended through December 21 , 2004 . Timbers said that he was excited to take the production to Los Angeles , commenting : " Since the whole goal of the show is to imagine how the Scientologists might stage a nativity pageant , there 's no better place to try than in their Jerusalem . "
When the production company first arrived in Los Angeles , the cast and crew were " intimidated " by Scientologists . Scientology officials had previously visited the New York City production in the midst of rehearsals and handed out " documentation of court cases where the Church of Scientology had successfully prosecuted those seeking to disparage the Church 's methods . " Director / creator Alex Timbers characterized these events as " terrifically wonderful and intimidating " . Editors from the Los Angeles Times received phone calls from Scientologists urging them not to write about the play . In addition , the parents of one of the children from the cast received phone calls from members of the entertainment industry who were Scientologists . The parents of these cast members were told that if their children performed in the play , " it might be bad for their future career . " The parents politely informed these callers " We read the script , and we don 't think it is mean @-@ spirited ... We understand your concerns , but we don 't share your concerns . " When asked by Variety magazine for the Church 's official take on the play , a Los Angeles Church of Scientology spokeswoman was quoted as saying : " This is not litigation material . This is nothing . " In a 2007 interview , Jarrow commented on the Church of Scientology 's history of responses to productions of the play : " It 's clear the Church doesn 't like the show — but in my opinion that kind of controversy is evidence that the show 's hitting a nerve and dealing with pertinent issues . So I take a certain pride in that . "
= = = 2006 – present = = =
In late 2006 , the musical was performed at New York Theatre Workshop 's 4th Street Theatre in New York City , with Alex Timbers reprising his role as director and Gabriel Kahane as musical director . That same year , the show was also presented at the Boston Center for the Arts in Boston by Boston Theatre Works , and at Dad 's Garage Theatre in Atlanta . The Boston production was directed by Jason Southerland . When contacted by The Boston Globe for a statement on the Boston production , Boston Church of Scientology president Gerard Renna stated that the musical : " is not something we 're addressing " and that they were instead focused on antidrug education .
Dad 's Garage Theatre presented the musical again in 2007 , from November 30 to December 23 , 2007 . The entire cast from the 2006 production returned , and director Mary Claire Dunn emphasized that she educated the cast about Scientology on the first day of rehearsal . Theatre company Brat Productions in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania also put on a 2007 production , with performances from December 13 through December 30 , 2007 at St. Stephen 's Theater . The production was directed by Lee Ann Etzold . Landless Theatre Company in Washington , D.C. also presented the musical from December 20 , 2007 through January 13 , 2008 at the District of Columbia Arts Center in Adams Morgan . Andrew Lloyd Baughman was the director and music director .
Rarely Done Productions in Syracuse , New York put on a production of the play , which ran from October 3 to October 18 , 2008 . Circle Theatre in Fort Worth , Texas has announced a 2008 production , which ran November 20 to December 20 , 2008 . Know Theatre of Cincinnati , Ohio planned a 2008 production December 6 through January , 2008 . Ron May , artistic director of Stray Cat Theatre in Phoenix , Arizona , also planned a production of the play for the 2008 season , and A Red Orchid Theatre in Chicago , Illinois planned a production to run from November 17 to December 28 , 2008 . Representatives for the Church of Scientology did not respond to repeated requests for comment from the Chicago Tribune about the 2008 Chicago production .
The 2008 Chicago production was well received , and A Red Orchid Theatre again put on a production of the play in its 2009 – 2010 season . The Chicago production was directed by Steve Wilson , and ran from November 12 , 2009 through January 3 , 2010 . The play 's artistic director , Kirsten Fitzgerald spoke positively of rehearsals for the Chicago production : " The energy that explodes into the theatre with the start of each rehearsal is palpable and impossible to deny , even from the office next door . I am ecstatic and so very grateful to bring last year 's smash @-@ hit to audiences old and new . The heart of last year 's joyous and hilarious Chicago Premiere returns with plenty of surprises and new fun up our sleeves . " Crain 's Chicago Business ranked the production as one of the top ten things to do for the weekend in the city . Another Illinois production ran from December 7 , 2009 to January 3 , 2010 , by Next Theatre in Evanston . On December 2 , 2009 , performers sang songs from the play in a production called The Songs of Kyle Jarrow at the 92YTribeca in Manhattan , New York . Performers included Jeb Brown , Tony Award @-@ nominee Alison Fraser , Susan Goodwillie , Caesar Samayoa , Libby Winters , and Lauren Worsham .
A 2010 production was planned in Clearwater , Florida , for showings December 2 through December 22 . The play in Clearwater is produced by American Stage for the After Hours series . A representative for the theater , Andy Orrell , told the St. Petersburg Times , " The After Hours series does shows that are more avant garde , more risque , shows that we couldn 't really do on the main stage . In a lot of ways , this show fits perfectly into that criteria . " Clearwater is a spiritual headquarters for the Scientology organization ; when contacted for a statement by St. Petersburg Times , Kyle Jarrow responded , " Wow ! – I had no idea they were doing the show down there . Clearwater is almost ground zero for Scientology . That 's sure to be extra controversial . " The American Stage Theatre Company performs out of the Raymond James Theatre in St. Petersburg , Florida . The Actors Guild of Lexington in Lexington , Kentucky planned a production to run from April 7 – 17 , 2011 , directed by the group 's artistic director Eric Seale .
= = Reception = =
= = = Awards = = =
A Very Merry Unauthorized Children 's Scientology Pageant received a 2004 Obie Award for its 2003 production in New York City . Kyle Jarrow and Alex Timbers were given " Special Citations " from The Village Voice for developing the piece . Timbers and Jarrow were honored with the award at the May 17 , 2004 Obie Award presentation , at New York 's Webster Hall . Alex Timbers also received a Back Stage West Garland Award for best director , for the 2004 Los Angeles production of the play .
= = = Reviews = = =
A Very Merry Unauthorized Children 's Scientology Pageant received positive reviews from the press . A review in The New York Times described the musical as having a " crude , faux @-@ naïf sensibility " , and stated that it " provides a cult @-@ hit blueprint for a young generation that prefers its irony delivered with not a wink but a blank stare . " A 2003 review in New York City 's The Village Voice compared the show to The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui , stating : " Just as Ui doesn 't explain the complex phenomenon of the Third Reich , Scientology Pageant doesn 't probe the psychology of cults ; instead , both demystify subjects whose appeal stems in no small part from the mystique their acolytes have attributed to them . " Though most of the media reception of the musical was positive , New York Church of Scientology President John Carmichael did not have kind words for the production . Carmichael asserted that L. Ron Hubbard was portrayed in the play as " an authoritarian demagogue whose methods create emotionless followers . " Other critics complained that the young members of the cast were portraying characters and depicting content that they could not understand .
The Los Angeles Times review in 2004 stated that : " The show found a New York audience willing to move from the tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek children 's pageant concept to something that became startlingly adult . " In a 2004 review in The Guardian , the article cited notable quotes from other reviews , including The New York Times , The Village Voice , and The New York Observer . The review stated that audiences " have a chance to witness a wide @-@ eyed , straight @-@ faced , scrappy and touching telling of the story of L Ron set to a cheesy electro @-@ pop score . See the great man , clad in a white Plyphonic [ sic ] Spree @-@ style gown , wander from inquisitive soul to wounded war veteran to writer of pulp science fiction to leader of world religion . Sort of . "
Of the updated 2006 version , Variety stated that " .. the breezy one @-@ hour show is equal parts adorable and creepy , hilarious and unsettling , making it way more compelling than your average holiday entertainment . " The Boston Globe also reviewed the 2006 edition of the play , and its review spent more time giving background on some of the cast and crew , particularly writer Kyle Jarrow , stating that " .. Jarrow has created a musical about L. Ron Hubbard that is , in its own sardonic way , much more funny and touching than any of Cruise 's diatribes against Ritalin . " The New York Sun described the production as an : " ingenious musical account of L. Ron Hubbard 's life and times " , and compared the discomfort produced by watching the piece to that produced by the 2006 documentary Jesus Camp .
The 2007 Philadelphia production also received favorable reviews , and critic Wendy Rosenfield of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote " .. somehow the production emerges triumphant , retaining its innocent sense of inquiry and buoyant good humor while making some pretty serious philosophical points . " A review in The Washington Post of the 2007 Washington , D.C. production was more critical . Peter Marks wrote that " .. aside from a weird sci @-@ fi back story involving Prince Xenu , a figure from Scientology lore , the incidents the playwright relates that shape Hubbard 's belief system unfold choppily and dryly . " The production received a positive review in by Bob Anthony in AllArtsReview4U , who wrote " This is so charming that it rates a " must see " status . The show should be extended at another venue . " Manya Brachear reviewed the 2008 Chicago production for the Chicago Tribune , and highlighted the play 's " trilling tunes " , including " Hey ! It 's a Happy Day ! " and " The Science of the Mind " . The two Chicago productions in 2009 also received favorable reviews in the Chicago Tribune ; the reviewer noted , " this show manages to simultaneously skewer Scientology and showcase the young performers in an upbeat , fun way . "
= = Cast recording = =
A cast recording of the musical was released by Kurt Deutsch 's Sh @-@ K @-@ Boom Records , on November 2 , 2004 . " Hey ! It 's a Happy Day ! " , " Science of the Mind " , " Rain " , and " Finale " are tracks from the original 2004 production . The other songs on the album were written by Jarrow " .. to further explore the subjects and themes of the stage production . " The first track on the album is entitled " Disclaimer " , and is a general announcement to the audience . The Los Angeles Daily News surmised that this disclaimer served to " keep the creators of this acidic little send @-@ up from getting hauled into court " :
Ladies and gentlemen : Before we go any further , I would just like to inform you , that Scientology , Scientologist , Dianetics , and the name L. Ron Hubbard , are registered trademarks – owned exclusively by the Church of Scientology . Thank you . Now let 's get on with the show !
The CD release received four out of five stars from Allmusic , where it was described as " Funny , weird and wonderful " , and " the offbeat theater offering of the year " . Specific tracks highlighted by Allmusic included " L. Ron Hubbard " , in which the chorus centers on the question : " What does the ' L. ' stand for ? " , and " The Way It Began " [ sic ] , which begins with the preface statement : " The following is completely secret and absolutely serious . It is the story of the universe as described in the most sacred literature of the Church of Scientology . " In the song " Mister Auditor " , the children actually sing some of the typical questions asked in Scientology auditing , and in the song " Something Special " , allegations that the Church of Scientology " preys on the weak and confused " are discussed , but the narrator states that none of these allegations are true .
2004 Cast recording
" Disclaimer " – 0 : 18
" Hey ! It 's a Happy Day ! " – 4 : 37
" L. Ron Hubbard " – 3 : 44
" The Way That It Began " – 3 : 10
" Searching " – 2 : 33
" Science of the Mind " – 2 : 44
" Mister Auditor " – 3 : 18
" Rain " – 4 : 11
" Something Special " – 3 : 40
" Finale " – 2 : 40
" Rain With the Fabulous Entourage " – 3 : 52
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= Windows Mobile =
Windows Mobile is a family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones and Pocket PCs .
Its origins dated back to Windows CE in 1996 , though Windows Mobile itself first appeared in 2000 as PocketPC 2000 . It was renamed " Windows Mobile " in 2003 , at which point it came in several versions ( similar to the desktop versions of Windows ) and was aimed at business and enterprise consumers . By 2007 , it was the most popular smartphone software in the U.S. , but this popularity faded in the following years . In February 2010 , facing competition from rival OSs including iOS and Android , Microsoft announced Windows Phone to supersede Windows Mobile . As a result , Windows Mobile has been deprecated . Windows Phone is incompatible with Windows Mobile devices and software . The last version of Windows Mobile , released after the announcement of Windows Phone , was 6 @.@ 5 @.@ 5 . After this , Microsoft ceased development on Windows Mobile , in order to concentrate on Windows Phone .
= = Features = =
Most versions of Windows Mobile have a standard set of features , such as multitasking and the ability to navigate a file system similar to that of Windows 9x and Windows NT , including support for many of the same file types . Similarly to its desktop counterpart , it comes bundled with a set of applications that perform basic tasks . Internet Explorer Mobile is the default web browser , and Windows Media Player is the default media player used for playing digital media . The mobile version of Microsoft Office , is the default office suite .
Internet Connection Sharing , supported on compatible devices , allows the phone to share its Internet connection with computers via USB and Bluetooth . Windows Mobile supports virtual private networking over PPTP protocol . Most devices with mobile connectivity also have a Radio Interface Layer . The Radio Interface Layer provides the system interface between the Cell Core layer within the Windows Mobile OS and the radio protocol stack used by the wireless modem hardware . This allows OEMs to integrate a variety of modems into their equipment .
The user interface changed dramatically between versions , only retaining similar functionality . The Today Screen , later called the Home Screen , shows the current date , owner information , upcoming appointments , e @-@ mails , and tasks . The taskbar display the current time as well as the volume level . Devices with a cellular radio also show the signal strength on said taskbar .
= = History = =
Windows Mobile is based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system . It includes a suite of basic applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API , and is designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows . It allowed third party developers to develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft . Software applications were purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service 's lifespan .
Most early Windows Mobile devices came with a stylus , which can be used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen . The primary touch input technology behind most devices were resistive touchscreens which often required a stylus for input . Later devices used capacitive sensing which does not require a stylus . Along with touchscreens , a large variety of form factors existed for the platform . Some devices featured slideout keyboards , while others featured minimal face buttons .
= = = Windows CE = = =
Microsoft 's work on handheld portable devices began with research projects in 1990 , with the work on Windows CE beginning in 1992 . Initially , the OS and the user interface were developed separately . With Windows CE being based on Windows 95 code and a separate team handing the user interface which was codenamed WinPad ( later Microsoft At Work for Handhelds ) . Windows 95 had strong pen support making porting easy ; with some saying " At this time , Windows 95 offers outstanding pen support . It is treating pens right for the first time . " WinPad was delayed due to price and performance issues , before being scrapped in early 1995 due to touchscreen driver problems relating to WriteTouch technology , made by NCR Microelectronic Products . Although WinPad was never released as a consumer product , Alpha builds were released showcasing many interface elements . During development of WinPad a separate team worked on a project called Pulsar ; designed to be a mobile communications version of WinPad , described as a " pager on Steroids " . This project was also canceled around the same time as WinPad . The two disbanded groups would form the Pegasus project in 1995 . Pegasus would work on the hardware side of the Windows CE OS , attempting to create a form factor similar to a PC @-@ esque PDA like WinPad , with communications functionality like Pulsar . A hardware reference guide was created and devices began shipping in 1996 , although most of these device bore little resemblance to the goal of a pen @-@ based touchscreen handheld device .
= = = Pocket PC 2000 = = =
Pocket PC 2000 , originally codenamed " Rapier " , was released on April 19 , 2000 , and was based on Windows CE 3 @.@ 0 . It was the debut of what was later dubbed the Windows Mobile operating system , and meant to be a successor to the operating system aboard Palm @-@ size PCs . It retained backwards compatibility with such Palm @-@ Size PC applications . Pocket PC 2000 was intended mainly for Pocket PC devices ; however , several Palm @-@ Size PC devices had the ability to be updated also . While , several Pocket PC 2000 phones were released , Microsoft 's smartphone hardware platform was not yet created . The only resolution supported by this release was 240 x 320 ( QVGA ) . Removable storage card formats that were supported were CompactFlash and MultiMediaCard . At this time Pocket PC devices had not been standardized with a specific CPU architecture . As a result , Pocket PC 2000 was released on multiple CPU architectures ; SH @-@ 3 , MIPS , and ARM . Infrared ( IR ) File beaming capability was among the original hardware features .
The original Pocket PC operating system had similar appearance to Windows 98 , Windows Me , and Windows 2000 operating systems . Pocket PC 2000 is unsupported as of September 10 , 2007 .
This initial release had multiple built @-@ in applications , many of them similarly branded to match their desktop counterparts ; such as Microsoft Reader , Microsoft Money , Pocket Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player . A version of Microsoft Office called Pocket Office was also bundled and included Pocket Word , Pocket Excel and Pocket Outlook . Notes , a note @-@ taking app saw its first release and would be supported by most later versions of Windows Mobile . Intelligent character recognition support allowed Notes to distinguish styles of handwriting to be learned by the OS during processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels .
= = = Pocket PC 2002 = = =
Pocket PC 2002 , originally codenamed " Merlin " , was released in October 2001 . Like Pocket PC 2000 , it was powered by Windows CE 3 @.@ 0 . Although targeted mainly for 240 × 320 ( QVGA ) Pocket PC devices , Pocket PC 2002 was also used for Pocket PC phones , and for the first time , Smartphones . These Pocket PC 2002 Smartphones were mainly GSM devices . With future releases , the Pocket PC and Smartphone lines would increasingly collide as the licensing terms were relaxed allowing OEMs to take advantage of more innovative , individual design ideas . Aesthetically , Pocket PC 2002 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows XP . Newly added or updated programs include Windows Media Player 8 with streaming capability ; MSN Messenger , and Microsoft Reader 2 , with Digital rights management support . Upgrades to the bundled version of Office Mobile include a spell checker and word count tool in Pocket Word and improved Pocket Outlook . Connectivity was improved with file beaming on non @-@ Microsoft devices such as Palm OS , the inclusion of Terminal Services and Virtual private networking support , and the ability to synchronize folders . Other upgrades include an enhanced UI with theme support and savable downloads and WAP in Pocket Internet Explorer .
= = = Windows Mobile 2003 = = =
Windows Mobile 2003 , originally codenamed " Ozone " , was released on June 23 , 2003 , and was the first release under the Windows Mobile banner . It came in four editions : " Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Premium Edition " , " Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Professional Edition " , " Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphone " and " Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Phone Edition " . The last was designed especially for Pocket PCs which include phone functionalities . The Professional Edition was used in Pocket PC budget models . It lacked a number of features that were in the Premium Edition , such as a client for L2TP / IPsec VPNs . Windows Mobile 2003 was powered by Windows CE 4 @.@ 20 .
Communications interface were enhanced with Bluetooth device management . Which allowed for Bluetooth file beaming support , Bluetooth headset support and support for Bluetooth add @-@ on keyboards . A pictures application with viewing , cropping , e @-@ mail , and beaming support was added . Multimedia improvements included MIDI file support as ringtones in Phone Edition and Windows Media Player 9 @.@ 0 with streaming optimization . A puzzle game titled Jawbreaker is among the preinstalled programs . GAPI was included with this release to facilitate the development of games for the platform .
Other features / built @-@ in applications included the following : enhanced Pocket Outlook with vCard and vCal support , improved Pocket Internet Explorer and SMS reply options for Phone Edition .
= = = Windows Mobile 2003 SE = = =
Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition , also known as " Windows Mobile 2003 SE " , was released on March 24 , 2004 and first offered on the Dell Axim x30 . This was the last version which allowed users to back up and restore an entire device through ActiveSync .
This upgrade allows users to switch between portrait and landscape modes and introduces a single @-@ column layout in Pocket Internet Explorer . It includes support for Wi @-@ Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) and new screen resolutions : 640 × 480 ( VGA ) , 240x240 , and 480x480 .
= = = Windows Mobile 5 = = =
Windows Mobile 5 @.@ 0 , originally codenamed " Magneto " , was released at Microsoft 's Mobile and Embedded Developers Conference 2005 in Las Vegas , May 9 – 12 , 2005 . Microsoft offered mainstream support for Windows Mobile 5 through October 12 , 2010 , and extended support through October 13 , 2015 . It was first offered on the Dell Axim x51 . It used the .NET Compact Framework 1 @.@ 0 SP3 , an environment for programs based on .NET. Windows Mobile 5 @.@ 0 included Microsoft Exchange Server " push " functionality improvements that worked with Exchange 2003 SP2 . The " push " functionality also required vendor / device support With AKU2 software upgrades all WM 5 @.@ 0 devices supported DirectPush .
Other features included an enhanced battery @-@ saving capability called persistent storage capability . Previously up to 50 % ( enough for 72 hours of storage ) of battery power was reserved just to maintain data in volatile RAM . This continued the trend of Windows @-@ based devices moving from using RAM as their primary storage medium to the use of a combination of RAM and flash memory ( in use , no distinction between the two is obvious to users ) . Programs and frequently accessed data run in RAM , while most storage is in the flash memory . The OS seamlessly moves data between the two as needed . Everything is backed up in the flash memory , so unlike prior devices , WM5 devices lose no data if power is lost . New to 5 @.@ 0 , OS updates were released as Adaptation kit upgrades , with AKU 3 @.@ 5 being the final released .
Windows Mobile 5 comes with Microsoft Office Mobile which includes PowerPoint Mobile , Excel Mobile with graphing capability and Word Mobile with the ability to insert tables and graphics . Media management and playback was enhanced with Picture and Video package , which converged the management of videos and pictures and Windows Media Player 10 Mobile . Among new hardware features were enhanced Bluetooth support , default QWERTY keyboard @-@ support and a management interface for Global Positioning System ( GPS ) . Improvements were made to ActiveSync 4 @.@ 2 with 15 % increased synchronization speed . Business customers benefited from a new error reporting facility similar to that present in desktop and server Windows systems . Caller ID now supports photos so a user can apply an image to each contact to show when a call is received . DirectShow was also natively added . This release was the first to include DirectDraw with hardware acceleration , replacing the deprecated graphics component of GAPI .
Windows Mobile 5 @.@ 0 requires at least 64 MBs of ROM ( it 's advisable to have 64 MBs of RAM ) , and the device must run an ARM compatible processor such as the Intel XScale or the Samsung and Texas Instruments ARM compatibles .
= = = Windows Mobile 6 = = =
Windows Mobile 6 , formerly codenamed " Crossbow " , was released on February 12 , 2007 at the 3GSM World Congress 2007 . It comes in three different versions : " Windows Mobile 6 Standard " for Smartphones ( phones without touchscreens ) , " Windows Mobile 6 Professional " for Pocket PCs with phone functionality , and " Windows Mobile 6 Classic " for Pocket PCs without cellular radios .
Windows Mobile 6 is powered by Windows CE 5 @.@ 0 ( version 5 @.@ 2 ) and is strongly linked to the then newly introduced Windows Live and Exchange 2007 products . Windows Mobile 6 Standard was first offered on the Orange 's SPV E650 , while Windows Mobile 6 Professional was first offered on the O2 's Xda Terra . Aesthetically , Windows Mobile 6 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows Vista . Functionally , it works much like Windows Mobile 5 , but with much better stability .
Along with the announcement of Office Mobile 6 @.@ 1 with support for Office 2007 document formats ( pptx , docx , xlsx ) ; OneNote Mobile , a companion to Microsoft Office OneNote was added to the already installed version . In addition to the newly included programs with Office Mobile improvements were made to existing applications . Such as HTML email support in Outlook Mobile . A large number of Windows Mobile users are enterprise users business environments were targeted . With Server Search on Microsoft Exchange 2007 , Out of Office Replies with Microsoft Exchange 2007 , and search ability for contacts in an Exchange Server Address Book being implemented . To aid development for programmers , .NET Compact Framework v2 SP2 is now preinstalled with the OS . Developers and users also have access to Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition for storage and retrieval of information . AJAX , JavaScript , and XMLDOM support were added to Internet Explorer Mobile along with improved devicewide Internet Sharing . Communication abilities were further enhanced with a new Microsoft Bluetooth Stack and VoIP ( Internet calling ) support with AEC ( Acoustic Echo Cancelling ) and MSRT Audio Codec .
To improve security Microsoft added Storage Card Encryption so that encryption keys are lost if device is cold @-@ booted . Further updates both , security and feature , can now also be provided using Operating System Live Update
Among other improvements : 320x320 and 800x480 ( WVGA ) screen resolution support ( The S01SH or " Em One " by Sharp was the first and only device to have an 800x480 screen on WM5 ) , Improved Remote Desktop access ( Available for only certain Pocket PCs ) , Customer Feedback option , Smartfilter for searching within programs and Unlicensed Mobile Access ( UMA ) support for select operators
= = = Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 1 = = =
Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 1 was announced April 1 , 2008 . It is a minor upgrade to the Windows Mobile 6 platform with various performance enhancements and a redesigned Home screen featuring horizontal tiles that expand on clicking to display more information , although this new home screen is featured only on Windows Mobile Standard edition . This was not supported in the Professional edition . Several other changes such as threaded SMS , full page zooming in Internet Explorer and ' Domain Enroll ' were also added , along with a " mobile " version of the Microsoft OneNote program and an interactive " Getting Started " wizard . Domain Enroll is functionality to connect the device to System Center Mobile Device Manager 2008 , a product to manage mobile devices . Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 1 also had improved bandwidth efficiency in its push @-@ email protocol ActiveSync up to 40 % ; this considerably improved battery life in many devices .
Aside from the visual and feature distinctions , the underlying CE versions can be used to differentiate WM6.0 from WM 6 @.@ 1 . The version of Windows CE in WM 6 @.@ 0 is 5 @.@ 2 . * , with the final number being a 4 digit build ID ( e.g. 5 @.@ 2 @.@ 1622 on HTC Wing ) . In WM 6 @.@ 1 , the CE version is 5 @.@ 2 . * with a 5 digit build number ( e.g. 5 @.@ 2 @.@ 19216 on Palm Treo 800w ) .
= = = Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 5 = = =
Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 5 was a stopgap update to Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 1 intended to bridge the gap between version 6 @.@ 1 and the then yet @-@ to @-@ be released Windows Mobile 7 ( Later canceled in favor of Windows Phone 7 ) , that arrived in 2010 . It was never part of Microsoft 's mobile phone roadmap , and has been described by its chief executive , Steve Ballmer , as " not the full release [ Microsoft ] wanted " until the multi @-@ touch @-@ enabled Windows Mobile 7 ( now replaced by Windows Phone ) arrived in 2010 . Ballmer also indicated that the company " screwed up with Windows Mobile " , he lamented that Windows Mobile 7 was not yet available and that the Windows Mobile team needed to try to recoup losses . Microsoft unveiled this version at the 2009 Mobile World Congress in February , and several devices were supplied with it . It was released to manufacturers on May 11 , 2009 ; the first devices running the operating system appeared in late October 2009 . Several phones that officially shipped with Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 1 can be officially updated to Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 5 . This update includes some significant new added features , such as a revamped GUI , a new Today screen resembling that of Microsoft 's Zune player with vertically scrollable labels ( called ' Titanium ' ) . WM6.5 also includes the new Internet Explorer Mobile 6 browser , with improved interface .
Along with Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 5 , Microsoft announced several Cloud computing services codenamed " SkyBox " , " SkyLine " , " SkyMarket " . " SkyBox " has been confirmed as My Phone , while " SkyMarket " has been confirmed as Windows Marketplace for Mobile . This version was designed mainly for easier finger usage . Some reviewers have noted interface inconsistencies , with some applications having small buttons making them harder to operate using only a finger . Whilst this version of Windows Mobile does not natively support capacitive screens , mobile manufacturers have been able to use them on their devices
In the months following this release , development shifted from Windows Mobile to its successor Windows Phone . As such no major upgrades were planned or released , although three minor updates ; 6 @.@ 5 @.@ 1 , 6 @.@ 5 @.@ 3 and 6 @.@ 5 @.@ 5 ; were made to satisfy consumers during the transition period . 6 @.@ 5 @.@ 1 brings larger user interface elements , including icon based soft buttons ( rather than text based ) , an updated contacts app , native support for A @-@ GPS , improved threaded text messaging , and performance improvements . It was unofficially ported to several Windows Mobile phones .
The second minor update was announced on February 2 , 2010 , along with the Sony Ericsson Aspen which was the first phone to use this version . 6 @.@ 5 @.@ 3 continues the trend of attempting to provide a more finger @-@ friendly user interface with several new usability features such as native support for multitouch ; although device maker HTC Corporation created proprietary work @-@ arounds to allow multi @-@ touch to work on some applications it installed on its HD2 handset ( However , Microsoft applications on this handset , such as the Internet Explorer web browser , did not support multi @-@ touch . ) and drag @-@ and @-@ drop start menu icons . Touchable tiles replaced soft keys . " Internet Explorer Mobile 6 has also received some major updates including decreased page load time , improved memory management and gesture smoothing . As with other updates it was unofficially ported to some other devices . Additional features include threaded email and Office Mobile 2010 .
The last minor update and the last released version is 6 @.@ 5 @.@ 5 . It first leaked in January 2010 , and was unofficially ported to some Windows Mobile phones . The name Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 5 @.@ 5 has been applied to these newer builds , although this name remained unconfirmed by Microsoft .
= = Hardware = =
There are three main versions of Windows Mobile for various hardware devices :
Windows Mobile Professional runs on smartphones with touchscreens
Windows Mobile Standard runs on mobile phones without touchscreens
Windows Mobile Classic which runs on personal digital assistant or Pocket PCs .
Windows Mobile for Automotive and Windows Mobile software for Portable Media Centers are among some specialty versions of the platform .
Microsoft had over 50 handset partners , when Windows Mobile was still being shipped on new devices . 80 % of the 50 million Windows Mobile devices that were made from launch to February 2009 were built by one contract manufacturing group , HTC , which makes handsets for several major companies under their brands , and under its own brand .
= = = Windows Embedded Handheld 6 @.@ 5 = = =
On January 10 , 2011 , Microsoft announced Windows Embedded Handheld 6 @.@ 5 . The operating system has compatibility with Windows Mobile 6 @.@ 5 and is presented as an enterprise handheld device , targeting retailers , delivery companies , and other companies that rely on handheld computing . Unlike Windows Phone , Windows Embedded Handheld retains backward compatibility with legacy Windows Mobile applications .
= = = Pocket PCs = = =
Pocket PCs and personal digital assistants were originally the intended platform for Windows Mobile . These were grouped into two main categories : devices that lacked mobile phone capabilities , and those that included it . Beginning with version 6 devices with this functionality ran " Windows Mobile 6 Professional " and those that lacked it ran " Windows Mobile 6 Classic " . Microsoft had described these devices as " a handheld device that enables you to store and retrieve e @-@ mail , contacts , appointments , play multimedia files , games , exchange text messages with MSN Messenger , browse the Web , and more " . From a technical standpoint Microsoft also specified various hardware and software requirements such as the inclusion of a touchscreen and a directional pad or touchpad .
= = = Smartphones = = =
Smartphones were the second hardware platform after Pocket PC to run Windows Mobile , and debuted with the release of Pocket PC 2002 . Although in the broad sense of the term " Smartphone " , both Pocket PC phones and Microsoft branded Smartphones each fit into this category , it should be noted that Microsoft 's use of the term " Smartphone " includes only more specific hardware devices that differ from Pocket PC phones . Such Smartphones were originally designed without touchscreens , intended to be operated more efficiently with only one hand , and typically had lower display resolution than Pocket PCs . Microsoft 's focus for the Smartphone platform was to create a device that functioned well as a phone and data device in a more integrated manner .
= = Market share = =
Windows Mobile 's share of the smartphone market grew from its inception while new devices were being released . After peaking in 2007 , it saw decline year @-@ on @-@ year .
In Q1 2004 , Windows Mobile accounted for 23 % of worldwide smartphone sales . Windows Mobile was projected to overtake Symbian to become the leading mobile OS by 2010 .
In Q4 2005 Microsoft shipped 2 @.@ 2 million PDAs , which increased to 3 @.@ 5 million in the same quarter the following year . Windows Mobile saw year over year growth between 2005 – 2006 of 38 @.@ 8 % which according to Gartner " helped Windows Mobile to solidify its stronghold on the market " .
But by 2008 , its share had dropped to 14 % . Microsoft licensed Windows Mobile to four out of the world 's five largest mobile phone manufacturers , with Nokia being the exception .
Gartner research data showed that while the total smartphone industry grew 27 % between 2008 and 2009 , Windows Mobile 's share of the smartphone market fell 2 @.@ 7 % in that same period . It also decreased by 20 % in Q3 2009 . At one time Windows Mobile was the most popular handset for business use , but by 2009 this was no longer the case ; 24 % of planned business deployments of mobile application were for Windows Mobile , putting it in 3rd place , behind Blackberry ( 61 % ) and iPhone ( 27 % ) ;
In February 2009 , Microsoft signed a deal with the third largest mobile phone maker , LG Electronics , to license Windows Mobile OS on 50 upcoming LG smartphone models . But in September 2009 , Palm , Inc. announced it would drop Windows Mobile from its smartphone line @-@ up . Gartner estimated that by the third quarter of 2009 Windows Mobile 's share of worldwide smartphone sales was 7 @.@ 9 % . By August 2010 , it was the least popular smartphone operating system , with a 5 % share of the worldwide smartphone market ( after Symbian , BlackBerry OS , Android and iOS ) . An October 2009 report in DigiTimes said that Acer will shift its focus from Windows Mobile to Google Android . The New York Times reported in 2009 that Windows Mobile " is foundering " , as cellphone makers desert it in favor of Google 's Android phone platform . It cited the difficulties in Microsoft 's business model , which involves charging handset manufacturers up to $ 25 for each copy of Windows Mobile , while rival Google gives away Android for free . From late 2009 analysts and media reports began to express concerns about the future viability of the Windows Mobile platform , and whether Microsoft would keep supporting it into the future . Samsung announced in November 2009 that it would phase out the Windows Mobile platform , to concentrate on its own Bada operating system , Google 's Android , and Microsoft 's Windows Phone .
= = Software development = =
Software may be developed by third parties for the Windows Mobile operating system . Developers have several options for deploying mobile applications . These include writing native code with Visual C + + , managed code that works with the .NET Compact Framework , writing code in Tcl @-@ Tk with eTcl , GCC using CeGCC , Python using PythonCE or server @-@ side code that can be deployed using Internet Explorer Mobile or a mobile client on a user 's device . The .NET Compact Framework is a subset of the .NET Framework and hence shares many components with software development on desktop clients , application servers , and web servers which have the .NET Framework installed , thus integrating networked computing space .
To aid developers Microsoft released software development kits ( SDKs ) that work in conjunction with their Visual Studio development environment . These SDKs include emulator images for developers to test and debug their applications while writing them . Software can be tested on a client machine directly or be downloaded to a device . Microsoft also distributes Visual Studio 2008 / 2005 Professional Editions , and server / database counterparts to students as downloads free of charge via its DreamSpark program . Third party integrated development environments can also be used to write software such as Lazarus , Resco MobileForms Toolkit , Lexico , NS Basic and Basic4ppc . Some third party development environments allow coding to be done on the device itself without the need for a computer .
Developer communities have used the SDK to port later versions of Windows Mobile OS to older devices and making the OS images available for free , thus providing the devices with the current feature set . Microsoft has tolerated this procedure for some time but decided in February 2007 to ask developers to take their OS images off the net , which in turn raised discussions . At the same time Microsoft offered upgrades to Windows Mobile 6 versions to manufacturers for free .
On July 5 , 2009 , Microsoft opened a third @-@ party application distribution service called Windows Marketplace for Mobile . In 2011 , Windows Marketplace for Mobile stopped accepting new admissions. and then fully closed on May 9 , 2012 .
= = Connectivity = =
In the early years of Windows Mobile devices were able to be managed and synced from a remote computer using ActiveSync ; a data synchronization technology and protocol developed by Microsoft , originally released in 1996 . This allowed servers running Microsoft Exchange Server , or other third party variants , to act as a personal information manager and share information such as email , calendar appointments , contacts or internet favorites .
With the release of Windows Vista , ActiveSync was replaced with Windows Mobile Device Center . Device Center is included with Vista and Windows 7 and provides many front end enhancements , allowing a home user to sync PIM information with Microsoft Outlook 2003 and later , photos from Windows Photo Gallery , videos or music from Windows Media Player and favorites with Internet Explorer ; without the need for a server back end . Devices at this time also included a base driver compatible with Mobile Device Center so a user can connect to a computer without a need for any configuration .
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= Georges Bizet =
Georges Bizet ( French : [ ʒɔʁʒ bizɛ ] ; 25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875 ) , registered at birth as Alexandre César Léopold Bizet , was a French composer of the romantic era . Best known for his operas in a career cut short by his early death , Bizet achieved few successes before his final work , Carmen , which has become one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the entire opera repertoire .
During a brilliant student career at the Conservatoire de Paris , Bizet won many prizes , including the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1857 . He was recognised as an outstanding pianist , though he chose not to capitalise on this skill and rarely performed in public . Returning to Paris after almost three years in Italy , he found that the main Parisian opera theatres preferred the established classical repertoire to the works of newcomers . His keyboard and orchestral compositions were likewise largely ignored ; as a result , his career stalled , and he earned his living mainly by arranging and transcribing the music of others . Restless for success , he began many theatrical projects during the 1860s , most of which were abandoned . Neither of his two operas that reached the stage in this time — Les pêcheurs de perles and La jolie fille de Perth — were immediately successful .
After the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 , during which Bizet served in the National Guard , he had little success with his one @-@ act opera Djamileh , though an orchestral suite derived from his incidental music to Alphonse Daudet 's play L 'Arlésienne was instantly popular . The production of Bizet 's final opera , Carmen , was delayed because of fears that its themes of betrayal and murder would offend audiences . After its premiere on 3 March 1875 , Bizet was convinced that the work was a failure ; he died of a heart attack three months later , unaware that it would prove a spectacular and enduring success .
Bizet 's marriage to Geneviève Halévy was intermittently happy and produced one son . After his death , his work , apart from Carmen , was generally neglected . Manuscripts were given away or lost , and published versions of his works were frequently revised and adapted by other hands . He founded no school and had no obvious disciples or successors . After years of neglect , his works began to be performed more frequently in the 20th century . Later commentators have acclaimed him as a composer of brilliance and originality whose premature death was a significant loss to French musical theatre .
= = Life = =
= = = Early years = = =
= = = = Family background and childhood = = = =
Georges Bizet was born in Paris on 25 October 1838 . He was registered as Alexandre César Léopold , but baptised as " Georges " on 16 March 1840 , and was known by this name for the rest of his life . His father , Adolphe Bizet , had been a hairdresser and wigmaker before becoming a singing teacher despite his lack of formal training . He also composed a few works , including at least one published song . In 1837 Adolphe married Aimée Delsarte , against the wishes of her family who considered him a poor prospect ; the Delsartes , though impoverished , were a cultured and highly musical family . Aimée was an accomplished pianist , while her brother François Delsarte was a distinguished singer and teacher who performed at the courts of both Louis Philippe and Napoleon III . François Delsarte 's wife Rosine , a musical prodigy , had been an assistant professor of solfège at the Conservatoire de Paris at the age of 13 .
Georges , an only child , showed early aptitude for music and quickly picked up the basics of musical notation from his mother , who probably gave him his first piano lessons . By listening at the door of the room where Adolphe conducted his classes , Georges learned to sing difficult songs accurately from memory , and developed an ability to identify and analyse complex chordal structures . This precocity convinced his ambitious parents that he was ready to begin studying at the Conservatoire even though he was still only nine years old ( the minimum entry age was 10 ) . Georges was interviewed by Joseph Meifred , the horn virtuoso who was a member of the Conservatoire 's Committee of Studies . Meifred was so struck by the boy 's demonstration of his skills that he waived the age rule and offered to take him as soon as a place became available .
= = = = Conservatoire = = = =
Bizet was admitted to the Conservatoire on 9 October 1848 , two weeks before his 10th birthday . He made an early impression ; within six months he had won first prize in solfège , a feat that impressed Pierre @-@ Joseph @-@ Guillaume Zimmermann , the Conservatoire 's former professor of piano . Zimmermann gave Bizet private lessons in counterpoint and fugue , which continued until the old man 's death in 1853 . Through these classes Bizet met Zimmermann 's son @-@ in @-@ law , the composer Charles Gounod , who became a lasting influence on the young pupil 's musical style — although their relationship was often strained in later years . He also met another of Gounod 's young students , the 13 @-@ year @-@ old Camille Saint @-@ Saëns , who remained a firm friend of Bizet 's . Under the tuition of Antoine François Marmontel , the Conservatoire 's professor of piano , Bizet 's pianism developed rapidly ; he won the Conservatoire 's second prize for piano in 1851 , and first prize the following year . Bizet would later write to Marmontel : " In your class one learns something besides the piano ; one becomes a musician " .
Bizet 's first preserved compositions , two wordless songs for soprano , date from around 1850 . In 1853 he joined Fromental Halévy 's composition class , and began to produce works of increasing sophistication and quality . Two of his songs , " Petite Marguerite " and " La Rose et l 'abeille " , were published in 1854 . In 1855 he wrote an ambitious overture for a large orchestra , and prepared four @-@ hand piano versions of two of Gounod 's works : the opera La nonne sanglante and the Symphony in C. Bizet 's work on the Gounod symphony inspired him , shortly after his seventeenth birthday , to write his own symphony , which bore a close resemblance to Gounod 's — note for note in some passages . Bizet 's symphony was subsequently lost , rediscovered in 1933 and finally performed in 1935 .
In 1856 Bizet competed for the prestigious Prix de Rome . His entry was not successful , but nor were any of the others ; the musician 's prize was not awarded that year . After this rebuff Bizet entered an opera competition which Jacques Offenbach had organised for young composers , with a prize of 1 @,@ 200 francs . The challenge was to set the one @-@ act libretto of Le docteur Miracle by Léon Battu and Ludovic Halévy . The prize was awarded jointly to Bizet and Charles Lecocq , a compromise which years later Lecocq criticised on the grounds of the jury 's manipulation by Fromental Halévy in favour of Bizet . As a result of his success Bizet became a regular guest at Offenbach 's Friday evening parties , where among other musicians he met the aged Gioachino Rossini , who presented the young man with a signed photograph . Bizet was a great admirer of Rossini 's music , and wrote not long after their first meeting that " Rossini is the greatest of them all , because like Mozart , he has all the virtues " .
For his 1857 Prix de Rome entry Bizet , with Gounod 's enthusiastic approval , chose to set the cantata Clovis et Clotilde by Amédée Burion . Bizet was awarded the prize after a ballot of the members of the Académie des Beaux @-@ Arts overturned the judges ' initial decision , which was in favour of the oboist Charles Colin . Under the terms of the award , Bizet received a financial grant for five years , the first two to be spent in Rome , the third in Germany and the final two in Paris . The only other requirement was the submission each year of an " envoi " , a piece of original work to the satisfaction of the Académie . Before his departure for Rome in December 1857 , Bizet 's prize cantata was performed at the Académie to an enthusiastic reception .
= = = Rome , 1858 – 60 = = =
On 27 January 1858 Bizet arrived at the Villa Medici , a 16th @-@ century palace that since 1803 had housed the French Académie in Rome and which he described in a letter home as " paradise " . Under its director , the painter Jean @-@ Victor Schnetz , the villa provided an ideal environment in which Bizet and his fellow @-@ laureates could pursue their artistic endeavours . Bizet relished the convivial atmosphere , and quickly involved himself in the distractions of its social life ; in his first six months in Rome his only composition was a Te Deum written for the Rodrigues Prize , a competition for a new religious work open to Prix de Rome winners . This piece failed to impress the judges , who awarded the prize to Adrien Barthe , the only other entrant . Bizet was discouraged to the extent that he vowed to write no more religious music . His Te Deum remained forgotten and unpublished until 1971 .
Through the winter of 1858 – 59 Bizet worked on his first envoi , an opera buffa setting of Carlo Cambiaggio 's libretto Don Procopio . Under the terms of his prize , Bizet 's first envoi was supposed to be a mass , but after his Te Deum experience , he was averse to writing religious music . He was apprehensive about how this breach of the rules would be received at the Académie , but their response to Don Procopio was initially positive , with praise for the composer 's " easy and brilliant touch " and " youthful and bold style " .
For his second envoi , not wishing to test the Académie 's tolerance too far , Bizet proposed to submit a quasi @-@ religious work in the form of a secular mass on a text by Horace . This work , entitled Carmen Saeculare , was intended as a song to Apollo and Diana . No trace exists , and it is unlikely that Bizet ever started it . A tendency to conceive ambitious projects , only to quickly abandon them , became a feature of Bizet 's Rome years ; in addition to Carmen Saeculare he considered and discarded at least five opera projects , two attempts at a symphony , and a symphonic ode on the theme of Ulysses and Circe . After Don Procopio Bizet completed only one further work in Rome , the symphonic poem Vasco da Gama . This replaced Carmen Saeculare as his second envoi , and was well received by the Académie , though swiftly forgotten thereafter .
In the summer of 1859 Bizet and several companions travelled in the mountains and forests around Anagni and Frosinone . They also visited a convict settlement at Anzio ; Bizet sent an enthusiastic letter to Marmontel , recounting his experiences . In August he made an extended journey south to Naples and Pompeii , where he was unimpressed with the former but delighted with the latter : " Here you live with the ancients ; you see their temples , their theatres , their houses in which you find their furniture , their kitchen utensils ... " Bizet began sketching a symphony based on his Italian experiences , but made little immediate headway ; the project , which became his Roma symphony , was not finished until 1868 . On his return to Rome Bizet successfully requested permission to extend his stay in Italy into a third year , rather than going to Germany , so that he could complete " an important work " ( which has not been identified ) . In September 1860 , while visiting Venice with his friend and fellow @-@ laureate Ernest Guiraud , Bizet received news that his mother was gravely ill in Paris , and made his way home .
= = = Emergent composer = = =
= = = = Paris , 1860 – 63 = = = =
Back in Paris with two years of his grant remaining , Bizet was temporarily secure financially , and could ignore for the moment the difficulties that other young composers faced in the city . The two state @-@ subsidised opera houses , the Opéra and the Opéra @-@ Comique , each presented traditional repertoires that tended to stifle and frustrate new homegrown talent ; only eight of the 54 Prix de Rome laureates between 1830 and 1860 had had works staged at the Opéra . Although French composers were better represented at the Opéra @-@ Comique , the style and character of productions had remained largely unchanged since the 1830s . A number of smaller theatres catered for operetta , a field in which Offenbach was then paramount , while the Théâtre Italien specialised in second @-@ rate Italian opera . The best prospect for aspirant opera composers was the Théâtre Lyrique company which , despite repeated financial crises , operated intermittently in various premises under its resourceful manager Léon Carvalho . This company had staged the first performances of Gounod 's Faust and his Roméo et Juliette , and of a shortened version of Berlioz 's Les Troyens .
On 13 March 1861 Bizet attended the Paris premiere of Wagner 's opera Tannhäuser , a performance greeted by audience riots that were stage @-@ managed by the influential Jockey @-@ Club de Paris . Despite this distraction , Bizet revised his opinions of Wagner 's music , which he had previously dismissed as merely eccentric . He now declared Wagner " above and beyond all living composers " . Thereafter , accusations of " Wagnerism " were often laid against Bizet , throughout his compositional career .
As a pianist , Bizet had showed considerable skill from his earliest years . A contemporary asserted that he could have assured a future on the concert platform , but chose to conceal his talent " as though it were a vice " . In May 1861 Bizet gave a rare demonstration of his virtuoso skills when , at a dinner party at which Liszt was present , he astonished everyone by playing on sight , flawlessly , one of the maestro 's most difficult pieces . Liszt commented : " I thought there were only two men able to surmount the difficulties ... there are three , and ... the youngest is perhaps the boldest and most brilliant . "
Bizet 's third envoi was delayed for nearly a year by the prolonged illness and death , in September 1861 , of his mother . He eventually submitted a trio of orchestral works : an overture entitled La Chasse d 'Ossian , a scherzo and a funeral march . The overture has been lost ; the scherzo was later absorbed into the Roma symphony , and the funeral march music was adapted and used in a later opera . Bizet 's fourth and final envoi , which occupied him for much of 1862 , was a one @-@ act opera , La guzla de l 'émir . As a state @-@ subsidised theatre , the Opéra @-@ Comique was obliged from time to time to stage the works of Prix de Rome laureates , and La guzla duly went into rehearsal in 1863 . However , in April Bizet received an offer , which originated from Count Walewski , to compose the music for a three @-@ act opera . This was Les pêcheurs de perles , based on a libretto by Michel Carré and Eugène Cormon . Because a condition of this offer was that the opera should be the composer 's first publicly staged work , Bizet hurriedly withdrew La guzla from production and incorporated parts of its music into the new opera . The first performance of Les pêcheurs de perles , by the Théâtre Lyrique company , was on 30 September 1863 . Critical opinion was generally hostile , though Berlioz praised the work , writing that it " does M. Bizet the greatest honour " . Public reaction was lukewarm , and the opera 's run ended after 18 performances . It was not performed again until 1886 .
In 1862 Bizet had fathered a child with the family 's housekeeper , Marie Reiter . The boy was brought up to believe that he was Adolphe Bizet 's child ; only on her deathbed in 1913 did Reiter reveal her son 's true paternity .
= = = = Years of struggle = = = =
When his Prix de Rome grant expired , Bizet found he could not make a living from writing music . He accepted piano pupils and some composition students , two of whom , Edmond Galabert and Paul Lacombe , became his close friends . He also worked as an accompanist at rehearsals and auditions for various staged works , including Berlioz 's oratorio L 'enfance du Christ and Gounod 's opera Mireille . However , his main work in this period was as an arranger of others ' works . He made piano transcriptions for hundreds of operas and other pieces , and prepared vocal scores and orchestral arrangements for all kinds of music . He was also , briefly , a music critic for La Revue Nationale et Étrangère , under the assumed name of " Gaston de Betzi " . Bizet 's single contribution in this capacity appeared on 3 August 1867 , after which he quarrelled with the magazine 's new editor and resigned .
Since 1862 Bizet had been working intermittently on Ivan IV , an opera based on the life of Ivan the Terrible . Carvalho failed to deliver on his promise to produce it , so in December 1865 Bizet offered it to the Opéra , which rejected it ; the work remained unperformed until 1946 . In July 1866 Bizet signed another contract with Carvalho , for La jolie fille de Perth , the libretto for which , by J.H. Vernoy de Saint @-@ Georges after Sir Walter Scott , is described by Bizet 's biographer Winton Dean as " the worst Bizet was ever called upon to set " . Problems over the casting and other issues delayed its premiere for a year before it was finally performed by the Théâtre Lyrique on 26 December 1867 . Its press reception was more favourable than that for any of Bizet 's other operas ; Le Ménestral 's critic hailed the second act as " a masterpiece from beginning to end " . Despite the opera 's success , Carvalho 's financial difficulties meant a run of only 18 performances .
While La jolie fille was in rehearsal , Bizet worked with three other composers , each of whom contributed a single act to a four @-@ act operetta Marlborough s 'en va @-@ t @-@ en guerre . When the work was performed at the Théâtre de l 'Athénée on 13 December 1867 it was a great success , and the Revue et Gazette Musicale 's critic lavished particular praise on Bizet 's act : " Nothing could be more stylish , smarter and , at the same time , more distinguished " . Bizet also found time to finish his long @-@ gestating Roma symphony , and wrote numerous keyboard works and songs . Nevertheless , this period of Bizet 's life was marked by significant disappointments . At least two projected operas were abandoned with little or no work done . Several competition entries , including a cantata and a hymn composed for the Paris Exhibition of 1867 were unsuccessful . La Coupe du Roi de Thulé , his entry for an opera competition , was not placed in the first five ; from the fragments of this score that survive , analysts have discerned pre @-@ echoes of Carmen . On 28 February 1869 the Roma symphony was performed at the Cirque Napoléon , under Jules Pasdeloup . Afterwards Bizet informed Galabert that on the basis of proportionate applause , hisses and catcalls , the work was a success .
= = = Marriage = = =
Not long after Fromental Halévy 's death in 1862 , Bizet had been approached on behalf of Mme. Halévy about completing his old tutor 's unfinished opera Noé . Although no action was taken at that time , Bizet remained on friendly terms with the Halévy family . Fromental had left two daughters ; the elder , Esther , died in 1864 , an event which so traumatised Mme. Halévy that she could not tolerate the company of her younger daughter Geneviève , who from the age of 15 lived with other family members . It is unclear when Geneviève and Bizet became emotionally attached , but in October 1867 he informed Galabert : " I have met an adorable girl whom I love ! In two years she will be my wife ! " . The pair became engaged , although the Halévy family initially disallowed the match . According to Bizet they considered him an unsuitable catch : " penniless , left @-@ wing , anti @-@ religious and Bohemian " , which Dean observes are odd grounds of objection from " a family bristling with artists and eccentrics " . By summer 1869 their objections had been overcome , and the wedding took place on 3 June 1869 . Ludovic Halévy wrote in his journal : " Bizet has spirit and talent . He should succeed " .
As a belated homage to his late father @-@ in @-@ law , Bizet took up the Noé manuscript and completed it . Parts of his moribund Vasco da Gama and Ivan IV were incorporated into the score , but a projected production at the Théâtre Lyrique failed to materialise when Carvalho 's company finally went bankrupt , and Noé remained unperformed until 1885 . Bizet 's marriage was initially happy , but was affected by Geneviève 's nervous instability ( inherited from both her parents ) , her difficult relations with her mother and by Mme. Halévy 's interference in the couple 's affairs . Despite this , Bizet kept on good terms with his mother @-@ in @-@ law and maintained an extensive correspondence with her . In the year following the marriage he considered plans for at least half a dozen new operas , and began to sketch the music for two of them : Clarissa Harlowe based on Samuel Richardson 's novel Clarissa , and Grisélidis with a libretto from Victorien Sardou . However , his progress on these projects was brought to a halt in July 1870 , with the outbreak of the Franco @-@ Prussian War .
= = = War and upheaval = = =
After a series of perceived provocations from Prussia , culminating in the offer of the Spanish crown to the Prussian Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern , the French emperor Napoleon III declared war on 15 July 1870 . Initially this step was supported by an outbreak of patriotic fervour and confident expectations of victory . Bizet , along with other composers and artists , joined the National Guard and began training . He was critical of the antiquated equipment with which he was supposed to fight ; his unit 's guns , he said , were more dangerous to themselves than to the enemy . The national mood was soon depressed by news of successive reverses ; at Sedan on 2 September the French armies suffered an overwhelming defeat ; Napoleon was captured and deposed , and the Second Empire came to a sudden end .
Bizet greeted with enthusiasm the proclamation in Paris of the Third Republic . The new government did not sue for peace , and by 17 September the Prussian armies had surrounded Paris . Unlike Gounod , who fled to England , Bizet rejected opportunities to leave the besieged city : " I can 't leave Paris ! It 's impossible ! It would be quite simply an act of cowardice " , he wrote to Mme Halévy . Life in the city became frugal and harsh , although by October there were efforts to re @-@ establish normality . Pasdeloup resumed his regular Sunday concerts , and on 5 November the Opéra reopened with excerpts from works by Gluck , Rossini and Meyerbeer .
An armistice was signed on 26 January 1871 , but the departure of the Prussian troops from Paris in March presaged a period of confusion and civil disturbance . Following an uprising , the city 's municipal authority was taken over by dissidents who established the Paris Commune . Bizet decided that he was no longer safe in the city , and he and Geneviève escaped to Compiègne . Later they moved to Le Vésinet where they sat out the two months of the Commune , within hearing distance of the gunfire that resounded as government troops gradually crushed the uprising : " The cannons are rumbling with unbelievable violence " , Bizet wrote to his mother @-@ in @-@ law on 12 May .
= = = Late career = = =
= = = = Djamileh , L 'Arlésienne and Don Rodrigue = = = =
As life in Paris returned to normal , in June 1871 Bizet 's appointment as chorus @-@ master at The Opéra was seemingly confirmed by its director , Émile Perrin . Bizet was due to begin his duties in October , but on 1 November the post was assumed by Hector Salomon . In her biography of Bizet , Mina Curtiss surmises that he either resigned or refused to take up the position as a protest against what he thought was the director 's unjustified closing of Ernest Reyer 's opera Erostrate after only two performances . Bizet resumed work on Clarissa Harlowe and Grisélidis , but plans for the latter to be staged at the Opéra @-@ Comique fell through , and neither work was finished ; only fragments of their music survive . Bizet 's other completed works in 1871 were the piano duet entitled Jeux d 'enfants , and a one @-@ act opera , Djamileh , which opened at the Opéra @-@ Comique in May 1872 . It was poorly staged and incompetently sung ; at one point the leading singer missed 32 bars of music . It closed after 11 performances , not to be heard again until 1938 . On 10 July Geneviève gave birth to the couple 's only child , a son , Jacques .
Bizet 's next major assignment came from Carvalho , who was now managing Paris ' Vaudeville theatre and wanted incidental music for Alphonse Daudet 's play L 'Arlésienne . When the play opened on 1 October the music was dismissed by critics as too complex for popular taste . However , encouraged by Reyer and Massenet , Bizet fashioned a four @-@ movement suite from the music , which was performed under Pasdeloup on 10 November to an enthusiastic reception . In the winter of 1872 – 73 , Bizet supervised preparations for a revival of the still @-@ absent Gounod 's Roméo et Juliette at the Opéra @-@ Comique . Relations between the two had been cool for some years , but Bizet responded positively to his former mentor 's request for help , writing : " You were the beginning of my life as an artist . I spring from you " .
In June 1872 Bizet informed Galabert : " I have just been ordered to compose three acts for the Opéra @-@ Comique . [ Henri ] Meilhac and [ Ludovic ] Halévy are doing my piece " . The subject chosen for this project was Prosper Mérimée 's short novel Carmen . Bizet began the music in the summer of 1873 , but the Opéra @-@ Comique 's management was concerned about the suitability of this risqué story for a theatre that generally provided wholesome entertainment , and work was suspended . Bizet then began composing Don Rodrigue , an adaptation of the El Cid story by Louis Gallet and Édouard Blau . He played a piano version to a select audience that included the Opéra 's principal baritone Jean @-@ Baptiste Faure , hoping that the singer 's approval might influence the directors of the Opéra to stage the work . However , on the night of 28 – 29 October , the Opéra burned to the ground ; the directors , amid other pressing concerns , set Don Rodrigue aside . It was never completed ; Bizet later adapted a theme from its final act as the basis of his 1875 overture , Patrie .
= = = = Carmen = = = =
Adolphe de Leuven , the co @-@ director of the Opéra @-@ Comique most bitterly opposed to the Carmen project , resigned early in 1874 , removing the main barrier to the work 's production . Bizet finished the score during the summer and was pleased with the outcome : " I have written a work that is all clarity and vivacity , full of colour and melody " . The renowned mezzo @-@ soprano Célestine Galli @-@ Marié ( known professionally as " Galli @-@ Marié " ) was engaged to sing the title role . According to Dean she was as delighted by the part as Bizet was by her suitability for it . There were rumours that he and the singer pursued a brief affair ; his relations with Geneviève were strained at this time , and they lived apart for several months .
When rehearsals began in October 1874 the orchestra had difficulties with the score , finding some parts unplayable . The chorus likewise declared some of their music impossible to sing , and were dismayed that they had to act as individuals , smoking and fighting onstage rather than merely standing in line . Bizet also had to counter further attempts at the Opéra @-@ Comique to modify parts of the action which they deemed improper . Only when the leading singers threatened to withdraw from the production did the management give way . Resolving these issues delayed the first night until 3 March 1875 on which morning , by chance , Bizet 's appointment as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour was announced .
Among leading musical figures at the premiere were Jules Massenet , Camille Saint @-@ Saëns and Charles Gounod . Geneviève , suffering from an abscess in her right eye , was unable to be present . The opera 's first performance extended to four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours ; the final act did not begin until after midnight . Afterwards , Massenet and Saint @-@ Saëns were congratulatory , Gounod less so . According to one account he accused Bizet of plagiarism : " Georges has robbed me ! Take the Spanish airs and mine out of the score and there remains nothing to Bizet 's credit but the sauce that masks the fish " . Much of the press comment was negative , expressing consternation that the heroine was an amoral seductress rather than a woman of virtue . Galli @-@ Marié 's performance was described by one critic as " the very incarnation of vice " . Others complained of a lack of melody , and made unfavourable comparisons with the traditional Opéra @-@ Comique fare of Auber and Boieldieu . Léon Escudier in L 'Art Musical called the music " dull and obscure ... the ear grows weary of waiting for the cadence that never comes " . There was , however , praise from the poet Théodore de Banville , who applauded Bizet for presenting a drama with real men and women instead of the usual Opéra @-@ Comique " puppets " . The public 's reaction was lukewarm , and Bizet soon became convinced of its failure : " I foresee a definite and hopeless flop " .
= = = Illness and death = = =
For most of his life Bizet had suffered from a recurrent throat complaint . A heavy smoker , he may have further undermined his health by overwork during the mid @-@ 1860s , when he toiled over publishers ' transcriptions for up to 16 hours a day . In 1868 he informed Galabert that he had been very ill with abscesses in the windpipe : " I suffered like a dog " . In 1871 , and again in 1874 while completing Carmen , he had been disabled by severe bouts of what he described as " throat angina " , and suffered a further attack in late March 1875 . At that time , depressed by the evident failure of Carmen , Bizet was slow to recover and fell ill again in May . At the end of the month he went to his holiday home at Bougival and , feeling a little better , went for a swim in the Seine . On the next day , 1 June , he was afflicted by high fever and pain , which was followed by an apparent heart attack . He seemed temporarily to recover , but in the early hours of 3 June , his wedding anniversary , he suffered a fatal second attack .
The suddenness of Bizet 's death , and awareness of his depressed mental state , fuelled rumours of suicide . Although the exact cause of death was never settled with certainty , physicians discounted such theories and eventually determined the cause as " a cardiac complication of acute articular rheumatism " . News of the death stunned Paris 's musical world ; as Galli @-@ Marié was too upset to appear , that evening 's performance of Carmen was cancelled and replaced with Boieldieu 's La dame blanche .
At the funeral on 5 June at the Église de la Sainte @-@ Trinité in Montmartre , more than 4 @,@ 000 people were present . Adolphe Bizet led the mourners , who included Gounod , Thomas , Ludovic Halévy , Léon Halévy and Massenet . An orchestra under Pasdeloup played Patrie , and the organist improvised a fantasy on themes from Carmen . At the burial which followed at the Père Lachaise Cemetery , Gounod gave the eulogy . He said that Bizet had been struck down just as he was becoming recognised as a true artist . Towards the end of his address Gounod broke down , and was unable to deliver his final peroration . After a special performance of Carmen at the Opéra @-@ Comique that night , the press which had almost universally condemned the piece three months earlier now declared Bizet a master .
= = Music = =
= = = Early works = = =
Bizet 's earliest compositions , chiefly songs and keyboard pieces written as exercises , give early indications of his emergent power and his gifts as a melodist . Dean sees evidence in the piano work Romance sans parole , written before 1854 , of " the conjunction of melody , rhythm and accompaniment " that is characteristic of Bizet 's mature works . Bizet 's first orchestral piece was an overture written in 1855 in the manner of Rossini 's Guillaume Tell . Critics have found it unremarkable , but the Symphony in C of the same year has been warmly praised by later commentators who have made favourable comparisons with Mozart and Schubert . In Dean 's view the symphony has " few rivals and perhaps no superior in the work of any composer of such youth " . The critic Ernest Newman suggests that Bizet may at this time have thought that his future lay in the field of instrumental music , before an " inner voice " ( and the realities of the French musical world ) turned him towards the stage .
= = = Orchestral , piano and vocal works = = =
After his early Symphony in C , Bizet 's purely orchestral output is sparse . The Roma symphony over which he laboured for more than eight years compares poorly , in Dean 's view , with its juvenile predecessor . The work , says Dean , owes something to Gounod , and contains passages that recall Weber and Mendelssohn . However , Dean contends that the work suffers from poor organisation and an excess of pretentious music ; he calls it a " misfire " . Bizet 's other mature orchestral work , the overture Patrie , is similarly dismissed : " an awful warning of the danger of confusing art with patriotism " . The musicologist Hugh Macdonald argues that Bizet 's best orchestral music is found in the suites that he derived respectively from the piano work Jeux d 'enfants and the incidental music for L 'Arlésienne . In these he demonstrates a maturity of style that , had he lived longer , might have been the basis for future great orchestral works .
Bizet 's piano works have not entered the concert pianist 's repertoire , and are generally too difficult for amateurs to attempt . An exception is the set of 12 pieces evoking the world of children 's games , Jeux d 'enfants , written for four hands . Here , Bizet avoided the virtuoso passages which tend to dominate his solo works . The earlier solo pieces bear the influence of Chopin ; later works , such as the Variations Chromatiques and the Chasse Fantastique , owe more to Liszt . Most of Bizet 's songs were written in the period 1866 – 68 . Dean defines the main weaknesses in these songs as an unimaginative repetition of the same music for each verse , and a tendency to write for the orchestra rather than the voice . Much of Bizet 's larger @-@ scale vocal music is lost ; the early Te Deum , which survives in full , is rejected by Dean as " a wretched work [ that ] merely illustrates Bizet 's unfitness to write religious music . "
= = = Dramatic works = = =
Bizet 's early one @-@ act opera Le docteur Miracle provides the first clear signs of his promise in this genre , its sparkling music including , according to Dean , " many happy touches of parody , scoring and comic characterisation " . Newman perceives evidence of Bizet 's later achievements in many of his earliest works : " [ A ] gain and again we light upon some touch or other in them that only a musician with a dramatic root of the matter in him could have achieved . " Until Carmen , however , Bizet was not essentially an innovator in the musical theatre . He wrote most of his operas in the traditions of Italian and French opera established by such as Donizetti , Rossini , Berlioz , Gounod and Thomas . Macdonald suggests that , technically , he surpassed all of these , with a feeling for the human voice that compares with that of Mozart .
In Don Procopio Bizet followed the stock devices of Italian opera as typified by Donizetti in Don Pasquale , a work which it closely resembles . However , the familiar idiom is interspersed with original touches in which Bizet 's fingerprints emerge unmistakably . In his first significant opera , Les pêcheurs de perles , Bizet was hampered by a dull libretto and a laborious plot ; nevertheless , the music in Dean 's view rises at times " far above the level of contemporary French opera " . Its many original flourishes include the introduction to the cavatina Comme autrefois dans la nuit sombre played by two French horns over a cello background , an effect which in the words of analyst Hervé Lacombe , " resonates in the memory like a fanfare lost in a distant forest " . While the music of Les pêcheurs is atmospheric and deeply evocative of the opera 's Eastern setting , in La jolie fille de Perth Bizet made no attempt to introduce Scottish colour or mood , though the scoring includes highly imaginative touches such as a separate band of woodwind and strings during the opera 's Act III seduction scene .
From Bizet 's unfinished works , Macdonald highlights La coupe du roi de Thulé as giving clear signs of the power that would reach a pinnacle in Carmen , and suggests that had Clarissa Harlowe and Grisélidis been completed , Bizet 's legacy would have been " infinitely richer " . As Bizet moved away from the accepted musical conventions of French opera he encountered critical hostility . In the case of Djamileh , the accusation of " Wagnerism " was raised again , as audiences struggled to understand the score 's originality ; many found the music pretentious and monotonous , lacking in both rhythm and melody . By contrast , modern critical opinion as expressed by Macdonald is that Djamileh is " a truly enchanting piece , full of inventive touches , especially of chromatic colour . "
Ralph P. Locke , in his study of Carmen 's origins , draws attention to Bizet 's successful evocation of Andalusian Spain . Grout , in his History of Western Music , praises the music 's extraordinary rhythmic and melodic vitality , and Bizet 's ability to obtain the maximum dramatic effect in the most economical fashion . Among the opera 's early champions were Tchaikovsky , Brahms , and particularly Wagner , who commented : " Here , thank God , at last for a change is somebody with ideas in his head . " Another champion of the work was Friedrich Nietzsche , who claimed to know it by heart ; " It is music that makes no pretensions to depth , but it is delightful in its simplicity , so unaffected and sincere " . By broad consent , Carmen represents the fulfilment of Bizet 's development as a master of music drama , and the culmination of the genre of opéra comique .
= = Legacy = =
After Bizet 's death many of his manuscripts were lost ; works were revised by other hands , and published in these unauthorised versions so that it is often difficult to establish what is authentic Bizet . Even Carmen was altered into grand opera format by the replacement of its dialogue with recitatives written by Guiraud , and by other amendments to the score . The music world did not immediately acknowledge Bizet as a master and , apart from Carmen and the L 'Arlésienne suite , few of his works were performed in the years immediately following his death . However , the 20th century saw an increase of interest . Don Procopio was revived in Monte Carlo in 1906 ; an Italian version of Les pêcheurs de perles was performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York on 13 November 1916 , with Caruso in the leading tenor role , and it has since become a staple at many opera houses . After its first performance in Switzerland in 1935 , the Symphony in C entered the concert repertory , and has been recorded by , among many others , Sir Thomas Beecham . Excerpts from La coupe du roi de Thulé , edited by Winton Dean , were broadcast by the BBC on 12 July 1955 , and Le docteur Miracle was revived in London on 8 December 1957 by the Park Lane Group . Vasco da Gama and Ivan IV have been recorded , as have numerous songs and the complete piano music . Carmen , after its lukewarm initial Paris run of 45 performances , became a worldwide popular success after performances in Vienna ( 1875 ) and London ( 1878 ) . It has been hailed as the first opera of the verismo school , in which sordid and brutal subjects are emphasised , with art reflecting life — " not idealised life but life as actually lived " .
The music critic Harold Schonberg surmises that had Bizet lived , he might have revolutionised French opera ; as it is , verismo was taken up mainly by Italians , notably Puccini who , according to Dean , developed the idea " till it became threadbare " . Bizet founded no specific school , though Dean names Chabrier and Ravel as composers influenced by him . Dean also suggests that a fascination with Bizet 's tragic heroes — Frédéri in L 'Arlésienne , José in Carmen — is reflected in Tchaikovsky 's late symphonies , particularly the B minor " Pathetique " . Macdonald writes that Bizet 's legacy is limited by the shortness of his life and by the false starts and lack of focus that persisted until his final five years . " The spectacle of great works unwritten either because Bizet had other distractions , or because no one asked him to write them , or because of his premature death , is infinitely dispiriting , yet the brilliance and the individuality of his best music is unmistakable . It has greatly enriched a period of French music already rich in composers of talent and distinction . "
In Bizet 's family circle , his father Adolphe died in 1886 . Bizet 's son Jacques committed suicide in 1922 after an unhappy love affair . Jean Reiter , Bizet 's elder son , had a successful career as press director of Le Temps , became an Officer of the Legion of Honour , and died in 1939 at the age of 77 . In 1886 Geneviève married Émile Straus , a rich lawyer ; she became a famous Parisian society hostess and a close friend of , among others , Marcel Proust . She showed little interest in her first husband 's musical legacy , made no effort to catalogue Bizet 's manuscripts and gave many away as souvenirs . She died in 1926 ; in her will she established a fund for a Georges Bizet prize , to be awarded annually to a composer under 40 who had " produced a remarkable work within the previous five years " . Winners of the prize include Tony Aubin , Jean @-@ Michel Damase , Henri Dutilleux and Jean Martinon .
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= Pearl Jam ( album ) =
Pearl Jam ( sometimes referred to as The Avocado Album ) is the eponymous eighth studio album by American alternative rock band Pearl Jam , released on May 2 , 2006 on J Records . It was the first and only release for J Records , their last album issued by Sony Music . It was the band 's first full @-@ length studio release in almost four years , since Riot Act ( 2002 ) . Following their performances at the Vote For Change tour in 2004 , the band commenced work on Pearl Jam in November 2004 at Studio X in Seattle , Washington and finished in February 2006 .
The music on the record was proclaimed as a return to the band 's roots , with an emphasis on up @-@ tempo songs with an aggressive sound . The song lyrics are mostly told from the point of view of characters and deal with the socio @-@ political issues in the United States at the period , such as the War on Terror .
Pearl Jam was critically well received and was a commercial success , debuting at number two on the Billboard 200 chart and eventually outselling the band 's previous release , Riot Act . The album also produced three singles — " World Wide Suicide " , " Life Wasted " and " Gone " — which were moderately successful . The band supported the album with a full @-@ scale world tour in 2006 .
= = Recording = =
Pearl Jam was recorded at Studio X in Seattle , Washington . The band began work on the album following the 2004 Vote for Change tour in November 2004 , and again employed producer Adam Kasper , who worked with them in predecessor Riot Act . The recording sessions started in February 2005 , and worked on it off and on throughout the year , with the sessions being interrupted toward the end of the year when the band toured North America and South America . The album was completed in early 2006 . Bassist Jeff Ament attributed the length of time recording to lead vocalist Eddie Vedder having a child and the band touring in the middle of recording . The album was mixed by Kasper at Studio X.
For the first time since 1993 's Vs . , the band members did not go into the recording sessions with any completed songs , only guitar riffs . Vedder admitted that the band " really went in with nothing . " The band sat around playing music together and discussed the song arrangements , and in just one week had completed ten songs . Ament described it as a " real collaborative effort , " and Vedder described it as " absolute democracy . " Guitarist Mike McCready stated that the band members were feeling " fresh and energetic " and " were communicating better than ever . " Toward the end of the sessions it came down to Vedder to finish up the material , with Ament observing that " the way the record started and the way that it finished is probably two different things . " Regarding his lyric writing process , Vedder said that he wrote at least four different sets of lyrics for each song , with many going as high as eight . Vedder described as a process that demands " the patience of like a National Geographic photographer sitting underneath the bush in a tent " , adding he would at times " figure out after eight , nine or eleven drafts that the first one was actually the one " . A total of 25 songs were written before coming down to the 13 on the final track listing . Outtakes include " The Forest " , later featured on Ament 's 2008 solo album Tone , and " Of the Earth " , which started being played live in 2010 .
Pearl Jam 's contract with Epic Records had ended in 2003 , but the band was not ready to release an album without label backing . Independent label Epitaph Records was considered , but the band wanted a company that would guarantee a wide release . Manager Kelly Curtis signed a one record deal with J Records - which ironically during production became , like Epic , a subsidiary of Sony Music after said company merged with J 's parent company BMG . J had approached Pearl Jam as early as 2001 , and had its first experiments with the band issuing the live album Live at Benaroya Hall in 2004 . Vedder said J was picked as they searched for " somebody who 'll allow us to be who we are and respects how we do things " and contributed with the " facilitation of getting the music out there " . Gossard added the label did not input any time or creative constraints upon the band - " We didn 't play them much music until it was basically done , and they were pleased . They weren 't expecting us to do something that was unnatural for us . "
= = Music and lyrics = =
A number of critics cited the album as a return to the band 's roots . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said , " Nearly 15 years after Ten , Pearl Jam finally returned to the strengths of their debut with 2006 's Pearl Jam , a sharply focused set of impassioned hard rock . " Vedder said , " It 's easily the best stuff we 've done but also some of the hardest stuff . It 's very aggressive , because again , it 's kind of a product of what it 's like to be an American these days . It 's pretty aggressive , especially when you turn it loud . " Gossard added that after many experimental albums , Pearl Jam was " like a coming together again in terms of accepting our natural strengths and also incorporating the best of our experiments " .
The album begins with a number of up @-@ tempo songs before expanding to a variety of tempos for its second half . Vedder attributed the faster and more aggressive songs to the band writing a lot of material that kept getting pared down , with the band leaving behind mid @-@ tempo songs , while Ament suggested that it was because of the band balancing recording and touring which resulted in " physicality ... from being out on the road . " The band attempted to create an environment in which McCready and drummer Matt Cameron could play much as they do live . Ament said that there was " a lot of honing of the guitars and vocals in the middle and toward the end , " which resulted in the album sounding " more polished . " On the overall feeling of the album , Ament said , " The band playing in a room — that came across . There 's a kind of immediacy to the record , and that 's what we were going for . "
Current socio @-@ political issues in the United States are addressed on the album , with Vedder claiming the record " deals with real content and the moral issues of our time " , and crediting as inspiration both the frustration with George W. Bush being reelected , and the birth of Vedder 's daughter - " Now that I see it as my daughter 's planet , I 'm even more ( angry ) . " McCready said , " We all feel that we 're living in tumultuous , frightening times , and that ranges from the Iraq war to Hurricane Katrina to wiretapping to anything that smacks of totalitarianism . And just bad political decisions being made . We feel that as Americans , and we 're frustrated . So a lot of those feelings have come out in these songs . " Vedder also added that among all the dark themes " the hope was going to be in the guitar solos . It was the guitars and drums going at it that was going to lift you out of the dark abyss that I had painted . " The Iraq War is addressed in the songs " World Wide Suicide " , " Marker in the Sand " , and " Army Reserve " . The lyrics of " World Wide Suicide " depict anger against the war . Other themes addressed on the album include alcohol use ( " Severed Hand " ) , religion ( " Marker in the Sand " ) , poverty ( " Unemployable " ) , leaving everything behind to seek a fresh start ( " Gone " ) , and loneliness ( " Come Back " ) .
Many of the songs are written from the point of view of a protagonist , which emerged from an early idea of turning the record into a concept album - as guitarist Stone Gossard explained , " we did consider using narration to thematically unify the album , but ultimately a less conceptual structure just felt right . " Vedder added that using characters in the tracks helped with the themes , as the stories could " transmit an emotion or a feeling or an observation of modern reality rather than editorializing , which we 've seen plenty of these days " .
Vedder added that many songs were inspired by the death of fellow musician Johnny Ramone , whom he described as " the best friend I ever had on the planet " . The lyrics of " Life Wasted " in particular were written after attending Ramone 's funeral . Vedder said that " Gone " is about a man " needing to find a new life without his past , without his possessions , and not really looking for more possessions . " Damien Echols , one of the three members of the West Memphis 3 , co @-@ wrote the lyrics to " Army Reserve " . For the first time McCready contributed lyrics to a Pearl Jam album , writing the lyrics to the closing track " Inside Job " . McCready said that he wrote the lyrics while touring in São Paulo as he " want [ ed ] this song to happen " despite Vedder not having done the lyrics yet , and added that the lyrical inspiration was the realization that " I had to go inside myself first before I could be open to outside ideas . "
= = Packaging and versions = =
The album 's cover art , photographed by Brad Klausen , depicts an avocado cut in half with the seed still in place . McCready said , " That symbolizes just kind of ... Ed 's at the end of the process and said , for all I care right now , we 've done such a good job on this record , and we 're kind of tired from it . Let 's throw an avocado on the cover . I think that 's what happened , and our art director goes , hey , that 's not a bad idea . I think we were watching the Super Bowl , and we had some guacamole or something . " Because the album is self @-@ titled , many fans refer to it as " Avocado " or " The Avocado Album . " The cover was named in Pitchfork Media 's top 25 worst album covers of 2006 . The liner notes art features footage from the " Life Wasted " music video , directed by artist Fernando Apodaca . The photographs involve the band members with their skin decaying and animals crawling in and out of it , as Apodaca felt the songs , " Life Wasted " in particular , fit " my interpretation of the how fragile life is " . The album was also issued on a double vinyl .
On the choice of a self @-@ titled album , Vedder explained , " In the end , we thought there was enough there with the title of the songs , so to put another title on the album would have seemed pretentious . So , really , it 's actually Nothing by Pearl Jam . " During the making of the album Vedder considered the title Superun @-@ owned , a play on Soundgarden 's 1994 album , Superunknown . He explained , " We 're un @-@ owned . We want to remain un @-@ owned . "
Copies of the album were made available for pre @-@ order through Pearl Jam 's official website with different CD art and packaging than the retail version , and also a bonus disk featuring the band 's show on December 31 , 1992 at The Academy Theater in New York City . Pre @-@ order campaigns were also set with iTunes , amazon.com and Best Buy , each retailer receiving an exclusive behind @-@ the @-@ scenes or rehearsal clip shot by photographer Danny Clinch .
= = Release and promotion = =
The album was released on May 2 , 2006 . The Sony BMG merger lead to some problems in the international distribution , something the band took into consideration during the release of the self @-@ published Backspacer three years later . While Pearl Jam is normally averse to press , to promote the album they performed the album songs on Sessions @ AOL , and went to various television shows , including Saturday Night Live and Late Show with David Letterman . Vedder said the exposition happened because " it seem [ ed ] like a critical time to participate in our democracy . " The band also decided to shoot their first conceptual music videos in eight years , " World Wide Suicide " and " Life Wasted " .
Three singles were released from Pearl Jam . The lead single " World Wide Suicide " was made available through online music stores ( backed with " Unemployable " ) , and also issued for free download on the band 's website . " World Wide Suicide " entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 41 , reached number two on the Mainstream Rock charts , and spent a total of three weeks at number one on the Modern Rock charts . Neither of the album 's other commercially released singles , " Life Wasted " and " Gone " , charted on the Hot 100 , but the former placed on both the Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock charts , while the latter placed on the Modern Rock chart " Big Wave " was featured on the soundtrack to the 2007 Columbia Pictures movie , Surf 's Up .
= = = Tour = = =
Pearl Jam promoted the album with a tour across North America , Europe , and Australia in 2006 . The tour originally had 69 concerts , which were then expanded with three gigs in Hawaii , one of them opening for U2 's Vertigo Tour in Honolulu . The first leg of the North American tour focused on the Northeastern United States , and then the band moved to the Midwest and the West Coast for the tour 's second leg .
Pearl Jam went on to tour Europe for its first time in six years . The band played a small secret show at the Astoria in London , and headlined the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2006 , despite having vowed to never play at a festival again after Roskilde . In an interview in advance of the band 's return to the festival circuit , Gossard commented , " It seems like an era to trust that we 're aware enough to get through those bigger shows . We have a heightened awareness of what needs to happen every night so people are as safe as they can possibly be . " Vedder started both concerts with an emotional plea to the crowd to look after each other . He commented during the Leeds set that the band 's decision to play a festival for the first time after Roskilde had nothing to do with " guts " but with trust in the audience . On September 19 , 2006 , at the Torino , Italy show at Palaisozaki , Pearl Jam played Pearl Jam in its entirety in order mid @-@ way through its set . After Europe , the band headed to Australia and then finished the year with two shows in Hawaii . The official bootlegs on this tour were available only in digital form , in both MP3 and lossless FLAC formats . The band 's shows at The Gorge Amphitheatre were released as part of the Live at the Gorge 05 / 06 box set . A DVD documenting the band 's shows in Italy entitled Immagine in Cornice was released in 2007 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial performance = = =
Pearl Jam entered the UK charts at number five , the band 's highest position there since 2000 's Binaural , while it reached number two in the U.S. , selling 279 @,@ 564 copies in its first week . It was held off the top spot by the Tool album , 10 @,@ 000 Days . As of July 2009 , the album has sold 706 @,@ 000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan . Pearl Jam is considered a comeback hit , outselling 2002 's Riot Act - by 2009 , 706 @,@ 000 copies as opposed to Riot Act 's 508,000- and ranking 90th in Billboard 's list of the 200 best @-@ selling albums of 2006 . It has been certified gold by the RIAA .
= = = Critical response = = =
According to Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 74 , based on 28 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews . " The album was named in Rolling Stone 's top 50 albums of the year at number 13 . Rolling Stone staff writer David Fricke gave Pearl Jam four out of five stars , calling it the band 's best album in ten years . He said it 's " the most overtly partisan — and hopeful — record of their lives , " adding that it 's " as big and brash in fuzz and backbone as Led Zeppelin 's Presence . " Allmusic staff writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four and a half out of five stars , saying that " Pearl Jam has embraced everything they do well , whether it 's their classicist hard rock or heart @-@ on @-@ sleeve humanitarianism . " Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B + , saying that Vedder 's " passionate howl seems more valuable now , pitted against the navel @-@ gazing emo whine that 's commandeered the landscape , " and he went on to say that " in a world full of boys sent to do a man 's job of rocking , Pearl Jam can still pull off gravitas . " Jon Pareles of The New York Times said , " Now as ever , Pearl Jam takes itself seriously . But it delivers that seriousness not with the sodden self @-@ importance of rock superstardom , but with the craft and hunger of a band still proving itself on the spot . " PopMatters writer Michael Metivier gave the album a 9 / 10 rating and viewed it as a progression in " melody and songcraft " over the band 's previous work , writing that it " more consistently achieves the grandeur , rage , and beauty they 've always pursued , throughout its entirety " .
Brian D. Schiller of Slant Magazine gave the album three and a half out of five stars . He stated that " the album is at best another good step toward their once great state and not a full return to it . What 's true , though , is that it 's the group 's best full album since Vitalogy . " Noel Murray of The A.V. Club ranked the album B + , considering it the " tightest Pearl Jam album in a decade " , describing the album as a comeback " filled with straight @-@ up , riff @-@ a @-@ riffic rock songs . " Mojo gave the album three out of five stars . The review said , " [ S ] elf @-@ titled with good reason : Pearl Jam sound reborn , vital . " Kyle Anderson of Spin gave the album three out of five stars . He said that " rather than rage against the time machine , they seem to be having fun ... Pearl Jam are taking themselves less seriously , and it fits them like a snug flannel shirt . " Mat Snow of The Guardian also gave the album three out of five stars . In the review he stated that Vedder " musters absolute conviction in writing and singing lyrics of male teenage angst . " Snow observed , " And though few of these 13 numbers have the drama of tracks by the Who or Led Zeppelin , from whom the band draw much of their style , Pearl Jam play like men on a mission . " David Raposa of Pitchfork Media called it the " most consistent effort the group 's released since its second album , " but he added that it " gets pretty boring pretty ... quick . "
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Eddie Vedder , except where noted .
^ I " Inside Job " contains a brief instrumental hidden track at 6 : 35 .
^ II " Wasted Reprise " contains a reprise of " Life Wasted " .
= = Personnel = =
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= Frank Klepacki =
Frank Klepacki ( born May 25 , 1974 ) is an American musician , video game music composer and sound director best known for his work on the Command & Conquer series . Having learned to play drums as a child , he joined Westwood Studios as a composer when he was only 17 years old . He has scored several games there , including the Lands of Lore series , Westwood Studios ' Dune games , The Legend of Kyrandia series , Blade Runner , and the Command & Conquer series . His work in Command & Conquer : Red Alert won two awards .
He lives in Las Vegas , where he has shaped a solo career and played and produced for several local bands . His personal and band work touches upon several genres , including orchestral , rock music , hip hop music , soul music , and funk . He has dubbed the style of music he writes as " Rocktronic " . His work has appeared in various media , including the Spike TV program The Ultimate Fighter .
Klepacki is currently the audio director of Petroglyph games , where he scored Star Wars : Empire at War . Klepacki was contacted to score Command & Conquer 3 : Tiberium Wars , but was too busy with Petroglyph to take the project , and declined to mention the offer . Klepacki composed three songs , including " Hell March 3 " , for Command & Conquer : Red Alert 3 by Electronic Arts Los Angeles . His solo CD entitled Viratia is packaged with a comic he helped produce .
= = Early life and career = =
Klepacki was raised by a family of musicians of Polish and Italian descent who played on the Las Vegas strip . He drew art as a hobby , but music prevailed in his early interests . He received his first drumset at age 8 and began performing professionally by age 11 . Among his early influences were electronica and heavy metal groups , including Depeche Mode , Afrika Bambaataa , AC / DC , and Iron Maiden . Seeking to master guitar , bass , and keyboards , he formed local bands and created a demo tape of original material by age 17 . His impetus for diversifying his instrumental abilities was " not being able to communicate with other band members on ideas ... for original songs . " His first piece of audio gear was a TASCAM 4 @-@ track cassette recorder , which he used to record demos , band practices , and live shows .
After learning to program BASIC on a Tandy 1000 and becoming interested in computer and video games , he applied for a job as a game tester at Westwood studios . He submitted his demo tape — described as " an acoustic guitar song with electric guitar leads and keyboard strings , and raining sound effects " — to the company 's audio director . The growing company enlisted him as a composer for the NES port of DragonStrike and the computer game Eye of the Beholder II . He later composed with MIDI sequencing for several other Dungeons & Dragons games . In 1992 , he helmed the audio of Dune II , attempting to complement the music of the original Dune . He later noted that he pushed the sequencing program on his Amiga to the limit while scoring the game . While working on Disney 's The Lion King in 1994 , he and the Westwood team were shown sketches of the unfinished feature film . Film composer Hans Zimmer later praised Klepacki for reworking his scores . After finishing the third entry into The Legend of Kyrandia series ; Book Three : Malcolm 's Revenge , Frank Klepacki met with Westwood leaders to discuss the upcoming game Command & Conquer — the first in a series which would bring him wider fame and critical acclaim .
= = = Command and Conquer series = = =
In 1994 , Klepacki met with Westwood Studios developers to discuss the soundtrack of the company 's next project — Command & Conquer . To define the game 's style , Klepacki listened to a number of bands , including Nine Inch Nails and Ministry , which would supply the iconic industrial style found in the majority of the songs . He combined various elements of this music and added his own touch to create a unique sound . With the company 's recent shift to 22 kHz audio , Klepacki composed with an ASR @-@ 10 sampler , a Roland S760 sampler , a Roland JD 990 synth module , and an electric guitar . The first few songs he composed for Command & Conquer contained voice samples — including the notable pieces Act on Instinct and No Mercy ( which featured wild declarations from Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey ) . The samples were later found to interfere with the game 's spoken audio , and were replaced with versions lacking the voices , although the original versions ( and several other unused pieces ) can still be found on the DOS C & C and Covert Operations discs . Complete versions of the songs later appeared on the game 's commercial soundtrack . He would continue to sample clips from film and other media throughout his career , using a quote from The Brain from Planet Arous in the Yuri song Brainfreeze , for example . Klepacki next composed instrumental pieces for Command & Conquer , drawing influences from orchestral , house , heavy metal , and hip hop music . For the credits , Klepacki wrote Airstrike , featuring a hook later used in Command & Conquer : Tiberian Sun for the Global Defense Initiative . Conversely , the Brotherhood of Nod ending used the song Destructible Times written by Klepacki 's local band , I AM . Developers requested the song because it " reflected the war aspect and bad @-@ ass vibe of Nod 's side . " The C & C expansion pack The Covert Operations featured seven new ambient pieces , all of which were also included on the disc in high quality CD Audio format . Though the soundtrack was not released through retail , Westwood sold it by special order through its website and in game catalogues .
While working on Covert Operations , Klepacki composed Hell March from the idea of " a rock tune to marching boots , " finishing the song in one day after inventing the guitar riff . Upon listening , director Brett Sperry insisted this song be used as the signature theme of Command & Conquer : Red Alert . Originally intended for use with the Brotherhood of Nod , it features militaristic samples — including marching , industrial sounds , and a commander shouting orders . Klepacki initially scored Red Alert with sci @-@ fi camp in mind , but early songs were shelved . He switched gears to write gritty pieces , prompting the Red Alert team to expand upon the style of Command & Conquer . In preparing to compose , Klepacki acquired new sample libraries for unique and strange sounds . Particular creative moods would result in a few songs at a time . He first wrote heavy songs like Workmen and Crush , then composed neutral , synthesizer @-@ laden music , such as Vector and Roll Out . Klepacki scored Fogger and Mud , one of his personal favorites , before finishing with Militant Force and Radio 2 . He took breaks from working to make cameo appearances as a Soviet soldier killed by Kane and an Allied commander in the cut scenes of Red Alert . He previously appeared as a Nod soldier and the voice of the commando in Command & Conquer and would voice bit parts in future Westwood games .
After completing Red Alert , he took a short break to review his work . He concluded that some songs could be enhanced , but Red Alert had already gone gold , precluding new versions . These remixes later appeared on the unsuccessful Command & Conquer : Sole Survivor . Red Alert 's soundtrack was voted best video game soundtrack of 1996 by PC Gamer and Gameslice magazines , defeating Trent Reznor 's score for Quake . Reviewers called it " fun to listen to " and " second to none . " As of 2005 , Red Alert was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for selling several million units , bringing Klepacki his widest audience . He wrote additional music for the game 's expansion packs , Counterstrike and Aftermath . He attributed the success of Red Alert to an infusion of modern styles not found in other games . Klepacki initially wrote off the popularity of his music , assuming that his music " must only appeal to die @-@ hards . " He considered it " very surreal " to realize his soundtracks had gained notoriety , and has since embraced his fans and critics .
= = = Later Westwood games = = =
In 1997 , Klepacki scored a Blade Runner adaptation . Though Westwood acquired the rights to use the original film score by Vangelis , the company was not allowed access to the original master recordings , and Klepacki had to recreate the themes by ear . Developers were satisfied by his attention to detail , feeling that his digital recreations sounded clearer than the originals . In 1998 , Klepacki composed for Dune 2000 . He attempted to update the music from Dune II into " this non @-@ blip stuff , " and worked in homages to the original style of the films as composed by Toto . Dune 2000 was panned by critics , though Klepacki 's score was praised for adhering to the traditional Dune style . Klepacki considered 2000 to be a more definitive work than Dune 2 , which was constrained by software and hardware limitations . He composed for Command & Conquer : Tiberian Sun with Jarrid Mendelson — with whom he would later collaborate on Emperor : Battle for Dune . He began by writing Stomp , an energetic rock piece intended to recreate the effect of Hell March for the new game . Coincidentally , one of the trailers for Command and Conquer 3 featured ' Stomp ' as the soundtrack . Westwood instead wanted Tiberian Sun to feature darker , more moody music , and Stomp was shelved in favor of the current sound . Bereft of ideas due to the stark change in direction , Klepacki asked Mendelson to collaborate ; he regards tracks they both worked on as the best . Tiberian Sun ultimately featured dark , ambient techno music and ambient space music suited to the game 's post @-@ apocalyptic and futuristic setting . Klepacki cited the piece " Mad Rap " as his favorite . An avid Star Wars fan , he enjoyed scoring cut scenes featuring James Earl Jones , the voice of Darth Vader . The scenes also allowed him to integrate the Airstrike and No Mercy themes into the game 's score despite the aforementioned shift . With the expansion pack Firestorm , he attempted to " set things right " by writing more upbeat songs and including Stomp , which would also appear in Command & Conquer : Renegade .
He next scored Lands of Lore III and Command & Conquer : Red Alert 2 . Klepacki defined Red Alert 2 's style with heavy metal guitar and fast @-@ paced beats . Klepacki scored the game with a Korg TR Rack , Novation Nova desktop , and Roland XV @-@ 5080 . Red Alert 2 included a remix of " Hell March " . The return to high @-@ energy songs was owed in part to fan criticism of Tiberian Sun . Klepacki maintained the energetic style in Red Alert 2 's expansion pack Yuri 's Revenge . For Command & Conquer : Renegade — the next entry in the series — Klepacki tried to update the style of the original Command & Conquer by making it " hipper and more elaborate . " Several Command & Conquer mainstays appear as reworked versions , including Target ( Mechanical Man ) , Industrial , Act on Instinct , and No Mercy . The main theme 's melody comes from C & C 80 's Mix , a piece composed for Covert Operations but scrapped before release . Klepacki 's last contribution to Westwood Studios was the music of Earth & Beyond , comprising four albums of material . Acquired by Electronic Arts in 1998 , Westwood was liquidated in 2002 and the remaining employees were relocated to EA Los Angeles . Several Westwood founders left the company . Though Klepacki offered to score Command & Conquer : Generals and submitted a demo to EA , he was not contacted to compose . When asked in 2002 whether he 'd continue scoring music after ten years in the business , he exclaimed , " ten down , next ten to go ! " After Westwood 's closure , he reflected on his past work at a dinner held by Joseph Kucan and other former employees .
= = = Petroglyph Games = = =
Klepacki took a brief hiatus to work on solo albums , then joined Petroglyph Games as full @-@ time audio director in 2004 . He prepared by becoming versed in the job 's requirements and demands . His first task was scoring Star Wars : Empire at War , Petroglyph 's launch title ; he also helped select voice actors . A die @-@ hard fan of the Star Wars franchise , Klepacki enjoyed complementing John Williams 's style as he worked with sound effects used in the feature films . He worked closely with programmers to ensure perfect aural functionality . Though most the game 's score is John Williams 's work , Klepacki estimates that he contributed 20 % original material . Apart from the main theme , he aimed to minimize his editing in order to retain the classic Star Wars sound . He chiefly composed for new areas of the Star Wars universe only found in Empire at War . He calls his work on the game " the peak of my career , " and felt he had spent his entire life grooming his abilities for that soundtrack . As a perk of composing , he visited Skywalker Ranch and Industrial Light and Magic , and took pride in having his name associated with an official Star Wars product .
For the Forces of Corruption expansion pack , he took greater creative liberty with the Star Wars feel by writing an original theme for the new criminal faction . In attempting to compose this piece , he wrote several preliminary hooks that were later integrated into the game 's battle themes . He composed six pieces for the expansion total , including the finale theme . In line with the criminal theme of the game , Klepacki borrowed motifs and recreated the mood from scenes involving Jabba the Hutt in Return of the Jedi . His score for the expansion pack was accepted upon first submission to Lucasarts . As Petroglyph 's audio director , he also selected sound effects — a tricky process due to the issue of making the criminal faction 's sounds a " little different , without straying too much from the original signature sounds . " Klepacki worked with LucasArts to select voice actors , and contributed his own talents to the role of IG @-@ 88 and other minor characters . A blooper reel of his voice acting was released on Petroglyph 's forums after the one @-@ thousandth member registered . Klepacki was contacted to score Command & Conquer 3 , but was too busy with duties at Petroglyph and declined to mention the offer publicly . Electronic Arts hired Steve Jablonsky to score the game ; an EA community manager at C & C 3 's forums suggested that the audio team studied Klepacki 's music and tried to recreate his style . Klepacki feels that Command & Conquer is a significant part of his life and that he would like to return to the Tiberian era . He conceded that employment at Petroglyph games would probably prevent him from working with Electronic Arts .
Klepacki 's next project was a game collaboration by SEGA and Petroglyph named Universe at War : Earth Assault . As of December 2006 , he had composed several songs for various factions and enjoyed the " opportunity to create something new again , not based on ... existing intellectual property . Klepacki " began by taking into account what songs were identified as fan favorites in ... past related work " . He was interviewed about the creative process on March 27 , 2007 by Kevin Yu , a Petroglyph community manager , and provided a detailed tour of his studio at the company . His office included one of the fastest computers at Petroglyph and a vocal booth where unit responses and other vocalizations were tested and tweaked before voice actors performed finishing work . Klepacki was glad that Universe of War did not demand strict obedience to a particular style . He declared that surprises were in store for Command & Conquer fans waiting for him to return to his " roots " and " adrenaline @-@ pumping soundtrack style " , and suggested that they " imagine my mindset ... when Command & Conquer first came out , and add about fifteen years experience to that . " Klepacki summarized the game 's main styles shortly before release :
For the Hierarchy — our evil alien race — I went with a more heavy @-@ metal rock influence , to go along with how they stomp all over everything on the map with their massive walker units . Novus — our high @-@ tech , hit @-@ and @-@ run faction — featured more industrial electronica to go along with their futuristic robotic feel . For our third faction , the Masari — our ancient star @-@ faring side — I provided an epic orchestral feel , with worldly influences to reflect their godlike nature and questionable links to our past . One Masari track in particular , " Divine Intervention , " would become the central theme to the whole game .
As audio director , Klepacki also created many sound effects for Universe at War . For the alien Hierarchy , he cultivated an " unnatural " aesthetic through an " arsenal of mangled noises " . Klepacki used a " combination of heavy cranes recorded with overdriven impacts " to give the faction 's walkers a " menacing machinelike breathing sound " , and made up his own language to record " various grunts , growls , mannerisms , and strange vocalizations . Since Hierarchy heroes needed to communicate to the player in English , Klepacki engineered dialogue to seem as if the aliens were " telepathically speaking to you , with a back @-@ masking effect on their voices ... as if the words are being channeled straight to your brain " . The Novus effects were usually phased and involved " mechanical movement , electricity , and metal sounds " . He invented yet another language for two characters Viktor and Mirabel , who occasionally speak to one another . Lastly , he drew on weather and other natural sounds for the Masari , describing their ambience as having " more weight , thunder , heavy bass rumblings , vortex gusts ... " Klepacki directed the voice @-@ acting to have a " noble and strong " feel without appearing typically medieval or overly dramatic . He ultimately felt he did the work of " three people " with Universe at War , as the game 's audio requirements changed constantly , requiring vigilance and programmer support . Divine Intervention was later nominated for a Game Audio Network Guild award , and the soundtrack was released as a free download after Petroglyph 's efforts toward a traditional release were frustrated .
Klepacki next composed three songs for Command & Conquer : Red Alert 3 , including Hell March 3 . Hell March 3 was recorded with the aid of a 4 @-@ piece rock band alongside the Skywalker Symphony Orchestra and Choir at the Skywalker Sound scoring stage ; the choir also sang in Russian for an updated version of Grinder from Red Alert 2 . He remarked in 2008 that he would never grow tired of Hell March , and was thankful it had resonated with so many fans . Around this time , he composed using Cubase , Kontakt , a MOTU 2408 audio interface , and several instruments . Collaborating with Video Games Live , Klepacki performed Hell March and its Red Alert 2 version in Las Vegas in 2008 , and later performed Hell March 3 in the Netherlands with a choir and orchestra through the Games in Concert series ; he wore a Soviet army conscript uniform for the song . Klepacki expressed a desire in 2009 to score an Unreal Tournament series game and a " generation one @-@ style " Transformers game , as well as a blockbuster movie .
= = = Solo and band work = = =
Klepacki has also played in and produced albums for several Las Vegas bands . I AM 's There 's a Home is his first full @-@ length CD appearance . The band featured Greg Greer on vocals , Rod Arnett on bass , Dan Ryan on guitar , and Klepacki on drums . Formed from the rhythm section of local band Shatterbone , I AM released one album in 1995 and broke up . Described as alternative progressive rock , the band 's music drew influences from Tool and Soundgarden . The song Destructible Times was used for the Brotherhood of Nod ending in the original Command & Conquer . After the break @-@ up , Klepacki joined Home Cookin ' , a ten @-@ member ensemble which played funk and soul in the tradition of Tower of Power . Founded in 1989 , Home Cookin ' commercially debuted with Mmm , Mmm , Mmm , in 1997 ( which featured a number one hit ) and released a second album ( Pink in the Middle ) in 2000 before disbanding following a tour in California . Towards the end of its run , the band played at Quark 's Bar in Star Trek : The Experience and at the Boston Grill and Bar . The group sometimes opened shows with a four @-@ member funk act named Junkfood . Home Cookin ' was popular by readers of Las Vegas Weekly , winning several awards over its history — including " Best Horns " in a band . Klepacki boasted that turnout for the band at clubs was usually above four hundred people . In 2003 , he formed The Bitters , a trio composed of Klepacki , bassist Vinny Moncada , and guitarist Jeff Murphy . With a style described as metal and jazz fusion , the group has released one album as of August 2006 . Klepacki is also member to the group Mo Friction , supported by former Home Cookin ' members . Their debut album will mark Klepacki 's first outing as a band 's lead vocalist .
Klepacki 's solo work debuted in 2002 with Morphscape . Production began in 1996 with the song Cybertek , though an album was not planned at this time . The rest of Morphscape 's songs were composed after Red Alert 2 . Klepacki composed the album 's title track while working on Command & Conquer : Renegade , and feels the game 's style is visibly present in Morphscape . Klepacki released the final product after Westwood 's dissolution . His biggest inspiration in creating solo works is the legion of fans interested in Command & Conquer . Klepacki took a hiatus from composing video game music to write two other solo albums , the first of which is entitled Rocktronic . Released in 2004 , the album was described as dark , edgy , and heavy in a way that will appeal to Command & Conquer fans . Klepacki sought out specific samples and instruments used in the Command & Conquer soundtrack for use in the release ; the title " Rocktronic " was an attempt to name his style of music . Featuring live drumming in certain songs , the album is Klepacki 's best @-@ seller . Following Rocktronic was Virtual Control , released in 2005 . Klepacki complemented his usual style with experiments in hip hop on the album . Tracks from each release have been periodically used in The Ultimate Fighter , along with certain custom themes written for the show .
On August 1 , 2006 , he revealed his next solo project would be named Awakening of Aggression and confirmed the music would be " heavy " and " hard @-@ hitting . " When interviewed , Klepacki said that he channeled stress into the heavy music of the new album . Aggression was released in October of the same year , and was made available on iTunes on December 7 . He filled the liner notes of the album with the names of several supportive fans who had purchased his music . As of April 2007 , he speculates that a new solo release will be ready by the end of the year . After establishing recognition on Ultimate Fighter , Klepacki began scoring themes for HDNet 's Inside the MMA and HDNet Fights in autumn 2007 . Around this time , he made it to the district finals of the Guitar Center " drum @-@ off " competition after winning two store challenges in Las Vegas but was eliminated . His solo album Infiltrator was released in April 2009 . According to Klepacki , the album was inspired by his recent work on the Red Alert series . Klepacki enjoys Las Vegas thanks to its diversity of musical talent and prolific number of shows and attractions . He attributes his showmanship to being raised in the city , noting that one has to " stand out " to be noticed among the entertainment atmosphere of Vegas . The city 's Las Vegas Weekly honored him as a " badass composer " in its mid @-@ April 2009 issue , highlighting his prolific fan @-@ base and work as producer for various local bands .
= = Work and beliefs = =
When composing for video games , Klepacki spends a few days to compose and master one song on average . He feels writing music for games is somewhat difficult as only early software builds are available to play ; he sometimes must compose songs based on vague descriptions . Composing for cut scenes is easier by comparison , and Klepacki enjoys drawing inspiration and direction from game design art . Nonetheless , he prefers to compose for a game throughout its development rather than write songs for a finished product . He feels that game music has been harder to compose than film or solo music as he must compose for all situations a player may discover or engineer . Klepacki maintains templates with a base of common instruments prepared for sudden bursts of inspiration , as he resents " having technical issues ... as an obstacle . " When asked how the composing process begins , Klepacki related :
It starts with knowing what I 'm composing for . Is it a battle theme , or main title , or ambient theme , etc . Then I figure out what type of mood or style best fits ... the subject matter . From there it 's about picking the right instrumentation and then the writing process starts . It could start with anything ; a guitar riff , a French horn melody , a drum rhythm or bass line . Then I keep alternating instruments track by track recording one part at a time until I have something that sounds full and gets the point across I 'm trying for .
Klepacki has said that the most rewarding part of composing video game music is working with a team — which he compares to chemistry between band members — and knowing he is part of a greater cause . He believes that game music could improve if artists focused on quality and derived inspiration from playing games . He has expressed interest in having Electronic Arts sell his soundtracks in retail stores , preferably next to video games in electronic departments . He advises those wishing to get in the video game business to attend conventions and investigate developer companies . He also noted in 2008 that " composition and engineering skills are now required , " advising upstart composers to ensure their work is film @-@ quality . Klepacki is happy to see older games offered on the Wii , hoping that gamers are " recognizing once again that simple , short fun experiences are just as good as ... long , huge @-@ production experiences . " Klepacki listed several influences for his style of composition : " John Williams naturally for my love of Star Wars and his style in general , Michael Kamen for his composing diversity , Metallica for sparking my metal influence , Vince Dicola who in my opinion is way under @-@ rated for his great work , Sly & The Family Stone for inspiring funk , syncopation , and positive energy , Larry Graham for inspiring me to play funk bass , Nine Inch Nails for their unique uses of mangled sound , and Rob Zombie for combining music with a theme and persona . "
Klepacki runs a personal website featuring a biography , archived interviews , and a playlist of songs streamed in 128 kbit / s mp3 . His music is also available from iTunes . As a Star Wars fan , he has extensively written about the film premieres of the last two prequels on his website . He maintains an account at YouTube and has posted three videos of his work with other bands . He is an ardent supporter of digital cinema , believing the medium to be the pinnacle of quality . He has scored two short films , and won a CineVegas award for his work with Unreel Invasion . Klepacki believes that the genre of video game music is more respected than it has ever been . He notes that complex and quality music comes at a higher cost , prompting certain producers to simply " get somebody who could cop the Hollywood sound " instead of nurturing original style . When asked about his career low @-@ point , he named Order of the Griffon for the TurboGrafx @-@ 16 , citing difficulties with the system 's limited musical capabilities . Concerning his solo career and Westwood , Klepacki regrets " not having attended more of the fun company functions and parties while I was instead playing club gigs with bands with the mentality of trying to get signed or discovered . " When asked to reflect on his career , he replied :
The ironic thing is that my original goal in life was to be in a famous band , tour the world and sell millions of albums . Although that didn 't quite happen , I got something else just as gratifying . Instead of being in a famous band , I gained some fame in the industry as a game composer . Instead of touring the world , I receive fan mail from around the world . Instead of selling millions of albums , my music is on millions of games ! And I sell enough of my own albums that allows me to keep releasing them . So in a different way , I kind of got what I wanted after all . And I 'm more than happy with that . The most fulfilling part of it is that I feel I contributed something that mattered to a significant number of people , and more importantly , I got to be a part of projects that mattered a lot to my life personally , like Star Wars !
Klepacki is not seeking a record deal , citing a " horrible chain of steps to getting famous . " Scathingly critical of the recording industry , he blames MTV — described as a " teenage reality show channel " — for putting a pretty face on music and destroying the independent valuation of actual sound . Klepacki has declared pop music as having become the " largest farce in music history — soul @-@ less , mechanical , and only made for the sole purpose of making the fastest dollar possible , with more emphasis on imagery than the music . " He 's also criticized lip @-@ synching and the repackaging of music genre through different labels — such as Nu metal for rock music and Neo soul for soul music . He believes that signing a deal does not guarantee profits , and would rather keep his day job as audio director . These sentiments were echoed in a special feature on the band Home Cookin ' in 2000 — Klepacki said the group wanted to " work with a label , not for them . " Stating that he would not compromise his work for popularity , he believes that " the only artists that have any longevity are the ones that pioneer a movement — not follow one . " He enjoys working independently , as he does not have to " change ... music for the sake of pop radio . " He champions the internet as a medium through which creative and original artists can be found . Klepacki believes it is the preferred avenue for music when compared to radio airplay — where one hears " the exact same songs 3 months at a time . " When interviewed about file @-@ sharing , he expressed mixed emotions . Holding that compact discs are " just too damn expensive " , Klepacki believes that a few dollars ' reduction in price would " deter people from downloading for free . " Conversely , he notes that artists — who " don 't get as much money as you think " — need to be compensated for their work . His favorite artists by decade , starting with the 1960s , are Sly and the Family Stone , Graham Central Station , Metallica , Home Cookin ' , and Bob Schneider .
= = Works = =
Video game music
Eye of the Beholder II ( Westwood Studios , 1991 )
Dune II ( Westwood Studios , 1992 )
Dungeons & Dragons : Warriors of the Eternal Sun ( Westwood Studios , 1992 )
Order of the Griffon ( Westwood Studios , 1992 )
DragonStrike ( Westwood Studios , 1992 ) ( NES port only )
The Legend of Kyrandia – Book One ( Westwood Studios , 1992 )
Lands of Lore ( Westwood Studios , 1993 )
The Legend of Kyrandia – Book Two : The Hand of Fate ( Westwood Studios , 1993 )
Disney 's The Lion King ( SNES ) ( Westwood Studios , 1994 )
The Legend of Kyrandia – Book Three : Malcolm 's Revenge ( Westwood Studios , 1994 )
Young Merlin ( Westwood Studios , 1994 )
Command & Conquer ( Westwood Studios , 1995 )
Parker Brother 's Monopoly ( Westwood Studios , 1995 )
Command & Conquer : The Covert Operations ( Westwood Studios , 1996 )
Command & Conquer : Red Alert ( Westwood Studios , 1996 )
Command & Conquer : Red Alert : Counterstrike ( Westwood Studios , 1997 )
Command & Conquer : Red Alert : Aftermath ( Westwood Studios , 1997 )
Lands of Lore 2 ( Westwood Studios , 1997 )
Blade Runner ( Westwood Studios , 1997 )
Command & Conquer : Red Alert : Retaliation ( Westwood Studios , 1998 )
Command & Conquer : Sole Survivor ( Westwood Studios , 1998 )
Dune 2000 ( Westwood Studios , 1998 )
Command & Conquer : Tiberian Sun ( Westwood Studios , 1999 )
Lands of Lore 3 ( Westwood Studios , 1999 )
Command & Conquer : Tiberian Sun : Firestorm ( Westwood Studios , 2000 )
Command & Conquer : Red Alert 2 ( Westwood Pacific , 2000 )
Nox ( Westwood Studios , 2000 )
Command & Conquer : Red Alert 2 : Yuri 's Revenge ( Westwood Pacific , 2001 )
Emperor : Battle for Dune ( Westwood Studios , 2001 )
Pirates : The Legend of Black Kat ( Westwood Studios , 2001 )
Command & Conquer : Renegade ( Westwood Studios , 2002 )
Earth & Beyond ( Westwood Studios , 2002 )
Star Wars : Empire at War ( Petroglyph Games , 2006 )
Star Wars : Empire at War : Forces of Corruption ( Petroglyph Games , 2006 )
Universe at War : Earth Assault ( Petroglyph Games , 2007 )
Command & Conquer : Red Alert 3 ( EA Los Angeles , 2008 )
Command & Conquer : Red Alert 3 : Uprising ( EA Los Angeles , 2009 )
Panzer General : Allied Assault ( Petroglyph Games , 2009 )
Guardians of Graxia ( Petroglyph Games , 2010 )
Mytheon ( Petroglyph Games / True Games , 2011 )
Rise of Immortals ( Petroglyph Games , 2011 )
Battle for Graxia ( Petroglyph Games , 2012 )
Coin a Phrase ( Petroglyph Games , 2013 )
End of Nations ( Petroglyph Games / Trion Worlds , cancelled )
Grey Goo ( Petroglyph Games , 2015 )
8 @-@ Bit Armies ( Petroglyph Games , 2016 )
Band , film , and solo music
There 's a Home ( I AM , 1995 )
Mmm , Mmm , Mmm , ( Home Cookin ' , 1997 )
Unreel Invasion ( short film , 1999 )
Pink in the Middle ( Home Cookin ' , 2000 )
Essence of the Force ( short film , 2002 )
Morphscape ( 2002 )
Rocktronic ( 2004 )
Virtual Control ( 2005 )
The Bitters ( The Bitters , 2006 )
Awakening of Aggression ( 2006 )
Grudgement Day ( The Bitters , 2008 )
Infiltrator ( 2009 )
Viratia ( 2009 )
Conquering 20 Years ( 2012 )
Digital Frontiers ( 2016 )
Commercial music
MTV ( 1997 )
Cupid ( abc , 2000 )
Miller Genuine Draft ( 2001 )
Ultimate Fighting Championship Pay @-@ per view ( Fox Sports , 2003 – 2006 )
The Ultimate Fighter ( Spike TV , 2005 – 2006 )
Ultimate Fight Night ( Spike TV , 2005 – 2006 )
Amp 'd Mobile ( Spike TV , 2005 – 2006 )
Inside the MMA ( HDNet , 2007 )
HDNet Fights ( HDNet , 2007 )
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= HMS Agamemnon ( 1781 ) =
HMS Agamemnon was a 64 @-@ gun third @-@ rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy . She saw service in the American Revolutionary , French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , and fought in many of the major naval battles of those conflicts . She is remembered as being Nelson 's favourite ship , and was named after the mythical ancient Greek king Agamemnon , being the first ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name .
The future Lord Nelson served as Agamemnon 's captain from January 1793 for 3 years and 3 months , during which time she saw considerable service in the Mediterranean . After Nelson 's departure , she was involved in the infamous 1797 mutinies at Spithead and the Nore , and in 1801 was present at the first Battle of Copenhagen , but ran aground before being able to enter the action .
Despite Nelson 's fondness for the ship , she was frequently in need of repair and refitting , and would likely have been hulked or scrapped in 1802 had war with France not recommenced . She fought at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805 , as part of Nelson 's weather column , where she forced the surrender of the Spanish four @-@ decker Santísima Trinidad . Agamemnon 's later career was served in South American waters off Brazil .
Her oft worn @-@ out and poor condition contributed to her being wrecked when in June 1809 she grounded on an uncharted shoal in the mouth of the River Plate , whilst seeking shelter with the rest of her squadron from a storm . All hands and most of the ship 's stores were saved , but the condition of the ship 's timbers made it impossible to free the ship ; her captain was cleared of responsibility for the ship 's loss thanks to documents detailing her defects . Recently , the wreck of Agamemnon has been located , and several artefacts have been recovered , including one of her cannons .
= = Construction = =
Agamemnon was ordered from the commercial shipbuilder Henry Adams at his Bucklers Hard shipyard on the Beaulieu River on 5 February 1777 , to be built to the lines of the Ardent class , as designed by Sir Thomas Slade . Her keel was laid down in May . She was constructed using timber sourced from the surrounding New Forest . The total cost of her construction was £ 38 @,@ 303 15s 4d . She was commissioned on 28 March 1781 under Captain Benjamin Caldwell — a full 13 days before her launch on 10 April .
A painting of the launch of Agamemnon by Harold Wyllie depicts blue skies and scores of spectators , despite the Hampshire Chronicle describing the day as being windy with heavy rain , and with few spectators in attendance .
She was named after King Agamemnon , a prominent figure in ancient Greek mythology who participated in the Siege of Troy , and was the first Royal Navy vessel to bear the name . Lord Nelson regarded her as his favourite ship , and to her crew she was known by the affectionate nickname ' Eggs – and – Bacon ' . According to an article in The Gentleman 's Magazine , her crew renamed her as they did not like the classical names that were in vogue at the Admiralty during this period ( the crews of Bellerophon and Polyphemus also ' renamed ' their ships , to ' Billy Ruffian ' and ' Polly Infamous ' respectively , for the same reason ) .
= = American Revolutionary War = =
In November 1781 , the Admiralty had received intelligence that a large convoy was preparing to sail from Brest under Admiral de Guichen . The convoy was composed of transports carrying naval supplies for the West Indies and the French fleet in the East Indies . Agamemnon was part of Admiral Richard Kempenfelt 's squadron of 18 ships ( 11 of which mounted 64 or more guns ) , which he commanded from HMS Victory . Kempenfelt was ordered to intercept the convoy , which he did in the afternoon of 12 December in the Bay of Biscay , approximately 150 miles ( 241 @.@ 4 km ) south @-@ west of Ushant . With the French naval escort to leeward of the convoy , Kempenfelt attacked immediately , capturing 15 of the transports before nightfall . The rest of the convoy scattered , most returning to Brest ; only five transports reached the West Indies .
Early in 1782 , she sailed to the West Indies as part of Admiral Sir George Rodney 's squadron , with Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Samuel Hood as his second in command . On 9 April , the Battle of the Saintes began with an indecisive skirmish , in which the ships of the vanguard division , under Hood 's command , were badly damaged and forced to withdraw to make repairs . On 12 April , Agamemnon took part in the second action , which proved much more decisive . Over the course of the battle , Agamemnon had 2 lieutenants and 14 crewmen killed , and 22 others were wounded .
After the signing of the Treaties of Versailles brought an end to the American Revolutionary War , Agamemnon returned from the West Indies to Chatham , where she was paid off and docked on 29 October 1783 for repairs and to have her copper sheathing replaced . She came out of dock on 4 June 1784 , and was subsequently laid up in ordinary .
= = French Revolutionary War = =
= = = Under Nelson = = =
In anticipation of the start of Britain 's involvement in the French Revolutionary War after the execution of King Louis XVI , Agamemnon was recommissioned on 31 January 1793 . She was placed under the command of Captain Horatio Nelson , and after provisioning joined the fleet lying at anchor at the Nore . She subsequently sailed to join the Mediterranean fleet under Vice @-@ Admiral Hood , which was blockading the French port of Toulon . On 27 August the town of Toulon declared its allegiance to the Royalist Bourbon cause , and Hood 's fleet moved in to take control of the naval dockyard and the 30 French ships of the line that were in the harbour . After capturing 19 of the ships , Agamemnon was sent to Naples to ask King Ferdinand IV for reinforcements with which to secure the town ; he agreed to provide 4 @,@ 000 men . When the revolutionary army , commanded by Napoleon Buonaparte , launched its assault against Toulon , the troops proved insufficient to hold it , and they were forced to abandon the town .
In April and May 1794 , seamen from Agamemnon , led by Nelson , helped capture the Corsican town of Bastia . The French surrendered on 21 May , after a 40 @-@ day siege . After this action , Agamemnon was forced to sail to Gibraltar to undergo urgent repairs , the ship having become very worn out after just 16 months at sea , despite having undergone a fairly extensive refit just prior to being recommissioned . Upon completion of her repairs , Agamemnon returned to Corsica , anchoring south of Calvi on 18 June . After Hood arrived with additional ships , Agamemnon contributed guns and men to the 51 @-@ day siege of Calvi , during which time Nelson lost the sight in his right eye when a French shot kicked sand and grit into his face . The town surrendered on 10 August , Agamemnon having lost six men in the engagement . Shortly thereafter the inhabitants of Corsica declared themselves to be subjects of His Majesty King George III .
Agamemnon , still with the Mediterranean fleet — now under Vice @-@ Admiral William Hotham , who had superseded Hood in December 1794 — participated in the Battle of Genoa when a French fleet , comprising 15 ships of the line , was sighted on 10 March 1795 . Three days later , the French having shown no signs that they were willing to give battle , Admiral Hotham ordered a general chase . The French ship Ça Ira lost her fore and main topmasts when she ran into one of the other ships of the French fleet , Victoire , allowing HMS Inconstant to catch up with and engage her . Agamemnon and Captain came up to assist soon after , and continued firing into the 80 @-@ gun French ship until the arrival of more French ships led to Admiral Hotham signalling for the British ships to retreat . Ça Ira was captured the following day , along with Censeur , which was towing her , by Captain and Bedford .
On 7 July 1795 , whilst in company with a small squadron of frigates , Agamemnon was chased by a French fleet of 22 ships of the line and 6 frigates . Due to adverse winds , Admiral Hotham was unable to come to her aid until the following day , and the French fleet was sighted again on 13 July , off the Hyères Islands . Hotham signalled for his 23 ships of the line to give chase , and in the ensuing Battle of the Hyères Islands , Agamemnon was one of the few Royal Navy ships to engage the enemy fleet . The French ship Alcide struck her colours during the battle , only to catch fire and sink . Many of the other French ships were in a similar condition ; Agamemnon and Cumberland were manoeuvring to attack a French 80 @-@ gun ship when Admiral Hotham signalled his fleet to retreat , allowing the French to escape into the Gulf of Fréjus . Admiral Hotham was later greatly criticised for calling off the battle , and was relieved as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief in the Mediterranean by Admiral Sir John Jervis at the end of the year .
Nelson was promoted to Commodore on 11 March . Shortly thereafter , in the action of 31 May 1796 , boats from Agamemnon and Nelson 's squadron captured a small convoy of French vessels off the Franco @-@ Italian coast , while suffering minimal casualties .
On 10 June 1796 Nelson transferred his pennant to HMS Captain , Captain John Samuel Smith replacing him as Agamemnon 's commander . Having been deemed in great need of repair , Agamemnon then returned to England .
= = = Mutiny and the Baltic = = =
In May 1797 , whilst under the command of Captain Robert Fancourt , Agamemnon was involved in the Nore mutiny . On 29 May , the North Sea squadron lying in the Yarmouth Roads was ordered to sea . Only three ships , Adamant , Agamemnon and Glatton , obeyed the signal , but Agamemnon 's crew later mutinied , and sailed the ship back to Yarmouth Roads . The ship was then taken to join the main mutiny at the Nore anchorage , along with Ardent , Isis and Leopard , arriving on 7 June . After a blockade of London was formed by the mutineers , several ships began to desert the wider mutiny , in many cases being fired upon by the remaining ships . Order was eventually restored aboard Agamemnon when the loyal seamen and marines forcibly ejected the hard @-@ line mutineers from the ship . Captain Fancourt was able to secure a pardon for the remaining ship 's company .
On 18 March 1800 , Agamemnon was damaged when she ran onto the Penmarks Rocks . She came into Falmouth on 25 March 1800 . On her way to port she had encountered Childers , which assisted her and accompanied her into port . With the assistance of the crews from two sloops , the guardship Chatham , and troops from Pendennis Castle at the pumps , the crew managed to stop the water level in the hold rising any further . Agamemnon made for Plymouth for repairs . Movement caused the leak to gain on the men at the pumps once more , and when she was off Penlee Point , Agamemnon fired a gun for assistance . When she reached Plymouth she was lashed to a sheer hulk to prevent her sinking .
In response to developments in the Baltic in 1801 that threatened to deprive Britain of much @-@ needed naval supplies , Agamemnon was sent as part of a fleet under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker and Vice @-@ Admiral Lord Nelson to attack the Danish at Copenhagen . On 2 April , Agamemnon was part of Nelson 's division that fought the Battle of Copenhagen . Agamemnon was positioned second in the line after HMS Edgar , and after passing down the Outer Channel , she grounded whilst attempting to round the southern tip of the Middle Ground shoal . While the battle raged around her Agamemnon , along with Bellona and Russell , both of which had also run aground , flew signals of distress . The three stranded ships were eventually pulled off the Middle Ground in the night of 3 April .
After the Treaty of Amiens concluded the Revolutionary War , Agamemnon was laid up at Chatham in 1802 .
= = Napoleonic Wars = =
Agamemnon 's general condition in 1802 was so poor that , had hostilities with France not recommenced , she would likely have been hulked or broken up . Instead , after Britain 's entry into the Napoleonic Wars , she was brought out of ordinary in 1804 , recommissioned under Captain John Harvey on 31 July , and went to join the Channel fleet under Admiral William Cornwallis .
Agamemnon was part of Vice @-@ Admiral Robert Calder 's fleet cruising off Cape Finisterre on 22 July 1805 , when the combined Franco @-@ Spanish fleet from the West Indies was sighted to windward . The British ships formed into line of battle , with Agamemnon fifth in the line , and engaged Admiral Villeneuve 's fleet in hazy conditions with light winds . Agamemnon had three men wounded in the Battle of Cape Finisterre , and lost her mizzen topmast and the foresail yard . By nightfall , Calder 's fleet had become scattered , and he signalled for the action to be discontinued .
= = = Battle of Trafalgar = = =
On 17 September 1805 , after completing a small refit of his ship in Portsmouth , Captain Harvey was superseded in command of Agamemnon by Captain Sir Edward Berry , who had previously commanded Nelson 's flagship , HMS Vanguard , at the Battle of the Nile . On 3 October she departed Spithead to join Vice @-@ Admiral Nelson 's fleet blockading Villeneuve 's combined fleet in Cádiz . En route , Agamemnon fell in with a French squadron , consisting of six ships of the line and several smaller vessels , which gave chase . Succeeding in evading the French , Agamemnon joined the blockading squadron on 13 October , and when Nelson laid eyes on the approaching ship he reportedly exclaimed : " Here comes that damned fool Berry ! Now we shall have a battle ! " In misty conditions on 20 October , Agamemnon captured a large American merchant brig , which she then took in tow . Not long after , HMS Euryalus signalled to Agamemnon that she was sailing straight towards an enemy fleet of 30 ships — Villeneuve 's fleet had left port .
On 21 October 1805 Agamemnon fought in the Battle of Trafalgar . Agamemnon was positioned eighth in Nelson 's weather column , with Orion ahead and Minotaur astern . Once engaged , she was firing both batteries , eventually pounding the great Spanish four @-@ decker Santísima Trinidad until that ship was dismasted and , with 216 of her complement dead , struck her colours . Before Berry could take possession of the prize , the enemy van division began bearing down on the British line , having previously been cut off from the battle by Nelson 's line @-@ breaking tactics . With Nelson already dying below decks on Victory , Captain of the Fleet Thomas Hardy ordered Agamemnon and several other ships to intercept them . Three of the enemy ships broke off and ran for Cádiz ; after briefly engaging Intrépide the British ships moved to try to cut off the fleeing ships . Over the course of the battle , Agamemnon suffered just two fatalities , and eight men were wounded .
Following the battle , Agamemnon , despite taking on three feet of water in her hold each hour , took Colossus under tow to Gibraltar . After carrying out repairs , the ship rejoined Vice @-@ Admiral Collingwood 's squadron , which had resumed the blockade of Cádiz .
= = = Later career = = =
At the beginning of 1806 , Agamemnon was with Vice @-@ Admiral Duckworth 's squadron in the West Indies , pursuing a French fleet carrying troops to Santo Domingo . On 6 February 1806 , the two squadrons clashed in the Battle of San Domingo ; Agamemnon assisted Duckworth 's flagship Superb in driving the French Vice @-@ Admiral Leissègues ' flagship Impérial onto the shore where she was wrecked . In October , Agamemnon escorted a convoy on her return to Britain .
In 1807 Agamemnon was part of Admiral James Gambier 's fleet sent to take control of the Danish fleet before it could fall into French hands . She participated in the second Battle of Copenhagen , and as in the first in 1801 , ran aground . After she had come free , Agamemnon landed guns and shot in Kjörge Bay to form part of a battery being established there to command the city . Firing commenced on 2 September , and lasted until the Danes surrendered on 7 September . In November , Agamemnon joined the blockading squadron off Lisbon .
= = = Loss = = =
In February 1808 , Agamemnon sailed with Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Sidney Smith 's flagship Foudroyant to Brazil , where they joined another squadron . At Rio de Janeiro it was discovered that Agamemnon was again quite worn out , with seams in her planking opening and some of her framing bolts broken . In October , Agamemnon and Monarch anchored in Maldonado Bay , in the mouth of the River Plate . They had been escorting the merchant vessel Maria , which had carried the surgeon Dr. James Paroissien to Montevideo where he was tasked with exposing a plot against King John VI of Portugal , who was in exile in Brazil . Whilst there , Monarch ran aground , requiring Agamemnon 's assistance to get her off . After learning that Paroissien had been imprisoned , the two ships put to sea , but were forced to return to Maldonado Bay when they encountered bad weather . After the ships returned to Rio in January 1809 , the ship was fully surveyed by the carpenter , who drew up an extensive list of her defects .
On 16 June 1809 Agamemnon , along with the rest of the squadron ( which was now under the command of Rear @-@ Admiral Michael de Courcy ) , put in to Maldonado Bay for the third and final time , to shelter from a storm . While working her way between Gorriti Island and the shore , Agamemnon struck an uncharted shoal . Captain Jonas Rose attempted to use the ship 's boats , together with the stream and kedge anchors , to pull the ship off , but to no avail . The ship had dropped anchor on the shoal just previously , and it was discovered that she had run onto it when she grounded , the anchor having pierced the hull . On 17 June , with the ship listing heavily to starboard , Agamemnon 's stores and all her crew were taken off by boats from other vessels in the squadron , and the following day Captain Rose and his officers left the ship .
The court @-@ martial for the loss of Agamemnon was held at Rio de Janeiro on 22 July 1809 , aboard HMS Bedford . It was found that the ship might have been saved if she had not been in such poor general condition , and Captain Rose was honourably acquitted .
= = Legacy = =
In 1993 the wreck was located north of Gorriti Island in Maldonado Bay by Maritime historian Hector Bado and underwater survey expert. later in 1997 with the help of Mensun Bound have documented the remains and recovered a number of artefacts , including a seal bearing the name ' Nelson , ' and one of Agamemnon 's 24 @-@ pounder guns from her main gundeck .
The historical novelist Patrick O 'Brian selected Agamemnon as one of the ships on which Jack Aubrey served as lieutenant , before the events of Master and Commander , the first novel in his Aubrey – Maturin series . Agamemnon has also been the subject of at least two paintings by the British artist Geoff Hunt , currently the president of the Royal Society of Marine Artists .
To mark the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar , in 2005 the Woodland Trust planted 33 woods named after Royal Navy ships that fought in the battle : one each for the 27 ships of the line , and six others for the frigates and smaller support craft . Agamemnon wood was planted in November 2005 on the Beaulieu Estate in Hampshire , near Agamemnon 's birthplace , Buckler 's Hard .
After the wreck of Agamemnon in 1809 , the name was reused by the Royal Navy for three other ships : the 91 @-@ gun second @-@ rate steam ship of the line Agamemnon of 1852 , the Ajax @-@ class ironclad Agamemnon in 1879 , and the Lord Nelson @-@ class battleship Agamemnon of 1906 .
The Royal Navy will again be adopting the name ' Agamemnon ' for one of their Astute Class Nuclear Submarines , currently under construction in the UK .
Agamemnon Channel in the Sunshine Coast region of British Columbia , at the mouth of Jervis Inlet between Nelson Island and the Sechelt Peninsula , was named for the Agamemnon ( Nelson Island being named for Lord Nelson ) by Captain George Henry Richards of HMS Plumper in 1860 .
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= The Combat : Woman Pleading for the Vanquished =
The Combat : Woman Pleading for the Vanquished is a large oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty , first exhibited in 1825 and now in the National Gallery of Scotland . Inspired by the Elgin Marbles and intended by the artist to provide a moral lesson on " the beauty of mercy " , it shows a near @-@ nude warrior whose sword has broken , forced to his knees in front of another near @-@ nude soldier who prepares to inflict a killing blow . A woman , also near @-@ nude , clutches the victorious warrior to beg him for mercy . Very unusually for a history painting of the period , The Combat does not depict a scene from history , literature or religion and is not based on an existing artwork , but is instead a scene from the artist 's own imagination .
When it was shown at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition of 1825 , it attracted near @-@ universal praise from critics for its technical excellence , its fusion of the styles of different schools of painting , and its subject matter . Nevertheless , it failed to find a buyer at the Summer Exhibition , and was instead bought by fellow artist John Martin . The painting proved too large for Martin 's house , and in 1831 he sold it on to the Royal Scottish Academy . It was transferred in 1910 to the National Gallery of Scotland , where it remains .
= = Background = =
William Etty was born in 1787 , the son of a York baker and miller . He began as an apprentice printer in Hull . On completing his seven @-@ year apprenticeship he moved at the age of 18 to London " with a few pieces of chalk crayons " , with the intention of becoming a history painter in the tradition of the Old Masters . Strongly influenced by the works of Titian and Rubens , he submitted paintings to the Royal Academy of Arts and the British Institution , all of which were either rejected or received scant attention when exhibited .
In 1821 the Royal Academy accepted and exhibited one of Etty 's works , The Arrival of Cleopatra in Cilicia ( also known as The Triumph of Cleopatra ) . The painting was extremely well received , and many of Etty 's fellow artists greatly admired him . Following the praise for Cleopatra , Etty tried to replicate its success by painting nude figures in biblical , literary and mythological settings , most notably A Sketch from One of Gray 's Odes ( Youth on the Prow ) in 1822 , and the controversial Pandora Crowned by the Seasons in 1824 . Etty had travelled extensively in Italy in 1823 , and painted Pandora hastily on his return as a " testimonial of recent progress " he had made while studying paintings in Italian collections . Critical opinion of Pandora was highly divided , with some critics greatly praising it as a technical accomplishment , while others saw it as a rushed pastiche of Titian and Rubens . Pandora Crowned by the Seasons sold for 300 guineas ( about £ 25 @,@ 000 in 2016 terms ) , and secured Etty the position of Associate at the Royal Academy of Arts .
While some nudes by foreign artists were held in private English collections , the country had no tradition of nude painting and the display and distribution of nude material to the public had been suppressed since the 1787 Proclamation for the Discouragement of Vice . Etty was the first British artist to specialise in the nude , and the reaction of the lower classes to these paintings caused concern throughout the 19th century . Many critics condemned his repeated depictions of female nudity as indecent , although his portraits of male nudes were generally well received .
= = Composition = =
Etty was fascinated with classical artworks such as those he had seen during his recent travels in Italy , and in particular with the Elgin Marbles , a set of major Ancient Greek sculptures taken to London in controversial circumstances in the early 19th century .
The Combat : Woman Pleading for the Vanquished is a large painting , 399 cm ( 13 ft 1 in ) across . It depicts a defeated soldier , kneeling in front of another soldier . The defeated fighter strains to free himself from the grip of the victorious warrior , who stands , raising a sword . A kneeling woman clutches the waist of the victorious soldier , raising her face to him to beg him to spare his defeated foe . The defeated warrior has a stronger body , a face more in keeping with the conventions of attractiveness at the time , and a more sympathetic expression , while the victorious man is darker skinned and has an expression of blank fierceness . The vanquished soldier 's sword has broken , and lies beside him on the ground .
Etty did not base The Combat on any single incident from history or literature , or on any existing artwork , but on his own imagination ; this was a highly unusual step to take regarding history paintings , which generally depicted themes from literature or religion . He had been considering the topic as early as 1821 , and his plans took shape following his visit to Italy . During this visit Etty had met Antonio Canova and been very impressed by him ; The Combat is clearly influenced by his work . As well as drawing inspiration from classical sculpture , he was also strongly influenced by the composition of Old Master works he had seen while in Italy . As with many of Etty 's works , the models posed for him separately in his studio , rather than as a group .
Etty , writing in 1849 , described the purpose of The Combat as " to paint a great moral on the heart [ of ] the beauty of mercy . " Etty 's 1958 biographer Dennis Farr points out similarities in the composition of The Combat and John Flaxman 's drawing Heracles Killing a Man to whom a Woman Clings , but while Etty and Flaxman were contemporaries at the Royal Academy , it is not known if Etty was aware of this drawing .
In the initial oil study for the defeated warrior ( York Art Gallery ) , Etty gave the character a more defiant appearance than seen in the finished version . In this preliminary sketch he is not on his knees , but thrusts his leg out to brace himself . He has an expression of defiance and determination , rather than the plea for mercy and posture of total defeat shown in the final work .
The completed The Combat : Woman Pleading for the Vanquished was exhibited at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition in 1825 .
= = Reception = =
On its exhibition , The Combat was generally highly praised by critics for its technical excellence , its combination of the Venetian and English styles of painting , and as an indication that Etty was moving away from nudity and towards history painting . The European Magazine , and London Review commented that " in colour this picture strongly reminds us of the great heroes of the Venetian school , while in learned intelligence of form , and energy of action , it greatly surpasses them " , observing that " we should not have the least objection to seeing this picture placed in one of the very first galleries , by the side of Titian and Paul Veronese . "
In similar vein , The Lady 's Magazine felt that The Combat " strongly demonstrates the progress of [ Etty ] to excellence " , remarking that " never was a groupe more calculated to display the action in which the power of conquest is so eminently and fearfully delineated " and that " we have little doubt that the works of Titian were , on their first appearance ... what this piece is now . " The same correspondent did find some flaws in the overly pronounced muscles of the victor 's thigh and the lack of definition of muscle in the legs of the defeated man , but felt that despite this The Combat was " one of the finest and most masterly works that ever graced the walls of the Royal Academy . "
The London Magazine was similarly effusive about the painting , admiring Etty 's ability to fuse his own imagination with themes derived from the Elgin Marbles and from the Venetian Old Masters , and commenting that " it is always gratifying to those who feel for the honour and independence of painting when , as in the present instance , an artist successfully relies on nature and the resources of his own mind for his subject , and on the appreciation of collegial minds for his mode of treating it . " The Times , a newspaper which had previously condemned Etty as " offensive and indecent " , felt that " though defective in some respects " The Combat was " a masterly effort " that successfully fused " the florid beauties of the Venetian school " with the " sober dignity and power of the Roman school " and that compared with his previous paintings , which were " too uniformly feeble in character and meretricious in effect to entitle them to any very decided praise " , the painting proved Etty " capable of maintaining a much higher station in art than we had been led to expect . "
An anonymous reviewer in the first issue of the short @-@ lived The Parthenon magazine admired The Combat greatly , in particular the right foot of the female figure :
[ Etty is ] an artist who has hitherto appeared before the public only in a few small easel @-@ pictures , striking indeed from their arrangement , and their approach towards the Venetian system of colour , but destitute of any particular interest . He has now come forward in a new character — as a painter in the great style of epic composition ; and if his future efforts do but equal the expectations raised by his first essay , we shall have reasons to rejoice at the change . His ideal group of " The Combat " , in the present exhibition at the Royal Academy , is particularly striking , from its uncommon combination of beauties , without possessing any very extraordinary merit in any single quality , taken separately . Its style of colouring , perhaps , forms its most distinguishing feature ; and in this respect the artist has still adhered closely to the system pursued by the Venetian school . The arrangement of his colours is admirably successful , and we could instance individual passages of extraordinary beauty . Of these , none is more eminently deserving than the right foot of the female , which seems actually to glow with the rich juice of life . Generally speaking , the extremities are well understood , and carefully executed , and the composition of the figures is in the most masterly style .
The foot in question was not universally admired by critics ; the anonymous correspondent for The London Magazine , who was otherwise effusive in his praise for The Combat , felt that said foot " looks too much as if painted from a modern foot accustomed to compression in a shoe , for the heroic character and classical air of the rest of the work " and that her leg appeared too short .
= = Legacy = =
Failing to sell at the Summer Exhibition , The Combat was bought from Etty by fellow artist John Martin for 300 guineas ( about £ 22 @,@ 000 in 2016 terms ) , following a promise Martin had made to Etty before the painting was complete . The painting was too large for Martin 's house , and in 1831 he sold it on to the Royal Scottish Academy . It was transferred in 1910 to the nearby National Gallery of Scotland where it remains . One of Etty 's major works , it was exhibited at numerous major exhibitions including the seminal Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857 , before Etty fell out of fashion in the second half of the 19th century .
Throughout his life , The Combat continued to be considered one of Etty 's most powerful paintings . In 1845 , Etty took a smaller 89 by 118 cm ( 35 by 46 in ) copy of The Combat , which had been painted by an unknown Edinburgh artist , and completely reworked it to serve as the basis for an engraving by George Thomas Doo . The engraving was published three years later , and the painting used as its model passed through the hands of several collectors in subsequent years , before entering the collection of the Ringling Museum in 1934 . A number of sketches attributed to Etty , under the name of A Study for Mercy Interceding for the Vanquished , are also in circulation .
After the success of The Combat , Etty continued with his preferred theme of history paintings containing nudity ; of the 15 pictures he exhibited at the Royal Academy during the 1820s ( including Cleopatra , Pandora and The Combat ) all but one contained a nude figure . He was elected a full Royal Academician in 1828 , at that time the most prestigious honour available to an artist . The Combat was the first very large work attempted by Etty , and its success prompted him to produce further works on a similar scale over the rest of his career ; he produced nine very large paintings illustrating moral themes throughout his career . As time went by his canvases came to be increasingly dominated by nude women .
The 1832 exhibition of Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm , a painting containing apparently gratuitous nude figures , met a hostile reception from critics . From then on , while Etty continued to paint nude figures for the rest of his career , he made a conscious effort to try to illustrate moral lessons with his work . This effort was not wholly successful , and he continued to be regarded as a pornographer by some throughout his career . He died in late 1849 , and following his death nude paintings went rapidly out of fashion in Britain .
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= Comverse Technology =
Comverse Technology , Inc . , originally founded in Israel , was a technology company located in Woodbury , New York in the United States , that developed and marketed telecommunications software . The company focused on providing value @-@ added services to telecommunication service providers , in particular to mobile network operators . Comverse Technology had several wholly or partly owned subsidiaries . The name " Comverse " is a fusion of the words " communication " and " versatility " .
Founded in 1982 , the company went public on the Nasdaq Stock Market in 1986 . Led by co @-@ founder and CEO Jacob " Kobi " Alexander , the company originally specialized in centralized hardware / software systems for voice and fax messaging and sold them to telecommunications companies and other large enterprises . Much of its funding came from Israeli government subsidies and tax credits provided to research and development for hi @-@ tech firms . By the mid @-@ 1990s , one of its most successful products allowed legal authorities and intelligence agencies to record and store data collected from intercepted communications . Starting in the late 1990s , Comverse 's voice messaging software became its main product and the company grew rapidly with the surge in mobile phone use , passing the $ 1 billion mark in revenues . It established a formidable position in the worldwide mobile voicemail management market and sold a popular short message service center ( SMSC ) product . While headquartered in the US , most of the company 's research and development was done in Israel ; Comverse became one of the more visible success stories in Israel 's hi @-@ tech industry . It was one of Israel 's largest employers of software engineers , was closely followed in the nation 's business press , and was the first Israeli @-@ associated company to join the S & P 500 index .
In 2006 , Comverse was involved in an options backdating scandal . Alexander and two other top executives were charged in the US with multiple counts of conspiracy , fraud , money laundering and making false filings . Alexander fled the country to Namibia where he engaged in a prolonged fight against extradition . The scandal proved difficult for Comverse Technology to recover from ; the company was delisted from Nasdaq , removed from the S & P 500 , and spent the next several years consumed by the costly need to restate its financial reports for several years . Additionally affected by the financial crisis of 2008 and on and changes in the mobile phone market , the company underwent several rounds of large @-@ scale layoffs and sold off parts of its business . By 2011 the company began a turnaround .
During 2012 and 2013 , Comverse Technology divested itself of all its holdings and ceased to exist ; the two independent companies that carry on its most well @-@ known product lines are Xura and Verint Systems .
= = Subsidiaries = =
Comverse Technology had multiple subsidiaries :
Comverse , also known as Comverse Network Systems or Comverse CNS , is a provider of software and systems enabling value @-@ added services for voice , messaging , mobile Internet and mobile advertising ; converged billing and active customer management ; and IP communications . Comverse 's solutions support flexible deployment models , including in @-@ network , hosted and managed services , and can run on circuit @-@ switched , IP , IMS , and converged network environments . Comverse 's customer base spans more than 130 countries and covers over 500 communication service providers serving more than two billion subscribers . It typically provided some 70 percent of Comverse Technology 's overall revenue . Comverse has 100 local offices in 40 countries , with its corporate headquarters located in Wakefield , Massachusetts , in the US .
Verint Systems ( which , from 1999 to 2002 , was known as Comverse Infosys ) is a provider of solutions for analysis of intercepted communications , digital video @-@ focused security and surveillance , and analytics and business intelligence for the enterprise . Their products are aimed to enable government and enterprises to make sense of the vast information they collect to meet performance and security goals . Verint solutions are used by more than 10 @,@ 000 organizations in 150 countries . Verint is headquartered in Melville , New York , with offices worldwide and 2500 employees around the globe . By 2011 , Verint was 52 percent owned by Comverse Technology .
Ulticom provides signaling solutions for wireless , wireline , and Internet communications . Ulticom 's products are used by telecommunication equipment and service providers worldwide to deploy mobility , location , payment , switching , and messaging services . Ulticom is headquartered in Mount Laurel , New Jersey , with additional offices in the United States , Europe , and Asia . Comverse acquired Ulticom in 1996 and sold it in 2010 .
Startel sells integrated voice , data and networking solutions for use in call centers worldwide . It was originally an independent company that was acquired by Comverse Technology in 1992 .
Starhome provides roaming services for mobile network operators . The Starhome portfolio includes international roaming services and core network solutions across various technologies , including intelligent networks and next @-@ generation networks . It was fully owned by Comverse Technology until being sold to Fortissimo Capital in 2012 for $ 54 million .
ComSor was a venture capital operation , created as a subsidiary in partnership with Soros Fund Management , that invested in start @-@ up companies directly and was active in the late 1990s and early 2000s .
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
The company 's origins date to 1982 ( or 1983 , sources differ ) , when three Israelis , aspiring investment banker Jacob " Kobi " Alexander of Shearson Loeb Rhoades , engineer Boaz Misholi , and Alexander brother @-@ in @-@ law and Columbia University computer science professor Yechiam Yemini , got together and founded an Israeli start @-@ up company , Efrat Future Technologies Ltd . In a meeting in New York , Misholi had the idea of building a business around centralized hardware systems to support voice and fax messaging and selling them to telecommunications companies and other large enterprises , who could then resell the voice and fax services to their customers . The three quickly returned to Israel and started the company , with the goal of securing Israeli government grants to fund the research and development work .
The early years of the company were difficult ; in 1984 , they founded Comverse in the United States , which became the parent company of Efrat . The name " Comverse " was chosen as a fusion of the words " communication " and " versatility " .
In 1986 Comverse went public on the Nasdaq Stock Market with a $ 20 million valuation ; the company used the money so gained as its final round of funding . The three founders had trouble working with each other , and Yemini divorced Alexander 's sister ; in 1987 , Alexander was left with sole control of the company after the other two pulled out . The company was a penny stock on the edge of collapse .
= = = Early successes = = =
Under his lead , Alexander was credited with turning around Comverse 's fortunes . In 1989 , the Ascom Group made a $ 6 million direct investment in the company . In 1990 , Comverse won a potentially $ 10 million contract , its largest yet , to deliver computers running voicemail and fax applications on West German cellular networks , beating out far larger corporations in the process . Deutsche Telekom became one of the company 's biggest early customers . By 1991 , the company had annual sales of $ 17 million and was selling a combined voice and fax mailbox system . Many of its early successes came from avoiding the huge telecommunications companies in the U.S. and instead focusing on selling to small- and medium @-@ sized companies in the wireless market in Europe . The company also sought a variety of other markets , including developing countries such as Mexico and China for its Trilogue virtual telephone service . Gradually its product emphasis shifted more from hardware to software .
While headquartered in the U.S. , nearly all its manufacturing was done in Israel , where it was able to substantially benefit from government subsidies and tax credits provided to research and development for hi @-@ tech firms and industries by the Office of the Chief Scientist in the Ministry of Trade and Industry and by the Israel @-@ U.S. Binational Industrial Research and Development Foundation . Many other Israeli companies were built by the same model , including another top software company , Mercury Interactive . During the 1990s , Comverse received at least 69 research and development grants from the OCS program .
In 1993 , the company reported a 341 percent rise in profits on revenues in the $ 64 million range and was named a " Company to Watch " by Fortune magazine . However its stock plunged for a while in 1994 after a disappointing earnings report .
By 1995 , Comverse was best known for its AudioDisk product , which was sold to overseas clients and allowed legal authorities and intelligence agencies to record and store data collected from wiretaps . Half the company 's revenues at that point were from AudioDisk , and market analysts were recommending Comverse 's stock .
= = = Growth with wireless = = =
Comverse became a market leader in voice messaging software and boomed during the late 1990s with the surge in mobile phone use . Much of its market focus was on wireless operators and overseas companies , and it gained a formidable position in the worldwide mobile voicemail management market . The growth coincided with SMS text messages becoming popular ; the first big application for SMS was as a notification mechanism to tell a wireless subscriber that voicemail were stored in a voicemail box . Comverse expanded this application into a full @-@ blown short message service center ( SMSC ) , which receives , buffers , processes , and dispatches all SMS messages throughout a mobile network . Comverse branded and productised this as the Intelligent Short Message Service Center , or ISMSC . Typical of telecomm software , it ran on Unix @-@ based platforms , such as UnixWare and later Linux . Comverse 's ISMSC found success as a lower @-@ price solution for lower @-@ traffic networks , where it competed with Logica 's Telepath solution . Other companies in the SMSC space included CMG and Openwave . ISMSC found considerable market penetration , exemplified by all six of Hong Kong 's wireless carriers using it .
Comverse also became a participant in forming international wireless standards , such as in 2001 for the Speech Application Language Tags ( SALT ) markup language for XML to add voice capabilities to web @-@ based applications . Additional industry standards groups in which Comverse has been active include the Open Mobile Alliance and TM Forum .
In addition to growing organically , Comverse Technology began acquiring other companies in both Israel and the U.S. It acquired Dale , Gesek , McWilliams , & Sheridan , later known as DGM & S Telecom , in 1996 and renamed it Ulticom in 1999 . Comverse Technology acquired one of its key rivals , Boston Technology , for $ 843 million in stock in 1997 . The acquisition gave Comverse entree into the large U.S. telecommunications market and meant Comverse would be supplying voice messaging systems to 12 of the world 's top 20 carriers , and left it the third @-@ largest supplier after Lucent and Northern Telecom . In 1999 , as it saw record earnings , Comverse formed two wholly owned subsidiaries , Comverse Network Systems and Comverse Infosys , representing the telecommunications services platforms and products and the digital monitoring and recording products , respectively . By 2000 , its revenues were $ 1 @.@ 2 billion and it had global operations . It continued to aggressively acquire small companies to fill out its technologies , as exemplified by the purchase of Loronix , Gaya Software , and Exalink , all within a 30 @-@ day period in 2000 . The company 's stock price rose from around $ 10 in late 1998 to over $ 120 in early 2001 . The company was able to raise money several times on Nasdaq , including once for its Ulticom subsidiary and once ( at a valuation of $ 600 million ) shortly before the Dot @-@ com bubble burst .
Comverse was one of the most prominent and profitable success stories in Israel 's hi @-@ tech industry , with both Haaretz and The Jerusalem Post referring to it as a flagship of that industry . As CEO , Alexander was sought out for meetings in Tel Aviv by world leaders such as Chinese President Jiang Zemin . He became known , as Bloomberg News later stated , as " the wizard of Israel 's technology boom " ; his oft @-@ stated goal was for Comverse to do for Israel what Nokia had done for Finland . Comverse was one of the largest employers of software engineers in Israel and its stock was widely held among the Israeli investing public ; as a consequence , the successes and failures of Comverse were always followed closely in the country 's financial press . ( Amdocs and Mercury Interactive were two other prominent Israeli companies in the enterprise software sector that were also closely followed . )
The company was also quintessentially Israeli in how it was run , with Comverse CEO Ze 'ev Bregman in particular favoring a loose , relaxed system in which he knew all the employees and lines of management reporting were frequently bypassed . When Comverse Technology joined the S & P 500 index in 1999 , it was the first Israeli @-@ associated company ever to do so . It set the same mark when it joined the NASDAQ @-@ 100 index .
The early 2000s recession led to some struggles for Comverse Technology , with the global economic downturn leading to publicly announced profit warnings and a plunge in the stock price in July 2001 . Over 3 @,@ 000 jobs were cut during the period as part of several restructuring efforts . The company still made some acquisitions , such as buying the instant messaging specialist Odigo for $ 20 million in 2002 , after having previously purchased a 12 percent stake in it in 2001 . The image of Comverse Technology as Israel 's blue @-@ chip hi @-@ tech stock suffered , and led to a slide in several other large Israeli technology firms . Comverse 's management was criticized by analysts for having issued over @-@ optimistic forecasts , although many other Israeli firms in the industry did even worse or failed completely during this period . In addition , the European market for mobile voicemail management was already saturated by 2002 and the prepaid wireless market was in decline . In 2002 , Comverse Infosys changed its name to Verint , partly to separate its more thriving business from Comverse 's struggles , and staged a modestly successful IPO of a minority portion of its stock . By 2002 , Comverse Technology had more than 5 @,@ 000 employees across nearly 40 countries ; due to the partial spinoffs and economic difficulties , revenues were down to $ 735 million .
In December 2001 , a Fox News report raised the concern that wiretapping equipment provided by Comverse Infosys to the U.S. government for electronic eavesdropping may have been vulnerable , as these systems allegedly had a back door through which the wiretaps could be intercepted by unauthorized parties . Fox News reporter Carl Cameron said there was no reason to believe the Israeli government was implicated , but that " a classified top @-@ secret investigation is underway " . A March 2002 story by Le Monde recapped the Fox report and concluded : " Comverse is suspected of having introduced into its systems of the ' catch gates ' in order to ' intercept , record and store ' these wire @-@ taps . This hardware would render the ' listener ' himself ' listened to ' . " Fox News did not pursue the allegations , and in the years since , there have been no legal or commercial actions of any type taken against Comverse by the FBI or any other branch of the US Government related to data access and security issues . While no real evidence has been presented against Comverse or Verint , the allegations have become a favorite topic of conspiracy theorists .
By 2005 , the company had $ 959 million in sales and employed over 5 @,@ 000 people , of whom about half were located in Israel . That country held most of the research and development workers , many of whom occupied the company 's seven buildings on HaBarzel in the Ramat HaHayal district of Tel Aviv , while business and marketing operations were stationed in the company 's Woodbury , New York headquarters .
= = = Options backdating and improper accounting = = =
In 2006 , Comverse Technology was involved in an options backdating scandal . In May of that year , company founder and CEO Jacob Alexander stepped down from his position . Alexander , finance chief David Kreinberg , and former senior general counsel William Sorin ( both of whom had also stepped down ) were charged in July 2006 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York with multiple counts of conspiracy , fraud , money laundering and making false filings to the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) , all related to alleged options backdating or other actions related to stock options between 1998 and 2006 . The accusations against the three included the backdating of options to when Comverse stock had been trading at low prices , the use of fake names of option holders , and the creation of secret funds in which to hold the illicit gains . The SEC also filed civil charges against the three , for filing false annual and quarterly financial reports and proxy statements from 1991 to 2005 .
By then , Alexander had already fled the country and was classified a wanted fugitive in August 2006 by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation . On 27 September 2006 , he was arrested in Namibia after hiding in Windhoek with his family , where he had bought a house at a country club . If extradited to the US and convicted , he faced 25 years in prison .
He was released on bail and subsequently engaged in a long , and so far successful , battle to avoid extradition to the US ( in Namibia neither money laundering nor options backdating is a crime ) . Upon leaving the US he had transferred some $ 64 million to Israel , with most of that ending up in Namibia ; another $ 50 million was blocked by the US government , which overall sought the forfeiture of $ 138 million of Alexander 's assets . In April 2010 , Alexander won a victory in the Supreme Court of Namibia that allowed him to continue to live and work in that country until the extradition request is finally ruled upon . In November 2010 , Alexander agreed to pay the U.S. government $ 53 @.@ 6 million to settle the SEC 's case against him , with those monies being targeted to settle assorted lawsuits against Comverse by shareholders .
Of the other two executives , William Sorin pleaded guilty to criminal charges and was sentenced to a year in prison in 2007 . David Kreinberg cooperated with prosecutors , repaid $ 2 @.@ 4 million to the SEC , and in 2011 was sentenced to the " time served " of the minimal period he had originally been in custody . While over a hundred companies were investigated or charged with options backdating , Comverse was one of the most known cases , and in the words of a pair of financial writers , " Comverse was the poster child for stock option fraud . "
= = = Continuing difficulties = = =
The scandal proved difficult for Comverse Technology to recover from . The three charged executives , who had stayed on as consultants , were fired without severance pay , and the company said it would pursue legal action against them . The board of directors was expanded from five to ten , with all of the new ones being Americans rather than Israelis . A new CEO , Andre Dahan , came on board in April 2007 but the ongoing management crisis prevented the company from engaging in new innovation or entering new business areas . Despite the 2006 @-@ 2007 economic climate being one of growth , layoffs occurred in mid @-@ 2007 . Research analysts began speculating that the company might break up .
Because of the accounting issues from the option backdating , Comverse Technology was unable to file full or timely financial reports with the SEC . Its stock was delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Market on 1 February 2007 , and removed from the S & P 500 and NASDAQ @-@ 100 at the same time . The stock then traded on the Pink Sheets . In 2009 , the SEC settled its case with Comverse Technology ; the company would not be subject to penalty fines over the backdating matter , but would accept a permanent injunction against itself regarding any future violations of law regarding publicly traded companies . A settlement in a similar case against Ulticom was also reached . The failure to file timely financial reports put the company at risk of having its stock registration revoked ; a process deciding this , involving the SEC and an Administrative Law Judge , is still active of 2011 .
The financial crisis of 2008 and on caused further difficulties for Comverse Technology , with new layoffs occurring in October 2008 , March 2009 , and August 2009 . The company reportedly lost considerable money in 2009 , and the moves were typical of other hi @-@ tech companies caught in the bad economic environment . Some of Comverse 's products were still viewed highly ; a Yankee Group survey ranked them first in the world in their type of billing services , and they were the worldwide market @-@ share leaders in providing multimedia message service centers to wireless carriers . However , the rise in popularity of smartphones and of sending e @-@ mail eroded the carrier market for some of Comverse 's products and services . By 2009 , the company 's upper management was now largely American rather than Israeli , Dahan was under internal criticism , and there were frequent clashes regarding company culture .
By early 2010 , Comverse Technology was planning to finally release an annual report with full financial statements and return to being fully listed on Nasdaq , but still was anticipating more layoffs . One piece of positive news in July 2010 was an $ 80 million investment by well @-@ known entrepreneur George Soros . However , the promised financial reports did not come , and an August 2010 public announcement that the company was short on cash and planning more layoffs and was subject to its stock being completely delisted caused a precipitous drop in the stock 's price , with the market valuation of the company falling below $ 1 billion . CEO Dahan said simply , " These are challenging times . " By August 2010 , analysts were stating that Comverse Technology might have to break up by selling off its subsidiaries and spin off Comverse 's own business units . Running low on cash , Comverse Technology engaged Goldman Sachs to explore such possibilities , with several large , well @-@ known technology companies potentially interested in Comverse and some private equity firms possibly interested in Verint . The company had some 4 @,@ 000 employees , and continued having about half of them employed in Israel and most of the rest in the US and France . The continuing financial reporting problems had cost the company some $ 500 million in accountants ' fees and related costs since 2006 and was the largest drain on its cash position . The fact that senior management awarded itself bonuses in a time of various rounds of layoffs left employees feeling outraged . Comverse 's restructuring also affected its 2006 @-@ acquired NetCentrex business unit in France , with layoffs or a shutdown possible . In October 2010 , Comverse Technology agreed to sell its two @-@ thirds ownership of its Ulticom subsidiary to a U.S. private equity firm for $ 90 million ; the deal closed in December 2010 . The company also sold part of its holdings in Verint , netting $ 80 million , and sold for $ 27 million land in the hi @-@ tech area of Ra 'anana , north of Tel Aviv , where it had been planning to build a new headquarters .
In October 2010 , Comverse Technology finally published its restated financial reports for fiscal years 2005 through 2008 . ( The company 's fiscal year N runs from February of year N to January of N + 1 . ) They revealed that the company lost about $ 1 billion during that period . In February 2011 , the company announced that due to this effort , its report for fiscal 2009 would be delayed , and also that it was restructuring into four independent business units and focusing much of its emphasis on billing systems for mobile carriers . Layoffs also resumed , with more possibly in the offing .
In March 2011 , revenues for fiscal 2009 were announced at $ 1 @.@ 58 billion , down from $ 1 @.@ 72 billion two years previously , with an overall loss of $ 273 @.@ 3 million . Dahan stepped down as CEO . During his tenure , Comverse Technology stock fell 68 percent in price and 2 @,@ 000 – 2 @,@ 500 employees were laid off ; he made more than $ 20 million during that time and gained payments of some $ 5 million upon his departure . Overall , his stint as leader of the company was not regarded positively by some in the Israeli business press .
The new CEO was Charles Burdick , who had been non @-@ executive chairman of the company . Burdick became the first American to head the company .
In April 2011 , the company agreed to a $ 2 @.@ 8 million settlement with the U.S. government over violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act that had taken place between 2003 and 2005 . Payments of $ 536 @,@ 000 had been made to the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization in order to obtain purchase orders and had been inaccurately reported as sales commissions in Comverse 's accounting .
= = = Hopes for recovery = = =
During the first half of 2011 , analysts such as Oppenheimer & Co . , J.P. Morgan and Barclays said that with its accounting problems largely behind it , some restructuring done , and an improving cash balance and some revenue growth , Comverse Technology was well @-@ positioned for ongoing operations or a possible sale . Zacks Investment Research predicted the company would again show a profit for fiscal year 2011 . Comverse itself had gained tens of millions in new business , was hiring again in modest numbers , and was at about 4 @,@ 000 employees , including some on an outsourcing basis .
In June 2011 , results for fiscal 2010 were announced , finally bringing the company current with its annual audited reporting . Revenues rose to $ 1 @.@ 63 billion while the company 's net loss was halved to $ 132 @.@ 3 million , and the cash position was now stated as being sufficient to meet foreseeable needs . Another positive sign for its recovery came when it was re @-@ listed on NASDAQ in September 2011 . In April 2012 , results for fiscal 2011 were announced ; revenues remained flat at $ 1 @.@ 59 billion while the company 's net loss decreased again , to $ 58 @.@ 7 million .
Results for fiscal year 2012 demonstrated a return to profitability , with a net income of $ 5 @.@ 1 million .
= = = Restructuring = = =
In August 2012 , a series of transactions were announced that would end Comverse Technology as a functioning entity , by making Comverse Network Systems an independent company once again known simply as Comverse , allowing Verint Systems to buy back Comverse Technology 's majority stake , and selling off the other subsidiaries . Burdick said , " [ The Verint ] agreement , along with the planned spin @-@ off of [ Comverse Network Systems ] , will result in a tax efficient distribution to our shareholders and direct ownership in two independent , well @-@ capitalized publicly @-@ traded companies . " Philippe Tartavull was named as the CEO of the newly independent Comverse .
These transactions were completed on 4 February 2013 and represented the effective liquidation of the Comverse Technology holding entity . In September 2015 this new Comverse entity changed its name to Xura .
= = Industry recognition = =
Over the years , Comverse Technology won a number of awards within its industry , including :
2002 – Technology Marketing Corporation 's Product of the Year ( for Verint 's Ultra IntelliMiner )
2004 – CMP Media 's Product of the Year ( for Verint 's Ultra Intelligent Recording )
2004 – CDMA Development Group 's Innovative Solutions Award ( for Comverse 's Multimedia Messaging Service Center )
2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 – Frost and Sullivan 's Telecom BSS Vendor of the Year award ( for Comverse 's business support systems in the Asia Pacific region )
2007 – International Engineering Consortium 's Best VoIP Product or Service Award ( for Comverse 's Converged IPCentrex solution )
2007 – Technology Marketing Corporation 's IMS Leadership Award ( for Comverse 's Converged Messaging Solution )
2007 – International Engineering Consortium 's InfoVision Awards for Best New Product ( for Comverse 's Converged Billing Suite )
2007 – Technology Marketing Corporation 's Internet Telephony Excellence Award ( for Comverse 's MyCall Converged Communications product )
2009 , 2010 – Technology Marketing Corporation 's Internet Telephony BSS / OSS Excellence Award ( for Comverse 's ONE Billing & Active Customer Management package )
2010 – Virgo Publishing 's Excellence Award for Best Cost Management Implementation ( for Comverse 's Business Support System product )
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= Italian cruiser Agordat =
Agordat was a torpedo cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina built in the late 1890s . She was the lead ship of the Agordat class , which had one other member , Coatit . The ship , which was armed with twelve 76 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) guns and two 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , was too slow and short @-@ ranged to be able to scout effectively for the fleet , so her career was limited . She saw action during the Italo @-@ Turkish War in 1911 – 12 , where she provided gunfire support to Italian troops in North Africa . She assisted in the occupation of Constantinople in the aftermath of World War I , and in 1919 she was reclassified as a gunboat . In January 1923 , Agordat was sold for scrapping .
= = Design = =
Agordat was 91 @.@ 6 meters ( 301 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 9 @.@ 32 m ( 30 @.@ 6 ft ) and a draft of 3 @.@ 64 m ( 11 @.@ 9 ft ) . She displaced up to 1 @,@ 340 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 320 long tons ; 1 @,@ 480 short tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight Blechynden water @-@ tube boilers . Her engines were rated at 8 @,@ 129 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 062 kW ) and produced a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 300 nautical miles ( 560 km ; 350 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 153 – 185 .
Agordat was armed with a main battery of twelve 76 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) L / 40 guns mounted singly . She was also equipped with two 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was only lightly armored , with a 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) thick deck .
= = Service history = =
Agordat was built at the Castellammare shipyard ; her keel was laid down on 18 February 1897 and her completed hull was launched on 11 October 1899 . After completing fitting @-@ out work , the new cruiser was commissioned into the Italian fleet on 26 September 1900 . Sea trials lasted from 11 February 1901 to 6 March , and during the final speed trial she exceeded her design speed by a knot . She nevertheless proved to be too slow and short @-@ legged to be useful as a fleet scout , which limited her active duty career . She served in the main fleet in 1903 – 1904 , during which time the fleet was kept in a state of readiness for seven months . For the remaining five months , the ships had reduced crews . During the 1908 fleet maneuvers , Agordat was assigned to the hostile force that was tasked with simulating an attempt to land troops on Sicily .
At the outbreak of the Italo @-@ Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire in September 1911 , Agordat was assigned in the 2nd Division of the 1st Squadron , under the command of Rear Admiral Ernesto Presbitero , the divisional commander . On 15 October , Agordat and her sister joined the battleship Napoli , the armored cruisers Pisa , Amalfi , and San Marco , three destroyers , and several troop transports for an attack on the port of Derna . Negotiators were sent ashore to attempt to secure the surrender of the garrison , which was refused . Napoli and the armored cruisers bombarded the Ottoman positions throughout the day , and on 18 October the Ottomans withdrew , allowing the Italian troops to come ashore and take possession of the port . The fleet remained offshore and helped to repel Ottoman counterattacks over the following two weeks . In December , Agordat joined San Marco and the battleships Roma and Regina Margherita at Benghazi . There , they provided gunfire support to the Italian garrison against repeated Turkish assaults . In early April 1912 , Agordat , the torpedo cruiser Iride , and several other vessels rendezvoused with a troop convoy carrying 10 @,@ 000 men to Zuwarah near the border with Tunisia .
In November 1918 , Agordat participated in the occupation of Constantinople following the surrender of the Ottoman Empire . She and the battleship Roma joined a fleet of British , French , and Greek warships that entered the Dardanelles and landed troops to occupy the city . In 1921 , Agordat was reclassified as a gunboat and her armament was modified ; four of the 76 mm guns were replaced by a pair of 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) L / 40 guns and the torpedo tubes were removed . This service lasted less than two years , and on 4 January 1923 the ship was sold for scrapping .
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= Mary Amdur =
Mary Ochsenhirt Amdur ( February 18 , 1921 – February 16 , 1998 ) was an American toxicologist and public health researcher who worked primarily on pollution . She was charged with studying the effects of the 1948 Donora smog , so she specifically looked into the effects of inhaling Sulfuric acid by experimenting on guinea pigs . Her findings on the respiratory effects related to sulfuric acid led to her being threatened , to her funding being pulled , and to her losing her job at the Harvard School of Public Health in 1953 . Undeterred by the setback , she carried on her research in a different role at Harvard , and subsequently at MIT and New York University . Despite the early controversy related to her work , it was used in the creation of standards in air pollution , and towards the end of her life she received numerous awards and accolades .
= = Early life = =
Mary Amdur was born in 1921 in Donora , Pennsylvania . She received a bachelor 's degree in chemistry in 1943 from the University of Pittsburgh , moving to Cornell University to study biochemistry at the postgraduate level . She received her PhD in biochemistry in 1946 , writing her thesis on the " Role of Manganese and Choline in Bone Formation in the Rat " . After achieving her PhD , she worked at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary before joining Philip Drinker 's team at Harvard School of Public Health in 1949 . By 1953 she had married another scientist in the field , Benjamin Amdur , with whom she had a son , David .
= = Research = =
The American Smelting and Refining Company ( ASARCO ) funded Drinker to investigate the 1948 Donora smog , as the company had an interest in showing that its primary pollutants ( sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide ) had not significantly contributed to the damage it caused . In the middle of 1953 , Amdur and her husband developed a method of spraying a combination mist of sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide into humid chambers containing guinea pigs to investigate the damage that it would cause to their lungs . Guinea pigs were used as they breathe more deeply through their mouths than smaller rodents which breathe through their noses . The Amdurs bought their own guinea pigs for the mini project , and spent a holiday weekend doing the investigation .
Amdur presented the results of the experiment , that inhaling the combination mist led to dramatic effects on breathing , loss of weight and lung disease , to the American Association for the Advancement of Science at their annual meeting in December 1953 . She then wrote a damning paper on the effects of lower levels of sulfuric acid on humans , levels similar to those of the 1948 smog . The paper , and her attempt to present the associated findings to the American Industrial Hygiene Association , caused her many difficulties . Amdur was accosted and threatened by two thugs in an elevator at the association 's 1954 annual meeting . She presented the findings regardless . As Drinker received funding from ASARCO , the company 's management assumed that they would hold sway over what was published . When Amdur returned from the meeting , Drinker demanded that Amdur remove her name from the paper and to withdraw it from The Lancet , despite the fact it had already been accepted . Amdur refused Drinker 's demands , so her position on his staff was removed and she was left to find new work . The paper was never published .
She quickly found a new untenured research associate role under James Whittenberger , Chair of Physiology at Harvard School of Public Health , working with Dr. Jere Mead . She continued the research on air pollution , which she began under Drinker , until she left the school in 1977 . Partly because of the difficulty in obtaining tenure at Harvard , both for herself and for her colleague Sheldon Murphy , and partly because she needed to work with engineers to produce suitable combustion products , she moved her research to the nearby Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) and accepted a promotion to lecturer , securing funding for 12 years . When she moved , her new focus was the role of metals in the inhalation of sulfuric acid . Dissatisfied with the attention the research received at MIT , she moved to the Institute of Environmental Medicine at New York University in 1989 as a senior research scientist , where she remained until her retirement in 1996 .
= = Awards = =
In 1953 , Amdur was inducted as a member of Delta Omega Honorary Society in Public Health . In 1974 , she received the Donald E. Cummings Memorial Award from the American Industrial Hygiene Association in recognition of her lifetime contributions and application of her knowledge in the field . The American Academy of Industrial Hygiene Council awarded her the Henry F. Smyth Jr . Award in 1984 for identifying and fulfilling research needs within the industrial hygiene profession . In 1986 she received the Inhalation Section of the Career Achievement Award from The Society of Toxicology . She received the Herbert E. Stockinger Award from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in 1989 In 1988 she gained , the Mid @-@ Atlantic Section , Society of Toxicology Ambassador Award . Then in 1997 , she was awarded the Merit Award from the same society , in celebration of her achievements throughout her life and her contributions to Toxicology .
= = Death and legacy = =
Amdur died on 16 February 1998 of a heart attack while returning from a holiday in Hawaii . At least three societies wrote obituaries and a toxicology book was dedicated to her memory . A Toxicology Society Award was set up in her name by students and colleagues . The award , the Mary Amdur Student Award is presented for the Inhalation and Respiratory Specialty Section . She is considered the " mother of smog research " and her work had " a major role in the development of air pollution standards . "
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= Iggy SZN =
" Iggy SZN " ( also known as " Iggy Szn " ) is a song by Australian recording artist Iggy Azalea , taken from her reissue for her debut studio album , Reclassified ( 2014 ) . The song was produced by The Invisible Men and The Arcade . On 23 October , it was made available for streaming . A day later , the track was available as an instant track upon pre @-@ ordering the album via iTunes stores . " Iggy SZN " is built on electro handclap based beats and synthesisers . The song gained mixed critical reception and peaked at number ninety @-@ five and eleven on the Australian Singles Chart and the Australian Urban Chart , respectively . In the United States , the track charted at number forty @-@ eight on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart .
= = Background and composition = =
On 4 September 2014 , Azalea announced that she would be reissuing her debut studio album The New Classic . On October 19 2014 , the track list of Reclassified was released , which also included " Iggy SZN " as 9th track . On 23 October 2014 , the track was available for streaming . A day later , the track was made available as an instant digital download track upon pre @-@ ordering Reclassified via iTunes Stores . " Iggy SZN " was written by Iggy Azalea , The Invisible Men , Jon Mills , Darryl Reid and Jon Turner . It was produced by The Invisible Men and The Arcade . Lasting for a duration of 3 : 20 ( three minutes and twenty seconds ) , " Iggy SZN " is built on " club @-@ ready " electro handclap @-@ based beats and heavy synthesisers . Lyrically , Azalea talks about her success and goes after her " haters " on the song . At one point , she raps : " Haters gon ' hate while critics critique , I pay them no mind whenever they speak / what they make a year I make in a week , I know you can 't stand it , just get you a seat ! " On the hook , she raps : " Everywhere I go they say it 's Iggy SZN / Until l get what I want , I ain 't leaving … Simmer down bitch / It 's Iggy SZN . "
= = Reception = =
" Iggy SZN " received mixed reception from music critics . An editor from the website Music Times compared the minimal production on the track to that of Azalea 's previous single " Fancy " featuring Charli XCX ( 2014 ) , writing that " It 's not quite as catchy as ' Fancy , ' but it is still a lot of fun . " Brennan Carley of Spin opined that the background on " Iggy SZN " was similar to works done by Diplo . He further shared that , " she 'll need to do a little better than ' Iggy SZN ' if she wants to keep anyone 's interest . " Jim Farber of the New York Daily News commented " the star doubles down on her love of ' fancy ' ( read : gimmicky ) hooks , pitting a shrill beat , a lion 's roar and a nagging synth against one another for attention . " Mike Wass of Idolator , while reviewing Reclassified , said that , " Of the trio of fuck @-@ you anthems , ' Iggy SZN ' is the most light @-@ hearted and upbeat . It showcases Iggy 's knack for memorable quips – ' what they make in a year , I can make in a week ' – and The Invisible Men 's ability to deliver crazy beats . " Rory Cashin of State added that the song is " built on hand claps and a deep electronic buzz , which will sound great in a high tempo Zumba class . " David Jeffries of AllMusic also complimented " Iggy SZN " stating that it " is wonderful schoolyard silliness and helps to add some charm to Iggy 's ice @-@ queen persona " .
The track entered and peaked on the Australian Singles Chart at number ninety @-@ five . It additionally charted at number eleven on the ARIA Urban Charts . Following the premiere of the song in the United States , " Iggy SZN " debuted at number thirty @-@ seven on the weekly Billboard Twitter Top Tracks chart . It also charted at number nineteen on the Rap Digital Songs chart and twenty @-@ four on the R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Digital Songs after the song being unlocked on the Reclassified album pre @-@ order , resulting in a number forty @-@ eight debut on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart dated 29 November 2014 . Moreover , the track debuted at number sixty @-@ three on the Hot Canadian Digital Songs .
= = Live performances = =
On December 4 , 2014 , Azalea performed " Iggy SZN " at the Yahoo ! On the Road concert . She also performed the song during the Jingle Ball Tour on December 8 , 2014 .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from Reclassified liner notes .
Locations
Recorded at : Sarm West Coast and Grove Studios , London
Mixed at : The Mix Spot , Los Angeles
Personnel
= = Charts = =
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