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= Tropical Storm Cecil ( 1989 ) =
Severe Tropical Storm Cecil in May 1989 caused devastating floods in central Vietnam , killing 751 people . The storm developed as a tropical depression over the South China Sea on May 22 . Tracking north @-@ northwestward , the system steadily intensified , attaining peak winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) assessed Cecil to have been slightly stronger with one @-@ minute sustained winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . The storm made landfall near Hoi An , Vietnam late on May 24 and quickly weakened . The system later dissipated over Laos on May 26 .
In Vietnam , heavy rains accompanied the storm , amounting to over 510 mm ( 20 in ) in some areas , triggered catastrophic and deadly flooding . Widespread structural and agricultural losses took place in addition to the significant loss of life , with damage estimated at ₫ 300 billion ( $ 71 @.@ 7 million ) . In the wake of the flooding , some international aid was sent to Vietnam , though most relief work was conducted by the nation 's government , local agencies , and the Red Cross .
= = Meteorological history = =
On May 20 , following Typhoon Brenda 's passage through the South China Sea , a monsoon trough extending from the area into the Bay of Bengal received enhanced low @-@ level southwesterly flow . An environment of weak wind shear in the wake of the typhoon allowed a new area of low pressure to form within the southwesterly flow on May 21 . With convection becoming persistent and the system 's overall presentation more organized by May 22 , the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 0300 UTC . Around this time , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the system as a tropical depression . Later that day , convection wrapped entirely around the center of circulation ; this structural improvement , combined with nearby surface observations , prompted the JTWC to designate the system as Tropical Storm Cecil .
Initially , Cecil was forecast to maintain a northward track into a weakness in a subtropical ridge left behind by Typhoon Brenda ; however , Cecil turned westward on May 23 due to another ridge over China . With favorable atmospheric conditions , Cecil continued to intensify through May 24 . By 0600 UTC , a ragged 75 km ( 45 mi ) wide eye developed over the center of circulation , indicating it had become a typhoon . The storm ultimately attained peak winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) while situated just off the coast of central Vietnam . However , the JMA reported Cecil to have been slightly weaker , classifying it as a severe tropical storm with ten @-@ minute sustained winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) . Around 1800 UTC , the storm made landfall near Hoi An with winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) . Once onshore , Cecil quickly weakened to a tropical depression . Turning slightly to the west @-@ northwest , the remnants of Cecil continued inland before dissipating over eastern Laos early on May 26 .
= = Impact and aftermath = =
In addition to the considerable losses that took place in Vietnam , Cecil also produced heavy rains in Laos and northeastern Thailand , resulting in flooding and crop damage .
= = = Vietnam = = =
Tropical Storm Cecil was regarded as the worst storm to strike Vietnam in 50 years . In some areas , rainfall exceeded 510 mm ( 20 in ) . Approximately 105 @,@ 600 hectares of rice and other crops were destroyed and another 78 @,@ 300 hectares were otherwise inundated . About 7 @,@ 500 metric tons of rice seeds were also lost . The hardest hit areas were in Quảng Nam Province , where damage reached ₫ 300 billion ( $ 71 @.@ 7 million ) . The storm destroyed at least 10 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed and damaged another 27 @,@ 000 buildings , leaving an estimated 336 @,@ 000 people homeless . Approximately 60 percent of the forests and forestry nurseries in the province were ruined . By June 5 , 151 people were confirmed dead across the country with another 600 missing . Eventually , the death toll was revised to 751 as all missing persons were considered dead .
In the wake of the storm , Vietnamese soldiers were deployed to rescue survivors . Local police forces were also stepped up to prevent looting . On June 5 government also requested international assistance to deal with the scale of the disaster . However , this was later retracted on June 16 , though spontaneous donations were appreciated . The governments of Australia and France provided Vietnam with $ 75 @,@ 188 and $ 73 @,@ 964 in funds respectively . Additionally , the Swedish Red Cross donated clothing , which was later distributed by the local Red Cross along with medicine and relief supplies . A total of ₫ 52 million ( $ 124 @,@ 000 ) worth of funds and relief supplies , including 1 @,@ 600 m ( 5 @,@ 200 ft ) of fabric , and two tons of clothing , was sent to Quang Nam province .
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= MTV Unplugged ( Katy Perry album ) =
MTV Unplugged ( listed on iTunes as MTV Unplugged : Katy Perry ) is an extended play ( EP ) and live album by American singer Katy Perry , released in the United States on November 13 , 2009 by Capitol Records . After airing more than 100 MTV Unplugged specials , MTV wanted to bring back the series , in order to expose them to a younger generation . The channel recruited various mainstream and popular artists to perform as part of the series , including Perry , who particularly expressed interest in the idea as it would allow her to showcase herself as an artist and share the stories behind her songs .
The extended play includes rearranged versions of five songs extracted from Perry 's album One of the Boys ( 2008 ) , a previously unreleased original song and a cover version of a song by Fountains of Wayne . Alongside the audio disc , the album includes a DVD with the video recording of her performance and an exclusive interview . Upon its release , MTV Unplugged received mixed reviews from critics , who questioned the idea of giving Perry 's songs an acoustic treatment , while some deemed Perry a hard @-@ working artist . On the US Billboard 200 , the set debuted at number 168 , while on the French and Swiss album charts , it reached numbers 192 and 82 .
= = Background and content = =
After airing more than 100 specials , in May 2009 , MTV announced the relaunch of its MTV Unplugged TV series , which would feature mainstream and popular artists in an acoustic setting . Amy Doyle , the executive vice president of music and talent for MTV , stated : " Unplugged has always been a fan and artist favorite and one of the more iconic MTV performance series ever . By bringing the series to MTV.com , we 're able to deliver it to a new generation of music fans and offer a greater level of access to their favorite musicians through performances , interviews and artist @-@ chosen playlists - and it 's all viewable on demand . " The relaunch would also include airing " full @-@ song and special clips from performances " on various MTV sister channels . Perry , appeared on the program during that summer .
Perry thought that it would be a great opportunity to showcase herself as an artist , as well as expressing the true meaning of her songs . She stated : " I really wanted to do MTV Unplugged , obviously , because it has such a great history of showing off really who the person is ... You get to hear the real story of the songs , which is important to me " . The audience for the program was selected on a contest where fans over the age of 18 could send photos and explain why they were fans of Perry . The episode featuring Perry was recorded on July 22 , 2009 . For the recording , Perry was dressed in a pale pink chiffon evening gown , with flowers in her hair . She further said : " Some people have an idea who I am , a little piece of the cake , but I get to show off really more . I have a larger @-@ than @-@ life personality and my clothes reflect that . For MTV Unplugged , I wanted to be a mixture of Stevie Nicks and a fairy ! " .
MTV Unplugged consists of two discs . The first , which is a Compact Disc , contains acoustic renditions of her songs " I Kissed a Girl " , " Ur So Gay " , " Thinking of You " , " Waking Up in Vegas " , and " Lost " from One of the Boys , a cover version of a song by American power pop band Fountains of Wayne , " Hackensack " , and a new song titled " Brick by Brick " . Perry explained why she sang it during MTV Unplugged , saying that she related to the lyrics of " having a loyal lover [ or ] friend back home when she 's on the road " , though , directly , the song does not narrate any event of Perry 's life . The versions performed incorporate lighter genres than pop rock , which is embraced in One of the Boys , like jazz and lounge music , particularly in " I Kissed a Girl " . The second disc is a DVD , containing the video recording of the performance , recorded at NEP Midtown Studios , located in New York City . Aside from the live performance , it also contains an interview with the singer .
= = Release and reception = =
MTV Unplugged was first released in Switzerland and the United States , respectively , in CD / DVD and digital formats , on November 13 , 2009 . Select songs and interviews from the EP were aired during MTV 's morning block , AMTV , three days later . The physical edition was released in the United States and France on November 17 , 2010 . The full video recording was released , on 27 November , on the MTV official website , while the television premiere followed at 9 PM of that day , on the high @-@ definition channel Palladia , being reaired at midnight . In Brazil , the set was released in a DVD / CD format , packaged in an keep case . The Japan release , also as a DVD / CD package , only occurred more than one year after , on November 24 , 2010 . The album opened at number 168 on the US Billboard 200 , having dropped out from the chart on the following week . As of August 2013 , it has sold more than 55 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . It debuted at number 192 on the French Albums Chart , and higher on the Swiss Albums Chart , at number 82 .
Upon its release , MTV Unplugged received generally mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album three out of five stars , praising Katy for being a hard working music act and " seeming more likeable here than she did on her debut " , though he noted that her flaws were " amplified " during the performance . Sahar from Blogcritics was more positive about the set , writing that although Perry was not the " best singer out there " , she made up for it " in catchiness and ..... adorableness " . The contributor was more negative of the acoustic version of " I Kissed a Girl " and the fact that MTV cut out parts from the video recording : " What I 'd like to have seen is for MTV to make Katy Perry enter into an unscripted dialog with the fans that are there , film the whole thing and put that on a DVD – then you will really have something unplugged . For how can you truly know an artist if we don 't see such interactions ? " Becky Bain from website Idolator favored Perry 's live voice and her natural presentation , though she was ambivalent towards the decision of giving the songs an acoustic treatment . She went on to say that the MTV Unplugged versions of Perry 's songs were not able to substitute the " glossy originals " . Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson from Entertainment Weekly gave the live album a D , opining that " the stripped @-@ down treatment of MTV Unplugged does Perry 's yowling voice no favors " , and that " [ the ] songs just aren 't solid enough to stand on their own without loads of glossy production " . Catherine Lewis of The Washington Post praised Perry 's " translate her more rambunctious numbers into an acoustic format " and wrote album was " definitely a step in a good — and unexpected — direction " .
= = Track listing = =
Titles are obtained from the iTunes Store ; lengths are adapted from the liner notes .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for MTV Unplugged adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Release history = =
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
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= John Basilone =
John Basilone ( November 4 , 1916 – February 19 , 1945 ) was a United States Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant who received the nation 's highest military award for valor , the Medal of Honor , for heroism during the Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II . He was the only enlisted Marine to receive both the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross in World War II .
He served three years in the United States Army with duty in the Philippines . He enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1940 and was deployed to Guantánamo Bay , Cuba , and then to Guadalcanal where he held off 3 @,@ 000 Japanese troops after his 15 @-@ member unit was reduced to two other men . On the first day of the Battle of Iwo Jima , he was killed in action , after which he was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism . He has received many honors including being the namesake for streets , military locations , and a United States Navy destroyer .
= = Early life = =
Basilone was born in his parents ' home on November 4 , 1916 in Buffalo , New York , the sixth of ten children . His first five siblings were born in Raritan , New Jersey , but the family was living in Buffalo when John was born ; they returned to Raritan in 1918 . His father , Salvatore Basilone , emigrated from Colle Sannita , in the province of Benevento , Italy in 1903 and settled in Raritan . His mother , Dora Bencivenga , was born in 1889 and grew up in Manville , New Jersey , but her parents , Carlo and Catrina , also came from Benevento . His parents met at a church gathering and married three years later . Basilone grew up in the nearby Raritan Town ( now Borough of Raritan ) where he attended St. Bernard Parochial School . After completing middle school at the age of 15 , he dropped out prior to attending high school .
= = Military service = =
= = = U.S. Army = = =
Basilone worked as a golf caddy for the local country club before joining the military . He enlisted in the United States Army in July 1934 and completed his three @-@ year enlistment with service in the Philippines , where he was a champion boxer . In the Army , Basilone was initially assigned to the 16th Infantry at Fort Jay , before being discharged for a day and reenlisting and being assigned to the 31st Infantry .
After he was released from active duty , he returned home and worked as a truck driver in Reisterstown , Maryland . After driving trucks for a few months , he wanted to go back to Manila , and believed he could get there faster in the Marines than in the Army .
= = = U.S. Marine Corps = = =
He enlisted in the Marine Corps in July 1940 from Baltimore , Maryland . He went to recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island , followed by training at Marine Corps Base Quantico and New River . The Marines sent him to Guantánamo Bay , Cuba for his next assignment , and then to Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands as a member of D ( Dog ) Company , 1st Battalion , 7th Marines , 1st Marine Division ( D / 1 / 7 ) .
= = = = Guadalcanal = = = =
During the Battle for Henderson Field , his unit came under attack by a regiment of approximately 3 @,@ 000 soldiers from the Japanese Sendai Division . On October 24 , 1942 , Japanese forces began a frontal attack using machine guns , grenades , and mortars against the American heavy machine guns . Basilone commanded two sections of machine guns that fought for the next two days until only Basilone and two other Marines were left standing . Basilone moved an extra gun into position and maintained continual fire against the incoming Japanese forces . He then repaired and manned another machine gun , holding the defensive line until replacements arrived . As the battle went on , ammunition became critically low . Despite their supply lines having been cut off by enemies in the rear , Basilone fought through hostile ground to resupply his heavy machine gunners with urgently needed ammunition . When the last of it ran out shortly before dawn on the second day , Basilone held off the Japanese soldiers attacking his position using his pistol . By the end of the engagement , Japanese forces opposite their section of the line were virtually annihilated . For his actions during the battle , he received the United States military 's highest award for valor , the Medal of Honor .
Afterwards , Private First Class Nash W. Phillips , of Fayetteville , North Carolina , recalled from the battle for Guadalcanal :
Basilone had a machine gun on the go for three days and nights without sleep , rest , or food . He was in a good emplacement , and causing the Japanese lots of trouble , not only firing his machine gun , but also using his pistol .
= = = = War bond tours and marriage = = = =
In 1943 , after receiving the Medal of Honor , he returned to the United States and participated in war bond tours . His arrival was highly publicized and his hometown held a parade in his honor when he returned . The homecoming parade occurred on Sunday , September 19 and drew a huge crowd with thousands of people , including politicians , celebrities and the national press . The parade made national news in Life magazine and Fox Movietone News . After the parade , he toured the country raising money for the war effort and achieved celebrity status . Although he appreciated the admiration , he felt out of place and requested to return to the operating forces fighting the war . The Marine Corps denied his request and told him he was needed more on the home front . He was offered a commission , which he turned down , and was later offered an assignment as an instructor , but refused this as well . He requested again to return to the war and this time the request was approved . He left for Camp Pendleton , California , for training on December 27 .
While stationed at Camp Pendleton , he met his future wife , Lena Mae Riggi , who was a Sergeant in the Marine Corps Women 's Reserve . They were married at St. Mary 's Star of the Sea Church in Oceanside , on July 10 , 1944 , with a reception at the Carlsbad Hotel . They honeymooned at an onion farm near Portland .
= = = = Iwo Jima = = = =
After his request to return to the fleet was approved , he was assigned to Charlie Company , 1st Battalion , 27th Marine Regiment , 5th Marine Division during the invasion of Iwo Jima . On February 19 , 1945 , he was serving as a machine gun section leader in action against Japanese forces on Red Beach II . During the battle , the Japanese concentrated their fire at the incoming Marines from heavily fortified blockhouses staged throughout the island . With his unit pinned down , Basilone made his way around the side of the Japanese positions until he was directly on top of the blockhouse . He then attacked with grenades and demolitions , single @-@ handedly destroying the entire strong point and its defending garrison . He then fought his way toward Airfield Number 1 and aided a Marine tank that was trapped in an enemy mine field under intense mortar and artillery barrages . He guided the heavy vehicle over the hazardous terrain to safety , despite heavy weapons fire from the Japanese . As he moved along the edge of the airfield , he was killed by Japanese mortar shrapnel . His actions helped Marines penetrate the Japanese defense and get off the landing beach during the critical early stages of the invasion . He was posthumously awarded the Marine Corps ' second @-@ highest decoration for valor , the Navy Cross , for extraordinary heroism during the battle of Iwo Jima .
Based on his research for the book and mini @-@ series The Pacific , author Hugh Ambrose suggested that Basilone was not killed by a mortar , but by small arms fire that hit him in the right groin , the neck and nearly took off his left arm .
= = = = Burial = = = =
He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery in Section 12 , Grave 384 , grid Y / Z 23 @.@ 5 . Lena M. Basilone died June 11 , 1999 , at the age of 86 , and was buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside , California . Lena 's obituary notes that she never remarried , and was buried still wearing her wedding ring .
= = Awards and decorations = =
GySgt . Basilone 's military awards include :
= = = Medal of Honor citation = = =
Basilone 's Medal of Honor citation reads as follows :
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to
SERGEANTJOHN BASILONE
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
for service as set forth in the following CITATION :
For extraordinary heroism and conspicuous gallantry in action against enemy Japanese forces , above and beyond the call of duty , while serving with the 1st Battalion , 7th Marines , 1st Marine Division in the Lunga Area , Guadalcanal , Solomon Islands , on 24 and 25 October 1942 . While the enemy was hammering at the Marines ' defensive positions , Sgt. BASILONE , in charge of 2 sections of heavy machine guns , fought valiantly to check the savage and determined assault . In a fierce frontal attack with the Japanese blasting his guns with grenades and mortar fire , one of Sgt. BASILONE 'S sections , with its gun crews , was put out of action , leaving only 2 men able to carry on . Moving an extra gun into position , he placed it in action , then , under continual fire , repaired another and personally manned it , gallantly holding his line until replacements arrived . A little later , with ammunition critically low and the supply lines cut off , Sgt. BASILONE , at great risk of his life and in the face of continued enemy attack , battled his way through hostile lines with urgently needed shells for his gunners , thereby contributing in large measure to the virtual annihilation of a Japanese regiment . His great personal valor and courageous initiative were in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service .
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
= = = Navy Cross = = =
Basilone 's Navy Cross citation reads as follows :
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the NAVY CROSS posthumously to
GUNNERY SERGEANTJOHN BASILONE
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
for service as set forth in the following CITATION :
For extraordinary heroism while serving as a Leader of a Machine @-@ Gun Section , Company C , 1st Battalion , 27th Marines , 5th Marine Division , in action against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands , 19 February 1945 . Shrewdly gauging the tactical situation shortly after landing when his company 's advance was held up by the concentrated fire of a heavily fortified Japanese blockhouse , Gunnery Sergeant BASILONE boldly defied the smashing bombardment of heavy caliber fire to work his way around the flank and up to a position directly on top of the blockhouse and then , attacking with grenades and demolitions , single handedly destroyed the entire hostile strong point and its defending garrison . Consistently daring and aggressive as he fought his way over the battle @-@ torn beach and up the sloping , gun @-@ studded terraces toward Airfield Number 1 , he repeatedly exposed himself to the blasting fury of exploding shells and later in the day coolly proceeded to the aid of a friendly tank which had been trapped in an enemy mine field under intense mortar and artillery barrages , skillfully guiding the heavy vehicle over the hazardous terrain to safety , despite the overwhelming volume of hostile fire . In the forefront of the assault at all times , he pushed forward with dauntless courage and iron determination until , moving upon the edge of the airfield , he fell , instantly killed by a bursting mortar shell . Stouthearted and indomitable , Gunnery Sergeant BASILONE , by his intrepid initiative , outstanding skill , and valiant spirit of self @-@ sacrifice in the face of the fanatic opposition , contributed materially to the advance of his company during the early critical period of the assault , and his unwavering devotion to duty throughout the bitter conflict was an inspiration to his comrades and reflects the highest credit upon Gunnery Sergeant BASILONE and the United States Naval Service . He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country .
For the President , JAMES FORRESTAL
Secretary of the Navy
= = Other honors = =
Basilone has received numerous honors , including the namesake of a United States Navy destroyer , a postage stamp and several plaques , monuments , geographical landmarks , a bust in San Diego 's Little Italy in a piazza named for him , Piazza Basilone , and a residential building at Montclair State University . In 2011 , Basilone was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame .
= = = USS Basilone ( DD 824 ) = = =
The United States Navy commissioned USS Basilone , a Gearing @-@ class destroyer , in 1949 . The ship 's keel was laid down on July 7 , 1945 , in Orange , Texas , and launched on December 21 , 1945 . His widow , Sergeant Lena Mae Basilone , sponsored the ship .
= = = USS John Basilone ( DDG 122 ) = = =
The future USS John Basilone ( DDG 122 ) will be commissioned in 2019 .
= = = Marine Corps buildings and landmarks = = =
The Marine Corps has named infrastructure after him on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , including an entry point onto the base from Interstate 5 called " Basilone Road " ; a section of U.S. Interstate 5 running through the base called " Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone Memorial Highway " ; and a parachute landing zone called " Basilone Drop Zone " .
= = = Namesakes from outside the Marine Corps = = =
In addition to the honors bestowed from the Marine Corps , a wide variety of non @-@ military institutions have also chosen their name based on Basilone . Some of these include : the football field at Bridgewater @-@ Raritan High School is called " Basilone Field " , and on the wall of the fieldhouse next to the field is a mural honoring Basilone ; the Knights of Columbus Council # 13264 in his hometown is named in his honor ; an overpass at the Somerville Circle in Somerville , New Jersey on U.S. Highway 202 and 206 that goes under it ; the New Jersey Turnpike bridge across the Raritan River is named the " Basilone Bridge " ; the new Bridge that crosses the Raritan River in Raritan at First Avenue and Canal Street ; a memorial statue featuring him holding a water @-@ cooled Browning machine gun is located at the intersections of Old York Road and Canal Street in Raritan ( childhood friend Phillip Orlando sculpted the statue ) ; a plaque at the United States Navy Memorial in Washington , D.C. ; a bust in Little Italy San Diego at Fir and India Streets ( the war memorial is dedicated to residents of Little Italy who served in World War II and Korea , and the area is called Piazza Basilone ) ; the Order of the Sons of Italy In America Lodge # 2442 in Bohemia , New York is named in his honor ; and the Raritan Public Library has the Basilone Room where memorabilia about him is kept . In 1944 , Army Barracks from Washington State were moved to a site in front of Hansen Dam in Pacoima , California and rebuilt as 1 @,@ 500 apartments for returning GIs . This development was named the Basilone Homes and was used until about 1955 . The site is now a golf course .
= = = Parade = = =
The memorial parade for Basilone along Somerset Street in his hometown of Raritan has been held since 1981 and became a celebration of the close @-@ knit community .
= = = In media = = =
On November 10 , 2005 , the U.S. Postal Service issued the " Distinguished Marines " stamps honoring four Marine Corps heroes including Basilone .
The 1967 film First to Fight features Chad Everett as " Shanghai Jack " Connell , a character based on " Manila John " Basilone .
The Pacific ( 2010 miniseries ) : Basilone along with two other Marines became the basis of a 10 @-@ part HBO miniseries The Pacific . Actor Jon Seda stars as Basilone .
In Episode 6 of the 2007 PBS documentary " The War : A Ken Burns Film " showed footage of a backpack with the name J Basilone stenciled on it .
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= Air @-@ mass thunderstorm =
An air @-@ mass thunderstorm , also called an " ordinary " , " single cell " , or " garden variety " thunderstorm , is a thunderstorm that is generally weak and usually not severe . These storms form in environments where at least some amount of Convective Available Potential Energy ( CAPE ) is present , but very low levels of wind shear and helicity . The lifting source , which is a crucial factor in thunderstorm development , is usually the result of uneven heating of the surface , though they can be induced by weather fronts and other low @-@ level boundaries associated with wind convergence . The energy needed for these storms to form comes in the form of insolation , or solar radiation . Air @-@ mass thunderstorms do not move quickly , last no longer than an hour , and have the threats of lightning , as well as showery light , moderate , or heavy rainfall . Heavy rainfall can interfere with microwave transmissions within the atmosphere .
Lightning characteristics are related to characteristics of the parent thunderstorm , and could induce wildfires near thunderstorms with minimal rainfall . On unusual occasions there could be a weak downburst and small hail . They are common in temperate zones during a summer afternoon . Like all thunderstorms , the mean @-@ layered wind field the storms form within determine motion . When the deep @-@ layered wind flow is light , outflow boundary progression will determine storm movement . Since thunderstorms can be a hazard to aviation , pilots are advised to fly above any haze layers within regions of better visibility and to avoid flying under the anvil of these thunderstorms , which can be regions where hail falls from the parent thunderstorm . Vertical wind shear is also a hazard near the base of thunderstorms which have generated outflow boundaries .
= = Life cycle = =
The trigger for the lift of the initial cumulus cloud can be insolation heating the ground producing thermals , areas where two winds converge forcing air upwards , or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation . The moisture rapidly cools into liquid drops of water due to the cooler temperatures at high altitude , which appears as cumulus clouds . As the water vapor condenses into liquid , latent heat is released which warms the air , causing it to become less dense than the surrounding dry air . The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of convection ( hence the term convective precipitation ) . This creates a low @-@ pressure zone beneath the forming thunderstorm , otherwise known as a cumulonimbus cloud . In a typical thunderstorm , approximately 5 × 108 kg of water vapor is lifted into the Earth 's atmosphere . As they form in areas of minimal vertical wind shear , the thunderstorm 's rainfall creates a moist and relatively cool outflow boundary with undercuts the storm 's low level inflow , and quickly causes dissipation . Waterspouts , small hail , and strong wind gusts can occur in association with these thunderstorms .
= = Common locations of appearance = =
Also known as single cell thunderstorms , these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales . They also occur in the cool unstable air which often follows the passage of a cold front from the sea during winter . Within a cluster of thunderstorms , the term " cell " refers to each separate principal updraft . Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation , as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary which sets up new thunderstorm development . Such storms are rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability ; hence the term " air mass thunderstorm " . When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them , it is known as a pulse severe storm . Pulse severe storms are poorly organized due to the minimal vertical wind shear in the storm 's environment and occur randomly in time and space , making them difficult to forecast . Between formation and dissipation , single cell thunderstorms normally last 20 – 30 minutes .
= = Motion = =
The two major ways thunderstorms move are via advection of the wind and propagation along outflow boundaries towards sources of greater heat and moisture . Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth 's troposphere , or the lowest 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) of the Earth 's atmosphere . Younger thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth 's surface than more mature thunderstorms as they tend not to be as tall . If the gust front , or leading edge of the outflow boundary , moves ahead of the thunderstorm , the thunderstorm 's motion will move in tandem with the gust front . This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation ( HP ) , such as air @-@ mass thunderstorms . When thunderstorms merge , which is most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other , the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates future motion of the merged cell . The stronger the mean wind , the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion . On weather radar , storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan .
= = Convective precipitation = =
Convective rain , or showery precipitation , occurs from cumulonimbus clouds . It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity . Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time , as convective clouds such as thunderstorms have limited horizontal extent . Most precipitation in the tropics appears to be convective . Graupel and hail are good indicators of convective precipitation and thunderstorms . In mid @-@ latitudes , convective precipitation is intermittent and often associated with baroclinic boundaries such as cold fronts , squall lines , and warm fronts . High rainfall rates are associated with thunderstorms with larger raindrops . Heavy rainfall leads to fading of microwave transmissions starting above the frequency of 10 gigahertz ( GHz ) , but is more severe above frequencies of 15 GHz .
= = Lightning = =
Relationships between lightning frequency and the height of precipitation within thunderstorms have been found . Thunderstorms which show radar returns above 14 kilometres ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) in height are associated with storms which have more than ten lightning flashes per minute . There is also a correlation between the total lightning rate and the size of the thunderstorm , its updraft velocity , and amount of graupel over land . The same relationships fail over tropical oceans , however . Lightning from low precipitation ( LP ) thunderstorms is one of the leading causes of wildfires .
= = Aviation concerns = =
In areas where these thunderstorms form in isolation and horizontal visibility is good , pilots can evade these storms rather easily . In more moist atmospheres which become hazy , pilots navigate above the haze layer in order to get a better vantage point of these storms . Flying under the anvil of thunderstorms is not advised , as hail is more likely to fall in such areas outside the thunderstorm 's main rain shaft . When an outflow boundary forms due to a shallow layer of rain @-@ cooled air spreading out near ground level from the parent thunderstorm , both speed and directional wind shear can result at the leading edge of the three @-@ dimensional boundary . The stronger the outflow boundary is , the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear will become .
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= Ontario Highway 19 =
King 's Highway 19 , commonly referred to as Highway 19 , is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario , connecting Highway 3 in Tillsonburg with Highway 401 southeast of Ingersoll . Highway 19 is 18 @.@ 8 km ( 11 @.@ 7 mi ) long , starting at Highway 3 in the south and ending at Highway 2 in the north ; this is similar to its original route and length of 25 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 15 @.@ 6 mi ) in 1930 . The highway began as the Plank and Gravel Road , a toll road formed by the Ingersoll and Port Burwell Road Company . It was first assigned in 1930 . Several extensions in the early 1930s took the route north to Highway 86 at Tralee . However , a significant amount of Highway 19 was decommissioned and turned over to local and county governments in 1997 and 1998 .
= = Route description = =
The southern end of Highway 19 begins at Highway 3 in Tillsonburg , while the northern end terminates 400 metres north of the centreline of Highway 401 , southeast of the Ingersoll town limits . Highway 19 is situated entirely in Oxford County and serves the communities of Ostrander , Mount Elgin and Salford . Prior to 1998 , it began in Port Burwell on the shores of Lake Erie , while the northern terminus extended to Highway 86 east of Listowel in the community of Tralee .
The route begins on the southern edge of Tillsonburg at Highway 3 ( Talbot Road ) , travelling north along the eastern side of Big Otter Creek . This section of the highway , known as Vienna Road , lies next to a business / industrial park . At County Road 51 ( Simcoe Street ) , Vienna Road ends and Highway 19 turns west , becoming Oxford Street and crossing Big Otter Creek . At Broadway Street , Highway 19 turns northwest and passes through the downtown strip as well as beside Tillsonburg Town Centre . It continues into residential subdivisions , eventually exiting the town into the municipality of South @-@ West Oxford as it turns north at Quarter Town Line and becomes Plank Line .
The route enters farmland , but bisects the hamlet of Ostrander shortly thereafter . It crosses the Ontario Southland Railway , which lies roughly parallel to the entire length of the highway , before passing west of Tillsonburg Airport and curving northwest . After travelling through farmland , the route enter Mount Elgin and intersects County Road 18 ( Mt . Elgin Road ) . After , it continues through more farmland to the community of Salford , where it encounters County Road 46 ( Salford Road ) . It turns northward briefly , emerging back into agricultural surroundings for the final stretch of the route . Just southeast of Ingersoll , it encounters an interchange with Highway 401 ( Exit 218 ) ; Highway 19 ends immediately north of the westbound ramps . County Road 119 ( Harris Street ) continues northwest into the town to meet former Highway 2 .
= = History = =
The history of Highway 19 dates back to 1849 , when the Baldwin Act and the Act to Authorize Formation of Joint Stock Companies were passed . George Tillson , his sons , and his brother @-@ in @-@ law Benjamin Van Norman were the principal stockholders of the Ingersoll and Port Burwell Road Company , which they formed along with approximately 200 shareholders in September 1849 . Proceeding quickly , the company established eight toll booths along the new route , which became known as the Plank and Gravel Road due to the materials with which it was constructed . However , the greed of toll road operators resulted in diminishing upkeep , which forced the province to enact legislature allowing counties to assume ownership of the roads . It took until 1907 for Oxford County to assume the toll road ; the proprietors were compensated with $ 15 @,@ 500 ( $ 293 @,@ 300 when adjusted for inflation from 1916 ) .
The gradual implementation of various legislation over the following decade allowed many counties to vastly improve roads under their jurisdiction . By the time the Department of Highways ( DHO ) assumed the road from Highway 3 in Tillsonburg to Highway 2 in Ingersoll on March 12 , 1930 as King 's Highway 19 , it was once again a gravel road . A year later , on May 27 , 1931 , the highway was extended north from Woodstock to Shakespeare . As a result of this , a concurrency with Highway 2 was created between Ingersoll and Woodstock . Several months later , on July 1 , the department assumed the remainder of the Ingersoll to Port Burwell Road , extending Highway 19 south of Tillsonburg .
As part of a depression relief program , the DHO and Department of Labour undertook several projects in 1933 and 1934 , one of which included the Stratford to Tralee Road . On July 4 , 1934 , the DHO assumed the road as part of Highway 19 . To remedy the discontinuity , a 12 @-@ kilometre ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) concurrency with Highway 7 was established . At this point , Highway 19 had grown from its original length of 25 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 15 @.@ 6 mi ) to 148 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 92 @.@ 2 mi ) .
The route remained unchanged until the early 1960s , when several highways were renumbered . Highway 19 between Woodstock and Shakespeare was redesignated as Highway 59 , while Highway 100 between Thamesford and St. Marys was redesignated as Highway 19 . The concurrencies with Highway 2 and Highway 7 were relocated as a result of this renumbering ; Highway 19 became concurrent with Highway 2 between Ingersoll and Thamesford , and with Highway 7 between St. Marys and Stratford . While the length of the route was reduced insignificantly as a result of this renumbering , it became more direct .
Between then and 1997 , no changes were made to Highway 19 . On April 1 , 1997 , the section from Highway 3 south to Port Burwell was transferred to Elgin County , Oxford County and Haldimand – Norfolk . This was followed by a second round of transfers on January 1 , 1998 , which resulted in the section north of Highway 401 being decommissioned and assumed by Oxford County and Perth County .
Today , the majority of the Port Burwell to Tillsonburg segment is designated as Elgin County Road 19 . A short segment in Haldimand – Norfolk and Oxford County immediately south of Tillsonburg is designated as County Highway 19 . The Ingersoll to St. Marys segment is now known as Oxford County Road 119 , while the segment north of Stratford is designated as Perth County Road 119 through Brunner , then Perth County Road 131 through Milverton .
= = Major intersections = =
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 19 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route is located in the Regional Municipality of Oxford .
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= Hurricane Cristobal ( 2014 ) =
Hurricane Cristobal was a moderately strong Atlantic tropical cyclone that affected multiple landmasses from Puerto Rico to Iceland in late August and early September 2014 . It was also the strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of pressure since Hurricane Sandy in 2012 . Slow to develop , and plagued by unfavorable wind shear for most of its life , the storm formed on August 23 near the Caicos Islands from a long @-@ tracked tropical wave . Moving generally northward , Cristobal gradually intensified despite a ragged appearance on satellite imagery , and passed midway between Bermuda and North Carolina on August 27 . While accelerating toward the northeast the next day , Cristobal achieved its peak strength as a Category 1 hurricane . A colder environment converted Cristobal into an extratropical cyclone on August 29 , but it retained much of its strength as it sped across the northern Atlantic and struck Iceland on September 1 .
Before its classification as a tropical cyclone , the disturbance that would become Cristobal dropped heavy rainfall over Puerto Rico , locally reaching 13 @.@ 21 in ( 336 mm ) . Widespread flooding and scattered landslides affected the territory , with 19 major rivers exceeding minor flood stage . The system went on to douse the island of Hispaniola with torrential rains , leading to at least four drowning deaths in Haiti and the Dominican Republic . Floodwaters damaged or destroyed over 800 houses and temporarily isolated 23 communities in the Dominican Republic , while about 640 families were displaced in Haiti . Another person was killed by floodwaters in the Turks and Caicos . The hurricane generated strong surf and dangerous rip currents along the U.S. East Coast , killing two swimmers in Maryland and New Jersey and leading to large numbers of lifeguard rescues . Later , the extratropical remnants of Cristobal buffeted Iceland with heavy rain and gusty winds , causing flooding around the capital city of Reykjavík .
= = Meteorological history = =
Hurricane Cristobal originated from a westward @-@ tracking tropical wave which emerged from the western coast of Africa on August 14 , accompanied for several days by an expanse of clouds . Some cyclonic turning was evident as the disturbance approached the Leeward Islands by August 21 , but a Hurricane Hunters flight tasked with investigating the system did not reveal a strong circulation at the surface . The system failed to consolidate as it traversed Puerto Rico and Hispaniola , but on August 23 , further reconnaissance data confirmed the formation of a tropical depression just south of the Caicos Islands . The nascent cyclone slowly moved north @-@ northwestward toward a weakness in the subtropical ridge . Moderate wind shear in the area kept convection over the depression disorganized and outflow limited , and the storm only gradually intensified . The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Cristobal at 06 : 00 UTC on August 24 , while located just north of Mayaguana in the Bahamas , but its structure was vertically tilted and suboptimally broad .
Weak steering currents kept Cristobal 's forward motion slow and erratic , and the storm remained heavily affected by shear , with most deep convection displaced from the center . On August 25 , the system turned toward the north @-@ northeast in response to a mid @-@ level trough to the north . Despite a ragged cloud pattern characterized by an exposed low @-@ level center and a distinct lack of banding features , Cristobal intensified into a Category 1 hurricane at 00 : 00 UTC on August 26 , as indicated by aircraft observations . The newly upgraded hurricane headed along a general northward path , and for the next couple days , pockets of dry air kept prevented further intensification . Convection fluctuated in intensity and coverage , and early on August 27 the National Hurricane Center remarked that " the satellite presentation resembles a subtropical cyclone " . However , later that same day , the hurricane showed signs of increased development while located midway between Bermuda and Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . In particular , its cloud pattern became much more symmetric , and some cloud tops cooled to – 70 ° C ( – 95 ° F ) . Around the same time , Cristobal accelerated toward the northeast as it became embedded within the mid @-@ latitude westerlies ahead of an advancing shortwave trough .
An area of relatively warm cloud tops at the center of a central dense overcast gave way to an eye feature evident on visible satellite imagery on August 28 . Rapidly gaining latitude , Cristobal reached its peak intensity at 18 : 00 UTC , with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) , roughly 490 mi ( 790 km ) due south of Halifax , Nova Scotia . Shortly thereafter , the hurricane began to degrade as it moved over significantly colder waters and began to encounter further dry air , signalling the beginning of its transition to an extratropical cyclone . Cristobal 's circulation soon began to interact with a frontal boundary , and deep convection became distanced well to the north of the center . Consequently , the hurricane lost its tropical identity by 12 : 00 UTC on August 29 , just north of 44 ° N. Baroclinic processes preserved much of the extratropical cyclone 's intensity , allowing it to maintain hurricane @-@ force winds until August 30 . Speeding generally northeastward , the storm slowly weakened over the northern Atlantic , making landfall on Iceland on September 1 . It merged with another storm system north of the country by the next day .
= = Impact = =
= = = Antilles = = =
As Cristobal 's parent wave moved over Puerto Rico , it engaged with an abnormally moist air mass to produce torrential rains totaling more than 10 in ( 250 mm ) . The highest rainfall totals were enhanced by orographic lift over mountainous terrain . A rain gauge near Tibes recorded a peak total of 13 @.@ 21 in ( 336 mm ) , the majority of which fell on August 24 . Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport near San Juan reported 5 @.@ 52 in ( 140 mm ) of precipitation . In total , 19 rivers reached minor flood stage and five reached moderate flood stage ; some of them inundated adjacent roadways and urban areas . The heavy rains triggered multiple landslides , at least one of which forced a family to evacuate . The floods cut electricity to nearly 17 @,@ 000 customers and left 7 @,@ 000 without clean drinking water after putting some 18 filtration plants out of service . In some cases , however , the rains proved beneficial , refilling reservoirs after an abnormally dry summer . Only the northwest corner of Puerto Rico escaped hydrological issues . Gusty winds caused minor damage to trees and tree branches in the territory . Moderate to heavy rainfall also affected the U.S. Virgin Islands , amounting to 5 @.@ 27 in ( 134 mm ) on Saint Thomas and 2 @.@ 22 in ( 56 mm ) on Saint Croix .
The island of Hispaniola also received damaging rains from the slow @-@ moving storm . La Romana , Dominican Republic , recorded 5 @.@ 04 in ( 128 mm ) of rain in 24 hours on August 23 and 24 , the result being destructive flooding . The floods isolated 23 towns from the outside world and damaged or destroyed more than 800 dwellings , especially in eastern and northeastern parts of the nation . Just over 4 @,@ 100 individuals were forced to leave their homes and seek refuge with friends and family . In Santo Domingo Province , three people required rescue from their stricken car after trying to cross the swollen Isabela River . Two people were killed in the Dominican Republic , one of them after trying to drive across a flooded river in the Hato Mayor Province . In neighboring Haiti , flooding totally destroyed four homes and heavily damaged 28 others , with a total of about 640 families left temporarily homeless . At least two people in the country were swept away by rushing waters , and many others sustained injuries .
Shortly after the storm 's genesis , tropical storm warnings were issued for the central and southeastern Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands . The advisories were discontinued by August 25 . Heavy rain fell over the region , reaching 10 @.@ 9 in ( 280 mm ) on the island of Providenciales , where one person drowned in the ensuing floods . Floodwaters on North Caicos ran 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) deep , blocking access to some communities . Governor Peter Beckingham reported " extensive damage to people 's property and possessions " throughout the overseas territory .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
A tropical storm watch was issued for Bermuda on August 25 , and ultimately discontinued about three days later . Two cruise ships left Bermuda early to avoid the storm , and another two postponed their scheduled stops there . The threat of the storm , combined with a lack of passengers due to cruise ship diversions , resulted in the suspension of ferry service . Cristobal ultimately passed well to the northwest of the island , producing breezy conditions and heightened surf .
The offshore hurricane lashed the East Coast of the United States with high swells and rip currents , prompting widespread swimming restrictions and bans . A teenaged male Virginia resident died in a drowning incident at Ocean City , Maryland , less than an hour after lifeguards went off @-@ duty . In a 24 @-@ hour period , the Ocean City Beach Patrol rescued about 120 people caught in rip currents . Just off the coast , the rough seas capsized a 17 ft ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) boat , forcing the Coast Guard to rescue its three occupants . Another young male drowned at Sandy Hook , New Jersey ; a wave reportedly knocked him down in shallow water before a rip current pulled the inexperienced swimmer farther out . Dangerous swimming conditions extended north to New England beaches , leading to numerous lifeguard rescues .
In southern Iceland , the extratropical remnants of Cristobal produced gusty winds and heavy rainfall , leading to extensive flooding in the capital city of Reykjavík . The fire department there responded to 37 calls for flooded buildings . Reykjavík Airport and Keflavík International Airport recorded wind gusts to 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) and 62 mph ( 100 km / h ) , respectively . The adverse conditions impeded aerial surveillance of the ongoing volcanic eruptions at Bárðarbunga .
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= Elizabeth Dilling =
Elizabeth Dilling ( April 19 , 1894 – May 26 , 1966 ) was an American writer and political activist . In 1934 , she published The Red Network — A Who 's Who and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots , which catalogs over 1 @,@ 300 suspected communists and their sympathizers . Her books and lecture tours established her as the pre @-@ eminent female right @-@ wing activist of the 1930s , and one of the most outspoken critics of the New Deal .
Dilling was the best @-@ known leader of the World War II women 's isolationist movement , a grass @-@ roots campaign that pressured Congress to refrain from helping the Allies . She was among 28 anti @-@ war campaigners charged with sedition in 1942 ; the charges were dropped in 1946 . While academic studies have customarily ignored both the anti @-@ war " Mothers ' movement " and right @-@ wing activist women in general , Dilling 's writings secured her a lasting influence among right @-@ wing groups .
= = Early life and family = =
Dilling was born Elizabeth Eloise Kirkpatrick in Chicago , Illinois . Her father , Lafayette Kirkpatrick , was a surgeon of Scotch @-@ Irish ancestry ; her mother , Elizabeth Harding , was of English and French ancestry . Her father died when she was six weeks old , after which her mother added to the family income by selling real estate . Dilling 's brother , Lafayette Harding Kirkpatrick , who was seven years her senior , became wealthy by the age of 23 after developing properties in Hawaii . Dilling had an Episcopalian upbringing , and attended a Catholic girls ' school , the Academy of Our Lady . She was highly religious , and was known to send her friends 40 @-@ page letters about Christian scripture . Prone to bouts of depression , she went on vacations in the US , Canada , and Europe with her mother .
In 1912 , she enrolled at the University of Chicago , where she studied music and languages , intending to become an orchestral musician . She left after three years before graduating , lonely and bitterly disillusioned . In 1918 , she married Albert Dilling , an engineer studying law , who attended the same Episcopalian church as Elizabeth . The couple were well off financially , thanks to Elizabeth 's inherited money and Albert 's job as chief engineer for the Chicago Sewerage District . They lived in Wilmette , a Chicago suburb , and had two children : Kirkpatrick , born in 1920 , and Elizabeth Jane , born in 1925 . Their relationship was turbulent ; when Dilling discovered her husband was having an affair with another woman , she broke into the latter 's home at gunpoint and threatened her . Albert gave his wife $ 100 @,@ 000 not to divorce him , and although he promised not to commit adultery again , he had two further extra @-@ marital relationships before their eventual divorce .
The family travelled abroad at least ten times between 1923 and 1939 , an experience that focussed Dilling 's political outlook and served to convince her of American superiority . In 1923 , they visited Britain , France and Italy . Offended by the lack of gratitude from the British for American intervention in World War I , Dilling vowed to oppose any future American involvement in European conflict . They spent a month in the Soviet Union in 1931 , where local guides , who Dilling claimed were Jews , warned her that communism would take over the world and showed her a map of the US in which the cities were named after Soviet heroes . She documented her travels in home movies , filming such scenes as bathers swimming nude in a river beneath a Moscow church . She was appalled by communism 's " atheism , sex degeneracy , broken homes [ and ] class hatred " .
She visited Germany in 1931 , and returned in 1938 , noting a " great improvement of conditions " . She attended Nazi Party meetings , and the German government paid her expenses . She wrote that " The German people under Hitler are contented and happy . ... don 't believe the stories you hear that this man has not done a great good for this country . " In 1938 , she toured Palestine , where she filmed what she described as Jewish immigrants ruining the country , and Spain — then embroiled in the Spanish Civil War — where she filmed " Red torture chambers " and burnt @-@ out churches , " ruined by the Reds with the same satanic Jewish glee shown in Russia " . She visited Japan , which she viewed as the only Christian nation in Asia , and in 1939 , she returned to visit Spain , for a second time .
= = Anti @-@ communism = =
Our family trip to Red Russia in 1931 started my dedication to anti @-@ Communism . We were taken behind the scenes by friends working for the Soviet Government and saw deplorable conditions , first hand . We were appalled , not only at the forced labor , the squalid crowded living quarters , the breadline ration card workers ’ stores , the mothers pushing wheelbarrows and begging children of the State nurseries besieging us . The open virulent anti @-@ Christ campaign , every @-@ where , was a shock . In public places were the tirades by loud speaker , in Russian , ( our friends translated ) . Atheist cartoons representing Christ as a villain , a drunk , and the object of a cannibalistic orgy ( Holy Communion ) : as an oppressor of labor ; again as trash being dumped from a wheelbarrow by the Soviet Five @-@ Year @-@ Plan – these lurid cartoons filled the big bulletin boards in the churches our Soviet guides took us to visit .
Dilling 's political activism was spurred by the " bitter opposition " she encountered upon her return to Illinois in 1931 , " against my telling the truth about Russia ... from suburbanite ' intellectual ' friends and from my own Episcopal minister . " She began public speaking as a hobby , following her doctor 's advice . Iris McCord , a Chicago radio broadcaster who taught at the Moody Bible Institute , arranged for her to address local church groups . Within a year she was touring the Midwest , the Northeast and occasionally the West coast , accompanied by her husband . She showed her home movies of the Soviet Union and made the same speech several times a week to audiences sometimes as large as several hundred , hosted by organizations like the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) and the American Legion .
In 1932 , she co @-@ founded the Paul Reveres , an anti @-@ communist organization with headquarters in Chicago which eventually had 200 local chapters . She left in 1934 , and it folded soon after due to lack of interest . With McCord 's encouragement , her lectures were published in a local Wilmette newspaper in 1932 , and then collected in a pamphlet entitled Red Revolution : Do We Want It Here ? Dilling claimed that the DAR printed and distributed thousands of copies .
Beginning in early 1933 , Dilling spent twelve to eighteen hours a day for eighteen months researching and cataloging suspected subversives . Her sources included the 1920 four @-@ volume report of the Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate Seditious Activities , and Representative Hamilton Fish 's 1931 report of an anti @-@ communist investigation . The result was The Red Network — A Who 's Who and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots , hailed with irony in The New Republic as a " handy , compact reference work " . The first half of the 352 @-@ page book was a collection of essays , mostly copied from Red Revolution . The second half contained descriptions of more than 1 @,@ 300 " Reds " ( including international figures like Albert Einstein and Chiang Kai @-@ shek ) , and more than 460 organizations described as " Communist , Radical Pacifist , Anarchist , Socialist , [ or ] I.W.W. controlled " .
Far more than the Spider @-@ Web chart of the 1920s – a chart composed by a member of the DAR that plotted suspected red @-@ affiliated organisations with progressive individuals – The Red Network revealed the power of " guilt by association , " a tactic that would be used all too often by future Red baiters with devastating effectiveness .
The book was reprinted eight times and sold more than 16 @,@ 000 copies by 1941 . Thousands more were given away . It was sold in Chicago book stores and mail order from Dilling 's house . It was distributed by the KKK , the Knights of the White Camellia , the German @-@ American Bund and the Aryan Bookstores . Subscribers to Gerald Winrod 's new journal The Revealer received a copy , fundamentalist preacher and president of the Northwest Bible Training School W. B. Riley claimed he had given away hundreds of copies , and it was advertised and sold by the Moody Bible Institute . It was endorsed by officials in the DAR and the American Legion . Copies were bought by the Pinkerton Detective Agency , the New York Police Department , the Chicago Police Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation . A Los Angeles arms manufacturer bought and distibuted 150 copies , and a tear gas manufacturer bought 1 @,@ 500 copies which it distributed to the Standard Oil Company , the National Guard and hundreds of police departments .
In 1935 , Dilling returned to her alma mater to accuse such people as university president Robert Maynard Hutchins , educational reformer John Dewey , activist Jane Addams and Republican Senator William Borah as communist sympathizers . Retail tycoon Charles R. Walgreen asked for her help to obtain a public hearing after his niece complained that professors at the university were communists . They demanded the closure of the university . The Illinois legislature convened to discuss the matter , ultimately deciding that the claims were unfounded . Dilling delivered a frenetic half @-@ hour speech at the Assembly , with calls from the audience to " kill every communist " . She declared , " It is certain that the University of Chicago is diseased with Communism and that its contagion is a menace to the community and the Nation . "
Dilling 's next book , The Roosevelt Red Record and Its Background , published two weeks before the 1936 presidential election , was less successful . Like much of her later writing , it was largely a disjointed series of quotations . Roosevelt 's " Jew Deal " ( as many including Dilling were calling the New Deal ) was already a central theme of The Red Network , and it was already being debated elsewhere . Dilling later claimed that the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee was founded largely thanks to her two books . She wrote a pamphlet attacking Borah entitled Borah : " Borer from Within " the G.O.P. , fearing that if he won the presidential nomination voters would be forced to choose between two communists . She distributed 5 @,@ 000 copies at the Republican National Convention , and claimed credit for his defeat .
In 1938 , Dilling founded the Patriotic Research Bureau , a vast archive in Chicago with a staff of " Christian women and girls " from the Moody Bible Institute . She began regular publication of the Patriotic Research Bulletin , a newsletter outlining her political and personal views , which she mailed free of charge to her supporters . Editions were often 25 to 30 pages long , with a youthful photograph of the author on the cover conveying a personal touch . The masthead of early issues reads : " Patriotic Research Bureau . For the defense of Christianity and Americanism "
Dilling was paid $ 5000 in 1939 by industrialist Henry Ford to investigate communism at the University of Michigan . As well as funding the Nazi Party and distributing his anti @-@ semitic newspaper The Dearborn Independent during the 1920s , Ford was a financial supporter of dozens of anti @-@ semitic propagandists . Dilling discovered hundreds of books at the university library written by " radicals " . Her 96 @-@ page report stated that the university was " typical of those American colleges which have permitted Marxist @-@ bitten , professional theorists to inoculate wholesome American youths with their collectivist propaganda . " She reached a similar conclusion when the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce paid her to investigate UCLA , and when she investigated her children 's universities , Cornell and Northwestern .
In 1940 , hoping to influence the presidential election , Dilling published The Octopus , setting out her Jewish Communism theories . The book was published under the pseudonym " Rev. Frank Woodruff Johnson " . Avedis Derounian reported Dilling claiming that " The Jews can never prove that I 'm anti @-@ semitic , I 'm too clever for them . " Her husband feared that allegations of anti @-@ semitism would damage his law practice . She admitted that she was the author at her divorce trial in 1942 . She explained that it was written as a response to B 'nai B 'rith . She stated : " It airs their dirty lying attempts to shut every Christian mouth and prevent anyone from getting a fair trial in this country " ( for which she was cited for contempt ) .
= = Isolationism = =
Besides relying on a gendered appeal to patriotic duty , Dilling enjoyed portraying herself as a helpless victim confronted by diabolical evil . One telling example was when a federal subpoena in 1941 , issued by the Justice Department , ordered her to Washington DC to explain her alleged affiliations with Nazi sympathizers . She described her experiences at the " New Deal O.G.P.U. , " an unsubtle reference to Stalin 's secret police , in the format of a play , in which she acted the part of the victim interrogated by an agent of the New Deal . The dramatic scene overflowed with " sinister glower [ s ] , " " sarcastic questions " and " long harangue [ s ] . " The victim , " a bit weary with the endless hectoring , " answered unfair questions with righteous indignation . Throughout this little skit , Dilling downplayed her public role and denied the accusation that she was " an important woman " and that her " name carr [ ied ] weight . " A sincere act of humility this was not , but it did reveal Dilling 's inclination for martyrdom and self @-@ importance , as well as a talent for propaganda .
Dilling was a central figure in a mass movement of isolationist women 's groups , which opposed US involvement in World War II from a " maternalist " perspective . The membership of these groups in 1941 was between one and six million . According to historian Kari Frederickson : " They argued that war was the antithesis of nurturant motherhood , and that as women they had a particular stake in preventing American involvement in the European conflict . ... they intertwined their maternalist arguments with appeals that were right @-@ wing , anti @-@ Roosevelt , anti @-@ British , anti @-@ communist and anti @-@ Semitic . "
The movement was strongest in the Midwest , a conservative stronghold with a culture of anti @-@ semitism , which had long resented the political dominance of the East coast . Chicago was the base of far @-@ right activists Charles E. Coughlin , Gerald L. K. Smith and Lyrl Clark Van Hyning , as well as the America First Committee , which had 850 @,@ 000 members by 1941 . Dilling spoke at America First meetings , and was involved in the founding of Van Hyning 's " We the Mothers Mobilize for America " , a highly active group with 150 @,@ 000 members who were tasked with infiltrating other organizations . The Chicago Tribune , the newspaper with the highest circulation in the region , was strongly isolationist . It treated Dilling as a trusted expert on anti @-@ communism and continued to support her after she was charged with sedition .
In early 1941 , when the movement was at its height , Dilling spoke at rallies in Chicago and other cities in the Midwest , and recruited a group to coordinate her efforts to oppose Lend @-@ Lease , the " Mothers ' Crusade to Defeat H. R. 1776 " . Hundreds of these activists picketed the Capitol for two weeks in February 1941 . Dilling was arrested when she led a sit @-@ down strike with at least 25 other protesters in the corridor outside the office of 84 @-@ year @-@ old Senator Carter Glass . After a sensational trial lasting six days , she wept as she was found guilty of disorderly conduct and fined $ 25 . Glass called for the FBI to investigate the women 's groups , and stated in the New York Times on March 7 that the women had caused " a noisy disorder of which any self @-@ respecting fishwife would be ashamed . I likewise believe that it would be pertinent to inquire whether they are mothers . For the sake of the race , I devoutly hope not . " Isolationist leader Cathrine Curtis believed that the image of the Mothers ' movement had been wrecked , and privately criticised Dilling 's " hoodlum " tactics as " communistic " and " un @-@ womanly " .
Many of the women 's groups continued to oppose the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor , unlike their allies , the America First Committee . Dilling campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey in the 1944 presidential election , although she accused him of " fawning at the feet of international Jewry " . Her political activity decreased as a result of her highly publicized divorce trial , beginning in February 1942 , during which dozens of fist fights broke out , involving both men and women , and Dilling received three citations for contempt . The judge , Rudolph Desort , said that he feared he would suffer " a nervous breakdown " during the four @-@ month trial .
A grand jury , convened in 1941 to investigate fascist propaganda , called several women 's leaders to testify , including Dilling , Curtis and Van Hyning . Roosevelt prevailed upon Attorney General Francis Biddle to launch a prosecution , and on July 21 , 1942 , Dilling and 27 other anti @-@ war activists were indicted on two counts of conspiracy to cause insubordination of the military in peacetime and wartime . The case was the main part of a government campaign against domestic subversion , which historian Leo P. Ribuffo labelled " The Brown Scare " . The charges and list of defendants were extended in January 1943 . The charges were again extended in January 1944 . The judge , Edward C. Eicher , suffered a fatal heart attack on November 29 , 1944 . A mistrial was declared . The charges were dismissed on November 22 , 1946 , after the government had failed to present any compelling new evidence of a German conspiracy . Biddle later called the proceedings " a dreary farce " . Dilling continued to publish the Patriotic Research Bulletin , and in 1954 , she published The Plot Against Christianity . The book " reveals the satanic hatred of Christ and Christians responsible for their mass murder , torture and slave labour in all Iron Curtain countries – all of which are ruled by Talmudists " . It was retitled after her death to The Jewish Religion : Its Influence Today .
The UN Charter and treaties are constructed to make way for the " man of sin , " the Anti @-@ Christ who will hold supreme power over life or death as he briefly heads this last Red satanic world empire .
= = Media references = =
A character based on Dilling appears in the novel It Can 't Happen Here ( 1935 ) by Sinclair Lewis . The book describes a fascist takeover in the US .
" Who then , is Mrs Dilling ? Upon what strange meat has she been fed that she hath grown so great : And what inspired her , she who might have taken up knitting or petunia @-@ growing , to adopt as her hobby the deliberate and sometimes hasty criticism of men and women she has never seen . " — Harry Thornton Moore , " The Lady Patriot 's Book , " The New Republic , 8 January 1936
" To see the lady in action , screaming and leaping and ripping along at breakneck speed , is to see certain symptoms of simple hysteria on the loose . " — Milton S. Mayer , " Mrs. Dilling : Lady of the Red Network , " American Mercury , July 1939
" May God strengthen and uphold you , [ Mrs Dilling ] ... May your wonderful work grow and help save our Republic , ... a time is coming when you will be blessed ... You deserve a place in history comparable to Washington and Lincoln . " — Quoted in Patriotic Research Bulletin , 4 July 1941
" I have rarely seen hatred take complete possession of a woman 's face as when Elizabeth Dilling stormed around the corridors shouting . She seemed like a woman pursued by the furies . What she did not know was that the furies were not outside her , but in her own mind . " — Max Lerner , describing an encounter in 1941 , PM , 1943 or 1944
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= French battleship Bretagne =
Bretagne was a battleship of the French Navy built in the 1910s , and the lead ship of her class ; she had two sister ships , Provence and Lorraine . The ship was laid down in July 1912 at the Arsenal de Brest , launched in April 1913 , and commissioned into the fleet in February 1916 , after the outbreak of World War I. She was named in honour of the French region of Brittany , and was armed with a main battery of ten 340 mm ( 13 in ) guns .
Bretagne spent the bulk of her career in the French Mediterranean Squadron . During World War I , she was stationed at Corfu to prevent the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet from leaving the Adriatic Sea , but she saw no action . She remained in service during the 1920s and 1930s , while her sisters were placed in reserve . She participated in non @-@ intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War . Bretagne escorted convoys after the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , and was stationed in Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir when France surrendered on 22 June 1940 . Fearful that the Germans would seize the French Navy , the British Royal Navy attacked the ships at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir ; in the attack Bretagne was hit badly and exploded , killing the majority of her crew . The wreck was eventually raised in 1952 and broken up for scrap .
= = Design = =
Bretagne was 166 meters ( 544 ft 7 in ) long overall and had a beam of 26 @.@ 9 m ( 88 ft 3 in ) and a full @-@ load draft of 9 @.@ 8 m ( 32 ft 2 in ) . She displaced around 25 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 25 @,@ 000 long tons ; 28 @,@ 000 short tons ) at full load and had a crew of between 1124 and 1133 officers and enlisted men . She was powered by four Parsons steam turbines with twenty @-@ four Niclausse boilers . They were rated at 29 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 22 @,@ 000 kW ) and provided a top speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 2 @,@ 680 t ( 2 @,@ 640 long tons ; 2 @,@ 950 short tons ) .
Bretagne 's main battery consisted of ten 340mm / 45 Modèle 1912 guns mounted in five twin gun turrets , numbered from front to rear . They were placed all on the centerline ; two were in a superfiring pair forward , one amidships , and the last two in a superfiring arrangement aft . The secondary battery consisted of twenty @-@ two Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1910 guns in casemates along the length of the hull . She also carried seven 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns , two on the conning tower and one on the roof of each turret . The ship was also armed with four submerged 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship 's main belt was 270 mm ( 10 @.@ 6 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 300 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower had 314 mm ( 12 @.@ 4 in ) thick sides .
= = Service = =
Bretagne was laid down at the Arsenal de Brest on 1 July 1912 , launched on 21 April 1913 , and completed in September 1915 . She was commissioned into the French Navy on 10 February 1916 . After entering service in 1916 , Bretagne and her sisters were assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Battle Squadron , their unit for the remainder of the war , Bretagne becoming flagship of the squadron . They spent the majority of their time at Corfu to prevent the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet from attempting to break out of the Adriatic . The fleet 's presence was also intended to intimidate Greece , which had become increasingly hostile to the Triple Entente . Later in the war , men were drawn from their crews for anti @-@ submarine warfare vessels . As the Austro @-@ Hungarians largely remained in port for the duration of the war , Bretagne saw no action during the conflict . Indeed , she did not leave port at all for the entirety of 1917 , due to a severe shortage of coal at Corfu . Around July 1918 , the ship 's foremast was replaced by a tripod foremast that mounted an experimental fire @-@ control director and her mainmast was shortened to allow the ship to fly a captive kite balloon . Bretagne returned to Toulon in November 1918 .
The ship received a lengthy refit at Toulon from 12 June 1919 to 18 October 1920 . This included modifications to her gun turrets that increased the elevation of the 340 @-@ millimeter ( 13 in ) from 12 ° to 18 ° and thus their maximum range to 21 @,@ 000 meters ( 23 @,@ 000 yd ) . The four forward 138 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 4 in ) guns were removed . Both 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns and two 47 @-@ millimeter guns were replaced by four 75 mm AA guns mounted on the forward superstructure . A Vickers fire @-@ control director replaced the experimental model and it was equipped with a 3 @.@ 66 @-@ meter ( 12 ft 0 in ) rangefinder . Two additional 2 @-@ meter ( 6 ft 7 in ) rangefinders were installed , one on each side of the superstructure , to control the 138 mm guns . Bretagne became flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet in mid @-@ June 1921 and the ship accompanied Provence to Le Havre for a naval review , and were back in Toulon in September . In 1922 , Provence and Lorraine were placed in reserve , leaving Bretagne the only member of her class in service . She spent the 1920s conducting periodic fleet maneuvers and cruises around the Mediterranean and to French colonial possessions in West Africa . Provence became the fleet flagship in September 1923 .
Bretagne received a major refit at Toulon from 1 May 1924 to 29 September 1925 , during which the elevation of her main armament was increased to 23 ° , giving her a maximum range of 23 @,@ 700 meters ( 25 @,@ 900 yd ) , the forward hull armor was removed to make her less bow heavy , one group of boilers was converted to oil @-@ firing and two 1 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 4 ft 11 in ) high @-@ angle rangefinders were added for the AA guns . The ship resumed her position as flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet in October after her refit was completed , but Provence assumed that role in October 1927 when Bretagne began another refit to repair her boilers . The navy took the opportunity to upgrade her fire @-@ control systems ; replacing her Vickers system with a French Chamond @-@ Granat model , adding a 4 @.@ 57 @-@ meter ( 15 ft 0 in ) rangefinder at the top of the foremast and another on the conning tower .
Bretagne was modernized in 1931 – 32 ; her torpedo tubes and four more 138 mm guns were removed while four more 75 mm anti @-@ aircraft guns were added . In 1934 , Bretagne and Provence were assigned to the 2nd Squadron in the Atlantic . There , they joined fleet exercises off the Azores , Madeira , and Morocco . The two ships took part in a cruise to Africa in 1936 . In August , they were involved in non @-@ intervention patrols after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War ; these patrols lasted until April 1937 .
= = = World War II = = =
At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , Bretagne was based in Toulon . At the time , Italy remained neutral , so there was no immediate threat for the Mediterranean Fleet . In December , Bretagne covered convoy traffic in the Atlantic . On 4 December , she and Provence , along with the cruisers Colbert , Dupleix , and Primauguet and several destroyers and submarines operated out of Dakar . Around the middle of the month , the task force began to return to the Mediterranean . After returning to Toulon , Bretagne underwent an extensive overhaul , which lasted until 3 March 1940 . On 11 March , she left France carrying 1 @,@ 820 boxes of gold bars from the French treasury along with the cruiser Algérie , which carried another 1 @,@ 179 boxes . They arrived in Halifax on 10 April . On the return voyage , they escorted two American merchant ships carrying 82 aircraft bought by France and arrived at Toulon on 10 April . On 27 April , Bretagne and her two sisters were transferred to Alexandria . Bretagne and Provence returned to Mers El Kébir on 18 May .
= = = = Loss = = = =
Following the French surrender on 22 June , the French fleet was to be disarmed under German and Italian supervision , under the terms of the Armistice . The British high command , however , was concerned that the French ships would be seized by the Axis powers and placed in service . The Axis navies would then outnumber the British Royal Navy . Prime Minister Winston Churchill therefore ordered Vice Admiral James Somerville , the commander of Force H , to neutralize the French fleet at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir . He was instructed to order the French vessels to join the British with the Free French , surrender for internment , to scuttle themselves , or be sunk . On 3 July , Somerville arrived and delivered the ultimatum ; the French rejected it , and so the British ships opened fire .
Bretagne was hit by four 15 @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) projectiles from HMS Hood , HMS Resolution , and HMS Valiant ( no ship is especially credited for ) . The two first shells strucked simultaneously at the third British salvo . The first one hit the ship below the waterline under the turret IV , igniting some 340mm shells and triggering a massive explosion . The deflagration blew up bulkheads and watertights doors , and set all the stern ablaze , killing about 350 sailors . In the meantime , the massive hole on the starboard side of the ship allowed a massive amount of water ( estimated at a rate of 300 tons per minute ) to pour in . This flooding prevented the complete destruction of the ship : it limited the fire around the aft 340mm magazines , which were now opened to the air .
The second shell struck above the waterline , in the aft engine room , killing all the sailors inside and damaged the internal communication system of the ship .
Seven minutes later , two other high @-@ caliber shells struck the Bretagne at the same time . The first one detonated at the base of the tripod mast , igniting some ready @-@ to @-@ use anti @-@ aircraft projectiles which were stored in lockers next to the anti @-@ aircraft mounts . The second one went through the central 138mm casemate , exploding deep inside the ship . A huge fire started , with leaking oil burning next to the ship . In about thirty seconds , the ship rolled over while a massive explosion occurred .
The sinking caused the loss of 977 of her crew , the vast majority of the 1 @,@ 147 French naval personnel killed in the attack . Some initial salvaging work was done in the aftermath of the attack , but the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942 interrupted the work . Because she was an impediment to the work of extension of the military harbor ( which was now a full military complex with anti @-@ atomic bunkers ) ; Bretagne ultimately was salvaged from 1952 to 1954 . The hull was cut in to big parts , which were raised and scrapped ashore .
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= Colorado @-@ class battleship =
The Colorado @-@ class battleships were a group of four battleships built by the United States Navy after World War I. However , only three of the ships were completed : Colorado , Maryland , and West Virginia . The fourth , Washington , was over 75 % completed when she was canceled under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922 . As such , the Colorado @-@ class ships were the last and most powerful battleships built by the US Navy until the North Carolina class entered service on the eve of World War II .
The Colorados were the final group of Standard @-@ type battleships , designed to have similar speed and handling to simplify maneuvers with the line of battle . ( The South Dakota class which was to follow would in several ways have been a departure from this practice . ) Apart from an upgrade in striking power to eight 16 @-@ inch guns , the ships were essentially repeats of the earlier Tennessee class . The Colorados were also the last American capital ships built with four turrets and twin @-@ mounted guns . The change to larger guns was prompted by the Japanese Nagato @-@ class battleships , which also mounted eight 16 @-@ inch guns .
All three ships had extensive careers during World War II . Maryland and West Virginia were both present during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 . Maryland escaped relatively unscathed ; West Virginia was sunk in the shallow waters of the harbor but subsequently raised and repaired . All three ships served as artillery support ships during amphibious operations . Maryland and West Virginia were present at the last surface action between battleships , the Battle of Surigao Strait during the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944 . The three ships , put into the reserve fleet after the end of the war , were scrapped by the late 1950s .
= = Design = =
The construction of battleships armed with 16 @-@ inch guns was envisioned by the United States Navy General Board and Bureau of Construction and Repair ( C & R ) as early as 1913 , as the upgrade in gun caliber promised twice the kinetic energy of the 12 @-@ inch gun then in service and half again as much as the 14 @-@ inch gun then being introduced . This weapon dominated the design of battleships between 1913 and 1916 , just as the 14 @-@ inch gun had dictated designs from 1908 to 1910 . However , while the General Board approved the 16 @-@ inch gun as early as 1911 , the secretary of the navy felt that a move to a new gun caliber might make capital ships still on the drawing board obsolete . For this reason , he restricted the Bureau of Ordnance to proceed no further than blueprints for the new gun as a hedge against foreign developments . He finally approved construction of this gun in October 1912 and the weapon was test fired successfully in August 1914 . This success , along with the unofficial news in several naval publications of 15- and 16 @-@ inch weapons being adopted by Britain , Italy , Germany and Japan , the Board considered abandoning construction of the Pennsylvania class in favor of an up @-@ gunned design . Such a move meant an increase of 8 @,@ 000 tons per ship , twice as much as the jump from the Nevadas to the Pennsylvanias . Debate continued for the next three years . Each year , President Woodrow Wilson 's secretary of the navy , Josephus Daniels , balked at the potential increase in cost and ordered instead that the design features of Standard Class be upheld . Daniels finally compromised with the 1917 design battleships by allowing their armament to be upgraded . This , however , was to be the only substantial change to be allowed .
The design of the Colorado class , therefore , was taken from the preceding Tennessee class ; other than the notable improvement of eight 16 in ( 410 mm ) / 45 caliber in four dual turrets taking the place of the Tennessee @-@ class 's twelve 14 in ( 360 mm ) / 50 caliber guns in four triple gun turrets , there was not a major difference between the two designs . Likewise , the Tennessees were the results of modifications to the New Mexico class , which had been the most modern US capital ships to see service in World War I and had attracted the attention of British constructors both serving with and outside C & R. This similarity would carry over into the Lexington and South Dakota classes as the United States Navy increasingly standardized its capital ship designs . This was partly the result of wartime experience , when over 250 destroyers and more than 450 submarine chasers had to be built quickly for service in the North Atlantic . The U.S. Navy had done this by a process almost akin to the assembly line , sticking to one basic design per class with a maximum amount of standardization and rationalization . Since the Naval Act of 1916 meant the imminent construction of 16 battleships and six battlecruisers , it was necessary to streamline production to save time and labor .
Nevertheless , while US battleships were standardized as much as possible , design improvements were incorporated whenever possible . Most of the changes in the Tennessees were incorporated prior to any of their keels being laid . However , plans for the underwater protection — the ships ' main defense against torpedoes and shells that fell short of the ship but traveled through the water to hit underneath the waterline — could not be worked out in time . The problem was that tests in caissons — experiments that would eventually prove that a series of compartments divided between being filled with liquid and being left empty would be a very effective defense against torpedoes — were not yet complete . In order to commence construction of the ships as soon as possible , bids sent out to shipbuilding corporations noted that if they were selected to build the ships , an alteration to the design of the ships three months after their keels were laid must be allowed .
= = = General characteristics = = =
The Colorados were extremely similar overall to the Tennessees , with a 624 @-@ foot ( 190 m ) overall length and a beam at the waterline of 97 feet ( 30 m ) . They displaced 32 @,@ 600 long tons ( 33 @,@ 100 t ) at normal load and 33 @,@ 590 long tons ( 34 @,@ 130 t ) at deep load and had a draft of 30 @.@ 5 feet ( 9 @.@ 3 m ) . Like the Tennessees , they were designed with a clipper bow to make the ships dryer in rough weather . One improvement over previous classes was the location of the secondary battery in the superstructure rather than the upper hull , where it had proved to be excessively wet .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Turbo @-@ electric transmission , which had been used in the prior class , was retained here . Advantages included the ability for the turbines to run at optimum speed without regard to propeller speed , which led to greater fuel economy and range , and an easier sub @-@ division of machinery , which increased the ships ' ability to withstand torpedo hits . Each of the four propeller shafts was powered by a 5 @,@ 424 kilowatt electric motor , fed by two two @-@ phase turbo generators ( General Electric for Maryland , Westinghouse for Colorado and West Virginia ) rated at 5 @,@ 000 volts ) . Eight oil @-@ fired Babcock & Wilcox water @-@ tube boilers , each in its individual compartment , provided steam for the generators . Altogether , the ships ' power plant was rated at 28 @,@ 900 electrical horsepower ( EHP ) to provide a flank speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . With a maximum bunker capacity of 4570 tons , the Colorados ' range without refueling at sea was 10 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 19 @,@ 000 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) .
= = = Armament = = =
= = = = Main guns = = = =
The Colorado class was armed with eight 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) / 45 caliber Mark 1 guns , which fired a 2 @,@ 100 @-@ pound ( 950 kg ) armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 600 feet per second ( 790 m / s ) and a rate of about 1 @.@ 5 rounds per minute to a range of 34 @,@ 300 yards ( 31 @,@ 400 m ) at a maximum turret elevation of 30 degrees . Development of this weapon had begun in August 1913 , using a bored @-@ out and relined 13 @-@ inch ( 330 mm ) Mark 2 gun , with the promise of twice the muzzle energy of the 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) / 50 caliber Mark 7 guns and 50 percent more than the 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) / 45 caliber weapon used on the Nevada @-@ class battleships . After an initial proof firing in July 1914 and minor changes , the 16 @-@ inch Mark 1 was re @-@ proved in May 1916 and production approved in January 1917 . When the Colorados were modernized in the 1930s , these guns were rebuilt per standard navy practice and redesignated 16 @-@ inch / 45 ( 40 @.@ 6 cm ) Mark 5 and Mark 8 .
= = = = Secondary guns = = = =
Fourteen 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 51 caliber Mark 15 guns were installed to defend against enemy destroyers . This was reduced to 12 in 1922 . The Mark 15 fired a 50 @-@ pound ( 23 kg ) shell at a velocity of 3 @,@ 150 feet per second ( 960 m / s ) to a maximum range of 14 @,@ 400 yards ( 13 @,@ 200 m ) at 45 degrees at a rate of seven rounds per minute and was extremely accurate , with a danger space longer than the range to the target for distances less than 3 @,@ 000 yards ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) . As in the New Mexico and Tennessee classes , these were mounted in unarmored casemates on the main deck , one deck higher than in previous classes , to allow them to be manned in heavy weather if necessary .
In 1942 , the Mark 15 guns were replaced on West Virginia with sixteen 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 38 caliber Mark 12 dual @-@ purpose guns in twin turrets . On Maryland and Colorado ten Mark 15s were retained and augmented with eight 5 in / 38 cal Mark 12s in single mountings with protective shields ; the twin turrets planned and later installed were at that time in short supply . The Mark 12 fired a 55 @.@ 18 @-@ pound ( 25 @.@ 03 kg ) shell to a maximum range of 17 @,@ 392 yards ( 15 @,@ 903 m ) and a maximum elevation of 37 @,@ 200 feet ( 11 @,@ 300 m ) at an elevation of 45 degrees . They had a high rate of fire due to their being hand @-@ loaded but power @-@ rammed and their capability for easy loading at any angle of elevation . The introduction of proximity @-@ fused anti @-@ aircraft shells in 1943 made the 5 in / 38 even more potent in this capacity .
= = = = Anti @-@ aircraft guns = = = =
Four 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) / 23 caliber guns were mounted initially for anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defense . This was increased to eight guns in 1922 . These guns fired a 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 650 feet per second ( 500 m / s ) to a maximum range of 8 @,@ 800 yards ( 8 @,@ 000 m ) and ceiling of 18 @,@ 000 feet ( 5 @,@ 500 m ) at an elevation of 45 @.@ 3 degrees and a rate of between eight and nine rounds per minute . These weapons were replaced in 1928 @-@ 9 with the same number of 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) / 25 caliber guns , the first Navy gun designed specifically for AA use . They fired a 54 @-@ pound ( 24 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 155 feet per second ( 657 m / s ) at a rate of between 15 and 20 rounds per minute to a maximum range of 14 @,@ 500 yards ( 13 @,@ 300 m ) at an elevation of 45 degrees and a ceiling of 27 @,@ 400 feet ( 8 @,@ 400 m ) at a maximum elevation of 85 degrees . These guns were supplemented with eleven 28 mm machine guns in 1937 @-@ 8 .
In 1942 , the air defense system on these ships was overhauled completely . In addition to her 5 in / 38s , they carried sixteen Bofors 40 mm guns in quad mounts and up to thirty @-@ two Oerlikon 20 mm cannons in single mounts . The quad 40 mm Bofors fired a 1 @.@ 985 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 900 kg ) at a rate of 120 rounds per minute per barrel nominal , 140 to 160 rounds per minute when horizontal ( gravity assist ) , to a maximum range of 11 @,@ 133 yards ( 10 @,@ 180 m ) at 45 degrees and a ceiling of 22 @,@ 299 feet ( 6 @,@ 797 m ) . The 20 mm Oerlikons fired a 0 @.@ 271 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 123 kg ) shell at an average muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 725 feet per second ( 831 m / s ) and a practical rate of between 250 and 320 rounds per minute to a maximum range of 4 @,@ 800 yards ( 4 @,@ 400 m ) at 45 degrees and a ceiling of 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) .
A second overhaul of AA defense was made between 1944 and 1945 , as the Navy had found 20 mm shells too light to stop Japanese kamikaze planes ; this plus the higher approach speeds of these planes made these manually controlled guns obsolete . In their place , more quad 40 mm Bofors mounts were fitted . Maryland eventually carried forty quad 40 mm and eighteen 20 mm guns . Colorado 's quad 40s were increased to forty but she kept all her 20 mm guns . West Virginia carried forty quad 40 mm and fifty 20 mm. guns .
= = = Armor and underwater protection = = =
The " all or nothing " armor scheme introduced in the Nevada @-@ class battleships was continued here , as throughout the Standard @-@ type warships , with armor suite virtually identical to the preceding Tennessee class . The exception was an increase in belt armor near vital machinery to 16 inches ( 410 mm ) to correspond with the increased main gun caliber . Otherwise , the minimum thickness along the belt remained 14 inches ( 360 mm ) . Upper deck armor was 3 @.@ 6 inches ( 91 mm ) initially and was later increased to 4 @.@ 1 inches ( 100 mm ) . Lower deck armor ranged between 2 @.@ 25 and 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 57 and 38 mm ) and was also presumably strengthened during conversion .
As with the Tennessees , the Colorados were modernized in the 1930s to improve their staying power . A new underwater protection scheme featured five compartments separated by armored bulkheads.75 inches ( 19 mm ) thick on either side of the ship : an outer empty one , three filled , and an empty inner one . In addition , the eight boilers were moved from their location in previous designs and placed in separate spaces to port and starboard of the turboelectric power plant . This arrangement formed another line of defense , which would allow the ship to sail if one or even an entire side of boilers was incapacitated . A consequence was the chief aesthetic change between the New Mexicos and Tennessees : the single large funnel of the former was replaced by two smaller funnels in the latter .
Other improvements imported from the Tennessee class included an attempt to move the forward torpedo room away from the 16 @-@ inch gun magazines , as the room was viewed as vulnerable . Also , the design called for the use of external , rather than internal , belt armor so that a " break in the continuity of the side structure " would not exist , which would minimize drag in the water and any corresponding waste of power .
= = Class history = =
With fiscal year 1917 appropriations , bids on the four Colorados were opened on 18 October 1916 ; though Maryland 's keel was laid on 24 April 1917 , the other three battleships were not until 1919 – 1920 . With the cancellation of the first South Dakota class , the Colorados were the last U.S. battleships to enter service for nearly two decades . They were also the final U.S. battleships to use twin gun turrets — the North Carolinas and second South Dakota classes had nine 16 @-@ inch / 45 caliber guns and the Iowas used nine 16 in / 50 caliber in three triple turrets .
= = = Inter @-@ war modernization = = =
Plans for modernization of the Tennessee and Colorado classes were made in October 1931 , in part to take advantage of loopholes in the Washington Naval Treaty . While reconstruction under this treaty was allowed only to increase protection from air and underwater attack , it could include improvements in fire control and increased elevation for main armament as these items were not listed in the treaty . Also , any changes made inside the hull could be justified as meant to increase protection , even if the outcome meant increased speed or longer operational range , since the term " blister " had been specified to limit changes only outside the hull , such as main armor belt thickness and main gun caliber . Modifications to the secondary battery were also outside the purview of the Washington Treaty .
Included in initial plans was some protection against chemical shells which contained poisonous gas , although the General Board stated in the late 1920s that decontaminating a battleship hit with these shells would not be possible — the ship would have to be scuttled . Also , the deck armor was to be bolstered with 80 lb ( 36 kg ) -special treatment steel ( STS ) — which would add 1 @,@ 319 long tons ( 1 @,@ 340 t ; 1 @,@ 477 short tons ) to the displacement of the ships — the armor on the tops of the main turrets was to be made thicker , fire controls were to be improved with the latest technology , and new shells for the main guns were to be designed . Two , later four , 1 @.@ 1 " / 75 caliber machine cannons were to be added , and all of the machinery in place would be removed in favor of newer equipment so that the ships would not lose any speed with the great increase in weight . Blisters were also to be installed to improve buoyancy but not to increase the ships ' beams any greater than 106 feet ( 32 m ) so they could still use the Panama Canal when transferring from the Atlantic to the Pacific and vice verse . These improvements were estimated to cost about $ 15 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 per ship ( $ 71 @,@ 723 @,@ 000 total ) . However , with the country in the throes of the Great Depression , not much money was available for the Navy . Savings of $ 26 @,@ 625 @,@ 000 could be realized by reconditioning the propulsion machinery rather than replacing it , which would lower the ships ' speed . Adding protection against chemical shells could be dropped , along with development of the new shells . Nevertheless , the cost @-@ saving elements of the later proposal were later dropped . The Navy asked the Secretary of the Navy to request money in the fiscal year 1933 to modernize the two classes from Congress , but the depression worsened . Although proposals for modifications were still made , plans were put on hold and never carried out .
In the beginning of 1934 , the Bureau of Construction and Repair proposed that the " Big Five " — the two Tennessees and three Colorados — be fitted with anti @-@ torpedo bulges so that the ships could benefit from increased buoyancy ; because of , among other factors , the normal procedure of leaving port with the maximum amount of fuel possible on board , the five ships were quite overweight and rode low in the water . For example , in June 1935 , Tennessee had a normal operating displacement of 38 @,@ 200 long tons ( 38 @,@ 800 t ; 42 @,@ 800 short tons ) — more than 2 @,@ 000 long tons ( 2 @,@ 000 t ; 2 @,@ 200 short tons ) above the maximum emergency load her original design called for . This made her draft higher — meaning that the ship 's waterline was down 5 ft 4 in ( 1 @,@ 630 mm ) . Construction and Repair called for a bulge on the Colorados that would displace about 2 @,@ 000 long tons ( 2 @,@ 000 t ; 2 @,@ 200 short tons ) and raise the ships ' draft by 20 in ( 510 mm ) . Installing these would be a year 's worth of work , with each ship spending six months of that in a dry dock — the first month docked so that the hull shape could be determined , the next six sailing while the bulge was built , and the last five back in the dock so it could be added to the ship .
Three years later ( 1937 ) , the various Navy bureaus held a joint meeting to discuss a possible partial modernization of the Tennessee 's and Colorado 's . They were much different than the changes proposed in 1933 ; there were no provisions for extra deck armor , but many additions and replacements . To gain space for newer fire control systems , the ships were to be reboilered . The main and secondary battery fire controls were to be replaced , including new rangefinders and plotting room instruments for the main , while new Mark 33 anti @-@ aircraft fire control directors were planned . The mainmast and M2 Browning machine guns would be removed , and studies of the feasibility of a torpedo bulge , the addition of which Construction and Repair believed to be paramount , which would increase the beam to 108 ft ( 33 m ) and displacement to 39 @,@ 600 long tons ( 40 @,@ 200 t ; 44 @,@ 400 short tons ) . Varying plans for these were complete by October 1938 . None was a full reconstruction ; costs ranged from $ 8 @,@ 094 @,@ 000 to $ 38 @,@ 369 @,@ 000 per ship . However , as the money for the improvements would lessen the amount available for new battleship construction , and these would be better than even reconstructed old battleship , the Secretary of the Navy rejected these plans in November . Congress did appropriate $ 6 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 in 1939 for some of these improvements , including the bulges .
= = = World War II changes = = =
With the beginning of World War II in Europe , the Navy began to apply lessons learned by the British to U.S. ships . The King Board of 1940 – 1941 proposed sweeping changes to the secondary armament of the battleships to increase their defense against air attacks . These included the removal of all 5 in ( 130 mm ) / 25 caliber guns and 5 in / 51 in favor of the dual @-@ purpose 5 in / 38 , the addition of six quadruple 1 @.@ 1 in ( 28 mm ) machine cannons , and the cutting away of superstructure to clear arcs of fire for the new anti @-@ aircraft weapons . An ultimate secondary battery of sixteen 5 in / 38 in dual mounts , sixteen Bofors 40 mm in quadruple mounts and eight single Oerlikon 20 mm was called for by the board in 1941 , although they were not certain the ships could handle the added weight and it would take a large amount of time in dry dock for these modifications to take place . With these concerns , an interim measure of four 1 @.@ 1 in guns was proposed by the board ; however , the gun was not being produced in any great number very quickly , so a second interim solution was implemented . 3 in ( 76 mm ) / 50 caliber guns were added to all of the U.S. ' battleships except for Arizona and Nevada by June 1941 ; these were replaced on the three battleships in the Atlantic by the 1 @.@ 1 in by November — they received them first because they were closer to a war zone .
As these modifications were carried out upon the various battleships , much additional weight was added onto the already overweight ships , forcing torpedo bulges to be added so that a decent freeboard could be maintained . These would cost $ 750 @,@ 000 and around three or four months in a dry dock . The King Board suggested that the deck armor be bolstered and 5 in / 38 dual @-@ purpose guns be added , but the Chief of Naval Operations decreed that any major changes such as these had to wait due to the wars raging around the world at the time . The addition of bulges , however , was approved for the " Big Five " , with each ship spending three months in dry dock at the Puget Sound Naval Yard . Maryland would be first ( 17 February 1941 to 20 May ) , followed by West Virginia ( 10 May to 8 August ) , Colorado ( 28 July to 28 October ) , Tennessee ( 19 January 1942 to 21 April ) and California ( 16 March to 16 June ) . However , the estimates for how long the addition of bulges would take were too low ; Puget Sound believed that they could complete work on Maryland in 123 calendar days ( about four months ) — if the work would be given a priority equal to that of Saratoga 's refit and higher than new construction .
Only two of the ships had bulges added to them through this program , Maryland ( completed 1 August 1941 ) and Colorado ( 26 February 1942 ) ; the attack on Pearl Harbor interrupted the refits intended for West Virginia and the two Tennessees . The surprise strike did not touch Colorado , which was at Puget Sound , and did not hurt Maryland very badly ; however , West Virginia was severely damaged and needed a major refit at minimum .
Little to no major modifications were made to the two active Colorados in the opening months of the U.S. ' s entry into the war ; all of the battleships in the Pacific Fleet had a constant order to be ready to sail within 48 hours in case of a Japanese attempt to invade Hawaii or the West Coast and could not be spared for any major yard work . Colorado was hurried through the rest of her refit with the addition of essential items like radar , splinter protection , 14 Oerlikon 20 mm and four 1 @.@ 1 in light anti @-@ aircraft guns ; Maryland received a similar treatment later , the only difference being 16 20 mm 's and no 1 @.@ 1 in . Although tower masts were constructed for Colorado and Maryland and a majority of the old cage masts were cut down by the ships ' crews in the beginning of 1942 , the ships could not be spared the time needed to install the new masts . The tower masts were placed into storage and not used until early 1944 .
Colorado and Maryland were greatly needed in the war zone , and as such did not undergo a major refit until 1944 , although minor additions and removals , mainly to the anti @-@ aircraft weaponry , were made in @-@ between . Throughout the war , both ships saw their anti @-@ aircraft battery changed constantly . Beginning in 1942 , they carried eight 5 in / 25 , four quadruple @-@ mounted 1 @.@ 1 in guns , a greatly varying number of 20 mm , and eight .50 caliber machine guns . In June 1942 , Colorado had fourteen 20 mm ; just five months later , this was upped to twenty @-@ two , with thirty @-@ six temporarily approved for a later time . By February 1943 , both Colorado and Maryland had two more quad 1 @.@ 1 in added ( for a total of 6 ) and forty @-@ eight total 20 mm ; a month later she was given an additional ten .50 caliber machine guns . November 1943 saw the removal of two of the single @-@ purpose 5 in / 51 , the six quad 1 @.@ 1 in , and a small number of 20 mm ( six in Colorado , eight in Maryland ) in favor of thirty @-@ two Bofors 40 mm — six quad and two twin .
Both ships finally underwent major refits in 1944 . Here the remaining cage masts were taken off in favor of the tower masts , the two twin 40 mm replaced by quads , a quadruple 20 mm added , and a new radar fitted . Although more extensive refits were proposed by Admiral Ernest J. King , including the addition of eight twin 5 in / 38 , more advanced fire control systems , and a second protective deck plating , the Bureau of Ships , after demonstrating what would have to be removed as compensation for the weight added for King 's ideas , counter @-@ proposed that a smaller reconstruction , like the ones given to the New Mexico class , would be more desirable . However , no action was taken until Maryland was struck by a kamikaze aircraft . While undergoing repair , eight twin 5 in / 38 were added , but nothing else ; her conning tower was removed and replaced by a 50 lb ( 23 kg ) special @-@ treated steel structure to balance the additional weight of the 5 in guns .
= = Ships in class = =
= = = USS Colorado = = =
USS Colorado ( BB @-@ 45 ) was the third ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 38th state . Her keel was laid down on 29 May 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden , New Jersey . She was launched on 22 March 1921 and commissioned on 30 August 1923 , Captain R. R. Belknap in command . During her career , Colorado was involved in various ceremonies and fleet exercises , and assisted Long Beach residents following an earthquake there in 1933 . In 1937 , she was one of several ships that searched for Amelia Earhart after her plane went missing . Colorado was at Puget Sound at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 .
She returned to Pearl Harbor April 1942 . From November 1942 to September 1943 she was stationed in the South West Pacific . In November 1943 , Colorado participated in operations against the Japanese during both the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and Mariana and Palau Islands campaign , and she shelled Luzon and Okinawa in advance of the planned amphibious assaults there . Following World War II Colorado participated in Operation Magic Carpet before being decommissioned in 1947 . She was sold for scrap in 1957 .
= = = USS Maryland = = =
USS Maryland ( BB @-@ 46 ) was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the seventh state . Her keel was laid down 24 April 1917 by Newport News Shipbuilding Company of Newport News , Virginia . She was launched on 20 March 1920 and commissioned on 21 July 1921 , with Captain C.F. Preston in command . During her career she made a goodwill voyage to Australia and New Zealand in 1925 , and transported President @-@ elect Herbert Hoover on the Pacific leg of his tour of Latin America in 1928 . Throughout the 1920s and 1930s , she served as a mainstay of fleet readiness through tireless training operations .
In 1940 , Maryland changed her base of operations to Pearl Harbor . She was present at Battleship Row along Ford Island during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 . Damaged during the attack , Maryland reported to the Puget Sound Navy Yard , where she was repaired and modernized . Maryland supported the amphibious landings during the Battle of Tarawa , and thereafter participated in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign , the Battle of Peleliu , the Philippines Campaign , and the Battle of Okinawa . Following the end of World War II Maryland participated in Operation Magic Carpet before decommissioning in 1947 . She was sold for scrap in 1959 .
= = = USS Washington = = =
USS Washington ( BB @-@ 47 ) was the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 42nd state . Her keel was laid down on 30 June 1919 at Camden , New Jersey , by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation . She was launched on 1 September 1921 , but on 8 February 1922 , two days after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armaments , all construction work ceased on the 75 @.@ 9 % completed dreadnought .
The ship was towed out in November 1924 to be used as a gunnery target . On the first day of testing , the ship was hit by two 400 @-@ pound ( 180 kg ) torpedoes and three 1 short ton ( 0 @.@ 91 t ) near @-@ miss bombs with minor damage and a list of three degrees . On that day , the ship had 400 pounds of TNT detonated on board , but she remained afloat . Two days later , the ship was hit by fourteen 14 @-@ inch ( 360 mm ) shells dropped from 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) , but only one penetrated . The ship was finally sunk by the battleships New York and Texas with fourteen 14 in shells . After the test , it was decided that the existing deck armor on battleships was inadequate , and that future battleships should be fitted with triple bottoms .
= = = USS West Virginia = = =
USS West Virginia ( BB @-@ 48 ) was the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 35th state . Her keel was laid down on 12 April 1920 by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Newport News , Virginia . She was launched on 17 November 1921 and commissioned on 1 December 1923 , Captain Thomas J. Senn in command . Despite a grounding incident early in her career West Virginia received high acclaim for gunnery and armor protection , and was involved in exercises to test the defenses of the Hawaiian Islands in the 1930s . On the morning of 7 December 1941 , West Virginia sustained heavy damage , but thanks in large part to counter flooding orders the battleship sank at her berth on an even keel , which is similar to that of California . Resurrected from the mud on 17 May 1942 , West Virginia received enough patchwork to sail for Washington State ; she entered Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in 1942 for repairs and modernization .
In July 1944 she emerged from her repairs and overhaul , and set out to rejoin the Pacific Fleet for combat operations . She joined the fleet on the eve of the Philippines Campaign . There she participated in the Battle of Surigao Strait , the last battleship vs battleship duel of World War II , where her new Mk . 8 fire @-@ control radar allowed her to hit the Yamashiro with her first salvo - in the dark - at 22 @,@ 800 yards ( 20 @,@ 800 m ) . In February 1945 West Virginia participated in the Battle of Iwo Jima , initially by preinvasion bombardment , and later by callfire support for the ground forces on the island . Her last combat operations were during the Battle of Okinawa ; after the surrender of Japan , she was called upon to participate in Operation Magic Carpet . Decommissioned in 1947 , she was sold for scrapping in 1959 .
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= Kuala Terengganu =
Kuala Terengganu ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈkuˈala ˈtəˈrengˈganu ] Jawi : كوالا ترڠڬانو , Chinese : 瓜拉登嘉楼 ; pinyin : Guālādīngjiānú ) colloquially abbreviated as K.T. ) is the administrative capital , royal capital , district and the main economic centre of Terengganu , Malaysia . Kuala Terengganu is also the administrative centre for the eponymous district of Kuala Terengganu . Kuala Terengganu is located about 440 kilometres northeast of Kuala Lumpur on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia . The city is situated at the estuary of Terengganu River , facing the South China Sea .
As a district , Kuala Terengganu is the smallest in terms of area , but it ( together with the district of Kuala Nerus that form the city area ) has the largest population in Terengganu with a population of 406 @,@ 317 in 2010 . City status was awarded to Kuala Terengganu with the title Bandaraya Warisan Pesisir Air ( English : Coastal Heritage City ) on 1 January 2008 .
Besides being a major political and economic centre to the state , the city is also the main gateway to many of the state 's tourist destinations . The attractions in and around the city include Kampung Cina , Pasar Besar Kedai Payang , Terengganu State Museum , and Batu Buruk Beach . Even though the city is not spared from modernity and development , Kuala Terengganu still retains strong Malay influences that are intermixed with other cultures from its long history as a port .
= = Etymology = =
In Malay , kuala can have the meanings of " river mouth " , " estuary " , or " confluence " . Thus , the name Kuala Terengganu is roughly translated as " the confluence / estuary of Terengganu " , referring to the broad expanse of the Terengganu River estuary which empties into the South China Sea . There are several theories regarding the name Terengganu . One such theory attributes the name 's origin to terang ganu , Malay for ' bright rainbow ' . Another story , which is considered to be the most popular version , is said to have been originally narrated by the ninth Sultan of Terengganu , Baginda Omar . It tells of a party of hunters from Pahang roving and hunting in the area of what is now southern Terengganu . One of the hunters spotted a big animal fang lying on the ground . A fellow party member asked to which animal did the fang belong . The hunter , not knowing which animal , simply answered taring anu ( Malay : ' fang of something ' ) . The party later returned to Pahang with a rich hoard of game , fur and sandalwood , which impressed their neighbours . They asked the hunters where did they source their riches , to which they replied , from the land of taring anu , which later evolved into Terengganu .
= = History = =
Among the earliest references of Terengganu are in Chinese historical sources . A Chinese writer ’ s note during the Sui dynasty has mentioned about a state named Tan @-@ Tan that sent tributes to China . The state was presumably located somewhere in Terengganu . Tan @-@ Tan sent tributes to Sui dynasty and then to the Tang dynasty after Sui dynasty has collapsed . It ceased to send tributes to China after it came under the dominance of the Srivijaya during the 7th century . Chinese history books such as Ling @-@ wai @-@ dai @-@ da ( 嶺外代答 ) written by Zhou Qufei ( 周去非 ) in 1178 and the book Zhu fan zhi ( also romanised as Chu @-@ fanchi ) written by Zhao Rugua ( 趙汝适 ; also romanised as Chau Ju @-@ Kua ) in 1226 mentioned Teng @-@ ya @-@ nu and Teng @-@ ya @-@ nung respectively , as being a vassal state of San @-@ fo @-@ ts ’ i ( 三佛齊 ) , which is thought to be Srivijaya . After Srivijaya fell during the 13th century , Terengganu came under the influence of Majapahit . In the 15th century , Majapahit was vying with Ayutthaya Kingdom and the nascent Malacca Sultanate for the control of the Malay Peninsula . Malacca Sultanate prevailed and Terengganu then came under its influence . When the Malacca Sultanate fell in 1511 to the Portuguese , the newly established Sultanate of Johor exerted its influence on most of the former territories of the Malacca Sultanate , including Terengganu . Terengganu was briefly under the influence of the Aceh Sultanate during the early 17th century , but Johor managed to exert its influence again on Terengganu in the late 17th century .
The present Sultanate of Terengganu was established in the 1708 . The first Sultan of Terengganu , Sultan Zainal Abidin I established his court near Kuala Berang , then he moved his court a few more times until he settled near Bukit Keledang , Kuala Terengganu . During the early 18th century , Kuala Terengganu was still a small town . It was described as having about one thousand houses that were scattered around the town . The Chinese were already present in Kuala Terengganu at that time . Half of the population were Chinese and they were engaged in agriculture and trading . After the death of Sultan Daud in 1831 , a brief civil war erupted between two claimants to the throne , namely Tengku Mansur and Tengku Omar . Tengku Omar was based at Bukit Puteri while Tengku Mansur was based at Balik Bukit . Tengku Omar was defeated by Tengku Mansur and he fled from Terengganu . Tengku Mansur became the next Sultan as Sultan Mansur II . His son , Sultan Muhammad succeeded him as the next Sultan after his death in 1837 . However , in 1839 , Tengku Omar returned to Terengganu with his entourage to reclaim the throne . He defeated Sultan Muhammad and forced Sultan Muhammad to flee . Tengku Omar reoccupied his fort at Bukit Puteri and was throned as the next Sultan , Sultan Omar .
In 1862 , ex @-@ Sultan of Riau @-@ Lingga , Sultan Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah went to Terengganu from Bangkok on a Siamese vessel . The British requested that the ex @-@ Sultan to be withdrawn because the British accused the ex @-@ Sultan and also the Sultan of Terengganu , Sultan Omar of supporting Wan Ahmad . Wan Ahmad had constantly attacked Pahang using Kemaman as his base and British trade there were disrupted by the constant attacks . The Siamese agreed to British request , but they have yet to follow through with their agreement . The Strait Settlements Governor , Sir Orfeur Cavenagh sent three ships , HMS Scout , HMS Coquette and a steamer Tonze to Kuala Terengganu , under the command of Captain Corbett , accompanied by Major MacPherson . They were sent with orders to compel the ex @-@ Sultan of Riau @-@ Lingga to be sent back by the British to Siam , and to call upon the Sultan to cease supporting Wan Ahmad . After the Sultan of Terengganu declined to surrender the ex @-@ Sultan to the British , the ships bombarded Kuala Terengganu . The Sultan of Terengganu and the ex @-@ Sultan had fled Kuala Terengganu during the bombardment . The ships then returned to Singapore . Kuala Terengganu was ravaged by a fire in 1882 . The fire that swept through Kuala Terengganu destroyed many buildings , including Green Palace ( Istana Hijau ) , the Sultan ’ s palace . Maziah Palace ( Istana Maziah ) was later built to replace the destroyed palace .
Kuala Terengganu continued to be Terengganu 's capital when it was still a vassal state of Siam and during the early years of British colonisation of Malaya . Terengganu fell under the administration of Britain through the Bangkok Treaty of 1909 and was forced to accept a resident " British advisor " . Terengganu , along with four other states were grouped under the term of Unfederated Malay States . British maintained its rule on Terengganu except during the Japanese occupation in World War II . In 1957 , Malaya achieved its independence , and subsequently in 1963 , Malaya , North Borneo ( now the state of Sabah ) , Sarawak , and Singapore merge to form Malaysia . On 18 January 1979 , Kuala Terengganu Municipal Council was established to oversee the development of the town . The Municipal Council was upgraded to Kuala Terengganu City Council on 1 January 2008 .
= = Governance = =
The city is administered by Kuala Terengganu City Council , which covers the whole area of Kuala Terengganu district . The district 's location at the estuary of Terengganu River divided the district into two parts , Kuala Terengganu Utara ( North Kuala Terengganu ) , now known as Kuala Nerus , and Kuala Terengganu Selatan ( South Kuala Terengganu ) , which is considered to be Kuala Terengganu proper . As the capital , the city is vital to the political and economic welfare of the state . It is the centre for the state and federal government agencies administration buildings , housing the offices of many ministries ' departments and governmental bodies , such as the Immigration and Customs Department , State Economic Planning Unit , Pos Malaysia Kuala Terengganu General Post Office , Terengganu State Library , and many others . As the administrative capital of Terengganu , the Legislative Assembly convenes at Wisma Darul Iman , the state secretariat building . Kuala Terengganu is also the royal capital of the state , being the site of the Sultan 's many palaces , for example Istana Badariah and Istana Maziah .
The Election Commission of Malaysia has divided Kuala Terengganu into two different parliament constituencies : P.35 for Kuala Nerus , and P.36 for Kuala Terengganu . There are four state assembly districts in each Parliament . They are :
P.35 – Kuala Nerus
N9 – Tepuh
N10 – Teluk Pasu
N11 – Seberang Takir
N12 – Bukit Tunggal
P.36 – Kuala Terengganu
N13 – Wakaf Mempelam
N14 – Bandar
N15 – Ladang
N16 – Batu Buruk
Kuala Terengganu was first designated as a local government area in 1928 through the Municipal and Health Enactment 1928 . At this time , the area only covered a small part of the current city border , specifically the historic core around the river mouth . The area , nevertheless , was enlarged slowly . In 1950 , the town was administrated by Kuala Terengganu Town Board under section 51 ( 1 ) , the Local Authority Election Ordinance 1950 . Like many other town boards at that time , the process of town planning was carried out according to the Town Board Enactment 1930 . Until 1979 , the town continued to be managed by Kuala Terengganu Town Board that governed an area of 5 @.@ 4 square miles ( 1 @,@ 398 @.@ 6 hectares ) , with a population of around 53 @,@ 300 people . Kuala Terengganu Municipal Council ( MPKT ) was established due to the development that spilled over to the areas outside the jurisdiction of the former Town Board . MPKT was established on 18 January 1979 under the enforcement of the Local Government Act 1976 . MPKT was created through the amalgamation of Kuala Terengganu Town Board and four local councils ( North KT , South KT , West KT , and Central KT ) with an area of 18 @,@ 712 hectares covering 21 mukim or sub @-@ districts , including some parts of Northern Kuala Terengganu .
On 1 January 1985 , the sub @-@ districts of Bukit Palos and Alor Limbat were removed from the Council and placed under the administration of Marang District Council . With these changes , the area under the Council 's administration was reduced to 16 @,@ 806 hectares . On 16 December 1996 , Kuala Terengganu Municipal Council was extended to cover the entire area of Kuala Terengganu district back then , including the resort island , Redang Island . With that , the number of the sub @-@ districts increased to 23 while the area increased dramatically to 60 @,@ 528 hectares . On 1 January 2008 , a declaration was made by the state government and Kuala Terengganu became the first city on the East Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia to achieve city status . Kuala Terengganu Municipal Council changed its name to Kuala Terengganu City Council ( MBKT ) to reflect the change of its status . On 18 September 2014 , the northern part of Kuala Terengganu ( formerly called as Northern Kuala Terengganu ) was declared as the state 's newest district with the name of Kuala Nerus . This however does not mean a creation of a new local government area as Kuala Nerus is still under the jurisdiction of MBKT .
As the local council for the districts of Kuala Terengganu and Kuala Nerus , and an agency under the Terengganu state government , MBKT is responsible for public health and sanitation , waste removal and management , town planning and beautification , environmental protection and building control , social , economic and tourism development , and general maintenance and constructions of urban infrastructure . The MBKT main headquarters is located at Menara Permint in Jalan Sultan Ismail . There are two districts that are administered by MBKT . They are Kuala Terengganu and Kuala Nerus . Kuala Nerus was formerly a part of Kuala Terengganu district , but on 18 September 2014 , the Malaysian Prime Minister , Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak declared this northern part of Kuala Terengganu district as the eighth and newest district in Terengganu state .
With a population or over 200 @,@ 000 and a size of 39 @,@ 890 hectares , it comprises a substantial part of the former larger Kuala Terengganu district . Significant development in the areas of higher education and housing projects have occurred there in contemporary times . The main population centres of Kuala Nerus include Manir and Batu Rakit . Among major education institutions located in this district are Universiti Malaysia Terengganu , Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin , The Institute of Teacher Education Dato Razali Ismail Campus and an industrial training institute . The Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin ( UniSZA ) Teaching Hospital is now under construction , thus providing this district with a new establishment . The Sultan Mahmud Airport is located within the district , as is the multipurpose Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium . Although Kuala Nerus and Kuala Terengganu are now two districts on their own , since both of them are under the administration of the same local government , this makes MBKT among the few local governments in Malaysia to manage two different districts .
The mukim or sub @-@ districts under MBKT are :
= = Geography = =
The eastern part of Terengganu district that faces the South China Sea is characterised by sandy coastal beaches that cover the entire stretch of both parts . Small bays and coastal plains can be found . The district is divided into four major drainage basins : Terengganu River basin , Nerus River basin , Ibai River basin , and other small rivers basin . Certain parts of the rivers of Kuala Terengganu are lined with swamp forests . Hills between 200 – 600 metres mostly dominate the western part of the district , with more than 70 % of the district made up of lowlands less than 20 metres high because of its geographical proximity to the coast . The city itself has a few high points with the highest being Bukit Besar , followed by Bukit Kecil . Bukit Puteri is centrally located in the city , just near the Terengganu River estuary . The lowlands provide the district with suitable areas for plantations such as paddy , palm oil trees , and rubber trees .
The Redang archipelago is a group of islands in which two , the main island of Redang and Pinang Island , are inhabited , and the other smaller islands are not ( Ling Island , Ekor Tebu Island , Lima Island , Paku Island , Paku Kecil Island , Kerengga Island , and Kerengga Kecil Island ) . The Redang Islands are located 45 kilometres away from Kuala Terengganu in the South China Sea . Together these islands contain around 500 species of corals and the thousands of fish and invertebrates . The islands are designated as a marine park in 1994 . In Malaysia , a marine park is established to protect and manage the marine ecosystem and give people the opportunities to enjoy the underwater heritage . The Redang Islands are composed mainly of granite and sedimentary rocks that are metamorphosed . The main river is Redang River .
= = = Climate = = =
As a part of Terengganu , Kuala Terengganu has a tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification ( Af ) with constant temperature and high humidity . The amount of rainfall varies according to the monsoon season . It is generally fairly hot and humid all year round , averaging from 28 ° C to 30 ° C in daytime and slightly cooler after dusk . Nevertheless , the sea breeze from South China Sea hsomehow moderates the humidity in offshore areas while the altitude and lush forest trees and plant has cooled the mountain and rural areas .
There are two main types of monsoons in the state . The southwest monsoon season is usually established in the later half of May or early June and ends in September . The prevailing wind flow is generally southwesterly and light , below 15 knots . The northeast monsoon season usually starts in early November and ends in March . During this season , steady easterly or northeasterly winds of 10 to 20 knots prevail . The winds over the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia may reach 30 knots or more during periods of strong surges of cold air from the north ( cold surges ) . The annual rainfall of this area is 2 @,@ 911 millimetres . During the northeast monsoon season , Kuala Terengganu , being exposed to the coast , receives heavy rainfall . It is not advised to visit any of the offshore islands or participating in sea activities as the sea can be very rough . However , in some clear sunny days during the monsoon season , surprisingly east coast is always presented with clear blue sky and cooling wind .
= = Demographics = =
= = = Ethnicity and religion = = =
In the 19th century , Thomas John Newbold , an English soldier working for the East India Company , estimated the population of Kuala Terengganu to be around 15 @,@ 000 to 20 @,@ 000 Malays with 600 Chinese , but it was presumably an overestimation . There were few brick buildings in the town . The principal brick buildings were a mosque and a custom house . Most of the houses were made of wood and thatch . The Chinese settlement in Kuala Terengganu , Kampung Cina , had become an old and established settlement . Most of the houses and shops in Kampung Cina were made of stone and brick . There were also a considerable number of Arabs and their descendant in Kuala Terengganu .
According to The Malaysian Census 2010 , Kuala Terengganu has a population of 406 @,@ 317 . The city population mainly consists of Malays with a population of 319 @,@ 813 . Chinese residents are the second biggest ethnic ( 11 @,@ 617 ) . Other residents include non @-@ Malaysian citizens ( 4 @,@ 326 ) , other Bumiputras ( 643 ) , Indians ( 867 ) and others ( 287 ) . The same census shows that the population of Kuala Terengganu by religion is 96 @.@ 9 % Muslim , 2 @.@ 5 % Buddhist , 0 @.@ 2 % Hindu , 0 @.@ 2 % Christian , and 0 @.@ 2 % follower of other religions , Sikhs or non @-@ religious . All Malays are Muslim . The Chinese of Kuala Terengganu are made up of Hokkien and they practised either Buddhism , Taoism or Christianity . A small number of Hindus and Sikhs also exist .
= = = Languages = = =
Terengganu Malay is the main lingua franca in the city and is spoken by the Malays in Kuala Terengganu and minority Kelantanese are also spoken , especially those who came from Besut , Setiu and Kelantan . The Chinese mostly use Hokkien with some using Teochew and Mandarin . Most Indians in Kuala Terengganu speak Tamil . Standard Malay and English are widely spoken and understood .
= = Economy = =
Kuala Terengganu was a major fishing port and one of the important trading ports in Malaya . The chief export commodities were coffee , gambier , gold , ivory , pepper and tin . They were mainly traded for rice , tobacco , cotton goods and opium .
The economic sector in Kuala Terengganu is mostly made up of small @-@ scale manufacturing industries such as the traditional textile making , local food industries , arts and craft factories , and agriculture , with most of them centred around residential areas or villages . There are two main industrial estates catered to bigger industries , one in Chendering and the other one in Gong Badak . Factories such as those that produce bricks or timber products are located further away from the main city areas . As the principal gateway for tourists to the state , tourism remains as one of economic source for Kuala Terengganu .
= = Public facilities and infrastructure = =
= = = Transportation = = =
= = = = Public transport = = = =
Transport facilities that are available in Kuala Terengganu include the taxicab and Kuala Terengganu Bus Terminal where the local bus services and interstate coaches to all major cities and towns in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore operate . There is a limited service tourist bus that plies back and forth to tourist areas such as the Nor Arfa batik outlet south of the city , and the jetty for ferries to the island resorts at Redang and Perhentian islands . Kuala Terengganu has its own special bus service known as Cas Ligas or Town Bus . The buses have the characteristics of a traditional old Malay house through the unique roof design to reflect the state cultural identity . The buses cover three lines in and out of the city . A token fare of MYR1 should be paid for each ride .
There are also trishaw services although this service is dying fast and is not as extensive as the ones in the states of Malacca and Penang . In Kuala Terengganu , pedestrian @-@ pulled rickshaws were gradually replaced by trishaws ( beca in Malay ) . Trishaws were ubiquitous up to the 1970s in cities . Since then , rapid urbanisation has increased demand for more efficient public transport , resulting in dwindling trishaw numbers . Today , trishaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction in Kuala Terengganu . The city 's only taxi rank stands nearby to the city 's bus terminal .
As with the rest of Terengganu , KTM does not serve Kuala Terengganu . Nevertheless numerous proposals have been drafted to connect Kuala Terengganu with Tumpat in Kelantan .
= = = = Land = = = =
The Sultan Mahmud Bridge , a three @-@ kilometre bridge over the Terengganu River , provides a road link between the two banks of the river ( connecting Kuala Nerus to Kuala Terengganu ) and Duyong Island . The city and suburbs are relatively easy to negotiate by car . Kuala Terengganu is connected to other towns via a good network of roads that are accessible from many major towns and cities in Peninsula Malaysia . The East Coast Expressway ( LPT ) E8 , which starts from Gombak until Kuala Terengganu , has shorten the time for travellers to drive from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia . It takes four hours to drive from Kuala Lumpur to reach the city via the LPT . Visitors can also drive to Kuala Terengganu by using the Federal Route 3 from Kuantan ( besides using the LPT ) , Kota Bharu , and Johor Bahru that offers a more scenic view of the coastline and villages . From the north of the peninsula , Kuala Terengganu is reachable via East @-@ West Highway 4 and Second East – West Highway 185 .
= = = = Air = = = =
An airport called Sultan Mahmud Airport ( IATA : TGG , ICAO : WMKN ) serving domestic and international routes is located 8 km ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) from the city centre , in Seberang Takir , Kuala Nerus . The airlines serving this airport are Malaysia Airlines , Firefly , AirAsia , Malindo Air , and Sriwijaya Air . Until December 2014 , the airport was served by 5 cities which operated daily and weekly flights from / to Kuala Lumpur – International , Kuala Lumpur @-@ Subang , Medan , Miri , and Singapore . Malaysia Airlines also brings passengers to Mecca via Jeddah and Medina during the hajj season . In 2013 , the airport handled 699 @,@ 310 passengers with 11 @,@ 402 aircraft movements . The terminal was designed to handle 2 million passengers every year .
= = = = Water = = = =
The city also has water transportation that ply the Terengganu River . The lifeline between the north and south parts of the city are the water taxis more popularly known as bot penambang . Bot penambang are engined , roofed wooden boats made to carry passengers from Seberang Takir Jetty and Pulau Duyong Kecil Jetty to Kuala Terengganu Jetty . It is the easiest and shortest way to get to the city . There are also ferry services to the resort island of Redang and other small islands , although these services are mainly carried out by modern express ferries . The ferries dock at Syahbandar Jetty , just in front of the General Post Office .
= = = Banking services = = =
The Malaysian central bank , Bank Negara Malaysia maintains its east coast branch in Kuala Terengganu . Major Malaysian commercial banks also have their branches here . This includes Maybank , CIMB Bank , AmBank , Public Bank , RHB Bank , and Hong Leong Bank . Many of these banks have their main offices near to one another at Jalan Sultan Ismail and the adjacent areas .
= = = Courts of law and legal enforcement = = =
All types of courts in Kuala Terengganu can be found in Jalan Sultan Mohamad . The High Court , Sessions Court , and the Magistrate Court are housed under one building complex . Another type of court , the Syariah Court is situated not far from the Terengganu Courts Complex . The headquarters of the Royal Malaysia Police 's Terengganu Police Contingent and the Kuala Terengganu District Police Contingent are at Jalan Sultan Omar . Other small police stations are located in and around the two districts that make up the city . There is no prison complex in the district , but temporary lock @-@ up cells are to be found in most police stations here . The main fire station is at Jalan Kemajuan , near Bukit Kecil . This is the biggest fire station in Kuala Terengganu . Another fire station is located just beside Pasar Payang in the city centre . The headquarters of the Malaysian Civil Defence Department , the civil defence services agency in Malaysia , is at Jalan Lapangan Terbang , near to Terengganu Sports Complex . The 18th Battalion of the Royal Malay Regiment of the Malaysian Army has its camp in the northern part of the district at Kem Sri Pantai in Seberang Takir , near to the airport and Teluk Ketapang Beach . The camp is currently undergoing restoration and upgrading processes .
= = = Healthcare = = =
Unlike other major cities , Kuala Terengganu does not have a lot of hospitals . The main hospital is Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital ( HSNZ ) , formerly known as Kuala Terengganu General Hospital , the largest hospital in the state with 821 beds . This is a public government hospital that began to provide its services during the 1920s . Kuala Terengganu Specialist Hospital is the first and largest private hospital in the state , operating since September 2006 . There are other types of clinics such as private and public health clinics , village clinics , and 1Malaysia clinics operating in the district .
= = = Religious institutions = = =
There are no shortages of mosques or Muslim prayer buildings , the most famous among these religious buildings and are considered as tourist attractions are Abidin Mosque , and Tengku Tengah Zaharah Mosque . There are two Buddhist temples , Ho Ann Kiong Temple and Tien Hou Kong Temple nearby Chinatown , Kuala Terengganu . Two Presbyterian churches , the largest being Jalan Air Jerneh Presbyterian Church and another one in Chinatown , and an Anglican church known as St Andrew 's Church can also be found in the city . For Hindu adherents , there is temple that is known as Sri Kali Yuga Durga Lakshmi Aman Temple , located in Jalan Cherong Lanjut .
= = = Education = = =
Kuala Terengganu is the centre of tertiary education in the state . There are three public universities here , and they are Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin ( with two of its three campuses in Kuala Terengganu City Council area ) , Universiti Malaysia Terengganu ( in Kuala Nerus district ) , and Universiti Teknologi MARA Chendering campus . Other tertiary education institutes include Insitut Teknologi Petronas , Kuala Terengganu Community College , Politeknik Kuala Terengganu , and others . There is one institute of teacher education in Kuala Terengganu , that is Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Dato ' Razali Ismail .
Similar to other Malaysian schools , non @-@ tertiary education in the city is divided into four levels : pre @-@ school , primary , secondary ( lower and upper ) and post @-@ secondary . There are 81 primary schools and 34 secondary schools in Kuala Terengganu . Among the examples of secondary schools are SMK Chung Hwa Wei Sin , Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Batu Rakit , Sekolah Menengah Imtiaz Kuala Nerus , SMK Agama Sheikh Abdul Malek , SMKA Tok Jiring , Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Mahmud , and SMK Sultan Sulaiman .
= = = = Libraries = = = =
The Terengganu State Library is located at Jalan Kemajuan , near the southern end of Sultan Mahmud Bridge , and is the largest library of the state . As a major public library of Terengganu , it is the main information resource centre and provides information services for the users from all sectors and ages . Other libraries or private libraries can be found in schools , colleges , or universities . Other than the state library , smaller village libraries are also available in Seberang Takir , Mengabang Telipot , Tepuh , and Atas Tol .
= = Tourism and culture = =
= = = Attractions and recreation spots = = =
= = = = Historical = = = =
The Terengganu State Museum is located in Kampung Losong . It is acclaimed to be one the largest museum complexes in Malaysia and South East Asia with an area of 27 hectares . The architecture is based on the traditional Terengganu Malay house known as rumah tele . It has eight different galleries and other open air exhibits such as Petronas Gallery , Maritime Gallery , Islam Gallery , exhibits of traditional Terengganuese houses , and many others . The museum is also the home of the Terengganu Inscription Stone , the oldest artefact with Jawi writing in this country .
Near the museum is the Islamic Heritage Park ( Malay : Taman Tamadun Islam ) . This park is an educational entertainment park that showcases various replicas of famous mosque from all over the world . Among the replicas are Al @-@ Masjid al @-@ Haram , Qol Sharif Mosque , and Masjid Negara . The Crystal Mosque is also located here . Boat cruise services along Terengganu River are also provided for the visitors .
A small hill known as Bukit Puteri can be found nearby to Pasar Payang . The hill is about 200 metres high , located near the banks of Terengganu River . Because of its strategic location , it was used as a fortification by the sultans of the state . Old artefacts , a graveyard , and monuments can be found on top of the hill . During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan , a century @-@ old brass bell known as genta will be rung to signify that it is time for iftar , or the end of the fasting on that day .
= = = = Cultural = = = =
The Chinatown of Kuala Terengganu ( Malay : Kampung Cina , Simplified Chinese : 唐人坡 , local pronunciation : Teng @-@ lang @-@ po ) is one of the main tourist attractions . This settlement is a row of shophouses from the prewar era , with some of them dating back from the 1700s . Most of the houses are 2 stories high , mainly made of bricks or concrete , with wooden flooring for the second storey . Some have kept the intricate wood carving windows , huge heavy wooden front doors , and olden plaques . The centuries @-@ old buildings now consists of sundry shops , local coffee shops , offices , souvenir shops , restaurants , kopitiam , and other services . It is home to two Chinese temples , Ho Ann Kiong and Tien Hou Kong , which was built in 1801 and 1896 . Another landmark is the 19th @-@ century Low Tiey water well , erected in 1875 . After years and years , it still supplies clean water to Chinatown 's residents . Many of the buildings here have undergone restoration or beautification programmes to make them more appealing , but without destroying the heritage value . The recent attractions in Kampung China are its back alleys , many of which are transformed into thematic lanes containing various information , decorations and murals .
Pasar Besar Kedai Payang or Central Market ( more commonly known as Pasar Payang ) is the main market of the city . This double @-@ storey building houses different kinds of goods , ranging from fresh produce , poultry , sea products , traditional delicacies , home products , clothes , and handicrafts such as batik , songket , and brass ware . Pulau Duyong is a river island located at the Terengganu River estuary . It is popularly known for its traditional boat making activities . Pulau Duyong also contains a historical monument known as Kota Lama Duyong ( Duyong Old Fort ) . It is a traditional Malay house built with local and European elements .
= = = = Leisure = = = =
Kuala Terengganu has various places for recreation . Amongst the most prominent one is Batu Buruk Beach , located not far from the city centre . The beach has many amenities and facilities for the visitors . They can go for many activities at the beach such as horse riding , horse carriage rides and kite flying . However , visitors are not recommended to swim in the waters there because of strong waves . Taman Shahbandar is another recreation place in Kuala Terengganu , located by the Terengganu River estuary . This park is close to other attractions in Kuala Terengganu such as Pasar Payang , Bukit Puteri and Istana Maziah . Other recreational places in Kuala Terengganu are :
Kuala Terengganu Waterfront , located south of Pulau Warisan by the Terengganu River . It offers a view of Pulau Duyong and Sultan Mahmud Bridge .
Taman Awam Lagun Kuala Ibai , a park 4 kilometres away from the city centre , in which the Tengku Tengah Zaharah Mosque is located .
Taman Awam Pantai Teluk Ketapang , a recreational beach and public park located in Kuala Nerus near Sultan Mahmud Airport .
= = = = Other sights = = = =
Redang Island is one of the major tourism islands in Malaysia . Located about 45 kilometres from the Kuala Terengganu city proper , this island ( which is a part of a marine park ) offers visitors activities such as snorkelling , swimming , scuba @-@ diving , jungle trekking , boating and canoeing . The Abidin Mosque is Kuala Terengganu 's old state royal mosque built by Sultan Zainal Abidin II between 1793 and 1808 . It is popularly known as Masjid Putih ( White Mosque ) . The mosque is also the location of the Royal Mausoleum . Seberang Takir is a fishing village situated on the northern bank of Terengganu River estuary and can be easily reached by using the bot penambang from Kuala Terengganu jetty . Here , visitors can see for themselves many cottage industries such as the producing of keropok lekor ( a local fish cracker ) , batik printing , and drying salted fish , and the making of belacan ( shrimp paste ) .
= = = Food = = =
Keropok lekor ( especially keropok lekor Losong ) , a local delicacy made from fish and other traditional dishes such as nasi dagang , laksam , laksa Terengganu , otak @-@ otak , sata , pulut lepa , ketupat sotong , and roti paun can be found in the city . In the area of Kampung Cina , Peranakan Chinese cuisine that combines Malay and Chinese cooking styles and other traditional Chinese dishes are available .
= = = Media = = =
= = = = Television and radio = = = =
Kuala Terengganu receives almost all of Malaysian terrestrial television channels . Among the terrestrial television stations that the city receives are TV1 , TV2 , TV3 , NTV7 , TV9 , and TV Alhijrah . Most radio stations in Malaysia are also available here . The state 's radio station , Terengganu FM , the Terengganu feed of the national private radio station , Hot FM Teganu , and first private radio station in the East Coast region , Manis FM , are also operated from this city .
= = = = Newspapers = = = =
Among the major Malaysian newspapers available in Kuala Terengganu are :
English dailies such as The Star , and New Straits Times .
Malay dailies such as Berita Harian , Utusan Malaysia , Harian Metro and Kosmo ! .
Chinese dailies such as Sin Chew Daily and Nanyang Siang Pau .
Tamil dailies such as Tamil Nesan , Malaysia Nanban and Makkal Osai .
Local newspaper companies also exist . The most widely @-@ circulated is Sinar Harian , which provides regional and local news based on its regional editions .
= = = Sports = = =
There are two main stadiums , Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah Stadium at the city centre , and Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium located at Terengganu Sports Complex , Gong Badak . Both stadiums are the homes of the state 's two football teams , Terengganu FA , and T @-@ Team FC .
The sports complex was purposely built for the 2008 Malaysian Games ( Malay : Sukan Malaysia or SUKMA ) . Besides the main stadium , the sports complex also contains other facilities such as the Indoor Stadium , football fields , a rugby field , a lawn bowls field , a hockey pitch , and bowling lanes . A sport school to search for new generation athletes is being built to make full use of the facilities provided . Other venues catered for sports in Terengganu are , among others , Kuala Terengganu Aquatic Centre , Kuala Terengganu Hockey Stadium ( the home ground for Terengganu Hockey Team ) , Kuala Terengganu Tennis Courts , and Kuala Terengganu Lawn Bowls Fields . There are three golf courses in Kuala Terengganu , namely the Royal Terengganu Golf Club in Batu Buruk , Ibai Golf & Country Resort in Kuala Ibai , and Kuala Terengganu Golf Resort in Tok Jembal .
Kuala Terengganu has hosted several sporting events such as the 2008 Malaysian Games , the Annual Sultan Mahmud Bridge International Run , The Monsoon Cup ( a part of Alpari World Match Racing Tour ) , The International Beach Sports Carnival , the finals for National Badminton Circuit Competition , and staged the ending and starting points for Le Tour de Langkawi cycling race .
= = International relations = =
Kazakhstan has set up its honorary consulate in Kuala Terengganu .
= = = Sister cities = = =
Kuala Terengganu currently has one sister city :
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= Ohio State Route 745 =
State Route 745 ( SR 745 ) is a state route in central Ohio that runs in a north @-@ northwesterly direction along the west bank of the Scioto River . Its southern terminus is at the concurrency of U.S. Route 33 ( US 33 ) and SR 161 in Dublin , and it runs for approximately ten miles ( 16 km ) to Concord Township in Delaware County , where it arrives at its northern terminus at the concurrency of US 42 and SR 257 . SR 745 was designated in 1937 , and its routing has not changed since .
= = Route description = =
SR 745 commences at the signalized intersection between the concurrent US 33 and SR 161 and High Street in Dublin . Running north from there , the two @-@ lane state highway passes through a residential portion of the northwestern Columbus suburb . After crossing underneath a lengthy bridge that takes Interstate 270 over SR 745 , the Scioto River and SR 257 , the state route meets Emerald Parkway at a traffic signal . Now running in a north @-@ northwesterly direction , SR 745 passes through a roundabout at Brand Road , then continues on through a residential setting up to the point where it crosses from Franklin County into Delaware County .
Still within the city limits of Dublin , SR 745 makes its way up to a signalized intersection with Glick Road , just west of the O 'Shaughnessy Dam , where the Scioto River widens out into the O 'Shaughnessy Reservoir . Entering into Shawnee Hills , the state highway passes through a primarily commercial district , in parallel to the reservoir . SR 745 departs Shawnee Hills , and as it enters into rural Concord Township , it meets Harriott Drive , then crosses over a western arm of the O 'Shaughnessy Reservoir . Continuing north @-@ northwesterly , the state highway passes intersections with Cook Road and Merchant Road before arriving at a four @-@ way stop intersection with Home Road . Now passing amidst a rural backdrop with a mix of woods , farmland and occasional houses , SR 745 intersects Duffy Road and Moore Road prior to arriving at its northern terminus , a signalized intersection with US 42 and SR 257 in Concord Township . SR 257 , which crosses the Scioto River with US 42 just to the east of this junction , picks up where SR 745 leaves off heading northward from US 42 .
= = History = =
SR 745 was established in 1937 along its current routing , and has not seen any significant changes since its inception .
= = Major intersections = =
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= HMS Indefatigable ( 1909 ) =
HMS Indefatigable was a battlecruiser of the Royal Navy and the lead ship of her class . Her keel was laid down in 1909 and she was commissioned in 1911 . She was an enlarged version of the earlier Invincible class with a revised protection scheme and additional length amidships to allow her two middle turrets to fire on either broadside .
When the First World War began , Indefatigable was serving with the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ( BCS ) in the Mediterranean , where she unsuccessfully pursued the battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau of the German Imperial Navy as they fled towards the Ottoman Empire . The ship bombarded Ottoman fortifications defending the Dardanelles on 3 November 1914 , then , following a refit in Malta , returned to the United Kingdom in February where she rejoined the 2nd BCS .
Indefatigable was sunk on 31 May 1916 during the Battle of Jutland , the largest naval battle of the war . Part of Vice @-@ Admiral Sir David Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet , she was hit several times in the first minutes of the " Run to the South " , the opening phase of the battlecruiser action . Shells from the German battlecruiser Von der Tann caused an explosion ripping a hole in her hull , and a second explosion hurled large pieces of the ship 200 feet ( 60 m ) in the air . Only two of the crew of 1 @,@ 019 survived .
= = Design and description = =
No battlecruisers were ordered after the three Invincible @-@ class ships in 1905 until Indefatigable became the lone battlecruiser of the 1908 – 09 Naval Programme . A new Liberal Government had taken power in January 1906 and demanded reductions in naval spending , and the Admiralty submitted a reduced programme , requesting dreadnoughts but no battlecruisers . The Cabinet rejected this proposal in favour of two outmoded armoured cruisers but finally acceded to a request for one battlecruiser instead , after the Admiralty pointed out the need to match the recently published German naval construction plan and to maintain the heavy gun and armour industries . Indefatigable 's outline design was prepared in March 1908 , and the final design , slightly larger than Invincible with a revised protection arrangement , was approved in November 1908 . A larger design with more armour and better underwater protection was rejected as too expensive . Note ; plan is of Invincible @-@ class battlecruisers ; the Indefatigable @-@ class has a third superstructure element with ' P ' & ' Q ' turrets more widely spaced .
The ship had an overall length of 590 feet ( 179 @.@ 8 m ) , a beam of 80 feet ( 24 @.@ 4 m ) , and a draught of 29 feet 9 inches ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load . She normally displaced 18 @,@ 500 long tons ( 18 @,@ 800 t ) and 22 @,@ 130 long tons ( 22 @,@ 490 t ) at deep load . Her turbines were designed to produce a total of 43 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 32 @,@ 000 kW ) , but reached over 55 @,@ 000 shp ( 41 @,@ 000 kW ) during sea trials in 1911 . She was designed for 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) , but reached 26 @.@ 89 knots ( 49 @.@ 80 km / h ; 30 @.@ 94 mph ) during trials .
Indefatigable 's main armament was eight breech @-@ loading BL 12 @-@ inch Mark X guns mounted in four hydraulically powered twin turrets . Two turrets were mounted fore and aft on the centreline , identified as ' A ' and ' X ' respectively . The other two were wing turrets mounted amidships and staggered diagonally : ' P ' was forward and to port of the centre funnel , while ' Q ' was situated starboard and aft . ' P ' and ' Q ' turrets had some limited ability to fire to the opposite side . Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen BL 4 @-@ inch Mark VII guns positioned in the superstructure . She mounted two 17 @.@ 72 @-@ inch ( 450 mm ) submerged torpedo tubes , one on each side aft of ' X ' barbette , and twelve torpedoes were carried .
Indefatigable was unique among British battlecruisers in having an armoured spotting and signal tower behind the conning tower , protected by 4 inches ( 102 mm ) of armour . However , the spotting tower was of limited use , as its view was obscured by the conning tower in front of it and the legs of the foremast and superstructure behind it . During a pre @-@ war refit , a 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) rangefinder was added to the rear of the ' A ' turret roof , and this turret was equipped to control the entire main armament as an emergency backup for the normal fire @-@ control positions .
= = = Wartime modifications = = =
Indefatigable received a single QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt anti @-@ aircraft gun on a high @-@ angle Mark II mount in March 1915 . It was provided with 500 rounds . All of her 4 @-@ inch guns were enclosed in casemates and given gun shields during a refit in November 1915 to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action , although two aft guns were removed at the same time .
She received a fire @-@ control director between mid @-@ 1915 and May 1916 that centralised fire control under the director officer who now fired the guns . The turret crewmen merely had to follow pointers transmitted from the director to align their guns on the target . This greatly increased accuracy since the ship 's roll no longer dispersed the shells as each turret fired on its own ; also , the fire @-@ control director could more easily spot the fall of the shells .
= = Service = =
= = = Early career = = =
Indefatigable was laid down at the Devonport Dockyard , Plymouth on 23 February 1909 . She was launched on 28 October 1909 and was completed on 24 February 1911 . Upon commissioning , Indefatigable served in the 1st Cruiser Squadron , which in January 1913 was renamed the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron ( BCS ) . In December 1913 , she transferred to the Mediterranean , where she joined the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron .
= = = Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau = = =
Indefatigable , accompanied by the battlecruiser Indomitable and under the command of Admiral Sir Berkeley Milne , encountered the German battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau on the morning of 4 August 1914 , which were headed east after a cursory bombardment of the French Algerian port of Philippeville . Britain and Germany were not yet at war , so Milne turned to shadow the Germans as they headed back to Messina to re @-@ coal . All three battlecruisers had problems with their boilers , but Goeben and Breslau were able to break contact and reached Messina by the morning of the 5th . By this time Germany had invaded Belgium and war had been declared , but an Admiralty order to respect Italian neutrality and stay more than six miles ( 10 km ) from the Italian coast precluded entering the Strait of Messina , from which they could have observed the port directly . Therefore , Milne stationed Inflexible and Indefatigable at the northern exit of the strait , expecting the Germans to break out to the west where they could attack French troop transports . He stationed the light cruiser Gloucester at the southern exit , and sent Indomitable to coal at Bizerte , where she was ready for action in the Western Mediterranean .
The Germans sortied from Messina on 6 August and headed east , towards Constantinople , trailed by Gloucester . Milne , still expecting Rear @-@ Admiral Wilhelm Souchon to turn west , kept the battlecruisers at Malta until shortly after midnight on 8 August when he set sail at a leisurely 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) for Cape Matapan , where Goeben had been spotted eight hours earlier . At 2 : 30 p.m. he received an incorrect message from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria @-@ Hungary . War would not actually be declared until 12 August , and the order was countermanded four hours later , but Milne gave up the hunt for Goeben , following his standing orders to guard the Adriatic against an Austrian break @-@ out attempt . On 9 August Milne was given clear orders to " chase Goeben which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north @-@ east . " Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles , and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean , unaware that the Goeben did not intend to come out .
On 3 November 1914 , Winston Churchill , then First Lord of the Admiralty , ordered the first British attack on the Dardanelles following the commencement of hostilities between Ottoman Turkey and Russia . The attack was carried out by Indomitable and Indefatigable , as well as the French pre @-@ dreadnought battleships Suffren and Vérité . The intention of the attack was to test the fortifications and measure the Turkish response . The results were deceptively encouraging . In a twenty @-@ minute bombardment , a single shell struck the magazine of the fort at Sedd el Bahr at the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula , displacing ( but not destroying ) 10 guns and killing 86 Turkish soldiers . The most significant consequence was that the attention of the Turks was drawn to strengthening their defences , and they set about expanding the mine field . This attack actually took place before Britain 's formal declaration of war on 6 November against the Ottoman Empire . Indefatigable remained in the Mediterranean until she was relieved by Inflexible on 24 January 1915 and proceeded to Malta for a refit ; she then sailed to England on 14 February and joined the 2nd BCS upon her arrival . The ship conducted uneventful patrols of the North Sea for the next year and a half . She was the temporary flagship of the 2nd BCS during April – May 1916 , while her half @-@ sister HMAS Australia was under repair after colliding with Indefatigable 's other half @-@ sister HMS New Zealand .
= = = Battle of Jutland = = =
On 31 May 1916 , the 2nd BCS consisted of New Zealand ( flagship of Rear @-@ Admiral William Pakenham ) and Indefatigable . The squadron was assigned to Admiral Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet which had put to sea to intercept a sortie by the High Seas Fleet into the North Sea . The British were able to decode the German radio messages and left their bases before the Germans put to sea . Admiral Franz von Hipper 's battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 3 : 20 p.m. , but Beatty 's ships did not spot the Germans to their east until 3 : 30 . Two minutes later , he ordered a course change to east south @-@ east to position himself astride the German 's line of retreat and called his ships ' crews to action stations . He also ordered the 2nd BCS , which had been leading , to fall in astern of the 1st BCS . Hipper ordered his ships to turn to starboard , away from the British , to assume a south @-@ easterly course , and to reduce speed to 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) to allow three light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group to catch up . With this turn Hipper was falling back on the High Seas Fleet , then about 60 miles ( 97 km ) behind him . Around this time Beatty altered course to the east as it was quickly apparent that he was still too far north to cut off Hipper .
This began what was to be called the " Run to the South " as Beatty changed course to steer east south @-@ east at 3 : 45 , paralleling Hipper 's course , now that the range closed to under 18 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) . The Germans opened fire first at 3 : 48 , followed by the British . The British ships were still in the process of making their turn as only the two leading ships , Lion and Princess Royal , had steadied on their course when the Germans opened fire . The British formation was echeloned to the right with Indefatigable in the rear and furthest to the west , and New Zealand ahead of her and slightly further east . The German fire was accurate from the beginning , but the British overestimated the range as the German ships blended into the haze . Indefatigable aimed at Von der Tann and New Zealand targeted Moltke while remaining unengaged herself . By 3 : 54 , the range was down to 12 @,@ 900 yards ( 11 @,@ 800 m ) and Beatty ordered a course change two points to starboard to open up the range at 3 : 57 .
Around 4 : 00 , Indefatigable was hit around the rear turret by two or three shells from Von der Tann . She fell out of formation to starboard and started sinking towards the stern and listing to port . Her magazines exploded at 4 : 03 after more hits , one on the forecastle and another on the forward turret . Smoke and flames gushed from the forward part of the ship and large pieces were thrown 200 feet ( 61 @.@ 0 m ) into the air . The most likely cause of her loss was a deflagration or low @-@ order explosion in ' X ' magazine that blew out her bottom and severed the steering control shafts , followed by the explosion of her forward magazines from the second volley . Von der Tann fired only fifty @-@ two 28 cm ( 11 in ) shells at Indefatigable before she exploded . Of her crew of 1 @,@ 019 , only two survived . While still in the water , two survivors found Indefatigable 's captain , C. F. Sowerby , who was badly wounded and died before they could be rescued . The two survivors , Able Seaman Frederick Arthur Gordon Elliott and Leading Signalman Charles Farmer , were rescued by the German torpedo boat S16 . A third survivor , Signalman John Bowyer , was picked up by another unknown German ship . He was incorrectly reported as a crew member from HMS Nestor in " The Times " on 24 June 1916 .
= = Indefatigable today = =
Indefatigable , along with the other Jutland wrecks , was belatedly declared a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 , to discourage further damage to the resting place of 1 @,@ 017 men . Mount Indefatigable in the Canadian Rockies was named after the battlecruiser in 1917 . The wreck was identified by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney in 2001 , when it was found to have been heavily salvaged sometime in the past .
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= 2010 Emory Healthcare 500 =
The 2010 Emory Healthcare 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on September 5 , 2010 at Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton , Georgia . Contested over 325 laps , it was the twenty @-@ fifth race of the 2010 Sprint Cup Series season . The race was won by Tony Stewart , for the Stewart Haas Racing team . Carl Edwards finished second , and Jimmie Johnson , who started seventh , clinched third .
Pole position driver Denny Hamlin maintained his lead on the first lap to begin the race , as Ryan Newman , who started in the second position remained behind him . Afterward , Newman became the leader . On lap 128 , Hamlin had an engine failure , finishing forty @-@ third . Later in the race Tony Stewart led a race high of seventy @-@ five laps . Stewart retained the first position on a final restart to clinch his third win at Atlanta Motor Speedway .
There were eight cautions and twenty @-@ seven lead changes among nine different drivers throughout the course of the race . It was Tony Stewart 's first win of the season and the thirty @-@ eighth of his career . The result moved him up two spots to fourth in the Drivers ' Championship , 283 points behind of leader Kevin Harvick and fourteen ahead of Carl Edwards . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , thirty @-@ two ahead of Toyota and sixty @-@ six ahead of Ford , with eleven races remaining in the season . A total of 93 @,@ 200 people attended the race , while 5 @.@ 516 million watched it on television .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
Atlanta Motor Speedway is one of ten intermediate tracks to hold NASCAR races ; the others are Charlotte Motor Speedway , Chicagoland Speedway , Darlington Raceway , Homestead Miami Speedway , Kansas Speedway , Kentucky Speedway , Las Vegas Motor Speedway , New Hampshire Motor Speedway , and Texas Motor Speedway . The standard track at Atlanta Motor Speedway is a four @-@ turn quad @-@ oval track that is 1 @.@ 54 miles ( 2 @.@ 48 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at twenty @-@ four degrees , while the front stretch , the location of the finish line , and the back stretch are banked at five .
Before the race , Kevin Harvick led the Drivers ' Championship with 3 @,@ 521 points , and Jeff Gordon stood in second with 3 @,@ 242 points . Kyle Busch was third in the Drivers ' Championship with 3 @,@ 170 points , Carl Edwards was fourth with 3 @,@ 113 points , and Denny Hamlin was in fifth with 3 @,@ 108 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 173 points , twenty @-@ seven points ahead of their rival Toyota . Ford , with 110 points , was eleven points ahead of Dodge in the battle for third . Kasey Kahne was the race 's defending champion .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Two practice sessions were held on Saturday , prior to the race . The first session lasted 120 minutes , while the second session was 45 minutes . During the first practice session , Kasey Kahne was quickest , ahead of Kurt Busch and Clint Bowyer in second and third . Jeff Burton was scored fourth quickest , while Denny Hamlin was fifth . In the second and final practice session , Ryan Newman was scored quickest , as Carl Edwards and Juan Pablo Montoya followed in the second and third positions . David Ragan was scored in the fourth position , while Bowyer followed in fifth .
During qualifying , forty @-@ seven cars were entered , but only forty @-@ three were able to start because of NASCAR 's qualifying procedure . Denny Hamlin clinched his eighth career pole position , with a time of 29 @.@ 587 seconds . He was joined on the front row by Newman . Kyle Busch qualified third , Edwards took fourth , and Tony Stewart started fifth . The four drivers that failed to qualify for the race were Jason Leffler , Landon Cassill , Scott Riggs , and Todd Bodine .
After winning the pole position , Hamlin stated , " I feel like the last 10 races have definitely been up and down for our team , " he said . " We were on such a hot streak there . We kind of got spoiled . The regular season was kind of irrelevant at that point because we knew we were going to get in the Chase . We 're going to treat these next two weeks as if we 're Chase racing . We found ourselves going for wins so much , going all @-@ out for wins , that it probably hurt us in the long run . These next two weeks , we 're going back to points racing . "
= = = Race = = =
The race , the twenty @-@ fifth in the season , began at 7 : 30 pm EDT and was televised live in the United States on ESPN . Before the race , conditions were sunny with a temperature of 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) . Joe Gibbs began the pre @-@ race ceremonies , by giving the invocation . Next , Ernie Haase and Signature Sound performed the national anthem , and Terry Green , Emory Healthcare 's 500th heart transplant recipient , gave the command for drivers to start their engines .
Denny Hamlin retained his pole position lead into the first corner , followed by Ryan Newman in the second position . Newman was challenging Hamlin , on the first lap . Tony Stewart maintained his starting position of fifth on the grid , as Jimmie Johnson was seventh . Kyle Busch was passed by Carl Edwards , two laps later . After starting seventeenth , Mark Martin had fallen to twenty @-@ seventh by the sixth lap . Busch reclaimed third , passing Edwards , one lap later . After eight laps of continuous racing , Hamlin had a lead of eight tenths of a second , as Johnson moved to fifth . Martin , then fell to thirtieth because of car handling problems . On lap 13 , Johnson , followed by Stewart , moved into the fourth and fifth positions , after passing Edwards .
Two laps later , Newman passed Hamlin for the lead . Juan Pablo Montoya claimed the tenth position , as Jeff Gordon fell to eleventh . On lap 23 , Greg Biffle was scored twelfth , Gordon was fourteenth , and Kurt Busch , who won here in the 2010 Kobalt Tools 500 , was running in the twenty @-@ third position . Hamlin moved back into the lead position from passing Newman . After thirty laps of green flag racing , lap times fell considerably because of tire wear . On the same lap , Kyle Busch , who started third , passed Newman for second . On lap 39 , Michael McDowell and Joe Nemechek drove their cars to the garage , as Hamlin had a 1 @.@ 9 second lead over Kyle Busch in second . Mike Bliss followed Nemechek and McDowell into the garage two laps later .
On lap 44 , green flag pit stops began , as Sam Hornish , Jr. drove to pit road . Five laps later , Hamlin and Kyle Busch , who were first and second , made their pit stops . Kyle Busch became the leader , but because of excessive speed on pit road , he had to serve a drive @-@ through penalty . Afterward , Stewart became the leader , as J. J. Yeley drove his car to the garage . On lap 55 , Hamlin passed Stewart for the first position . Once green flag pit stops were completed , Hamlin was in first , followed by Stewart , Truex , Jr . , Kahne , and Newman to round out the top five positions . Kahne , who started tenth , moved Truex , Jr. from the third position to fourth , after passing him on lap 62 . Two laps later , Stewart passed Hamlin to move into the first position .
On lap 70 , Kyle Busch drove to pit road , because of a loose wheel . Six laps later , Ryan Newman fell two positions to eleventh , after being passed by Paul Menard and Kevin Harvick . Afterward on lap 80 , Edwards passed Kahne to move into the third position . Five laps later , Menard moved to seventh on the grid , after passing Biffle . Afterwards , more green flag pit stops began . On lap 88 , Stewart , who was the leader , was passed by Hamlin . Three laps later , Stewart reclaimed the lead . Stewart only led three laps until he returned the lead to Hamlin for one lap . Stewart pitted on lap 97 , as pit stops continued . Afterward , Stewart remained first , ahead of Hamlin , Edwards , Truex , and Kahne .
On lap 127 , Hamlin reclaimed the lead , as debris in turn four prompted the caution out . Hamlin led on the restart , but three laps later , he fell to fifth , as Edwards claimed the lead . Hamlin , who started on the pole position , went to the garage , as his engine failed , which prompted the second caution . Stewart regained the lead after pit stops completed . Immediately after the restart , Biffle spun sideways , and collided with Elliott Sadler to bring out the third caution . Both obtained excessive damage , and went to the garage for repairs . Stewart remained the leader on the restart , but was overtaken by Johnson . Kyle Busch , who was a lap down after his drive @-@ through penalty , had recovered to sixth . One lap later , Gordon moved into the sixth position , after passing Busch .
On lap 170 , Stewart passed Johnson to move into the first position . After struggling with car handling during the first half of the race , Kurt Busch had moved from thirty @-@ second to sixteenth by lap 171 . Seven laps later , Jamie McMurray had a flat tire , and drove to pit road , which caused him to fall to the twenty @-@ sixth position . By lap 182 , Stewart had a 2 @.@ 1 second lead over Johnson in second place . On lap 191 , Kevin Harvick moved into the fourth position , as Stewart puts his teammate , Ryan Newman , a lap down . Eight laps later , the fourth caution came out as David Ragan spun sideways on the back stretch . Every driver in the lead lap pitted under the caution . Stewart retained the first position on the restart . On the restart , drivers were racing furiously , by going three wide ( three cars side @-@ by @-@ side ) around the track . On lap 207 , Johnson claimed second away from Edwards , as Gordon fell to the eighth position .
Montoya , who started eighth , passed Kyle Busch for fourth , three laps later . On lap 222 , Montoya moved into the third position , as Johnson showed his displeasure from the previous race with him with a hand gesture . One lap later , Biffle returned to the race , seventy @-@ one laps down in the thirty @-@ ninth position , but would lose power to his race car after four laps . After 229 laps , Stewart had a 3 @.@ 9 second lead over second placed Edwards . Eleven laps later , Johnson fell to the fifth position , after being passed by Kyle Busch . On lap 243 , Menard drove to pit road because of engine problems . Three laps later , Harvick moved into fifth , after passing Johnson . Then , Edwards passed Stewart to become the leader of the race . Four laps later , Edwards was on pit road , as debris from Harvick 's race car , after a tire flat , prompted the fifth caution . On lap 256 , Harvick drove to pit road to repair his front bumper of his race car .
After Harvick drove through pit road the first time , it caused a scoring error , so he was held a lap to fix it . Edwards led on the restart , but within two laps Scott Speed had an engine failure to bring out the sixth caution . Kurt Busch stayed off pit road during the caution to become the leader . Five laps later , on lap 280 , Kahne passed Kurt Busch for the first position . One lap later , Johnson passed Kyle Busch for the fourth position . On lap 283 , Edwards , followed by Johnson , passed Kurt Busch for second and third . Nine laps later , Stewart passed Kyle Busch for the fifth position . Three laps later , Brad Keselowski collided with the outside wall hard enough to bring out the caution .
Edwards became the leader after the pit stops , but one lap after the restart , Stewart reclaimed the lead , as Kurt Busch and Kasey Kahne collided . On lap 302 , the eighth caution was given because Kahne 's tire deflated . The restart was on lap 307 , with Stewart the leader . Three laps later , Kevin Harvick returned to pit road , as Jeff Burton passed Kurt Busch for fifth . On lap 314 , Kyle passed his brother Kurt Busch for sixth . By lap 316 , Stewart had a 1 @.@ 2 second lead over Edwards . With three laps remaining , Kahne showed his anger with Newman , after the contact that sent him collided into Kurt Busch . Tony Stewart crossed the line to win the race , over a second ahead of second place Carl Edwards . Jimmie Johnson maintained third while Jeff Burton and Kyle Busch finished fourth and fifth .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
Tony Stewart appeared in victory lane after his victory lap to start celebrating his first win of the season , and his third at Atlanta Motor Speedway , in front of a crowd of 93 @,@ 200 people . After breaking a thirty @-@ one race losing streak , Stewart stated on the team 's radio , " Ring the bell baby , woo ! Good job , guys ! You got it done , that 's the only way we had a shot . You guys won this thing in the pits . " He also added , " I 've never been so happy to win in my life . "
Although , Denny Hamlin lead the most laps in the first half of the race , his engine failed , and sent him to the garage for the rest of the race . He said , " It ’ s frustrating . I know if we had the reliability that we could win this championship and the odds would be pretty good to win the championship if I can just keep it together for 10 weeks . " In the subsequent press conference , Stewart said , " It ’ s been a long time since we have been in victory lane . So it ’ s something we are not used to ; luckily , we have had the good fortune to not normally go this long without a win . But we had an awesome race car tonight . This thing , it was balanced off the start of the race , and you know , I knew the first run when we were a little bit off , and the leaders were not getting away from us , I thought , we have probably got a shot at this thing tonight and a shot at a solid Top 5 or Top 3 , but once we got a couple of runs in there , and it was Denny and I trading spots back and forth . " He continued by saying :
" It was fun racing with him like that . We gave each other room . Whoever got caught in traffic , the other guy got the lead back . It was fun switching the lead . We struggled on restarts or I struggled on restarts , Darian wasn ’ t driving the car , so I can ’ t blame it on him . I struggled on restarts all night . Finally the last two , I hit it a lot closer and kept them from spinning quite as bad . The pit crew is who we have got to give all the credit to tonight . They had an awesome pit stop the last time we came in that got us that track position that I lost on the previous restart . So you know , without that , I don ’ t think we would have a shot to be here tonight . "
Ryan Newman discussed his contact with Kahne by explaining , " Yeah , the No. 18 ( Kyle Busch ) hit me the same time I hit the No. 9 ( Kahne ) — it was within a millisecond . I was trying to push him to get ahead of the No. 2 car ( Kurt Busch ) and it didn ’ t work out . We ’ ve seen this several times this year , and it was me trying to help him out . It causes accidents once in a while . It hurt him but in the grand scheme of things he tried to hurt me and it didn ’ t hurt us as bad . So , we ’ ll just go on . " Stewart also stated , " When you have a car that ’ s that good , it ’ s not good to lose those spots like that . ... We got caught back there one time and we struggled getting that track position back . But when you have a car that ’ s that fast , it ’ s nice . You don ’ t feel like you ’ re in too much trouble when you lose a couple of spots on a restart like that . "
The race result left Kevin Harvick leading the Driver 's Championship with 3 @,@ 585 points . Jeff Gordon , who finished thirteenth , was second on 3 @,@ 366 , forty @-@ one points ahead of Kyle Busch and sixty @-@ four ahead of Stewart . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet maintained their lead with 182 points . Toyota remained second with 150 points . Ford followed with 116 points , fourteen points ahead of Dodge in fourth . 5 @.@ 516 million people watched the race on television . The race took three hours , fifty @-@ two minutes and forty @-@ three seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 1 @.@ 316 seconds .
= = Results = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race results = = =
= = Standings after the race = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for driver 's standings .
* – This driver clinched a position in the Chase for the Sprint Cup .
‡ – This driver is in the Chase for the Sprint Cup .
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= Hale Commission =
The Hale Commission was established by the Commonwealth of England on 30 January 1652 and led by Sir Matthew Hale to investigate law reform . Consisting of eight lawyers and thirteen laymen , the Commission met approximately three times a week and proposed changes as radical ( at the time ) as reducing the use of the death penalty , allowing witnesses , legal aid and lawyers for defendants in criminal cases and creating County Courts and a Court of Appeal for criminal cases . Though the Commission was unsuccessful at passing any of its measures under the Rump Parliament , two of its measures were put into law by the subsequent Barebone 's Parliament , and , by the middle of the 20th century , most of the others were as well . Debate has occurred over the effectiveness and strife within the Commission between its more moderate and radical members ; the general conclusion is that with the sheer volume of work produced and the vast proportion of moderate to radical members , it is unlikely such strife existed .
= = Background and establishment = =
The loss of Charles I of England in the English Civil War led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of England on 19 May 1649 . During the rule of both the Commonwealth and the succeeding Protectorate , there was considerable desire for law reform . Many judges and lawyers were corrupt , and criminal law followed no real reason or philosophy . Any felony was punishable by death , proceedings were in a form of Norman French , and judges regularly imprisoned jurors for reaching a verdict they disagreed with . Cromwell and the Rump Parliament aimed to establish a " new society " , which included reforming the law ; to that end , on 30 January 1652 Sir Matthew Hale was appointed chairman of a commission to investigate law reform , which soon became known as the Hale Commission . The Commission 's official remit was defined by the Commons ; " taking into consideration what inconveniences there are in the law ; and how the mischiefs which grow from delays , the chargeableness and irregularities in the proceedings in the law may be prevented , and the speediest way to reform the same , and to present their opinions to such committee as the Parliament shall appoint " .
The Commission consisted of eight lawyers and thirteen laymen , appointed by the Rump Parliament on 26 December 1651 , and sat from 23 January 1652 approximately three times a week in the chamber of the House of Lords . No Members of Parliament were allowed to sit . In addition to Hale , members included John Desborough , John Rushworth , Hugh Peters , Anthony Cooper , John Sadler , John Fountaine , William Steele , Henry Blount , William Roberts , Josiah Bemers , Samuel Moyer , Charles George Cock and Matthew Thomlinson .
= = Recommendations = =
The Commission recommended various changes . On the criminal law side , they supported reducing the use of the death penalty , although " wilful murderers " were still to be executed , and the abduction of a child under 16 was to be considered a capital crime . They also suggested allowing prisoners access to lawyers in any case where the prosecution was permitted representation and allowing witnesses for the defence to give evidence under oath . Legal aid was also considered , although the rejection of a case where legal aid was given would result in the defendant being sent to a workhouse for a month and whipped . The abolition of peine forte et dure as a way to avoid the forfeiture of land was also proposed .
For legal system reform , the Commission suggested the creation of county courts led by the Westminster judges with jurisdiction over civil actions , and small claims courts for amounts under £ 4 to be manned by commissioners , approved by Justices of the Peace . They also supported the creation of a Court of Appeal consisting of laymen chosen by Parliament , the formation of a land registry and a permanent law commission . Against Hale 's wishes , the Commission called for the abolition of benefit of clergy , and the acquittal of those charged with justified homicide . The Commission also suggested that debtors should no longer be imprisoned , and attorneys should be educated at an Inn of Court and not allowed to practise until they were admitted as members .
= = Disestablishment = =
None of the Commission 's recommendations ever made it into law under the Rump Parliament , though the Commission did produce 16 bills . Several were read in the House of Commons , and the remainder given to the Parliamentary Law Committee in July 1652 following the Committee 's dissolution on 23 July . The Rump Parliament 's successor , the Barebone 's Parliament , brought two of the Commission 's suggestions ( to abolish fines for original writs and to develop procedures for civil marriages ) into force through statutes . Most of the Commission 's suggestions were , at some point , followed . In 1837 the use of the death penalty was curtailed , and it was finally abolished in 1969 . From 1702 onwards , witnesses were allowed for the defence , and the Prisoners ' Counsel Act 1836 allowed legal representation for the defendants . The use of peine forte et dure was abolished in 1741 , and the benefit of clergy in 1827 . A permanent Law Commission was finally established with the Law Commissions Act 1965 . County Courts were finally established in 1846 , and a Court of Criminal Appeal in 1907 .
Academic debate over the Commission 's value has been strong . On the one hand , William Holdsworth wrote that the Commission was riven by strife between its lawyerly members and those of a more radical nature , and that its proposals were sometimes extreme . Other academics argued that the reform scheme was of great merit , and Hostettler , writes that " there is no evidence to confirm the belief of Sir William Holdsworth that the lawyers had a difficult time with the laymen " . Mary Cotterell , writing in the English Historical Review , notes that 13 of the 21 members were certainly not radicals , although Moyer and Bemers , Blount and Peters certainly were . The lawyers , all moderates , nevertheless dominated the discussions . Debate was on a highly technical level which prevented many of the laymen contributing much , although six of them had been educated at the Inns of Court . The large number of meetings and sheer volume of work produced also suggests that there was little dissent and argument . John Hostettler , in his biography of Hale , has suggested that if the measures had been put into law immediately , " we would have been honouring such pioneers for their farsightedness in enhancing our legal system and the concept of justice " .
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= Commelina communis =
Commelina communis , commonly known as the Asiatic dayflower , is an herbaceous annual plant in the dayflower family . It gets its name because the blooms last for only one day . It is native throughout much of East Asia and northern parts of Southeast Asia . In China , the plant is known as yazhicao ( simplified Chinese : 鸭跖草 ; traditional Chinese : 鴨跖草 ; pinyin : yāzhīcǎo ) , roughly translating to " duckfoot herb " , while in Japan it is known as tsuyukusa ( 露草 , tsuyukusa ) , meaning " dew herb " . It has also been introduced to parts of central and southeastern Europe and much of eastern North America , where it has spread to become a noxious weed . It is common in disturbed sites and in moist soil . The flowers emerge from summer through fall and are distinctive with two relatively large blue petals and one very reduced white petal .
The Asiatic dayflower plant serves as the type species for its large genus . Linnaeus picked the name Commelina in honour of the two Dutch botanists of the Commelijn family , using the two large showy petals of Commelina communis to symbolise them . Linnaeus described the species in the first edition of his landmark work , Species Plantarum , in 1753 . Long before the plant was studied in Europe , however , it had been used for generations in traditional Chinese medicine . The flowers have also been used in Japan to produce a dye and a pigment that was used in many world @-@ renowned Ukiyo @-@ e woodcuts from the 18th and early 19th centuries . In the modern era the plant has found limited use as a model organism in the field of plant physiology due to its complex pigment chemistry and the ease of viewing its stomata .
The Asiatic dayflower is considered a weed both in areas where it was introduced and in certain parts of its native range . The flowers ' interactions with pollinators have been well studied and have helped to support important hypotheses about pollination in the field of plant ecology . Recent research has also revealed that the Asiatic dayflower can bioaccumulate a number of metals , making it a candidate for revegetating and essentially cleaning spoiled copper mines . Several animals and fungi use the plant as a food source , with a few species feeding upon it exclusively .
= = Description = =
The Asiatic dayflower is an annual herb with stems that are typically decumbent , meaning that they are prostrate at the base but become erect towards the tips , but some individuals may be simply erect . The diffusely branched stems tend to root at the basal nodes . The pubescence on the stems is variable , but common patterns include a line of hair continuous with the leaf sheath , or they may be glabrous basally , meaning hairless , and puberulent towards the extremities , that is covered with fine hairs . The leaves are sessile : they lack a leaf stalk , also known as a petiole ; or they may be subpetiolate , meaning they have very small petioles . The leaf sheaths are cylindrical , sometimes striped with red , and typically glabrous , but usually have margins that are puberulent or pilose , meaning lined with fine , soft hairs . The leaf blades range from narrowly lanceolate , or lance @-@ shaped , to ovate @-@ elliptic , between egg @-@ shaped and ellipse @-@ shaped . They measure 3 – 12 cm ( 1 1 ⁄ 4 – 4 3 ⁄ 4 in ) by 1 – 4 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 1 ⁄ 2 in ) wide . The blades range from glabrous to puberulent and have scabrescent , or slightly rough , margins . Their tips are acute , meaning they come to a point quickly , to acuminate , meaning the point develops gradually . The leaf bases are oblique , or uneven .
The flowers are arranged on inflorescences called cincinni ( singular : cincinnus ) , which are also called scorpioid cymes . This is a form of a monochasium where the lateral branches arise alternately . The cincinni are subtended by a spathe , a modified leaf . The solitary spathes usually measure 1 @.@ 2 – 3 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 1 ⁄ 4 in ) long , but some may be up to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 1 ⁄ 2 in ) in length , while they are 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 1 ⁄ 2 in ) tall , but sometimes up to 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 in ) . The uncurved spathes typically have a cordate , or heart @-@ shaped , whitish base , which contrasts with its dark green veins . Their margins lack hairs , are somewhat scabrous , or rough , and are unfused , meaning they are distinct to the base . Their apices are acute to acuminate while the surfaces are glabrous , puberulent , or hirsute @-@ ciliate , meaning with longer , shaggier hairs . The spathes are borne on peduncles , or stalks , that measure 0 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 1 1 ⁄ 2 in ) and sometimes up to 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) long .
There are often two cincinni present , though the upper , or distal , cincinnus may be vestigial . The lower , or proximal , cincinnus bears 1 to 4 bisexual flowers and is nearly included in the spathe , while the upper cincinnus has 1 to 2 male flowers and is about 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) long . The individual flowers are subtended by bracteoles that fall off early in development . The pedicels supporting single flowers , and later the fruits , are erect initially but curve when in fruit . They measure about 3 – 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 16 in ) . The 3 concave , membranous sepals are inconspicuous , but persist after the fruit develops ; the lateral pair are fused basally , measure only 4 @.@ 5 – 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 18 – 0 @.@ 20 in ) long by 3 – 3 @.@ 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 15 in ) wide , and are elliptic and glabrous . The lower sepal is lanceolate and about 4 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 18 in ) long by about 2 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 087 in ) wide . The 2 upper petals are blue to indigo in colour , while the much smaller lower petal is white . The upper two petals measure 9 – 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 35 – 0 @.@ 39 in ) long by 8 – 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 – 0 @.@ 39 in ) wide , while the lower petal is 5 – 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 – 0 @.@ 24 in ) long by about 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 in ) wide . The 2 upper petals are composed of a claw about 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 in ) long and a broadly ovate limb with an acute apex and a cuneate @-@ cordate base .
There are three anticous fertile stamens , meaning they are on the lower part of the flower , and three posticous infertile stamens , meaning they are on the upper part of the flower . These infertile stamens are termed staminodes . The fertile stamens are dimorphic : the lateral pair have maroon to indigo anthers that measure about 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 in ) long and are elliptic with a base that is sagittate or arrowhead @-@ shaped . Their filaments are about 10 – 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 47 in ) long . The central fertile stamen has a yellow , elliptic anther with a maroon connective and a base that is hastate or spearhead @-@ shaped , but with the lobes at right angles . The anther measures about 2 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 098 in ) long while its filament is about 5 – 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 – 0 @.@ 24 in ) long . The three staminodes are all alike with yellow , cruciform , or cross @-@ shaped , antherodes that are about 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 in ) long on filaments about 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 in ) long . Sometimes the antherodes will have a central maroon spot . Each antherode has two abortive lateral pollen sacks . The ovary is ellipsoid , about 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 in ) long and has a style that is about 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 51 in ) long .
The fruit is a dehiscent , ellipsoid capsule with two locules each containing two seeds . The capsule is glabrous , brown , measures 4 @.@ 5 – 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 18 – 0 @.@ 31 in ) long , and dehisces into two valves . The seeds are brown or brownish yellow in colour and deltoid , or roughly triangular in outline . They are dorsiventral , meaning they have distinct upper and lower surfaces , with the ventral , or lower , surface being planar and the dorsal , or upper , surface being convex . Seeds range in length from 2 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 098 – 0 @.@ 165 in ) , but seeds as short as 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 in ) can occur , while they are 2 @.@ 2 – 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 087 – 0 @.@ 118 in ) across . The surfaces are rugose pitted @-@ reticulate and are densely covered with smaller farinose granules with sparse larger farinose granules .
= = Taxonomy = =
Commelina communis was first described in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus in the first edition of his Species Plantarum , along with eight other species in the genus . The plant serves as the type species for the genus . The scientific name Commelina was chosen based on the Asiatic dayflower . Linnaeus picked the name in honour of the Dutch botanists Jan and Caspar Commelijn , using the two large showy petals of Commelina communis to symbolise them . A number of names given to plants thought to be different species have fallen into synonymy with the Asiatic dayflower . Albrecht Wilhelm Roth created the first such synonym , Commelina polygama , in 1790 . Wenceslas Bojer described what he believed were two new species , Commelina barabata and Commelina salicifolia , in his work Hortus Mauritianus , both of which were quickly found to be identical to C. communis . Karl Sigismund Kunth created the synonym Commelina willdenowii in 1841 . Finally , Korean populations of the species were named under the synonym Commelina coreana in 1910 by Augustin Abel Hector Léveillé .
Several varieties have also been named . Commelina communis var. ludens was created by C.B. Clarke after demoting it from the full species status in which it was placed by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel in 1861 . The variety is distinguished by its darker flowers , antherodes with central maroon spots , less well developed distal cymes that usually do not produce a flower , and spathes that are proportionally broader . Jisaburo Ohwi 's Flora of Japan also treats the variety as geographically distinct , stating that it is restricted to mountainous areas . This variety is still accepted by some workers , but others , such Robert B. Faden , consider it impossible to consistently separate from the type variety . Another variety , C. communis var. hortensis , which was named by Tomitaro Makino and is apparently a cultivated variety which originated from C. communis var. ludens in Japan , is also accepted by some botanists . It differs in having larger showy flowers which are used to produce a dye ( see " Uses " section below ) . A variegated form called C. communis var. ludens f. aureostriata named by Frank C. MacKeever in 1961 is known to occur randomly throughout much of the species ' range .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The plant 's native distribution includes much of East Asia and Southeast Asia . Country by country , it is found in China , Taiwan , Japan , Korea , the Russian Far East , Cambodia , Laos , Malaysia , Thailand and Vietnam . Within China it is found in all provinces except Qinghai , Hainan , Xinjiang , and Tibet . In Japan the plant is found throughout the bulk of the country from Hokkaido south to Kyūshū . In Russia the Asiatic dayflower is found naturally on Sakhalin as well as in the Far East in areas surrounding the Ussuri River .
The species has been introduced to much of Europe and eastern North America . On the former continent it is now found from Central Europe well into western Russia . Specifically it is known from Italy north to Switzerland , east through the region encompassing the former Yugoslavia , east into the regions around the Black Sea including Romania , the Moldavia Region , and the Ukraine but excluding Crimea , north through the Dnieper Basin into Belarus and Russia , continuing east into the regions surrounding the Don River and the Volga River south to their intersection at the Volga @-@ Don Canal and north to the regions around Lake Ladoga and Lake Ilmen , and farther east to the regions of the Ural River and the Kama River . It is also found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia . It is present in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada , and in most of the eastern and central American states from Massachusetts and New York in the northeast , west to Minnesota and south through the Great Plains to Texas and east to extreme northern Florida in the United States .
Within its native distribution , the plant is most typical of moist , open places , including shady forest edges and wet areas of crop fields , orchards , ditches , and roadsides . In Taiwan , it can be found from 350 to 2 @,@ 400 m ( 1 @,@ 150 to 7 @,@ 870 ft ) elevation . In areas where the Asiatic dayflower is an introduced weed it is most common in waste places , but also along the edges of fields , woods , and marshes , and occasionally penetrating into woods .
= = Ecology = =
The Asiatic dayflower is considered an invasive weed in many areas where it has been introduced . In the United States , the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation , for example , categorises the species as " occasionally invasive " in its Invasive Plant Species of Virginia . This means that the plant will " not affect ecosystem processes , but may alter plant community composition by outcompeting one or more native plant species " . The species is typically limited to disturbed sites , whence it spreads relatively slowly . Within its native range in China it is also sometimes considered a pest , especially in the northeast of the country where it has caused economically significant agricultural damage in orchards .
The Asiatic dayflower has been used in pollination studies concerning the behaviour of plants in relation to their pollinators . One important experiment tested the hypotheses that floral guides ( i.e. various patterns and colours on anthers and petals ) simultaneously promote pollinator visitation and prevent visits where the pollinator fails to come into contact with the stigma or anthers , termed pollen theft . As the flowers of the Asiatic dayflower lack nectar , they offer only pollen as a reward to their visitors . To attract pollinators , the plant has three types of brightly colored floral organs : the large blue petals , fertile yellow anthers , and infertile yellow antherodes that lack pollen . When the infertile antherodes were experimentally removed in natural populations , the number of total floral visitor landings was reduced , supporting the hypothesis that these infertile anthers essentially trick their pollinators into believing they offer more than they actually do . When the central , bright yellow fertile anther was removed , leaving only two brown fertile anthers , the frequency of legitimate flower landings decreased , meaning that the visitors were not pollinating the flowers , suggesting that floral signals also prevent " theft " , or visits where the pollinators take pollen , but do not place any on the stigma . Thus both the fertile anthers and the infertile antherodes were shown to play an important role in both increasing visitor landings and orienting floral visitors toward a landing point appropriate for pollination .
Recent studies have shown that wild Asiatic dayflower populations found growing on copper mine spoils in eastern China exhibited very high concentrations of copper within the plants , more so than the 48 species tested . Commelina communis had sequestered some 361 mg / kg of copper , while the plant with the next highest concentration , Polygonum macrathum , had 286 mg / kg . Five of the species examined , including the Asiatic dayflower , also showed high concentrations of other metals such as zinc , lead , and cadmium . The results suggest that the Asiatic dayflower is a good candidate for copper mine spoil revegetation and phytoremediation .
Ten species of fungi have been found on the Asiatic dayflower , four of which can infect the plant , while 12 species of insects are known to be associated with it . Two of the fungi , Kordyana commelinae and Phyllosticta commelinicola , are thought to be host specific with the Asiatic dayflower . Of the ten fungi seven are Basidiomycota and three are Ascomycota . Nine of the 12 insects associated with the plant are beetles , seven of which are in the genus Lema , while the other two are in the families Hispidae and Pentatomidae . The remaining three insects include one species of moth , Pergesa acteus , and two true bugs , namely Aphis commilinae and Aeschrocoris ceylonicus . Important pollinators include the Asian honeybee , Apis cerana , syrphid fly , Episyrphus balteatus , and the bumble bee species Bombus diversus .
= = Uses = =
= = = Medicine and food = = =
In China it is used as a medicinal herb with febrifugal , antipyretic , anti @-@ inflammatory , and diuretic effects . Additionally , it is also used for treating sore throats and tonsillitis . Recent pharmacological investigations have revealed that the Asiatic dayflower contains at least five active compounds . One of these , p @-@ hydroxycinnamic acid , shows antibacterial activity , while another , D @-@ mannitol , has an antitussive effect . In China and India the plant is also used as a vegetable and fodder crop .
= = = Pigment and dye = = =
In Japan there is a sizeable dye industry devoted to the plant . The purported variety Commelina communis var. hortensis , which is apparently a cultivated form of another putative variety , namely Commelina communis var. ludens , is grown for its larger petals which yield a blue juice used in manufacturing a paper called boshigami or aigami ( 藍紙 ) , which is the famous product of the Yamada village in the Shiga prefecture . The paper is usually resoaked , allowing the pigment to be reabsorbed in water for use as a dye . The dye , also referred to as aigami , but also as aobanagami ( 青花紙 ) or tsuyukusairo ( 露草色 ) , is composed primarily of malonyl awobanin and was used extensively as a colorant in 18th and 19th century woodblock prints in Japan , especially during the early Ukiyo @-@ e era . The colorant is known to have been used by several famous Ukiyo @-@ e artists such as Torii Kiyonaga . However , aigami fades to a greenish yellow in a matter of months when exposed to sunlight . As a result , the color was eventually replaced by imported Prussian blue , a much more stable colour with its first commercial appearance in 1829 in the work of Keisai Eisen . The plant is also grown for its dye in northern China . Additional uses of the colourant include making preparatory designs on cloth before dyeing with other pigments .
Commelinin is the blue pigment from the flowers of C. communis , is a metalloanthocyanin . It is a complex of 4 Mg2 + ions chelating six anthocyanin molecules .
= = = Plant physiology and development = = =
Commelina communis is also used as a model organism in plant physiology and plant development to a limited extent , especially in relation to stomatal physiology and the biology of pigmentation development . For example , the blue pigmentation of Asiatic dayflower petals was shown to consist of a large complex of six anthocyanins , six flavones , and two associated magenesium ions , demonstrating that supramolecular complexes of several copigments and chelated metals often determine colour . Other research on the plant has helped to explain photoreceptor systems in plants such as their stomatal responses to blue light versus red light spectrums , abscisic acid perception and its role in cell signaling , particularly concerning the chemical 's role in stomatal function , the role of vanadates in inhibiting stomatal opening , and the necessity of calcium in stomatal closure , among other topics . Its widespread use in stomatal studies is due to the fact that the leaves produce exceptional epidermal peels that are consistently one cell layer thick . This same quality makes the plant popular for use in laboratory exercises in higher education for demonstrating stomatal function and morphology . Guard cell turgor pressure and its regulation in the opening and closing of stomata is particularly easy to demonstrate with the Asiatic dayflower .
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= Outlaw Star =
Outlaw Star ( 星方武侠アウトロースター , Seihō Bukyō Autorō Sutā , lit . " Outlaw Star : Starward Warrior Knight " ) is a seinen manga series written and illustrated by Takehiko Itō and his affiliated Morning Star Studio . The series takes place in the " Toward Stars Era " universe in which spacecraft are capable of traveling faster than the speed of light . The plot follows protagonist Gene Starwind and his motley crew of an inherited ship dubbed the " Outlaw Star " , as they search for a legendary , outer space treasure trove called the " Galactic Leyline " .
Outlaw Star was originally serialized in the monthly Shueisha magazine Ultra Jump between 1996 and 1999 for a total of 21 chapters . Three volumes of collected chapters were published in Japan between August 1997 and January 1999 . Although no official English version of the manga exists , it has been published in Chinese , German , Italian , and Spanish . Sunrise Studios produced a 26 @-@ episode anime adaptation that was directed by Mitsuru Hongo and aired on the Japanese station TV Tokyo in early 1998 . The animated series has since been translated and broadcast worldwide . This includes an English version from Bandai Entertainment that received an edited airing on the North American Cartoon Network blocks Toonami in early 2001 and later on Adult Swim in early 2002 . Outlaw Star has been licensed for release in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment and in Europe by Beez Entertainment . A few Japanese @-@ exclusive audio CDs and light novels have been spawned since the start of the manga 's publication .
Critical reception for Outlaw Star has been mostly positive . Many reviewers praised the anime series , particularly its animation style and its balance of dramatic and comedic elements . However , some found fault with the show 's pacing , believing that the storyline quality begins to wane after the first few episodes . Sunrise produced a spin @-@ off television series titled Angel Links ( 星方天使エンジェルリンクス , Seihō Tenshi Enjeru Rinkusu , lit . " Angel Links : Starward Angels " ) , which aired in Japan in 1999 . Preliminary plans were made to create a direct sequel in the form of a single @-@ episode ( OVA ) called " Sword of Wind , " but production never began . Nevertheless , staff have expressed their hopes of there one day being a sequel on television , with certain plot developments in the final episode , such as the survival of Gene 's longtime enemy Ron MacDougall , the crew heading off into space to a new adventure , and Gene and his friend Melfina becoming lovers , leaving the door open to a continuation to the anime .
= = Plot = =
Outlaw Star is a space opera / Space Western set in the fictional " Towards Stars Era " ( 到星歴 , Tōseireki ) universe . During its past , an asteroid containing a material known as " dragonite " crashed in the fictional Arashon desert of northern China . Scientists found that the dragonite contained properties related to " ether " , an energy source that would allow spacecraft to travel faster than the speed of light , and thus traverse large distances of the universe in a short time . As new colonies were formed throughout the vast reaches of outer space , pirates , assassins , and outlaws began to threaten humanity 's new frontier . To create order , the Earth Federation established four empires : USSA , Einhorn , Piotr , and Tenpa . However , internal power struggles within the factions and conflicts amongst one another become abundant , leading to inevitable lawlessness . The storyline starts shortly after an infamous outlaw named " Hot Ice " Hilda flees from the Kei Pirates , a branch of the Tin 'Pa . Hilda has stolen from them a highly @-@ advanced prototype ship dubbed the XGP15A @-@ II and a suitcase containing a bio @-@ android called Melfina , the only being capable of interfacing with the ship .
Outlaw Star opens on the backwater planet Sentinel III , on which the protagonist Gene Starwind and his 11 @-@ year @-@ old business associate James " Jim " Hawking run a small jack @-@ of @-@ all @-@ trades business . After the two take a job as bodyguards for a disguised Hilda and engage in a brief skirmish with the Kei Pirates , Gene and Jim find themselves the owners of the XGP15A @-@ II ( which they nickname the " Outlaw Star " ) and the caretakers of Melfina . Hilda reveals that the ship 's true purpose is to locate the " Galactic Leyline " ( 銀河の龍脈 , Ginga no Ryū Myaku , lit . " Galactic Dragon Vein " ) , a place which popular claims say is a holder of immense treasure , knowledge , and power . Throughout the course of the series , the crew grows to include the kimono @-@ garbed contract killer " Twilight " Suzuka and the Ctarl @-@ Ctarl alien catgirl Aisha Clanclan .
The Outlaw Star manga series and animated television series are paced differently than one another . The anime episodes often involve Gene and his comrades taking on various jobs or missions to fund their ship 's massive maintenance costs . Throughout their travels , the crew often encounters Ronald MacDougall and Harry MacDougall , a pair of bounty hunters responsible for the death of Gene 's father . Ronald acts as a rival to Gene , while Harry wishes to form a bond with Melfina , a bio @-@ android like himself , who instead develops strong feelings for Gene . The crew also contends with others that learn of the Outlaw Star 's connection to the Galactic Leyline . They are Nguyen Khan , a scientist wishing to gain omniscience through the Leyline ; and Lord Hazanko , the leader of the ruthless assassin organization the Anten Seven that seek the Leyline to gain ultimate power . The series climaxes when all parties meet on the physical plane of the Leyline . In the end , Ron MacDougall retreats , saved by a computer copy of his brother Harry ( who is killed trying to protect Melfina from Hazanko ) , Khan is integrated into the Leyline as data , Gene reveals to Melfina that he is in love with her and frees her from the Leyline by making it their shared wish to be together forever , and Hazanko is eventually defeated by the Outlaw Star crewmembers . Once the conflict comes to a close , Gene and his friends return to Sentinel III and go their separate ways , but ultimately reunite to continue their adventures together .
= = Production = =
Outlaw Star was created by Morning Star Studio . Takehiko Itō was the manga 's director , writer , and chief artist . Itō was aided in his duties by Hajime Yatate , a pseudonym of writers at Sunrise . Others who contributed to the work include producer Kenzoh Tomita ; starship designer Shoji Kawamori ; character concept and imageboard illustrators Yutaka Minowa and Hajime Jinguji ; and a team of production designers and assistant artists . Outlaw Star takes place in the Toward Stars Era , the same universe as Itō 's Uchuu Eiyuu Monogatari ( 宇宙英雄物語 , lit . " Future @-@ Retro Hero Story " ) , a pulp @-@ science fiction manga that was first serialized by Kadokawa Shoten in 1988 . Itō has described this earlier work as " something out of boy 's dream " and took a much more mature , scientific approach when writing Outlaw Star . The author also referenced aspects of Chinese culture when creating Outlaw Star .
The animated television series of Outlaw Star was produced by Sunrise and directed by Mitsuru Hongo , whose previous credits include the comedy Crayon Shin @-@ chan and the magical girl series Shamanic Princess . The script was chiefly written by Katsuhiko Chiba , who wrote about three @-@ quarters of the episodes . Character designs were handled by Hiroyuki Hataike ( Detonator Orgun , Armored Trooper Votoms ) and Takuya Saito . The show 's vehicles were designed by Juniya Ishigaki and Macross and Gundam mecha artist Shōji Kawamori , the latter of whom designed the Outlaw Star ship itself . Koh Otani composed the musical score for the Outlaw Star anime . The series features the opening theme " Through the Night " written and performed Masahiko Arimachi , and two closing themes , " Hiru no Tsuki " ( 昼の月 , lit . " Daytime Moon " ) and " Tsuki no Ie " ( 月の家 , lit . " House of the Moon " ) , both written and performed by Akino Arai . " Through the Night " was chosen for the opening among several candidate songs . Itō and Sunrise agreed that the theme should be one that had not been used in a recent animation and that it should feature male vocals . Arimachi wrote the song to resemble a story , took into account its longterm impact , and felt it fit Outlaw Star perfectly .
= = Media = =
= = = Manga = = =
Outlaw Star was serialized in Japan 's monthly Shueisha magazine Ultra Jump between 1996 and 1999 . A total of 21 chapters were published , and 17 of these chapters were compiled among three tankōbon ( collected volumes ) , released in Japan from August 1997 to January 1999 . Each volume also contains information on the series ' universe ; detailed spaceship and planet descriptions ; and character profiles . A Chinese version of the manga was published in Hong Kong by Sharp Point Press . The series has also been published in German and Italian by Planet Manga . No official English translation of the Outlaw Star exists , though Morning Star Studio 's official website suggests that a release in the United States was planned at one time .
= = = Anime = = =
The 26 @-@ episode anime adaptation of Outlaw Star began broadcasting in Japan on TV Tokyo from January 8 , 1998 and ended on June 25 , 1998 , though the broadcast began on January 9 , as it was in a 1 : 15 A.M. time slot . The series was licensed by Bandai Entertainment The English version was produced by ZRO Limit Productions and was aired on the evening Toonami block beginning on January 15 , 2001 . This broadcast of the show was heavily edited due to its adult content . Profanity was removed , scenes with violence and lewd behavior were cut or toned down , and many scenes containing nudity were altered by digitally inserting clothing onto characters . Episode 23 , in which the Outlaw Star crew visits a hot spring planet , was not aired due to nudity and suggestive themes . However , some instances of adult language were not removed for the anime 's initial run . Sean Akins , Toonami 's creative director , claimed that Cartoon Network made all of their own edits to their licensed properties during this time period , which they did " in a way that preserves the story " . The role of Fred Luo , a recurring homosexual character , was considerably toned down . Cartoon Network had no specific editing policy with regard to gay characters , but that " overt sexuality or implied sexuality of any kind are not allowed " . Outlaw Star was also aired on the late night Adult Swim block throughout 2002 . However , the broadcast was cancelled late in the year and , according to Akins , the network allowed its rights to the anime to expire by 2003 . Outlaw Star was aired in the United Kingdom on CNX in October 2002 .
Bandai released the first 13 episodes of Outlaw Star on DVD in Japan on August 25 , 1999 , and the remaining 13 episodes on November 25 , 1999 . A Japanese " remastered " DVD boxset containing the entire series was published by Bandai on September 22 , 2006 . Yet another DVD boxset , Emotion the Best : Seihō Bukyō Outlaw Star , was released in Japan on September 24 , 2010 . Bandai released the series in North America in three DVD collections on September 1 , 2000 , February 14 , 2001 , and March 6 , 2001 . The Outlaw Star Perfect Collection Box Set , a DVD compilation of the entire series , was released on September 10 , 2002 . The series was again re @-@ released on March 28 , 2006 as the Outlaw Star Complete Collection . Outlaw Star additionally received DVD releases in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment on June 23 , 2004 , and in the United Kingdom by Beez Entertainment on April 25 , 2011 . Following the closure of Beez , the show was re @-@ licensed by Anime Limited who will re @-@ release the series in 2013 . At Otakon 2013 , Funimation and Sunrise had announced that they have rescued Outlaw Star , along with a handful of other former BEI titles . In October 2014 , the entire series was released in Japan for the first time on Blu @-@ Ray DVD , with the set including such features as staff commentary , an art gallery board , book breaks of Gene and Melfina , and various songs .
= = = CDs = = =
The opening theme and the two closing themes of Outlaw Star were published in Japan in 1998 as CD singles by Victor Entertainment and JVC respectively . Victor Entertainment published a two @-@ volume original soundtrack for the series on March 31 , 1998 , and June 24 , 1998 . The CDs consist of a total of 61 background and vocal music tracks . Another two @-@ disc album containing several drama tracks , Seihō Bukyō Outlaw Star Sound & Scenario Tracks ( 星方武侠アウトロースター サウンド & シナリオトラック ) , was released on August 21 , 1998 .
= = = Light novels = = =
A series of light novels based on Outlaw Star has been released in Japan by Shueisha under its Super Dash Bunko label . Outlaw Star Ginga no Ryū Myaku Hen ( OUTLAW STAR 銀河の龍脈編 , lit . " Outlaw Star : Chapter of the Galactic Dragon Vein " ) , was written by Katsuhiko Tiba ( 千葉 克彦 Chiba Katsuhiko ) , illustrated by Takuya Saitou ( 斎藤 卓也 Saitō Takuya ) , and released in two volumes on October 1998 and February 1999 . The two books are an adaptation of the anime series , retelling the early events that trigger Gene and company 's search for the Galactic Leyline . Another light novel , Unkai no El Dorado Seihō Bukyō Outlaw Star ( 雲海のエルドラド 星方武侠アウトロースター , lit . " El Dorado Covered With Clouds : Starward Warrior Knight Outlaw Star " ) , was written by Miho Sakai , illustrated by Takuya Saitou , and released as a single volume on July 14 , 2000 . The novel features an original plot involving the Outlaw Star crew pursuing a serial killer named Billy McAglen in a mining town called El Dorado .
= = = Other merchandise = = =
A hardcover guidebook titled Muhōmono no Kioku – Seihō Bukyō Outlaw Star ( 無法者の記録 ― 星方武侠アウトロースター , lit . " Outlaw Record – Starward Warrior Knight Outlaw Star " ) was published by Fujimi Shobo as part of its Dragon Magazine imprint in November 1998 . The guide contains summaries of the manga and anime , character profiles , sketches , animation cels , and interviews with the production staff . In 2001 , Bandai released an Outlaw Star action figure set as part of a line based on its licensed anime franchises . The set contains the Outlaw Star ship and the characters Gene and Melfina . Asako Nishida , one of the show 's animation directors , compiled her contributions to the Toward Stars Era franchise in a 2009 art book .
= = Reception = =
Critical reception for Outlaw Star has been favorable . Eric Luce , Ivevei Upatkoon , and Michael Poirier of EX.org all gave similarly positive reviews for the Japanese manga , Japanese anime , and English anime versions of Outlaw Star respectively . Luce was complimentary of the manga 's " raw " yet " good and distinctive " artwork , detailed backgrounds , and good placement of characters among one another . However , he was annoyed that all the women have " disturbing tendency to all have the same silicone stiffened chests " and that characters typically wear mad grins . Upatkoon found the artwork of the anime version to be good , and he particularly enjoyed the opening sequence , but took issue with the occasionally inconsistent character designs . He also appreciated the show 's dichotomy between serious and humorous subject matter , shown by the titular ship in its grappler mode and how it communicates with the crew . Poirier found the main protagonist Gene to be the anime 's best characterization : " Gene Starwind is a sly , sharp @-@ shooting hero whose success with his gun ( and with the ladies ) is matched only by his propensity to get space @-@ sick . Imagine that : the star of a space @-@ faring series has to continually worry about vomiting onto his control panel . This sort of ironic comedy can be found throughout Outlaw Star , creating excellent segues between the fantastic action sequences and the delightful characters . " Poirier was intrigued by its other characters as well , and was impressed by the " sharp but fluid " animation style and the spaceship designs . Mania.com 's David Owens appreciated the artistic style specifically for the characters , nearly all of which he incidentally found likeable . Jacob Churosh of THEM Anime Reviews additionally noted high animation quality throughout . Although he proclaimed the vehicle designs of Outlaw Star to be superb , Protoculture Addicts writer Martin Ouellette judged the animation and character designs to be " less lucky " and lacking in " the special aura " of Sunrise 's acclaimed 1998 series Cowboy Bebop . Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy , authors of the The Anime Encyclopedia agreeably denoted Outlaw Star as " no competition for Cowboy Bebop in terms of style , content , or execution " .
Critical reception for the plot of Outlaw Star has been mixed . Churosh found that though the series features many clichés of 1990 's science fiction anime , Outlaw Star manages to transcend them as well . " Maybe it doesn 't go anywhere that other series haven 't already been , " the reviewer stated . " But boy , does it have a damn good time getting there . " Upatkoon observed that the plot " [ takes ] off with a bang at the beginning " and then begins to drag . Keith Dawe of Animerica also noted this about the anime 's pacing , stating that even as the first few episodes do well to begin the narrative , the show 's writers rely too heavily on inertia to advance it . He went on to remark that the series suffers from " unfocused scripting " and that " one has to endure the occasional cheesy episode to reap the rewards of a show that is clever , pragmatic and amusing " . However , Dawe did regard the English script writing and voice acting , and called the over @-@ the @-@ top introductory narration for each episode a reminder that the show should be enjoyed for what it was . Owens commented that the plot will not seem very original , but that it does seem to have direction , despite said direction not being very clear .
Outlaw Star has received very modest commercial success and miscellaneous viewer recognition . The initial shipment of the manga 's first volume sold out nationwide in Japan . According to Morning Star Studio 's English website , the Outlaw Star manga has sold 250 @,@ 000 copies , though the anime series was less successful . The Outlaw Star television series was aired in Japan during a late night timeslot because it was not likely to obtain more than one or two percent viewership like prime time shows . Outlaw Star was voted as the 20th best anime of 1999 in the Japanese Animage Anime Grand Prix . During a summer 2001 online poll to determine which show would return to Toonami , Outlaw Star received approximately two @-@ thirds of the more than 150 @,@ 000 votes cast . In August 2002 , Cartoon Network announced that the late @-@ night Adult Swim Outlaw Star received a Nielsen rating of 0 @.@ 9 , up 125 percent for that same time slot and a delivery of 414 @,@ 000 , up 135 percent for the 18 – 34 age range . The Outlaw Star Complete Collection was the 21st best @-@ selling anime DVD in the United States in 2006 and the 25th in 2007 . In 2012 , Bandai 's North American division , Bandai Entertainment , listed Outlaw Star as one of its top five most successful anime properties . Josh Pool of IGN listed Outlaw Star at number six on its " Top Ten Anime Themes and Soundtracks of All @-@ Time " , noting a stark polarity between the opening and ending themes .
= = Legacy = =
In 1999 , Sunrise Studios produced a spin @-@ off television series titled Angel Links ( 星方天使エンジェルリンクス , Seihō Tenshi Enjeru Rinkusu , lit . " Angels of the Stars : Angel Links " ) . Outlaw Star and Angel Links take place in the same universe ; characters from both series appeared in an episode of Outlaw Star , but the two have little else in relation . Morning Star Studio also drafted a proposed sequel to Outlaw Star in the form of a single @-@ episode OVA special titled Outlaw Star 2 : Sword of Wind on its official website with character designs and a plot outline . Set three years after the events of Outlaw Star , it was to continue the adventures of Gene Starwind in his new starship named " Sword of Wind " . Due to the lack of the franchise 's popularity in Japan and the busy schedule of animation director Mitsuru Hongo , no production date was set . In October 2001 , Takehiko Itō commented that his team only had static , preliminary plans for the sequel series and that they could perhaps continue the manga series in the future . Staff have also expressed their hopes of there being a sequel on television to the original anime series .
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= Isopogon anethifolius =
Isopogon anethifolius , commonly known as narrowleaf- or narrow @-@ leafed drumsticks , is a shrub in the family Proteaceae . The species is found only in coastal areas near Sydney , Australia , and to the immediate west . It occurs naturally in woodland , open forest and heathland on sandstone soils . An upright shrub , it can reach to 3 m ( 10 ft ) in height , with terete leaves that are divided and narrow . The yellow flowers appear from September to December and are prominently displayed . They are followed by round grey cones , which give the plant its common name of drumsticks . The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts .
Isopogon anethifolius regenerates after bushfire by resprouting from its woody base , known as a lignotuber , as well as from seed . It was described by Richard Salisbury in 1796 , and was first grown in the United Kingdom the same year . One of the easiest members of the genus Isopogon to grow in cultivation , I. anethifolius grows readily in the garden if located in a sunny or part @-@ shaded spot with sandy soil and good drainage .
= = Description = =
Isopogon anethifolius is a shrub usually between 1 and 3 m ( 3 and 10 ft ) high with an upright habit ( tall and thin with mostly vertical stems ) . It generally grows taller in more sheltered areas such as woodlands , and shorter in more exposed areas . The stems are reddish in colour , and new growth in winter is tinged with reddish and tan tones . The leaves are terete ( round in cross section ) and less than 1 mm ( 1 ⁄ 25 in ) in diameter . They branch once or twice in their 16 cm ( 6 1 ⁄ 4 in ) length . The globular yellow flowerheads , known as inflorescences , appear at the ends of branches in spring and early summer ( September to December ) , though occasionally at other times of year . These are up to 4 cm ( 1 1 ⁄ 2 in ) in diameter . The individual flowers arise out of the central woody globe in a spiral pattern , and are around 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 in ) long . They are straight stalkless structures that originate from a scale on the globe , composed of a tubular structure known as the perianth , which envelopes the flower 's sexual organs . The perianth splits into four segments , revealing a thin delicate style that is tipped with the stigma . At the ends of the four perianth segments are the male pollen @-@ bearing structures known as anthers . Arranged in a spiral pattern , the flowers open from the outer / bottom of the flowerhead inwards . The egg @-@ shaped grey cones are revealed as the old flower parts fall away , and are up to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 in ) in diameter . The seed @-@ bearing nuts are small — up to 4 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 in ) across — and lined with hairs . The seed weighs around 4 mg ( 0 @.@ 00014 oz ) .
The terete leaves readily distinguish Isopogon anethifolius from other members of the genus , which have flat leaves and are greater than 1 mm ( 1 ⁄ 25 in ) across . On a microscopic level , the supporting ground tissue of I. anethifolius differs from some of its genus by its irregular misshapen sclereids ( thick @-@ walled cells that make up part of the ground tissue ) and contorted cell body .
= = Taxonomy = =
Isopogon anethifolius was among the plants collected by English botanist Joseph Banks and Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander on 5 May 1770 at Botany Bay during the first voyage of Captain James Cook . A drawing by Scottish artist Sydney Parkinson was the source for a subsequent painting by James Britten , published in 1905 .
English botanist Richard Salisbury described this species in 1796 as Protea anethifolia , from a specimen collected in Port Jackson ( Sydney ) . The species name is derived from the Latin words anethum " dill " and folium " leaf " , from the resemblance of its leaves to those of the herb . The common name is variously written as narrowleaf- , narrow @-@ leaf- , or narrow @-@ leafed drumsticks . The common name drumsticks is derived from the globular cones of the members of the genus .
In 1799 , the Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles described Protea acufera , later identified as a synonym by Salisbury and Robert Brown . I. anethifolius gained its current name in 1809 when it was redescribed as the dill @-@ leaved isopogon ( Isopogon anethifolius ) by English plantsman Joseph Knight in his controversial work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae . Robert Brown had written of the genus Isopogon but Knight had hurried out his work before Brown 's . Brown 's description appeared in his paper On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae in the Transactions of the Linnean Society in 1810 .
French naturalist Michel Gandoger described four taxa in 1919 that he regarded as similar to ( but distinct from ) I. anethifolius . I. confertus was a plant from Rylstone on the Central Tablelands , which he distinguished by its crowded leaves that were 7 – 8 cm ( 2 3 ⁄ 4 – 3 1 ⁄ 4 in ) long . I. eriophorus was a plant with more scattered leaves that were 12 – 14 cm ( 4 3 ⁄ 4 – 5 1 ⁄ 2 in ) long . He described I. globosus from the Port Jackson district on the basis of round ( rather than oval ) infructescences ( cones ) , and I. virgatulus from Western Australia . All four were subsequently synonymised with I. anethifolius . Gandoger described 212 taxa of Australian plants , almost all of which turned out to be species already described .
The 1891 publication Revisio generum plantarum was German botanist Otto Kuntze 's response to what he perceived as poor method in existing nomenclatural practice . Because Isopogon was based on Isopogon anemonifolius , and that species had already been placed by Salisbury in the segregate genus Atylus in 1807 , Kuntze revived the latter genus on the grounds of priority , and made the new combination Atylus anethifolius . However , Kuntze 's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists . Ultimately , the genus Isopogon was nomenclaturally conserved over Atylus by the International Botanical Congress of 1905 .
Like all species in the Isopogon genus , I. anethifolius has 13 haploid chromosomes .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Isopogon anethifolius is found only in New South Wales , where it occurs in the Sydney Basin and surrounds , from Braidwood northwards to Mount Coricudgy in Wollemi National Park . The annual rainfall in these areas ranges from 900 to 1600 mm ( 35 – 60 in ) . The species occurs naturally from sea level to 1200 m ( 4000 ft ) altitude and is found on sandstone in heathland and dry sclerophyll woodland . Typical trees it is associated with include the scribbly gums Eucalyptus haemastoma and E. sclerophylla and silvertop ash ( E. sieberi ) , open forest plants such as soft geebung ( Persoonia mollis ) , and heathland plants such as heath banksia ( Banksia ericifolia ) , dwarf she @-@ oak ( Allocasuarina nana ) and Wingello grevillea ( Grevillea molyneuxii ) .
= = Ecology = =
Isopogon anethifolius resprouts from its woody base , known as a lignotuber , after bushfire . It is also serotinous — the seeds are held on the plant as a canopy @-@ based seedbank and are released after fire . These then fall directly to the ground or are blown a short distance by wind . Plants resprouting from the lignotuber can flower in around two and a half years , while seedlings take around three and a half years .
Leaf spotting is caused by the fungus Vizella . Flower buds may be damaged by weevils .
= = Cultivation = =
Isopogon anethifolius was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1796 . Along with Isopogon dawsonii , it is the easiest member of the genus to grow . The fine foliage , red stems , bright yellow flowers in spring and distinctive drumsticks afterwards make I. anethifolius an appealing garden plant . It has potential as a screening plant ( its dense foliage can be used for privacy ) . It prefers acidic soil with extra water , though it does not tolerate waterlogging . A part @-@ shaded position is the preferred location , though I. anethifolius grows readily in full sun . Plants can withstand frosts to − 8 ° C ( 20 ° F ) . Fertiliser applied in spring assists growth . Young plants can grow long stems that eventually droop , and respond well to pruning . The species can be propagated by cuttings or seeds , which germinate after 30 to 60 days . Flowering can take several years from seed . Western Australian Isopogon species including I. cuneatus and I. latifolius have been grafted onto rootstocks of this species . The flowers , cones and foliage are used in the cut @-@ flower industry .
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= 1996 Orange Bowl ( December ) =
The 63rd Orange Bowl , also known as the 1996 Orange Bowl , was a 1996 – 1997 Bowl Alliance game played on December 31 , 1996 between the Nebraska Cornhuskers and the Virginia Tech Hokies . Virginia Tech , champions of the Big East Conference , came into the game with a 10 – 1 record and # 10 AP ranking , whereas Nebraska , members of the Big 12 Conference , came into the game with a 10 – 2 and No. 6 ranking . In a high @-@ scoring affair , Nebraska defeated Virginia Tech , 41 – 21 .
Due to Bowl Alliance ( predecessor to the Bowl Championship Series ) rules , the Orange Bowl following the 1996 season was played on December 31 , instead of January 1 or later . This marked the first time that an Orange Bowl was played prior to New Year 's Day : there were two Orange Bowls in the same calendar year — one in January , following the 1995 season , and the other in December , following the 1996 season . The Orange Bowl Committee , which had the fourth and sixth selections of eligible Bowl Alliance teams , selected Big East champions Virginia Tech and Nebraska , an at @-@ large selection that appeared to be a national championship game contender before its loss to Texas in the inaugural Big 12 Championship Game .
The weeks before the game were filled with controversy , as both teams had multiple players arrested or charged with crimes . Despite having lost their last game before the Orange Bowl , Nebraska was heavily favored over Virginia Tech , as spread bettors favored the Cornhuskers by 16 or 17 points , depending on the source used . The Cornhuskers had won the 1994 and 1995 national championships , and presented an imposing history when compared with that of Virginia Tech , which had posted its most important win in school history at the end of the previous season , defeating Texas in the 1995 Sugar Bowl .
On December 31 , the weather was clear and warm at the start of the game , though a light rain began to fall in the fourth quarter . Virginia Tech scored first , taking a 7 – 0 lead at the end of the first quarter — its only advantage in the game . In the second quarter , Nebraska scored three times for 17 points , taking a 17 – 7 lead before Virginia Tech quarterback Jim Druckenmiller threw a touchdown pass with 19 seconds remaining in the first half , cutting Nebraska 's lead to 17 – 14 . In the third quarter , the two teams alternated scores , with Nebraska maintaining a three or 10 @-@ point lead throughout . At the end of the third quarter , Nebraska had a 31 – 21 lead . In the final quarter of the game , Nebraska scored 10 unanswered points as the Cornhuskers used their large number of backup players to advantage . The final score was 41 – 21 , Nebraska .
= = Team selection = =
During the 1996 season , the Orange Bowl was a member of the Bowl Alliance , a precursor to the modern Bowl Championship Series . The Bowl Alliance was formed prior to the 1995 college football season in an effort to match the No. 1 and No. 2 teams at the conclusion of the regular season while also ensuring other high @-@ ranking teams were allowed to participate in high @-@ profile bowl games . The Alliance included the Southeastern Conference , Big 12 Conference , Atlantic Coast Conference , and Big East Conference . As agreed , the champions of each conference would play in one of three Bowl Alliance games : the Orange Bowl , Sugar Bowl , and Fiesta Bowl . The Big Ten and Pac @-@ 10 conferences , which had a separate agreement with the Rose Bowl , were not included in the Bowl Alliance until 1998 , when the Alliance became the Bowl Championship Series .
In 1996 , the Orange Bowl had the fourth and sixth selections from eligible Bowl Alliance teams . The Sugar Bowl had the top two picks , while the Fiesta Bowl , which had the top picks in 1995 , received the third and fifth picks . Due to Bowl Alliance restrictions , the Orange Bowl at the end of the 1996 season had to be played on December 31 , marking the first time in the history of the Orange Bowl that the game was not played in January and that there were two Orange Bowls in the same year — one at the end of the 1995 season , and the other at the conclusion of the 1996 season . The only other time was in 2014 , the first year of the college football playoffs .
= = = Nebraska = = =
The Nebraska Cornhuskers began the 1996 season having won the national championship in both 1994 and 1995 . Though Nebraska was now a member of a new conference — the former Big Eight Conference had been merged with four Texas schools to become the Big 12 — it was widely expected that Nebraska would repeat the performance for a third time in 1996 .
Nebraska was ranked No. 1 in the Associated Press preseason poll , and lived up to the ranking in its first game of the season . On September 7 , Nebraska overwhelmed the Michigan State Spartans , 55 – 14 . After an off week , however , Nebraska fans were shocked by one of the first big national upsets of the season as Nebraska was shut out by No. 17 Arizona State , 19 – 0 . The loss dropped Nebraska to No. 8 in the rankings , but as the season wore on , Nebraska rose through the ranks as the Cornhuskers won seven consecutive games . Nebraska 's 10 – 1 record to that point earned it a trip to the first @-@ ever Big 12 Championship Game in St. Louis , Missouri , against the Texas Longhorns .
Despite Nebraska 's early @-@ season loss , the Cornhuskers still had a chance to win a record @-@ setting third consecutive national championship . A win against Texas would earn Nebraska a bid to the Sugar Bowl and a game against No. 1 Florida State to decide the national championship . Unfortunately for Nebraska , the underdog Longhorns upset heavily favored Nebraska , 37 – 27 . Eight days after losing to Texas , Nebraska was awarded a bid to the Orange Bowl .
= = = Virginia Tech = = =
The Virginia Tech Hokies entered the 1996 season having ended 1995 with a victory over No. 9 Texas in the 1995 Sugar Bowl ( December ) , considered to be the most important game in Virginia Tech history to that point . Following the victory , hopes were high that the Hokies would repeat the performance in the 1996 season .
Virginia Tech kicked off the 1996 season in Akron , Ohio , against the Akron Zips . The Hokies were nearly upset by the Zips , but eventually won the game , 21 – 18 . Tech dropped in rank due to the close finish , and traveled next to Boston , Massachusetts to play the Boston College Eagles . In a nationally televised game , Tech defeated the Eagles , 45 – 7 . The Hokies followed that win with a home @-@ opening victory against Rutgers , then traveled to Syracuse , New York , to play the Syracuse Orangemen . Though the Hokies lost , 21 – 52 , they recovered to win their final seven games of the regular season , securing a Big East championship and a trip to the Orange Bowl .
= = Pregame buildup = =
Nebraska was heavily favored to win the contest , as the point spread favored Nebraska by 16 points to 17 points . Heading into the Orange Bowl , the two teams presented a study in contrasts . The Cornhuskers boasted a string of 28 seasons with nine or more victories , received 28 straight bowl bids , spent 256 consecutive weeks ranked in the AP poll , and had recorded 214 straight sellouts in their 75 @,@ 000 @-@ capacity home stadium . Virginia Tech , meanwhile , had a bowl streak dating back just three years , to the 1993 Independence Bowl , and while the game was Nebraska 's 16th Orange Bowl , it was Virginia Tech 's first . Nebraska and Virginia Tech were among the winningest seven teams in Division I @-@ A college football during the two seasons prior to the Orange Bowl . Virginia Tech had 20 wins in those two seasons , while Nebraska had 22 victories .
In the first weeks after the matchup was announced , Virginia Tech sold its allotment of 15 @,@ 000 tickets , while Nebraska sales lagged , only reaching the 5 @,@ 000 mark in the time it took Tech to sell its allotment . The slow Nebraska sales were largely due to fans who had booked trips to the Sugar Bowl in anticipation of a victory by the Cornhuskers in the Big 12 championship game . Disappointed by the loss , many people elected not to make the trip to Miami . By December 27 , four days prior to the game , Tech had increased its total to 15 @,@ 500 , while Nebraska improved to 8 @,@ 000 sold . The game was the first Orange Bowl to be played at Miami 's professional football arena , Pro Player Stadium , instead of Orange Bowl stadium . The move was made in order to secure the Orange Bowl 's place in the Bowl Alliance , as Pro Player Stadium was a more modern facility with a larger seating capacity .
= = = Off @-@ field problems = = =
In the months , weeks and days prior to the Orange Bowl , the Virginia Tech and Nebraska football teams were affected by multiple criminal incidents . In the 15 months immediately prior to the Orange Bowl , Virginia Tech players accumulated 22 arrests , six convictions , and four charges dropped . The most notable of these arrests came on December 16 , slightly more than two weeks prior to the Orange Bowl , when Brian Edmonds , the Hokies ' starting fullback , and James Crawford , a backup wide receiver , were arrested on charges of rape and attempted sodomy . The two players were immediately suspended from the football team . The day before the Orange Bowl , Virginia Tech coach Frank Beamer announced further suspensions , indicating that backup defensive tackle Nat Williams , backup linebacker Tyron Edmond , and backup receiver Angelo Harrison would not participate in the Orange Bowl .
= = = Offensive matchups = = =
= = = = Nebraska offense = = = =
At the conclusion of the 1996 regular season , the Nebraska Cornhuskers boasted the No. 4 rushing offense in Division I @-@ A college football , averaging 292 rushing yards per game and 422 overall yards per game . Despite those figures , the Cornhuskers ' two leading rushers were hampered by injury and their participation was in doubt . Ahman Green , who led the Nebraska offense with 155 carries , 917 rushing yards , and seven touchdowns , suffered a stress fracture in his foot during the second @-@ to @-@ last Nebraska regular @-@ season game . The No. 2 rusher , DeAngelo Evans , had 776 rushing yards and a team @-@ high 14 rushing touchdowns , but was limited by a groin injury . Because of the injuries , Damon Benning , who earned 465 yards and seven touchdowns during the regular seasons , was anticipated to see significant playing time . Wide receiver Brenden Holbein also suffered an ankle injury in practice , but was able to play .
At quarterback , Nebraska had Scott Frost , a transfer player from Stanford who had 1 @,@ 440 passing yards , 13 passing touchdowns , three interceptions , and 578 rushing yards in his first season with the team . Frost 's three interceptions were the third @-@ least in Division I @-@ A ; only Army and Ohio University had fewer . Overall , Nebraska totaled 5 @,@ 069 yards of offense and 42 @.@ 7 points per game , the most in the Big 12 .
= = = = Virginia Tech offense = = = =
Virginia Tech was led on offense by quarterback Jim Druckenmiller . During the 1996 season , he completed 142 of his 250 pass attempts for 2 @,@ 071 yards , 17 touchdowns , and five interceptions , boosting his career total to 4 @,@ 383 yards and 34 touchdowns . Because of these numbers , he was considered one of the top quarterback prospects in the upcoming NFL draft . Despite Druckenmiller 's success , it was the Hokies ' rushing game that received most of the attention . The Hokies averaged 4 @.@ 8 yards per rushing attempt and produced 2 @,@ 504 yards rushing and 27 touchdowns during the regular season . Tech 's 227 @.@ 6 @-@ yards @-@ per @-@ game rushing average was No. 2 in the Big East Conference and No. 19 among 111 Division I @-@ A schools .
Three players in particular contributed to that rushing success . Running backs Ken Oxendine , Marcus Parker , and Shyrone Stith combined for 1 @,@ 831 yards of Tech 's total . Oxendine , who missed 2 ½ games due to injury , accumulated career highs of 890 rushing yards and 13 touchdowns . Parker , who missed four games due to a discipline @-@ related suspension , earned 467 yards and four touchdowns . Stith , meanwhile , had 474 yards and five touchdowns . Helping block the way for the rushers was center Billy Conaty , who was named an All @-@ American by the Sporting News and who was playing in a then @-@ school record 48th straight game .
= = = Defensive matchups = = =
= = = = Virginia Tech defense = = = =
The Hokies were led on defense by All @-@ America defensive end selection Cornell Brown , who accumulated eight sacks , five other tackles for loss , 19 quarterback hurries , and 58 total tackles during the regular season and was named a first @-@ team All @-@ Big East selection , signifying his status as the best player at his position in that conference . This followed being named National Defensive Player of the Year at the end of the previous season . Tech 's leading tackler was linebacker Brandon Semones , who accumulated 88 during the season . Free safety Torrian Gray also was a significant presence on the Virginia Tech defense . Gray ranked No. 1 on the team in solo tackles with 58 , and was No. 3 in total tackles , with 76 . He started every game for Tech during the three seasons immediately prior to the Orange Bowl and was a second @-@ team All @-@ Big East pick in 1996 . Gray was supported in the defensive secondary by Antonio Banks , who caught a Tech @-@ best four interceptions during the regular season .
In a December 26 practice , Virginia Tech linebacker Myron Newsome suffered an ankle injury that threatened to force him to sit out the Orange Bowl . Newsome , who had been a starter during the regular season , eventually recovered to participate in the game , but his injury was a point of media interest in the days prior to kickoff . Two other Virginia Tech defenders were injured during practice prior to the game . Cornell Brown suffered a minor leg injury , while defensive end John Engelberger broke his nose .
= = = = Nebraska defense = = = =
The Nebraska Cornhuskers ' defense was ranked No. 5 in the country in rushing defense and scoring defense , allowing averages of just 83 @.@ 8 rushing yards and 12 @.@ 8 points per game . Nebraska also was ranked No. 7 in total defense , permitting just 255 @.@ 4 yards per game . The cornerstones of that defense were Nebraska 's two All @-@ American defensive ends , Jared Tomich and Grant Wistrom . Tomich recorded five sacks , 10 tackles for loss , and a team @-@ best 23 quarterback hurries during the 1996 regular season . In recognition of his performance , he was named a second @-@ team AP All @-@ American and was a finalist for the Lombardi Award . Wistrom , meanwhile , led Nebraska with 9 @.@ 5 sacks and 20 tackles for loss . He was named a consensus All @-@ American , indicating his selection as a first @-@ team All @-@ American by all the major selection panels . Neither man was Nebraska 's leading tackler , however . That honor went to defensive tackle Jason Peter , who had 58 and was named a first @-@ team All @-@ Big 12 selection .
In the defensive secondary , defensive back Mike Minter led the Cornhuskers in interceptions , catching five and returning one for a touchdown during the regular season . Supporting Minter was cornerback Ralph Brown , who had 12 pass breakups .
= = Game summary = =
The 1996 Orange Bowl kicked off on December 31 , 1996 at 7 : 17 p.m. EST . The game 's attendance was announced as 51 @,@ 212 , giving it the lowest attendance for an Orange Bowl since 1947 . This poor attendance was despite the fact that more than 64 @,@ 000 tickets were sold for the game . Many of the unused tickets were purchased in blocs by corporations that failed to use them . The game was televised on CBS , and Mike Mayock , Sean McDonough , and Dave Logan were the broadcasters . Approximately 8 @.@ 8 million people tuned in to watch the game on television , earning the broadcast a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 8 . The temperature at kickoff was 75 degrees , and the weather was clear , with 75 percent humidity and wind from the east at six mph . Dick Honig was the referee , the umpire was Jim Augustyn , and the linesman was Ed Peters .
= = = First quarter = = =
Virginia Tech won the traditional pre @-@ game coin toss and elected to kick off to Nebraska to begin the game . The Hokie kickoff was returned to the Nebraska 25 @-@ yard line , where the Cornhuskers ran the first play of the game . On that first play , Frost completed a five @-@ yard pass to Brendan Holbein . This was followed by two rushes by Benning , who picked up 18 yards and a first down in the process . Benning then crossed into the Virginia Tech half of the field with a five @-@ yard rush . Frost then threw an incomplete pass , and Benning was unable to pick up another first down after gaining two yards on a pass from Frost . Nebraska punter Jesse Kosch came on to the field to punt to Virginia Tech . The kick sailed into the end zone for a touchback , and Virginia Tech began its first possession at its 20 @-@ yard line .
Tech 's first drive began inauspiciously for the Hokies . Druckenmiller threw an incomplete pass on the first Tech play , then was sacked for a four @-@ yard loss . Facing third down , Druckenmiller evaded another sack and connected with Oxendine on a 41 @-@ yard pass that picked up a first down and pushed Tech into the Nebraska side of the field . Despite the gain , the Hokies were unable to gain another first down as Oxendine ran for one yard before Druckenmiller threw two successive incomplete passes . Virginia Tech punter Jimmy Kibble kicked the ball back to Nebraska , which returned it to its 15 @-@ yard line , and the Nebraska offense returned to the field .
With 9 : 28 remaining in the quarter , Nebraska 's second possession of the game mirrored its first . The Cornhuskers picked up a first down on a Scott Frost throw , but were unable to gain another after being stopped for a loss on one play and had to punt . Following the kick , Virginia Tech took over at its 28 @-@ yard line . The Hokies performed better than their first possession , picking up a quick first down on two rushes by Oxendine . Druckenmiller then completed a first @-@ down throw that pushed the Hokies into Nebraska territory for a second time . Druckenmiller rushed for eight yards on the next play , then ran an option with Oxendine that saw the players combine for 20 yards and a first down . Now at the Nebraska 20 @-@ yard line , Oxendine ran for a yard , pushing the Hokies into the red zone . On the first play inside the Nebraska red zone , Druckenmiller completed a 19 @-@ yard pass to Marcus Parker for a Virginia Tech touchdown — the game 's first points . Virginia Tech placekicker Shayne Graham kicked the extra point , and Virginia Tech took a 7 – 0 lead with 3 : 14 remaining in the first quarter . The drive covered 72 yards and had taken eight plays and 4 : 06 of game time .
Following the post @-@ touchdown kickoff and a short return , Nebraska 's offense began work at its 21 @-@ yard line . Three rushes by as many different players — Joel Makovicka , Damon Benning , and Jay Sims — resulted in 11 yards and a first down . During Sims ' run , Tech 's Loren Johnson committed a 15 @-@ yard personal foul facemask penalty that pushed Nebraska to the Nebraska 47 @-@ yard line . From there , Frost threw an incomplete pass , then Sims ran twice for fifteen yards and a first down , crossing into the Virginia Tech half of the field in the process . Now at the Tech 38 @-@ yard line , Frost completed a 23 @-@ yard throw to Lance Brown , who picked up another first down at the Tech 15 @-@ yard line . With time running out in the quarter , the Cornhuskers executed a quick four @-@ yard rush to the Tech 11 @-@ yard line . At the end of the first quarter , Virginia Tech led Nebraska , 7 – 0 , but the Cornhuskers were in scoring position .
= = = Second quarter = = =
The second quarter began with Nebraska in possession of the ball at the Virginia Tech 11 @-@ yard line and facing a second down and needing six yards . On the first play of the quarter , Nebraska rusher Brian Schuster was tackled for a five @-@ yard loss in a failed trick play , pushing Nebraska back to the 16 @-@ yard line . Sims rushed for eight yards on third down , but failed to pick up the first down and Nebraska sent kicker Kris Brown into the game . Brown 's 25 @-@ yard field goal was successful , and Nebraska cut Virginia Tech 's lead to 7 – 3 with 13 : 25 remaining before halftime .
The post @-@ score kickoff rolled into the end zone for a touchback , and Virginia Tech began at its 20 @-@ yard line . On the first play , Nebraska committed a five @-@ yard offsides penalty . Shyrone Stith and Parker then ran for a combined six yards on the next two plays , picking up a first down with the shortened yardage provided by the penalty . From the first down at the Tech 31 @-@ yard line , Druckenmiller threw three consecutive passes : The first was incomplete , the second gained one yard , and the third gained nine yards and a first down . After that gain , however , Tech lost yardage on a rush by Oxendine , Druckenmiller threw an incomplete pass , then was sacked for a loss of nine yards during the third down play . Kibble punted , and Nebraska began at the Tech 45 @-@ yard line after the kick was returned 26 yards by Michael Hawkes . The Cornhuskers took quick advantage of the good field position . Ahman Green ran 17 yards for a first down , then Frost passed for 23 yards to Kenny Cheatham , pushing Nebraska inside the Virginia Tech red zone . On just the third play after Virginia Tech 's punt , Frost ran the remaining five yards , crossing the goal line for a touchdown . The extra point was good , and with 9 : 14 remaining , Nebraska took a 10 – 7 lead .
Before the subsequent kickoff , Virginia Tech committed a 15 @-@ yard personal foul penalty , allowing Nebraska to kick off from the 50 @-@ yard line instead of the regulation 35 @-@ yard line . The kick resulted in a touchback , and Tech started from its 20 @-@ yard line . Oxendine picked up nine yards on a rush , and Parker earned another seven yards for a first down at the Tech 36 . Oxendine then ran three consecutive times for 17 yards and a first down . After Parker was stopped for no gain , Druckenmiller ran the ball himself for a seven @-@ yard gain and a first down at the Nebraska 40 @-@ yard line . Oxendine gained one yard on a carry to the left , but on the next play , Druckenmiller was sacked for an 11 @-@ yard loss , negating the minor gain . Druckenmiller then completed a 24 @-@ yard pass to Oxendine , but the play was negated by a holding penalty against Virginia Tech , effectively resulting in a loss of 34 yards and pushing the Hokies back to their 33 @-@ yard line . On the first play after the holding penalty , Druckenmiller fumbled the football after he was jarred by Nebraska defender Mike Rucker . The loose ball was picked up by Cornhusker Jason Peter , who ran 31 yards for a defensive touchdown . The score gave Nebraska a 17 – 7 lead with 3 : 36 remaining in the first half .
Following the kickoff , Virginia Tech 's offense began work to cut Nebraska 's lead before halftime . The Hokies started at their 20 @-@ yard line after a touchback , and Druckenmiller completed a 20 @-@ yard throw to Bryan Jennings after Oxendine was stopped for no gain on a carry to the left . From the Tech 40 @-@ yard line , Oxendine carried the ball 39 yards for another first down deep inside Nebraska 's half of the field . Nebraska committed a five @-@ yard offsides penalty , but Virginia Tech was stopped for short gains on the two plays following the penalty . Virginia Tech was forced to use a timeout in order to stop the clock from moving and to allow time to plan the third @-@ down play . With 57 seconds remaining in the first half , Parker ran the remaining two yards for a first down at the Nebraska 11 @-@ yard line . Druckenmiller then completed a five @-@ yard pass to Cornelius White , but because White was unable to get out of bounds or cross the goal line , Tech was again forced to call a timeout to stop the clock with 25 seconds remaining . On the next play , Druckenmiller completed a six @-@ yard pass to Shawn Scales for Tech 's second touchdown of the game . The score came with 19 seconds remaining in the first half , and the extra point was good , cutting Nebraska 's lead to 17 – 14 .
With just a few seconds remaining in the first half , there appeared to be little chance that Nebraska would have a chance to score . But Nebraska received the kickoff at its 24 @-@ yard line and returned it to the Nebraska 42 . Frost attempted a long pass to get Nebraska into position for a field goal attempt , but the throw fell incomplete . Instead of trying another long pass , Nebraska proceeded to run out the clock , and the Cornhuskers went into halftime with a 17 – 14 lead .
= = = Third quarter = = =
Because Nebraska received the ball to begin the game , Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the second half . Following the kickoff and return , Virginia Tech began at its 19 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the second half , Oxendine broke loose for a 36 @-@ yard run to the Nebraska 45 @-@ yard line and a first down . Despite that strong opening play , Tech was unable to gain another first down and was forced to punt after gaining only two additional yards . The Tech punt rolled out of bounds at the Nebraska 26 @-@ yard line .
The Cornhuskers ' subsequent drive did not have the initial offensive explosion of Tech 's drive , but it was in the end more successful . Benning rushed for five yards and Jeff Lake caught a 10 @-@ yard pass for a first down at the Nebraska 41 @-@ yard line . Frost then threw two incomplete passes and a nine @-@ yard toss to Vershan Jackson . Facing fourth down and needing one yard , Nebraska head coach Tom Osborne elected to attempt to gain the yardage rather than punt the ball . Benning rushed for three yards , and Nebraska was able to convert the fourth down into another first down . Benning followed that success with another , breaking loose for a 33 @-@ yard run and the first touchdown of the second half . The extra point was good , and Nebraska extended its lead to 24 – 14 with 4 : 58 remaining in the quarter .
Following the Nebraska kickoff , Tech tried to answer the Cornhusker score with one of its own . The Hokies started at their 20 @-@ yard line after a touchback . Parker caught an eight @-@ yard pass from Druckenmiller , then ran for three yards and a first down . With a first down at the Tech 31 @-@ yard line , Druckenmiller threw an incomplete pass . This was followed by a four @-@ yard run by Oxendine and a ten @-@ yard completion by Druckenmiller for another first down , this time to the Tech 45 @-@ yard line . Oxendine picked up three yards on two short runs , then Druckenmiller advanced the Hokies into the Nebraska side of the field with a 19 @-@ yard pass to Jennings . Oxendine was stopped for no gain and Druckenmiller threw an incompletion , but on third down , Druckenmiller connected with White for a 33 @-@ yard gain and Tech 's first touchdown of the second half . The extra point was good , and the Hokies again trimmed Nebraska 's lead to three points : 24 – 21 . Tech 's drive covered 80 yards in 12 plays and 4 : 56 of game time .
The Cornhuskers ' offense returned to the field with 4 : 58 remaining in the third quarter . Nebraska began at its 39 @-@ yard line after the kickoff was returned 23 yards . Frost ran four yards , and Benning earned eight yards with two rushes , giving Nebraska a first down at the Tech 49 @-@ yard line . Frost 's first pass of the drive fell incomplete , but Benning ran seven yards and Frost completed his second pass of the drive for nine yards and another first down , this time to the Tech 33 @-@ yard line . Three more rushes created 10 more yards and another first down , but a bigger loss came to the Tech defense when Hokie All @-@ American Cornell Brown was injured . Nebraska 's offense inexorably pressed onward , aided by a 15 @-@ yard pass interference penalty against Virginia Tech , and Nebraska capitalized on a six @-@ yard rush by Benning , giving Nebraska a touchdown with 20 seconds remaining in the quarter . The extra point was good , and Nebraska returned to a 10 @-@ point lead , 31 – 21 .
Nebraska 's kickoff was returned to the Tech 19 @-@ yard line , and Oxendine ran one yard on the last play of the third quarter . With one quarter remaining in the game , Virginia Tech was in possession of the ball , but trailed , 31 – 21 .
= = = Fourth quarter = = =
The fourth quarter began with Virginia Tech in possession of the ball and facing a second @-@ and @-@ nine at its 20 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the quarter , Druckenmiller completed a 20 @-@ yard pass to Oxendine for a first down at the Tech 40 @-@ yard line . Parker ran for three yards , but Tech was forced to call a timeout before the next play . During the timeout , a light rain began to fall that would last through the remainder of the game . Coming out of the timeout , Druckenmiller threw an incomplete pass , but made it up on the next play by rushing for 16 yards , picking up a first down at the 41 @-@ yard line of Nebraska . This was followed by another rush by Druckenmiller , this time for nine yards . The two gains were negated on the next play , however , as Virginia Tech committed a penalty that pushed the Hokies back to their 41 @-@ yard line . Druckenmiller then threw two incomplete passes , and Tech was forced to punt .
Nebraska began its possession at its five @-@ yard line after the returner was tackled for a three @-@ yard loss and the Cornhuskers were assessed six yards of penalties during the return . Frost threw an incomplete pass , Schuster ran for four yards , then Frost completed a 14 @-@ yard pass to Shevin Wiggins for a first down at the Nebraska 23 @-@ yard line . Frost continued the drive by earning nine yards on an option , then Schuster picked up three yards for another first down . Sims followed this by gaining 22 yards and two first downs on the next three plays . Frost then completed a 17 @-@ yard throw to Jeff Lake for a first down at Tech 's 26 @-@ yard line . Just outside Tech 's red zone , however , the drive petered out . Sims was stopped for a short loss , Frost ran for eight yards , and threw an incomplete pass , causing a fourth down . Kris Brown kicked his second field goal of the game , this time a 37 @-@ yard kick , which was successful . With 7 : 52 remaining in the game , Nebraska had a 34 – 21 lead .
With time running out , Virginia Tech 's offense returned to the field needing to score . Nebraska 's kickoff was downed in the end zone for a touchback , and the Hokies started at their 20 @-@ yard line . The Hokies ' need for quick points was foiled by an injury to Druckenmiller , who left the game after throwing an incomplete pass on the first play of the drive . Backup quarterback Al Clark was unable to gain a first down , and neither was Druckenmiller , who returned to the game for third down . Tech punted back to Nebraska , which returned the kick to its 45 @-@ yard line .
Cornhusker Ahman Green , who had started most of Nebraska 's games during the regular season , entered the game and ran three straight plays for 24 yards . On the third play , Green fumbled the ball , which was recovered by a Nebraska player . Frost then completed an 11 @-@ yard pass for a first down to the Tech 21 @-@ yard line . The Cornhuskers were stopped for losses on two consecutive running plays , but Frost broke free for a 22 @-@ yard touchdown run . The score and subsequent extra point gave the Cornhuskers a 41 – 21 lead with 3 : 26 remaining in the game .
The limited time left in the game meant there was little chance the Hokies could make good the 20 @-@ point deficit . Tech 's hopes flared after Nebraska 's kickoff was returned 67 yards to the Nebraska 25 @-@ yard line , providing a chance for a quick score . Druckenmiller completed a 14 @-@ yard pass after the long return , giving Tech a first down at the 11 @-@ yard line , but the Hokies were unable to advance the ball much further . Oxendine ran for five yards , but Druckenmiller threw three incomplete passes , turning the ball over on downs . With a firm lead , Nebraska proceeded to run four short rushes , running out the clock and bringing the game to an end . Nebraska won the 63rd Orange Bowl , 41 – 21 .
= = Statistical summary = =
From 1970 through 1998 , the Orange Bowl Committee , organizers of the Orange Bowl , recognized two most valuable players . Following the 63rd Orange Bowl , Virginia Tech running back Ken Oxendine and Nebraska running back Damon Benning were awarded the honor . Oxendine carried the ball 20 times during the game for a total of 150 rushing yards — an average of 7 @.@ 5 yards per carry . He also caught three passes for 60 yards , making him the game 's leading receiver as well as its leading rusher . Benning , meanwhile , carried the ball 15 times for 96 yards and two touchdowns . He also caught one pass for two yards and returned one kickoff 23 yards .
Oxendine accounted for the majority of Virginia Tech 's 193 total rushing yards , but Nebraska had many more players run the ball than just Benning , who accounted for just over one @-@ third of Nebraska 's 279 @-@ yard rushing total . Scott Frost carried the ball nine times for 62 yards and two touchdowns for the Cornhuskers , and Ahman Green , despite being hampered by his injured foot , managed seven carries for 52 yards . All told , seven Nebraska players managed to carry the ball at least once . Virginia Tech , on the other hand , saw just four players carry the ball , and its No. 2 rusher , Marcus Parker , had eight carries for 22 yards .
Though behind in the rushing game , Tech 's passing offense finished ahead of Nebraska 's . Hokie quarterback Jim Druckenmiller completed 16 of his 33 pass attempts , earning 214 passing yards and three touchdowns . On the opposite side of the ball , Nebraska quarterback Scott Frost earned just 136 passing yards from 11 completed passes and 22 attempts . Combining the rushing and passing totals results in a similar total offensive performance from both teams . Virginia Tech finished the game with 407 net yards from 72 offensive plays , while Nebraska eked 415 net yards from 71 offensive plays . The Hokies had a slight advantage in the time of possession , 31 : 02 to 28 : 58 . The real statistical difference comes in penalties — Tech committed five for 89 yards , while Nebraska had just three for 16 yards — and turnovers . The sole turnover in the game was a Virginia Tech fumble returned for a touchdown . Neither quarterback threw an interception .
Oxendine 's 150 rushing yards for Tech were the fifth @-@ highest total in the history of the Orange Bowl to that point . Druckenmiller 's three touchdown passes came behind only Notre Dame quarterback Danny Kanell 's four touchdown passes in the previous season 's Orange Bowl . Virginia Tech center Billy Conaty set a Virginia Tech record by making his 48th consecutive start in a game .
On defense , Virginia Tech 's Torrian Gray led all defenders with 12 total tackles . Second was Nebraska 's Mike Minter , who had 11 tackles and a pass breakup . Two Nebraska players had nine tackles apiece , and one of those players , Octavious McFarlin , recorded two tackles for loss . Nebraska recorded three sacks of Jim Druckenmiller , while the Virginia Tech defense was unable to sack Scott Frost . The Hokies did manage seven tackles for loss , compared to Nebraska 's five .
= = Postgame effects = =
Nebraska 's win pushed it to a final 1996 record of 11 – 2 , while Virginia Tech 's loss dropped it to 10 – 2 on the season . In the final Associated Press poll of the season , the Hokies finished 13th nationally .
Thanks to its appearance in the Orange Bowl and a revenue @-@ sharing agreement with other Big East schools , Virginia Tech earned $ 3 @.@ 981 million for playing in the 1996 Orange Bowl . $ 3 @.@ 5 million of that total came directly from the bowl , while the remaining $ 481 @,@ 000 came from the revenue @-@ sharing pool generated by all the Big East teams that participated in bowl games . The almost- $ 4 million payout made Virginia Tech 's football team the wealthiest of the 36 schools that participated in bowl games after the 1996 season .
Multiple players from each team were selected in the 1997 NFL Draft , which took place April 19 – 20 , 1997 . Nebraska had eight players selected : Michael Booker , Jared Tomich , Mike Minter , Adam Treu , Chris Dishman , Jamel Williams , Eric Stokes , and Jon Hesse .
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= Silver center cent =
The silver center cent is an American pattern coin , one of the precursors to the large cent and an early example of a bimetallic coin . Less than a dozen specimens are known to exist today , and they generally fetch substantial prices ; an uncirculated silver center cent sold at auction for $ 414 @,@ 000 in January 2002 . That price was eclipsed by an example graded PCGS MS61 offered at auction in April 2012 , with a price tag of more than $ 1 million .
= = Origins = =
During the early years of the American republic , there was a general consensus that the intrinsic bullion value of the new nation 's coinage should be approximately equal to its face value . Some merchants would refuse to accept coins that did not meet this standard . For most denominations , bullion parity was achieved by producing the coins in a gold or silver alloy . However , the Coinage Act of 1792 specified that the cent was to consist of 11 pennyweight ( 264 grains or 17 @.@ 1 g ) of pure copper . Such a weight , needed to maintain intrinsic value , would have been too heavy for practical everyday use .
U.S. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson suggested an alternative : a coin made of an alloy that was primarily copper , but that included enough silver to give a reasonably @-@ sized coin an intrinsic value of one cent . This billon alloy was considered by the U.S. Mint , but U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton feared that it would be too susceptible to counterfeiting , since its appearance differed little from that of pure copper . In 1792 , the Mint 's chief coiner , Henry Voight , hit upon a solution : a copper planchet , slightly smaller than that of a modern quarter , with a small silver " plug " inserted in a center hole during the striking process . The silver plug would have been worth approximately 3 ⁄ 4 ¢ at contemporary bullion prices , while the copper planchet added an additional 1 ⁄ 4 ¢ of intrinsic value . Several such coins were produced as test pieces . Ultimately , the additional labor required for these bimetallic coins proved unsuitable for mass production , and the large cent that was produced for circulation starting in 1793 consisted of 208 grains of 100 % copper .
= = Design = =
The obverse of the silver center cent features a Liberty head with flowing hair . The date appears below the portrait , and the words " LIBERTY PARENT OF SCIENCE & INDUST . " are inscribed in a circular pattern around the central devices . The reverse design consists of a wreath with the words " ONE CENT " in the center , and the fraction " 1 / 100 " below . Surrounding the wreath , " UNITED STATES OF AMERICA " is inscribed .
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= 1948 Miami hurricane =
The 1948 Miami hurricane ( Air Weather Service designation : Fox ) caused no fatalities in Florida , despite moving across the Miami area as a hurricane . The ninth tropical storm and fifth hurricane of the 1948 season , the storm developed from a large low pressure area over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 3 . The storm intensified into a tropical storm early the next day and a hurricane several hours later . Fox then significantly deepened , peaking with winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) early on October 5 . Around that time , Fox made landfall in eastern Pinar del Río Province of Cuba . Fox crossed the island and emerged into the Straits of Florida . Late on October 5 , the hurricane struck Bahia Honda Key , Florida , with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) and two hours later , hit Flamingo . Fox emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Lauderdale early on October 6 . The storm moved northeastward and later curved to the east @-@ northeast . Late on October 7 , Fox made landfall on Bermuda with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . Fox weakened over the next several days and later executed a large cyclonic loop . By October 16 , it became extratropical while well east @-@ southeast of Newfoundland .
In Cuba , homes and cattle were swept away by flash flooding . Eleven deaths and about 300 injuries were attributed to the tropical cyclone . Damage in the country reached about $ 6 million . The storm brought strong winds to Florida , with a sustained wind speed of 122 mph ( 196 km / h ) at Naval Air Station Key West . Heavy rainfall exceeding 9 @.@ 5 in ( 240 mm ) in Miami and three tornadoes also contributed to the damage in South Florida . Throughout the state , 674 homes were severely damaged or destroyed , while 45 other buildings were demolished . Overall , damage in Florida reached $ 5 @.@ 5 million and there were no deaths , but 36 injuries , none of which were serious . In Bermuda , buildings were unroofed and the sides of some structures were knocked down . Electrical light wires and telephone lines were toppled across the island . Damage totaled over $ 1 million .
= = Meteorological history = =
A very large but weak and elongated low pressure area first noted over the Intertropical Convergence Zone on October 1 developed into a tropical depression around 12 : 00 UTC on October 3 , while situated about 55 mi ( 90 km ) southeast of the Swan Islands . The storm intensified into a tropical storm early on October 4 and was designated as Tropical Storm Fox by the Air Weather Service in real time , although the name Fox is not included in HURDAT . Several hours later , the storm intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . A reconnaissance flight into the hurricane late on October 4 indicated winds near the center estimated at 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Early the following day , Fox became a Category 2 hurricane . At 06 : 00 UTC the system peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) . About an hour later , Fox made landfall at the same intensity in eastern Pinar del Río Province of Cuba . Shortly before 12 : 00 UTC on October 5 , the storm emerged into the Straits of Florida . Prior to reanalysis in 2014 , it was thought that Fox briefly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) , but reanalysis instead revealed that the storm weakened to 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) because the aforementioned wind speed was a gust rather than a sustained wind .
Fox weakened while moving northeastward and fell to Category 2 hurricane intensity by 18 : 00 UTC , at which time it made landfall on Bahia Honda Key , Florida , with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . Continuing northeastward , the hurricane struck near Flamingo about two hours later at the same intensity . While passing near Miami early on October 6 , Fox briefly weakened to a Category 1 hurricane . Shortly thereafter , it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Lauderdale and quickly re @-@ strengthened to a Category 2 hurricane . After brushing Grand Bahama island , the storm continued on its northeasterly trajectory into the open sea , until curving east @-@ northward on October 7 . Around 12 : 00 UTC , a ship observed a barometric pressure of 971 mbar ( 28 @.@ 7 inHg ) , the lowest in relation to the cyclone . Ten hours later , Fox made landfall on Bermuda with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . The storm fell to Category 1 early on October 8 and to tropical storm status after about 24 hours . Fox then meandered out in the central Atlantic for several days and executed a large cyclonic loop between October 11 and October 14 . Fox turned northward on October 14 and began to accelerate . After curving northeastward , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on October 16 while located about 535 mi ( 861 km ) east @-@ southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland . The remnants were absorbed by a cold front several hours later .
= = Impact = =
The storm brought strong winds to Cuba , with a wind gust of 132 mph ( 212 km / h ) in Havana . The city suffered considerable damage , forcing police to patrol for looters . Nearly all of the city was left without electricity . In some portions of the neighborhood of Miramar , flooding was reported . Trees were felled onto Paseo del Prado , a famous street in Havana . In other parts of the city , falling trees and rubble also disrupted transportation . There were heavy crop losses in Havana and Pinar Del Rio provinces , where several rivers overflowed their banks . Homes and cattle were swept away by flash flooding . Overall , the hurricane left eleven fatalities , three of them due to houses collapsing on their occupants . Additionally , there were about 300 injuries and an estimated $ 6 million in damage . After the storm , Cuban President Ramón Grau , President @-@ elect Carlos Prío Socarrás , and Major General Genovevo Pérez Dámera – Chief of Staff of the Army – assessed damage in the Havana area and developed plans for recovery .
The Hurricane Warning Service , operated by the United States Weather Bureau and the predecessor to the National Hurricane Center , issued hurricane warnings from Fort Myers to Miami , including the Florida Keys on October 4 . Miami Weather Bureau chief Grady Norton urged residents to take precautions and concentrate on further advisories . On October 5 , the hurricane warning was revised to include Naples to Jupiter . Additionally , other warnings were issued for areas surrounding Lake Okeechobee due to flooding concerns . Four U.S. Navy wartime housing project areas in Key West were evacuated . About 100 Seminoles fled the Brighton Seminole Indian Reservation , with 95 % of the property still inundated from the September hurricane . Two 25 @-@ car trains evacuated about 5 @,@ 000 people in the Lake Okeechobee area in Lake Harbor and transported them to Sebring . Many residents throughout South Florida boarded @-@ up their windows and sandbagged their properties . The American Red Cross opened 143 shelters , which 21 @,@ 663 people sought refuge in .
The hurricane , reminiscent of Hurricane Floyd in 1987 , produced minimal damage in the Florida Keys . Strong winds were reported at some islands , with winds well over 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) observed on Bahia Honda Key . At the Naval Air Station Key West on Boca Chica Key , several buildings were deroofed . The cyclone produced a storm surge of 4 @.@ 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) on Biscayne Bay . Rainfall exceeded 9 @.@ 5 in ( 241 @.@ 30 mm ) at the Miami airport station , inundating many streets in the city and in Hialeah , Homestead , Miami Beach , Miami Springs . In Hialeah , the city mayor reported water depths of 3 @.@ 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) in the streets . A Miami bridge , located near the Miami River , was damaged by a loose barge during the hurricane . Planes were overturned and damaged by strong winds at the Tamiami Airport . Electrical outages occurred in Miami as power lines snapped due to the wind . In Miami Beach , a fire that broke out during the storm severely damaged a meat market and destroyed a photo shop . Prior to landfall , the hurricane produced three tornadoes , all of which attained the equivalence of F2 intensity on the modern Fujita scale . A tornado destroyed three homes in the city of Opa @-@ locka , where damage reached $ 15 @,@ 000 . The tornado flipped cars and inflicted extensive damage at the Royal Palm dairy farm .
Another tornado touched down just south of Pompano Beach demolished 25 homes and left $ 100 @,@ 000 in damage and seven injuries . Forty @-@ four minutes later , a third tornado struck homes west of Fort Lauderdale . One building , containing two stories , lost its roof , while five homes incurred damage . Barns were damaged or destroyed . Losses reached $ 15 @,@ 000 . West Palm Beach observed wind gusts up to 62 mph ( 100 km / h ) . The hurricane caused no fatalities across the state , which the Weather Bureau considered unusual due to the storm 's path over the densely populated Miami metropolitan area . The passage of hurricane in September , which had resulted in pre @-@ existing damage , mitigated the destruction from the October hurricane . Overall , 36 homes were destroyed and 638 others suffered serious impact , while 45 buildings were demolished and 50 others experienced damage . Total losses in Florida reached $ 5 @.@ 5 million , which included $ 3 @.@ 5 million to property , $ 1 @.@ 5 million to crops , $ 400 @,@ 000 to electricity and communications , and $ 100 @,@ 000 to roads .
In the Bahamas , wind gusts reached 110 mph ( 170 km / h ) on Grand Bahama . Bermuda was also impacted by the hurricane , with strong winds blowing roofs off buildings , including a portion of the roof on the House of Assembly of Bermuda , and the sides of some structures were knocked down . Electrical light wires and telephone lines were down across the island . Kindley Air Force Base and the U.S. Naval Base received minimal damage . Damages exceeded $ 1 million .
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= Burger King legal issues =
The legal issues of Burger King include several legal disputes and lawsuits , as both plaintiff and defendant , of the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King ( BK ) , in the years since its founding in 1954 . Situations involving these many legal topics have affected almost every aspect of the company 's operations . Depending on the ownership and executive staff at the time of these incidents , the company 's responses to these challenges have ranged from a conciliatory dialog with its critics and litigants to a more aggressive opposition with questionable tactics and negative consequences . The company 's response to these various issues has drawn praise , scorn , and accusations of political appeasement from different parties over the years .
Controversies and disputes have arisen from a diverse source of group such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) over the welfare of animals , governmental and social agencies over health issues and compliance with nutritional labeling laws , and unions and trade groups over labor relations and laws . These situations have touched on the concepts of animal rights , corporate responsibility and ethics , as well as social justice . While the majority of the disputes did not result in lawsuits , in many of the cases the situations raised legal questions , dealt with statutory compliance , or resulted in legal remedies such as changes in contractual procedure or binding agreements between parties . The resolutions to these legal matters have often altered the way the company interacts and negotiates contracts with its suppliers and franchisees or how it does business with the public .
Further controversies have occurred because of the company 's involvement in the Middle East . The opening of a Burger King location in the Israeli @-@ occupied territories lead to a breach of contract dispute between Burger King and its Israeli franchise ; the dispute eventually erupted into a geopolitical conflagration involving Muslim and Jewish groups on multiple continents over the application of and adherence to international law . The case eventually elicited reactions from the members of the 22 @-@ nation Arab League ; the Islamic countries within the League made a joint threat to the company of legal sanctions including the revocation of Burger King 's business licenses within the member states ' territories . A second issue involving members of the Islamic faith over the interpretation of the Muslim version of canon law , Shariah , regarding the promotional artwork on a dessert package in the United Kingdom raised issues of cultural sensitivity , and , with the former example , posed a larger question about the lengths that companies must go to insure the smooth operation of their businesses in the communities they serve .
A trademark dispute involving the owners of the identically named Burger King in Mattoon , Illinois led to a federal lawsuit ; the case 's outcome helped define the scope of the Lanham act and trademark law in the United States . An existing trademark held by a shop of the same name in South Australia forced the company to change its name in Australia , while another state trademark in Texas forced the company to abandon its signature product , the Whopper , in several counties around San Antonio . Legal decisions from other suits have set contractual law precedents in regards to long @-@ arm statutes , the limitations of franchise agreements , and ethical business practices ; many of these decisions have helped define general business dealings that continue to shape the entire marketplace .
= = Legal disputes & agreements = =
= = = Animal welfare = = =
In 2001 , the animal rights group PETA began targeting fast food chains in the United States regarding the treatment of chickens by suppliers such as Tyson Foods . Using parodies of corporate logos and slogans , the group sought to publicly embarrass the companies into changing their corporate policies in dealing with their poultry suppliers . After winning concessions from McDonald 's with its " McCruelty " campaign , the group targeted Burger King with a six @-@ month campaign it called Murder King . The group and its supporters , with the backing of celebrities including Alec Baldwin , James Cromwell , and Richard Pryor , staged protests outside Burger King restaurants across the United States , calling on the company to establish these new compliance guidelines . On June 28 , 2001 , Burger King entered into an agreement with the group and established a contractual framework that defined procedures to ensure that its suppliers were conforming to the agreed @-@ upon standards of animal welfare . These changes , along with the company 's new vegetarian offering , the BK Veggie sandwich , drew praise from the group .
In 2006 , PETA went before Burger King 's board of directors during its parent company 's annual corporate meeting to request that poultry suppliers switched to a more @-@ humane method of slaughter called controlled atmosphere killing ( CAK ) . Instead of using its previous tactic of stating that the procedure is more humane , the group claimed that CAK was economically more feasible as it reduces the chances of injury to workers in poultry factories and it produces better products by preventing injury to the animal . Responding to the proposal in March 2007 , Burger King announced it would make further changes to its animal @-@ welfare policies . The new policies favor suppliers of chickens that utilize CAK rather than electric shock to knock birds unconscious before slaughter , and require its pork and poultry suppliers to upgrade the living conditions of pigs and chickens . Under the agreement , 2 % of BK 's North American egg suppliers are to use cage @-@ free @-@ produced eggs and 10 % of pork suppliers are to use crate @-@ free pigs for its pork products . PETA and the Humane Society of the United States were quoted as saying that Burger King ’ s initiatives put it ahead of its competitors in terms of animal rights and welfare and that they were hopeful that the new initiatives would trigger reform throughout the fast food industry as a whole .
= = = Nutrition = = =
Since the 1980s , several parties , including the Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPI ) , the British Heart Foundation , the City of New York , and the Spanish government , have argued that Burger King has contributed to obesity and unhealthy eating behaviors in Western nations by producing products that contain large amounts of salt , fat , trans @-@ fat and calories . After its purchase by TPG Capital from former parent company Diageo in 2002 , the company introduced several large , over @-@ sized products including its European BK XXL line , the British Angus burger six @-@ pack , the Enormous Omelet Sandwich line and the BK Stacker line . These new offerings , and others like them , have resulted in further international scorn and negative attention due the large portion size and increased amounts of unhealthy fats and trans @-@ fats in these items . Many consumer groups have accused Burger King and other fast food restaurant chains of failing to provide healthier alternatives .
A 1985 agreement with the New York city public health commissioner 's office , over publication of nutritional data regarding the food it sells , helped define guidelines used by the city for the dissemination of nutritional information . In a five @-@ month negotiation with Burger King and its then parent Grand Metropolitan PLC ( now part of Diageo ) , the company agreed to post complete nutritional information that complied with the Federal Government 's guidelines for the maximum daily recommended intake of fat and sodium . Additionally the data was to be presented in a format easy for the general public to understand and use . On the basis of this agreement , New York public health commissioner Mark Green , with support of Mayor David Dinkins , proposed legislation that would require all fast food restaurants to display nutritional data as well .
In response to the 2006 introduction of the BK XXL product line in Spain , the Spanish Health Ministry publicly claimed that the company had violated a voluntary agreement between the company and the Spanish Federation of Hoteliers and Restaurateurs , a group to which Burger King belongs , that called on its members to refrain from advertising large portions of food . The Minister of Health , Elena Salgado , claimed that the new promotion and the new sandwiches , averaging over 970 calories each , violated the accord . The head of Spain 's food regulatory body , Felix Lobo , stated a legal case could be made against Burger King for " illegally failing to comply with a contract " . In a response to the Government 's allegations , the European offices of Burger King released this statement : " In this campaign , we are simply promoting a line of burgers that has formed part of our menu in recent years . Our philosophy can be summed up with the motto ' As you like it , ' in which our customers ' taste trumps all . " The company also explained that it had always worked " to reduce the risk of illness provoked by an inadequate diet and to promote a balanced ... diet . " A spokesperson for the company stated that customers have the choice of salads versus a Whopper , that they have the option to modify their sandwiches as they please , and that the company was going to continue to advertising the products .
In May 2007 , the Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPI ) sought a state @-@ level class action lawsuit against Burger King in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia over the inclusion of trans @-@ fats in foods served by Burger King and Burger King 's failure to set a definitive time line for their elimination from the company 's menu . The CSPI suit sought to require the company to place large heath warnings on Burger King 's food packaging that explained the dangers of trans @-@ fat and the levels of trans @-@ fat contained in its products . Burger King sought to move the case to the Federal courts and have the suit dismissed . The Federal Court denied the company 's motion for dismissal and sent the case back to the Superior Court for trial . To address the CSPI 's legal challenge , as well as several laws passed in New York City , Philadelphia and other cities regarding the issue of trans @-@ fats in its food , BK announced a plan in July 2007 to phase out all trans @-@ fats from its products by the end of 2008 .
In response to the issue of childhood obesity , Burger King announced in October 2007 that it was joining The Council of Better Business Bureau 's Children 's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative . The program is a voluntary self @-@ regulation program designed to modify advertising messages aimed at children so as to encourage healthier eating habits and lifestyles . As part of its participation in the program , Burger King announced a series of steps in its advertising and children 's product lines to which it was committing itself :
... In addition , Burger King Corp. will :
Restrict advertising to children under 12 that uses third @-@ party licensed characters to Kids Meals that meet its Nutrition Guidelines
Refrain from advertising in elementary schools and from product placement in media primarily aimed at children under 12
Promote Kids Meals that meet its Nutrition Guidelines on its Web site
Promote healthy lifestyles and healthy dietary choices in advertising
The modified Kid 's Meal line will include new products , such as broiled Chicken Tenders , apple " fries " ( French cut , raw apples served in a fry box ) , and Kraft macaroni and cheese . According to the statement by the company 's corporate parent , Burger King Brands , the meals will contain no more than 560 calories per meal , with less than 30 percent of the calories derived from fat , less than 10 percent of the calories from saturated fat , no added trans fats and no more than 10 percent of calories derived from added sugars . As of August 1 , 2008 , Burger King has introduced the product line in the United States , but not the broiled Chicken Tenders product available in the United Kingdom and Ireland .
= = = Labor = = =
A protracted South Florida labor dispute between the Coalition of Immokalee Workers ( CIW ) and growers of tomatoes in the region expanded to include Burger King and other major fast food companies , including McDonald 's and Yum ! Brands . In 2001 , the CIW sought a pay raise for tomato pickers in the region and , starting with its Boot the Bell campaign aimed at Yum ! subsidiary Taco Bell , began to target the chains with protests , letter writing campaigns , and petitions demanding that the companies purchase tomatoes only from suppliers who agree to the pay increase . The campaign , which eventually attracted the support of religious groups , labor organizations , student groups and anti @-@ slavery activists , became known as the Campaign for Fair Food with a stated goal to increase the wages of the pickers by 1 ¢ per pound picked above the 45 ¢ paid per bucket at the time , or about 77 ¢ for each 32 @-@ pound ( 14 @.@ 5 kg ) bucket in 2005 US dollars . In 2005 , McDonald 's Corporation and Yum ! signed agreements acquiescing to the group 's purchasing demands , although implementation was put on hold due to threats by the Florida Tomato Growers Exchange to fine its members $ 100 @,@ 000 if they complied ; however , Burger King corporate parent Burger King Brands declined to enter into a similar agreement with the group .
A December 2007 QSR Magazine article about the conflict claimed that Burger King Brands had devised a contingency plan to remove itself from the dispute . Citing internal company documents , the Associated Press stated BK had concerns that such agreements might prove to be a possible violation of anti @-@ trust laws , had possible tax implications , and that there were issues with third @-@ party oversight for the agreements . As part of the company 's plan , QSR Magazine claimed that the company was going to cease purchasing product from suppliers with whom the CIW was in disagreement . In response , the company issued a press release in February 2007 claiming that while it is a large purchaser , it is not responsible for the pay rates of it suppliers ' workers as wage disputes are the province of the producer . BK also pointed out that it has an open offer of employment for any dissatisfied CIW members and scholarships ( through its Have it Your Way Foundation ) for family members of CIW workers .
In the release , Steven Grover , BK Vice President of Global Food Safety , Quality Assurance , and Regulatory Compliance , confirmed the factuality of the QSR report and that if the dispute between the growers and the CIW continues , the company would go forward with its plans to stop purchasing tomatoes from farms in the Immokalee region . The company stated it would purchase only one percent of its tomatoes from that area and other suppliers could easily make up the difference . Speaking on the dispute , Grover stated , " We ’ re being asked to do something that we have legal questions about . We want to find a way to make sure that workers are protected and receive a decent wage . " CIW spokesperson Julia Perkins faulted this move , stating , " ... farm workers across the country and world face the same problems as those in the Immokalee region , but many do not have a human rights organization , such as the CIW , to stand up for their interests . Running away from the scene of the crime , does that make you any more innocent ? Are they really willing to pay an exorbitantly higher transportation cost [ s ] to bring in tomatoes from overseas or Mexico and pass that on to their customers rather than pay a penny more per pound ? "
In an April 2008 Senate hearing chaired by U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders ( I @-@ VT ) regarding farm conditions , Eric Schlosser , author of the best @-@ selling Fast Food Nation , commented on Burger King 's recalcitrance to sign an agreement with the CIW while Yum ! and McDonald 's had . Schlosser stated , " The admirable behavior of these two industry giants makes the behavior or Burger King ... seem completely unjustifiable . "
In May 2008 , several issues came to the fore that damaged the credibility of Burger King and its position on the topic . Steven Grover was found to be trolling websites that have posted pro @-@ CIW positions and opinions ; under an assumed screen name , Grover posted several comments disparaging the ethics and honesty of the leadership of the group . Besides the trolling incident , Grover was tied to several terse , stridently worded e @-@ mails sent from a possibly fictitious employee name at the BK global headquarters in Miami to supporters and media groups ; the company labeled these communications as unsanctioned and not reflecting official corporate positions . Additionally , Burger King was found to have hired an outside security company , Pembroke Pines , Florida based Diplomatic Tactical Services , to infiltrate the CIW and its supporting groups and spy on their members . After these issues came to light , BK terminated Grover and company spokesman Keva Silversmith , as well as its relationship with Diplomatic Tactical Services . Critics of the personnel action , such as PR Watch editor Sheldon Rampton , noted that it appeared that the two terminated employees were being made scapegoats by the company . Rampton went on to note that Silversmith had been , up to a few weeks before the story came to light , employed by the PR firm Edelman , which had been contracted by company parent Burger King Brands to provide PR services ; Edelman has employed tactics on the behalf of its other clients , Wal @-@ Mart and Microsoft , which Rampton and his organization termed " sleazy " . Sen. Sanders agreed with Rampton 's claim of scapegoating , and called for hearings into the incidents to investigate the company 's behaviors to see if other Burger King officers had instigated the attacks on the labor group as company policy . Sanders stated that he wished to " make sure that we find out how high up the corporate ladder this scheme went " .
The issue was resolved on May 23 , 2008 when BK CEO John Chidsey announced an agreement with the CIW granting the requested 1 ¢ pay increase to the workers . Chidsey also apologized on behalf of the company for the comments made about the pickers and the behavior of Grover and Silversmith . Additionally , the company agreed to provide a ½ ¢ per pound payment to the CIW to cover payroll taxes and administrative costs for the tomato growers .
= = = Israel , Palestine & the occupied territories = = =
In the summer of 1999 , a geopolitical dispute with the global Islamic community and Jewish groups in the United States and Israel arose over an Israeli franchisee opening stores in the Israeli @-@ occupied territories . When Burger King franchisee in Israel , Rikamor , Ltd . , opened a store in the West Bank settlement of Ma 'aleh Adumim in August of that year , Islamic groups , including the Arab League and American Muslims for Jerusalem , argued that international Burger King parent Burger King Corporation 's licensing of the store helped legitimize the illegal settlement . Beyond the called @-@ for Islamic boycott of the company , the Arab League also threatened the revocation of the business licenses of Burger King 's primary Middle Eastern franchise in the 22 countries that are part of the League 's membership .
Burger King Corporation quickly pulled the franchise license for that location and had the store shuttered explaining that Rikamor , Ltd. had violated its contract by opening the location in the West Bank . Several American @-@ based Jewish groups issued statements that denounced the decision as acceding to threats of boycotts by Islamic groups . Burger King Corporation issued a statement that it " made this decision purely on a commercial basis and in the best interests of thousands of people who depend on the Burger King reputation for their livelihood " .
= = = Islamic relations = = =
An issue of a religious nature arose in 2005 in the United Kingdom when Burger King introduced a new prepackaged ice cream product ; the label of the product included a silhouette of the ice cream that when rotated on its side bore a resemblance to the Islamic inscription for God , Allah ( الله ) . When a British Muslim named Rashad Akhtar , a resident of the community of High Wycombe , was presented with the ice cream cone in a Park Royal Burger King restaurant , he noticed the resemblance and became angered at what he felt was an offense to the Islamic faith . After being informed of the likeness , the local Islamic group Muslim Council of Britain pointed out the issue of the possible interpretation to Burger King and its relevance to Shariah , the Muslim version of canon law which governs the lives of members of the Islamic faith and carries the same weight as civil law in their belief structure . The company responded by voluntarily recalling the product and reissuing it with a new label . The Muslim Council praised the company for its " sensitive and prompt action " in resolving the matter ; however , Akhtar was not satisfied with the company 's withdrawal of the product .
In response to the perceived blasphemy , Akhtar declared it was his personal jihad to find those responsible for the packaging and destroy their professional status , personal life and the UK as a whole for having a culture allowing the insult to occur . This event , Akhtar 's reaction and other similar issues with companies such as Nike and Unilever have been used by conservative political critics , such as James Joyner , claiming that western nations and organizations are kowtowing in too easily to Muslims ' claims or threats and by commentators , including author Daniel C. Dennett , highlighting how factions of the Islamic faith gravitate towards iconoclasm .
= = Cases of note = =
= = = Burger King Corporation v. Hungry Jack 's Pty Limited = = =
When Burger King moved to expand its operations into Australia in the early 1970s , its business name was already trademarked by a takeaway food shop in Adelaide . As a result , Burger King provided the Australian franchisee , Jack Cowin , with a list of possible alternative names derived from pre @-@ existing trademarks already registered by Burger King and its then corporate parent Pillsbury that could be used to name the Australian restaurants . Cowin selected the Hungry Jack brand name , one of Pillsbury 's US pancake mixture products , and slightly changed the name to the possessive form , Hungry Jack 's . The first Australian franchise of Burger King Corporation was established in Perth in 1971 , under the auspices of Cowin 's new company Hungry Jack 's Pty , Limited .
In 1990 , Hungry Jack 's renewed its franchise agreement with then BK parent Burger King Corporation , which allowed Hungry Jack 's to license third party franchisee . One of the terms and conditions of the renewed agreement required Hungry Jack 's to open a minimum number of new locations each year for the duration of the contract . Shortly after the Australian trademark on the Burger King name lapsed in 1996 , Burger King requested that Cowin rebrand the Hungry Jack 's locations to Burger King , which Cowin declined . Burger King Corporation accused Hungry Jack 's of violating the conditions of the renewed franchise agreement by failing to expand the chain at the rate defined and sought to terminate the agreement . Under the aegis of this claim , Burger King Corporation , in partnership with Royal Dutch Shell 's Australian division Shell Company of Australia Ltd . , began to open its own stores in 1997 beginning in Sydney and extending throughout the regions of New South Wales , Australian Capital Territory and Victoria . In addition , BK sought to limit HJ 's ability to open new locations in the country , whether they were corporate locations or third @-@ party licensees .
As a result of Burger King 's actions , Hungry Jack 's owner Jack Cowin and his private holding company Competitive Foods Australia began legal proceedings in 2001 against Burger King 's parent Burger King Corporation with a counter @-@ claim that the company had violated the conditions of the master franchising agreement and was in breach of the contract . In a decision handed down by the Supreme Court of New South Wales that affirmed Cowin 's claims , Burger King was determined to have violated the terms of the contract and as a result was required to pay Cowin and Hungry Jack 's a A $ 46 @.@ 9 million ( US $ 41 @.@ 6 million 2001 ) award . The court 's decision was one of the first major cases in Australia that implied that the American legal concept of good faith negotiations existed with the framework of the Australian legal system , which until that verdict , had rarely been seen in the country 's courts . In its decision , the Court stated that Burger King had failed to act in good faith during contract negotiations by seeking to include standards and clauses that would engineer a default of the franchise agreement , allowing the company to limit the number of new Hungry Jack ’ s branded restaurants and ultimately claim the Australian market as its own , a purpose that was extraneous to the agreement .
After Burger King Corporation lost the case , it decided to terminate its operations in the country , and in July 2002 , the company transferred its assets to its New Zealand franchise group , Trans @-@ Pacific Foods ( TPF ) . The terms of the sale had TPF assume oversight of the Burger King franchises in the region as the Burger King brand 's master franchisee . Trans @-@ Pacific Foods administered the chain 's 81 locations until September 2003 when the new management team of Burger King Corporation reached an agreement with Hungry Jack 's Pty Ltd to re @-@ brand the existing Burger King locations to Hungry Jack 's and make HJP the sole master franchisee of both brands . An additional part of the agreement required Burger King Corporation to provide administrative and advertising support as to insure a common marketing scheme for the company and its products . Trans @-@ Pacific Foods transferred its control of the Burger King franchises to Hungry Jack 's Pty Ltd , which subsequently renamed the remaining Burger King locations as Hungry Jack 's .
= = = Burger King v. Rudzewicz = = =
In 1979 , two Michigan businessmen , John Rudzewicz and Brian MacShara , entered into a franchise agreement with Burger King to run a restaurant in Detroit , Michigan . After MacShara attended four months of training courses at the regional Burger King training facilities in Michigan and in the Florida headquarters on how to operate and administer a Burger King franchise , it was agreed that the partners would take over operation of an existing Burger King location in Drayton Plains , Michigan . However , during this time disagreements arose between the partners and BK over issues of rent , construction fees , building designs and the assignment of legal liabilities . MacShara and Ruzewicz finally signed their franchise agreement after gaining limited concessions over the issues , with Rudzewicz assuming a 20 @-@ year , $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 financial obligation over the life of the contract .
Due to a recessionary period in the United States beginning with the energy crisis in late 1979 , sales began to decline at the location and the partnership failed to pay their required franchise fees and rent service to Burger King Corporation . After attempts over the intervening months to negotiate a compromise with MacShara and Ruzewicz failed , Burger King terminated the franchise agreement and ordered the pair to vacate the property . Rudzewicz and MacShara refused to comply and continued operation of their restaurant even after they were served the notice . Burger King response was to file a lawsuit in May 1981 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida claiming breach of contract and trademark infringement . Burger King sought an injunction against the pair preventing them from operating the restaurant and seeking damages because MacShara and Ruzewicz were " ... tortiously infringing its [ Burger King ] trademarks and service marks through their continued , unauthorized operation as a Burger King restaurant " . The company also sought reimbursement of all legal fees and costs associated with the filing .
The defendants , MacShara and Rudzewicz , filed a motion to dismiss the case on the argument as Michigan residents , the District Court of Southern Florida did not have jurisdiction . After a hearing , the Court ruled that Florida has personal jurisdiction under State of Florida 's long @-@ arm statute , stating that " ... a non @-@ resident Burger King franchise is subject to the personal jurisdiction of this Court in actions arising out of its franchise agreements " . The partners filed a counter claim and alleged Burger King had violated Michigan 's Franchise Investment Law and sought damages and fees . After a short trial , the Court found for Burger King and ordered Rudzewicz and MacShara to close the restaurant and awarded BK damages , fees , and costs .
After the loss , MacShara withdrew from the case but Rudzewicz appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit . In the filing , Rudzewicz claimed that since they were residents of Michigan , and because the claims did not arise within the Southern District of Florida , that District Court lacked personal jurisdiction over them . Additionally Rudzewicz argued that the long @-@ arm statute violated the 14th Amendment and was unconstitutional . Citing a similar case , World @-@ Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson , the Appeals court agreed with the defendants and overturned the lower court 's decision . The court also agreed with Rudzewicz 's assertion of the constitutionality of Florida 's long arm statute in its application to the case .
In turn , Burger King Corporation asked for a rehearing , which was denied . Burger King then filed an appeal to the US Supreme Court , which agreed to hear the case on its merits , after which it would decide if it had jurisdiction to grant a writ of certiorari . In its decision , the Supreme Court overturned the Appellate Court and found that Florida does have jurisdiction in the case . The Court concluded that the defendants , Rudzewicz and MacShara , sought out their franchise in the state of Florida and were availed of the protections of that state and were , therefore , subject to jurisdiction there . Additionally , the Court reasoned that the defendants had a " substantial and continuing " relationship with Burger King in Florida and that due process would not be violated because the defendants should have reasonably anticipated being summoned into court in Florida for breach of contract .
The decision in Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz , has been criticized as complicating " personal jurisdiction jurisprudence by creating , in dicta , a new bifurcated test " that duplicates a venue analysis , adds little to the minimum contacts inquiry , hinders predictability , is a burdensome process , and potentially allows a plaintiff to manipulate a defendant 's constitutional rights .
= = = Burger King of Florida , Inc. v. Hoots = = =
As the company expanded , it was subject to several legal issues regarding trademarks . Because of its use as a case study in American law schools , one of the most prominent incidents of infringement in the United States occurred with the similarly named Burger King located in Mattoon , Illinois . Eugene and Elizabeth Hoots owned an ice cream shop in the city of Mattoon ; due to the success of the store , in 1957 they expanded it with an additional shop in a former garage next to the original operation . Keeping with theme related to the name of the ice cream shop , Frigid Queen , they named their burger stand Burger King and registered their trademark with the state of Illinois in 1959 . In 1962 The Hootses , with knowledge of the Federal trademark held by Burger King Corporation , added a second location in Charleston , Illinois .
In 1961 , with its first location in Skokie , Illinois , Burger King Corporation and its franchises began opening stores and by 1967 had over 20 locations spread throughout the state . The Hootses , claiming that their trademark gave them exclusive rights to the name in Illinois sued BK in the state , and later federal , courts under the case Burger King of Florida , Inc. v. Hoots 403 F.2d 904 ( 7th Cir . 1968 ) . The decision issued by United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois , and upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , stated that the BK federal trademark , applied for in 1961 and granted in 1963 , took precedence over the Hootses ' older , state trademark ; The Court granted the Hootses exclusive rights to the Burger King trademark within a circular area defined with a 20 @-@ mile ( 32 km ) radius centered on their original location .
The Burger King v. Hoots trademark dispute and its resulting decision went beyond the original case , it established a major legal precedent in the United States in regards to the Lanham Act . The ruling states that while the senior user of the state service mark or trademark has prior usage of the common law marks , federal statute overrides the earlier , state service mark and prohibits the senior user from preventing the junior user from exercising the use of the federally registered mark outside a defined geographic reach of the senior user .
The Hoots decision would again affect Burger King as it moved into the state of Texas . When Burger King expanded into the San Antonio area , it was prevented from utilizing the name of its signature product , the Whopper , in its local advertising and stores due to a prior state registered service mark owned by a local chain known as Whopper Burger . The chain , owned by Frank and Barbara Bates , prevented the company from using the name in Bexar County for several years until Mrs. Bates , the CEO of Whopper Burger after the death of her husband in 1983 , retired and sold the chain with its related trademarks to then @-@ corporate parent Pillsbury in the mid @-@ 1980s .
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= Joppenbergh Mountain =
Joppenbergh Mountain is a nearly 500 @-@ foot ( 152 m ) mountain in Rosendale Village , a hamlet in the town of Rosendale , in Ulster County , New York . The mountain is composed of a carbonate bedrock overlain by glacially deposited material . It was named after Rosendale 's founder , Jacob Rutsen , and mined throughout the late 19th century for dolostone that was used in the manufacture of natural cement . Extensive mining caused a large cave @-@ in on December 19 , 1899 , that destroyed equipment and collapsed shafts within Joppenbergh . Though it was feared that several workers had been killed , the collapse happened while all the miners were outside , eating lunch . Since the collapse , the mountain has experienced shaking and periodic rockfalls .
During the late 1930s , Joppenbergh became the site of several ski jumping competitions , which continued until the early 1940s . The original slope was designed by Harold Schelderup for Rosendale 's first competition in 1937 ; Schelderup himself skied that July , after the slope was coated with borax for a summer competition . Several Olympic skiers participated in the competitions . Skiing began again in the 1960s , when a new slope was built on the mountain , and the revived competitions continued until 1971 .
The town of Rosendale considered buying land near the mountain in 2003 for parking , and the following year , the town leased a tract of land to build a municipal parking lot . Joppenbergh was put up for sale in 2009 , and in March 2011 , the Open Space Institute ( OSI ) offered to purchase the entire 117 @-@ acre ( 47 ha ) property and sell it to the town . The Rosendale town board initially agreed to the deal the following month , with payment planned to come from a surplus fund . That June , however , the board found that the surplus fund had already been exhausted and could not cover the entire cost of the purchase . Ultimately , the OSI completed its purchase of Joppenbergh in October 2011 , without town money .
= = Name = =
Joppenbergh is named after Colonel Jacob Rutsen , born Jacobsen Rutger van Schoonderwoerdt . Rutsen was a merchant , and the son of a Dutch immigrant , from Albany ; he founded the first settlement in what is now the town of Rosendale , New York , in the late 17th century . The spelling of the mountain 's name has been disputed , and has been rendered as Joppenberg and Joppenburgh . It has also been called Jacob 's Nose , Jacob 's Mount , and , in an early 18th @-@ century deed , Jobsenbright .
= = Geology = =
Sources differ on whether Joppenbergh is 485 feet ( 148 m ) or 495 feet ( 151 m ) . Both measurements give Joppenbergh a lower elevation than the highest point in the town of Rosendale , a 600 @-@ foot ( 180 m ) peak of the Shawangunk Ridge .
The bedrock underlying the mountain is composed of limestone and dolostone members of the Helderberg Group , laid during the Paleozoic era . Most of the Helderberg carbonates in Rosendale are located north of the Rondout Creek , and have given Rosendale a karst topography , resulting in " sink holes , disappearing streams , caves , and springs " . The mountain 's surface is composed of unconsolidated , glacially deposited outwash and till , with several outcrops exposing Joppenbergh 's bedrock . Soils have been mapped as Farmington @-@ Rock outcrop complex . In some areas , the soil depth is less than 20 inches ( 51 cm ) , which hinders groundwater filtration . Other parts of the mountain have a steep , 30 percent grade . These areas , comprising nearly 75 percent of the 117 @-@ acre ( 47 ha ) property , cannot be easily developed .
= = History = =
= = = Mining collapses = = =
In 1825 , engineers working on the Delaware and Hudson Canal found large numbers of dolostone rocks in the region , which enabled the production of natural cement . The rocks contained dolomite of the Upper Silurian 's Rondout formation . Joppenbergh was rich in the mineral , and was mined . Several quarries operated on the mountain , including the New York and Rosendale Cement Company , and the James Cement Company . No one company had complete control of the entire mountain .
By late December 1899 , mining had compromised Joppenbergh 's integrity enough to cause a series of landslides , followed by a large cave @-@ in on December 19 . Four collapses occurred that day , beginning at 8 AM , and culminating in the 11 : 30 AM collapse of the Black Smoke Mine shaft network . Though it was initially believed that fifteen workers had been killed , the collapse happened while all 150 men were outside of the mountain , eating lunch .
The collapse rendered the canal and nearby road impassable , and caused a boiler explosion that shook the nearby Rosendale trestle . At the time of the collapse , the total cost of the damage was estimated to be between $ 20 @,@ 000 and $ 25 @,@ 000 . Another , larger collapse happened the following week , late at night . This cave @-@ in was believed to have been caused by the December 19 collapse . Shortly after the landslides , " swarms of gawking spectators " crowded the village to photograph the debris ; one such photograph was alleged to depict the Madonna . Frequent rockfalls as a result of mining led to calls to destroy the mountain in 1907 .
= = = Skiing competitions = = =
Throughout the 1930s the tourist industry in Rosendale flourished , generating almost $ 700 @,@ 000 each year between spring and autumn . The Rosendale Township Association , founded in 1934 to encourage tourism in the town , sought out new activities to attract tourists to Rosendale during the winter . In 1936 the association asked a Brooklyn @-@ based telemark skiing club to build its new 40 @-@ meter ( 130 ft ) ski jumping slope in Rosendale . The group leased Joppenbergh from owner Warren Sammons .
Rosendale 's first ski jumping competition was held on January 24 , 1937 . The ski track was designed by Harold Schelderup , a ski hill designer from Norway . Bad weather caused the cancellation of competitive events , but a skiing exhibition still occurred . That April , the Telemark club held a special dinner in Brooklyn to honor members who performed well in the January competition . The club planned to hold a summer competition by covering the mountain with " straw and pine needles " . Harold Schelderup , who was recognized at the dinner for his skills , performed in the summer tournament . Joppenbergh 's ski track was coated with borax , and the tournament was held on July 18 , 1937 at 2 : 30 in the afternoon , with enough parking provided for 500 cars . In front of a crowd of 3 @,@ 300 people , " jumpers took off from an in @-@ run covered with borax and landed on a hill covered with mats and carpets topped with straw and borax " .
Olympic skier Ottar Satre set a record jump of 112 feet ( 34 m ) in 1937 . The following year a 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) extension was placed atop the mountain to increase jumpers ' distance . Although Satre 's 112 @-@ foot ( 34 m ) record was expected to be beaten by more than 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) , the winner of the January 23 , 1938 competition was Norwegian skier Nils Eie , who jumped only 128 feet ( 39 m ) . Harold Schelderup also participated in the competition , which was held the week after he won a separate tournament in White Plains . Another Joppenbergh tournament was planned for March 7 , 1938 . Competitions were held in 1940 and 1941 . The length of the slope was increased to 50 meters ( 160 ft ) in 1941 , but the United States ' entrance into World War II caused skiers to enter the military , and competitions were not held after the war .
Skiing resumed on Joppenbergh in the 1960s . The Rosendale Nordic Ski Club was organized on January 11 , 1964 , and immediately created the Joppenbergh Mountain Corporation ( JMC ) to manage the Joppenbergh property . Three hundred shares of stock were issued for the JMC , priced at $ 100 per share , to build a new slope – and to buy the mountain itself for $ 20 @,@ 000 from its owner , Mary Sammons . The JMC gained control of the property on August 20 , 1964 , and immediately announced its intent to build a new ski slope on the site of the original one , as well as a parking lot capable of holding 10 @,@ 000 cars . The goal of the club was to make Rosendale the " Nordic Ski Capital of the East " . A new 70 @-@ meter ( 230 ft ) slope was completed on November 14 , 1965 , and augmented by a snowmaking system to provide artificial snow . When a ski jumping competition was held on January 30 , 1966 , skier Leif Bringslimark achieved a 152 @-@ foot ( 46 m ) jump from the new slope . Competitions were held January 22 , 1967 and January 27 , 1968 . The winner of the 1968 tournament was Per Coucheron , a 22 @-@ year @-@ old Dartmouth student who reached 206 feet ( 63 m ) . The slope was icy prior to the competition ; a snowmaking machine was used the night before the jump , and club members , as well as the competitors themselves , " help [ ed ] manicure the slope " . When the jump began , the slope was in fine condition .
The Rosendale Outing Ski Club organized a competition on January 25 and 26 , 1969 , attended by a crowd of 3 @,@ 000 people . Olympic medalist Franz Keller jumped 212 feet ( 65 m ) down a 65 @-@ meter ( 213 ft ) slope on Joppenbergh , though he managed to reach 214 feet ( 65 m ) during practice . It had rained the week before the competition , and although 20 truckloads of snow were brought in , the condition of the track was " extremely fast " . Several participants fell , and one was brought to a hospital in Kingston .
A jump took place on January 18 , 1970 , the same year that the Rosendale Outing Ski Club became part of the Rosendale Nordic Ski Club . The new club organized Rosendale 's final skiing competition , which took place on February 6 and 7 , 1971 . Keller 's 212 @-@ foot ( 65 m ) record was broken twice on February 6 , by Middlebury College student Hugh Barber . The 185 @-@ pound ( 84 kg ) Barber reached heights of 213 feet ( 65 m ) and 217 feet ( 66 m ) during the competition , and 226 feet ( 69 m ) during practice , in front of 3 @,@ 500 spectators . Although Barber believed the ski hill was in " great condition " , 10 to 15 percent of participants had fallen during the tournament . Consistently unfavorable weather conditions and a lack of profitability were the major reasons skiing stopped on Joppenbergh ; the poor design of the slope , as well as infighting among ski club members , also contributed . The slope was subsequently abandoned , and an adjacent facility , for the ski jumps , fell into disuse . The JMC continued to own and maintain the property after skiing ceased .
= = = Modern use = = =
Periodic rockfalls continue to happen , with debris sliding down the mountain face . In 1984 , State Route 213 was moved 50 feet ( 15 m ) away from Joppenbergh and closer to Rondout Creek to protect motorists . A retaining wall was put up at the foot of the mountain to prevent falling rocks from rolling onto the street . During the 1980s , Vidacable TV Systems leased part of the mountain from the JMC to set up an antenna . Cellular One considered building a 180 @-@ foot ( 55 m ) cell tower on top of Joppenbergh in 1992 , but decided not to do so . Although there was public opposition to the proposal , Cellular One stated that local sentiment was not a factor in its decision against building the tower . In 1995 the mountain was studied by the New York Public Service Commission to determine a possible route for new transmission lines laid by a local energy utility .
The body of a 25 @-@ year @-@ old substitute teacher from Kingston , Amy Glauner , was found on Joppenbergh after an October 1998 search . Police determined that she died of head trauma following a fall . Her car had been found in a parking lot by the mountain .
In 2003 , the town of Rosendale considered either leasing a tract of land near Joppenbergh , or purchasing a 1 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 61 ha ) lot , to expand parking on Main Street . The lot belonged to former village mayor Joseph Reid , who refused to sell it to the town . Although the town board considered using eminent domain to acquire Reid 's property , it agreed in June 2004 to lease the Joppenbergh property instead , for a period of 10 years , at a rate of $ 3 @,@ 500 each year . One member of the town board opposed the deal because it would not secure the land beyond the 10 @-@ year term . The lease allowed the town to create a park by the municipal lot , Willow Kiln Park , which contains several defunct cement kilns . Willow Kiln Park has served as the setting of an art show and , following a zombie @-@ themed street festival , a concert .
Though the JMC had been unwilling to sell its land in 2004 , by December 2009 the entire mountain was put up for sale , for $ 500 @,@ 000 . Before 2009 , the assessed value of the property was only about $ 50 @,@ 000 . In early March 2011 , the Open Space Institute ( OSI ) offered to purchase the 117 @-@ acre ( 47 ha ) property – which had , by that time , been reassessed at $ 240 @,@ 000 – for $ 185 @,@ 000 , and sell it to the town for $ 85 @,@ 000 . The deal would create an easement with the town , allowing only noncommercial use of the mountain while preserving the municipal parking lot at its base . While some government officials viewed such an acquisition as a permanent solution to the hamlet 's parking problems , other officials viewed the loss of tax revenue from the privately owned property to be undesirable .
More than 175 people showed up for a rancorous public hearing over the purchase on April 6 , 2011 . During the hearing , members of the Rosendale town board determined that the tax income from the entire property was much less than the cost of renting part of it for parking . Residents brought up several issues , such as the liability the town would assume from falling rocks , and sinkholes . Other issues discussed were the lack of road access to the parking lot , and whether the property should be used commercially . An individual living adjacent to the property , Brett Hansen , expressed a strong desire to buy it and build additional parking lots , as well as an amphitheater . Proponents of the purchase described how ownership of Joppenbergh would allow Rosendale to connect the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail with Main Street , and how property values near the mountain would increase . The town board agreed to the purchase in a 3 – 2 vote on April 13 .
Although a 17 @-@ page petition with 298 signatures in favor of a public referendum was presented at the meeting , the board felt that OSI funds would not be available by the proposed November referendum . Opponents of the board 's decision protested it by placing signs near the mountain deriding the purchase as an unwise expenditure . The town was not legally obligated to hold a referendum , regardless of public sentiment , because the money budgeted for the purchase was not borrowed ; board members planned to tap a $ 340 @,@ 000 surplus fund , generated by the 2010 sale of town land to the OSI , which intended to allow bouldering on the property . The $ 340 @,@ 000 fund was originally intended for capital improvements , specifically the construction of a new town hall , but a June 2011 audit of the town 's 2010 budget found that a large part of the surplus had already been used to offset budget and tax shortfalls ; only $ 79 @,@ 000 remained available .
Several local businesses considered contributing money to the mountain 's purchase . Such funding would be considered surplus , and would not be subject to referendum . Owners of businesses on Main Street expressed concern at the June 1 town board meeting that the cost of parking would increase if the property was purchased by a third party . One board member estimated that without paying rent , the town would recoup the cost of the property within 12 years . Ulster County Area Transit expressed a desire to route its buses through the property , creating a connection to the Mohonk Preserve . A nonprofit organization , the Joppenbergh Mountain Preservation Association , was created in June 2011 to raise funding to purchase the mountain , the parking lot , and Willow Kiln Park .
In an effort to reduce the purchase price , the town board asked the mountain 's current owners to discount the final four years of rent on the parking lot , a cost of $ 32 @,@ 000 . The town considered buying only the parking lot and Willow Kiln Park , but the JMC 's lawyer indicated that the 117 @-@ acre ( 47 ha ) property would not be divided . Ultimately , the OSI bought Joppenbergh without any financial assistance from the town , gaining ownership of the property in October 2011 , although the sale was not completed until December 20 , 2011 . By that time , most of the JMC 's stockholders had died , and ownership of the property generated so little income that it served " no further business purpose " . Joppenbergh was a point of contention during the town 's November 2011 elections , with Republicans criticizing the affair as " reflect [ ing ] poorly on town Democrats ' fiscal management skills " . The town of Rosendale approached the OSI in January 2012 to renew its lease of the parking lot , which was set to expire at the end of 2013 .
In 2012 the OSI transferred ownership of the property to a local conservancy , the Wallkill Valley Land Trust ( WVLT ) . An informal association of businesses , the Joppenbergh Mountain Advisory Group ( JMAG ) , began working with the WVLT to create a land use policy . The WVLT began having monthly meetings with the JMAG , and with town and state departments ; its stated goal was to combine Joppenbergh 's development with the rehabilitation of the adjacent railroad trestle and subsequent expansion of the rail trail . In late September 2012 , the WVLT held a hearing on a proposed land use plan that would allow deer hunting on the property beginning in 2013 , and would prohibit entry into several caves on the mountain .
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= The Basement Tapes =
The Basement Tapes is a studio album by American singer @-@ songwriter Bob Dylan and the Band , released on June 26 , 1975 by Columbia Records . It is Dylan 's sixteenth studio album . The songs featuring Dylan 's vocals were recorded in 1967 , eight years before the album 's release , at houses in and around Woodstock , New York , where Dylan and the Band lived . Although most of the Dylan songs had appeared on bootleg records , The Basement Tapes marked their first official release .
During his world tour of 1965 – 66 , Dylan was backed by a five @-@ member rock group , the Hawks , who would subsequently become famous as the Band . After Dylan was injured in a motorcycle accident in July 1966 , four members of the Hawks gravitated to the vicinity of Dylan 's home in the Woodstock area to collaborate with him on music and film projects . While Dylan was concealed from the public 's gaze during an extended period of convalescence in 1967 , they recorded more than 100 tracks together , incorporating original compositions , contemporary covers and traditional material . Dylan 's new style of writing moved away from the urban sensibility and extended narratives that had characterized his most recent albums , Highway 61 Revisited and Blonde on Blonde , toward songs that were more intimate and which drew on many styles of traditional American music . While some of the basement songs are humorous , others dwell on nothingness , betrayal and a quest for salvation . In general , they possess a rootsy quality anticipating the Americana genre . For some critics , the songs on The Basement Tapes , which circulated widely in unofficial form , mounted a major stylistic challenge to rock music in the late sixties .
When Columbia Records prepared the album for official release in 1975 , eight songs recorded solely by the Band — in various locations between 1967 and 1975 — were added to sixteen songs taped by Dylan and the Band in 1967 . Overdubs were added in 1975 to songs from both categories . The Basement Tapes was critically acclaimed upon release , reaching number seven on the Billboard 200 album chart . Subsequently , the format of the 1975 album has led critics to question the omission of some of Dylan 's best @-@ known 1967 compositions and the inclusion of material by the Band that was not recorded in Woodstock .
= = Background and recording = =
By July 1966 , Bob Dylan was at the peak of both creative and commercial success . Highway 61 Revisited had reached number three on the US album chart in November 1965 ; the recently released double @-@ LP Blonde on Blonde was widely acclaimed . From September 1965 to May 1966 , Dylan embarked on an extensive tour across the US , Australia and Europe backed by the Hawks , a band that had formerly worked with rock and roll musician Ronnie Hawkins . The Hawks comprised four Canadian musicians — Rick Danko , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel and Robbie Robertson — and one American , Levon Helm . Dylan 's audiences reacted with hostility to the sound of their folk icon backed by a rock band . Dismayed by the negative reception , Helm quit the Hawks in November 1965 and drifted around the South , at one point working on an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico . The tour culminated in a famously raucous concert in Manchester , England , in May 1966 when an audience member shouted " Judas ! " at Dylan for allegedly betraying the cause of politically progressive folk music . Returning exhausted from the hectic schedule of his world tour , Dylan discovered that his manager , Albert Grossman , had arranged a further 63 concerts across the US that year .
= = = Motorcycle crash = = =
On July 29 , 1966 , Dylan crashed his Triumph motorcycle near his home in Woodstock , New York , suffering cracked vertebrae and a mild concussion . The concerts he was scheduled to perform had to be cancelled . Biographer Clinton Heylin wrote in 1990 on the significance of the crash : " A quarter of a century on , Dylan 's motorcycle accident is still viewed as the pivot of his career . As a sudden , abrupt moment when his wheel really did explode . The great irony is that 1967 — the year after the accident — remains his most prolific year as a songwriter . " In a 1969 Rolling Stone interview with Jann Wenner , Dylan said , " I had a dreadful motorcycle accident which put me away for a while , and I still didn 't sense the importance of that accident till at least a year after that . I realized that it was a real accident . I mean I thought that I was just gonna get up and go back to doing what I was doing before ... but I couldn 't do it anymore . "
Dylan was rethinking the direction of his life while recovering from a sense of having been exploited . Nine months after the crash , he told New York Daily News reporter Michael Iachetta , " Songs are in my head like they always are . And they 're not going to get written down until some things are evened up . Not until some people come forth and make up for some of the things that have happened . " After discussing the crash with Dylan , biographer Robert Shelton concluded that he " was saying there must be another way of life for the pop star , in which he is in control , not they . He had to find ways of working to his own advantage with the recording industry . He had to come to terms with his one @-@ time friend , longtime manager , part @-@ time neighbor , and sometime landlord , Albert Grossman . "
= = = Early recordings = = =
Rick Danko recalled that he , Richard Manuel and Garth Hudson joined Robbie Robertson in West Saugerties , a few miles from Woodstock , in February 1967 . The three of them moved into a house on Stoll Road nicknamed " Big Pink " ; Robertson lived nearby with his future wife , Dominique . Danko and Manuel had been invited to Woodstock to collaborate with Dylan on a film he was editing , Eat the Document , a rarely seen account of Dylan 's 1966 world tour . At some point between March and June 1967 , Dylan and the four Hawks began a series of informal recording sessions , initially at the so @-@ called Red Room of Dylan 's house , Hi Lo Ha , in the Byrdcliffe area of Woodstock . In June , the recording sessions moved to the basement of Big Pink . Hudson set up a recording unit , using two stereo mixers and a tape recorder borrowed from Grossman , as well as a set of microphones on loan from folk trio Peter , Paul and Mary . Dylan would later tell Jann Wenner , " That 's really the way to do a recording — in a peaceful , relaxed setting — in somebody 's basement . With the windows open ... and a dog lying on the floor . "
For the first couple of months , they were merely " killing time " , according to Robertson , with many early sessions devoted to covers . " With the covers Bob was educating us a little " , recalls Robertson . " The whole folkie thing was still very questionable to us — it wasn 't the train we came in on . ... He 'd come up with something like ' Royal Canal ' , and you 'd say , ' This is so beautiful ! The expression ! ' ... He remembered too much , remembered too many songs too well . He 'd come over to Big Pink , or wherever we were , and pull out some old song — and he 'd prepped for this . He 'd practiced this , and then come out here , to show us . " Songs recorded at the early sessions included material written or made popular by Johnny Cash , Ian & Sylvia , John Lee Hooker , Hank Williams and Eric Von Schmidt , as well as traditional songs and standards . Linking all the recordings , both new material and old , is the way in which Dylan re @-@ engaged with traditional American music . Biographer Barney Hoskyns observed that both the seclusion of Woodstock and the discipline and sense of tradition in the Hawks ' musicianship were just what Dylan needed after the " globe @-@ trotting psychosis " of the 1965 – 66 tour .
= = = New compositions = = =
Dylan began to write and record new material at the sessions . According to Hudson , " We were doing seven , eight , ten , sometimes fifteen songs a day . Some were old ballads and traditional songs ... but others Bob would make up as he went along . ... We 'd play the melody , he 'd sing a few words he 'd written , and then make up some more , or else just mouth sounds or even syllables as he went along . It 's a pretty good way to write songs . " Danko told Dylan biographer Howard Sounes , " Bob and Robbie , they would come by every day , five to seven days a week , for seven to eight months . " Hudson added , " It amazed me , Bob 's writing ability . How he would come in , sit down at the typewriter , and write a song . And what was amazing was that almost every one of those songs was funny . "
Dylan recorded around thirty new compositions with the Hawks , including some of the most celebrated songs of his career : " I Shall Be Released " , " This Wheel 's on Fire " , " Quinn the Eskimo ( The Mighty Quinn ) " , " Tears of Rage " and " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " . Two of these featured his lyrics set to music by members of the Band : Danko wrote the music of " This Wheel 's on Fire " ; Manuel , who composed " Tears of Rage " , described how Dylan " came down to the basement with a piece of typewritten paper ... and he just said , ' Have you got any music for this ? ' ... I had a couple of musical movements that fit ... so I just elaborated a bit , because I wasn 't sure what the lyrics meant . I couldn 't run upstairs and say , ' What 's this mean , Bob : " Now the heart is filled with gold as if it was a purse " ? ' "
One of the qualities of The Basement Tapes that sets it apart from contemporaneous works is its simple , down @-@ to @-@ earth sound . The songs were recorded in mid @-@ 1967 , the " Summer of Love " that produced the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , their most technically elaborate album . In a 1978 interview , Dylan reflected on the period : " I didn 't know how to record the way other people were recording , and I didn 't want to . The Beatles had just released Sgt. Pepper which I didn 't like at all . I thought that was a very indulgent album , though the songs on it were real good . I didn 't think all that production was necessary . " Of the sound and atmosphere of the basement recordings , Barney Hoskyns wrote that " Big Pink itself determined the nature of this homemade brew . " " One of the things is that if you played loud in the basement , it was really annoying , because it was a cement @-@ walled room " , recalled Robertson . " So we played in a little huddle : if you couldn 't hear the singing , you were playing too loud . "
Mike Marqusee describes how the basement recordings represented a radical change of direction for Dylan , who turned his back on his reputation for importing avant @-@ garde ideas into popular culture : " At the very moment when avant @-@ gardism was sweeping through new cultural corridors , Dylan decided to dismount . The dandified , aggressively modern surface was replaced by a self @-@ consciously unassuming and traditional garb . The giddiness embodied , celebrated , dissected in the songs of the mid @-@ sixties had left him exhausted . He sought safety in a retreat to the countryside that was also a retreat in time , or more precisely , a search for timelessness . "
Dylan had married Sara Lownds in November 1965 . By the time the basement sessions started in Big Pink around June 1967 , he had two children : Maria ( Sara 's daughter from her first marriage ) and Jesse Dylan . Anna Dylan was born on July 11 , 1967 . Both Heylin and biographer Sid Griffin suggest that recording had to move from Dylan 's home to Big Pink when it became clear that the sessions were getting in the way of family life . Domesticity was the context of The Basement Tapes , as Hudson said in The Last Waltz : " Chopping wood and hitting your thumb with a hammer , fixing the tape recorder or the screen door , wandering off into the woods with Hamlet [ the dog Dylan shared with the Band ] ... it was relaxed and low @-@ key , which was something we hadn 't enjoyed since we were children . " Several Basement Tapes songs , such as " Clothes Line Saga " and " Apple Suckling Tree " , celebrate the domestic aspects of the rural lifestyle .
The intense collaboration between Dylan and the Hawks that produced the basement recordings came to an end in October 1967 when Dylan relocated to Nashville to record a formal studio album , John Wesley Harding , with a different crew of accompanying musicians . The same month , drummer Levon Helm rejoined his former bandmates in Woodstock , after he received a phone call from Danko informing him that they were getting ready to record as a group . In his autobiography , Helm recalled how he listened to the recordings the Hawks had made with Dylan , and remembered that he " could tell that hanging out with the boys had helped Bob to find a connection with things we were interested in : blues , rockabilly , R & B. They had rubbed off on him a little . "
= = Dwarf Music demos and Great White Wonder = =
Dylan referred to commercial pressures behind the basement recordings in a 1969 interview with Rolling Stone : " They weren 't demos for myself , they were demos of the songs . I was being PUSHED again into coming up with some songs . You know how those things go . " In October 1967 , a fourteen @-@ song demo tape was copyrighted and the compositions were registered with Dwarf Music , a publishing company jointly owned by Dylan and Grossman . Acetates and tapes of the songs then circulated among interested recording artists .
Peter , Paul and Mary , managed by Grossman , had the first hit with a basement composition when their cover of " Too Much of Nothing " reached number 35 on the Billboard chart in late 1967 . Ian & Sylvia , also managed by Grossman , recorded " Tears of Rage " , " Quinn the Eskimo " and " This Wheel 's on Fire " . In January 1968 , Manfred Mann reached number one on the UK pop chart with their recording of " The Mighty Quinn " . In April , " This Wheel 's on Fire " , recorded by Julie Driscoll , Brian Auger and the Trinity , hit number five on the UK chart . That same month , a version of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " by the Byrds was issued as a single . Along with " Nothing Was Delivered " , it appeared on their country @-@ rock album Sweetheart of the Rodeo , released in August . The Hawks , officially renamed the Band , recorded " This Wheel 's on Fire " , " I Shall Be Released " and " Tears of Rage " for their debut album , Music from Big Pink , released in July 1968 . Fairport Convention covered " Million Dollar Bash " on their 1969 album Unhalfbricking .
As tapes of Dylan 's recordings circulated in the music industry , journalists became aware of their existence . In June 1968 , Jann Wenner wrote a front @-@ page Rolling Stone story headlined " Dylan 's Basement Tape Should Be Released " . Wenner listened to the fourteen @-@ song demo and reported , " There is enough material — most all of it very good — to make an entirely new Bob Dylan album , a record with a distinct style of its own . " He concluded , " Even though Dylan used one of the finest rock and roll bands ever assembled on the Highway 61 album , here he works with his own band for the first time . Dylan brings that instinctual feel for rock and roll to his voice for the first time . If this were ever to be released it would be a classic . "
Reporting such as this whetted the appetites of Dylan fans . In July 1969 , the first rock bootleg appeared in California , entitled Great White Wonder . The double album consisted of seven songs from the Woodstock basement sessions , plus some early recordings Dylan had made in Minneapolis in December 1961 and one track recorded from The Johnny Cash Show . One of those responsible for the bootleg , identified only as Patrick , talked to Rolling Stone : " Dylan is a heavy talent and he 's got all those songs nobody 's ever heard . We thought we 'd take it upon ourselves to make this music available . " The process of bootlegging Dylan 's work would eventually see the illegal release of hundreds of live and studio recordings , and lead the Recording Industry Association of America to describe Dylan as the most bootlegged artist in the history of the music industry .
= = Columbia Records compilation = =
In January 1975 , Dylan unexpectedly gave permission for the release of a selection of the basement recordings , perhaps because he and Grossman had resolved their legal dispute over the Dwarf Music copyrights on his songs . Clinton Heylin argues that Dylan was able to consent following the critical and commercial success of his album Blood on the Tracks , released that same month : " After Blood on the Tracks , The Basement Tapes no longer had the status of a final reminder of Dylan 's lost genius " . In 1975 , as well , the Band purchased Shangri @-@ La ranch in Malibu , California , which they transformed into their recording studio .
Engineer Rob Fraboni was brought to Shangri @-@ La to clean up the recordings still in the possession of Hudson , the original engineer . Fraboni had worked on Dylan 's Planet Waves album , with backing by the Band , and the live Dylan – Band album Before the Flood , both released in 1974 . Fraboni has described Robertson as the dominant voice in selecting the final tracks for The Basement Tapes and reported that Dylan was not in the studio very often . The stereo recordings made by Hudson were remixed to mono , while Robertson and other members of the Band overdubbed new keyboard , guitar , and drum parts onto some of the 1967 Woodstock recordings . According to Fraboni , four new songs by the Band were also recorded in preparation for the album 's official release , one of which , a cover of Chuck Berry 's " Going Back to Memphis " , did not end up being included . There is disagreement about the recording date of the other three songs : " Bessie Smith " , " Ain 't No More Cane " and " Don 't Ya Tell Henry " . While Fraboni has recalled that the Band taped them in 1975 , the liner notes for the reissued versions of the Band 's own albums state that these songs were recorded between 1967 and 1970 . Ultimately , eight of the twenty @-@ four songs on The Basement Tapes did not feature Dylan , several of them studio outtakes postdating the sessions at Big Pink . In justifying their inclusion , Robertson explained that he , Hudson and Dylan did not have access to all the basement recordings : " We had access to some of the songs . Some of these things came under the heading of ' homemade ' which meant a Basement Tape to us . " Robertson has suggested that the Basement Tapes are , for him , " a process , a homemade feel " and so could include recordings from a wide variety of sources .
= = = Track listing = = =
For a comprehensive list of the 1967 Basement Tapes session recordings , see List of Basement Tapes songs . See also List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1975 ) .
All songs written by Bob Dylan , except where noted .
= = = Personnel = = =
Bob Dylan – acoustic guitar , piano , vocals
Rick Danko – bass guitar , mandolin , vocals
Levon Helm – drums , mandolin , bass guitar , vocals
Garth Hudson – organ , clavinet , accordion , tenor saxophone , piano
Richard Manuel – piano , drums , harmonica , vocals
Robbie Robertson – electric guitar , acoustic guitar , drums , vocals
= = = Cover art = = =
The art director / design consultant credited on the 1975 album was Bob Cato . The cover photograph for the 1975 album was taken by designer and photographer Reid Miles in the basement of a Los Angeles YMCA . It poses Dylan and the Band alongside characters suggested by the songs : a woman in a Mrs. Henry T @-@ shirt , an Eskimo , a circus strongman and a dwarf who has been identified as Angelo Rossitto . Robertson wears a blue Mao @-@ style suit , and Manuel wears an RAF flight lieutenant uniform . Michael Gray has identified musicians David Blue and Neil Young in the photograph . The identification of Young has been disputed by Bill Scheele who has written that Young was not present . Bill Scheele and his brother John Scheele worked with The Band from 1969 until 1976 and were present in the cover photo . Some photos by John Sheele of the 1975 Hollywood YMCA photo shoot were included in the book accompanying the 2014 release The Bootleg Series Vol . 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete
= = = Reception and sales = = =
Columbia Records released The Basement Tapes on June 26 , 1975 . The album peaked at number seven on the Billboard chart , and reached number eight in the UK . It was acclaimed by critics . John Rockwell of The New York Times hailed it as " one of the greatest albums in the history of American popular music . " Rolling Stone 's Paul Nelson called its contents " the hardest , toughest , sweetest , saddest , funniest , wisest songs I know " . Robert Christgau gave it an A + in his Village Voice " Consumer Guide " column . He commented on how the recordings sounded richer and stranger in 1975 than when they were made and concluded , " We don 't have to bow our heads in shame because this is the best album of 1975 . It would have been the best album of 1967 , too . " The Basement Tapes topped the Voice 's Pazz & Jop Critics Poll . The review in The Washington Post declared , " He may perplex , irritate , and disappoint , but Dylan has to rank as the single greatest artist modern American pop music has produced . "
= = Criticism of 1975 album = =
Criticism of the 1975 official release of The Basement Tapes has centered on two issues : the recordings by the Band on their own , and the selection of the Dylan songs . In his book about the basement sessions , Greil Marcus describes the album 's contents as " sixteen basement recordings plus eight Band demos " . Critic Michael Gray writes of the album , " The interspersed tracks by the Band alone merely disrupt the unity of Dylan material , much more of which should have been included . Key songs missing here include ' I Shall Be Released ' and ' The Mighty Quinn ' " . Heylin similarly argues that compiler Robbie Robertson did Dylan fans " a major disservice " by omitting those two songs as well as " I 'm Not There " and " Sign On The Cross " . He writes , " The album as released hardly gave a real idea of what they had been doing in Woodstock . Not even the two traditional songs pulled to the master reels — ' Young But Daily Growin ' ' and ' The Banks Of The Royal Canal ' — made the final twenty @-@ four cuts . "
The authenticity of the 1975 album was questioned by a reviewer of the remastered version of the Band 's Music from Big Pink , issued in 2000 . Dave Hopkins noted that " Katie 's Been Gone " , which appears as a bonus track on the Big Pink reissue , is the same recording that appeared on The Basement Tapes , but now " in stereo and with improved sound quality beyond what the remastering process alone would provide " . Hopkins declared , " The cat 's out of the bag : ' Katie ' and the other Band @-@ only tracks on The Basement Tapes must have been intentionally muddied in the studio in 1975 so that they would fit better alongside the Dylan material recorded in the basement with a home reel @-@ to @-@ reel . " Heylin also takes exception to Robertson 's passing off the Band 's songs as originating from the basement sessions . By including eight Band recordings to Dylan 's sixteen , he says , " Robertson sought to imply that the alliance between Dylan and the Band was far more equal than it was : ' Hey , we were writing all these songs , doing our own thing , oh and Bob would sometimes come around and we 'd swap a few tunes . ' " Heylin asserts that " though revealing in their own right , the Band tracks only pollute the official set and reduce its stature . "
Barney Hoskyns describes " Heylin 's objections [ as ] the academic ones of a touchy Dylanologist : The Basement Tapes still contained some of the greatest music either Dylan or the Band ever recorded . " Sid Griffin similarly defends the inclusion of the Band 's songs : " ' Ain 't No More Cane ' may be included under false pretenses , but it is stirring stuff . ... And while a Dylan fan might understandably grumble that he wanted to hear another Bob song , a fan equally versed and interested more generally in late 20th century American music would only smile and thank the Good Lord for the gift of this song . " Of the Band 's version of " Don 't Ya Tell Henry " , he writes , " True , the argument could be made that Robertson was way outside his brief in including this on the two @-@ LP set , as this wasn 't from Woodstock or ' 67 , and has no Dylan on it . ... But it is a song from the Basement Tapes era and it swings like a randy sailor on shore leave in a bisexual bar . So give Robbie a break . "
By 1975 , Dylan showed scant interest in the discographical minutiae of the recordings . Interviewed on the radio by Mary Travers , he recalled , " We were all up there sorta drying out ... making music and watching time go by . So , in the meantime , we made this record . Actually , it wasn 't a record , it was just songs which we 'd come to this basement and recorded . Out in the woods ... " Heylin has commented that Dylan seemed to " dismiss the work as unfinished therapy " .
= = Themes = =
Although The Basement Tapes reached the public in an unorthodox manner , officially released eight years after the songs were recorded , critics have assigned them an important place in Dylan 's development . Michael Gray writes , " The core Dylan songs from these sessions actually do form a clear link between ... two utterly different albums . They evince the same highly serious , precarious quest for a personal and universal salvation which marked out the John Wesley Harding collection — yet they are soaked in the same blocked confusion and turmoil as Blonde on Blonde . ' Tears of Rage ' , for example , is an exact halfway house between , say , ' One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) ' and ' I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine ' " .
Singer @-@ songwriter David Gray commented that the great achievement of The Basement Tapes is that Dylan found a way out of the anguish and verbal complexity that had characterized his mid @-@ sixties albums such as Blonde on Blonde : " It 's the sound of Dylan letting his guard down . ' Clothes Line Saga ' and all those ridiculous songs , he 's obviously just making it all up , they were having such a great time . The sound of the Band is so antiquated like something out of the Gold Rush and Dylan fits in because he 's this storyteller with an ancient heart . At the time everything he did was so scrutinised , yet somehow he liberated himself from all that and enjoyed making music again . You hear an unselfconscious quality on this record which you don 't ever hear again . " " He mocks his own inertia and impotence " , writes critic Mike Marqusee , " but with a much gentler touch than in Blonde on Blonde . In place of that album 's strangled urgency , Dylan adopts a laconic humor , a deadpan tone that speaks of resignation and self @-@ preservation in the face of absurdity and betrayal . "
Robert Shelton has argued that The Basement Tapes revolves around two sets of themes . One group of songs is " tinctured with the search for salvation " : " I Shall Be Released " ( on the demo , but not on the album ) , " Too Much of Nothing " , " Nothing Was Delivered " , " This Wheel 's On Fire " , " Tears of Rage " and " Goin ' To Acapulco " . " ' Nothing ' and ' nowhere ' perplex and nag " in these songs , he writes . " The ' nothing ' echoes the artist 's dilemma : death versus life , vacuum versus harvest , isolation versus people , silence versus sound , the void versus the life @-@ impulse . " A second group , comprising " songs of joy , signaling some form of deliverance " , includes most of the remaining songs in the collection .
In his sleeve notes for the 1975 release of The Basement Tapes , Greil Marcus wrote , " What was taking place as Dylan and the Band fiddled with the tunes , was less a style than a spirit — a spirit that had to do with a delight in friendship and invention . " He compared the songs to fabled works of American music : " The Basement tapes are a testing and a discovery of roots and memory ... they are no more likely to fade than Elvis Presley 's ' Mystery Train ' or Robert Johnson 's ' Love In Vain . ' "
In 1997 , after listening to more than 100 basement recordings issued on various bootlegs , Marcus extended these insights into a book @-@ length study , Invisible Republic ( reissued in 2001 under the title The Old , Weird America ) . In it , he quotes Robertson 's memory of the recording : " [ Dylan ] would pull these songs out of nowhere . We didn 't know if he wrote them or if he remembered them . When he sang them , you couldn 't tell . " Marcus calls the songs " palavers with a community of ghosts . ... These ghosts were not abstractions . As native sons and daughters they were a community . And they were once gathered in a single place : on the Anthology of American Folk Music " . A collection of blues and country music recorded in the 1920s and 1930s , the Anthology — compiled by Harry Smith and originally released by Folkways Records in 1952 — was a major influence on the folk music revival of the 1950s and the 1960s . Marcus suggests that Dylan 's Basement Tapes shared with Smith 's Anthology a sense of alchemy , " and in the alchemy is an undiscovered country " .
= = Legacy = =
While removed from the public 's gaze , Dylan and the Band made music very different from the recordings of other major artists . Andy Gill writes , " Musically , the songs were completely at odds with what was going on in the rest of the pop world , which during the long hot summer of 1967 was celebrating the birth of the hippie movement with a gaudy explosion of ' psychedelic ' music — mostly facile paeans to universal love draped in interminable guitar solos . " Patrick Humphries itemizes the ways in which Dylan 's songs dissented from the dominant ethos of rock culture : " While the rock world vented its spleen on parents and leaders , Dylan was singing privately about parental fidelity . While George Harrison was testifying that life went on within and without you , Dylan was taking his potatoes down to be mashed . While Mick Jagger was 2 @,@ 000 light years from home , Dylan was strapping himself to a tree with roots . "
This aspect of the basement recordings became obvious when Dylan chose to record his next album , John Wesley Harding , in Nashville in late 1967 . The songs on that record , according to Howard Sounes , revealed the influence of Dylan 's daily reading of both the Bible and the Hank Williams songbook . And its sound came as a shock to other rock musicians . As producer Bob Johnston recalled , " Every artist in the world was in the studio trying to make the biggest @-@ sounding record they possibly could . So what does [ Dylan ] do ? He comes to Nashville and tells me he wants to record with a bass , drum and guitar . " Dylan summed up the gap : " At that time psychedelic rock was overtaking the universe and we were singing these homespun ballads . "
When the Band began work on their debut album , Music from Big Pink , in a New York studio in January 1968 , they employed a recording technique similar to the one they had become familiar with during the Basement Tapes sessions . As Robertson described it , " We used the same kind of mike on everything . A bit of an anti @-@ studio approach . And we realized what was comfortable to us was turning wherever we were into a studio . Like the Big Pink technique . " That technique influenced groups including the Beatles , writes Griffin , who calls their Twickenham Get Back sessions in early 1969 an effort to record " in the honest , live , no frills , no overdubs , down home way that the Hawks / Band did for the Basement Tapes " .
" Listening to The Basement Tapes now , it seems to be the beginning of what is called Americana or alt.country , " wrote Billy Bragg . " The thing about alt.country which makes it ' alt ' is that it is not polished . It is not rehearsed or slick . Neither are The Basement Tapes . Remember that The Basement Tapes holds a certain cultural weight which is timeless — and the best Americana does that as well . " The songs ' influence has been detected by critics in many subsequent acts . Stuart Bailie wrote , " If rock 'n'roll is the sound of a party in session , the Basement Tapes were the morning after : bleary , and a bit rueful but dashed with emotional potency . Countless acts — Mercury Rev , Cowboy Junkies , Wilco , the Waterboys — have since tried to get back to that place . "
For Elvis Costello , The Basement Tapes " sound like they were made in a cardboard box . I think [ Dylan ] was trying to write songs that sounded like he 'd just found them under a stone . As if they sound like real folk songs — because if you go back into the folk tradition , you will find songs as dark and as deep as these . "
In 2016 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked The Basement Tapes number 292 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . In a special issue devoted to Dylan 's work , Q magazine awarded the record five stars , its highest rating , commenting that " Dylan 's work is by turns haunting , hilarious and puzzling — and all of it taps into centuries of American song " .
= = Other released Basement Tape songs = =
Between 1985 and 2013 , Columbia issued five additional 1967 recordings by Dylan from Big Pink : take 2 of " Quinn the Eskimo ( The Mighty Quinn ) " on Biograph in 1985 , " I Shall Be Released " and " Santa @-@ Fe " on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 – 1991 in 1991 , " I 'm Not There ( 1956 ) " on the I 'm Not There soundtrack in 2007 , and " Minstrel Boy " on The Bootleg Series Vol . 10 – Another Self Portrait ( 1969 – 1971 ) in 2013 . In the early 1970s , Dylan released new recordings of five compositions from the Basement Tape era : live performances of " Minstrel Boy " and " Quinn the Eskimo " from the Isle of Wight Festival on August 31 , 1969 , appeared on Self Portrait , and October 1971 recordings with Happy Traum of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " , " I Shall Be Released " and " Down in the Flood " appeared on Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol . II .
In 2005 , the Band compilation A Musical History was released , which includes the 1967 Woodstock Band recordings " Words and Numbers " , " You Don 't Come Through " , " Caledonia Mission " , " Ferdinand the Imposter " and " Will the Circle Be Unbroken " . In 1968 , the Band re @-@ recorded " This Wheel 's on Fire " , " Tears of Rage " , " I Shall Be Released " and " Caledonia Mission " in studios in New York and Los Angeles for Music From Big Pink . Versions of other Band Basement Tape compositions , recorded in various locations between 1967 and possibly 1975 , appear on Across the Great Divide and A Musical History , and as bonus tracks on the 2000 reissues of Music From Big Pink and Cahoots . Live versions by the Band of various Basement Tapes songs have also been issued : " I Shall Be Released " on Before the Flood ; " Caledonia Mission " and " This Wheel 's On Fire " on Rock of Ages , with " I Shall Be Released " , " Down in the Flood " and " Don 't Ya Tell Henry " appearing on the album 's 2001 reissue ; " I Shall Be Released " on The Last Waltz and " This Wheel 's On Fire " on the 2002 box set release of the album ; " I Shall Be Released " and " Don 't Ya Tell Henry " on Live at Watkins Glen ; and " Ain 't No Cane on the Brazos " recorded live at the Woodstock Festival in August 1969 , on Across the Great Divide .
On March 31 , 2009 , Legacy Records issued a remastered version of the original 1975 Basement Tapes double album , which critics praised for its improved sound quality . According to reviewer Scott Hreha , there was " something about the remastering that makes it feel more like an official album — the earlier CD version ’ s weak fidelity unfairly emphasized the ' basement ' nature of the recordings , where it now possesses a clarity that belies its humble and informal origins . "
In the early 1990s , a virtually complete collection of all of Dylan 's 1967 recordings in Woodstock was released on a bootleg five @-@ CD set , The Genuine Basement Tapes . The collection , which contains over 100 songs and alternate takes , was later remastered and issued as the four @-@ CD bootleg A Tree With Roots . On November 4 , 2014 , Columbia / Legacy issued The Bootleg Series Vol . 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete , an official 6 @-@ CD box set containing 139 tracks which comprises nearly all of Dylan 's basement recordings , including 30 never @-@ bootlegged tracks . A companion 2 @-@ CD set containing highlights from the recordings , The Basement Tapes Raw , was also released .
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= Meat ant =
The meat ant ( Iridomyrmex purpureus ) , also known as the gravel ant or southern meat ant , is a species of ant endemic to Australia . A member of the genus Iridomyrmex in the subfamily Dolichoderinae , it was described by British entomologist Frederick Smith in 1858 . The meat ant is associated with many common names due to its appearance , nest @-@ building behaviour and abundance , of which its specific name , purpureus , refers to its coloured appearance . It is among the best @-@ known species of ant found throughout Australia ; it occurs in almost all states and territories except for Tasmania . Its enormous distribution , aggression and ecological importance have made this ant a dominant species .
The meat ant is monomorphic ( occurs in a particular form ) , although there is evidence that certain populations can be polymorphic . It is characterised by its dark @-@ bluish body and red head . It is a medium to large species , measuring 6 – 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 – 0 @.@ 47 in ) . The workers and males are approximately the same sizes at 6 – 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 – 0 @.@ 28 in ) and 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) , respectively . The queens are the largest and appear mostly black , measuring 12 @.@ 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) . The iridescence in workers ranges from green or blue to plain green and purple , varying in different body parts and castes . Meat ants inhabit open and warm areas in large , oval @-@ shaped mounds that are accompanied by many entrance holes . The nest area is always cleared of vegetation and covered with materials including gravel , pebbles and dead vegetation . They are also polydomous , where a colony may be established in a series of satellite nests connected by well @-@ defined paths and trails . Satellite nests are constructed away from the main nest and nearby areas with valuable food sources so workers can exploit them .
Queens mate with a single male and colonies may have more than one queen until the workers arrive , where they both exhibit antagonism . It takes around one or two months for an individual egg to develop into an adult . Colonies range in size , varying between 11 @,@ 000 individuals to over 300 @,@ 000 . The meat ant is a diurnal species ( active throughout most of the day ) , especially when it is warm . It forages on trees and collect sweet substances such as honeydew and nectar , and also capture insects or collect the remains of animals . A number of predators eat these ants , including the short @-@ beaked echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) , numerous species of birds , blindsnakes and spiders . This species is also a competitor of the banded sugar ant ( Camponotus consobrinus ) . Meat ants establish territorial borders with neighbouring colonies and solve disputes through ritualised fighting .
Meat ants play an important role in both the environment and for humans . A single nest is capable of dispersing over 300 @,@ 000 plant seeds ; moreover , meat ants have formed symbiotic relationships with many insects . This ant may be used as a form of pest control to kill the cane toad , an invasive species . They can also help farmers to remove animal carcases by consuming and reducing them to bones in a matter of weeks . Despite this , meat ants are sometimes pests around urban areas and eradicating them is difficult .
= = Taxonomy = =
The meat ant was first described in 1858 by British entomologist Frederick Smith in his Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum part VI , under the binomial name Formica purpurea from a holotype worker ant he collected in Melbourne , Victoria . The type material is currently housed in the Natural History Museum , London . In 1862 , Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr erected the genus Iridomyrmex , and reclassified the meat ant as a member of Iridomyrmex rather than the genus Formica . The ant was named Iridomyrmex purpurea in 1862 ; however , Mayr renamed the ant as Iridomyrmex purpureus one year after . I. purpureus was later classified as a synonym of Iridomyrmex detectus , and this taxon was designated as the type species of Iridomyrmex in 1903 . In 1993 , I. detectus was synonymised with I. purpureus and grouped into the I. purpureus species complex . I. detectus was described as a separate species by Smith the same year as I. purpureus from two syntype queens he collected from the Hunter River in New South Wales . Although the name I. purpureus was used by many authors , Karl Wilhelm von Dalla Torre reused I. detectus and this was adopted by several authors , replacing I. purpureus . By the 1960s , however , I. purpureus once again became preferred over I. detectus . While the two names were described in the same year and publication , the name I. purpureus is the valid name for the species in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature . Entomologist B.T. Lowne was the first person to revise I. purpureus and I. detectus , and he synonymised the two species .
Several synonyms have either been classified as a separate species from the meat ant or even a subspecies . Iridomyrmex purpureus sanguineus and I. p. viridiaeneus were classified as subspecies in 1974 , previously being recognised as two species . I. detectus castrae was originally described as a variant of the meat ant in 1925 ( as I. d. var. castrae ) , but the taxon was reclassified as a subspecies in 1985 ; subsequently , a 1993 revision reclassified I. p. sanguineus and I. p. viridiaeneus at species level while I. d. castrae was synonymised , based on morphological examinations of collected material . Camponotus horni , Formica smithii and Liometopum aeneum were described as three distinct species in three different ant genera , but these classifications were short @-@ lived , as scientists discovered that these taxa were all identical , and subsequently synonymised them with the meat ant . Camponotus horni was described by English entomologist William Forsell Kirby in 1896 from worker and queen syntypes he collected at Palm Creek in the Northern Territory . In 1930 , Australian entomologist John S. Clark reviewed these specimens and synonymised the taxon with the meat ant . However , the queen was later found to be distinct from the workers and C. horni was redescribed as a species . The information provided by Clark makes it sufficient to retain the validity of the name , making Clark the new author of C. horni . Due to the uncertain taxonomic status of Clark 's C. horni , a proposal to rename the species cannot be carried through . Clark 's C. horni is currently a junior homonym for Kirby 's C. horni .
One synonym , Iridomyrmex greensladei , was described as a separate species from the meat ant based on the anatomical differences of its head and pronotum ( the dorsal portion of the prothorax 's exoskeletal plates ) , which are the same colour as its mesosoma . In the meat ant , the head and pronotum are usually lighter than the mesosoma . American entomologist Steve Shattuck notes that the two ants are non @-@ sympatric ( they exist in the same geographic area and regularly encounter each other ) , and supporting evidence to separate them as two distinct species emerged when the enzymes esterase and amylase were examined and the results show that they had different amylase allele . These examinations , however , did not take any account of any distinction in colour between populations previously known as I. greensladei and I. purpureus . For example , colonies residing in Western Australia may have lighter heads whereas those living in the eastern states have darker heads . An unpublished study examining the mitochondrial DNA did not find any distinction between eastern and western populations of I. greensladei and I. purpureus . Additional evidence suggests that the populations found in the east and west are the same species . Despite this evidence , there are several problems : forms intended to be I. greensladei were found in the Yorke Peninsula by a 1987 study , which noted that while the ants were morphologically indistinguishable from both I. greensladei and I. purpureus populations , their nests only contained a single nest hole ( whereas I. purpureus nests have many ) . Shattuck also collected workers for his holotype and paratype specimens from Israelite Bay in Western Australia , rather than collecting those from Yorke Peninsula . The forms in Yorke Peninsula have also never been subject to study , so future research may shed light as to whether or not these ants are genetically different from the meat ant .
Under the present classification , the meat ant is a member of the genus Iridomyrmex in the tribe Leptomyrmecini , subfamily Dolichoderinae . It is a member of the family Formicidae , belonging to the order Hymenoptera , an order of insects containing ants , bees , and wasps . The genus Froggattella is the sister group of Iridomyrmex , both of which are in a clade that is 23 million years old . Fossils related to the meat ant and other species are from the Eocene and Oligocene .
= = = Forms = = =
In the early 1970s , scientists discovered several different forms of meats ants , forming the Iridomyrmex purpureus species group ; three forms were identified ( the regular I. purpureus and the other two forms I. sanguineus and I. viridiaeneus ) , differing in colour and nest structure . However , as there were no clear morphological differences among these variations , the taxonomic status and evolutionary relationship of these ants remained uncertain . Colouration varies from ants with a red head and thorax and a blue metallic sheen , to those with a yellowish body and a bluish @-@ purple gaster . Others may be darker , appearing metallic @-@ bluish to purplish @-@ black . Owing to their different geographical ranges , the behaviour and ecology of these forms differentiated , based on examinations where multiple forms were sympatric . Each form had its own geographical limit , although the regular I. purpureus form is very common , inhabiting at least one @-@ third of the Australian continent . Some forms may be dominant in certain habitats ; for example , one form may be widespread throughout moist environments in dry areas , and others in cool and dry areas .
In 1974 , I. sanguineus and I. viridiaeneus were classified as two subspecies of the meat ant by P.J. Greenslade . He also recognised another form , an undescribed blue form that was first studied several years earlier . Greenslade did not propose any taxonomic recognition of the newly discovered taxon , but instead referred to it as a " form " . In 1975 , a study examined the distinctiveness of three forms by comparing the amylase enzyme allele frequencies . The blue form was found to be genetically isolated and its allele frequencies differed significantly from the forms purpureus and viridiaeneus , but the same study concluded that these latter two forms were similar . During this time , Greenslade would continue to study these forms to include a dark yellow , yellow , orange and a small purple form . In addition , two new forms were recognised in later studies , but these two forms were not given any formal species description . Instead , they were only recognised by their colour and the genitalia of the males . Although these forms most likely represented undescribed , yet distinct species , the I. purpureus species group only contained a single valid species , three subspecies and seven different forms . In 1993 , all known forms and subspecies were either revived or classified at species level in an article revising the group , concluding the separation of the forms from each other .
= = = Etymology and common names = = =
The specific epithet of the meat ant , purpureus , derives from Latin , in which it means " purple " , " purple @-@ coloured " or " dark @-@ red " , referencing the coloured appearance of the ant . In classical Latin , purpureus primarily translated to " dyed purple " , while the word purpura , used by Smith for the meat ant ( Formica purpura ) , translates to " purpled @-@ dyed cloth " . The generic name , Iridomyrmex , translates to " rainbow ants " from Ancient Greek , another reference which points to its appearance ; this , in particular , is due to its blue @-@ green iridescence colour . It is a compound of two Ancient Greek words – irido , meaning " rainbow " , and myrmex , that means " ant " . The ant is commonly known as the meat ant because of its habit of stripping the meat off dead vertebrates . Alternative names include the gravel ant , Greenslade 's meat ant , meat @-@ eater ant , mound ant , or southern meat ant . The name " southern meat ant " is due to its extreme abundance in the southern regions of Australia .
= = Description = =
In general , meat ants are medium to large in size , measuring 6 – 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 – 0 @.@ 47 in ) , and can be easily recognised by their dark @-@ bluish body and red head . Generally , their heads and pronotums share similar colours and are lighter than the mesothorax ( the middle of the three segments in the thorax ) and the propodeum ( the first abdominal segment ) , which are reddish brown . However , the head may sometimes be lighter , and the pronotum and mesothorax may share similar colours . The mesosomal setae ( as in haur found on the mesosoma ) are dark and sometimes translucent . The iridescence between the compound eyes and the lateral portion of the head ranges from slightly purple to strong and dark purple . The colour of the legs and coxae ( the basal segment of the insect leg , which attaches to the body ) are darker than the mesothorax , and the petiole ( narrow waist ) is reddish brown and also darker than the mesothorax . The lateral portion of the second gastral tergite ( a dorsal segment other than the head ) is shiny , and the iridescence varies among workers , from green or blue to plain green and purple . The soft hairs on the head are frequent around the occipital margin , and around the mandibular insertion , three to eight pale setae are usually seen . The soft hairs are also common around the first gastral tergite . Examined specimens show no known ocelli . Erect setae on the pronotum are abundant . The anterodorsal ( meaning in front and toward the back ) portion of the propodeum is arched and flat .
There are no allometric differences among workers . On average , workers measure around 6 – 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 – 0 @.@ 28 in ) ; this character distinguishes these ants from queens , as well as the different variety of colours they exhibit on their bodies . The head and pronotum range from orange to brick @-@ red , and the mesonotum and propodeum are either light , same in colour or darker than the head . The gaster can be brown or black with blue or purple iridescence and the legs are either orange or brown . The iridescence around the foreparts is blue , pink , pale greenish yellow and purple . The erect setae are brown . The head has a concave posterior margin ( as in the end of an organism from its head ) with erect setae abundant in front of the face . The sides of the head are convex . Fully erect setae on the genal ( side region of the head ) are either present or absent , although a small number of setae may be seen around the mandibular insertion . The eyes are semicircular and positioned around the midpoint of the ants ' head capsule . The frontal carinae ( a keel @-@ shaped ridge or structure ) are convex and the antennal scapes extend beyond the head 's posterior margin by two or three times the diameter . Erect setae are found all over the antennal scape and noticeably prominent on the clypeal margin ( a shield @-@ like plate at the front of an insect ) . The mandibles are elongated and triangular , with long curved setae around the head capsule . The pronotum is evenly curved with at least 12 or more pronotal setae present . These setae are mostly short and bristly . The mesonotum is sinuous ( meaning it has many curves ) , and , like the pronotum , has 12 or more mesonotal setae . The mesothoracic spiracles are very small and the propodeal dorsum is smooth or convex . There are also a number of propodeal setae . The dorsum of the node ( a segment between the mesosoma and gaster ) is thin , scale @-@ like and sometimes vertical . There are both non @-@ marginal and marginal setae present on the first gastral tergite around the gaster .
Queens are easily distinguishable from workers by their black colour and larger size , measuring 12 @.@ 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) . Queens are black and fuscous , being mostly dark and sombre . The antennae and legs are ferruginous ( rust @-@ like colour ) , the head is fusco @-@ ferruginous , and the sides beneath the face and mandibles are ferruginous . The head is wider than the thorax and emarginate . There is an impressed line that runs from the anterior ( nearer to the front of the body ) stemma to the base of the clypeus . The thorax is ovate ( has an oval @-@ shaped outline ) and thinly covered with short reddish brown pubescence ( soft short hair ) . The wings are subhyaline , exhibiting a glassy appearance . The wings are yellowish along the anterior margin of the superior pair and also around the base ; the nervures ( the veins of the wings ) are rufo @-@ fuscous . Like the thorax , the abdomen is ovate and several abdominal segments appear rufo @-@ piceous , making it reddish @-@ brown or glossy brownish black . Males are smaller than queens , measuring 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) . Males are bright violet , and the antennae ( except for the first joint ) and tarsi are ferruginous . The first pair of the legs look almost ferruginous , and the head , legs and thorax are covered with black pubescence . Like the queen , the wings are subhyaline ( imperfectly hyaline ) and the nervures are rufo @-@ fuscous . The abdomen shows a bright green tinge when seen under certain light .
Larvae measure 2 @.@ 7 – 2 @.@ 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 11 – 0 @.@ 11 in ) . The body is stout @-@ shaped and the dorsal side is longer whereas the ventral side ( the bottom portion of the body ) is shorter and more straight . The head and anus are ventral . The integument is covered in spinules that are either isolated from each other or in short rows on the posterior somite and on the ventral surface . The body hairs are very short , measuring 0 @.@ 008 – 0 @.@ 016 mm ( 0 @.@ 00031 – 0 @.@ 00063 in ) . The cranium on its dorsal side outlines a curve which is smooth , and the spinules are moderately large . These spinules are either isolated or seen in near parallel rows . Several head hairs are present but they are small at 0 @.@ 013 – 0 @.@ 025 mm ( 0 @.@ 00051 – 0 @.@ 00098 in ) in length . The labrum is narrow and bilobed ( consisting of two lobes ) . Each lobe has spinules and three sensilla ( simple sensory receptors ) around the anterior surface . The ventral border only has two sensilla and a number of spinules , and on the posterior surface , there are several rows of spinules and three sensilla . The mandibles have a central apical ( most distal plate or appendage from the body ) tooth which is clearly noticeable and sharp . The maxillae have lobes , and the labial palps ( sensory structures on the labium ) are knob @-@ shaped .
Meat ant workers may be confused with those of I. lividus , as the two appear similar and are grouped in the same species complex . I. lividus and the much more localised I. spadius can be distinguished from other members of the I. purpureus group by the shape of the pronotum . Aside from colour differentiation that was a key morphological character to distinguish I. purpureus and the synonym I. greensladei from each other , some meat ant populations exhibit polymorphism despite being monomorphic ( occurs in a particular form ) ; specifically , body size among meat ants may vary geographically . For example , those that are found in very hot regions tend to be larger , whereas those found in regions of high humidity tend to be smaller than average . Examined workers once referred to as I. greensladei from southwestern Western Australia have erect setae on the genae ( lateral sclerites ) , whereas those studied elsewhere have glabrous genae , meaning that these areas have no hairs . Such patterns are most likely clinal , where several characteristics may gradually differentiate over a geographical area . The colour of the setae throughout the body and the iridescence may vary geographically . For example , populations restricted to the coasts of Western Australia usually have pale setae , compared to most colonies throughout the country , which have the common blackish setae . In 1993 , Shattuck could not separate populations with pale setae when other key diagnostic traits that would separate these populations were not considered . Meat ants from the Western Australian wheatbelt and goldfields show different iridescence ; the iridescence in some collected specimens ranged from pale greenish @-@ blue to yellowish @-@ green , especially around the humeri ( a structure which forms the basal corner of an insect 's wing or wing case ) and frons . The variation of the iridescence is , however , a consistent pattern found in other Iridomyrmex species with little distinction , making it a subtle character . The colour variation is less marked in all collected specimens of I. purpureus , as well as its close relative I. viridiaeneus , which is found in dry regions around the south @-@ western regions . Shattuck further notes that populations found throughout the Northern Territory and South Australia have reduced pubescence on the first gastral tergite , but this is different elsewhere .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The meat ant is one of the best @-@ known species of ant endemic to Australia ; it has an enormous geographical range , covering at least one @-@ third of the continent . Its range spans 4 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 500 mi ) from east to west , and 3 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 900 mi ) from north to south . This extensive range has allowed the meat ant to form large nesting grounds in areas where no development has occurred , and large amounts of gravel and open space have led to an abundant supply of materials ( i.e. pebbles and dead pieces of vegetation ) used to construct nests . Its isolation has also allowed meat ants to form associations with neighbouring nests of the same species . The ant is particularly dominant and frequently seen across the coastal and inland regions of southeastern Australia . Based on examined material , meat ants are widespread throughout New South Wales , the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria . In Queensland , they are frequently encountered in the eastern regions , whereas their abundance is limited around the north and central parts . The ants are common in the southwestern regions of Western Australia , though not in the north . However , the Division of Entomology of the CSIRO states that the ant 's presence in the state has not been verified . Most specimens collected in South Australia are from the south @-@ east , but some populations are known in the north @-@ west and northeast regions of the state . In the Northern Territory , specimens have been collected in the north and south regions but compared to other jurisdictions the ant is uncommon . No specimens have been collected from Tasmania or any outlying islands surrounding Australia .
Meat ants thrive in varied habitats , especially where it is open and warm . These ants are adapted to and thrive in warm climates and areas with constant high temperatures . The meat ant shares its distribution with many other animals and insects , some of which may cause harm to the ant or rival it , such as the banded sugar ant ( Camponotus consobrinus ) . Nests are seen in box @-@ pine scrubs , Callitris forests , dry and wet sclerophyll woodland , eucalypt open woodland , in farm pastures , flat savannah woodland , mallee woodland , heath , mulga , riparian woodland , around roads and cracks in sidewalks , and urban areas such as urban gardens and parkland . Nests are also common in lateritic ridges , granite outcrops and clay formations . Meat ants are able to survive in dry areas if there is a rich supply of water and food resources ( such as honeydew and arthropod prey ) , especially along river banks , station properties and irrigated areas . Meat ants typically occur at altitudes of 5 and 1 @,@ 170 m ( 16 and 3 @,@ 839 ft ) above sea level , though at times they can be found at heights of 915 m ( 3 @,@ 002 ft ) . Those that are found at these altitudes are always associated with Eucalyptus rubida , and colonies situated in eastern New South Wales tend to nest near E. melliodora and E. blakelyi . In the south coast of New South Wales , meat ants are mainly found in heath shrubland , but are absent from heavily timbered slopes and cannot build nests in quartz . Other areas where the ants do not occur include dense pastures , dense bushes , tropical rainforests and treeless areas . For example , the Canberra suburb of Turner was constructed on subterranean clover pasture , which meat ants do not nest around . Their populations would later flourish and nests became numerous around houses after shrubs and trees were planted .
= = = Nests = = =
Meat ants are well known for their large , oval @-@ shaped nest @-@ mounds ( normally 1 or 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 3 or 6 @.@ 6 ft ) in diameter ) that are encountered in areas of occurrence , and obvious to identify . These nests are often associated with many entrance holes ; most nests have 20 to 35 holes . On the surface on the nest , workers clear the area of vegetation and cover the mound with gravel , but may use other materials that are available , including sand , pebbles dead vegetation , eucalyptus fruits and twig fragments . Nests are built in the sun and hardly in the shade to keep them warm . The ant is a polydomous species , meaning that they live in more than one nest . Some colonies are known to create " super @-@ nests " : workers construct many nests connected through established paths , extending up to 650 metres ( 2 @,@ 130 ft ) in length . In one extreme case , a single colony was found to occupy over 10 hectares ( 25 acres ) of land with 85 individual nests and 1 @,@ 500 entrance holes . While they show no aggression toward to their nest mates , meat ants are aggressive to occupants of different nests within the same colony . Polydomy within a colony is typically favoured as it improves access to forage , as workers deliver most of their food to the nest that is closest to any site they forage in .
At any size , a meat ant nest always has a possibility of dying out in any year , but the site may be reoccupied by another colony . Hence , nests can be very old as suggested in one study . Some nests may never be reoccupied for unknown reasons . The regrowth of vegetation which shades the nest , soil damage or even a disease may wipe out a colony and leave the nest site completely abandoned . The death of a colony may be obvious when competing colonies increase in population and size by expanding their territories with well @-@ established satellite nests in order exploit the food sources once used by a former colony . Satellite nests may diverge from their parent nests to become independent , as suggested by the antagonism of worker ants from different nests or when others are uninhabitable by insecticide treatment . After the eradication of a nest , satellite nests emerge nearby , and may sever their connections with the parent nest . The separation of a satellite nest is an effective way for a nest to exploit food sources , and a colony with less than 11 entrance holes is recognised as non @-@ mature ( a nest is mature at 12 ) . As most satellite nests have 11 holes and accept a queen of their own , a satellite nest may easily develop maturity in one year .
All entrance holes of a given nest lead into a separate set of galleries . Entrance holes tend to be very small with only enough space for a single worker to fit through , but others may be 1 centimetre ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) wide . Beneath the surface , there are widened circular vertical shafts which are 1 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) wide . Below these shafts , the tunnels turn into irregular galleries with paths going outward and downward which form more galleries . Almost all of these galleries are clustered together 15 to 20 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 to 7 @.@ 9 in ) beneath the soil , which is extensively reworked by worker ants in the area above the nest . These sets of galleries are isolated from others connecting to neighbouring holes , although some may come close . However , there is no known physical connection . Each gallery has a flat floor , a domed roof and is irregularly oval @-@ shaped . A gallery is typically 1 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) high and 5 to 7 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 to 2 @.@ 8 in ) wide . Below the galleries are a small number of shafts in undisturbed soil with large , yet scattered chambers where the population remains during the winter . In the upper areas of the colony , the galleries and shafts only account for 7 – 10 % of nest space . For example , the galleries of excavated colonies occupy 420 cubic centimetres ( 26 cu in ) whereas the total volume is around 5 @,@ 000 cubic centimetres ( 310 cu in ) . Overall , a nest may dwell extremely deep beneath the soil as excavated nests are as deep as 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
= = = Foraging and dominance = = =
A diurnal species ( active mainly during the day ) , the meat ant shows minimal interaction with nocturnal ant species when their territories overlap . The meat ant and other members of the I. purpureus species group are regarded as a dominant group of diurnal species in Australia , as they are highly active , aggressive , and have an enormous geographical range . During the day , the bulk of the workers attend and feed on honeydew secreted by insects that live on the leaves of Eucalyptus trees . These trees are connected by foraging trails formed by meat ants , which also connect to satellite nests that are a part of a single colony ; these trails are easily visible due to the absence of vegetation and lead to important food and water sources . Other workers in smaller numbers will often scavenge around the nest area for dead insects , or other proteinaceous foods to bring back to their colony . Their dominance is clear when meat ants are capable of finding food sources more successfully than most ants , capable of displacing many ants and other insects . Food sources are also discovered more rapidly and greatly reduces the foraging efficiency of other ants , including those of Iridomyrmex . However , some ants such as the green @-@ head ant ( Rhytidoponera metallica ) are not affected by the presence of meat ants and are still successful in finding food sources . As green @-@ head ants are general predators and forage singularly and cannot recruit other nestmates , they are unable to defend food sources from dominant ants . They heavily rely on any food source and the impossibility of successfully defending it from other ants may have led to its peaceful coexistence with dominant species , including meat ants . This means green @-@ head ants avoid conflict with meat ants . Certain myrmicines , which are highly competitive , are capable of defending themselves from foraging workers ; the rapid recruitment of nestmates and the use of chemicals for defence allows them to withstand attacks from meat ants . In particular , Monomorium ants have been observed occupying baits regardless of the presence or absence of the meat ant . This is not the case with mealworms , but they have moderate success with honey baits . In foraging areas where meat ants are excluded or not present , the number of other ants observed is far greater and activity dramatically increases . However , the presence of meats ants does not affect abundant species , and most of the time it is only Iridomyrmex ants that increase their foraging rate .
The impact of meat ants on other species varies , depending on the habitat and type of food source , and the ecological role the ant plays . The deliberate exclusion of meat ants show that not only they can alter the amount of sources available , but the dynamics of resource use on entire outcrops . If present , meat ants rely on rapidly discovering food sources and retain their dominance so other ants cannot collect them , as well as exploitation and interference which helps displace other ants . The habitat meat ants live in may affect their dominance among the fauna . They are less successful in complex habitats and more successful in open areas , allowing workers to forage efficiently ; for example , workers forage around rocks and collect food sources more successfully in contrast to those in vegetation . Meat ants are even more dominant than other I. purpureus species group members in non @-@ complex habitats . Meat ants are normally larger than other Iridomyrmex species and can displace or even kill those trying to compete for food sources . The similar behaviours among meat ants and certain Iridomyrmex species have increased the level of conflict among each other , especially those in open habitats .
The rate of movement of workers is associated with temperature , and foraging workers leave the nest after sunrise when the nest is warmed in the early morning . Meat ants emerge and start foraging when temperatures are approximately 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) , but they are capable of withstanding extremely hot temperatures , as workers have been seen foraging in 43 ° C ( 109 ° F ) heat . Workers may only forage for several minutes when soil temperature is well above their thermal limit at 45 @.@ 8 ° C ( 114 ° F ) . At 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) ( soil surface temperature ) , foraging activity is reduced even further . As these ants exhibit high running speeds during hot days , their speed decreases after temperatures of 50 ° C due to the physiological stress put onto them . Workers can withstand such temperatures by exhibiting opportunistic thermal responses to adjust their behaviour in order to handle high trail temperatures and alter their thermal biology for low temperatures . They will also deliberately expose themselves closely to their thermal maxima .
The success of meat ants depends on what resource they are dealing with . In one study , the removal of meat ants allowed the successful foraging of Iridomyrmex ants at carbohydrate sources , but not for protein baits . The success of the ants also did not increase with mealworm baits , suggesting that competition does not always occur between meat ants and other species , and factors , such as food preference , may be involved . In contrast with camponotines and some myrmicines , both of their success was affected at numerous food sources with meat ants present . Camponotines exhibit no aggression and cannot defend themselves .
= = = Diet = = =
Like other Iridomyrmex species , the meat ant is an omnivore , retrieving food sources from various insects it tends , including caterpillars and various sorts of butterflies , particularly the larvae of the Waterhouse 's hairstreak ( Jalmenus lithochroa ) . Meat ants usually feed on honeydew from sap @-@ sucking insects , flower nectar , sugar and other sweet substances . In captive colonies , workers prefer to consume small pieces of grapes rather than honey solutions and other sweet foods . These ants prey on various insects and animals , collecting both live and dead invertebrates and acquire meat from dead vertebrates . Insects the meat ants prey on include giant lacewings , which they swarm up trees to kill , the butterfly genoveva azure Ogyris genoveva , Indian mealmoths , almond moths , the Western Australian jarrah leafminer and the larvae of the wasp Trichogramma . Large and developed larvae of the cabbage butterfly ( Pieris rapae ) are attacked more effectively by meat ant workers than those of other Iridomyrmex species . On sandy beaches , this species is observed preying on the polychaete annelid worm , Armandia intermedia , causing high mortality rates on them ( rates of 30 percent ) . These ants will feed on a number of dead or alive animals , including metamorphic crucifix toads , snakes , lizards , and birds . On some occasions , swarms of workers have been found on dead foxes . The meat ant is the only known ant in Australia that feeds on fresh guano . The collection of guano by a nearby meat ant colony shows the opportunistic nature of the species . Observations show that trails of workers in groups of two to four were found collecting the guano under an active bat roost within an abandoned mine and proceeded to return it to the nest . The collection of guano by any Australian ant colony was never recorded prior to these observations , but it is unknown why meat ants collect fresh guano .
Meat ants are among the very few native species of Australia that are not harmed by the toxins of the cane toad , an invasive species . Most of the time , foraging workers target metamorph toads . Observations show that workers would forage around ponds and seize any toadlet . This normally starts with a single worker making contact with an individual and tracing its movements , followed by three or four workers capturing it . All the participating ants would grab a limb and sever the legs , returning the prey item back to their nest . Most of the time these tactics do not work . For example , most toadlets are able to escape the ants by displaying aversion @-@ like behaviour ; an individual may escape by struggling erratically or forcing the ants to release their grip by returning to the water . This aversion behaviour leads to most toadlets remaining in the water or staying on objects such as water lilies , pieces of bark that the ants cannot access , or moving around on moist substrates . It is unknown if meat ant predation on the toadlets affected the population , but based on the population density of the toadlets within the studied site and the foraging time and efficiency , approximately 2 @,@ 700 toadlets could be removed per day . As the toadlet population density is extremely high , the impact of meat ant predation is minor . However , the survivability of the toadlets may be affected if the ants prevent the toadlets from foraging into many areas of moist substrate .
Water is an important resource for colonies living in dry and arid environments , but sometimes it may not be available . To counter this , workers are able to extract a significant amount of water from the sand with 2 % – 4 % water content and 4 % from the soil . Meat ants are unable to retrieve as much water from the soil , whereas with sand they are able to attain a greater amount of water ; however , the soil contains a wide variety of particles , including clay and coarse sand , which causes water to be bound firmly . Ants may retrieve it by digging or directly suck on the soil itself at a low metabolic cost . This may be an evolved response based on tested ants , but no observations show meat ants doing this . Meat ants are known to dig into moist soil to gain access to water or where water has been spilt , either if the site is nearby their nest or far away .
= = = Predators = = =
Despite its dominance among ants , a number of animals are known to prey on meat ants . The short @-@ beaked echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) is a prominent predator of the meat ant , mostly due to the high fat levels ( up to 47 % ) in virgin queens . These queens can almost contain 47 % fat , and when no queens are available after an attack , an echidna may stop attacking the nest . However , these ants are normally consumed either in low numbers or avoided entirely . Attacking echidnas burrow down into the hole they have made and consume them while handling the bites from the ants , as they frequently scratch themselves on the head and chest . The echidna does not consume meat ants throughout the whole year ; instead , echidnas only attack meat ant nests from August to October , which is when nuptial flight ( meaning that virgin queens and males emerge to mate ) occurs . This time period makes it much easier for echidnas to prey on the winged females since they are directly above on the nest . Despite attacks , colony growth is not affected by echidnas .
Several birds prey on meat ants . The masked woodswallow ( A. personatus ) and the white @-@ browed woodswallow ( Artamus superciliosus ) will gather around meat ant nests and swoop at them , catching several ants before eating them . Pieces of meat ants have been found in the faeces of the red @-@ capped robin ( Petroica goodenovii ) , rufous whistler ( Pachycephala rufiventris ) , hooded robin ( Melanodryas cucullata ) and the red @-@ browed treecreeper ( Climacteris erythrops ) . Meat ants that forage on Ventilago viminalis trees are often eaten by the apostlebird . Some large ground @-@ feeding birds , such as currawongs , magpies and ravens dig out newly established colonies after a queen has found a suitable spot to nest . Small domes of excavated soil are present at such spots , revealing the queens ' presence to these birds . As a result , many queens are consumed by birds , leaving many abandoned nest chambers .
The blind snake Ramphotyphlops nigrescens follow trails laid by meat ants to locate them , and the snakes are also known to feed on the brood . Various species of spiders prefer to prey on meat ants , mainly attracted by the alarm pheromone the ants release . One spider , in particular , the cursorial spider Habronestes bradleyi , is a specialist predator against these ants and uses their alarm pheromones that are released during territorial disputes to locate them . These alarm signals are created by oscillating the body along the longitudinal axis , which are mostly released when an ant encounters a nest mate .
Cyclotorna monocentra moths feed on meat ant broods . The larvae of these moths are parasites to leafhoppers and will move to meat ant colonies to complete their development , where they will proceed to consume the brood ; the females lay many eggs near ant trails which are close to the leafhoppers tended by ants . Other observations show that the Iphierga macarista larvae are scavengers in meat ant nests , while Sphallomorpha beetles live in burrows near nests of meat ants , where the larvae capture and prey on workers passing by . The larvae of the spitfire sawfly and Pseudoperga guerini are able to regurgitate a fluid against the meat ant if they are getting attacked by them ; depending on how much is regurgitated , an ant will either walk away and clean itself or become fatally affected by it . Lizards such as the thorny dragon , which is a sit and wait predator , consume meat ants , but other lizards which eat Iridomyrmex ants usually reject this species .
= = = Life cycle and reproduction = = =
Nuptial flight usually occurs during spring , in October . Reproductive females only mate with a single male and begin establishing their own colonies afterwards . Nuptial flight occurs after rain , where the males emerge from their nest first , followed by the virgin queens ; groups of 20 to 40 females emerge after the males have flown away . The alates ( the reproductive males and females ) position themselves on top of the nest in order to heat themselves , and all fly at the same time once they are warm . This process may happen multiple times unless the weather had changed , otherwise , the queens would return to their nest . Nuptial flight may continue for days until all virgin queens have withdrawn from the nest . Most of the time , a single queen will start her own colony and lay eggs that will take around 44 to 61 days to fully develop and emerge as adults , but colonies can also be founded through multiple queens cooperating with each other , adoption into an existing colony , or " budding " ( also called " satelliting " or " fractionating " ) , where a subset of the colony including queens , workers and brood ( eggs , larvae and pupae ) leave the main colony for an alternative nest site . Around 10 % of queens will have at least another queen with them during colony foundation . Many queens are killed during colony founding ; major aspects include predation by birds and other ants , even those of the same species , due to the fact they attempt to establish their nests near large colonies . However , some queens are successful , sometimes with the assistance of neighbouring workers , who help the queen dig some chambers . Other causes of queen deaths include disease and starvation . A queen 's ovaries may take four weeks to mature , and she lays around 20 eggs that may develop into larvae in less than a month . Workers have been observed laying eggs , presumably trophic eggs . The function of these unfertilised eggs are nutritional , not reproduction .
The number of individuals in a colony varies . A mature nest of several years old can hold between 11 @,@ 000 and 64 @,@ 000 ants , while other colonies can house around 300 @,@ 000 . In some cases , enormous colonies can have as many as a million ants . Observed colonies are known to contain nearly 70 @,@ 000 larvae and 64 @,@ 000 workers ; some can have 20 @,@ 000 males and over 1 @,@ 000 virgin queens , but others may have more virgin queens than males . The ratio of worker ants to the number of the larvae in colonies ranges from one worker for every two larvae or two larvae for every worker . The population of a nest can be affected or altered by several factors : human interference can severely damage or completely destroy nests which potentially devastates the nest population , and overshadowing is the main cause of a nest 's demise . As well as that , neighbouring nests may increase in population if damaged or abandoned sites are taken over . Meat ants also rely on their nests to withstand climatic stress in summer and winter , as foraging activity and food sources are sometimes limited in summer , and in winter plant growth is almost impossible and workers are unable to survive cold temperatures . As a result , meat ants overwinter , which is a process where some organisms wait out the winter season due to cold conditions making everyday activity and survivability almost impossible ; populations may be affected greatly .
Most colonies are monogyne , meaning that a colony only has a single queen , but based on observations , some nests contain more than a single queen . Some nests are known to contain two queens , with some even having as many as four in a single colony , making them polygynous ; a high proportion of queens living in polygynous nests are unrelated to one another . Some colonies are oligogynous , which means that multiple queens are present in a colony , but they are tolerated by all workers birthed from different queens and treated equally . Tolerance still occurs even when new reproductive females and males are born , but recognition based on kin from queens and workers is known , hinting brood discrimination when the larvae are fed or groomed ; queens will only take care of their own brood and neglect to look after broods laid by other queens . The queens , on the other hand , will only cooperate with each other during nest founding , but will be antagonistic once there are workers present in the colony . Queens become more intolerant of each other as the colony grows , and eventually separate within the nest , resulting in the queen laying more eggs . Such cases usually happen when pleometrotic founding occurs , or if a queen ant is adopted by a colony , setting up aggressive relationships . Physical fights between queens in the same colony are rare .
As most meat ant colonies rarely have a second queen , polydomy is not always associated with polygyny , although the two are frequently associated with each other because polygynous colonies reproduce by budding . This means that the ecological factors that promote polydomy and polygny both differ . Studies show that most meat ants are produced by a single , inseminated queen due to the high level of relatedness in all but one tested colonies . Colonies that are not closely related are the result of colony fusion ( meaning that two unrelated and separate colonies form a single entity ) . Meat ants also show nest fidelity : in polydomous colonies , workers from different nests will always mingle with others from different nests but never return to a nest they do not originate from . Instead , they return to the nest they enclosed in . This means that colonies may only homogenise through brood transfer . As discussed before , nestmates from different nests will always be aggressive towards each other , but this is due to a number of factors : genetic and spatial distance in nests can correlate with the level of aggression exhibited by the ants . However , they exhibit more aggression to ants of different species from adjoining territories . They are also aggressive to conspecific ants from distant colonies , suggesting that environmental cues play a vital role in nestmate recognition . An example is that background odours in a particular environment may impair ants from identifying their own nestmates , and may need to make more attempts to determine an ant 's identity .
= = = Ritualised fighting = = =
Meat ants are highly territorial and aggressive ants which establish firm borders between neighbouring colonies . While the boundaries are not physical , worker ants maintain them by engaging in ritualised fighting with opponent ants , an interaction most colonies engage in . Fatalities are rare on both sides , but fights may cause injuries to several workers . This fighting enables territory to be contested between opposing colonies without them killing each other and costing many casualties on both sides . Due of this , it is a method of avoiding casualties and promotes intercolony communication and assessment . A drainage of the work force would occur if these boundaries acted as a conflict zone if ritualised fighting did not take place . Lethal fighting only occurs if the colony is under attack .
Encounters between workers last for 15 seconds . Ritualised fighting only occurs with two worker ants who come into contact with each other , but if both ants are from the same colony , they break contact and groom themselves . Afterwards they walk around until they make contact with another ant . A meat ant detects a foreign worker by intense antennation ( the act of touching with the antennae ) and gaping of the mandibles , and stretch themselves upward to appear taller and larger , suggesting that meat ants will do this in a display of size @-@ matching . Workers perform a behaviour known as " front leg boxing " ; both workers have their front legs sweeping up and down , where it would flex at the coxal joint in a paddling motion . This paddling motion is aimed at each other during the fight , going on for three to five seconds on average . From this point on , this would determine who is a " loser " and who is the " winner " .
The ant who lost the ritual fight will lower its body , and lean sideways from the victorious ant . The victorious ant will remain raised upward and reach down to the worker and open its mandibles wider , grasping on the opponent 's mandibles , and then tug and shake its head slightly for a few moments . However , the fight may continue if neither worker backs down , and will commence a side to side posture . Both ants circle each other and present their gasters directed to their opponent , and on some occasions , either one or both of the ants would kick outward using their legs at each other . Eventually , they will break contact and groom once appeasement has been reached and continue to search for another ant .
= = = Relationship with other organisms = = =
Meat ants have been observed blocking banded sugar ant nesting holes with pebbles and soil to prevent them from leaving their nest during the early hours of the day . Banded sugar ants counter this by preventing meat ants from leaving their nest by blocking their nesting holes with debris , a behaviour known as nest @-@ plugging . If meat ant nests are encroached by trees or other shade , banded sugar ants may invade and take over the nest , since the health of the colony may deteriorate from overshadowing . Members of an affected meat ant colony later move to a nearby satellite nest that is placed in a suitable area , while invading banded sugar ants fill nest galleries up with a black resinous material . Meat ants sometimes attract cats because of the chemicals they secrete ( dihydronepetalactone , isodihydronepetalactone and iridomyrmecin ) .
Meat ants are generally intolerant of myrmecophiles ( which are insects or other organisms that share positive interspecies associations with ants ) living in their colonies , but Cyclotorna larvae are known to dwell in colonies . Although Sphallomorpha larvae sometimes prey on workers as discussed earlier , some are inquilines and live in the nest commensally . Unused or abandoned areas inside colonies are sometimes occupied by other species of ants and in some cases , termites . Meat ants may deliberately destroy the colonies of the termite Amitermes laurensis if competition between the two intensify .
Meat ants play an important role in seed dispersal . A meat ant colony is capable of dispersing 334 @,@ 000 individual bellyache bush seeds per hectare , which shows a strong ant @-@ seed relationship among the two .
= = Relationship with humans = =
Meat ants are able to kill poisonous cane toads , an introduced pest , as the toxins exuded by toad , that usually kill the cane toad 's predators , do not affect the meat ants . Due to this , scientists in Australia have considered using meat ants as a form of pest control to reduce the cane toad population . One way of doing this is by establishing meat ant nests in habitats where cane toad numbers are high . In rural Australia , meat ants are important to farmers , who place animal carcasses on ant nests to get rid of them . In a matter of weeks , the entire carcass is consumed and reduced to bones . Due to the meat ants aggression , workers will pour out of entrance holes to attack if a human or animal disturbs their nest .
= = = As pests = = =
Despite their beneficial importance to humans , meat ants are sometimes considered pests , due to these ants disturbing the soil in urban areas and entering human houses occasionally to feed on food . The nests may cause annoyance if they are built around gravel paths , tennis courts and other cleared spaces . Although meat ants enter houses occasionally , they have adapted well to urbanisation and populations can flourish in urban areas . During the early days of the city of Canberra , newly constructed suburbs provided new nest sites for meat ants . Unpaved streets , gravel paths and driveways are among the many new sites meat ants could nest in , making them a commonly encountered ant that may pose as a considerable pest to many . The abundance of food supplies from parks , plantations and home gardens also attracted meat ants to urban areas . They pose a serious problem for citrus growers in eastern Australia , because they affect the biological control of Hemiptera insects , specifically those who produce honeydew . Meat ants cannot sting , but they can induce irritating bites and secrete a defensive fluid from the end of their abdomen . Meat ants have been reported causing mortality amongst poultry .
Many attempted methods of eradicating meat ants have proven unsuccessful . The first investigations were made in the 1930s to control meat ant populations in urban areas by fumigation , using carbon disulfide and calcium cyanide . Although these methods successfully eradicated some nests , they were rapidly reoccupied by those living in satellite or rival nests . However , the reoccupation of these nests by incipient colonies ( young colonies beginning to develop ) does not occur . This is because colony founding is often difficult and rare when most areas are nested by mature colonies . This behaviour has led to long @-@ term maintenance and repeated treatments to ensure the nests are not resettled . In addition , not all nests can be treated , and some may remain undetected from pest controllers . In 1973 , Greaves notes that the poor penetration of insecticides into all nest galleries may be the reason why nests are reoccupied , but owing to the nest structure , the insecticides have to be poured into each individual hole as no gallery connects to one another . Missing a single gallery can mostly lead to the reoccupation of the nest site . Greaves concludes that dieldrin is the most effective insecticide to control meat ants , capable of killing the ants quickly and being the most long @-@ lasting chemical used .
The difficulty of eradicating meat ants has led to further studies . Two studies between 1996 and 2002 studied the effects of granular baits on meat ant colonies . Bait containing hydramethylnon and fipronil effectively reduced the number of workers foraging . However , this was only effective when 10 g ( 0 @.@ 35 oz ) of bait was placed on citrus trees or onto mounds . The ant bait Amdro was used in a recent study to identify an effective method of eradicating meat ants , but results showed that the bait failed to reduce ant populations significantly . There was evidence that the amount of active mounds declined , but this effect was only temporary . This is due to colonies only having 5 g ( 0 @.@ 18 oz ) of bait which was insufficient to eliminate further nests , but the effect may have been more dramatic if extra bait was used .
= = = Cited literature = = =
Common , I.F.B. ( 1990 ) . Moths of Australia . Burwood , Victoria : BRILL . ISBN 978 @-@ 90 @-@ 04 @-@ 09227 @-@ 3 .
Hölldobler , B. ; Wilson , E.O. ( 1990 ) . The Ants . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 674 @-@ 04075 @-@ 5 .
Trager , J.C. ( 1988 ) . Advances in Myrmecology ( 1st ed . ) . Leiden , Netherlands : E.J. BRILL . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 916846 @-@ 38 @-@ 1 .
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= Giving Victims a Voice =
Giving Victims a Voice is a report published in January 2013 , relating to allegations of sexual abuse made against English DJ and BBC Television presenter Jimmy Savile ( 1926 – 2011 ) as part of the Operation Yewtree criminal investigation . It was initiated as a result of publicity surrounding the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal . The Metropolitan Police Service ( MPS ) and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC ) jointly produced this report . It marked the end of investigations made under the operation regarding Savile alone .
The scandal resulted in hundreds of alleged victims of Savile and other abusers approaching the police and the NSPCC . Their claims were investigated and formed the basis of the report , which found that Savile 's alleged offences were committed across England and Scotland , in hospitals , prison facilities , schools and BBC premises . Offences were reported between 1955 and 2009 , totalling 214 alleged offences across 28 police forces . The most frequent alleged offending coincided with Savile 's peak celebrity status . Numbers of alleged victims totalled 450 , of whom 328 were minors at the time . They were aged between 8 and 47 years , majority being 13 – 16 .
The Director of Public Prosecutions ( DPP ) described the report as marking a " watershed moment " and apologised for " shortcomings " in the handling of prior abuse claims . The report 's publication resulted in some highlighting what could be systemic failure because of the number of complainants and institutions identified , but others criticised it for treating allegations as facts . The DPP 's Principal Legal Advisor concluded that Savile could have been prosecuted for offences against at least three victims during his lifetime . After the report , investigations were further initiated in other hospitals . Ex @-@ Metropolitan Police Commissioner Peter Spindler ( who had previously led Operation Yewtree ) estimated that there may be many more victims who had not come forward .
= = Background = =
In September and October 2012 , claims were widely publicised that the English DJ and BBC Television presenter Jimmy Savile ( 31 October 1926 – 29 October 2011 ) had committed sexual abuse . The publicity began on 5 October 2012 after an ITV Exposure documentary broadcast allegations . By 11 October , allegations had been made to 13 British police forces . On 19 October , the Metropolitan Police Service launched a formal criminal investigation , Operation Yewtree , into historic allegations of child sexual abuse by Savile and others . It described the alleged abuse as being " on an unprecedented scale " , and the number of potential victims as " staggering " .
Much of Savile 's career involved working with children and young people , including visiting schools and hospital wards . He spent 20 years presenting Top of the Pops before a teenage audience , and an overlapping 20 years presenting Jim 'll Fix It , in which he helped the wishes of viewers , mainly children , come true . During his lifetime , two police investigations had looked into reports about Savile , the earliest known being in 1958 , but none had led to charges ; the reports had each concluded that there was insufficient evidence for any charges to be brought relating to sexual offences . In October 2012 , it was announced that the Director of Public Prosecutions , Keir Starmer , would investigate why proceedings against Savile in 2009 were dropped .
The 30 @-@ page Giving Victims a Voice report , published on 11 January 2013 , is a result of an investigation undertaken jointly by the MPS and the NSPCC . Its authors were Detective Superintendent David Gray , of the Metropolitan Police Service Paedophile Unit , and Peter Watt , Director of Child Protection Advice & Awareness at the NSPCC . The authors had two intentions in writing the report . These were to provide public acknowledgement to alleged victims that they were being listened to , and to learn how child protection can be improved as a result of the investigation .
The report marks the end of investigations regarding Savile alone , though enquiries in relation to living people are continuing .
= = Summary of findings = =
According to the report , sex offences were committed by Savile on 450 people ( 328 being minors at the time ) across England and Scotland , and also in Jersey . The vast majority of the alleged offences occurred in his home town of Leeds and his main workplace in London . The victims were mainly unacquainted with each other . Savile may have committed more than 30 rapes , with a total of 126 claims of indecent acts having been recorded .
Most of the alleged victims were aged 13 – 16 , with 73 % of the total being minors aged under 18 . The alleged attacks were mostly against girls aged under 16 . It also included 18 girls and 10 boys under the age of 10 . The youngest alleged victim was aged 8 years and the oldest was 47 . The report said that a dying child aged 11 – 12 was " touched inappropriately " by Savile . The report states that they were mostly opportunistic , although child grooming was involved in some cases . The first and final alleged offences were in 1955 and 2009 . The period containing the most frequent offences was between 1966 and 1976 ( when Savile was aged 40 – 50 ) , coinciding with his peak status as a celebrity . The years 1975 and 1976 each had 15 recorded offences .
Among other places , including BBC premises , the alleged offences occurred in hospitals ( where he volunteered as a porter ) , schools ( upon invitations related to the Jim 'll Fix It TV show ) and prison facilities . According to the report , they took place 33 times in television and radio studios . One included sexual abuse against a girl in July 2006 , at the final recording of Top of the Pops . The report said that Savile 's celebrity status meant that he must have been " hiding in plain sight " . Operation Yewtree 's senior investigating officer , DS David Gray , said Savile used Jim 'll Fix It as a means of meeting victims .
Most of the allegations had not previously been reported to authorities , the reasons given included fear of disbelief and distrust in the judicial system . At least seven allegations of sexual assault made to police during Savile 's lifetime were not linked by police , with Savile as the same alleged perpetrator . The Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) said that the allegations made to Surrey Police between 2007 and 2009 could have resulted in prosecutions being undertaken .
Approximately 600 people had provided information at the time of the report 's publication with 450 relating to Savile . This resulted in the formal recording of a total 214 alleged criminal offences across 28 police forces . No attacks within the West Mercia area are included in the figures , and Gray expected the number of recorded offences to rise above the 214 considered by the report .
The report acknowledges that agencies such as the police and the NHS have " failed victims over decades " . It describes Savile as " one of the UK 's most prolific known sexual predators ... " It concluded that " no clear evidence " was found that Savile operated in a paedophile ring , but investigations were continuing regarding the possibility of his being a member of an " informal network " . The report suggests that Savile may not have been caught partly because , during the most prolific period , police investigations into such crimes at that time " lacked the specialist skills , knowledge and the collaborative approach of later years " .
= = Reception = =
It has been suggested by The Guardian and The Sydney Morning Herald , that the report may have highlighted what could be systemic failure , because of the number of institutions identified . Yvette Cooper , Shadow Home Secretary requested that child protection experts conduct an " overarching review ... into why everyone failed to stop Savile and what should be done now " . Jonathan Brown , writing in The Independent , opined that the report " revealed a man who used his celebrity status and outwardly well @-@ intended works to gain access to and ultimately rape and sexually exploit hundreds of vulnerable young star @-@ struck victims ... "
Keir Starmer , Director of Public Prosecutions ( DPP ) apologised for " shortcomings " in the handling of abuse claims . He said that the allegations had been " treated ... with a degree of caution which was neither justified nor required " and described the report as marking a " watershed moment " . Prosecutions were not brought by the CPS in three cases due to the victims not supporting police action . An apology for " missing the opportunity to prosecute Savile in 2009 " was made by the CPS . Principal Legal Advisor to the DPP , Alison Levitt QC concluded that Savile could have been prosecuted during his lifetime for offences against at least three ( of the four ) victims . When interviewed under caution by Surrey police in 2009 , Savile referred to the allegations as an " occupational hazard " , saying to have previously sued five newspapers .
Former editor of The Daily Telegraph , Charles Moore noted that the report does not reveal the " extent of abuse " and that it " contains [ no actual evidence ] , in a sense which a court would recognise . " He commented that it " undermines justice " by " treat [ ing ] allegations as facts " , noting the report 's admission that " the information has not been corroborated " and viewing its contents as " not a contribution to the truth " . He did not feel it right to overcompensate for previously dismissive attitudes to such an extent " that every accusation must be considered true " . Referring to the 2000 BBC Two documentary When Louis Met ... Jimmy , Moore noted Savile 's response to claims of paedophilia : " How does anyone know whether I am or not ? " He concluded that this specific question ( and also concerning " future Saviles " ) is " not [ made ] easier to answer " by the " uninformative and self @-@ righteous " report .
Salon reported that because Savile could not face prosecution , the report offers the " closest thing to justice " for the alleged victims . Spiked criticised the report by describing it as " the peak of ' victim centred ' justice " and lacking in objectivity . Academics in Social Work Studies at the University of Edinburgh have questioned the veracity of the report . Writing in " Moral Panics , Jimmy Savile and Social Work : a 21st century morality tale " that " Giving Victims a Voice is full of scare @-@ mongering , exaggeration and elision , as allegations are presented as ' facts ' and accusations become ' offences ' , held to be incontrovertibly true " . The Lucy Faithfull Foundation stated that children must be better protected in the future . It also called for a national strategy to prevent such child sexual abuse . The BBC restated a " sincere apology to the victims " , saying it was " appalled " at Savile 's preying on its premises .
= = Consequences = =
The departure of Newsnight 's editor Peter Rippon in October 2012 was a precursor to a permanent replacement being sought by the BBC after the release of the report . In April 2013 ex @-@ Metropolitan Police Commissioner Peter Spindler , who had previously led Operation Yewtree , stated that many more victims had probably not come forward . He estimated that this number could be two or three times the 450 accounted for in the report . An inquiry by West Yorkshire Police into Savile 's " Friday Morning Club " , which was regularly attended by officers , was reported on in February 2013 . It was subsequently claimed that officers may have been groomed by Savile , partly as a result of his celebrity status . Investigations into further hospitals were underway during 2013 , and a children 's home in early 2014 .
The NSPCC reported that the Savile scandal had resulted in an increase in overall reports of sexual abuse by 81 % . This was measured by comparing the years immediately before and after broadcasting of the Exposure documentary . A subsequent NSPCC report was commissioned by Her Majesty 's Inspectorate of Constabulary and published in January 2014 . It reported on interviews with 26 individuals , a number of whom were abused in hospitals . Upon reporting abuse to staff at the time , they felt that their concerns were not treated sincerely .
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= Divergence ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) =
" Divergence " is the sixteenth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise . It originally aired on February 25 , 2005 in the United States on UPN . It was the fourth episode of Enterprise to be written by Judith and Garfield Reeves @-@ Stevens , and was the first episode of a Star Trek series directed by David Barrett . " Divergence " is the second part of a two part story , following on from " Affliction " .
Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , Columbia arrives so that Commander Tucker can be transferred to conduct repairs on Enterprise 's warp engine before it overloads . The two ships then pursue a lead to a Klingon research outpost where Phlox is under pressure to cure the virus that the Klingons created from augmented Human DNA .
Filming took eight days , with a two @-@ week seasonal hiatus towards the end of December . In addition to the guest stars who appeared in " Affliction " , they were joined by Wayne Grace as Admiral Krell . The episode received Nielsen ratings of 1 @.@ 7 / 3 percent , which were lower than the previous week 's episode . The critical response was negative , directed mainly at plot holes and characterisation . However , the two @-@ part story has been named as one of the best storylines seen in Enterprise .
= = Plot = =
With the ship unable to decrease speed below warp 5 , and the warp core reaching dangerous levels , Columbia and Commander Tucker rendezvous to provide assistance . However the crew realise that the transporter cannot be used at warp , so the ships will need to maneuver in close proximity in order for Tucker to be transferred . Captain Archer releases Lieutenant Reed from the brig to perform the transfer . Once on Enterprise , Tucker successfully performs a rapid non @-@ standard cold boot on the warp drive , which purges the Klingon subroutines .
Meanwhile , physician Antaak and a badly beaten Doctor Phlox update General K 'Vagh on their progress . K 'Vagh contacts Admiral Krell , who tells him that if a cure is not completed soon , the facility will be eradicated in order to contain the disease . Back on Enterprise , Archer questions Reed about his recent actions , and is contacted by Harris from Section 31 , a secretive agency within Starfleet . Harris reveals that Phlox is on an important mission and little else , but Reed reveals his location as Qu 'Vat ; Harris contacts Krell , to inform him that Enterprise is on the way , and Krell reveals that he used Harris . Enterprise arrives at the colony , and Archer beams down to the base with Marab to confront the Klingons and Phlox .
Krell 's Klingon battle @-@ cruiser and two Birds of Prey arrive in orbit and Krell orders the ships to destroy the colony . Enterprise attempts to intervene but is engaged by the Birds of Prey . Columbia arrives and joins combat with the two Birds of Prey , while Enterprise impedes the battle @-@ cruiser . Meanwhile , Phlox infects a restrained Archer , as he needs human antibodies for the cure . Antaak then transports a canister of the virus onto the battle @-@ cruiser which infects the crew , including Krell . Needing the cure from Phlox , Krell stands down the attack and the Klingon High Council soon agrees to distribute the cure throughout the Empire . Tucker then agrees to remain on @-@ board temporarily to assist with repairs .
= = Production = =
Filming began on December 14 , 2004 and ran for four days before the cast and crew went on a two @-@ week break over the holiday period . The production overlapped on December 16 with second @-@ unit filming on the episode " United " , which required most of the main cast with the exception of Billingsley as Phlox . The opportunity was taken to film the majority of the sequences with Phlox , K 'Vagh and Antaak at the same time on a different sound stage so as to not delay the production . After the break , production resumed on January 3 , 2005 . Minimal shooting was conducted on the first day for " Divergence " , as further second @-@ unit filming took place in the afternoon for " United " and for " Babel One " . On the second day , Eric Pierpoint and Wayne Grace filmed their scenes as they both appeared on only one set each . Whilst filming was scheduled for seven days , the second @-@ unit filming for " Divergence " pushed into an eighth day on January 6 , which overlapped with the production of " Bound " .
Judith and Garfield Reeves @-@ Stevens joined the staff as writers during season four . Prior to " Divergence " they had already written the episodes " The Forge " , " Observer Effect " and " United " . The Reeves @-@ Stevens said of " Divergence " , " we 've written a multiple @-@ starship action sequence that 's never been seen before , and that everyone 's very excited to bring to the screen . " " Divergence " was the first Star Trek credit for director David Barrett . Several guest cast members resume their roles from " Affliction " , including James Avery as K 'Vagh , John Schuck as Antaak , Terrell Tilford as Marab and Eric Pierpoint as Harris . They were joined in " Divergence " by Wayne Grace as Krell . Grace had previously appeared across the franchise including in a voice role in the computer game Star Trek : Klingon Academy , a Cardassian in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode " Wrongs Darker Than Death or Night " and as the Klingon Governor Torak in Star Trek : The Next Generation 's " Aquiel " . Kristin Bauer made her franchise debut as Laneth . She later became better known in her appearances as Pam in HBO 's True Blood .
= = Reception and home media release = =
" Divergence " originally aired on UPN , on February 25 , 2005 . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode received a 1 @.@ 7 / 3 percent share . This means that it was seen by 1 @.@ 7 percent of the population , and 3 percent of all viewers watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was less than the ratings received by the previous episode , " Affliction " , which scored ratings of 1 @.@ 8 / 3 percent . It finished behind programs on NBC , ABC , CBS and Fox as well as What I Like About You and a repeat of Reba during the second half @-@ hour on The WB .
Michelle Erica Green , in her review for TrekNation , said that it wasn 't as good as the previous episode and thought that there were plot holes . She felt that some of the episode featured bad science , such as when Tucker was transferred between the two ships . She also criticised Archer going down to the Klingon base on his own , calling him a " putz " and said of the Klingon attack , " since when do Klingons destroy ships with deadly subroutines rather than , you know , BOMBS ? " She thought the characterisation was forced , and wanted a better resolution to the events in " Affliction " which she had called " one of the greatest hours of Star Trek ever " . Jamahl Epsicokhan on his website " Jammer 's Reviews " , gave the episode a score of two out of four , saying that the battle scenes were " painfully routine " and that where the episode " runs off the rails is in these final 10 minutes " . He felt that it was a pattern of the final episodes in story arcs not having a " satisfying finish " and that " Divergence " followed in this pattern set by " The Augments " and " The Aenar " . The two part story in " Affliction " and " Divergence " were subsequently ranked the fifth best story of Enterprise by Den of Geek writer James Hunt .
The only home media release of the episode is on DVD as part of the season four box set . This was released in the UK on October 31 , 2005 , and on November 1 , 2005 in the United States . The Blu @-@ ray edition was released on April 1 , 2014 .
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= In Excelsis Deo =
" In Excelsis Deo " is the 10th episode of the first season of The West Wing . It originally aired on NBC December 15 , 1999 , as the show 's Christmas special . Events circle around Toby getting involved in the fate of a dead Korean War veteran , reactions to a severe hate crime , and the ongoing controversy surrounding Leo 's past alcohol and prescription drug abuse . Written by Aaron Sorkin and Rick Cleveland and directed by Alex Graves , the episode contains guest appearances by Paul Austin and Raynor Scheine . It also earned Sorkin and Cleveland an Emmy , as well as one for Richard Schiff .
= = Plot = =
As the episode begins , Toby gets called by the D.C. police to identify a dead homeless man . It turns out the man ( a Korean War veteran from the 2 / 7 ) was wearing a coat that Toby donated to Goodwill , and Toby had left his business card in it . The event stays with him , and he decides to trace down the man 's next of kin . The only relative he can find is a brother , also homeless . Using the influence of the president 's office , he arranges a military funeral at Arlington . President Bartlet is informed about Toby ’ s transgression , but can only muster limited indignation and jocularly asks if the country is still in NATO . To the president 's concern that this could create precedent for other veterans to come forward , Toby replies " I can only hope , sir . " Mrs Landingham , who has just told Charlie about losing her twin sons in the Vietnam War , joins Toby and the veteran 's brother at the funeral .
Meanwhile , Josh – who is worried that Rep. Peter Lillienfield ( R ) may disclose information the Congressman has about Leo 's past treatment for alcohol and Valium abuse – approaches Sam and proposes using Sam 's prostitute friend to dig up dirt for use as leverage against Lillienfield 's allies when the time comes . Leo objects strongly to the plan , calling it unethical .
C.J. gets emotionally involved in a story about the deadly assault on a homosexual youth . She sees this as an opportunity to push hate crime legislation , but the suggestion finds little support among the others . Reporter Danny Concannon also disagrees , but this encourages her to finally accept his offer of a date , to have him convince her .
President Bartlet sneaks out to go shopping at a rare book store and refuses to take photographers along , much to Mandy 's chagrin . Donna has at this point been pestering Josh about her Christmas gift all day . While he doesn 't follow the list submitted , he picks up a book for her at the shop and writes a message in it that leaves her tearful but happy .
= = Production and real @-@ life issues = =
The episode 's title is taken from the angels ' song to the shepherds in Luke 2 : 14 , announcing the birth of Jesus , and is in reference to the show 's Christmas theme . The words also make up the beginning of the Great Doxology : Gloria in Excelsis Deo ( Glory to God in the highest ) .
It was awarded an Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series , credited to Aaron Sorkin and Rick Cleveland . In the summer of 2001 , a public argument broke out between the two on the internet forum mightybigtv.com ( later known as Television Without Pity ) . Cleveland claimed to have had the original idea , based on the experiences of his father who was a Korean War veteran , and felt offended that Sorkin had not given him a chance to honor his father ’ s memory at the award ceremony . Sorkin responded that Cleveland had not contributed significantly , and that writing credits were simply rotated among the staff writers . The argument ended amicably , with Sorkin apologizing for belittling Cleveland 's effort and the two writers expressing their admiration for each other .
The scene at Arlington was made with the full co @-@ operation of the Pentagon , who liked the message of the script and wanted to do what they could to help . Originally , the president was to have been in the scene as well , but this was changed because it " took away the power of Mrs. Landingham and Ziegler " ; it was felt that the scene would be more powerful without the looming presence of the chief executive . The fourth person attending the funeral is the superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery John C. Metzler , Jr . , appearing as himself . The funeral is accompanied by the song " The Little Drummer Boy " , sung by the boys ' choir .
The story about the hate crime against the young homosexual man is based on the real @-@ life case of Matthew Shepard . This was confirmed by Allison Janney in an interview with the gay magazine The Advocate .
= = Reception = =
Sorkin and Cleveland won an Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series , and actor Richard Schiff ( Toby Ziegler ) was awarded the prize for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . The episode was also nominated for " Outstanding Single @-@ Camera Picture Editing for a Series " and " Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series " . Cleveland and Sorkin also won the Writers Guild of America Award for best episodic drama at the February 2001 ceremony for " In Excelsis Deo " .
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= Hurricane Lester ( 1992 ) =
Hurricane Lester was the first Pacific tropical cyclone to enter the United States as a tropical storm since 1967 . The twelfth named storm and seventh hurricane of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season , Lester formed on August 20 from a tropical wave southwest of Mexico . The tropical storm moved generally northwestward while steadily intensifying . After turning to the north , approaching the Mexican coast , Lester attained hurricane status . The hurricane reached peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) before making landfall on west @-@ central Baja California . The system weakened while moving across the peninsula and then over northwestern Mexico . Not long after entering Arizona , Lester weakened to a tropical depression , and dissipated on August 24 , 1992 , over New Mexico .
In Mexico , the hurricane resulted in $ 3 million in damage ( 1992 USD , $ 4 @.@ 7 million 2011 USD ) . It also left 5 @,@ 000 people left homeless , and was responsible for three fatalities . The remnants of Lester also produced moderate rainfall and minor flooding across southern California , Colorado , Arizona and New Mexico , as well as rare August snow in the Rocky Mountains .
= = Meteorological history = =
A weak tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 7 . It tracked across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea without development due to strong wind shear . The wave then split into two , with the northern portion dissipating over Cuba on August 15 and the southern portion continuing westward . The wave crossed Central America and entered the Pacific Ocean on August 16 . Deep convection increased over the wave upon entering the Pacific , and early on August 19 it started to become better organized . After the development of a low @-@ level circulation , the system organized into Tropical Depression Fourteen @-@ E on August 20 while located about 275 miles ( 445 km ) south @-@ southwest of Manzanillo , Colima .
The depression gradually tracked northwestward at 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) . Although the center of the depression was initially uncertain , it slowly strengthened and steadily organized . The depression attained tropical storm status late on August 20 , upon which the storm was named Lester . The cyclone continued to the northwest , and passed directly over Socorro Island on August 21 . By early the next day , an eastward moving trough weakened the ridge to its north , resulting in a to turn to the north . Around this time , forecasters at the National Hurricane Center predicted the storm would not strengthen to hurricane intensity before making landfall . Despite this , Lester intensified into a hurricane late on August 22 while located about 240 miles ( 385 km ) west of La Paz in Baja California Sur .
The hurricane continued to organize and banding @-@ type eye soon formed . Early on August 23 it attained peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) with a minimum central pressure of 985 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 09 inHg ) . Lester weakened steadily as the storm turned to the northeast , and made landfall as a minimal hurricane near Punta Abreojos , Baja California Sur about ten hours after reaching peak intensity . It degenerated into a tropical storm while crossing the Baja California Peninsula . After passing through the northern Gulf of California , it made a second landfall near Isla Tiburon in the state of Sonora . Lester entered Arizona as a tropical storm on August 24 , the first time since Hurricane Katrina in 1967 that an Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone entered the United States with winds of at least tropical storm intensity . Lester maintained tropical storm status until it weakened into a tropical depression near Tucson , Arizona . Later that day , the low level circulation dissipated over New Mexico , and Lester ceased to exist as a tropical cyclone . The storms remnants transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it continued to the north @-@ northeast ahead of an approaching trough , and merged with the remnants of Hurricane Andrew on August 29 over Pennsylvania .
= = Preparations and Impact = =
= = = Mexico = = =
The Government of Mexico issued tropical storm watches and warnings for Baja California on August 21 . The following day , a hurricane warning was issued for the peninsula from Punta Eugenia southward to Cabo San Lazaro . The government of Mexico also issued a tropical storm warning for the Sonora and Sinaloa mainland from Cabo Tepopa to Los Mochis . All watches and warnings were discontinued as the storm weakened and dissipated . The threat of the hurricane prompted the evacuation of about 10 @,@ 000 residents .
No observations exist for the duration when Lester , as a tropical depression , moved over Socorro Island , while winds were estimated to have reached 37 mph ( 59 km / h ) . However , a station reported winds of 23 mph ( 37 km / h ) six hours after Lester passed over Socorro Island . Several ships came in contact with Lester , with one in the eye reporting hurricane @-@ force winds for 11 hours on August 22 . The ship in the eye reported rough seas , causing it to roll 33 ° to each side and thus was responsible for a large amount of cargo to go overboard .
Hurricane Lester produced heavy rainfall across its path through the Baja California Peninsula and Sonora . Peak rainfall occurred in Mulege with 13 @.@ 58 in ( 345 mm ) . A weather station in Presa Rodriquez reported 8 @.@ 66 inches ( 203 mm ) of precipitation , with several other locations reporting over 2 inches ( 50 mm ) . The heavy rainfall caused extensive flood damage to the west of Hermosillo , destroying some entire communities and flooding a large highway . Roads were washed out , and power lines were knocked out . Waves up to 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) were recorded . Flash flooding from Lester caused 10 @,@ 000 people to be evacuated from their homes . In addition , mudslides killed three people , and left 5 @,@ 000 homeless . The storm resulted in $ 3 million ( 1992 USD ) , equivalent to $ 4 @.@ 7 million ( 2011 USD ) . The Mexican Army provided relief efforts to residents after the storm .
= = = United States = = =
The remnants of Lester produced heavy rainfall across the Southwestern United States . In Arizona , rainfall amounted to over 5 inches ( 125 mm ) near Phoenix and Tucson , with much of the rest of the state reporting over 1 inch ( 25 mm ) . Moderate rainfall was also reported in western New Mexico and southern Utah , while one location in southwestern Colorado reported over 5 inches ( 125 mm ) of precipitation . In the later location , rains caused flash flooding of arroyos and a mudslide along U.S. Route 180 . Additional rainfall caused moderate flooding in Denver . In addition to the rainfall , moisture from the remnants of Lester dropped 2 to 4 inches ( 50 to 100 mm ) of snow across portions of Colorado , causing traffic problems in mountainous areas . A weather station on Mt . Harvard recorded about 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of snow during Lester 's passage through Colorado . Moisture enhanced from a cold front , the remnants Lester extended through the eastern United States , with Mattoon , Illinois reporting a peak of 5 @.@ 96 inches ( 151 mm ) . In all , rain from Lester caused rainfall records in Minnesota , Nebraska , Colorado , and North Dakota .
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= Forever ( U.S. TV series ) =
Forever is an American fantasy crime drama television series that aired on ABC as part of the 2014 – 15 fall television season . Created by Matt Miller , it centers on the character of Dr. Henry Morgan , an immortal New York City medical examiner who uses his extensive knowledge to assist the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) in solving crimes and to discover a way to end his immortality . Flashbacks within each episode reveal various details of Henry 's life .
The series network aired a sneak preview on September 22 , 2014 , and resumed the series at 10 p.m. EST on September 23 , 2014 . Reception of the series was mixed . In the United States , television critics gave Forever mixed reviews , with critics divided over the series ' similarity to other crime dramas and the series ' premise . In contrast , voters in several online polls ranked the series as one of the best of the television season . Internationally , Forever 's broadcast was well received in France and Spain .
Although ABC gave the series a full @-@ season episode order on November 7 , 2014 , the network cancelled Forever after one season . ABC cited the show 's live ratings as the rationale behind the decision . Television critics believed that other factors explained the network 's decision as the show gained viewers who watched the show up to seven days later on their DVRs . Fans of the series reacted strongly , creating a social media campaign to save the series ; despite these efforts , the series remains cancelled .
= = Premise = =
Dr. Henry Morgan ( Ioan Gruffudd ) is a New York City medical examiner who studies the dead for criminal cases , and to solve the mystery of his own immortality . Since his first death 200 years ago while trying to free slaves as a doctor aboard a ship in the African slave trade , Henry disappears almost immediately each time he dies and returns to life naked in a nearby body of water . Having also stopped aging , Henry 's long life has given him broad knowledge and remarkable observation skills which impress most people he encounters , including New York Police Department Detective Jo Martinez ( Alana de la Garza ) . Only antiquarian Abe ( Judd Hirsch ) , whom Henry and his now @-@ deceased wife Abigail found as a newborn in a German concentration camp during World War II , knows that he is immortal . Henry is stalked by " Adam " , who is also an immortal , and claims to have been alive for around 2 @,@ 000 years .
= = Cast and characters = =
= = = Main = = =
Ioan Gruffudd as Doctor Henry Morgan :
Born in 1779 , Henry is a New York City medical examiner who studies the dead for criminal cases and to solve the mystery of his immortality . His first death was in 1814 while trying to free slaves as a doctor aboard a ship in the African slave trade . Since that time , Henry disappears each time he dies and returns to life naked in a nearby body of water . He has been married twice ; his first wife Nora , whom he married before he became immortal , had him committed to an asylum , and his second wife , Abigail , whom he met during the Second World War and remained with until 1984 , when she left to find somewhere they could be together without being judged for Abigail 's apparently greater age . He abandoned his original career as a doctor in 1956 after he and a butcher were shot ; Henry chose to crawl away and die instead of trying to save the other man because he feared others finding out his secret . Although knowledgeable about many topics , Henry demonstrates a general lack of knowledge about modern popular culture . He also dislikes cell phones but will use one if necessary .
Alana de la Garza as Detective Jo Martinez :
Jo is a sharp , no @-@ nonsense , determined detective with the NYPD who is both intrigued and disgusted by Henry 's detailed medical knowledge when examining a corpse . She finds his behavior to be " out there " , but still relies on his insight for solving homicides . Originating from a rough background with a law @-@ breaking father , she is also a recent widow ; her husband was a lawyer who died of an unexpected heart attack while running on a treadmill on a visit to Washington a year before she met Henry . She is stationed at the 11th Precinct .
Joel David Moore as Lucas Wahl :
Henry 's assistant in the Medical Examiner 's office , who expresses uncertainty about how little he knows about his boss , and an uncanny memory for his daily activities . He studied film in college before working in the medical examiner 's office . He makes horror films in his spare time ; in the episode , " The Last Death of Henry Morgan " , Lucas confesses to using the morgue as a set for several of his movies . Lucas tends to use popular culture references in his speech , many of which Henry does not understand .
Donnie Keshawarz as Detective Mike Hanson :
Jo 's partner , who is stationed at the 11th Precinct . He was in a band when he was younger , a characteristic added at the request of AfterBuzz TV hosts Kate Aquillano , Marielou Mandl , and Pegah Rad and of fans of the series who watched the after show . He is married and has two sons . He also has a brother . During an earlier interview with AfterBuzz TV , Keshawarz discussed Hanson 's role as Henry 's foil , namely Hanson 's orthodox methodology in solving cases and knowledge accumulated over a limited lifetime constrasting with Henry 's unorthodox ways and extensive knowledge gathered over a long life .
Lorraine Toussaint as Lieutenant Joanna Reece :
Jo and Hanson 's supervisor at the 11th Precinct .
Judd Hirsch as Abraham " Abe " Morgan :
Henry 's main confidant and adopted son , although he has claimed that he worked with Henry 's father to explain their association to strangers . At the end of World War II , he was rescued from Belsen , after surviving a death march from Auschwitz . He currently owns an antique store where Henry uses the basement for his immortality research on himself . Abe fought in the Vietnam War and has a two @-@ time ex @-@ wife named Maureen Delacroix ( Jane Seymour ) . Abe 's research into his family tree revealed that he is a distant relative of Henry 's , as one of his ancestors was the illegitimate son of Henry 's womanizing uncle .
= = = Recurring = = =
MacKenzie Mauzy as Abigail Morgan :
Henry 's second wife and Abe 's adopted mother . Henry met her toward the end of World War II when they were working as medical personnel near one of the Nazi concentration camps . Over the years , she worked as a nurse in addition to being a housewife . The latest time period in which Abigail has been shown is 1982 , when she was still married to Henry but looked a generation older than him ( Janet Zarish ) ; in 1984 , she vanished without a trace despite Henry 's best efforts to find her . Henry has acknowledged that the end of his relationship with Abigail caused him a lot of pain that prevents him from dating anyone for whom he has real feelings . In the episode " The Night in Question " , Henry learns from Adam that Abigail killed herself after a car crash to prevent Adam from finding Henry . Abigail appears in ten episodes .
Burn Gorman as Lewis Farber / " Adam " :
A 2 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old immortal who claims that he " has been here since the beginning " and that he has not found a death for himself . Analysis of his blood revealed that he had contracted several extinct diseases , including the bubonic plague . Adam was tortured as part of the Nazis ' research into his immortality , leaving him with a hatred of the Nazis and a sympathy for other Holocaust survivors , including Abe . Adam first appeared as Henry 's appointed psychiatrist and convinced a patient that Henry could pass on his immortality . Adam continued to try to find a lost dagger , one that not only caused Adam 's first death but also was used to kill Julius Caesar . Adam appears in five episodes .
= = Episodes = =
= = Production = =
= = = Origin = = =
The concept for Forever came from a conversation between series creator Matt Miller and his five @-@ year @-@ old son about death . After the conversation , Miller began to imagine what life would be like if a person was immortal but everyone else , including that person 's own children , were mortals . He created a character who viewed immortality as a curse because of the pain of seeing family and friends die and who would attempt to find a way to end his immortality . That concept informed Miller 's decision to make his character a doctor @-@ turned @-@ medical examiner who used his occupation for research into his immortality and Miller 's decision to structure the series as a procedural . The details about the character 's immortality and his ability and his desire to end it would serve as the series ' main story arc .
Another series @-@ long story arc explored how other people learn of Henry 's immortality . The first storyline in the arc was the season 's second story arc , Henry 's determination to learn the identity of a second immortal who knows about it . The second immortal character 's morals would contrast his protagonist 's morals , serving as an antagonist for the main character . As for the family element , Miller created a family with a 35 @-@ year @-@ old immortal having a mortal son in his 70s . Miller stated in an interview with BuddyTV writer Catherine Cabanela that he had never seen that type of family on television before , and he believed that it provide the show with an emotional element .
To demonstrate Henry 's immortality , Miller decided that Henry would die and would feel the pain every time he died . Anything on Henry 's body would disappear with his body during each death . Miller felt that Henry 's naked rebirth in water would be an interesting way to keep the show 's protagonist alive during the series by completing the death and rebirth process ; the nakedness would create several comedic moments within the series . Miller intended to use Henry 's death and rebirth process sporadically after the first two episodes so that the series would focus on Henry 's long life .
= = = Casting = = =
The first person cast was Judd Hirsch as Abe . When Miller and casting director Barbara Fiorentino developed a list of actors for the role , they felt that Hirsch would be the best actor to portray Abe . Hirsch was the first person asked about the role , they sent the script to him . Hirsch liked the series ' premise , its historical aspect , its intelligence , and the idea that the audience would see life from Henry 's perspective .
Two days after casting Hirsch , Ioan Gruffudd was cast as Dr. Henry Morgan . Miller wanted the actors to read the script so that he could see whether the audience would believe that the man had been alive for over 200 years . The search for an actor to portray Henry was more difficult than Miller expected . Miller and Fiorentino unsuccessfully auditioned actors from New York City , Los Angeles , Canada , London , Australia , and South Africa for the role , but the role was uncast . One day , Miller noticed Gruffudd in the carpool lane while they picked up their children from preschool . For Miller , Gruffudd 's period work , such as in the series Horatio Hornblower , made him an obvious selection for the role . Gruffudd liked the script and felt that he could portray Henry . The story , the science fiction element , and the believability also attracted Gruffudd to the role .
Alana de la Garza was cast as NYPD Detective Jo Martinez . The show 's procedural aspect , the series ' serialized nature , and the believability of the world interested de la Garza . She also liked the idea that , in contrast to de la Garza 's characters on other procedurals , Jo had flaws .
Joel David Moore , Donnie Keshawarz , and Barbara Eve Harris were the last three cast for the series . Harris was cast as NYPD Lieutenant Roark . Originally the role of Lieutenant Roark was written as a male character , but Fiorentino cast Harris in the role . Lorraine Toussaint replaced Harris after the pilot , and Toussaint 's first appearance as Lieutenant Joanne Reece was in the episode " Look Before You Leap " . To prepare for her role , Toussaint visited the morgue and viewed a few autopsies . The character of Lt. Reece was to play a larger role in the series , but her scenes were cut so that the episodes could fit time constraints . The DVDs include the deleted scenes .
Moore was cast as assistant medical examiner Lucas Wahl . Both Miller and Fiorentino knew Moore from his previous work with both of them . Moore and Miller met when Moore guest starred on Miller 's previous series Chuck . Both Miller and Fiorentino , a personal friend of Moore 's , discussed the pilot and the role with Moore . Moore liked the idea of Lucas providing comedic moments to the series . For Lucas ' personality , Miller asked Moore to include several of his own personality traits when portraying Lucas .
Keshawarz as NYPD Detective Mike Hanson . The casting department initially did not feel that Keshawarz could portray a NYPD detective , but his work on Homeland convinced them otherwise . The Arkansas @-@ raised Keshawarz imitated a New York accent for Forever . As for the character 's name , the writers did not give Hanson a first name until the fifth episode " The Pugilist Break " when Jo addressed Hanson as " Mike " during a scene . Miller did not learn about the name until later when Keshawarz mentioned it to him in a conversation about the episode .
As for the recurring character of Henry 's stalker Adam , Miller and Fiorentino cast Burn Gorman in the role. as Adam . Gorman voiced the character during the pilot and the second episode . Adam made his first physical appearance in the episode " Skinny Dipper " , which aired on December 9 , 2014 .
= = = Writing = = =
Beginning with the pilot , Miller structured each episode by telling two stories in the episode . The first was a traditional procedural plotline . The second story was a flashback from Henry 's past . The flashback either related to the episode 's main present @-@ day storyline , such as Henry 's involvement in investigating the Jack the Ripper case , or was a scene from Henry 's backstory , such as his life in the Lower East Side 's tenements in the 1890s . Both the father @-@ son relationship between Henry and Abe and one of the two season @-@ long story arcs , Henry 's relationship with his wife Abigail , were told through flashbacks .
When planning an episode , the writers started with the idea for the episode and determined the main story arc . They discussed which plot element could be associated with a previous incident from Henry 's life and how the flashbacks connected the two stories . From there , they determined Abe 's viewpoint about the case or his connection to the case . Then , they planned the story on whiteboard .
One plot device used in the pilot , Henry 's pocket watch , proved to be difficult to use in subsequent episodes . In the beginning , the writers would have Henry 's pocket watch fall out of his pocket so that it would not disappear with the rest of his body . It became more difficult for writers to develop believable scenarios in which Henry would lose his watch , so they did not write it into the plot as frequently in later episodes .
= = = Effects = = =
Miller and the filming crew had planned to film the rebirth scenes in the pilot in several bodies of water , but they could film it in only one location . During the episode 's production , Gruffudd and the crew filmed the rebirth scene against a green screen in a university swimming pool due to the strength of the East River 's current . The crew later covered Gruffudd with water . To depict Henry 's death in different years , the crew refilmed the scene with Gruffudd wearing various hair styles . The producers then edited the scene by superimposing the film of Gruffudd 's swim in the pool with film of the East River to give the illusion that the scene occurred in the river .
= = = Title dispute = = =
Forever is also the title of a 2003 novel by writer Pete Hamill , with a similar premise : an Irishman is granted the gift of immortality by an African sangoma , yet must remain in Manhattan or the gift is renounced . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. Television received a letter from RadicalMedia requesting that the name of the series be changed . RadicalMedia stated in the letter that Miller 's character , setting , and title were very similar to Hamill 's . The letter also stated that Sundance Studios had begun to develop a television series based on the novel . According to Warner Bros. studio representatives , Miller never read the novel when developing Forever . As of September 2014 , Hamill has no plans to proceed with a lawsuit .
= = Reception = =
Forever received mixed reviews from critics in the beginning . Rotten Tomatoes gave the show a rating of 57 % , based on 44 reviews , with an average rating of 5 @.@ 8 / 10 . The site 's consensus stated , " Forever star Ioan Gruffudd is appealing , but his charm can 't overcome the show 's gimmicky , unrealized premise . " Metacritic gave the show a score of 54 out of 100 , based on reviews from 24 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . TV Guide 's Matt Roush felt that the series could become a hit similar to Bones and Castle . Other critics felt that the series had issues . Zap2it.com 's Sarah Huggins liked the concept for the series and Gruffudd 's performance , but she felt that the first two episodes were inconsistent " in tone and story " . Both Variety 's Brian Lowery and Adweek 's Sam Thielman believed that Forever could not last as it faced CBS 's Person of Interest in the 10 p.m. timeslot and as Forever 's lead @-@ in , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , had dropped in the ratings during its first season . Lowery also believed that the lack of answers about Henry 's immortality could not sustain the series . The Hollywood Reporter 's Tim Goodman concurred , feeling that the lack of answers about Henry 's immortality could pose problems for viewers . Still others felt that the series was a derivative of other series . Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com felt that the series was a derivative of Sherlock Holmes . Although Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly felt that Forever was a derivative of other procedurals , she stated that the show was " breezy and entertaining and reasonably clever , at least when its Sherlock Scanning isn 't out of control " due to the performances of Gruffudd , de la Garza , and Hirsch and due to Miller 's conceptualization of the series .
When Miller pitched the show to the various networks , network executives compared the series to New Amsterdam . New Amsterdam , a short @-@ lived drama which aired on Fox in 2008 , featured a 400 @-@ year @-@ old male NYPD detective and a female partner . Miller stated that he had not heard about the series until he read some comments on an industry website . Television critics also took notice of the similarities between New Amsterdam and Forever . USA Today 's Robert Bianco thought that Forever took a " smarter , lighter approach to the subject " of immortality than New Amsterdam did . Lowery , Roush , and Busis all noted the similarities between the two series in their reviews of Forever .
In France , Forever became an international hit . The premiere on April 28 , 2015 attracted 7 @.@ 08 million viewers . During the series ' broadcast in France , Forever averaged an audience of about 5 @.@ 7 million viewers , or 26 @.@ 2 % of the total French audience , making it France 's most @-@ watched series on Tuesday nights . After the broadcast of the final episode , French fans of Forever joined English @-@ speaking fans in their social media campaign to save the series .
When Forever premiered on Spain 's Antena 3 on July 15 , 2015 , it drew 2 @,@ 316 @,@ 000 viewers . Over the course of the series , Forever averaged over 1 @.@ 679 million viewers , making it a successful series in Spain . The series ' success in spite of its cancellation in the United States prompted Rebeca Cortes of El Norte de Castilla to call Forever " the summer surprise " .
The German paid @-@ television channel Sat.1 Emotions began airing the first twelve episodes of Forever on February 3 , 2015 , but the series did not begin airing on Sat.1 on July 20 , 2015 . The ratings fluctuated throughout the run from the 2 @.@ 02 million viewers which watched the pilot , but ratings never dipped below 1 @.@ 44 million viewers . During Forever 's run in Germany , the series averaged 1 @.@ 82 million viewers and a 6 @.@ 3 percent audience share ; the series ' market share was lower than Sat.1 's average . Among viewers between the ages of 14 and 49 , however , the show averaged 0 @.@ 96 million viewers and a 9 @.@ 4 percent market share , which was near the network 's average .
= = = Awards and online polls = = =
Forever has been nominated for three awards and has improved ranking in two online polls . Forever received a nomination for " Best Primetime Television Program - Drama " category for the 30th annual Imagen Awards , but lost to Law & Order : SVU . In TV Guide 's Fall TV Popularity Contest , Forever placed second , receiving 76 % of TVGuide.com readers ' votes . It received a nomination in the " Favorite New TV Drama " category for the 2015 People 's Choice Awards but lost to The Flash . About 70 @.@ 4 % of voters in the E ! Online 's " The Definitive Ranking of the Best and Worst New Shows — According to You " poll ranked the series the third best new show of the 2014 – 2015 television season . When the poll was first conducted in November 2014 , E ! Online users voted Forever as the 17th worst new show of the season ; the series received 60 % of votes stating that the voters loved the series .
= = Broadcast history = =
On May 8 , 2014 , ABC announced that the network had picked up Forever for the 2014 @-@ 2015 television season . On July 15 , 2014 , the network announced that the series would have a two @-@ day premiere , with the pilot airing on September 22 and the second episode debuting in the series ' regular timeslot at 10 p.m. the next night . Forever premiered in the United States on ABC on September 22 , 2014 . Over 8 @.@ 6 million viewers watched the episode live , and among adults 18 – 49 , it had a 1 @.@ 7 rating and a 5 share . The episode also retained a larger percentage of total viewers and of adults 18 – 49 from its lead @-@ in than Castle 's premiere on March 9 , 2009 ; Castle kept 47 % of total viewers and 49 % of adults 18 – 49 while Forever kept 67 % of total viewers and 77 % of adults 18 – 49 . The second episode , airing the next night , was ABC 's top @-@ rated episode in that timeslot since September 21 , 2010 ; it was viewed by 6 @.@ 5 million people live and had a 1 @.@ 7 rating and a 5 share . Forever 's second episode tied CBS 's Person of Interest in adults 18 – 49 and beat the series in adults 18 – 34 and in women viewers . The episode also kept all of its adults 18 – 49 audience from the pilot 's debut the night before and increased the adults 18 – 34 audience by 8 % .
After the first two episodes , however , the series ' live ratings dropped significantly to about 5 million live viewers . The Live + 7 @-@ Day ratings , however , increased the audience by 3 million viewers , bringing the total audience to 8 million viewers weekly . That , and Forever 's performance in the 10 p.m. timeslot being better than ABC 's performance in that timeslot during the 2013 – 2014 television season , convinced ABC to pick up additional episodes of the series . Forever received a full @-@ season order on November 7 , 2014 .
Forever airs a day before the U.S. on CTV in Canada . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the show was acquired by Sky1 . It premiered on October 2 , 2014 . The series premiered on Nine Network in Australia on February 11 , 2015 . In New Zealand , TV One debuted Forever on February 16 , 2015 .
= = = Video on demand = = =
On July 1 , 2016 , The CW announced that Forever was available on the streaming channel CW Seed .
= = = Series cancellation = = =
Before the season finale aired , Miller and the writers proposed the storyline for season two to ABC and to Warner Bros. They pitched the idea of season two exploring the ramifications of Jo or another character , aside from Abe , learning about Henry 's immortality , romance , and the pleasures associated with immortality . They also planned to introduce several new characters to the series . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly 's Natalie Abrams , Miller stated that ABC appeared to like the direction of the show 's second season . On May 7 , however , ABC announced the series ' cancellation . Gruffudd 's wife Alice Evans told fans about the cancellation on Twitter ; Gruffudd posted a letter on Instagram detailing his reaction to the series ' cancellation and thanking the show 's fans for their support a few hours later .
In the meantime , Warner Bros. and Miller began to shop the series to other networks . On July 7 , Miller posted a letter to fans on Twitter stating that , as of that date , Warner Bros. had been unable to find another studio to produce the series and that the studio was still shopping it around to the networks . During a Twitter question @-@ and @-@ answer session on September 17 , 2015 , Miller revealed the characters that he wanted to introduce and the character who would learn of Henry 's immortality in season 2 .
Officially , the network cited that Forever 's live ratings was the main factor behind the series ' cancellation . The pilot episode drew 8 @.@ 26 million viewers live , but the finale drew 4 @.@ 13 million live . On average , the series drew 4 @.@ 93 million viewers live and a 1 @.@ 12 adults 18 – 49 demographic weekly . In term of the Nielsen ratings ' Live + 7 Day ratings , Forever averaged 7 @.@ 034 million viewers and drew a 1 @.@ 7 adults 18 – 49 demographic . About 3 @.@ 23 million people , or about 68 % of Forever 's audience , watched the series within seven days of the episodes original broadcast . Forever had the 19th @-@ highest lift in total viewers for the 2014 – 2015 television season . In addition , Forever had the 7th @-@ largest increase in adults 18 – 49 from DVR viewing during the season . It was among the top 20 programs that received the largest increase in adults 18 – 49 within the first three days of viewing , and it received the 14th @-@ highest increase in adults 18 – 49 from Live + 3 @-@ Day to Live + 7 @-@ Day viewing .
Television critics believed that live ratings was not the only factor in ABC 's cancellation of Forever . The Orange County Register 's Michael Hewitt and Adweek 's Jason Lynch noted that several of ABC 's other low @-@ rated shows , in particular ABC 's limited series American Crime , received renewals in spite of ratings that were similar to Forever 's . American Crime had an average audience of 4 @.@ 98 million viewers live and a 1 @.@ 16 adults 18 – 49 demographic weekly ; its Live + 7 Day audience , however , averaged 6 @.@ 697 million viewers and a 1 @.@ 7 adults 18 – 49 demographic . Verne Gay of Newsday , Nellie Andreeva of Deadline.com , and Stephen Battaglio of the Los Angeles Times pointed out that ABC renewed series produced by ABC Studios as a part of the network 's decision to increase ownership of their series to compete with Netflix and Hulu . Forever , produced by Warner Bros. , was one of three cancellations for the network , the other two being Resurrection and Cristela . Kate Stanhope of The Hollywood Reporter and Matt Roush of TV Insider felt that Forever 's time slot was a factor for the low ratings . Stanhope mentioned that Forever was airing opposite NBC 's Chicago Fire and CBS 's Person of Interest , both established series on their respective networks while Roush believed that Forever did not have a strong lead @-@ in in . John Sica , a reporter for The Rockaway Times who had worked on the series , cited a lack of promotion and an inconsistent scheduling of episodes during Forever 's run as factors that led to the series cancellation .
= = = = Fan reaction = = = =
Before the series ' cancellation , Forever placed fourth in USA Today 's 18th annual " Save Our Shows " poll . When ABC announced the cancellation of Forever , fans were outraged , and some left angry messages on ABC 's Facebook page . Using the hashtag # SaveForever , others began a social media campaign on Facebook and Twitter to save the series . An online petition on Change.org generated over 6 @,@ 500 signatures within two days of being created , and it generated over 12 @,@ 600 signatures in three days . By May 27 , it had generated nearly 27 @,@ 000 signatures . Some have had requested that Netflix or another network take over the production of the series . By November 5 , 2015 , the petition generated 107 @,@ 150 signatures .
The cancellation generated a discussion on social media . When TVLine posted a story about the cancellation , it generated 2 @,@ 175 comments , making it the third most talked @-@ about story in the site 's five @-@ year history . About 43 @.@ 70 % of Entertainment Weekly online readers voted as the most @-@ missed cancellation in Entertainment Weekly 's online poll .
A fan @-@ made , non @-@ profit , unofficial graphic novel , titled " Forever & Ever ! " , debuted on Facebook on January 5 , 2016 . According to one of the comic series ' co @-@ creators , the novel expands the fictional universe created by Miller by introducing new material and new characters .
= = = Ratings = = =
In Australia , the first episode was watched by 619 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the fourteenth most @-@ watched broadcast that night . The second one was viewed by 522 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the twentieth most @-@ watched . In Canada , the first and second episodes received 2 @.@ 32 and 1 @.@ 57 million viewers , respectively . In the United Kingdom , the premiere garnered 847 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the highest @-@ rated broadcast on the network that week . In New Zealand , it was the third most @-@ watched broadcast in prime time that night , with 243 @,@ 650 viewers .
= = Home video releases = =
Miller revealed that Warner Bros. would release DVDs for the series during a Twitter question @-@ and @-@ answer session on September 17 , 2015 . On November 16 , 2015 , Warner Home Entertainment of Canada announced that DVDs for the series would be released on January 19 , 2016 . The same day , Warner Bros. announced that DVDs would be made available in the United States through the company 's Warner Archive Collection . On January 4 , 2016 , Warner Bros. announced that DVDs for the series would be released in the United States on January 19 , 2016 , the same date as Canada . The DVD release will contain all 22 episodes of the series on five discs , along with deleted scenes from many of the episodes . The DVD was released on February 3 , 2016 in Region 4 .
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= Great Seimas of Vilnius =
The Great Seimas of Vilnius ( Lithuanian : Didysis Vilniaus Seimas , also known as the Great Assembly of Vilnius , the Grand Diet of Vilnius , or the Great Diet of Vilnius ) was a major assembly held on December 4 and 5 , 1905 ( November 21 – 22 , 1905 O.S. ) in Vilnius , Lithuania , then part of the Russian Empire , largely inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1905 . It was the first modern national congress in Lithuania and dealt primarily not with the social issues that sparked the revolution , but with national concerns . Over 2 @,@ 000 participants took part in the Seimas . The assembly made the decision to demand wide political autonomy within the Russian Empire and achieve this by peaceful means . It is considered an important step towards the Act of Independence of Lithuania , adopted on February 16 , 1918 by the Council of Lithuania , as the Seimas laid the groundwork for the establishment of an independent Lithuanian state .
= = Historical background = =
Lithuania had been part of the Russian Empire since the partitions of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century . After the unsuccessful uprising of 1863 , Lithuania was subjected to Russification policies : the Lithuanian press ban was initiated , schools were required to teach in the Russian language , Roman Catholics could not hold positions in government institutions and could own only limited amounts of land , and political rights were restricted . However , these measures had limited effects on the Lithuanian National Revival , and a sense of the Lithuanian national identity continued to grow . The first Lithuanian political parties , the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and Lithuanian Democratic Party , included goals of political autonomy for Lithuania within the Russian Empire in their basic program .
After the events of Bloody Sunday in January 1905 sparked a revolution in Russia , Tsar Nicholas II was forced to make concessions . In April 1905 a decree guaranteed complete freedom of religion , and even allowed religious studies to be conducted in native languages . The most important decree , the October Manifesto , was announced on October 30 ( October 17 O.S. ) , 1905 . It guaranteed many political rights , including the right to form political parties and organize convocations . This decree formed the legal basis for the assembly in Vilnius . The October Manifesto also announced the intent to hold elections to the Russian Parliament ( Duma ) , and the Lithuanian organizers used this as an official pretext for the Seimas : they claimed that the Lithuanians needed to prepare themselves for this election .
= = Preparations = =
Historians disagree about who initiated the idea of organizing a national assembly . Some credit Jonas Basanavičius , while others argue for Jonas Kriaučiūnas . The organizational activities were largely taken on by the Lithuanian Christian Democrats and by Vilniaus žinios , a moderate newspaper owned by Petras Vileišis . Vilniaus žinios was the first legal Lithuanian @-@ language daily newspaper to appear after the Lithuanian press ban was lifted on May 7 , 1904 ; it was quite popular and its circulation soon reached 6 @,@ 000 copies . On October 31 ( October 18 O.S. ) , 1905 a fifteen @-@ member organizational committee , chairman Jonas Basanavičius and secretary Jonas Kriaučiūnas , was given the task of convening the assembly . They published an appeal or a manifest to the Lithuanian people on November 11 ( October 29 O.S. ) in Vilniaus žinios . The appeal , signed by the chairman and the secretary , aroused much interest in the public . Invitations were extended to all persons who would be elected as representatives by their communities at volosts , and to all other educated people interested in the future of the Lithuanian state . At the end of the appeal there was an eight @-@ point agenda to be discussed at the Seimas . It did not include the question of Lithuanian autonomy .
On November 15 ( November 2 O.S. ) , a controversial memorandum was adopted by the organizational committee and sent to Sergei Witte , Prime Minister of the Russian Empire . It was signed by only four people : Jonas Basanavičius , who was the primary author , Donatas Malinauskas , Juozapas Ambraziejus , and Mečislovas Davainis @-@ Silvestraitis . It consisted of an introduction , which briefly summarized the history of Lithuania , and ten points of demands and declarations . The first point was the most controversial : it declared that Kovno , Grodno , Vilna , Suwałki Governorates and parts of Courland Governorate were historically Lithuanian and that the Poles , Jews , Russians , and other groups in those areas were merely invaders , who had arrived in the recent past . Belarusians were called " Slavinized Lithuanians " . The last point in the memorandum , asking that the title of Grand Duke of Lithuania not be disregarded in the Tsar 's documents , also drew criticism . Other points demanded Lithuanian autonomy , equal rights to all nationalities and social classes , full political and religious freedom , free universal education in the Lithuanian language , the introduction of the Lithuanian language to government institutions , and the attachment of the Suwałki Governorate not to Poland but to autonomous Lithuania . Many of these demands were echoed by the Seimas .
Those parts of the memorandum that demanded Lithuanian autonomy and protested the possible attachment of Suwałki Governorate to autonomous Poland were reprinted in the Russian publication Pravitel 'stvennyi Vestnik on November 23 ( November 10 O.S. ) . The Russian government sought to demonstrate that granting autonomy to both Poland and Lithuania would be complicated , and would probably exacerbate national conflicts . On November 26 ( November 13 O.S. ) the memorandum was also reprinted in Vilniaus žinios . It was heavily criticized by non @-@ Lithuanians for its position on minorities and by Lithuanians for making demands on behalf of the Lithuanian nation without waiting for the Seimas ' resolutions .
On December 4 ( November 21 O.S. ) , about 2 @,@ 000 people arrived in Vilnius ; half of them were officially elected as delegates by their local communities . Because no standard elections procedures were offered , the process of selecting the representatives varied greatly . Despite irregularities , it was the first election in the history of Lithuania . People from Aukštaitija were most active , while participation from Samogitia and Suvalkija somewhat lacked . Some of the delegates came from areas that are now part of Poland and Latvia , as well as from areas that were then within the lands of the German Empire ( Lithuania Minor ) . As a result a wide variety of communities , political groups , government layers , social classes , and organizations were represented . This parliament may have been the first in Europe to include women — there were seven female delegates .
= = The Seimas = =
It took two hours of intense discussion to elect the presidium of the Seimas . Jonas Basanavičius , officially nonpartisan , was elected as the chairman and Steponas Kairys , leader of the Social Democrats , was chosen as vice @-@ chairman . Other members were Antanas Smetona , priest Petras Būčys , and Juozas Stankūnas ; the secretaries were Liudas Gira , Pranas Klimaitis , and Juozas Gabrys @-@ Paršaitis . The organizational committee proposed a rather academic agenda geared toward cultural issues for the assembly ; this initial agenda was vetoed by the delegates . They adopted a new schedule that was more political and highlighted two main goals : holding hearings on the current situation in Lithuania , and deciding which political demands should be submitted to the Tsarist authorities . A major portion of the first day 's proceedings was devoted to reports presented by delegates from rural areas . The content of these reports was repetitious and did not carry much weight . The most important question was that of Lithuanian autonomy .
There were rumors that some Russian politicians were seriously considering granting autonomy to Poland , and that Polish activists wished to incorporate Lithuanian lands into their autonomous region , calling on the historic tradition of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth . In light of these rumors , the demands of the delegates were much more radical than were expected . Most demanded autonomy in ethnographic Lithuanian lands along with any border areas that would decide to join . The region would be governed by a democratically elected seimas in Vilnius and bound by federal ties with neighboring lands . The " ethnographic Lithuanian lands " at issue were not clearly defined , but resistance to tsarist authorities was to be organized in Kovno , Grodno , and Vilna Governorates ; special attention was given to Suwałki Governorate . The Seimas ' resolution , adopted on the second day , explicitly stated that Lithuanians from Suwałki Governorate had decided to join the fight for autonomous Lithuania . This was largely an attempt to prevent the potential Polish autonomous region from claiming Suwałki , then part of Congress Poland , for itself . The election to seimas was to be universal , equal , direct and secret ; all persons were to be granted suffrage without regard to sex , religion , or nationality . If the election had taken place , it would have been the first in Europe where women were granted an equal right to vote .
This demand was far @-@ reaching and required transformation of the empire into a federal state , placing Lithuania on a par with the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian constitutional system . Heated discussions continued on the means to achieve this transformation . Some argued for armed resistance , but were reminded that the previous uprisings in November of 1831 and January of 1863 had failed . Others suggested peaceful and passive resistance : refusing to pay taxes , boycotting products from monopolistic companies ( mostly those selling alcoholic beverages ) , not allowing children to attend Russian schools , evading drafts into the Russian army , and organizing factory worker strikes . The delegates , who were mostly small farmers , also discussed land reform , demanding that all land would be confiscated from large landlords and distributed to those who actually cultivated it . However , no conclusions in that area were reached as there was a perception that any resolution on land reform would encourage the peasants to rise against their landlords as it was happening in other parts of the Russian Empire .
At the end of the second day , the Seimas adopted a four @-@ paragraph resolution . The first paragraph declared that the Tsarist government was Lithuania 's most dangerous enemy . The second paragraph demanded autonomy ; the third outlined the means towards this goal that were deemed acceptable . The resistance was to be peaceful and passive . The fourth and final paragraph demanded that children be taught in their native language by teachers chosen by the people . The Seimas , unlike the 1917 Vilnius Conference , did not attempt to elect an institution that could carry out these resolutions and act as a Lithuanian government . After the Seimas , rural areas were left on their own without central guidance . After the resolution was adopted by the Seimas , near midnight , Jonas Basanavičius read aloud his proposal to include an attachment condemning Polish ecclesiastical authorities for suppressing the use of the Lithuanian language in churches within the diocese of Vilnius . The church matters had not been discussed during the sessions , but the majority agreed to the proposal by a show of hands . Because the attachment was not fully discussed , Social Democrats did not consider it officially adopted .
= = Aftermath = =
During the night from December 5 to December 6 , Petras Vileišis printed 36 @,@ 000 copies of the resolution for distribution . After the assembly , notorious for its loud , lengthy and intense debates , the delegates returned to their communities and started to carry out its resolutions . The old Russian administrations were replaced in 125 out of the 280 volosts ( 82 in Kaunas , 33 in Suvalkai , and 10 in Vilnius Governorates ) . These communities elected their own representatives , organized their own schools where classes were taught in the Lithuanian language , and stopped paying taxes . While the first Russian responses were disorganized and confused , the authorities soon marshaled their armed forces and returned the situation back to normal . The process was relatively peaceful ; there were only a few clashes between armed groups of peasants and Tsarist military forces . Unlike in neighboring Latvia or Estonia , peasants did not rise against their landlords . A number of the most prominent activists of this movement were arrested and sent to Siberia .
The Lithuanian Democratic Party and Ernestas Galvanauskas used the Seimas as an opportunity to organize the Peasant Union , which largely represented the interests of large and mid @-@ size farmers . The Union helped spread the influence of the Seimas into the countryside . A few days after the Seimas , Jonas Basanavičius founded the Lithuanian National Democratic Party ( Lithuanian : Tautiškoji lietuvių demokratų partija ) , the first nationalistic party in Lithuania .
The plan for autonomy was not accomplished at this time , but the Seimas was an important development in the Lithuanian bid for independence . It consolidated efforts , spearheaded the organization of political parties , strengthened national conscience , and energized the rural populace . The assembly resolutely rejected ideas to restore the old Grand Duchy of Lithuania and for the first time voiced the demands for autonomy . Many of the political and religious rights that were granted by the October Manifesto were retained . A number of agricultural , educational , scientific , literary and artistic societies emerged .
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= KFC =
Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) is a fast food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken and is headquartered in Louisville , Kentucky , United States . It is the world 's second largest restaurant chain ( as measured by sales ) after McDonald 's , with almost 20 @,@ 000 locations globally in 123 countries and territories as of December 2015 . The company is a subsidiary of Yum ! Brands , a restaurant company that also owns the Pizza Hut and Taco Bell chains .
KFC was founded by Harland Sanders , an entrepreneur who began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in Corbin , Kentucky , during the Great Depression . Sanders identified the potential of the restaurant franchising concept , and the first " Kentucky Fried Chicken " franchise opened in Utah in 1952 . KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry , diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger . By branding himself as " Colonel Sanders " , Harland became a prominent figure of American cultural history , and his image remains widely used in KFC advertising . However , the company 's rapid expansion overwhelmed the aging Sanders and , in 1964 , he sold it to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown , Jr. and Jack C. Massey .
KFC was one of the first fast food chains to expand internationally , opening outlets in Canada , the United Kingdom , Mexico , and Jamaica by the mid @-@ 1960s . Throughout the 1970s and 1980s , KFC experienced mixed fortunes domestically , as it went through a series of changes in corporate ownership with little or no experience in the restaurant business . In the early 1970s , KFC was sold to the spirits distributor Heublein , who were taken over by the R.J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate , who sold the chain to PepsiCo . The chain continued to expand overseas however , and in 1987 KFC became the first Western restaurant chain to open in China . The chain has since expanded rapidly in China , which is now the company 's single largest market . PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as Tricon Global Restaurants , which later changed its name to Yum ! Brands .
KFC 's original product is pressure fried chicken pieces , seasoned with Sanders ' recipe of 11 herbs and spices . The constituents of the recipe represent a notable trade secret . Larger portions of fried chicken are served in a cardboard " bucket " , which has become a well known feature of the chain since it was first introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957 . Since the early 1990s , KFC has expanded its menu to offer other chicken products such as chicken fillet burgers and wraps , as well as salads and side dishes , such as French fries and coleslaw , desserts , and soft drinks , the latter often supplied by PepsiCo . KFC is known for its former and current slogan " Finger Lickin ' Good " , which was replaced by " Nobody does chicken like KFC " and " So good " in the interim .
= = History = =
Harland Sanders was born in 1890 and raised on a farm outside Henryville , Indiana ( near Louisville , Kentucky ) . When Sanders was five years old , his father died , forcing his mother to work at a canning plant . This left Sanders , as the eldest son , to care for his two younger siblings . After he reached seven years of age , his mother taught him how to cook . After leaving the family home at the age of 13 , Sanders passed through several professions , with mixed success . In 1930 , he took over a Shell filling station on US Route 25 just outside North Corbin , Kentucky , a small town on the edge of the Appalachian Mountains . It was here that he first served to travelers the recipes that he had learned as a child : fried chicken and other dishes such as steaks and country ham . After four years of serving from his own dining room table , Sanders purchased the larger filling station on the other side of the road and expanded to six tables . By 1936 , this had proven successful enough for Sanders to be given the honorary title of Kentucky colonel by Governor Ruby Laffoon . In 1937 he expanded his restaurant to 142 seats , and added a motel he purchased across the street , naming it Sanders Court & Café .
Sanders was unhappy with the 35 minutes it took to prepare his chicken in an iron frying pan , but he refused to deep fry the chicken , which he believed lowered the quality of the product . If he pre @-@ cooked the chicken in advance of orders , there was sometimes wastage at day 's end . In 1939 , the first commercial pressure cookers were released onto the market , mostly designed for steaming vegetables . Sanders bought one , and modified it into a pressure fryer , which he then used to fry chicken . The new method reduced production time to be comparable with deep frying , while , in the opinion of Sanders , retaining the quality of pan @-@ fried chicken .
In July 1940 , Sanders finalised what came to be known as his " Original Recipe " of 11 herbs and spices . Although he never publicly revealed the recipe , he admitted to the use of salt and pepper , and claimed that the ingredients " stand on everybody 's shelf " . After being recommissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by Governor Lawrence Wetherby , Sanders began to dress the part , growing a goatee and wearing a black frock coat ( later switched to a white suit ) , a string tie , and referring to himself as " Colonel " . His associates went along with the title change , " jokingly at first and then in earnest " , according to biographer Josh Ozersky .
The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers , so when the route planned in 1955 for Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin , Sanders sold his properties and traveled the US to franchise his chicken recipe to restaurant owners . Independent restaurants would pay four ( later five ) cents on each chicken as a franchise fee , in exchange for Sanders ' " secret blend of herbs and spices " and the right to feature his recipe on their menus and use his name and likeness for promotional purposes . In 1952 he had already successfully franchised his recipe to his friend Pete Harman of South Salt Lake , Utah , the operator of one of the city 's largest restaurants .
Don Anderson , a sign painter hired by Harman , coined the name " Kentucky Fried Chicken " . For Harman , the addition of KFC was a way of differentiating his restaurant from competitors ; a product from Kentucky was exotic , and evoked imagery of Southern hospitality . Harman trademarked the phrase " It 's finger lickin ' good " , which eventually became the company @-@ wide slogan . He also introduced the " bucket meal " in 1957 ( 14 pieces of chicken , five bread rolls and a pint of gravy in a cardboard bucket ) . Serving their signature meal in a paper bucket was to become an iconic feature of the company .
By 1963 there were 600 KFC restaurants , making the company the largest fast food operation in the United States . KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry , diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger .
In 1964 , Sanders sold the company to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey for US $ 2 million ( around US $ 15 million in 2013 ) . The contract included a lifetime salary for Sanders and the agreement that he would be the company 's quality controller and trademark . The chain had reached 3 @,@ 000 outlets in 48 different countries by 1970 . In July 1971 , Brown sold the company to the Connecticut @-@ based Heublein , a packaged food and drinks corporation , for US $ 285 million ( around US $ 1 @.@ 6 billion in 2013 ) . Sanders died in 1980 , his promotional work making him a prominent figure in American cultural history . By the time of his death , there were an estimated 6 @,@ 000 KFC outlets in 48 different countries worldwide , with $ 2 billion of sales annually .
In 1982 , Heublein was acquired by R. J. Reynolds , the tobacco giant . In July 1986 , Reynolds sold KFC to PepsiCo for $ 850 million ( around US $ 1 @.@ 8 billion in 2013 ) . PepsiCo made the chain a part of its restaurants division alongside Pizza Hut and Taco Bell . The Chinese market was entered in November 1987 , with an outlet in Beijing .
In 1991 , the KFC name was officially adopted , although it was already widely known by that initialism . Kyle Craig , president of KFC US , admitted the change was an attempt to distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of " fried " . The early 1990s saw a number of successful major products launched throughout the chain , including spicy " Hot Wings " ( launched in 1990 ) , popcorn chicken ( 1992 ) , and internationally , the " Zinger " , a spicy chicken fillet burger ( 1993 ) . By 1994 , KFC had 5 @,@ 149 outlets in the US , and 9 @,@ 407 overall , with over 100 @,@ 000 employees . In August 1997 , PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as a public company valued at US $ 4 @.@ 5 billion ( around US $ 6 @.@ 5 billion in 2013 ) . The new company was named Tricon Global Restaurants , and at the time had 30 @,@ 000 outlets and annual sales of US $ 10 billion ( around US $ 14 billion in 2013 ) , making it second in the world only to McDonald 's . Tricon was renamed Yum ! Brands in May 2002 .
By 2015 , the company was struggling , having lost business to other retailers and being surpassed by Chick @-@ fil @-@ A as the leading chicken retailer three years previously . To combat this , the company launched a new initiative with a plan to revamp its packaging , decor and uniforms , as well as expanding its menu . Additionally , beginning in May 2015 , a new series of advertisements was launched featuring Darrell Hammond as Colonel Sanders .
= = Operations = =
KFC is a subsidiary of Yum ! Brands , one of the largest restaurant companies in the world . KFC had sales of $ 23 billion in 2013 . KFC has its headquarters at 1441 Gardiner Lane , Louisville , Kentucky , in a three @-@ story colonial style building known colloquially as the " White House " due to its resemblance to the US president 's home . The headquarters contain executive offices and the company 's research and development facilities . KFC is incorporated at 1209 North Orange St , Wilmington , Delaware .
By December 2013 , there were 18 @,@ 875 KFC outlets in 118 countries and territories around the world . There are 4 @,@ 563 outlets in China , 4 @,@ 491 in the United States , and 9 @,@ 821 across the rest of the world . Outlets are owned by franchisees or directly by the company . Eleven percent of outlets are company owned , with the rest operated by franchise holders . Although capital intensive , company ownership allows for faster expansion of the chain .
Most restaurants are furnished with images of the company founder , Colonel Harland Sanders . As well as dine @-@ in and take @-@ out , many stand @-@ alone KFC outlets offer a drive @-@ through option . KFC offers a limited delivery service in a small number of markets . Units include express concessions and kiosks which feature a limited menu and operated in non @-@ traditional locations such as filling stations , convenience stores , stadia , theme parks and colleges , where a full scale outlet would not be practical . Average annual sales per unit was $ 1 @.@ 2 million in 2013 . Worldwide , the daily average number of food orders at an outlet is 250 , with most occurring within a two @-@ hour peak @-@ period .
As chairman and CEO of Yum ! , David C. Novak ultimately has foremost responsibility for KFC operations . Sam Su is chairman and CEO of Yum ! ' s Chinese operations , and Muktesh Pant is the CEO of KFC . Richard T. Carucci is president of Yum ! , and Roger Eaton is the COO of Yum ! and the president of KFC .
= = = Africa = = =
The company hopes to expand its African operations , where it is already the regional leader among US fast food chains . The company is slowly expanding across the African continent , opening 70 outlets , but progress has been hampered by sourcing issues , such as a lack of quality suppliers .
= = = Asia = = =
KFC continues to grow in Asia .
In Malaysia , the first KFC restaurant was opened in 1973 on Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman . There are 609 outlets as of June 2016 . In 1995 , Projek Penyayang KFC was founded in an effort to provide food to more than 150 orphanage every quarter .
In Sri Lanka , KFC was launched in 1995 at Majestic City . There were 25 KFC restaurants in Sri Lanka as of December 2014 .
In Singapore , the first KFC franchise was opened in Somerset Road . In 1993 , KFC Singapore was the first KFC in Asia to develop and launch the Zinger burger . In 2002 , KFC Singapore was acquired by KFC ( Malaysia ) Holdings Bhd .
In Bangladesh , the first KFC outlet was opened at Gulshan in 2006 . As of June 2016 , the country is home to 19 KFC outlets .
In Cambodia , KFC first opened on Monivong Boulevard in Phnom Penh in 2008 .
In Myanmar , the first KFC outlet was officially opened on Bogyoke Aung San Road in Yangon in 2015 .
= = = = China = = = =
KFC is the largest restaurant chain in China , with 5 @,@ 003 outlets as of 2015 . They are operated by the Yum ! China division . KFC became the first Western fast food company in China after its first outlet opened in Qianmen , Beijing , in November 1987 .
Local food items include rice congee and tree fungus salad , with an average of 50 different menu items per store .
In December 2012 , the chain faced allegations that some of its suppliers injected antiviral drugs and growth hormones into poultry in ways that violated food safety regulations . This resulted in the chain severing its relationship with 100 suppliers , and agreeing to " actively co @-@ operate " with a government investigation into its use of antibiotics . KFC China sales in January 2013 were down 41 percent against the previous year . To counter sluggish sales , the menu was revamped in 2014 .
In July 2014 , Chinese authorities closed down the Shanghai operations of the OSI Group , amidst allegations that it had supplied KFC with expired meat . Yum ! immediately terminated its contract with the supplier , and stated that the revelation had led to a " significant [ and ] negative " decline in sales .
KFC will open its first outlet in Tibet in 2016 .
= = = = India = = = =
There are 350 KFC outlets in India . The company has adapted the standard KFC offerings to Indian tastes and the menu options in India include the ever @-@ popular Hot & Crispy Chicken and Fiery Grilled bucket options , Chicken Zinger Burger , Rice Bowlz , the more recently launched 5 @-@ in @-@ 1 Meal Box and a range of shakes called Krushers . The business was refranchised in October 2015 after Yum concluded a year @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ long exercise to reorganize its business under larger , well @-@ capitalized franchisees . In this regard , about a third of its outlets , operated by several of its franchisees , have been sold to a newly formed entity — Sapphire Foods India Pvt. Ltd . The new entity is owned by a consortium of four private equity funds , led by Samara Capital . The other investors are CX Partners , Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and a fourth fund , said a top executive at the local arm of the American food company .
The first Indian KFC was a two @-@ storey outlet on the fashionable Brigade Road in Bangalore in June 1995 . According to journalist Michael White , the company could not have chosen a " more difficult venue for its maiden entrée into the country " . Bangalore housed the headquarters of the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha , one of the most influential , vocal and anti @-@ foreign investment farmers ' associations in the country . The first outlet suffered protests from left wing , anti @-@ globalisation and environmental campaigners , as well as local farmers , who objected to the chain bypassing local producers . Many Indians were concerned about the onslaught of consumerism , the loss of national self @-@ sufficiency , and the disruption of indigenous traditions . The protests came to a head in August 1995 , when the Bangalore outlet was repeatedly ransacked . The KFC outlet in Bangalore demanded , and received , a police van permanently parked outside for a year . The outlet was closed on September 13 , 1995 by local authorities , who claimed the company used illegally high amounts of monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) in its food . The outlet re @-@ opened a few hours later as the result of an appeal by KFC to the Karnataka High Court . The company stated the recipe was no different than that used in any other KFC store . Rural activist M. D. Nanjundaswamy claimed KFC would adversely affect the health of the impoverished , by diverting grain from poor people to make the more profitable animal feed . Environmentalist Maneka Gandhi joined the anti @-@ KFC movement . A second outlet opened in Delhi , but was closed by the authorities throughout November , purportedly for health reasons , but more likely to avoid a repetition of the Bangalore incident . The Delhi outlet soon closed permanently .
KFC began to expand outside of Bangalore in 2004 , with a localized menu that was the most extensive meat @-@ free menu across the chain 's worldwide operations . It introduced a vegetarian menu that included rice meals , wraps and side dishes and , like McDonald 's , served eggless mayonnaise and sauces . Unnat Varma , marketing director of KFC India , states " The vegetarian offerings have made the brand more relevant to a larger section of consumers and that is necessary for KFC 's growth . " KFC also began using Indian spices and cooking techniques to localize its chicken dishes . By 2008 – 09 , KFC operated 34 outlets in India . In 2014 , KFC launched the " So Veg , So Good " menu as part of an India @-@ specific promotional strategy focused on enhancing their vegetarian range . The company has been up to a lot of innovation over the past few months with the launch of the first @-@ ever no crust , all chicken KFC Chizza in December 2016 . More recently , KFC got Mumbai 's dabbawalas to deliver its newly launched 5 @-@ in @-@ 1 Meal Boxes . The city 's dabbawalas , famed for their efficient delivery of office lunches , took on the role of KFC delivery men as part of an innovative marketing campaign . They supplied specially created 5 @-@ in @-@ 1 meal boxes to some office @-@ goers instead of their regular dabbas . The innovation efforts have continued with the launch of the Watt a Box , a practical new take on the 5 @-@ in @-@ 1 Meal Box , which can also charge phones .
= = = = Indonesia = = = =
In Indonesia KFC is the largest Western restaurant chain , with 466 outlets as of December 2013 . The chain has grown to hold an estimated 32 percent market share , and menu items include spaghetti , wraps and chicken porridge . The master franchisee is PT Fastfood Indonesia .
The first outlet opened in Jakarta in 1979 . Salim Group , Indonesia 's largest conglomerate , became a major shareholder in 1990 , which provided the company with funds for major expansion . Its master franchisee , PT Fastfood Indonesia , was publicly listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 1993 .
= = = = Japan = = = =
Japan is the third @-@ largest market for KFC after China and the United States with 1 @,@ 200 outlets .
KFC Japan was formed in 1970 as a joint venture between the American parent and the Japanese Mitsubishi Corporation .
In December 1974 , KFC Japan began to promote fried chicken as a Christmas meal . Eating KFC as a Christmas time meal has since become a widely practiced custom in Japan .
In December 2007 , Mitsubishi assumed majority control of KFC Japan in a JP ¥ 14 @.@ 83 billion transaction .
= = = Europe = = =
= = = = United Kingdom = = = =
As of December 2013 , there were 784 KFC outlets in the United Kingdom . British turnover was around £ 684 @.@ 5 million in 2013 , according to Technomic . About 70 percent of outlets are run by franchisees , with the remainder company owned . The company employs 24 @,@ 000 people . Around 400 sites are drive @-@ through outlets . Average outlet turnover is between £ 1 and £ 1 @.@ 5 million .
Annual sales amount to 60 @,@ 000 metric tonnes of chicken , 60 percent of which is purchased from the four largest suppliers in the UK , including Faccenda Group and 2 Sisters Food Group , and delivered fresh to outlets at least three times a week . The remaining 40 percent is sourced from companies in Europe , Thailand ( including Charoen Pokphand Foods ) and Brazil . All of the Original Recipe chicken is sourced within the UK .
England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston , Lancashire in May 1965 , and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country , pre @-@ dating the arrival of McDonald 's , Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade . Ray Allen , an experienced Lancashire caterer , was the first franchisee . The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968 . In 1971 there were 31 outlets ; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets . In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s , KFCs began to introduce seating . KFC opened its first drive through restaurant in the UK in 1984 . By 1987 the company had almost 400 outlets .
In May 1997 , the " Tower Burger " , a fried chicken fillet burger with the addition of a hash brown , was first launched in the United Kingdom . In 2006 , the company stopped pre @-@ salting its fries and removed trans fats from its products . In 2012 palm oil was replaced by rapeseed oil in the fryers . Between 2004 and 2014 , KFC UK increased its offering of " portable " foods : burgers , wraps and salads . During that period , sales rose from around £ 500 million to almost £ 1 billion . In 2012 , KFC UK invested £ 9 million to install ovens in all of its outlets , so that it could offer griddled chicken . In 2013 , KFC rolled out Lavazza coffee across all of its UK outlets . As of 2014 , KFC UK is trialling serving only halal meat at 96 of its outlets .
= = = Middle East = = =
The first KFC in the Middle East opened in 1973 in Kuwait . Today there are over 700 outlets , certified halal , including the United Arab Emirates , Egypt , Qatar , Bahrain , Oman , Jordan , Lebanon , Morocco , Iraq , and Saudi Arabia . KFC Israel existed from 1993 to 2013 and featured kosher restaurants . In 2012 KFC opened in Ramallah in the Palestinian Authority [ 8 ] and later expanded to Hebron , [ 9 ] Bethlehem , [ 10 ] Jenin , [ 11 ] and three separate outlets in Ramallah : the Ersal Branch ( Bacri ) , Plaza Mall Branch and Masyoun Branch . In 2013 the New York Times reported that KFC was being smuggled into Gaza through tunnels .
= = = North America = = =
= = = = United States = = = =
KFC sales in the United States in 2013 were estimated at $ 4 @.@ 22 billion by Technomic .
The basic model for KFC in the United States , not necessarily duplicated elsewhere , is a focus on low prices , a limited menu ( 29 items on average ) and an emphasis on takeout . A " very strong percentage " of sales come from African American customers . Many KFC locations are co @-@ located with either Taco Bell or Pizza Hut , or other Yum ! restaurants . When Yum ! owned Long John Silver 's and A & W Restaurants , these brands were often co @-@ branded with KFC as well . Often these locations behave like a single restaurant , offering one menu with food items from both restaurant brands . In 2003 , there were 354 KFC @-@ Taco Bell combines , offering the full KFC menu and Taco Bell items , and 13 units offering the full KFC menu and a limited number of Pizza Hut items . The concept originated in 1991 , when a KFC @-@ Taco Bell combination opened in Virginia . Some locations were also opened as combinations of KFC , Taco Bell and Pizza Hut , but this failed to catch on , and Yum ! CEO David Novak blamed a lack of franchisee commitment for its lack of success .
Initially , Sanders and KFC used hydrogenated vegetable oil for frying , but in the 1980s the company began to switch to cheaper oils such as palm or soybean . In the 2000s it became apparent that these oils contain relatively high levels of trans fat , which increases the risk of heart disease . By April 2007 , the chain had switched to trans fat @-@ free soybean oil in all of its US outlets .
In 2008 , Novak credited low US sales as being the result of a lack of new ideas and menu items . The Spring 2009 launch of Kentucky Grilled Chicken only resulted in a temporary halt to the sales decline . In 2010 KFC announced a turnaround plan that included improving restaurant operations , introducing value items and providing healthier menu options . In the same year , Advertising Age noted that KFC was losing market share to its smaller chicken restaurant rival , Chick @-@ fil @-@ A. In 2011 Bloomberg News referred to KFC US as " an also @-@ ran to McDonald 's Corp " . In 2012 , Forbes magazine described how many of the KFC outlets were " aged and uninviting " , and that the chain " hasn 't introduced an exciting new food item in ages " .
KFC was described in 2012 by Bloomberg Businessweek as a " muscular player " in developing regions , specifically Africa , China and India , while noting its falling market share in the US to rivals such as Chick @-@ fil @-@ A and Popeyes . Some analysts speculated that KFC would begin spinning off its ailing US operations . That year , the company began divesting control of company @-@ owned US restaurants to franchised operations , with the intention of reducing overall company ownership from 35 percent to 5 percent .
= = = Oceania = = =
There are over 600 KFC outlets in Australia , and around 100 in New Zealand . KFC was the first American style fast food chain to open in both countries . In 2013 , KFC reported an annual turnover of almost 2 billion AUD for its Australia and New Zealand operations .
= = = = Australia = = = =
Yum ! directly operates 160 KFC outlets in Australia . The largest of the 53 independent franchisees in Australia is Collins Foods , which operates 169 stores . KFC 's major poultry suppliers in Australia are Inghams , Steggles and Turi Foods .
The first Australian KFC was opened in 1968 in Guildford , a suburb of Sydney . The franchise was owned by a Canadian entrepreneur called Bob Lapointe . Between 1970 and 1971 , 75 outlets were opened . This had a major impact on Australian chicken production , which increased by 38 percent during the period . By 1995 there were 452 outlets , and the company employed 12 @,@ 000 staff . That year , Australia produced 35 percent of KFC 's international earnings .
= = = = New Zealand = = = =
The first KFC opened in New Zealand in 1971 at Royal Oak , a suburb of Auckland . By 1980 there were 37 outlets . In 1989 , PepsiCo acquired the 50 percent stake in KFC New Zealand that it did not already own from the local Goodman Fielder conglomerate . In 1991 New Zealand turnover topped 100 million NZD for the first time .
= = Products = =
KFC 's core product offering is pressure fried , on @-@ the @-@ bone chicken pieces seasoned with Colonel Harland Sanders ' " Original Recipe " of 11 herbs and spices . The product is typically available in either two or three piece individual servings , or in a family size cardboard bucket , typically holding between 6 and 16 chicken pieces . Poultry is divided into 9 different cuts ( 2 drumsticks , 2 thighs , 2 wings , 1 keel , and a backbone based breast cut divided into 2 pieces ) . The product is hand @-@ breaded at individual KFC outlets with wheat flour mixed with seasoning in a two- to four @-@ minute process .
It is then pressure fried for between seven and ten minutes ( the timing differs between countries ) in oil at 185 degrees Celsius . Following this , the chicken is left to stand for 5 minutes in order for it to sufficiently cool before it is placed in the warming oven . It is KFC policy to discard chicken if it has not been sold within 90 minutes , in order to ensure freshness . The frying oil varies regionally , and versions used include sunflower , soybean , rapeseed and palm oil . A KFC executive stated that the taste of the chicken will vary between regions depending on the oil variety used , and whether the chicken has been corn @-@ fed or wheat @-@ fed .
As well as its core chicken on the bone offering , KFC 's major products include chicken burgers ( including the Zinger and the Tower burgers ) ; wraps ( " Twisters " and " Boxmasters " ) ; and a variety of finger foods , including crispy chicken strips and hot wings . Popcorn Chicken is one of the most widely available KFC products , and consists of small pieces of fried chicken . In some locations , chicken nuggets are also sold .
KFC adapts its menu internationally to suit regional tastes , and there are over three hundred KFC menu items worldwide . Some locations , such as the UK and the US , sell grilled chicken . In predominantly Islamic countries , the chicken served is halal . In Asia there is a preference for spicy foods , such as the Zinger chicken burger . Some locations in the US sell fried chicken livers and gizzards . A small number of US outlets offer an all @-@ you @-@ can @-@ eat buffet option with a limited menu .
In multiracial Malaysian markets , KFC also has different limited @-@ time products to cater to different festive seasons such as Ayam Kicap Meletup for Eid al @-@ Fitr seasons and Golden Treasures for Chinese New Year in 2015 .
A number of territories , such as Japan , Jamaica , Trinidad , Barbados , Ecuador and Singapore sell fried seafood products under the " Colonel 's Catch " banner . In Jamaica , what was originally a seasonal offering for the Lent period was expanded to a year @-@ round offering from 2010 .
Value menu items are sold under the " Streetwise " name in locations such as Canada . Side dishes often include French fries , coleslaw , barbecue baked beans , corn on the cob , mashed potato , bread rolls and American biscuits . Salads include the bean salad , the Caesar salad and the garden salad . In a number of territories , KFC sell onion rings . In Asia , rice based side dishes such as congee are often sold . In Malaysia , chicken meatball soup is sold . In the US and Greece , potato wedges are sold instead of French fries .
McCormick & Company is KFC 's largest supplier of sauces , seasonings and marinades , and is a long @-@ term partner in new product development .
Due to the company 's previous relationship with PepsiCo , most territories supply PepsiCo products , but exceptional territories include Barbados , Greece , New Zealand , the Philippines , Romania , South Africa , and Turkey , which stock drinks supplied by The Coca @-@ Cola Company , and Aruba , which stocks RC Cola from the Cott Corporation . In Peru , the locally popular Inca Kola is sold . In a number of Eastern European locations and Portugal , beer is offered , in addition to soft drinks .
Launched in 2009 , the Krusher / Krushem range of frozen beverages containing " real bits " such as Kit Kat , Oreo and strawberry shortcake , is available in over 2 @,@ 000 outlets . Egg custard tart is a popular dessert worldwide , but other items include ice cream sundaes and tres leches cake in Peru .
In 2012 , the " KFC am " breakfast menu began to be rolled out internationally , including such items as pancakes , waffles and porridge , as well as fried chicken .
= = = 11 herbs and spices = = =
Sanders ' Original Recipe of " 11 herbs and spices " is one of the most famous trade secrets in the catering industry . The recipe is not patented , because patents eventually expire , whereas trade secrets can remain the intellectual property of their holders in perpetuity .
A copy of the recipe , signed by Sanders , is held inside a safe inside a vault in KFC 's Louisville headquarters , along with eleven vials containing the herbs and spices . To maintain the secrecy of the recipe , half of it is produced by Griffith Laboratories before it is given to McCormick , who add the second half .
A couple who bought the house formerly occupied by Colonel Sanders found scribbled notes of purportedly the secret recipe . Initially KFC wanted to file a lawsuit against the couple , but in the end , it dropped the lawsuit , claiming the scribbled notes are " nowhere close " to the original recipe .
= = = Equipment = = =
KFC initially used stove @-@ top covered cooking pots to fry its chicken . In the 1960s , the officially recommended model was the L S Hartzog developed " KFC 20 @-@ Head Cooker " , a large device that cost $ 16 @,@ 000 . The Hartzog model had no oil filtration system , meaning that filtering had to be done manually , and the pressure fryers occasionally exploded , often causing harm to employees . In 1969 , inventor and engineer Winston L. Shelton developed the " Collectramatic " pressurized fryer to overcome the problems KFC faced in quickly frying chicken to meet growing customer demand . The Collectramatic used precision time and temperature controls and self @-@ filtered the cooking oil – all while meeting Colonel Sander 's legendary high quality standards . Fred Jeffries , then vice president of purchasing at KFC , claimed that the invention helped fuel the company 's rapid expansion and success :
There 's no way it ( KFC ) could have grown like it did without the Collectramatic . Stores were doing about $ 200 @,@ 000 a year in sales on average with the pots . . . but they could never have done the $ 900 @,@ 000 a year it became without Win 's fryer . He ( Shelton ) helped set the stage for that with true engineering thinking .
Although a number of franchisees bought the Collectramatic , which had the support of Colonel Sanders from 1970 onwards , John Y. Brown had given tacit approval to franchisees to exclusively use the older L S Hartzog fryer , saying " Though those old pots were damn dangerous , at least we knew they worked ! I was mostly afraid these new fryers would break down in the middle of business . " Brown warned franchisees that they were in violation of their contract if they used the Collectramatic . Brown held his ground on the issue until he learned that his father , John Y. Brown , Sr. , who owned multiple KFC franchises , was successfully using the Collectramatic in every franchise he owned . The issue was eventually resolved after Heublein purchased KFC , acquired Hartzog and nullified the contract . The Collectramatic has been an approved pressure fryer for KFC from 1972 onwards .
= = Advertising = =
Colonel Sanders was a key component of KFC advertising until his death in 1980 . Despite his death , Sanders remains a key symbol of the company as an " international symbol of hospitality " . Early official slogans for the company included " North America 's Hospitality Dish " ( from 1956 ) and " We fix Sunday dinner seven nights a week " . The " finger lickin ' good " slogan was used from 1956 , and went on to become one of the best @-@ known slogans of the 20th century . The trademark expired in the US in 2006 . The first KFC logo was introduced in 1952 and featured a " Kentucky Fried Chicken " typeface and a logo of the Colonel .
Advertising played a key role at KFC after it was sold by Sanders , and the company began to advertise on US television with a budget of US $ 4 million in 1966 . In order to fund nationwide advertising campaigns , the Kentucky Fried Chicken Advertising Co @-@ Op was established , giving franchisees ten votes and the company three when deciding on budgets and campaigns . In 1969 , KFC hired its first national advertising agency , Leo Burnett . A notable Burnett campaign in 1972 was the " Get a bucket of chicken , have a barrel of fun " jingle , performed by Barry Manilow . By 1976 KFC was one of the largest advertisers in the US .
= = Controversies and criticism = =
Since the turn of the 21st century , fast food has been criticized for its animal welfare record , its links to obesity and its environmental impact . Eric Schlosser 's book Fast Food Nation ( 2002 ) and Morgan Spurlock 's film Super Size Me ( 2004 ) reflected these concerns . Since 2003 , People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) has protested KFC 's choice of poultry suppliers worldwide . The exception is KFC Canada , which signed an agreement pledging to only use " animal friendly " suppliers . PETA have held thousands of demonstrations , sometimes in the home towns of KFC executives , and CEO David Novak was notably soaked in fake blood by a protester . President of KFC 's US division Gregg Dedrick said PETA mischaracterized KFC as a poultry producer rather than a purchaser of chickens . In 2008 , Yum ! stated : " [ As ] a major purchaser of food products , [ Yum ! ] has the opportunity and responsibility to influence the way animals supplied to us are treated . We take that responsibility very seriously , and we are monitoring our suppliers on an ongoing basis . "
In 2006 , Greenpeace accused KFC Europe of sourcing the soya bean for its chicken feed from Cargill , which had been accused of clearing large swathes of the Amazon rainforest in order to grow the crop .
In 2010 , the Australian arm of KFC was accused of racial insensitivity over a television commercial showing an outnumbered white cricket fan handing out pieces of fried chicken to appease a dancing , drumming and singing group of black West Indies supporters . The clip found its way around the world on the internet , prompting stinging criticism in the United States where fried chicken remains closely associated with long @-@ standing racist stereotypes about black people in the once segregated south .
In May 2012 , Greenpeace accused KFC of sourcing paper pulp for its food packaging from Indonesian rainforest wood . Independent forensic tests showed that some packaging contained more than 50 percent mixed tropical hardwood fiber , sourced from Asia Pulp & Paper ( APP ) . APP said such fiber can be found in recycled paper , or : " It can also come from tree residues that are cleared , after a forest area has become degraded , logged @-@ over or burned , as part of a sustainable development plan . APP has strict policies and practices in place to ensure that only residues from legal plantation development on degraded or logged @-@ over forest areas and sustainable wood fiber enters the production supply chain . " KFC said : " From a global perspective , 60 percent of the paper products that Yum ! ( our parent company ) sources are from sustainable sources . Our suppliers are working towards making it 100 percent . "
In December 2012 , the chain was criticised in China when it was discovered that a number of KFC suppliers had been using growth hormones and an excessive amount of antibiotics on its poultry in ways that violated Chinese law . In February 2013 , Yum ! CEO David Novak admitted that the scandal had been " longer lasting and more impactful than we ever imagined . " The issue is of major concern to Yum ! , which earns almost half of its profits from China , largely through the KFC brand . In March 2013 , Yum ! reported that sales had rebounded in February , but that lower sales in December and January would result in a decline in same @-@ store sales of 20 percent in the first quarter .
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= Kevin and Kell =
Kevin and Kell is a furry comedy webcomic strip by syndicated cartoonist Bill Holbrook . The strip began on September 3 , 1995 . It is one of the oldest continuously running webcomics . As of April 25 , 2015 , the website has a banner at the top stating " The World 's Longest Running Daily Webcomic Since 1995 " .
The strip centers on the mixed marriage between a rabbit , Kevin and a grey wolf , Kell Dewclaw . In their society , their major difference is their diet : Kevin is a herbivore and Kell is a carnivore . Their family includes three children : Lindesfarne , a hedgehog adopted from Kevin 's first marriage ; Rudy , a wolf / fox hybrid born during Kell 's first marriage ; and their only biological child Coney , a carnivorous rabbit . The comic 's plot revolves around species @-@ related humor , satire , and interpersonal conflict .
Kevin and Kell receives over three million page views per month and is published in The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution . Holbrook has won honors from the Web Cartoonist 's Choice Awards and the Ursa Major Awards for the strip .
= = Setting = =
Kevin and Kell takes place in a town known as Domain , populated entirely by animals . The comic describes the world they live in as created by an organization of birds , commonly referred to by fans of the strip as the " Great Bird Conspiracy " ( GBC ) . Birds were the next species after humans to reach sapience . After humans left the planet , the birds traveled back in time to create a world without humans , and gave intelligence to fauna . However , their plan failed to remove the predator @-@ prey relationship and as a result , the world created is similar to that of twenty @-@ first century Earth , but with a greater likelihood of a violent death .
The society in Kevin and Kell rather than identifying people by race or social class has class distinctions based on diet such as " carnivores " , " herbivores " , and " insectivores " . There is also a " Wild " where civilized animals can leave civilization and act like normal animals , walking on all fours and not wearing clothing . Predation is central to strips and jokes are made about it being commonplace .
Humans exist in an alternate Domain , and are referred to as creatures with no natural defenses . Most believe that they are fictional creatures ; but a few , including the Dewclaws , know that they exist . This was developed further in 2003 by the introduction of the character Danielle , a human who enters the animal world via the Bermuda Triangle and transforms into a rabbit . However , she later has a son , Francis , who is born human . The series features jokes on a variety of topics . Many draw satirical parallels between its world and ours , making fun and sometimes social commentary on politics , sports , society , class @-@ snobbery , school , technology , pop culture and corporate culture , for example ; in January 2008 the Predator 's Union was described as going on strike , in a parody of the 2007 – 08 Writers Guild of America strike .
= = Main characters = =
List of Kevin and Kell characters
The strip 's main characters are the Dewclaws , a blended family as a result of an interspecies marriage . The comic 's primary characters are Kevin Dewclaw , a rabbit , and his wife Kell Dewclaw , a wolf . They met in a web forum for carnivores , where Kevin was " lurking " . They began to fall in love , but it was not until they met each other in person that Kell discovered Kevin was a rabbit . The relationship they developed online leads them to continue dating and eventually marry , despite knowing that they would be outcasts from the rest of society .
Originally , Kevin worked as a system operator on a herbivore web forum , although he later became the co @-@ owner of his own internet service provider , Hare @-@ Link . Kell worked for Herd @-@ Thinners , a company that hunts down prey . Her job is to hunt down other animals . Originally she hunted down her own prey – any prey not eaten by her is later sold in grocery stores as " processed meat " – but she later became an executive and then CEO of the company , taking over from her old boss R.L. , a ruthless wolf whose face is never seen apart from his drooling mouth . Kell was eventually be pushed out of her executive position in a bloodless coup by R.L. , and started running her own start @-@ up company " Dewclaw 's Fine Meat Products " that exclusively doesn 't hunt rabbits .
The couple has three children . The eldest is Lindesfarne Dewclaw , an English hedgehog daughter Kevin adopted during his first marriage . The second eldest child is Rudy , Kell 's son from her first marriage to a fox . Rudy , a talented artist , once challenged Kevin for the position of alpha male , unable to accept a rabbit as head of the household and as his stepfather . He has since matured and has come to terms with the marriage . The youngest child is Coney , a carnivorous rabbit and their only child by birth . Although only five years old , she is a capable hunter , though Kevin 's mother , Dorothy , keeps trying to make her into an herbivore , as well having an artistic streak like her half @-@ brother ,
Other regular characters include Fenton Fuscus , a bat who went to high school and university with Lindesfarne , to whom he is now married ; Fiona Fennec , a half @-@ red , half @-@ Fennec fox vixen who is Rudy 's girlfriend ; George Fennec , Fiona 's father who is married to Danielle , a sister of Kevin , and have a human son , Francis ( the first of its kind in this world ) since Danielle herself was human once ; and Ralph Dewclaw , Kell 's brother who was originally hostile to Kevin , but now accepts the rabbit as family after several unsuccessful hunting attempts . He now works for Kevin as part of Hare @-@ Link and is married to George 's former wife Martha . Another is Daisy , a daisy plant made intelligent by the GBC . It lives with the Dewclaws as a pet , having the same intelligence as a dog or cat in our world .
= = History = =
Kevin and Kell was one of the first comic strips to be syndicated online , although older webcomics exist . For example , Argon Zark ! was created on June 1995 , three months before Kevin and Kell . However , Holbrook was the first syndicated cartoonist to invest heavily in online comic strips . T Campbell wrote that Holbrook brought " an air of legitimacy and professionalism that many web cartoonists lacked then and still lack now . "
The strip started in black and white , changing to a color @-@ scheme on June 23 , 2000 . It is colored by husband and wife team Terrence and Isabel Marks . The strip has been considered for an animated television series , the latest attempt being filmed in Spring 2011 . Kevin and Kell has appeared daily in The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution since January 2004 , after winning a contest where several new comics , ( syndicated and / or on @-@ line ) were considered and voted on by readers ; Holbrook has stated that this constitutes the " bulk of his readership " , citing the paper 's circulation . In 2009 , Kevin and Kell survived a cull of several comic strips from the paper . In an online poll , the strip was voted as the favourite of readers of The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution .
Holbrook currently writes two other strips ; On the Fastrack and Safe Havens . He uses a " three @-@ week schedule " , saying in several interviews , " During this week , for instance , I 'll be writing three @-@ week 's worth of Fastrack material , and drawing the 21 gags I wrote for Kevin & Kell last week . Next week I 'll write for Safe Havens while drawing the Fastrack batch . And on it goes … On a typical day I 'll begin by writing four gags by 2 : 00 , then I 'll begin drawing , usually doing about four strips . At night , after everyone goes to bed , I 'll write two gags . "
In 1998 , Holbrook was named " Cartoonist of the Year " at Pogofest , in part for his work on Kevin and Kell . In 2001 , the strip won the award for " Best Anthropomorphic Comic " at the Web Cartoonist 's Choice Awards , and was nominated for the same award in 2002 . In 2003 , Kevin and Kell won the award for " Best Anthropomorphic Comic Strip " at the Ursa Major Awards .
= = Supplemental Internet non @-@ Comic @-@ Strip content = =
Kevin and Kell has become more than just a webcomic . It has branched out into three other popular social network mediums ( a blog , a Facebook page and a Twitter channel ) , with several of its characters ostensibly participating :
= = = Lindesfarne ’ s Blog : Virtual Quill = = =
Since February 2006 , Lindesfarne has had her own blog titled " Virtual Quill " . Originally , she was posting it as a sort of private journal , using the interdimensional portal to make sure that if it were ever seen by others , it would only be seen by humans from her native dimension ( namely , our world ) , not the dimension she 's called home for the vast majority of her life . She would post generally once a week , talking about the various events in her life and those of her friends and family , providing additional information and insights into what was shown on the strip . Many fans commented back to her as if she were a real person , but she couldn ’ t see those comments at first because her interdimensional Internet connection was one @-@ way ( write @-@ only ) .
But beginning on Sunday , July 27 , 2008 , she activated a " portal receiver " that enabled her to , for the first time , read the comments on her blog , and post comments back to the readers . Since then , she has shared the existence of this interdimensional blog to some of her closest family and friends , some of whom have also posted comments ( though only Lindesfarne herself posts main entries ) . As with any other prolonged contact with humans , instinct loss soon sets in , so Lindesfarne must of necessity limit her participation to only one day per week ( usually on Sundays ) . There has even been participation from characters in other strips set in other dimensions that have had crossovers with Kevin and Kell .
The blog has since moved from being hosted on the webcomic 's servers to Tumblr .
= = = Catherine Aura 's Twitter channel = = =
Shortly after Lindesfarne had discovered her true origin as a human , Rudy 's former schoolteacher Catherine Aura ( a turkey buzzard ) and her young son Nigel used an interdimensional portal to travel to " our " world permanently , taking both Lindesfarne 's and Danielle 's places there to restore the balance and cure the global instinct loss crisis that would otherwise have forced both of them to return to the world of humans permanently . Since the portal transforms travelers into a sapient species found in the destination world ( which is how Lindesfarne became a hedgehog and Danielle a rabbit , though both were born humans in " our " world and had counterparts of those other species in the Kevin and Kell world ) , travelers from that world usually transform into humans , but Catherine and her son transformed into dolphins instead ( indicating that dolphins are , in fact , sapient , and perhaps more so than humans ) . That was the last time they were seen in the webcomic strip .
However , the adventures of Catherine and Nigel are available via Catherine 's Twitter channel . She posts updates about what she and Nigel are doing , which include covertly monitoring the activities of a certain human code @-@ named " Subject A " who appears to be psychically connected to the world of Kevin and Kell as well as of another mostly human world in which the King Features @-@ syndicated comic strips On the Fastrack and Safe Havens are set . " Subject A " is noted to be writing and drawing three comic strips for both worlds ( based on his presumed psychic connection to them ) , making it plain that he is , in fact , none other than cartoonist Bill Holbrook himself . She and Nigel are having other adventures as well , including finally transforming into humans to better monitor events in our society . She has married a human sea captain , and now has a daughter , Ursala , who is a bear @-@ like human child . Recently , she has been dealing with a conspiracy by rogue birds who wish to seize the portal by violence , and to re @-@ establish bird control over the " Kevin and Kell " world .
= = = Rudy Dewclaw 's Facebook Page = = =
Since February 12 , 2012 , Rudy Dewclaw has had his own Facebook page , usually consisting of witty comments and links to the daily strips and other visuals from the Kevin and Kell website .
= = Reception = =
Since its creation , Kevin and Kell been mainly been given positive reviews , although there has also been some criticism . Resident Zompist.com comic reviewer " Bob " praises the way the comic is written and illustrated , and its dealings with difficult issues such as divorce and death . However , he criticizes its suburban nature , saying : " All the family crises are defused within a week or two . No one has any aspirations besides a computer @-@ related job and a quiet heterosexual romance . There seem to be no cities , no foreign nations , no art , no teenage sex . " Another review from Disjointed Ramblings comments on the use of satire in the comic , writing that " while the satire is usually gentle , there 's plenty of it . "
Brandon Sanderson 's review in The Official Time Waster 's Guide cites the comic 's world design , longevity and a discomforting setting where intelligent animals are killed as strengths . However , Sanderson also complained that Holbrook does not enforce this aspect in the main characters , saying , " While Kell , Rudy , and others make kills every day , none of the main character herbivores ever really have to worry about being stalked and killed . When they are threatened ( such as when Lindesfarne is stalked by some cougars near the beginning of the comic 's run ) , the enemy predators are presented as dark , evil things to be defeated . … This sense of careless , off @-@ handed killing gives the comic a lot of its humor — however , to maintain that air of humor , Bill never allows the society to work its everyday worst on any of the main characters . "
During a review in webcomic podcast Digital Strips , commentator Daku describes Kevin and Kell as " one of the few anthropomorphic strips that I actually like , " saying that " this is as if animals had a society . " Zampzon praises the quality of the artwork , but complains that the strip relies on too many animal jokes .
Kevin and Kell and Holbrook are both popular within the furry fandom . Holbrook was first contacted by the fandom in late 1995 , soon after the strip was published . He attended his first furry convention , ConFurence , in January 1997 . Holbrook holds an annual " Kevin and Kell patron social " at Anthrocon for people who sponsor the strip . Holbrook also works occasionally with other cartoonists , both furry and non @-@ furry , and characters from his strip make cameos in other strips . Examples include Ozy and Millie , General Protection Fault , PartiallyClips , and Schlock Mercenary .
= = Products = =
There are 20 books containing collections of Kevin and Kell strips , including bonus strips . They are currently published by Holbrook 's own publishing label Pencil Rough Productions , with older books originally published by Plan 9 Publishing .
A role @-@ playing game based on Kevin and Kell was released in July 2005 by Comstar Games . Hare Link , the Internet Service Provider run by Kevin , is a real @-@ life ISP available at www.harelink.biz.
In November 2010 , a Kevin and Kell iPhone / iPod / iPad application was released to the iTunes App Store . The app is a joint product between the developers of the app , WareTo , and Bill Holbrook . Rather than selling a limited number of strips , this app allows users to read the entire Kevin & Kell library of cartoons . The app also contains additional features and content including video , cast descriptions , and hidden surprise " easter eggs . "
According to Write 2 Now 's December 2010 newsletter , Holbrook and Phil Rogers are working to get the strip made into an animated cartoon series , with a pitch to cable executives , but as of this writing no deal has been made .
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= Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre de Pichilemu =
Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre de Pichilemu ( Spanish pronunciation : [ koˈlexjo ðe la pɾeˈsjosa ˈsaŋɡɾe ðe pitʃiˈlemu ] , English : " Pichilemu School of the Precious Blood " ) , often shortened to Preciosa Sangre , is a coeducational Roman Catholic private state @-@ subsidized day school , serving students in preschool ( Chile 's pre @-@ kínder ) through twelfth grade ( cuarto medio ) , located in the commune of Pichilemu , Libertador General Bernardo O 'Higgins Region , Chile .
It was founded in April 1947 by the Chilean Congregation of the Precious Blood as a girls ' school under the name of Escuela Doctor Eugenio Díaz Lira . The school has been fully coeducational since March 1979 , and was renamed to its current name in 1986 . Cardenal Caro Province newspaper El Expreso de la Costa declared Preciosa Sangre to be " the best school in Pichilemu " based on the results of 2011 standardized tests , while O 'Higgins Region newspaper El Rancagüino called the school " a regional icon " . It is the largest school in Pichilemu , with 534 students in the 2015 school year .
The school offers students several extracurricular activities , in the sports , religious and humanistic areas . Cheer C.P.S. , Preciosa Sangre 's cheerleading squad , has won several national competitions , and has also participated in two international ones . The school 's English debate team , informally called Kick @-@ Ass , reached second position in a regional competition in 2011 .
= = History = =
After the commune of Pichilemu was officially created in 1891 , Agustín Ross Edwards , a wealthy Chilean writer , member of parliament , government minister and politician , wanted to turn the town into " a touristic place , an elite resort , collecting the most important characteristics of European places , which would make it unique . " For this purpose , he constructed a hotel , a post office , a park , among other structures and buildings , which attracted wealthy families from Chile and Argentina . One of those families was that of Maria Luisa Lira Errázuriz , widow of Wenceslao Díaz Gallegos , a well @-@ known physician ; Lira , with her ten children , came from her El Olívar estate near San Fernando , and stayed at Ross ' facilities in Pichilemu in several occasions .
As years passed , Lira 's family decided to visit other beach resorts ; however , one of Lira 's children , Eugenio , decided to continue visiting Pichilemu , and after he completed his medicine studies in 1904 , he constructed a summer house near the center of the town . Eugenio Díaz Lira had a close relationship with several Catholic presbyters and bishops , whom he invited to his summer residence . During his summer stays in Pichilemu , Díaz Lira also created the first medical center in the town called San Rafael . However , he fell ill , and died on 12 June 1945 in Santiago , at age 65 .
After his death , Díaz Lira 's wife and his daughters decided to donate his summer residence to the Chilean Congregation of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ . Under the request of the General Superioress of the Congregation Mother María Úrsula Montes Rojas , the house was turned into a free girls ' school , which was founded in April 1947 under the name of Escuela de Niñas Particular N ° 16 Doctor Eugenio Díaz Lira ( English : Doctor Eugenio Díaz Lira 16th Girls ' Private School ) , in honour of the late physician . The school 's main goal was to " educate girls in Catholic values , " with the " necessary training for their insertion in the society as Christian mothers and workers with a solid Human Christian formation . " The school 's first principal was Mother María Teresa Corvalán Guzmán .
The school was recognized by the Ministry of Education of Chile by Decree 12 @,@ 946 , on 31 December 1954 . It became a coeducational school in March 1979 . During the commemoration of the centennial of the Chilean Congregation of the Precious Blood , the school was renamed to Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre , a name which " represented better the school 's founders " , on 14 November 1986 . The school was authorized to dictate secondary education classes on 30 January 1995 , and started doing so that same year , with the first class graduating in 1998 .
In 2012 , Governor of Cardenal Caro Province Julio Ibarra Maldonado announced the Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre , in addition to several other high schools in the province , would host professional institute IPG ( Instituto Profesional IPG ) , which would let at least 300 people from Pichilemu obtain a technical degree . Also during that year , the school 's oldest building , which hosted the preschool classes , was demolished because of the damage it suffered from the 2010 Chile earthquake , and was re @-@ constructed ; the new building was inaugurated on 10 September 2012 .
= = Academics = =
As of 2012 , Preciosa Sangre 's class schedule varies with the student grade level , up to a maximum of 08 : 00 to 18 : 00 with ten periods for high school students . Students are not allowed to leave the school during school hours . Preciosa Sangre aims to give students " integral development , academic excellence " , with emphasis in religious values . The school has a Catholic religious orientation .
According to Cardenal Caro Province newspaper El Expreso de la Costa , the school is " the best in Pichilemu " , considering the scores obtained in 2011 from the Prueba de Selección Universitaria ( PSU ) , a standardized test for university admissions in Chile . From the 2 @,@ 945 high schools in Chile with students taking the PSU test , Preciosa Sangre ranked 1328th nationally in 2009 . It rose to the 849th position in 2010 , and in 2011 it placed 738th .
Preciosa Sangre " ranks higher than similar schools " in the Sistema de Medición de Calidad de la Educación ( in English : Education Quality Measurement System , SIMCE ) standardized tests , taken to students from fourth , eighth , tenth , and eleventh grades . The tests include reading , mathematics , history and social sciences , natural sciences , and English language .
Test scores
= = Students and faculty = =
In the 2015 school year , the Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre had an enrollment of 534 students from preschool ( pre @-@ kínder ) to twelfth grade ( cuarto medio ) with an average of 38 per grade . The school serves students aged between 4 and 19 years old . In 2012 , 159 students were classified as " prioritary " under the SEP law ( Ley de Subvención Escolar Preferencial , Preferential Scholar Subsidy Law in English ) ; " prioritary students " under the SEP law are those whose " homes ' socioeconomic status decreases their chance to participate in the educational process . " In 2012 , Preciosa Sangre 's faculty had 30 full @-@ time teachers . By 2014 , the faculty had 29 workers .
Admission begins each 1 November and ends on 9 December . Most people apply for entering the preschool ( pre @-@ kinder ) class , which has a maximum of 35 students . Preference is given to siblings or brothers of current or former Preciosa Sangre students . Applicants must be at least four years old , but in exceptional cases , students not meeting the prescribed age may take a test to be admitted . No payment is required for enrollment .
Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre is governed by the Chilean Congregation of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ . The school 's principal was , between 2006 and September 2012 , Mother Loreto Fuentes Parra . Mother Loreto was also the school 's director in the 1980s ; in 1987 , she was named by the Colegio Provincial de Profesores Cardenal Caro one of the best teachers in Cardenal Caro Province , in a ceremony held at the school 's hall . Since 2013 , Preciosa Sangre 's principal is Mother Elizabeth Carmen Arriagada Sanzana . The Pedagogical Technical Unit ( Unidad Técnica Pedagógica , UTP ) is directed since 2011 by teacher Graciela Vargas Urzúa . The school has an administrative staff of 45 people . The parents ' center ( centro de padres y apoderados ) of Preciosa Sangre is presided since 2012 by Mónica Cornejo Rojas .
The students ' center ( centro de alumnos ) of the Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre describes itself as a " representation instance for the school 's students , acting in different roles . " Students ' centers are student organizations , whose members ( president , vice president , secretary , among others ) are elected democratically by their peers .
= = Activities = =
There are numerous extracurricular activities available to Preciosa Sangre students . Excluding those from the sports area , the activities include choir , instrumental , dancing , scientific ( Explora ) , musical drama , handicrafts , folkloric dance ( cueca ) , pastoral , catechesis , language , and mathematics workshops . The school also conducts a preuniversitario , which consists of special courses to prepare the students for the Prueba de Selección Universitaria ( PSU ) test .
Additionally , an activity known as the Escuela para Padres ( School for Parents ) takes place every month , in which parents are given advice on how to educate their children .
= = = Athletics = = =
As of 2012 , Preciosa Sangre offers seven workshops related to sports . These sports are run by the Club Deportivo Cultural Colegio Preciosa Sangre ( Colegio Preciosa Sangre Cultural @-@ Athletic Club ) , and include football , tennis , volleyball , basketball , gymnastics , cheerleading , and cheerleading for newbies . Preciosa Sangre 's athletic club also has hosted tournaments , including CheerPichilemu , a cheerleading competition which , in 2007 , had fifteen participating teams . The club has also organized events such as the first family marathon in Cardenal Caro Province ( Primera Gran Gorrida Familiar Provincia de Cardenal Caro ) in 2011 .
Preciosa Sangre 's soccer and volleyball teams , Selección Colegio Preciosa Sangre or CPS Pichilemu , compete in the Liga Deportiva Cardenal Caro ( Cardenal Caro Athletic League ) , a provincial @-@ level league . The girls volleyball team placed second in the provincial league , in 2009 .
In 2007 , Trinidad Segura from the Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre placed first in the Women category of the Campeonato Estudiantil de Surf ( Student Surf Championship ) , which took place in Matanzas beach , in Navidad , and in La Puntilla beach in Pichilemu . In the Primary Students ( Men ) category , Felipe Sierra and Washington Saldías placed second and third , respectively . The competition was organized by the Commerce Chambers of Navidad and Pichilemu .
= = = = Cheer C.P.S. = = = =
The cheerleading squad of Preciosa Sangre , Cheer C.P.S. , is coached by physical education teacher Claudio Rojas Covarrubias , who founded it in 2007 . In 2009 , it consisted of 27 students . The team has won several national competitions , two of them making them eligible to participate in competitions held in the United States of America .
2009 US trip
In 2009 , Cheer C.P.S. was the only Chilean team to participate in the JAMfest Nationals international tournament in Tampa , USA , reaching the first place in the Senior All @-@ Music category , and fifth in the Grand Champion category , out of more than 150 teams from several countries . Diario VI Región reported Cheer C.P.S. reached the first place of an international team , and fifth overall . The team could participate in the US competition after winning a tournament held in Viña del Mar in 2008 .
According to a report by former councilor of Pichilemu Washington Saldías on online newspaper Pichilemu News , there were massive celebrations after a local radio reported the team 's achievement . Upon their arrival at Chile , the squad was received at the Palace of La Moneda by Government General Secretary Minister Carolina Tohá , mayor of Pichilemu Roberto Córdova , and Members of the Parliament , before coming back to Pichilemu , on 22 April 2009 . Their return to Pichilemu was described by Diario VI Región newspaper as " historic " , by saying " at Pichilemu , a historical reception was being prepared , as a multitude of people crowded the streets and avenues at the beach resort , waiting for them , in a journey that ended at Colegio Preciosa Sangre in that city . "
2013 US trip
In 2013 , Cheer C.P.S. participated in two international tournaments after winning a national tournament in 2012 : All Star USA 2013 and JAMfest Bash Series , both held in Orlando , Florida , United States . The team , composed of 28 teenagers — most of them Preciosa Sangre students — and their teacher Claudio Rojas , collected funds to travel to the United States by participating in several national tournaments and with the help of the municipality of Pichilemu and the O 'Higgins Region government . In the All Star USA 2013 competition , held on 30 March 2013 , Cheer C.P.S. made it to the second place , only surpassed by an unspecified Russian team , and cheerleader Noemí Pavez obtained the first place in the Jumping category . In the second competition , Jamfest Nationals ( Jam @-@ Bash Series Orlando ) , held on 6 April 2013 , they obtained the first place in the Senior ( Co @-@ Ed ) Cheer , Best Choreography category . After taking knowledge of the news of their accomplishment , Governor of Cardenal Caro Province Julio Ibarra Maldonado said that " Pichilemu is celebrating [ their triumph ] , " something which was also reported by the local media . Upon their arrival in Chile on 9 April , they were received by President Sebastián Piñera at the Palace of La Moneda in Santiago , along with the Governor of Cardenal Caro , and Mayor of Pichilemu Roberto Córdova . The team 's achievement was described by news program 24 Horas of state channel Televisión Nacional de Chile as " coming from a distant beach resort in the region of O 'Higgins to conquer North American lands . "
CheerPichilemu championship
The cheerleading squad has also organized the CheerPichilemu tournament , hosted for the first time on 29 September 2007 at the Municipal Stadium of Pichilemu ( Estadio Municipal de Pichilemu ) . According to Pichilemu News , CheerPichilemu was " the first national open cheerleading tournament . " There were four categories in the first edition : Senior Women , Senior Co @-@ Ed , Open Women , Open Co @-@ Ed , and Couples . The competition was supported by the Tourism Chamber of Pichilemu , the local government , and several other institutions and individuals .
= = = English debate team = = =
The English debate team , informally called Kick @-@ Ass , is led by English teacher Natalia Polanco Pino . The team participated for the first time in the National English Debates Tournament organized by the English Opens Doors program from the Chilean Ministry of Education in 2011 , and made it to the regional finals , reaching the second place , losing against the San Fernando College team from San Fernando , discussing the topic " This house believes that unhealthy food should be more expensive than healthy food . " Despite they only reached the second place in the competition , they were homaged by mayor of Pichilemu Roberto Córdova Carreño , and the Provincial Education Director , Abelardo Sepúlveda Vargas , in a ceremony held at the school on 26 October of that year .
In the 2012 tournament , Preciosa Sangre 's team Kick @-@ Ass passed to regional finals , along with the Colchagua Province teams from Liceo Santa Cruz from Santa Cruz , and San Fernando College from San Fernando , and the Cachapoal Province teams from Liceo San José from Requínoa , Liceo Bicentenario Ignacio Carrera Pinto from San Vicente de Tagua Tagua , Liceo Bicentenario Óscar Castro Zúñiga and Colegio Gabriela Mistral , both from Rancagua . The team reached fourth place in the 2012 regional finals , losing against Liceo Bicentenario Óscar Castro Zúñiga . The topic in the regional finals was " This house believes that social media should be censored . "
The Preciosa Sangre English debate team participated once again in 2013 . They passed to the Ministry of Education 's English Debate Tournament regional finals with 173 @.@ 5 points , the highest score of any of the Region of O 'Higgins participant schools . The Preciosa Sangre team was closely followed by the teams of Instituto San Andrés from Rancagua ( 173 points ) , San Fernando College from San Fernando ( 172 @.@ 5 points ) , and Liceo Bicentenario Óscar Castro Zúñiga , also from Rancagua ( 164 @.@ 5 points ) . Kick @-@ Ass , however , ultimately lost the regional finals against Colegio San Fernando College ; this latter reached the second national place , in August 2013 .
Their final participation in the Ministry 's English Debate Tournament was in 2014 . After obtaining the highest score in their region during a first round of debates , they ultimately obtained the third place in O 'Higgins Region after discussing whether " [ a ] dvertisement aimed at children should be banned " .
= = = Olimpíadas de Actualidad = = =
A team from Preciosa Sangre , led by Spanish language teacher Fabián Valle Silva , participated in the Olimpíadas de Actualidad ( News Olympics ) , a competition organized by the Chilean Asociación Nacional de Prensa ( National Press Association ) , INACAP , and El Rancagüino newspaper . Preciosa Sangre participated for the first time in the 2012 edition , reaching the regional finals . The team placed third , losing against Colegio El Salvador from San Vicente de Tagua Tagua and the Instituto Regional Federico Errázuriz from Santa Cruz .
Preciosa Sangre participated again in the 2013 edition of the Olimpíadas de Actualidad . However , they did not make it to the second round , obtaining the 19th score ( 32 points ) from 22 participating teams .
= = = Other activities = = =
Students from Preciosa Sangre have participated in several competitions and activities besides the English Debates Tournament and the Olimpiadas de Actualidad . One of those activities was the Modelo de la Organización de Estados Americanos ( MOEA ; Model of the Organization of American States ) , organized by the Institute of Public Affairs of the University of Chile . With the support of the Governor of Cardenal Caro , Julio Ibarra , seven students represented Preciosa Sangre in the activity , in August 2011 . The Preciosa Sangre team was led by history teacher Erna Pereira Arenas , and the students represented the country of Trinidad and Tobago . MOEA took place at the former National Congress in Santiago , and 32 other schools participated . According to Mother Loreto Fuentes Parra , principal of the school , Preciosa Sangre was one of the best three teams in the activity .
A team of second graders from Preciosa Sangre participated in the 2008 edition of a competition called Maratón Minera ( Mining Marathon ) , organized by the Chilean Ministries of Mining and Education . The competition was a four @-@ stage " marathon of knowledge " . From the 98 teams from the O 'Higgins Region which participated in the competition , only two were awarded a prize , one of them was Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre , whose team Los Cuchitos was given an honorific mention .
In the first edition of Sé Reportero ( Be a Reporter ) , a competition organized in 2011 by national newspaper El Mercurio and educarchile , Diego Grez Cañete from Preciosa Sangre was awarded the second place in the Opinion Column category , with an article called " ¿ Educación gratuita ? " ( " Free education ? " ) . In 2012 , the same student earned an honorific mention for his tale " Es un lindo día " ( It 's a Beautiful Day ) from the Andrés Bello University 's Interescolar de Cuentos en Español ( Interschool Contest of Spanish @-@ language Tales ) . " Es un lindo día " was published in a book commemorating the interschool contest of that year .
In October 2012 , a group of eleventh and twelfth grade Preciosa Sangre students , led by history teacher Erna Pereira Arenas , organized a debate ( Spanish : debate municipal ) between candidates for mayor of Pichilemu , which was held on the 23 of that month , just five days before the election took place . Candidates Mario Moraga Cáceres ( independent ) , Washington Araneda Carrasco ( Progressist Party ) , Cristián Tamayo Latapiat ( independent ) , and Carlos Acuña Arévalo ( National Renewal ) participated . According to Jorge Nasser Guerra from Radio Entreolas , and an article published on Diario VI Región , Roberto Córdova Carreño , who was eventually elected , rejected to participate in the debate because he " would not attend that kind of events " , while Iván Cabrera Martínez " never responded the students ' invitation " . Some of the issues discussed in the debate were " municipal and higher education , health , urbanization , municipal corruption , " amid other topics . The debate was broadcast live on local radio stations Entreolas and Isla FM . The debate was praised by local online newspaper Pichilemu News for being " the first ever debate held in Pichilemu " and " whose planification took care of every detail " .
Every year , Preciosa Sangre celebrates its anniversary in October or November , with activities and games during two days ; those include basketball , football , and Chilean games . The school is divided in two groups or alliances ; in 2011 , there was a red and a white alliance . The celebrations conclude with the presentation of carnival floats created by every alliance , and a gala party . During the 2012 celebrations , both alliances recorded a parody of the " Gangnam Style " music video by South Korean entertainer PSY ; since the videos were uploaded to YouTube , the red alliance video reached almost 4 @,@ 000 views as of February 2013 , while in contrast , the white alliance video has only reached 1 @,@ 800 in the same time span .
= = Notable alumni = =
Among former students of the Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre de Pichilemu are Jorge Vargas González ( born 1966 ) , a local politician who served as councilor of Pichilemu between 1992 and 1996 , and later as mayor of the commune , between 1996 and 2007 ; and Rebeca Cofré Calderón ( born 1962 ) , current mayor of Chépica , in Colchagua Province , who initially took office in December 2008 and was re @-@ elected in 2012 to a second term .
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= Ralph Vary Chamberlin =
Ralph Vary Chamberlin ( January 3 , 1879 – October 31 , 1967 ) was an American biologist , ethnographer , and historian from Salt Lake City , Utah . He was a faculty member of the University of Utah for over 25 years , where he helped establish the School of Medicine and served as its first dean , and later became head of the zoology department . He also taught at Brigham Young University and the University of Pennsylvania , and worked for over a decade at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University , where he described species from around the world .
Chamberlin was a prolific taxonomist who named over 4 @,@ 000 new animal species in over 400 scientific publications . He specialized in arachnids ( spiders , scorpions , and relatives ) and myriapods ( centipedes , millipedes , and relatives ) , ranking among the most prolific arachnologists and myriapodologists in history . He described over 1 @,@ 400 species of spiders , 1 @,@ 000 species of millipedes , and the majority of North American centipedes , although the quantity of his output was not always matched with quality , leaving a mixed legacy to his successors . He also did pioneering ethnobiological studies with the Goshute and other indigenous people of the Great Basin , cataloging indigenous names and cultural uses of plants and animals .
Chamberlin was honored by his colleagues at the University of Utah , however , he was disliked and even considered mean by some arachnologists , including some of his former students . After retirement he continued to write , publishing on the history of education in his home state , especially that of the University of Utah .
Chamberlin was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . In the early twentieth century , Chamberlin was among a quartet of popular Mormon professors at Brigham Young University whose teaching of evolution and biblical criticism resulted in a 1911 controversy among University and Church officials , eventually resulting in the resignation of him and two other professors despite widespread support from the student body , an event described as Mormonism 's " first brush with modernism " .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and education = = =
Ralph Vary Chamberlin was born on January 3 , 1879 , in Salt Lake City , Utah , to parents William Henry Chamberlin , a prominent builder and contractor , and Eliza Frances Chamberlin ( née Brown ) . Chamberlin traced his paternal lineage to an English immigrant settling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638 , and his maternal lineage to an old Pennsylvania Dutch family . Born to Mormon parents , the young Chamberlin attended Latter @-@ day Saints ' High School , and although very interested in nature , initially decided to study mathematics and art before choosing biology . His brother William , the eldest of 12 children , also shared Ralph 's scientific interests and would later teach alongside him . Ralph attended the University of Utah , graduating with a B.S. degree in 1898 , and subsequently spent four years teaching high school and some college @-@ level courses in biology as well as geology , chemistry , physics , Latin , and German at Latter @-@ day Saints ' University . By 1900 he had authored nine scientific publications .
In the summer of 1902 Chamberlin studied at the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University , and from 1902 to 1904 studied at Cornell University under a Goldwin Smith Fellowship , and was a member of the Gamma Alpha fraternity and Sigma Xi honor society . He studied under entomologist John Henry Comstock and earned his doctorate in 1905 . His dissertation was a taxonomic revision of the wolf spiders of North America , in which he reviewed all known species north of Mexico , recognizing 67 out of around 150 nominal species as distinct and recognizable . Zoologist Thomas H. Montgomery regarded Chamberlin 's monograph as one of " decided importance " in using the structure of pedipalps ( male reproductive organs ) to help define genera , and in its detailed descriptions of species .
= = = Early career : University of Utah = = =
It is to Professor Chamberlin that credit should be given for starting medical training in the University of Utah .
After returning from Cornell , Chamberlin was hired by the University of Utah , where he worked from 1904 to 1908 , as an assistant professor ( 1904 – 1905 ) then full professor . He soon began improving biology courses , which at the time were only of high school grade , to collegiate standards , and introduced new courses in vertebrate histology and embryology . He was the first dean of University of Utah School of Medicine , serving from 1905 to 1907 . During the summer of 1906 , his plans to teach a summer course in embryology at the University of Chicago were cancelled when he suffered a serious accident in a fall , breaking two leg bones and severing an artery in his leg . In 1907 , University officials decided to merge the medical school into an existing department , which made Chamberlin 's deanship obsolete . He resigned as dean in May , 1907 , although remained a faculty member . The medical students strongly objected , crediting the school 's gains over the past few years largely to his efforts .
In late 1907 and early 1908 , Chamberlin became involved in a bitter lawsuit with fellow Utah professor Ira D. Cardiff that would cost them both their jobs . Cardiff , a botanist hired in spring of 1907 , claimed Chamberlin offered him a professorship with a salary of $ 2 @,@ 000 to $ 2 @,@ 250 per year , but upon hiring was offered only $ 1 @,@ 650 by the university regents . Cardiff filed suit for $ 350 , which a court initially decided Chamberlin must pay , and Chamberlin 's wages were garnished . The two became estranged and uncommunicative . There had been tension between them for some time — Chamberlin 's supporters claimed Cardiff was involved in his dismissal as dean — and the Salt Lake Tribune noted " friction between the two men , of a different nature and not entirely due to financial matters , arose even before Professor Cardiff received his appointment " . In March 1908 the university regents fired both Chamberlin and Cardiff , appointing a single new professor to head the departments of zoology and botany . In July , upon appeal , the suit was overturned and Cardiff ordered to pay costs . Chamberlin had by then secured a job at Brigham Young University .
= = = Brigham Young University = = =
In 1908 , Chamberlin was hired to lead the Biology Department at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , a university owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) , during a period which BYU president George H. Brimhall sought to increase its academic standing . LDS College professor J. H. Paul , in a letter to Brimhall , had written Chamberlin was " one of the world 's foremost naturalists , though , I think , he is only about 28 years of age . I have not met his equal ... We must not let him drift away " . Chamberlin oversaw expanded biology course offerings and led insect @-@ collecting trips with students . Chamberlin joined a pair of newly hired brothers on the faculty , Joseph and Henry Peterson , who taught psychology and education . Chamberlin and the two Petersons worked to increase the intellectual standing of the University . In 1909 Chamberlin 's own brother William H. Chamberlin was hired to teach philosophy . The four academics , all active members of the Church , were known for teaching modern scientific and philosophic ideas and encouraging lively debate and discussion . The Chamberlins and Petersons held the belief that the theory of evolution was compatible with religious views , and promoted historical criticism of the Bible , the view that the writings contained should be viewed from the context of the time : Ralph Chamberlin published essays in the White and Blue , BYU 's student newspaper , arguing that Hebrew legends and historical writings were not to be taken literally . In an essay titled " Some Early Hebrew Legends " Chamberlin concluded : " Only the childish and immature mind can lose by learning that much in the Old Testament is poetical and that some of the stories are not true historically . " Chamberlin believed that evolution explained not only the origin of organisms but of human theological beliefs as well .
In late 1910 , complaints from stake presidents inspired an investigation into the teachings of the professors . Chamberlin 's 1911 essay " Evolution and Theological Belief " was considered particularly objectionable by school officials . In early 1911 Ralph Chamberlin and the Peterson brothers were offered a choice to either stop teaching evolution or lose their jobs . The three professors were popular among students and faculty , who denied that the teaching of evolution was destroying their faith . A student petition in support of the professors signed by over 80 % of the student body was sent to the administration , and then to local newspapers . Rather than change their teachings , the three accused professors resigned in 1911 , while William Chamberlin remained for another five years .
In 1910 , Chamberlin was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science .
= = = Pennsylvania and Harvard = = =
After leaving Brigham Young , Chamberlin was employed as a lecturer and George Leib Harrison Foundation research fellow at the University of Pennsylvania from 1911 to 1913 . From March 1913 to December 31 , 1925 , he was the Curator of Arachnids , Myriapods , and Worms at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University , where many of his scientific contributions were made . Here his publications included surveys of all known millipedes of Central America and the West Indies ; and descriptions of animals collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition ( 1913 – 1916 ) ; by Stanford and Yale expeditions to South America ; and by various expeditions of the USS Albatross . He was elected a member of the American Society of Naturalists and the American Society of Zoologists in 1914 , and in 1919 served as second vice @-@ president of the Entomological Society of America . He served as a technical expert for the U.S. Horticultural Board and U.S. Biological Survey from 1923 until the mid 1930s .
= = = Return to Utah = = =
Chamberlin returned to the University of Utah in 1925 , where he was made head of the departments of zoology and botany . When he arrived , the faculty consisted of one zoologist , one botanist , and an instructor . He soon began expanding the size and diversity of the biology program , and by the time of his retirement the faculty consisted of 16 professors , seven instructors , and three special lecturers . He was the university 's most celebrated scientist according to Sterling M. McMurrin , and his course on evolution was among the most popular on campus . He established the journal Biological Series of the University of Utah and supervised the graduate work of several students who would go on to distinguished careers , including Willis J. Gertsch , Wilton Ivie , William H. Behle and Stephen D. Durrant ; the latter three would later join Chamberlin as faculty members . From 1930 – 1939 , Chamberlin was secretary @-@ treasurer of the Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement Board and conducted mosquito surveys of the region , identifying marshes controlled by local hunting clubs as the main source of salt marsh mosquitoes plaguing the city . From 1938 @-@ 1939 he took a year @-@ long sabbatical , during which he studied in European universities and museums , presided over a section of the International Congresses of Entomology in Berlin , and later studied biology and archaeology in Mexico and South America . In 1942 he received an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Utah . He retired in 1948 , and in 1957 , an honor ceremony was held by the Utah Phi Sigma Society in which a portrait of Chamberlin painted by Alvin L. Gittins was donated to the University and a book of commemorative letters produced . In 1960 the University of Utah Alumni Association awarded Chamberlin its Founders Day Award for Distinguished Alumni , the university 's highest honor .
Wherever he has been , [ Chamberlin ] has produced unusual stimulation in students , many becoming imbued with his enthusiasm for the use of accurate , tested knowledge . Many caught the vision of what human life can mean when viewed in the light of man 's evolutionary background and interpreted in terms of his emerging intelligence which has outdistanced so many of his animal competitors in the evolutionary race . "
Chamberlin was noted by colleagues at Utah for being a lifelong champion of the scientific method and instilling in his students ideas that natural processes must be used to explain human existence . Angus and Grace Woodbury wrote that one of his greatest cultural contributions was his ability " to lead the naive student with fixed religious convictions gently around that wide gulf that separated him from the trained scientific mind without pushing him over the precipice of despair and illusion . " His influence continued as his students became teachers , gradually increasing societal understanding of evolution and naturalistic perspectives . His colleague and former student Stephen Durrant stated " by word , and especially by precept , he taught us diligence , inquisitiveness , love of truth , and especially scientific honesty " . Durrant compared Chamberlin to noted biologists such as Spencer Fullerton Baird and C. Hart Merriam in the scope of his contributions science .
= = = Personal life and death = = =
On July 9 , 1899 , Chamberlin married Daisy Ferguson of Salt Lake City , with whom he had four children : Beth , Ralph , Della , and Ruth . His first marriage ended in divorce in 1910 . On June 28 , 1922 , he married Edith Simons , also of Salt Lake , and with whom he had six children : Eliot , Frances , Helen , Shirley , Edith , and Martha Sue . His son Eliot became a mathematician and 40 @-@ year professor at the University of Utah . Chamberlin 's second wife died in 1965 , and Chamberlin himself died in Salt Lake City after a short illness on October 31 , 1967 , at the age of 88 . He was survived by his 10 children , 28 grandchildren , and 36 great @-@ grandchildren .
= = Research = =
Chamberlin 's work includes more than 400 publications spanning over 60 years . The majority of his research concerned the taxonomy of arthropods and other invertebrates , but his work also included titles in folklore , economics , anthropology , language , botany , anatomy , histology , philosophy , education , and history . He was a member of the American Society of Naturalists , Torrey Botanical Club , New York Academy of Sciences , Boston Society of Natural History , Biological Society of Washington , and the Utah Academy of Sciences .
= = = Taxonomy = = =
Chamberlin was a prolific taxonomist of invertebrate animals who named and described over 4 @,@ 000 species , specializing in the study of arachnids ( spiders , scorpions , and their relatives ) , and myriapods ( millipedes , centipedes , and relatives ) , but also publishing on molluscs , marine worms , and insects . By 1941 he had described at least 2 @,@ 000 species , and by 1957 had described a total of 4 @,@ 225 new species , 742 new genera , 28 new families , and 12 orders . Chamberlin 's taxonomic publications continued to appear until at least 1966 .
Chamberlin ranks among the most prolific arachnologists in history . In a 2013 survey of the most prolific spider systematists , Chamberlin ranked fifth in total number of described species ( 1 @,@ 475 ) and eighth in number of species that were still valid ( 984 ) , i.e. not taxonomic synonyms of previously described species . At the University of Utah Chamberlin co @-@ authored several works with his students Wilton Ivie and Willis J. Gertsch , who would both go on to become notable spider scientists : the " famous duo " of Chamberlin and Ivie described hundreds of species together . Chamberlin described or co @-@ described more than a third of the 621 spiders known to occur in his native Utah . Chamberlin was also a leading expert in North American tarantulas , describing over 60 species . Chamberlin worked with other groups of arachnids as well , including scorpions , harvestmen , and schizomids , and described several pseudoscorpions with his nephew Joseph C. Chamberlin , himself a prominent arachnologist .
Among fellow arachnologists , Chamberlin was regarded as influential but not particularly well @-@ liked : in many of his papers co @-@ authored with Ivie , it was Ivie himself who did most of the collecting , and describing , while Chamberlin remained first author , and a 1947 quarrel over recognition led to Ivie abandoning arachnology for many years . When arachnologist Arthur M. Chickering sent Chamberlin a collection of specimens from Panama , Chamberlin never returned them and in fact published on them , which made Chickering reluctant to collaborate with colleagues . Chamberlin is said to have eventually been banned from the Museum of Comparative Zoology by Ernst Mayr in his later years , and after Chamberlin 's death his former student Gertsch said " his natural meanness finally got him " .
Chamberlin 's other major area of study was myriapods . He was publishing on centipedes as early as 1901 , and between then and around 1960 was the preeminent , if not exclusive , researcher of North American centipedes , responsible for naming the vast majority of North American species , and many from around the world . In addition , he named more than 1 @,@ 000 species of millipedes , ranking among the three most prolific millipede taxonomists in history . His 1958 " Checklist of the millipeds of North America " , a compilation eight years in the making of all records and species north of Mexico , represented nearly a 600 % increase in species recorded from the previous such list published over 50 years earlier , although the work itself described no new species . Chamberlin contributed articles on millipedes , pauropods and symphylans to the 1961 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica .
Although a prolific describer of species , his legacy to myriapod taxonomy has been mixed . Many of Chamberlin 's descriptions of centipedes and millipedes were often brief and / or unillustrated , or illustrated in ways which hindered their use in identification by other researchers . He described some new species based solely on location , or on subtle leg differences now known to change during molting , and many of Chamberlin 's names have subsequently been found to be , or are suspected to be , synonyms of species already described . Biologist Richard Hoffman , who worked with Chamberlin on the 1958 checklist , later described Chamberlin as " an exemplar of minimal taxonomy " , and stated his taxonomic work on Central American myriapods " introduced far more problems than progress , a pattern which was to persist for many decades to come " . Hoffman wrote Chamberlin was " an admitted ' alpha taxonomist ' whose main interest was naming new species " , although recognized Chamberlin 's work with stone centipedes as pioneering , and of a quality unmatched in Chamberlin 's later work .
Chamberlin studied not only arthropods but soft @-@ bodied invertebrates as well . He described over 100 new species and 22 new genera of polychaete worms in a two @-@ volume work considered one of the " great monuments " in annelid taxonomy by the former director of the Hopkins Marine Station , and published on Utah 's molluscan fauna . He was section editor on sipunculids as well as myriapods for the academic journal database Biological Abstracts . William Behle has noted he also made indirect contributions to ornithology , including leading several multi @-@ day specimen collecting trips and guiding the graduate research of Stephen Durrant , who worked on Utah game birds , and Behle himself , who studied nesting birds of the Great Salt Lake .
After Chamberlin 's death , his collection of some 250 @,@ 000 spider specimens was donated to the American Museum of Natural History in New York , bolstering the museum 's status as the world 's largest arachnid repository . Similarly , his collection of millipedes was deposited in the National Museum of Natural History in Washington , D.C. , helping to make that museum the world 's largest single collection of millipede type specimens — the individual specimens used to describe species .
= = = Great Basin cultural studies = = =
Early in his career , Chamberlin studied the language and habits of indigenous peoples of the Great Basin . He worked with the Goshute band of the Western Shoshone to document their uses of over 300 plants in food , beverages , medicine , and construction materials — their ethnobotany — as well as the names and meanings of plants in the Goshute language . His resulting publication , " The Ethno @-@ botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah " , is considered the first major ethnobotanical study of a single group of Great Basin peoples . He also published surveys of Goshute animal and anatomical terms , place and personal names , and a compilation of plant names of the Ute people . One of Chamberlin 's later colleagues at the University of Utah was Julian Steward , known as the founder of cultural ecology . Steward himself described Chamberlin 's work as " splendid " , and anthropologist Virginia Kerns writes that Chamberlin 's experience with indigenous Great Basin cultures facilitated Steward 's own cultural studies : " in terms of ecological knowledge , [ Steward 's younger informants ] probably could not match the elders who had instructed Chamberlin . That made his research on Goshute ethnobotany all the more valuable to Steward . " Chamberlin gave Goshute @-@ derived names to some of the organisms he described , such as the spider Pimoa , meaning " big legs " , and the worm Sonatsa , meaning " many hooks " , in the Goshute language .
= = = Other works = = =
Chamberlin 's work extended beyond biology and anthropology to include historical , philosophical , and theological writings . At BYU he published several articles in the student newspaper on topics such as historical criticism of the Bible and the relationship of evolutionary theory with religious beliefs . In 1925 , he wrote a biography of his brother William H. Chamberlin , a philosopher and theologian who had died several years earlier . Utah philosopher Sterling McMurrin , stated the biography " had a considerable impact " on his own life , and noted " the fact that the book adequately and persuasively presents W. H. Chamberlin 's philosophic thought shows the philosophical competence of Ralph Chamberlin " In 1932 , Chamberlin wrote " Life in Other Worlds : a Study in the History of Opinion " , one of the earliest surveys from ancient to modern times of the concept of cosmic pluralism , the idea that the universe contains multiple inhabited worlds . After retiring in 1948 , Chamberlin devoted significant attention to the history of the University of Utah . In 1949 he edited a biographical tribute to John R. Park , an influential Utah educator of the 19th century . Assembled from comments and reflections from Park 's own students , Memories of John Rockey Park was praised by University of Utah English professor B. Roland Lewis , who claimed it " warrants being read by every citizen of [ Utah ] . " Later in his career , Chamberlin produced an authoritative book , The University of Utah , a History of its First Hundred Years , which BYU historian Eugene E. Campbell called " an excellent history of this important western institution . " The University of Utah also contains an extensive account of the University of Deseret , the LDS Church @-@ founded university that preceded the University of Utah .
= = Religious views = =
Chamberlin believed wholeheartedly in Darwin 's theory of evolution including its least desirable implications such as the brutality of nature implied by natural selection and the descent of man from lower primates . It is also clear that Chamberlin was a devout Mormon ... Chamberlin believed that since science and religion were different parts of one eternal truth they could be reconciled .
Chamberlin was a Mormon , an active member of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . He believed that there should be no animosity between religion and science . Stake President George W. McCune described a 1922 meeting in which Chamberlin testified " to the effect that all his labors and researches in the laboratories of science , while very interesting , and to a great extent satisfying to the intellect , did not satisfy the soul of man , and that he yearned for something more , " adding Chamberlin " bore testimony that he knew that ours is the true Church of Jesus Christ . " University of Oregon doctoral student Tim S. Reid called Chamberlin clearly devout , however , Sterling McMurrin stated " spiders are different from metaphysics , and I think Ralph was not such a devout Mormon . "
= = Selected works = =
= = = Scientific = = =
The Meaning of Organic Evolution . Provo , Utah : Self @-@ published . 1911 @.@ pp. 1 – 138 .
Chamberlin , Ralph Vary ( 1919 ) . " The Annelida Polychaeta " . Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 31 : 1 – 514 , 80 plates .
Chamberlin , Ralph Vary ( 1920 ) . " The Myriopoda of the Australian region " . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 64 : 1 – 235 .
" A hundred new species of American spiders " ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the University of Utah 32 ( 13 ) : 1 – 117 . 1942 . ( With Wilton Ivie )
" Checklist of the millipeds of North America " . Bulletin of the United States National Museum 212 : 1 – 236 . 1958 . ( With Richard L. Hoffman )
= = = Historical & biographical = = =
The Life and Philosophy of W. H. Chamberlin . Salt Lake City : Deseret News Press . 1925 .
Memories of John Rockey Park . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . 1949 .
Life Sciences at the University of Utah : Background and History . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . 1950 @.@ pp. 1 – 417 .
The University of Utah , a History of its First Hundred Years , 1850 to 1950 . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . 1960 @.@ pp. 1 – 668 .
The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871 – 1872 ( Reprinted from Utah Historical Quarterly v. 15 , 1947 ed . ) . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . 2009 . ISBN 0 @-@ 87480 @-@ 963 @-@ 0 . ( With William C. Darrah and Charles Kelly )
= = Eponymous taxa = =
The taxa ( e.g. genus or species ) named after Chamberlin are listed below , followed by author ( s ) and year of naming , and taxonomic family . Taxa are listed as originally described : subsequent research may have reassigned taxa or rendered some as invalid synonyms of previously named taxa .
Paeromopus chamberlini Brolemann , 1922
Tibellus chamberlini Gertsch , 1933 ( Philodromidae )
Hivaoa chamberlini Berland , 1942 ( Tetragnathidae )
Euglena chamberlini D. T. Jones , 1944 ( Euglenaceae )
Chondrodesmus chamberlini Hoffman , 1950 ( Polydesmida , Chelodesmidae )
Chamberlinia Machado , 1951 ( Geophilomorpha , Oryidae )
Haploditha chamberlinorum Caporiacco , 1951 ( Tridenchthoniidae )
Rhinocricus chamberlini Schubart , 1951
Chamberlineptus Causey , 1954 ( Spirostreptidae )
Chamberlinius Wang , 1956
Haplodrassus chamberlini Platnick & Shadab , 1975 ( Gnaphosidae )
Myrmecodesmus chamberlini Shear , 1977 ( Pyrgodesmidae )
Aphonopelma chamberlini Smith , 1995 ( Theraphosidae )
Mallos chamberlini Bond & Opell , 1997 ( Dictynidae )
Pyrgulopsis chamberlini Hershler , 1998 ( Hydrobiidae )
= = = Cited works = = =
Durrant , Stephen D. ( 1958 ) . " The contributions to science of Ralph Vary Chamberlin " . The Biologist ( Phi Sigma Society ) 40 : 27 – 30 . OCLC 1536445 .
Hoffman , Richard L. ( 1999 ) . " Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America " ( PDF ) . Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications 8 : 1 – 553 . OCLC 183406922 .
Wilkinson , Ernest L. , ed . ( 1975 ) . Brigham Young University : The First One Hundred Years 1 . Provo , Utah : Brigham Young University Press . ISBN 9780842507080 .
Woodbury , Angus M. ; Woodbury , Grace A. ( 1958 ) . " Ralph Vary Chamberlin : educational and cultural contributions " . The Biologist ( Phi Sigma Society ) 40 : 21 – 26 . OCLC 1536445 .
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= Lipizzan =
The Lipizzan or Lipizzaner ( Czech : Lipicán , Croatian : Lipicanac , Hungarian : Lipicai , Italian : Lipizzano , Slovene : Lipicanec ) , is a breed of horse closely associated with the Spanish Riding School of Vienna , Austria , where they demonstrate the haute école or " high school " movements of classical dressage , including the highly controlled , stylized jumps and other movements known as the " airs above the ground . " The horses at the Spanish Riding School are trained using traditional methods that date back hundreds of years , based on the principles of classical dressage .
The Lipizzan breed dates back to the 16th century , when it was developed with the support of the Habsburg nobility . The breed takes its name from one of the earliest stud farms established , located near the Karst Plateau village of Lipica ( spelled " Lipizza " in Italian ) , in modern @-@ day Slovenia . The breed has been endangered numerous times by warfare sweeping Europe , including during the War of the First Coalition , World War I and World War II . The rescue of the Lipizzans during World War II by American troops was made famous by the Disney movie Miracle of the White Stallions . Along with the Disney movie , Lipizzans have also starred or played supporting roles in many movies , TV shows , books and other media .
Today , eight stallions are recognized as the foundation bloodstock of the breed , all foaled the late 18th and early 19th centuries . All modern Lipizzans trace their bloodlines to these eight stallions , and all breeding stallions have included in their name the name of the foundation sire of their bloodline . There are also classic mare lines , with up to 35 recognized by various breed registries . The majority of horses are registered through the member organizations of the Lipizzan International Federation , which covers almost 11 @,@ 000 horses in 19 countries and at 9 state studs in Europe . The majority of Lipizzans reside in Europe , with smaller numbers in the Americas , Africa and Australia . Generally gray in color , the Lipizzan is a muscular breed that matures slowly and is long @-@ lived .
= = Characteristics = =
Most Lipizzans measure between 14 @.@ 2 and 15 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 and 62 inches , 147 and 157 cm ) . However , horses bred that are closer to the original carriage @-@ horse type are taller , approaching 16 @.@ 1 hands ( 65 inches , 165 cm ) . Lipizzans have a long head , with a straight or slightly convex profile . The jaw is deep , the ears small , the eyes large and expressive and the nostrils flared . They have a neck that is sturdy , yet arched and withers that are low , muscular and broad . They are a Baroque @-@ type horse , with a wide , deep chest , broad croup and muscular shoulder . The tail is carried high and well set . The legs are well @-@ muscled and strong , with broad joints and well @-@ defined tendons . The feet tend to be small , but are tough .
Lipizzan horses tend to mature slowly . However , they live and are active longer than many other breeds , with horses performing the difficult exercises of the Spanish Riding School well into their 20s and living into their 30s .
= = = Color = = =
Aside from the rare solid @-@ colored horse ( usually bay or black ) , most Lipizzans are gray . Like all gray horses , they have black skin , dark eyes , and as adult horses , a white hair coat . Gray horses , including Lipizzans , are born dark — usually bay or black — and become lighter each year as the graying process takes place , with the process being complete at between 6 and 10 years of age . Lipizzans are not actually true white horses , but this is a common misconception . A white horse is born white and has unpigmented skin .
Until the 18th century , Lipizzans had other coat colors , including dun , bay , chestnut , black , piebald and skewbald . However , gray is a dominant gene . Gray was the color preferred by the royal family , and so the color was emphasized in breeding practices . Thus , in a small breed population when the color was deliberately selected as a desirable feature , it came to be the color of the overwhelming majority of Lipizzan horses . However , it is a long @-@ standing tradition for the Spanish Riding School to have at least one bay Lipizzan stallion in residence , and this tradition is continued through the present day .
= = History = =
The ancestors of the Lipizzan can be traced to approximately A.D. 800 . The earliest predecessors of the Lipizzan originated in the 7th century when Barb horses were brought into Spain by the Moors and crossed on native Spanish stock . The result was the Andalusian horse and other Iberian horse breeds .
By the 16th century , when the Habsburgs ruled both Spain and Austria , a powerful but agile horse was desired both for military uses and for use in the fashionable and rapidly growing riding schools for the nobility of central Europe . Therefore , in 1562 , the Habsburg Emperor Maximillian II brought the Spanish Andalusian horse to Austria and founded the court stud at Kladrub . In 1580 , his brother , Archduke Charles II , established a similar stud at Lipizza ( now Lipica ) , located in modern @-@ day Slovenia , from which the breed obtained its name . The name of the village itself derives from the Slovenian word lipa , meaning " linden tree . "
Spanish , Barb , and Arabian stock were crossed at Lipizza , and succeeding generations were crossed with the now @-@ extinct Neapolitan breed from Italy and other Baroque horses of Spanish descent obtained from Germany and Denmark . While breeding stock was exchanged between the two studs , Kladrub specialized in producing heavy carriage horses , while riding and light carriage horses came from the Lipizza stud .
Beginning in 1920 , the Piber Federal Stud , near Graz , Austria , became the main stud for the horses used in Vienna . Breeding became very selective , only allowing stallions that had proved themselves at the Riding School to stand at stud , and only breeding mares who had passed rigorous performance testing .
= = = Foundation horses = = =
Today , a maximum of eight foundation lines for Lipizzans are recognized by various registries , which refer to them as " dynasties . " They are divided into two groups . Six trace to classical foundation stallions used in the 18th and 19th centuries by the Lipizza stud , and two additional lines were not used at Lipizza but were used by other studs within the historic boundaries of the Habsburg Empire .
The six " classical dynasties " are :
Pluto : a gray Spanish stallion from the Royal Danish Stud , foaled in 1765
Conversano : a black Neapolitan stallion , foaled in 1767
Maestoso : a gray stallion from the Kladrub stud with a Spanish dam , foaled 1773 , descendants today all trace via Maestoso X , foaled in Hungary in 1819 .
Favory : a dun stallion from the Kladrub stud , foaled in 1779
Neapolitano : a bay Neapolitan stallion from the Polesine , foaled in 1790
Siglavy : a gray Arabian stallion , originally from Syria , foaled in 1810
There are two additional stallion lines found in Croatia , Hungary , and other eastern European countries as well as in North America . They are accepted as equal to the 6 classical lines by the Lipizzan International Federation ( LIF ) . These are :
Tulipan : A black stallion of Baroque type and Spanish pedigree foaled about 1800 from the Croatian stud farm of Terezovac , owned by Count Janković @-@ Bésán .
Incitato : A stallion of Spanish lines foaled 1802 , bred in Transylvania by Count Bethlen , and sold to the Hungarian stud farm Mezőhegyes .
There are several other stallion lines that have died out over the years , but were used in the early breeding of the horses . In addition to the foundation stallion lines , there were 20 " classic " mare lines , 14 of which exist today . However , there are up to 35 mare lines recognized by various Lipizzan organizations .
There are traditional naming patterns for both stallions and mares , required by Lipizzan breed registries . Stallions traditionally are given two names , with the first being the line of the sire and the second being the name of the dam . For example , " Maestoso Austria " is a horse sired by Maestoso Trompeta out of a mare named Austria . The horse 's sire line tracing to the foundation sire Maestoso . The names of mares are chosen to be " complementary to the traditional Lipizzan line names " and are required to end in the letter " a " .
= = = Spanish Riding School = = =
The world @-@ famous Spanish Riding School uses highly trained Lipizzan stallions in public performances that demonstrate classical dressage movements and training . In 1572 the first Spanish Riding Hall was built , during the Austrian Empire , and is the oldest of its kind in the world . The Spanish Riding School , though located in Vienna , Austria , takes its name from the original Spanish heritage of its horses . In 1729 Charles VI commissioned the building of the Winter Riding School in Vienna and in 1735 , the building was completed that remains the home of the Spanish Riding School today .
= = = Wartime preservation = = =
The Lipizzans endured several wartime relocations throughout their history , each of which saved the breed from extinction . The first was in March 1797 during the War of the First Coalition , when the horses were evacuated from Lipica . During the journey , 16 mares gave birth to foals . In November 1797 , the horses returned to Lipica , but the stables were in ruins . They were rebuilt , but in 1805 , the horses were evacuated again when Napoleon invaded Austria . They remained away from the stud for two years , returning April 1 , 1807 . But then , following the Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809 , the horses were evacuated three more times during the unsettled period that followed , resulting in the loss of many horses and the destruction of the written studbooks that documented bloodlines of horses prior to 1700 . The horses finally returned to Lipica for good in 1815 , where they remained for the rest of the 19th century .
The first evacuation of the 20th century occurred in 1915 when the horses were evacuated from Lipica due to World War I and placed at Laxenburg and Kladrub . Following the war , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire was broken up , with Lipica becoming part of Italy . Thus , the animals were divided between several different studs in the new postwar nations of Austria , Italy , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , Romania and Yugoslavia . The nation of Austria kept the stallions of the Spanish Riding School and some breeding stock . By 1920 , the Austrian breeding stock was consolidated at Piber .
During World War II , the high command of Nazi Germany transferred most of Europe 's Lipizzan breeding stock to Hostau , Czechoslovakia . The breeding stock was taken from Piber in 1942 , and additional mares and foals from other European nations arrived in 1943 . The stallions of the Spanish Riding School were evacuated to St. Martins , Austria from Vienna in January 1945 , when bombing raids neared the city and the head of the Spanish Riding School , Colonel Alois Podhajsky , feared the horses were in danger . By spring of 1945 , the horses at Hostau were threatened by the advancing Soviet army , which might have slaughtered the animals for horse meat had it captured the facility .
The rescue of the Lipizzans by the United States Army , made famous by the Disney movie Miracle of the White Stallions , occurred in two parts : The United States Third Army under the command of General George S. Patton , was near St. Martins in the spring of 1945 and learned that the Lipizzan stallions were in the area . Patton himself was a horseman , and like Podhajsky , had competed in the Olympic Games . On May 7 , 1945 , Podhajsky put on an exhibition of the Spanish Riding School stallions for Patton and Undersecretary of War Robert P. Patterson , and at its conclusion requested that Patton take the horses under his protection .
Meanwhile , the Third Army 's United States Second Cavalry , a tank unit under the command of Colonel Charles Reed , had discovered the horses at Hostau , where there were also 400 Allied prisoners of war , and had occupied it on April 28 , 1945 . " Operation Cowboy " , as the rescue was known , resulted in the recovery of 1 @,@ 200 horses , including 375 Lipizzans . Patton learned of the raid , and arranged for Podhajsky to fly to Hostau . On May 12 , American soldiers began riding , trucking and herding the horses 35 miles across the border into Kotztinz , Germany . The Lipizzans were eventually settled in temporary quarters in Wimsbach , until the breeding stock returned to Piber in 1952 , and the stallions returned to the Spanish Riding School in 1955 . In 2005 , the Spanish Riding School celebrated the 60th anniversary of Patton 's rescue by touring the United States .
During the Croatian War of Independence , from 1991 to 1995 , the horses at the Lipik stable in Croatia were taken by the Serbs to Novi Sad , Serbia . The horses remained there until 2007 , when calls began to be made for them to be returned to their country of origin . In October 2007 , 60 horses were returned to Croatia .
= = = Modern breed = = =
The Lipizzan breed suffered a setback to its population when a viral epidemic hit the Piber Stud in 1983 . Forty horses and eight percent of the expected foal crop were lost . Since then , the population at the stud increased . By 1994 there were 100 mares at the stud with and a foal crop of 56 born in 1993 . In 1994 , the rate of successful pregnancy and birth of foals increased from 27 % to 82 % as the result of a new veterinary center . In 1996 , a study funded by the European Union Indo @-@ Copernicus Project assessed 586 Lipizzan horses from eight stud farms in Europe , with the goal of developing a " scientifically @-@ based description of the Lipizzan horse " . A study of the mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) was performed on 212 of the animals , and those studied were found to contain 37 of the 39 known mtDNA haplotypes known in modern horses , meaning that they show a high degree of genetic diversity . This was what had been expected , as it was known that the mare families of the Lipizzan included a large number of different breeds , including Arabians , Thoroughbreds , and other European breeds .
The Lipizzan International Federation ( LIF ) is the international governing organization for the breed , composed of many national and private organizations representing the Lipizzan . The organizations work together under the banner of the LIF to promote the breed and maintain standards . As of 2012 , there were almost 11 @,@ 000 Lipizzans registered with the LIF residing with private breeders in 19 countries and at 9 state studs in Europe . The largest number are in Europe , with almost 9 @,@ 000 registered horses , followed by the Americas , with just over 1 @,@ 700 , then Africa and Australia with around 100 horses each . The nine state studs that are part of the LIF represent almost one @-@ quarter of the horses in Europe . Sâmbăta de Jos , in Romania , has the greatest number of horses , with 400 , followed by Piber in Austria ( 360 ) , Lipica in Slovenia ( 358 ) , Szilvásvárad in Hungary ( 262 ) , Monterotondo in Italy ( 230 ) , Đakovo @-@ Lipik in Croatia ( 220 ) and Topoľčianky in Slovakia ( 200 ) . The other two studs are smaller , with Vučijak in Bosnia having 130 horses and Karađorđevo in Serbia having just 30 . Educational programs have been developed in order to promote the breed and foster adherence to traditional breeding objectives .
Because of the status of Lipizzans as the only breed of horse developed in Slovenia , via the Lipica stud that is now located within its borders , Lipizzans are recognized in Slovenia as a national animal . For example , a pair of Lipizzans is featured on the 20 @-@ cent Slovenian euro coins . Mounted regiments of Carabinieri police in Italy also employ the Lipizzan as one of their mounts . In October 2008 , during a visit to Slovenia , a Lipizzan at Lipica , named 085 Favory Canissa XXII , was given to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom . She decided to leave the animal in the care of the stud farm .
= = Training and uses = =
The traditional horse training methods for Lipizzans were developed at the Spanish Riding School and are based on the principles of classical dressage , which in turn traces to the Ancient Greek writer Xenophon , whose works were rediscovered in the 16th century . His thoughts on development of horses ' mental attitude and psyche are still considered applicable today . Other writers who strongly influenced the training methods of the Spanish Riding School include Federico Grisone , the founder of the first riding academy in Naples , who lived during the 16th century ; and Antoine de Pluvinel and François Robichon de la Guérinière , two Frenchmen from the 17th and 18th centuries . The methods for training the Lipizzan stallions at the Spanish Riding School were passed down via an oral tradition until Field Marshal Franz Holbein and Johann Meixner , Senior Rider at the School , published the initial guidelines for the training of horse and rider at the School in 1898 . In the mid @-@ 20th century , Alois Podhajsky wrote a number of works that serve as textbooks for many dressage riders today .
The principles taught at the Spanish Riding School are based on practices taught to cavalry riders to prepare their horses for warfare . Young stallions come to the Spanish Riding School for training when they are four years old . Full training takes an average of six years for each horse , and schooling is considered complete when they have mastered the skills required to perform the " School Quadrille " . There are three progressively more difficult skill sets taught to the stallions , which are :
Forward riding , also called Straight riding or the Remontenschule - This is the name given to the skills taught in the first year of training , where a young horse learns to be saddled and bridled , learns basic commands on a longe line , and then is taught to be ridden , mostly in an arena in simple straight lines and turns , to teach correct responses to the rider 's legs and hands while mounted . The main goal during this time is to develop free forward movement in as natural a position as possible .
Campaign school , Campagneschule or Campagne , where the horse learns collection and balance through all gaits , turns and maneuvers . The horse learns to shorten and lengthen his stride , perform lateral movements to the side , and is introduced to the more complex double bridle . This is the longest training phase and may take several years .
High @-@ school dressage , the Haute école or Hohe Schule , which includes riding the horse with greater collection with increased use of the hindquarters , developing increased regularity , skill and finesse in all natural gaits . In this period , the horse learns the most advanced movements such as the half @-@ pass , counter @-@ canter , flying change , pirouette , passage , and piaffe . This is also when the horse may be taught the " Airs above the ground . " This level emphasizes performance with a high degree of perfection .
Although the Piber Stud trains mares for driving and under saddle , the Spanish Riding School exclusively uses stallions in its performances . Worldwide , the Lipizzan today competes in dressage and driving , as well as retaining their classic position at the Spanish Riding School .
= = " Airs above the ground " = =
The " airs above the ground " are the difficult " high school " dressage movements made famous by the Lipizzans . The finished movements include :
The levade : a position wherein the horse raises up both front legs , standing at a 30 @-@ degree angle entirely on its hind legs in a controlled form that requires a great deal of hindquarter strength . A less difficult but related movement is the pesade , where the horse rises up to a 45 @-@ degree angle .
The courbette : a movement where the horse balances on its hind legs and then essentially " hops , " jumping with the forelegs off the ground and hind legs together .
The capriole : a jump in place where the stallion leaps into the air , tucking his forelegs under himself , and kicks out with his hind legs at the top of the jump .
Other movements include :
The croupade and ballotade are predecessors to the capriole . In the croupade , the horse jumps with both fore and hind legs remaining tucked under the body and he does not kick out . In the ballotade , the horse jumps and untucks his hind legs slightly , he does not kick out , but the soles of the hind feet are visible if viewed from the rear .
The mezair : A series of successive levades in which the horse lowers its forefeet to the ground before rising again on hindquarters , achieving forward motion . This movement is no longer used at the Spanish Riding School .
= = In popular culture = =
Lipizzans have starred or played supporting roles in many movies , TV shows , books and other media .
The 1940 film Florian stars two Lipizzan stallions . It was based on a 1934 novel written by Felix Salten . The wife of the film 's producer owned the only Lipizzans in the US at the time that the movie was made . The rescue during World War II of the Lipizzan stallions is depicted in the 1963 Walt Disney movie Miracle of the White Stallions . The movie was the only live @-@ action , relatively realistic film set against a World War II backdrop that Disney has ever produced . In the feature film Crimson Tide , a discussion between the two main characters over whether Lipizzans came from Spain or Portugal , and whether they are born white or black , is used to represent the film 's suppressed racial conflict and the dividing of the world between two main powers during the Cold War .
Television programs featuring the Lipizzans include The White Horses , a 1965 children 's television series co @-@ produced by RTV Ljubljana ( now RTV Slovenija ) of Yugoslavia and BR @-@ TV of Germany , re @-@ broadcast in the United Kingdom . It followed the adventures of a teenage girl who visits a farm where Lipizzan horses are raised . Many books and poems mention or star Lipizzans . In 2011 , the Dutch writer Frank Westerman published a book on the history of the 20th century through the perspective of the Lipizzan horses , Brother Mendel 's Perfect Horse . In the 2004 novel The Star of Kazan by Eva Ibbotson , Lipizzan horses and the Spanish Riding School are key elements of both the plot and the setting . Lipizzans and the Spanish Riding School also play a crucial role in Mary Stewart 's 1965 novel Airs Above the Ground and Marguerite Henry 's 1964 children 's novel White Stallion of Lipizza . In the 1960s , the Slovene poet Edvard Kocbek wrote a poem dedicated to the Lipizzan horses . On June 21 , 2011 Annie Wedekind released " Mercury 's Flight : The Story of a Lipizzaner Stallion " through Breyer Horses as part of The Breyer Horse Collection book series . In the Season 1 episode of The Angry Beavers " Fancy Prance " Norbert confesses to Daggett that his lifelong dream is to become a Lipizzaner Stallion . Former concert promoter Gary Lashinsky owned The World Famous Lipizzaner Stallions until they filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and permanently closed . A new movie based on the World War II evacuation of Lipizzaners from a Nazi breeding farm is expected to hit theaters in December 2016 .
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= Walter Zinn =
Walter Henry Zinn ( December 10 , 1906 – February 14 , 2000 ) was a nuclear physicist who was the first director of the Argonne National Laboratory from 1946 to 1956 . He worked at the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory during World War II , and supervised the construction of Chicago Pile @-@ 1 , the world ’ s first nuclear reactor , which went critical on December 2 , 1942 , at the University of Chicago . At Argonne he designed and built several new reactors , including Experimental Breeder Reactor I , the first nuclear reactor to produce electric power , which went live on December 20 , 1951 .
= = Early life = =
Walter Henry Zinn was born in Berlin ( now Kitchener ) , Ontario , on December 10 , 1906 , the son of John Zinn , who worked in a tire factory , and Maria Anna Stoskopf . He had an older brother , Albert , who also became a factory worker .
Zinn entered Queen 's University , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1927 and a Master of Arts degree in 1930 . He then entered Columbia University in 1930 , where he studied physics , writing his Doctor of Philosophy thesis on " Two @-@ crystal study of the structure and width of K X @-@ ray absorption limits " . This was subsequently published in the Physical Review .
To support himself , Zinn taught at Queen 's University from 1927 to 1928 , and at Columbia from 1931 to 1932 . He became an instructor at the City College of New York in 1932 . While at Queen 's he met Jennie A. ( Jean ) Smith , a fellow student . They were married in 1933 and had two sons , John Eric and Robert James . In 1938 , Zinn became a naturalised United States citizen .
= = Manhattan Project = =
In 1939 , the Pupin Physics Laboratories at Columbia where Zinn worked were the center of intensive research into the properties of uranium and nuclear fission , which had recently been discovered by Lise Meitner , Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann . At Columbia , Zinn , Enrico Fermi , Herbert L. Anderson , John R. Dunning and Leo Szilard investigated whether uranium @-@ 238 fissioned with slow neutrons , as Fermi believed , or only the uranium @-@ 235 isotope , as Niels Bohr contended . Since pure uranium @-@ 235 was not available , Fermi and Szilard chose to work with natural uranium . They were particularly interested in whether a nuclear chain reaction could be initiated . This would require more than one neutron to be emitted per fission on average in order to keep the chain reaction going . By March 1939 , they established that about two were being emitted per fission on average . The delay between an atom absorbing a neutron and fission occurring would be the key to controlling a chain reaction .
At this point Zinn began working for Fermi , constructing experimental uranium lattices . To slow neutrons down requires a neutron moderator . Water was Fermi 's first choice , but it tended to absorb neutrons as well as slow them . In July , Szilard suggested using carbon , in the form of graphite . The critical radius of a spherical reactor was calculated to be :
<formula>
In order for a self @-@ sustaining nuclear chain reaction to occur , they needed k > 1 . For a practical reactor configuration , it needed to be at least 3 or 4 percent more ; but in August 1941 Zinn 's initial experiments indicated a disappointing value of 0 @.@ 87 . Fermi pinned his hopes of a better result on an improved configuration , and purer uranium and graphite .
In early 1942 , with the United States now embroiled World War II , Arthur Compton concentrated the Manhattan Project 's various teams working on plutonium at the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago . Zinn used athletes to build Fermi 's increasingly large experimental configurations under the stands of the disused Stagg Field . In July 1942 , Fermi measured a k = 1 @.@ 007 from a uranium oxide lattice . This raised hopes that pure uranium would yield a suitable value of k .
By December 1942 , Zinn and Anderson had the new configuration ready at Stagg Field . Some 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) long , 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) wide and 19 feet ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) high , it contained 385 @.@ 5 long tons ( 391 @.@ 7 t ) of graphite and 46 @.@ 5 long tons ( 47 @.@ 2 t ) of uranium metal and uranium oxide . When the experiment was carried out on the afternoon of December 2 , 1942 , the reactor , known as Chicago Pile @-@ 1 , reached criticality without incident . Since the reactor had no radiation shield , it was run at a maximum power of only 200 W , enough to power a light bulb , and ran for only three months . It was shut down on February 28 , 1943 , because the US Army did not want to risk an accident near densely populated downtown Chicago .
The Army leased a 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 400 ha ) of the Cook County Forest Preserves known as " Site A " to the Manhattan Project , and " the Country Club " to the hundred or so scientists , guards and others who worked there . Zinn was placed in charge of Site A , under Fermi . Chicago Pile @-@ 1 was disassembled and rebuilt , this time with a radiation shield , at Site A. The reactor , now known as Chicago Pile @-@ 2 , was operational again on March 20 , 1943 . Within a few months , Fermi began designing a new reactor , which became known as Chicago Pile @-@ 3 . This was a very different type of reactor . It was much smaller , being only 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) in diameter and 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) high . It was power by 120 uranium metal rods , and moderated by 1 @,@ 200 US gallons ( 4 @,@ 500 l ; 1 @,@ 000 imp gal ) of heavy water . Once again Zinn was in charge of construction , which commenced on New Year 's Day in 1944 . Chicago Pile @-@ 3 went critical on May 15 , 1944 , and commenced operation on June 23 at its full power of 300 KW . When Fermi departed for the Hanford Site , Zinn became the sole authority at Site A.
On September 29 , 1944 , Zinn received an urgent call from Samuel Allison , the director of the Metallurgical Laboratory . The B Reactor at Hanford had shut down shortly after reaching full power , only to come back to life again some hours later . Norman Hilberry suspected a neutron poison was responsible . If so , it had a half life of around 9 @.@ 7 hours . Xenon @-@ 135 had a half life close to that , but had not been detected in Argonne or by the X @-@ 10 Graphite Reactor in Oak Ridge , Tennessee . Zinn quickly brought Chicago Pile @-@ 3 up to full power , and within twelve hours , had made a series of measurements that confirmed the Hanford results .
Over the following months , some 175 technical personnel were transferred from the Metallurgical Laboratory to Hanford and Los Alamos . Zinn 's Argonne Laboratory was reduced to a skeleton staff , but Compton would not countenance its closure .
= = Argonne National Laboratory = =
On July 11 , 1946 , the Argonne laboratory officially became the Argonne National Laboratory , with Zinn as its first director . Alvin Weinberg characterized Zinn as " a model of what a director of the then @-@ emerging national laboratories should be : sensitive to the aspirations of both contractor and fund provider , but confident enough to prevail when this was necessary . "
One of the first problems confronting Zinn was that of accommodation . The Federal government had promised to restore Site A to the Cook County Forest Preserves after the war , and despite intervention from the Secretary of War , Robert P. Patterson , the most the Cook County Forest Preserves Commission would agree to was that the Argonne National Laboratory could continue to occupy a portion of the lease until a new site was found . Zinn rejected alternate sites outside the Chicago area , and the Army found a new site for the laboratory 's permanent home about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) away in DuPage County , Illinois , which became known as Site D.
Under Zinn , the Argonne National Laboratory adopted slightly more progressive hiring practices than other contemporary institutions . Three African American women and seven men , six of whom had worked on the Manhattan Project , were employed in research at Argonne at a time when the Los Alamos National Laboratory had no African American scientists . Argonne also appointed women to positions of authority , with Maria Goeppert @-@ Mayer as a section leader in the theoretical physics division , and Hoylande Young as director of the technical information division .
The Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) replaced the Manhattan Project on January 1 , 1947 , and on January 1 , 1948 it announced that the Argonne National Laboratory would be " focused chiefly on problems of reactor development . " Zinn did not seek the additional responsibility , which he realised would divert the Laboratory away from research , and divert him from other responsibilities , such as designing a fast breeder reactor . He even obtained a written assurance from Carroll L. Wilson , the AEC 's general manager , that it would not . He was therefore willing to collaborate with Alvin Weinberg to allow the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to remain involved in reactor design . Nonetheless , reactor research accounted for almost half the laboratory 's budget in 1949 , and 84 percent of its research was classified .
Zinn did not get along well with Captain Hyman G. Rickover , the US Navy 's Director of Naval Reactors , but nonetheless Argonne assisted in the development of nuclear marine propulsion , eventually producing two reactors , a land @-@ based prototype Mark I and a propulsion reactor , the Mark II . The STR ( Submarine Thermal Reactor ) pressurized water reactor designed at Argonne powered the first nuclear @-@ powered submarine , the USS Nautilus , and became the basis of nearly all the reactors installed in warships .
The other branch of reactor development at the Argonne National Laboratory , and the one closer to Zinn 's heart , was the fast breeder reactor . At the time it was believed that uranium was a scarce resource , so it would be wise to make the best use of it . The breeders were designed to create more fissile material than they consumed . By 1948 , he had become convinced that it would be unwise to build large experimental reactors near Chicago , and the AEC acquired land around Arco , Idaho , which became an outpost of Argonne . The Experimental Breeder Reactor I ( EBR @-@ I , but known at Argonne as " ZIP " — Zinn 's Infernal Pile ) was the first reactor to be cooled by liquid metal , and the first to produce electricity . It proved the breeder concept . AEC Chairman Gordon Dean described it as a major milestone in nuclear history .
The BORAX Experiments were a series of destructive tests of boiling water reactors conducted by Argonne National Laboratory in Idaho . The BORAX @-@ 1 test was conducted under Zinn 's supervision in 1954 . He had the control rods removed to demonstrate that the reactor would shut down without trouble , and it immediately blew up with a loud bang and a tall column of dark smoke , a turn of events that he had not anticipated . He shouted to Harold Lichtenberg to put the control rods back in again , but Lichtenberg pointed out that one was already flying through the air . Zinn later had to testify on the experiment before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy .
= = Later life = =
After leaving the Argonne National Laboratory in 1956 , Zinn moved to Florida , where he founded his own consulting firm , General Nuclear Engineering , with its headquarters in Dunedin , Florida . The company was involved in the design and construction of pressurized water reactors . It was acquired by Combustion Engineering in 1964 , and he became a vice president and head of its nuclear division . He stepped down from this position in 1970 , but remained a board member until 1986 . He served as a member of the President 's Science Advisory Committee from 1960 to 1962 , and a member of the General Advisory Committee of the AEC and its successor , the Energy Research and Development Administration , from 1972 to 1975 .
Over the years Zinn received multiple awards for his work , including a special commendation from the AEC in 1956 , the Atoms for Peace Award in 1960 , the Enrico Fermi Award in 1969 , and the Elliott Cresson Medal from The Franklin Institute in 1970 . In 1955 he was elected as the first president of the American Nuclear Society ( ANS ) .
Zinn 's wife Jean died in 1964 . He married Mary Teresa Pratt in 1966 , and thereby acquired two stepsons , Warren and Robert Johnson . He died in Mease Countryside Hospital in Safety Harbor , Florida , on February 14 , 2000 , after suffering a stroke . He was survived by his wife Mary , sons John and Robert and stepson Warren . Robert had become a professor of astronomy at Yale University .
= = Walter H. Zinn Award = =
Since 1976 , the American Nuclear Society 's Operations and Power Division , has annually presented the Walter H. Zinn Award to recognize an individual " for a notable and sustained contribution to the nuclear power industry that has not been widely recognized . "
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= It Was Written =
It Was Written is the second studio album by American rapper Nas , released July 2 , 1996 on Columbia Records in the United States . Following the moderate sales success of his acclaimed debut album , Illmatic ( 1994 ) , Nas chose to focus his efforts in a more mainstream direction . Primarily produced by Trackmasters , it is a departure for him from the raw , underground tone of his debut album towards a more polished , mainstream sound . The album features mafioso and gangsta themes , and marks the first appearance of Nas 's short @-@ lived supergroup The Firm , which included rappers Foxy Brown , AZ , and Cormega .
The album proved to be Nas ’ s most commercially successful release , debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart . It also heralded Nas ’ s mainstream popularity and followed the success of other mafioso rap albums such as Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx … ( 1995 ) . However , his stylistic changes and increased mainstream success fostered accusations of selling out within the hip hop community . It has been viewed by music writers as one of Nas 's best records and remains Nas ' best @-@ selling release , with over 4 million copies in the United States alone .
= = Background and recording = =
Following the critical acclaim of his debut album Illmatic ( 1994 ) , Nas chose to concentrate his efforts in a more mainstream direction , in contrast to the raw , unpolished and underground tone of his debut . Despite its significant impact on hip hop at the time , Illmatic did not experience the larger sales of most major releases at the time in hip hop , such as Snoop Dogg 's Doggystyle ( 1993 ) . This was due in part to Nas 's shy personality and uninvolvement in promoting the record . Nas began to make appearances on other artists ' work , including Kool G Rap 's " 4 @,@ 5 @,@ 6 " ( 1995 ) and Raekwon 's " Verbal Intercourse " on his album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx … ( 1995 ) , which made Nas the first non Wu @-@ Tang Clan member to appear on one of its solo recordings . He began to dub himself as Nas Escobar on these guest appearances .
Meanwhile , his excessive spending habits left him with little money , and Nas was forced to ask for a loan to purchase clothes to wear to the Source Awards ceremony in 1995 . The success of fellow East Coast act The Notorious B.I.G. and promoter Puff Daddy at the awards show sent a message to Nas to change his commercial approach , resulting in his hiring of Steve " The Commissioner " Stoute as manager . While Illmatic attained gold status in the United States , Stoute convinced Nas to aim his efforts in a more mainstream , commercial direction for his second album , after which Nas enlisted the production team Trackmasters , who were known at the time for their mainstream success . Other producers for the album included DJ Premier , Dr. Dre , Havoc of Mobb Deep , L.E.S. , Live Squad , and MC Serch as executive producer . Premier and L.E.S. had previously served as producers for Nas 's Illmatic . The album was mastered by Tom Coyne at Sterling Sound in New York City . The album cover was designed by artist Aimée Macauley , and the photography was taken by Danny Clinch .
= = Composition = =
= = = Music and style = = =
In contrast to Illmatic , the album contains a more detailed and elaborate production , while it shares similarity to the G @-@ funk sound , relying heavily on sampled and looped funk grooves . It Was Written has Nas experimenting with a theatrical mafioso concept under the alias of " Nas Escobar " ( inspired by the Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar ) . The album 's subject matter has been noted for its focus on materialistic excess and other mafioso lyrical themes . Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote of Nas 's shift in lyrical themes from Illmatic , stating he " repeatedly cites the Colombian drug kingpin Pablo Escobar and drops brand names of clothes , cars , liquor and guns . " Nas also references lines from his previous material , a common element in his music that has been analyzed by one music writer as " return [ ing ] to his professional beginnings in those references . "
= = = Content = = =
The album opens with " Album Intro " in which a slave rebellion is heard , and it contains samples of Sam Cooke 's " A Change Is Gonna Come " ( 1964 ) and The Lost Generation 's " The Sly , the Slick , and the Wicked " ( 1970 ) . ( sample ) The opening song " The Message " features production by the Trackmasters , Poke & Tone , and scratching from Kid Capri . One critic described the song as a " bloody narrative " , and cited it as " one of the most visually evocative songs of Nas ' career " . The song 's title references the classic hip hop single " The Message " ( 1982 ) by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . Legendary producer DJ Premier had one production credit on the jazz fusion @-@ styled " I Gave You Power " , a song which depicts a first @-@ person narrative from the perspective of a gun . The song is accompanied by falling piano notes and stuttering drums .
The album contains the singles " If I Ruled the World " , which features guest vocals from Lauryn Hill , and " Street Dreams " . Music critic J.R. Reynolds wrote that the former has Nas " rapping his way to anarchy in an imagined world where he kicks discipline to the curb and good times rule . " In the song , he states that he would " open every cell in Attica / send them to Africa " . The latter is an account on the impact of drugs in Nas 's neighborhood . The song contains smooth bass lines and frail drums , and it features an interpolation of the Eurythmics ' " Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) " ( 1983 ) . The album also features guest appearances from Mobb Deep and The Firm , a supergroup which was initially composed of Nas , AZ , Cormega and Foxy Brown . The group makes an appearance on the song " Affirmative Action " , a tale of robbery and three characters with mob connections . Brett Berliner of Stylus Magazine described the song 's beat as " extremely mafioso , sounding straight out of Goodfellas , with strings and crescendos " , while he cited the song as " one of the best posse tracks of all time . "
Mobb Deep 's Havoc produced two tracks for the album , " The Set Up " , a story about revenge , and " Live Nigga Rap " , a freestyle performed by Nas and Mobb Deep with hard , gloomy percussion . " Black Girl Lost " is a sympathetic account on the struggle of African @-@ American women . It features vocals by R & B singer Joel " Jo @-@ Jo " Hailey of Jodeci . Music critic Krisex wrote of Nas 's lyricism , stating " The L.E.S.-produced song woos heavy rotation while the MC makes the type of passionate perusals that leave lyrical aficionadeos genuflecting at his mike stand . " The song 's title comes from the book of the same name by pulp writer Donald Goines ; his literary work has served as a popular source of reference for many gangsta rap artists . " Nas Is Coming " is a collaboration between Nas and West Coast rapper Dr. Dre . One writer cited it as " more of a gangsta , mainstream tune than anything Nas has ever recorded . " The song 's opening conversation , a skit , is a discussion between Nas and Dr. Dre about hip hop artists and fans over @-@ concerned with the East Coast @-@ West Coast rivalry , and that the two are producing a song that does not revolve around or contribute to the beef .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial performance = = =
It Was Written was released July 2 , 1996 in the United States , Canada and Europe on Columbia Records , while featuring distribution in the United Kingdom on Simply Vinyl Records as a double vinyl LP . It Was Written proved to be Nas ’ s most commercially successful album to date , selling 268 @,@ 000 copies at the time of its chart debut . It peaked at number one on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums and debuted at the top of the Billboard 200 , remaining on the latter chart at number one for four consecutive weeks , in the top 20 for eleven weeks , and a total of thirty @-@ four weeks in the top 200 .
The album 's first single " If I Ruled the World ( Imagine That ) " peaked at number 15 on the Hot Rap Singles chart , number 17 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks chart and number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . The second single " Street Dreams " hit number one on the Hot Dance Music / Maxi @-@ Singles Sales chart , as well as number one on the Hot Rap Singles chart , while it peaked at number 18 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks and number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 . A remix version of " Street Dreams " was released on November 26 , 1996 featuring production by Poke & Tone and guest vocals from R & B singer R. Kelly . On September 6 , 1996 , It Was Written was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipments of two million copies in the United States . On January 8 , 1997 , " Street Dreams " was certified gold in sales by the RIAA for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies .
= = = Critical response = = =
It Was Written received generally positive reviews from critics . The Source called it an " audio anthology of ghetto stories told by one of hip @-@ hop 's most prolific writers . " Vibe magazine 's Krisex criticized the album 's " consistently aggressive attempts at pop music " , but also wrote that Nas " shines through " . Despite calling the album " adequate " and commending Nas for his lyricism and flow , Krisex concluded that It was Written " isn 't nearly as satisfying as his first one . " NME wrote that " Nas ' neat , considered lyrics treat the violence that surrounds him with a mixture of remorse , resignation and ebullience . " Christopher John Farley of Time stated " The lyrics in It Was Written could be sharper , but the music , energetic and engaging on many tracks , helps drive his message home . " Q magazine called Nas 's performance " angry , lean and full of drive . " Both the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun @-@ Times were favorable of the album 's sound and gave the album 3 ½ out of 4 stars . Los Angeles Times writer Cheo Coker called the album " poetic " , writing that it " demonstrates a continuing lyrical maturity that makes his already potent beats and rhymes all the more compelling " . Spin magazine preferred the " reach " of It Was Written to Nas 's " more suavely rapped debut " , praised the production , and described the songs ' choruses as " grainy , pop @-@ savvy " .
The album 's release followed the commercial success of other mafioso @-@ themed rap albums with similar subject matter , including Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx … ( 1995 ) , Jay @-@ Z 's Reasonable Doubt ( 1996 ) and AZ 's Doe or Die ( 1995 ) . Music writers criticized its mainstream , R & B and pop @-@ leaning sound , as well as the enlistment of a top production unit and popular guest artists . The album 's lyrics and themes were also poorly received and heavily dismissed as an attempt by Nas to follow the popularity of gangsta and mafioso rap . Rolling Stone 's Mark Coleman wrote negatively of Nas 's themes and called it " the latest blatant example of trashy tough @-@ guy talk " , writing " Certainly he strikes a note of creepy realism in his stories of heavyweight dealing and literally cutthroat competition . ' The Set Up ' , ' Shootouts ' and ' Affirmative Action ' [ ... ] are chilling in their how @-@ many @-@ grams @-@ to @-@ a @-@ kilo detail and utter amorality . On ' Watch Dem Niggas ' , Nas cites as inspirations both the boxing coach Cus D 'Amato and the murderous drug lord Pablo Escobar . What is this guy thinking ? " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that he " continually shifts perspective " and called it " late @-@ stage gangsta rap , starting to buckle under its own contradictions . " The Village Voice 's Robert Christgau gave the album a " neither " ( ) rating , indicating " may impress once or twice with consistent craft or an arresting track or two . Then it won 't . "
The album was ranked number 41 in NME 's critics ' poll of 1996 , and Jim Farber of the New York Daily News named it the sixth best album of 1996 . German @-@ based magazine Spex ranked it number four on its " End of Year " list , while the UK @-@ based magazine The Face named it the twenty @-@ fourth best album of 1996 . " If I Ruled the World ( Imagine That ) " was ranked number 29 on NME 's Singles of the Year list , and number 20 on The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance in 1997 .
= = = Retrospect = = =
Since its release , It Was Written remains Nas ' best @-@ selling release to date . By 2001 , it had sold more than 2 @.@ 13 million copies . Leo Stanley of Allmusic later praised Nas 's lyricism and ghetto @-@ themed vignettes , along with the album 's detailed production . For Stylus Magazine 's On Second Thought publication , critic Brett Berliner re @-@ examined the album , discussing its initial impact , and cited it as " one of the first hip @-@ hop albums to straddle the critical and commercial divide successfully . " While comparing It Was Written to Illmatic , Berliner stated " It ’ s a seriously good album with a bit of filler , worth of almost all of the praise Illmatic got . This is Nas ’ second classic , and should be considered one of the best albums of all time . " About.com later ranked " If I Ruled the World ( Imagine That ) " number 24 on its list of 50 Great Hip Hop Songs , while it also named the song the fourth best R & B / Rap Collaboration .
While later reviews of the album saw It Was Written in a different light than previous reviews had , the subject matter was still seen as a major flaw of the album . Music critics perceived Nas ' violent , fantastical mafioso stories as lacking the emotion and truthfulness of his debut album . Writer Joe Katz wrote in a review of the album for Sputnikmusic , stating " The lyrics were there , but some of the emotion was gone . Maybe it was the world around Nas changing , or maybe it was changing in himself , but no one can listen to this after Illmatic and not see a change ... If Illmatic was the kind of nightmare you can 't wake up from and don 't really want too , then IWW is a regular dream , not quite " real " but enjoyable all the same . " While Illmatic is often held as Nas 's magnum opus , It Was Written was not only perceived by critics as part of a sophomore jinx , but was also the first of Nas 's subsequent work to be heavily judged and compared to the former . However , It Was Written has been noted as his commercial breakthrough by critics , as it boosted the rapper 's image in the mainstream and helped attract a much larger fan @-@ base .
= = Legacy and influence = =
= = = Controversy = = =
" Nas is Coming " began a brief collaboration between Nas and West Coast hip hop producer Dr. Dre . The alliance also resulted in the formation of The Firm , who make their debut on track number eight , " Affirmative Action " . The pairing of the East Coast rapper and the West Coast producer , during the period of the East Coast @-@ West Coast rivalry , brought criticism from both sides . More controversy ensued when , during the recording of The Firm 's album , Cormega was fired from the group by Nas 's manager , Steve Stoute , and replaced with a young rapper named Nature . Cormega recorded an underground single , " Fuck Nas and Nature " , which began a rivalry with Nas that persisted — with brief periods of reconciliation — to the end of 2005 .
In addition , West Coast @-@ based rapper Tupac Shakur took offense to the opening line of the song " The Message " , and in retaliation insulted Nas on a song titled " Against All Odds " from his posthumously @-@ released album The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory ( 1996 ) . In an interview for King magazine , Nas later confirmed that the song was intended as a diss towards The Notorious B.I.G. , with the line " There 's one life , one love , so there can only be one King . " Nas and Shakur eventually met and reconciled prior to the latter 's fatal shooting . As a result of his death , Shakur did not have the opportunity to remove the insults to Nas in " Against All Odds " on The 7 Day Theory .
= = = Hip hop artists = = =
It Was Written has been credited , along with Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx … ( 1995 ) , with helping usher in the era of the mafioso rap . According to writer Sam Chennault , while the hip hop subgenre would " run out of steam quickly , this release is a gem . " Chennault also discussed the significance of It Was Written during the period of its release , stating " after mastering stark street corner realism on Illmatic , Nas delivered a loose concept album that was , at the time , groundbreaking in its scope , approach and execution . " According to rapper Young Noble , a close friend of Tupac Shakur , the song " I Gave You Power " served as the main inspiration for Shakur 's " Me and My Girlfriend " ( 1996 ) . American hip hop artist Lupe Fiasco has cited It Was Written as his favorite album and his primary source of inspiration . Fiasco has stated that he based his debut album Food & Liquor ( 2006 ) on the conceptual style and " moods " of It Was Written . When asked of his musical influences in an interview with AllHipHop.com , Fiasco stated " You know I really tried to go back and recreate [ Nas ’ ] It Was Written , you know what I 'm saying like that ? [ I would play ] It Was Written and then I would play my album , and it was like , ‘ Do we got [ this ] record , do we got that record ? ’ " When asked in an interview with NobodySmiling.com about why he is comfortable admitting the album as a source of inspiration , Fiasco stated :
Cause it ’ s a classic . Like , people study @-@ you study the masters , you know what I ’ m saying ? Everybody that ’ s rapping studied someone to learn how to rap . They had a rapper who was they favorite rapper that they wanted to be like and wanted to rap like , know what I ’ m saying ? For me , I just look at it like I studied a master piece . I modeled my album after a master piece ; and not song for song ; not line for line ; not beat for beat . It was more @-@ for me it was like mood for mood . The way he set the mood on that album to me was just like incredible . And at the time in my life @-@ like , I fell in love with ‘ It Was Written ’ when I was seventeen , eighteen @-@ a very impressionable time @-@ so I was like I love that album . That ’ s my favorite Hip Hop album , so it ’ s like why not base your album on ‘ It Was Written ’ ?
American reggae and hip hop artist Matisyahu regards It Was Written as one of his influences as well . He cites the introduction of It Was Written , in which slaves rebel against their owner , as having a major influence on him . According to The Washington Post , " Matisyahu , too , felt enslaved . By what ? He didn 't know . Just felt the chains . The lyrics rocked him . The beat did , too . " Matisyahu stated that after listening to It Was Written , " I connected with hip @-@ hop , the hardness of it , the driving beat . It ’ s music with space , that has gaps in every little thing that happens . "
= = = Subsequent work by Nas = = =
While It Was Written earned a more favorable reputation among critics since its initial mixed reception , Nas 's subsequent releases have continued to be weighed against his critically acclaimed Illmatic , despite all of them outselling his debut . Against this standard , they have often been critically deemed as mediocre follow @-@ ups . It Was Written was the first of Nas 's albums to have been labeled as ' selling out ' by fans of Illmatic , due to his crossover sensibilities and radio @-@ friendly hits aimed at the pop charts . In addition , none of his following releases have been able to reach the sales success of It Was Written . The follow @-@ up , I Am … ( 1999 ) , fared almost as well as It Was Written , serving as Nas 's only other album to reach double platinum status . After the releases of I Am … and Nastradamus ( 1999 ) , which underwent considerable editing due to bootlegging of the recording sessions , many fans and critics feared that his career was deteriorating . Despite the chart @-@ topping success of I Am … , hip hop audiences were not ready for the more prophetic themes of Nastradamus , as it only sold 232 @,@ 000 copies by its first week ( less than half of I Am … ' s first @-@ week figures ) .
By 2001 , Illmatic and It Was Written were both selling at a rate of over 3 @,@ 000 copies a week , while Nastradamus was earning an average of little more than 2 @,@ 000 copies a week , despite its relative newness . Both I Am … and Nastradamus received further criticism for their commercially oriented sound . Reflecting this widespread perception in the hip hop community and adding to his ongoing feud with Jay @-@ Z at the time , Jay @-@ Z mocked him in the song " Takeover " ( 2001 ) for assuming a " Pablo Escobar " persona and having a " one hot album [ Illmatic ] every ten year average " . Nas , however , made something of a comeback with his fifth album Stillmatic ( 2001 ) and the follow @-@ up God 's Son ( 2002 ) , which both sold in excess of 1 million copies . Afterwards , his subsequent albums tended to receive more positive reviews , including the platinum @-@ selling Street 's Disciple ( 2004 ) and his untitled ninth album ( 2008 ) . Nevertheless , It Was Written has remained as Nas 's best @-@ selling album .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts = =
= = = Chart procession and succession = = =
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= The Banquet ( Parks and Recreation ) =
" The Banquet " is the fifth episode of the first season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 8 , 2009 . It was written by Tucker Cawley and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller . In the episode , Leslie attends an award banquet for her mother , a veteran of local government politics , who encourages Leslie to resort to blackmail in order to get her way with a zoning board official .
The episode received positive reviews , with Entertainment Weekly claiming the series appears to have grown more " settled and focused " after this episode . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by 4 @.@ 64 million households in its original airing , continuing a downward trend in ratings since the pilot episode , although NBC had already committed to renewing the show for a second season . " The Banquet " and the rest of the first season of Parks and Recreation was released on DVD in the United States on September 8 , 2009 .
= = Plot = =
Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) is proud that her mother , school system employee Marlene Knope ( Pamela Reed ) , is to receive a public service award during an upcoming banquet . Ann ( Rashida Jones ) , excited to go to a social event after spending so much time taking care of her injured , freeloading boyfriend Andy ( Chris Pratt ) , is told by Leslie to dress very formally . Leslie visits an old @-@ fashioned barber , who unbeknownst to her only gives men 's haircuts ; she is given a very short , mannish hairstyle , which she is very proud of . Leslie and Ann , who is extremely overdressed in an expensive pink dress , arrive together at the banquet , where they are mistaken for a lesbian couple by many of the attendees . Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) sucks up to Marlene during his banquet speech , while Ron ( Nick Offerman ) sticks to a " fact @-@ based " speech ( " It is true that you have won this award . " )
Leslie sees Jeanine Restrepo ( Loretta Fox ) , an influential zoning board member who could help Leslie with her plans to turn the Sullivan Street pit into a park . Leslie is too nervous to approach her , so she practices with Mark ( Paul Schneider ) , who teasingly pinches her nose because he says as Jeanine , " I can do whatever I want " ; Ann pinches Mark 's nose and Leslie pinches Ann 's , and Mark summarizes , " It 's fun to pretend to be zoning board members . " Marlene suggests Leslie try sucking up to Jeanine in her speech , but it comes across awkwardly when Leslie claims to " love " Jeanine . When Leslie tries to approach her later , Jeanine suggests Leslie make an appointment with her secretary . Marlene says this means Jeanine is blowing them off , and tells Leslie to blackmail Jeanine with the knowledge that her husband has a DUI offense in Illinois . Leslie shares the advice with Ann , who says she believes it is unethical and wrong ; offended , Leslie accuses Ann of pampering Andy . ( " He 's got three crutches , and one of them is you . And the other two are crutches . " ) Ann storms off .
Tom wants to go bar @-@ hopping with Mark , who leaves even though he is enjoying hanging out with Leslie and Ann . Tom wears a goofy orange hat at the bar , which he calls " peacocking " , or standing out in a public setting like a peacock . The two talk to women at the bar , but Mark finds them boring and he leaves Tom alone . Ron enjoys the banquet 's bacon @-@ wrapped shrimp , " my number one favorite food , wrapped around my number three favorite food " . Leslie confronts Jeanine about her husband 's DUI , but when Jeanine grows angry , Leslie is unable to go through with the blackmail ; Jeanine splashes water in Leslie 's face , and she leaves ashamed . Leslie visits Ann and apologizes , and Ann acknowledges Leslie was partially right about Andy . The two hug and Andy gets angry because he thought Leslie was " a dude " due to her haircut . Mark comes back to the banquet hall to find Ann and Leslie , but is disappointed to see the banquet is over .
= = Production = =
" The Banquet " was written by Tucker Cawley and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , a long @-@ time television director who worked with Poehler on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live . The " Modern Barber Shop " featured in the episode is an actual barber shop in Burbank , California . The interior is very similar to the inside of the actual barber shop . Every time McCarthy @-@ Miller visited the real Modern Barber Shop , the barber 's wife was always eating sunflower seeds next to the shop door . As a result , McCarthy @-@ Miller added an elderly woman with sunflower seeds into the episode 's barber scenes .
The " peacocking " element was not included into the script , but added to the episode during filming after actor Aziz Ansari mentioned to show co @-@ creator Greg Daniels that he believed the character would be interested in pickup artist tactics like those outlined in Neil Strauss ' book The Game : Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists . Ansari and Daniels asked the wardrobe for something silly for Ansari to wear in the bar , and they tried about a half @-@ dozen items before Ansari himself settled on the orange hat , which is actually a woman 's hat . The two women Mark and Tom talk to at the bar were meant to mirror Leslie and Ann from the banquet . Although they do not resemble Poehler and Jones , the two women had the same color hair ( brown and blond ) and were seated at the table in the same spots in relation to Mark that Leslie and Ann were seated around him at the banquet .
The scene in which water is splashed in Leslie 's face was only shot twice , because McCarthy @-@ Miller said Poehler would start anticipating it in more takes and it would not have appeared spontaneous . The first time the scene was acted , the cameras were accidentally not turned on , so only one take was usable for the episode . During the banquet for the Tellenson Awards , a video is shown of an ill Tony Tellenson ( for whom the award was named ) in his hospital room . McCarthy @-@ Miller shot the scene with minimal staff on a separate set . Multiple takes were filmed , and the severity of illness differed in each one . The final clip used in the episode shows Tellenson wearing a mask attached to an oxygen tank , which is one of the healthiest versions they filmed . The Jeanine Restrepo character was originally named Janet Restrepo , but was changed at the last moment . Poehler and the rest of the cast had already memorized the lines with the name Janet , and the actors had difficulty filming the scenes correctly as a result .
= = Cultural references = =
In an opening statement about the history of Pawnee , Indiana , Leslie says a pilgrim traded a baby to the Native Americans in exchange " for what is now Indianapolis " , the state capital . She said the pilgrim 's face was made into a dreamcatcher , a handmade Native American object with a willow hoop and loose web . The barber who gave Leslie her haircut also previously cut the hair of former @-@ U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle . Ron said he likes shrimp hors d 'œuvres wrapped in bacon so much , he would attend an event honoring pirates in Somalia to get them .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast on May 7 , 2009 , " The Banquet " was watched by 4 @.@ 64 million households , according to Nielsen Media Research , continuing a downward trend in ratings since the pilot episode , although NBC had already committed to renewing the show for a second season . The episode received a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 8 share among viewers aged between 18 and 34 , and a 2 @.@ 0 rating / 6 share among viewers between 18 and 49 . The poor rating for Parks and Recreation and Southland , another then @-@ new NBC series , contributed in bringing the network down to fourth place in the ratings for the evening , behind CBS , ABC and Fox . " The Banquet " , however , received generally positive reviews . Most reviewers particularly praised the opening scene with Leslie describing the murder of Pawnee pilgrim Nathanliel Bixby Mark at the hands of Native Americans , who used his body parts for various purposes because , " They used every part of the pioneer " .
Jeremy Medina of Entertainment Weekly said he believed although the show initially needed improvement , that it had arrived at a " settled and focused " series with " The Banquet " . He praised the episode as a whole , as well as individual small moments , like Leslie 's haircut , April calling her " sir " , Ron 's affinity for bacon @-@ wrapped shrimp , Tom 's coining of the phrase " peacockin " to mean standing out in bars . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said " The Banquet " was funnier than other recent Parks and Recreation episodes , although he said the Leslie character continues to too closely resemble a female Michael Scott , the protagonist of The Office . Sepinwall said of the show , " I know a lot of people have already given up , but I really feel like the show is a summer 's worth of tweaking away from being good . It 's not there yet , but I see glimmers . "
Matt Fowler of IGN said the episode " was able to rise a few notches above the last one " and that he enjoyed Leslie 's antics and many of Tom 's antics , including his suggestions for Leslie 's introduction for her mom . He also liked the scene in which Mark pinched Leslie 's nose , which he described as " a nice , playful scene that brought some much needed humanity to her cartoonish character " . Jason Hughes of TV Squad praised the episode , particularly the characters Tom and Ann . He said of the episode , " The little things like ( Leslie 's haircut and Ann overdressing ) are what 's making this show work a little more with each episode . Finding humor in the small things of small government . " Brian Howard of The Journal News said the series is not great yet , but that " The Banquet " included glimpses of possible greatness in the future , particularly in the performances by Poehler , Jones , Ansari and Schneider . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club said the laughs in the episode , particularly involving Leslie 's haircut and her perceived romantic relationship with Ann , were " a bit thin " . Phipps also said he found himself disliking Leslie , of whom he said , " Here she seems more stupid than pleasantly naïve . "
= = DVD release = =
" The Banquet " , along with the five other first season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was released on a one @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on September 8 , 2009 . The DVD included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode , as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes . The deleted scenes included on the DVD were originally featured on the official Parks and Recreation website after the episode aired .
In the first , an 80 @-@ second clip , Leslie gives everyone in the department tickets to the banquet . She tries to invite Andy , and when Ann says he cannot put on pants due to his cast , Leslie asks , " Does he have a formal kilt or something ? " The second clip features 100 seconds of extended banquet sequences , including Ann 's reaction to Leslie 's haircut , Ann 's awkward attempts to make small talk with April and more of Tom 's speech to Marlene . In the third , a 30 @-@ second clip , set at the bar , Tom describes to Mark his strategy in picking up a girl : he asked her what she did for a living , then , " I just yawned , gave her the middle finger and left . Pretty risky but I feel good about it . " In the final clip , which was 15 seconds long , an amused Tom shows a newspaper photo caption of Leslie and Ann from the banquet , with the caption , " Mr. Leslie Knope and wife Ann . "
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= Merchants of Doubt =
Merchants of Doubt is a 2010 non @-@ fiction book by American historians of science Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway . It identifies parallels between the global warming controversy and earlier controversies over tobacco smoking , acid rain , DDT , and the hole in the ozone layer . Oreskes and Conway write that in each case " keeping the controversy alive " by spreading doubt and confusion after a scientific consensus had been reached , was the basic strategy of those opposing action . In particular , they say that Fred Seitz , Fred Singer , and a few other contrarian scientists joined forces with conservative think tanks and private corporations to challenge the scientific consensus on many contemporary issues .
The George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer , two of the subjects , have been critical of the book , but most reviewers received it favorably . One reviewer said that Merchants of Doubt is exhaustively researched and documented , and may be one of the most important books of 2010 . Another reviewer saw the book as his choice for best science book of the year . It was made into a film , Merchants of Doubt , directed by Robert Kenner , released in 2014 .
= = Themes = =
Oreskes and Conway write that a handful of politically conservative scientists , with strong ties to particular industries , have " played a disproportionate role in debates about controversial questions " . The authors write that this has resulted in " deliberate obfuscation " of the issues which has had an influence on public opinion and policy @-@ making .
The book criticizes the so @-@ called Merchants of Doubt , some predominantly American science key players , above all Bill Nierenberg , Fred Seitz , and Fred Singer . All three are physicists : Singer was a rocket scientist , whereas Nierenberg and Seitz worked on the atomic bomb . They have been active on topics like acid rain , tobacco smoking , global warming and pesticides . The book claims that these scientists have challenged and diluted the scientific consensus in the various fields , as of the dangers of smoking , the effects of acid rain , the existence of the ozone hole , and the existence of anthropogenic climate change . Seitz and Singer been involved with institutions such as The Heritage Foundation , Competitive Enterprise Institute and George C. Marshall Institute in the United States . Funded by corporations and conservative foundations , these organizations have opposed many forms of state intervention or regulation of U.S. citizens . The book lists similar tactics in each case : " discredit the science , disseminate false information , spread confusion , and promote doubt " .
The book states that Seitz , Singer , Nierenberg and Robert Jastrow were all fiercely anti @-@ communist and they viewed government regulation as a step towards socialism and communism . The authors argue that , with the collapse of the Soviet Union , they looked for another great threat to free market capitalism and found it in environmentalism . They feared that an over @-@ reaction to environmental problems would lead to heavy @-@ handed government intervention in the marketplace and intrusion into people 's lives . Oreskes and Conway state that the longer the delay the worse these problems get , and the more likely it is that governments will need to take the draconian measures that conservatives and market fundamentalists most fear . They say that Seitz , Singer , Nierenberg and Jastrow denied the scientific evidence , contributed to a strategy of delay , and thereby helped to bring about the situation they most dreaded . The authors have a strong doubt about the ability of the media to differentiate between false truth and the actual science in question ; however , they stop short of endorsing censorship in the name of science . The journalistic norm of balanced reporting has helped , according to the authors , to amplify the misleading messages of the contrarians . Oreskes and Conway state : " small numbers of people can have large , negative impacts , especially if they are organised , determined and have access to power " .
The main conclusion of the book is that there would have been more progress in policymaking , if not for the influence of the contrarian " experts " , which tried on ideological reasons to undermine trust in the science base for regulation . Similar conclusions were already drawn , among others on Frederick Seitz and William Nierenberg in the book Requiem for a Species : Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change ( 2010 ) by Australian academic Clive Hamilton .
= = Reception = =
Most reviewers received Merchants of Doubt enthusiastically .
Philip Kitcher in Science says that Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway are " two outstanding historians " . He calls Merchants of Doubt a " fascinating and important study " . Kitcher says that the apparently harsh claims against Nierenberg , Seitz , and Singer are " justified through a powerful dissection of the ways in which prominent climate scientists , such as Roger Revelle and Ben Santer , were exploited or viciously attacked in the press " .
In The Christian Science Monitor , Will Buchanan says that Merchants of Doubt is exhaustively researched and documented , and may be one of the most important books of 2010 . Oreskes and Conway are seen to demonstrate that the doubt merchants are not " objective scientists " as the term is popularly understood . Instead , they are " science @-@ speaking mercenaries " hired by corporations to process numbers to prove that the corporations ’ products are safe and useful . Buchanan says they are salesmen , not scientists .
Bud Ward published a review of the book in The Yale Forum on Climate and the Media . He wrote that Oreskes and Conway use a combination of thorough scholarly research combined with writing reminiscent of the best investigative journalism , to " unravel deep common links to past environmental and public health controversies " . In terms of climate science , the authors ' leave " little doubt about their disdain for what they regard as the misuse and abuse of science by a small cabal of scientists they see as largely lacking in requisite climate science expertise " .
Phil England writes in The Ecologist that the strength of the book is the rigour of the research and the detailed focus on key incidents . He said , however , that the climate change chapter is only 50 pages long , and recommends several other books for readers who want to get a broader picture of this aspect : Jim Hoggan ’ s Climate Cover @-@ Up , George Monbiot ’ s Heat : How to Stop the Planet Burning and Ross Gelbspan ’ s The Heat is On and Boiling Point . England also said that there is little coverage about the millions of dollars which Exxon Mobil has put into funding groups actively involved in promoting climate change denial and doubt .
A review in The Economist calls this a powerful book which articulates the politics involved and the degree to which scientists have sometimes manufactured and exaggerated environmental uncertainties , but opines that the authors fail to fully explain how environmental action has still often proved possible despite countervailing factors .
Robert N. Proctor , who coined the term " agnotology " to describe the study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt , wrote in American Scientist that Merchants of Doubt is a detailed and artfully written book . He set it in the context of other books which cover the " history of manufactured ignorance " : David Michaels ’ s Doubt is their Product ( 2008 ) , Chris Mooney ’ s The Republican War on Science ( 2009 ) , David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz ’ s Deceit and Denial ( 2002 ) , and his own book Cancer Wars ( 1995 ) .
Robin McKie in The Guardian states that Oreskes and Conway deserve considerable praise for exposing the influence of a small group of Cold War ideologues . Their tactic of spreading doubt has confused the public about a series of key scientific issues such as global warming , even though scientists have actually become more certain about their research results . McKie says that Merchants of Doubt includes detailed notes on all sources used , is carefully paced , and is " my runaway contender for best science book of the year " .
Sociologist Reiner Grundmann 's review in BioSocieties journal , acknowledges that the book is well researched and factually based , but criticizes the book as being written in a black and white manner whereas historians should write a more nuanced description . The book depicts special interests and contrarians misleading the public as being mainly responsible for stopping action on policy . He says this shows a lack of basic understanding of the political process and the mechanisms of knowledge policy , because the authors assume that public policy would follow on from an understanding of the science . While the book provides all the ( formal ) hallmarks of science , Grundmann sees it less as a scholarly work than a passionate attack and overall as a problematic book .
William O ’ Keefe and Jeff Kueter from the George C. Marshall Institute , which was founded by Seitz , say that although Merchants of Doubt has the appearance of a scholarly work , it discredits and undermines the reputations of people who in their lifetime contributed greatly to the American nation . They say that it does this by questioning their integrity , impugning their character , and questioning their judgement .
= = Authors = =
Naomi Oreskes is Professor of History and Science Studies at Harvard University . She has degrees in geological science and a Ph.D. in Geological Research and the History of Science . Her work came to public attention in 2004 with the publication of " The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change , " in Science , in which she wrote that there was no significant disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of global warming from human causes . Erik M. Conway is the historian at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena .
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= 1812 Louisiana hurricane =
The 1812 Louisiana Hurricane was a major hurricane that struck New Orleans , Louisiana , during the War of 1812 . It was the worst storm of the early history of New Orleans and was very likely the hurricane which made the closest landfall known to affect the city .
It was first observed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on August 12 as a tropical disturbance , which later affected Jamaica as a tropical storm . After entering the Gulf of Mexico , it intensified into a hurricane , with winds estimated at over 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . The circulation affected areas from the Florida Panhandle to Natchez in the Mississippi Territory , but the worst effects were in the New Orleans area . There were around 100 deaths , many of them due to drowning .
= = Meteorological history = =
On August 12 , a tropical disturbance entered the Caribbean Sea to the south of Antigua , believed to have been a strong tropical wave . Moving westward , it developed into a tropical storm by August 15 , based on ship observations in the region . That day , it passed to the south of Jamaica and later turned to the northwest . Due to the ongoing War of 1812 , there was a British blockade of American ships , which caused a lack of observations in the region . As a result , the storm 's track was uncertain , although it is believed that the system entered the Gulf of Mexico by August 18 ; that day , a ship reported hurricane @-@ force winds . After moving northward , the hurricane turned to the northwest off the coast of Louisiana .
Although meteorologist David Roth assessed the storm as making landfall on August 19 at Isle Dernière to the west of New Orleans , a research paper from the American Meteorological Society estimated that the hurricane moved ashore about 40 mi ( 60 km ) southeast of New Orleans . Modern research suggests the storm was the equivalent of a major hurricane ( a Category 3 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale ) , or with winds of at least 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) , when it made landfall . It passed just southwest of the city , becoming the closest major hurricane to New Orleans . The wind diameter was average to slightly below @-@ average , and the forward speed was normal . Due to its movement , the hurricane likely maintained much of its strength after making landfall and by the time it affected New Orleans . The hurricane gradually weakened over land , passing near Baton Rouge , Louisiana and Natchez , Mississippi on August 20 . Heavy rainfall was reported in eastern Ohio beginning on August 21 , potentially from the remnants of the storm merging with a cold front .
= = Effect = =
When the storm was moving through the Caribbean Sea , it produced rough seas and heavy rainfall . In Jamaica , gusty winds damaged crops , including to corn and plantains .
As the storm moved ashore in Louisiana , outer rain bands produced gale @-@ force winds and heavy damage at Pensacola , in Spanish West Florida . At Cat Island offshore of Bay St. Louis ( claimed from Spain in the same year , as part of the Mississippi Territory ) , strong winds washed several boats ashore . Hurricane conditions began in New Orleans around 8 p.m. local time on August 19 . In southeastern Louisiana , Fort St. Philip sustained heavy damage , after it was flooded . Most soldiers in the fort drowned . There was a rumor during the storm that the British took over Fort St. Philip , causing a panic in the midst of the War of 1812 ; however , the British fleet was scattered throughout the region , and many British ships were damaged . In New Orleans , the hurricane damaged 53 ships , and several boats were washed ashore along Lake Pontchartrain . The USS Louisiana , a cutter commissioned in 1804 , was wrecked during the hurricane while at port in New Orleans , and the entire crew except for the captain was killed . Debris and bodies from the ships were dispersed along the lake 's coastline . The USS Viper lost its mast while offshore during the storm . Ten people died on the ship " Harlequin " .
The storm produced heavy rainfall , along with a powerful storm surge . Flooding up to 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) deep was reported in New Orleans and portions of Plaquemines Parish . In the Parish , 45 people drowned , and there was heavy damage to the sugar crops . The levee system in New Orleans was heavily damaged . The strong waves washed saltwater 75 mi ( 121 km ) up the Mississippi River . High winds damaged most buildings in New Orleans , some of which were destroyed , and most trees were blown down . The city 's market house was wrecked , despite being described as " indestructible " . Damage was estimated at $ 6 million ( 1812 USD ) , and there were around 100 deaths . Further northwest near Natchez , Mississippi , the storm 's winds were strong enough to knock down trees . The barometric pressure there was 986 mbar ( 29 @.@ 1 inHg ) , although the observation was not calibrated and was later corrected to 995 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) to account for elevation and air temperature .
In the two centuries since the hurricane , the oceans rose about 0 @.@ 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 15 m ) , the wetlands around New Orleans have diminished , and the elevation has dropped due to subsidence . These have increased the threat to the city of a significant hurricane strike . The 1812 hurricane was not a worst @-@ case scenario for New Orleans , as a stronger and larger hurricane would have caused more damage . If the storm struck in 2012 , one researcher estimated the hurricane would have been among the costliest Louisiana hurricanes , comparable to Hurricane Betsy in 1965 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .
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= SMS Ariadne =
SMS Ariadne was the fifth member of the ten @-@ ship Gazelle class of light cruisers , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig , laid down in 1899 , launched in August 1900 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in May 1901 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Ariadne was capable of a top speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) .
Ariadne served with the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet for the majority of her career . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was used to patrol the Heligoland Bight . On 28 August , the British Royal Navy attacked the patrol line , and in the ensuing Battle of Heligoland Bight , Ariadne was attacked and sunk by a pair of battlecruisers . Some 200 of her crew were killed in the battle , with only 59 survivors pulled from the sea .
= = Construction = =
Ariadne was ordered under the contract name " D " and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in 1899 and launched on 10 August 1900 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 18 May 1901 . The ship was 105 @.@ 1 meters ( 345 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 12 @.@ 2 m ( 40 ft ) and a draft of 4 @.@ 93 m ( 16 @.@ 2 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 006 t ( 2 @,@ 959 long tons ; 3 @,@ 314 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines . They were designed to give 8 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 6 @,@ 000 kW ) , for a top speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . Ariadne carried 560 tonnes ( 550 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 @,@ 560 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 590 km ; 4 @,@ 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men .
The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition , for 100 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 20 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 to 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields .
= = Service history = =
After her commissioning , Ariadne was assigned to the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet . In 1905 , she was assigned to the Cruiser Division , alongside her sisters Medusa and Amazone and the armored cruiser Prinz Heinrich . She served with the fleet in German waters for the entirety of her peacetime career . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Ariadne was detached from the fleet for use as a patrol vessel in the Heligoland Bight .
On 23 August , several British commanders submitted a plan to attack the patrol line with the light cruisers and destroyers of the Harwich Force , commanded by Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt . These ships would be supported by submarines and Vice Admiral David Beatty 's battlecruisers and associated light forces . The plan was approved and set for 28 August . The British forces began to leave port on the evening of 26 August , beginning with the submarines assigned to the operation . Most of the surface forces went to sea early on the following morning ; the 7th Cruiser Squadron , which had been added to provide further support to the Harwich Force , left port later in the day .
On the morning of 28 August , Ariadne had been rotated out of the front patrol line and laid at anchor in the entrance of the Weser River in support of the cruisers and torpedo boats on patrol . After receiving reports of the British attack on the morning of the 28th , Ariadne and several other cruisers got up steam and rushed to support the German patrols . She met SMS Stettin at around 13 : 40 , but less than twenty minutes thereafter , Beatty 's battlecruisers , chasing SMS Cöln , arrived and began firing on Ariadne as well . She turned to starboard and attempted to flee . She was hit several times by the British guns , and one hit the forward boiler room . The coal bunker caught fire and five boilers were disabled ; her speed fell to 15 kn ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . Two battlecruisers closed in , until they were firing their 12 in ( 300 mm ) guns at a distance of 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) , point @-@ blank range for guns of that caliber . Ariadne returned fire as best she could , but to no effect .
With fires raging forward and aft , Ariadne had her forward magazine flooded so the fires would not reach the propellant charges . At 14 : 15 , the British ceased fire and allowed Ariadne to limp away . The surviving crew that was able to escape the ship assembled on the forecastle and prepared to abandon the ship . The cruiser Danzig arrived shortly before 15 : 00 and began to pick up survivors , and Stralsund joined the rescue effort shortly thereafter . At 16 : 25 , Ariadne capsized , though she remained afloat for some time before she finally sank . In all , nine officers , including her commander , and fifty enlisted men were rescued . The rescue effort was hampered by frequent explosions of ammunition stored on Ariadne 's deck , which prevented boats from getting too close to the wrecked cruiser .
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= Tsunkatse =
" Tsunkatse " is the fifteenth episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager . The episode first aired on the UPN network on February 9 , 2000 . Directed by Mike Vejar , it was developed from a story by Gannon Kenney and turned into a teleplay by Robert Doherty . The episode featured Dwayne " The Rock " Johnson in a guest role as a Pendari fighter , and former Star Trek : Deep Space Nine actors J. G. Hertzler and Jeffrey Combs .
Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship USS Voyager after they were stranded in the Delta Quadrant far from the rest of the Federation . In this episode , Seven of Nine ( Jeri Ryan ) is abducted , along with Tuvok ( Tim Russ ) , while on a survey mission and forced by her captors to fight in an arena for the entertainment of others .
The episode had originally been called " Arena " . The crossover between Voyager and the UPN wrestling show WWF Smackdown was described as a " clever marketing ploy " by Russ , but received a negative fan reaction on broadcast . However , it received the highest ratings of the season having been watched by 4 @.@ 1 percent of all Nielsen households during sweeps month . It received mixed reviews by critics , with praise reserved for Combs and Hertzler . The fight scenes were praised by Black Belt magazine .
= = Plot = =
The crew are granted shore leave on an alien planet . Lt. Cmdr Chakotay ( Robert Beltran ) and Lt. B 'Elanna Torres ( Roxann Dawson ) attend a mixed martial arts ring sport called " Tsunkatse " . While Captain Kathryn Janeway ( Kate Mulgrew ) visits a neighboring system in the Delta Flyer . Following the match , Seven of Nine ( Jeri Ryan ) and Lt. Cmdr Tuvok ( Tim Russ ) ask Chakotay if they can study a micro @-@ nebula on an away mission . He grants them permission , telling them that they can spend their shore leave in whatever manner they choose . Seven and Tuvok depart in a shuttle , but are captured by an alien vessel en route and Tuvok is injured . Seven is brought to Penk ( Jeffrey Combs ) who blackmails her into fighting in the Tsunkatse matches or else Tuvok will be refused medical treatment .
Chakotay invites other crew members to join him at the next Tsunkatse match . These include Neelix ( Ethan Phillips ) , who is forced to restrict his activities following an allergic reaction to a homeopathic medical treatment . They arrive at the bout and Chakotay explains the rules of the fight to Neelix . The first challenger walks out , a Pendari man ( Dwayne " The Rock " Johnson ) , and the Voyager crew are surprised when he is followed by Seven . As the two circle each other , Chakotay contacts Torres on the ship and updates her on the match , ordering her to transport Seven back to Voyager . Torres discovers that Seven is not on the planet 's surface , and the fight is actually a holographic projection . Seven is defeated by the Pendari and later wakes up in the fighter 's barracks where a Hirogen ( J. G. Hertzler ) is healing her with a device . Penk visits the duo and informs Seven that her next match will be to the death . After he leaves , the Hirogen promises to train her . Seven accepts his training , realizing that even if Voyager can rescue them , she and Tuvok must still survive until then .
On Voyager , the crew track down the source of the holographic transmission – a much larger ship . Seven is led out for the next Tsunkatse match , and discovers that the Hirogen himself is her opponent . As they start to fight , Voyager attacks the Tsunkatse vessel and destroys a localized shield generator . Torres transports Tuvok off the ship , but Seven isn 't in the unshielded area of the ship . The Hirogen takes the advantage in the match , and Voyager 's weapons are taken offline . Janeway arrives in the Delta Flyer and destroys the Tsunktase ship 's signal generators which broadcast the matches . Penk reroutes power to another transmitter , thus weakening his shields . As Seven takes her position to reluctantly kill the Hirogen , both are transported onto Voyager . Afterwards , Chakotay tells the Hirogen that they are en route to transfer him to a vessel of his species . The Hirogen thanks the crew and tells them that he plans to look for his son .
= = Production = =
An early version of the script had Tuvok involved in the fighting , but it was decided that it would be more dramatic if there was a character involved who was not as adept at fighting . Instead , it was decided to have the character of Seven of Nine featured in this way which Tim Russ later described as a " clever marketing ploy " as UPN promoted that character heavily at the time . The episode was originally entitled " Arena " , but was subsequently renamed to " Tsunkatse " .
WWE wrestler and actor Dwayne " The Rock " Johnson appeared as the Pendari Champion in a guest role . Johnson performed his own stunts in the episode , although the other actors were represented in the fight scenes by stunt doubles . He used one of his signature moves , the " Rock Bottom " , during the fight scenes against Ryan 's Seven of Nine as well as other wrestling moves . Despite the use of stunt doubles and the choreography of the fight scenes , Ryan was still reportedly quite sore after the first day 's shooting completed .
The episode also featured guest appearances by actors J. G. Hertzler and Jeffrey Combs best known to Star Trek fans from the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine where they respectively played Martok and the double role of Weyoun and Brunt . Combs described his character as the " Don King of my quadrant " , but was a little uneasy about appearing on Voyager after 35 episodes of Deep Space Nine as some of the sets from his former show had been re @-@ used in a different manner , saying " It felt like how an old person might feel going home , but things are not quite the same . "
Hertzler said in an interview that he based his character on the role played by Morgan Freeman in the film The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) . He said that " Freeman plays a lifer . A guy that 's been a lifer in prison has a different attitude toward life and death . " Other influences included Tony Todd , who had appeared as a Hirogen in the fourth season episode " Prey " , and Hertzler subsequently compared the costumes that he and Todd wore in their roles , saying " The frustrating thing for me was that Tony got to wear shoulder pads , a huge chest piece , a fabulous helmet . I didn 't get any of that . I was in a skintight rubber suit . Had I been 23 , I would have been much happier , but at 49 ? "
= = Reception and home media release = =
" Tsunkatse " was first aired on February 9 , 2000 on the UPN network during the sweeps month . It received a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 1 / 6 percent , meaning that it was seen by 4 @.@ 1 percent of all households , and 6 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast . This placed it in sixth place during the timeslot , but was the most watched episode of the sixth season . It was a slight increase in ratings compared to the previous year 's episode " Bliss " , which received ratings of 3 @.@ 9 percent . However , it was the only episode broadcast in 2000 which saw an improvement from the same sweeps month during the previous year . The episode suffered from a negative fan reaction upon release , with it seen as an attempt to crossover between Voyager and UPN 's other show , WWF SmackDown .
Michelle Erica Green , in her review for TrekNation , described the episode as the opposite of Gene Roddenberry 's original ideals for Star Trek but enjoyed the performances of Combs and Hertzler . She thought that Chakotay was poorly characterized in the episode , and predicted that the events portrayed would typically be forgotten by the next episode . Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " said that he thought that the episode would be a " ratings @-@ stunt disaster " but that it turned out to be " surprisingly okay " . However , he thought that the plot was absent but the episode was carried by strong guest stars and gave it a score of two and a half out of four , calling it " entertainingly assembled trash " .
Peter Franks reviewed the VHS release of the episode for Dreamwatch magazine , saying that it was " below average " and could have been a plot used on Star Trek : The Next Generation with Data replacing Seven of Nine . In the season six review by Dreamwatch , " Tsunkatse " was given a rating of three out of five . The fight scenes in the episode were reviewed by Robert W. Young for Black Belt magazine . Young described it as being " uncharacteristically cool from a martial arts perspective " and that " it was nice to see a value @-@ judgement @-@ free depiction of no @-@ holds @-@ barred competition on such a respected TV series . " He thought that the combat itself was believable and that Seven may have been using moves taken from Jeet Kune Do , a style founded by Bruce Lee . He summed it up by saying that in this episode " The martial arts of Star Trek have finally gone where no one has gone before . "
" Tsunkatse " was first released as a two episode VHS cassette alongside " Collective " in the United Kingdom on October 2 , 2000 . It was included in the season six DVD set , released in the United States and Canada on December 7 , 2004 .
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= Manchester United F.C. =
Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed " the Red Devils " , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 .
Manchester United have won a record 20 league titles , a joint @-@ record 12 FA Cups , four League Cups and a record 20 FA Community Shields . The club has also won three European Cups , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998 – 99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League , the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League .
The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . José Mourinho is the club 's current manager , having been appointed on 27 May 2016 .
Manchester United was the second highest @-@ earning football club in the world for 2013 – 14 , with an annual revenue of € 518 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2015 , valued at $ 1 @.@ 98 billion . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1 @.@ 2 billion . It is one of the most widely supported football teams in the world . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £ 800 million , after which the company was taken private again . In August 2012 , Manchester United made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . The club holds several rivalries , most notably with Liverpool , Manchester City and Leeds United , and more recently with Arsenal .
= = History = =
= = = Early years ( 1878 – 1945 ) = = =
Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( LYR ) depot at Newton Heath . The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies , but on 20 November 1880 , they competed in their first recorded match ; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6 – 0 by Bolton Wanderers ' reserve team . By 1888 , the club had become a founding member of The Combination , a regional football league . Following the league 's dissolution after only one season , Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance , which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League . This resulted in the club starting the 1892 – 93 season in the First Division , by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the " LYR " from its name . After two seasons , the club was relegated to the Second Division .
In January 1902 , with debts of £ 2 @,@ 670 – equivalent to £ 260 @,@ 000 in 2016 – the club was served with a winding @-@ up order . Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen , including John Henry Davies ( who became club president ) , each willing to invest £ 500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name ; on 24 April 1902 , Manchester United was officially born . Under Ernest Mangnall , who assumed managerial duties in 1903 , the team finished as Second Division runners @-@ up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division , which they won in 1908 – the club 's first league title . The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club 's first FA Cup title . Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911 , but at the end of the following season , Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City .
In 1922 , three years after the resumption of football following the First World War , the club was relegated to the Second Division , where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925 . Relegated again in 1931 , Manchester United became a yo @-@ yo club , achieving its all @-@ time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934 . Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927 , the club 's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson , who , in December 1931 , invested £ 2 @,@ 000 and assumed control of the club . In the 1938 – 39 season , the last year of football before the Second World War , the club finished 14th in the First Division .
= = = Busby years ( 1945 – 1969 ) = = =
In October 1945 , the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby , who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection , player transfers and training sessions . Busby led the team to second @-@ place league finishes in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 , and to FA Cup victory in 1948 . In 1952 , the club won the First Division , its first league title for 41 years . With an average age of 22 , the back @-@ to @-@ back title winning side of 1956 were labelled " the Busby Babes " by the media , a testament to Busby 's faith in his youth players . In 1957 , Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup , despite objections from The Football League , who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season . En route to the semi @-@ final , which they lost to Real Madrid , the team recorded a 10 – 0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht , which remains the club 's biggest victory on record .
The following season , on the way home from a European Cup quarter @-@ final victory against Red Star Belgrade , the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players , officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich , Germany . The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives , including those of eight players – Geoff Bent , Roger Byrne , Eddie Colman , Duncan Edwards , Mark Jones , David Pegg , Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan – and injured several more .
Reserve team manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club 's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final , which they lost to Bolton Wanderers . In recognition of the team 's tragedy , UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958 – 59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers . Despite approval from the FA , the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition , since it had not qualified . Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand , who combined with the next generation of youth players – including George Best – to win the FA Cup in 1963 . The following season , they finished second in the league , then won the title in 1965 and 1967 . In 1968 , Manchester United became the first English ( and second British ) club to win the European Cup , beating Benfica 4 – 1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year : Bobby Charlton , Denis Law and George Best . Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach , former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness .
= = = 1969 – 1986 = = =
Following an eighth @-@ place finish in the 1969 – 70 season and a poor start to the 1970 – 71 season , Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties , and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach . In June 1971 , Frank O 'Farrell was appointed as manager , but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972 . Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season , only to see them relegated in 1974 ; by that time the trio of Best , Law , and Charlton had left the club . The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976 , but were beaten by Southampton . They reached the final again in 1977 , beating Liverpool 2 – 1 . Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards , following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist 's wife .
Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977 . Despite major signings , including Joe Jordan , Gordon McQueen , Gary Bailey , and Ray Wilkins , the team failed to achieve any significant results ; they finished in the top two in 1979 – 80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final . Sexton was dismissed in 1981 , even though the team won the last seven games under his direction . He was replaced by Ron Atkinson , who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion . Under Atkinson , Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years – in 1983 and 1985 . In 1985 – 86 , after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches , the club was favourite to win the league , but finished in fourth place . The following season , with the club in danger of relegation by November , Atkinson was dismissed .
= = = Ferguson years ( 1986 – 2013 ) = = =
Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson 's dismissal , and guided the club to an 11th @-@ place finish in the league . Despite a second @-@ place finish in 1987 – 88 , the club was back in 11th place the following season . Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed , victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay ( after a 3 – 3 draw ) saved Ferguson 's career . The following season , Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners ' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup , beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1 – 0 in the final at Old Trafford . A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992 , in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1 – 0 at Wembley . In 1993 , the club won its first league title since 1967 , and a year later , for the first time since 1957 , it won a second consecutive title – alongside the FA Cup – to complete the first " Double " in the club 's history .
In the 1998 – 99 season , Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – " The Treble " – in the same season . Losing 1 – 0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final , Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich , in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time . The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1 – 0 in Tokyo . Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football .
Manchester United won the league again in the 1999 – 2000 and 2000 – 01 seasons . The team finished third in 2001 – 02 , before regaining the title in 2002 – 03 . They won the 2003 – 04 FA Cup , beating Millwall 3 – 0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . In the 2005 – 06 season , Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade , but recovered to secure a second @-@ place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final . The club regained the Premier League in the 2006 – 07 and 2007 – 08 seasons , and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6 – 5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow 's Luzhniki Stadium . Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game , overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton . In December 2008 , the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008 – 09 Football League Cup , and its third successive Premier League title . That summer , Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £ 80 million . In 2010 , Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2 – 1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup , its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition .
After finishing as runner @-@ up to Chelsea in the 2009 – 10 season , United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010 – 11 , securing the championship with a 1 – 1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011 . This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012 – 13 , securing the championship with a 3 – 0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013 .
= = = 2013 – present = = =
On 8 May 2013 , Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season , but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador . The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July , having signed a six @-@ year contract . Ryan Giggs took over as interim player @-@ manager 10 months later , on 22 April 2014 , when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995 – 96 . They also failed to qualify for the Europa League , meaning that it was the first time Manchester United hadn 't qualified for a European competition since 1990 . On 19 May 2014 , it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three @-@ year deal , with Giggs as his assistant . Malcolm Glazer , the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club , died on 28 May 2014 .
Although Van Gaal 's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth @-@ place finish in the Premier League , his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage . United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season , finishing in 5th place , in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal 's tenure . However , that same season , Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time , putting them on par with Arsenal in total FA Cup wins . Despite this victory , Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later , with José Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May , signing a three @-@ year contract .
= = Crest and colours = =
The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms , although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail . The devil stems from the club 's nickname " The Red Devils " ; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s , and incorporated into the club crest in 1970 , although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 ( unless the team was playing in a Cup Final ) .
Newton Heath 's uniform in 1879 , four years before the club played its first competitive match , has been documented as ' white with blue cord ' . A photograph of the Newton Heath team , taken in 1892 , is believed to show the players wearing red @-@ and @-@ white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers . Between 1894 – 96 , the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts , which were worn with navy blue shorts .
After the name change in 1902 , the club colours were changed to red shirts , white shorts , and black socks , which has become the standard Manchester United home kit . Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red " V " around the neck , similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final . They remained part of their home kits until 1927 . For a period in 1934 , the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours , but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club 's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change . The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965 , where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 , when the club reverted to black . Black shorts and / or white socks are sometimes worn with the home strip , most often in away games , if there is a clash with the opponent 's kit . The current home kit is a red shirt with a white v @-@ neck collar with black and red trim , the trademark Adidas three stripes going along the shoulders and sleeves with a space to accommodate sleeve patches , and white cuffs .
The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt , black shorts and white socks , but there have been several exceptions . These include an all @-@ black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995 , the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999 – 2000 season , and the 2011 – 12 away kit , which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes , with black shorts and blue socks . An all @-@ grey away kit worn during the 1995 – 96 season was dropped after just five games , most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half @-@ time of its final outing . The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their team @-@ mates against the crowd , United failed to win a competitive game in the kit . In 2001 , to celebrate 100 years as " Manchester United " , a reversible white / gold away kit was released , although the actual match day shirts were not reversible .
The club 's third kit is often all @-@ blue , this was most recently the case during the 2014 – 15 season . Exceptions include a green @-@ and @-@ gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994 , a blue @-@ and @-@ white striped shirt worn during the 1994 – 95 and 1995 – 96 seasons and once in 1996 – 97 , an all @-@ black kit worn during the Treble @-@ winning 1998 – 99 season , and a white shirt with black @-@ and @-@ red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003 and 2005 . Since 2006 – 07 , the third kit has usually been the previous season 's away kit , the exceptions being the 2008 – 09 and 2014 – 15 seasons .
= = = Kit evolution = = =
Notes
= = Grounds = =
Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road , close to the railway yard ; the original capacity was about 12 @,@ 000 , but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League . Some expansion took place in 1887 , and in 1891 , Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands , each able to hold 1 @,@ 000 spectators . Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road , the highest documented attendance was approximately 15 @,@ 000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893 . A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889 .
In June 1893 , after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners , Manchester Deans and Canons , who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground , secretary A. H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton . It initially had no stands , by the start of the 1893 – 94 season , two had been built ; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the " Bradford end " . At the opposite end , the " Clayton end " , the ground had been " built up , thousands thus being provided for " . Newton Heath 's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893 , when 10 @,@ 000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat @-@ trick , Newton Heath 's only goals in a 3 – 2 win . The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later . In October 1895 , before the visit of Manchester City , the club purchased a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club , and put up another stand on the " reserved side " ( as distinct from the " popular side " ) . However , weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12 @,@ 000 .
When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902 , club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club 's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham . Following financial investment , new club president John Henry Davies paid £ 500 for the erection of a new 1 @,@ 000 @-@ seat stand at Bank Street . Within four years , the stadium had cover on all four sides , as well as the ability to hold approximately 50 @,@ 000 spectators , some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand .
However , following Manchester United 's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later , it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies ' ambition ; in February 1909 , six weeks before the club 's first FA Cup title , Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United , following the purchase of land for around £ 60 @,@ 000 . Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £ 30 @,@ 000 for construction ; original plans called for seating capacity of 100 @,@ 000 , though budget constraints forced a revision to 77 @,@ 000 . The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester . The stadium 's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939 , when an FA Cup semi @-@ final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76 @,@ 962 spectators .
Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium ; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter . After the war , the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £ 22 @,@ 278 . While reconstruction took place , the team played its " home " games at Manchester City 's Maine Road ground ; Manchester United was charged £ 5 @,@ 000 per year , plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts . Later improvements included the addition of roofs , first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands . The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans ' views , and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure . The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof , completed in time for the 1993 – 94 season . First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £ 40 @,@ 000 , four 180 @-@ foot ( 55 m ) pylons were erected , each housing 54 individual floodlights . These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand , which remains in use today .
The Taylor Report 's requirement for an all @-@ seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44 @,@ 000 by 1993 . In 1995 , the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers , restoring capacity to approximately 55 @,@ 000 . At the end of the 1998 – 99 season , second tiers were added to the East and West Stands , raising capacity to around 67 @,@ 000 , and between July 2005 and May 2006 , 8 @,@ 000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north @-@ west and north @-@ east quadrants . Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006 , when an attendance of 69 @,@ 070 became a new Premier League record . The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007 , when 76 @,@ 098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4 – 1 , with just 114 seats ( 0 @.@ 15 per cent of the total capacity of 76 @,@ 212 ) unoccupied . In 2009 , reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75 @,@ 957 . Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund .
= = Support = =
Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world , with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide , while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million . The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams ( after Barcelona and Real Madrid ) , with over 67 million Facebook fans as of November 2015 . A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League .
Supporters are represented by two independent bodies ; the Independent Manchester United Supporters ' Association ( IMUSA ) , which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum , and the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust ( MUST ) . After the Glazer family 's takeover in 2005 , a group of fans formed a splinter club , F.C. United of Manchester . The West Stand of Old Trafford – the " Stretford End " – is the home end and the traditional source of the club 's most vocal support .
= = = Rivalries = = =
Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal , Leeds United , Liverpool , and Manchester City , against whom they contest the Manchester derby .
The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port . Manchester United and Liverpool are also the two most successful teams in England and , at many points in their history , they have battled each other for the league title ( most recently in the 2008 – 09 season ) . Their matches are usually considered by the players and their fans as the biggest in any given season .
The " Roses Rivalry " with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses , fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York , with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire .
The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams , as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger , have battled for the Premier League title . With 33 titles between them ( 20 for Manchester United , 13 for Arsenal ) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match @-@ ups in history .
= = Global brand = =
Manchester United has been described as a global brand ; a 2011 report by Brand Finance , valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £ 412 million – an increase of £ 39 million on the previous year , valuing it at £ 11 million more than the second best brand , Real Madrid – and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA ( Extremely Strong ) . In July 2012 , Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands , valuing the Manchester United brand at $ 2 @.@ 23 billion . The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League ( behind Real Madrid and Barcelona ) . In January 2013 , the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $ 3 billion . Forbes Magazine valued the club at $ 3 @.@ 3 billion – $ 1 @.@ 2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team .
The core strength of Manchester United 's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby 's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster , which drew worldwide acclaim . The " iconic " team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles ( members of England 's World Cup winning team ) , Denis Law and George Best . The attacking style of play adopted by this team ( in contrast to the defensive @-@ minded " catenaccio " approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era ) " captured the imagination of the English footballing public " . Busby 's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s ; George Best , known as the " fifth Beatle " for his iconic haircut , was the first footballer to significantly develop an off @-@ the @-@ field media profile .
As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club raised significant capital , with which it further developed its commercial strategy . The club 's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses . The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off @-@ the @-@ field media attention to individual players , most notably David Beckham ( who quickly developed his own global brand ) . This attention often generates greater interest in on @-@ the @-@ field activities , and hence generates sponsorship opportunities – the value of which is driven by television exposure . During his time with the club , Beckham 's popularity across Asia was integral to the club 's commercial success in that part of the world .
Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights , success on the field generates greater income for the club . Since the inception of the Premier League , Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal . Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club ; in 2005 – 06 , the club 's commercial arm generated £ 51 million , compared to £ 42 @.@ 5 million at Chelsea , £ 39 @.@ 3 million at Liverpool , £ 34 million at Arsenal and £ 27 @.@ 9 million at Newcastle United . A key sponsorship relationship is with sportswear company Nike , who manage the club 's merchandising operation as part of a £ 303 million 13 @-@ year partnership established in 2002 . Through Manchester United Finance and the club 's membership scheme , One United , those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services . Additionally , Manchester United @-@ branded media services – such as the club 's dedicated television channel , MUTV – have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium .
= = = Sponsorship = = =
In an initial five @-@ year deal worth £ 500 @,@ 000 , Sharp Electronics became the club 's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982 – 83 season , a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999 – 2000 season , when Vodafone agreed a four @-@ year , £ 30 million deal . Vodafone agreed to pay £ 36 million to extend the deal by four years , but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League .
To commence at the start of the 2006 – 07 season , American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four @-@ year £ 56 @.@ 5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world . At the beginning of the 2010 – 11 season , American reinsurance company Aon became the club 's principal sponsor in a four @-@ year deal reputed to be worth approximately £ 80 million , making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history . Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011 , agreeing a four @-@ year deal with DHL reported to be worth £ 40 million ; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football . The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012 , although they remained the club 's official logistics partner . The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £ 180 million over eight years , which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre .
The club 's first kit manufacturer was Umbro , until a five @-@ year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975 . Adidas received the contract in 1980 , before Umbro started a second spell in 1992 . Umbro 's sponsorship lasted for ten years , followed by Nike 's record @-@ breaking £ 302 @.@ 9 million deal that lasted until 2015 ; 3 @.@ 8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company . In addition to Nike and Chevrolet , the club also has several lower @-@ level " platinum " sponsors , including Aon and Budweiser .
On 30 July 2012 , United signed a seven @-@ year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors , which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014 – 15 season . The new $ 80m @-@ a @-@ year shirt deal is worth $ 559m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet . Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014 – 15 season , citing rising costs . Since the start of the 2015 – 16 season , Adidas has manufactured Manchester United 's kit as part of a world @-@ record 10 @-@ year deal worth a minimum of £ 750 million .
= = Ownership and finances = =
Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company , the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £ 1 via an application form . In 1902 , majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £ 500 to save the club from bankruptcy , including future club president John Henry Davies . After his death in 1927 , the club faced bankruptcy yet again , but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson , who assumed control of the club after an investment of £ 2 @,@ 000 . Gibson promoted his son , Alan , to the board in 1948 , but died three years later ; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James ' wife , Lillian , but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman .
Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster , Louis Edwards , a friend of Matt Busby , began acquiring shares in the club ; for an investment of approximately £ 40 @,@ 000 , he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964 . When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971 , her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards ' son , Martin , in 1978 ; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father 's death in 1980 . Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984 , but did not meet Edwards ' asking price . In 1989 , chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £ 20 million , but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the Board of Directors instead .
Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 ( raising £ 6 @.@ 7 million ) , and received yet another takeover bid in 1998 , this time from Rupert Murdoch 's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation . This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch – now the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust – who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover . The Manchester United board accepted a £ 623 million offer , but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999 . A few years later , a power struggle emerged between the club 's manager , Alex Ferguson , and his horse @-@ racing partners , John Magnier and J. P. McManus , who had gradually become the majority shareholders . In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar , Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager , and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen 's majority .
In May 2005 , Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28 @.@ 7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier , thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £ 800 million ( then approx . $ 1 @.@ 5 billion ) . Once the purchase was complete , the club was taken off the stock exchange . In July 2006 , the club announced a £ 660 million debt refinancing package , resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £ 62 million a year . In January 2010 , with debts of £ 716 @.@ 5 million ( $ 1 @.@ 17 billion ) , Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £ 504 million , enabling them to pay off most of the £ 509 million owed to international banks . The annual interest payable on the bonds – which mature on 1 February 2017 – is approximately £ 45 million per annum . Despite restructuring , the club 's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010 , at Old Trafford and the club 's Trafford Training Centre . Supporter groups encouraged match @-@ going fans to wear green and gold , the colours of Newton Heath . On 30 January , reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans , dubbed the " Red Knights " , with plans to buying out the Glazers ' controlling interest .
In August 2011 , the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $ 1 billion ( approx . £ 600 million ) initial public offering ( IPO ) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £ 2 billion . However , in July 2012 , the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead . Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $ 16 and $ 20 each , but the price was cut to $ 14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August , following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook 's disappointing stock market debut in May . Even after the cut , Manchester United was valued at $ 2 @.@ 3 billion , making it the most valuable football club in the world .
= = Players = =
= = = First @-@ team squad = = =
As of 22 July 2016
Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality .
= = = = On loan = = = =
Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality .
= = = Reserves and academy = = =
= = = Former players = = =
= = = Club captains = = =
= = = Player records = = =
= = = Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year = = =
= = Club officials = =
Owner : Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited
Honorary president : Martin Edwards
Manchester United Limited
Co @-@ chairmen : Avram Glazer and Joel Glazer
Executive Vice Chairman : Ed Woodward
Group Managing Director : Richard Arnold
Chief Financial Officer : Cliff Baty
Commercial Director : Jamieson Reigle
Non @-@ executive directors : Bryan Glazer , Kevin Glazer , Edward Glazer , Darcie Glazer Kassewitz , Robert Leitão , John Hooks and Manu Sawhney
Manchester United Football Club
Directors : David Gill , Michael Edelson , Sir Bobby Charlton , Sir Alex Ferguson
Club secretary : John Alexander
Club ambassadors : Andy Cole , Gary Neville , Bryan Robson , Peter Schmeichel , Bobby Charlton , Alex Ferguson , Park Ji @-@ sung
= = = Managerial history = = =
= = Honours = =
Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe . The club 's first trophy was the Manchester Cup , which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886 . In 1908 , the club won its first league title , and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year . Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s ; five league titles , four FA Cups , one League Cup , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup .
The club holds the record for most top @-@ division titles ( 20 ) – including a record 13 Premier League titles – FA Cups ( 12 ) and FA Community Shields ( 20 ) . It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968 and as of 2016 is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup , in 2008 . United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup in 1999 . The club 's most recent trophy came in May 2016 with the 2015 – 16 FA Cup .
The only major honour that Manchester United has never won is the UEFA Europa League , although the team reached the quarter @-@ finals in 1984 – 85 and the semi @-@ finals of the competition 's precursor tournament , the Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup , in 1964 – 65 .
= = = Domestic = = =
= = = = League = = = =
First Division ( until 1992 ) and Premier League : 20
1907 – 08 , 1910 – 11 , 1951 – 52 , 1955 – 56 , 1956 – 57 , 1964 – 65 , 1966 – 67 , 1992 – 93 , 1993 – 94 , 1995 – 96 , 1996 – 97 , 1998 – 99 , 1999 – 2000 , 2000 – 01 , 2002 – 03 , 2006 – 07 , 2007 – 08 , 2008 – 09 , 2010 – 11 , 2012 – 13 ( record )
Second Division : 2
1935 – 36 , 1974 – 75
= = = = Cups = = = =
FA Cup : 12
1908 – 09 , 1947 – 48 , 1962 – 63 , 1976 – 77 , 1982 – 83 , 1984 – 85 , 1989 – 90 , 1993 – 94 , 1995 – 96 , 1998 – 99 , 2003 – 04 , 2015 – 16 ( shared record )
League Cup : 4
1991 – 92 , 2005 – 06 , 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10
FA Charity / Community Shield : 20 ( 16 outright , 4 shared )
1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 ( * shared ) ( record )
= = = European = = =
European Cup / UEFA Champions League : 3
1967 – 68 , 1998 – 99 , 2007 – 08
UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : 1
1990 – 91
UEFA Super Cup : 1
1991
= = = Worldwide = = =
Intercontinental Cup : 1
1999
FIFA Club World Cup : 1
2008
= = = Doubles and Trebles = = =
Doubles :
League and FA Cup : 2
1993 – 94 , 1995 – 96
League and League Cup : 1
2008 – 09
European Double ( League and European Cup ) : 1
2007 – 08
" The Treble " ( League , FA Cup and European Cup ) : 1
1998 – 99
Especially short competitions such as the Charity / Community Shield , Intercontinental Cup ( now defunct ) , FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble .
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= New York State Route 83 =
New York State Route 83 ( NY 83 ) is a state route located entirely in Chautauqua County , New York in the United States . It extends from an intersection with U.S. Route 62 ( US 62 ) in the hamlet of Conewango Valley ( at the Cattaraugus County border ) to NY 60 in the hamlet of Laona , near Fredonia . Along the way , NY 83 intersects with NY 322 at Balcom Corners and serves the village of Cherry Creek .
NY 83 initially extended south to Frewsburg when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering . The portion of the route between Frewsburg and Conewango Valley became part of US 62 c . 1932 , resulting in the truncation of NY 83 to its current southern terminus in the 1940s .
= = Route description = =
NY 83 begins at US 62 in the hamlet of Conewango Valley , located in the northeastern corner of the town of Ellington . The route heads north @-@ northwestward , paralleling a pair of train tracks , and shortly after enters the village of Cherry Creek , where it intersects County Route 70 ( CR 70 ) and CR 68 , respectively . Known as Main Street , it bows out to the east slightly , and subsequently takes on a due north path as it heads through the town of Cherry Creek . A couple miles later , it reaches the hamlet of Balcom Corners ( located in the town of Villenova ) , a community situated at the junction of NY 83 and the western terminus of NY 322 . Here , NY 83 turns westward toward the community of Hamlet , where it intersects with CR 72 .
NY 83 begins a more erratic routing , passing between West Mud Lake and Black Pond as it enters the town of Arkwright . For a short distance it is concurrent with CR 85 , and takes on the name Black Corner Street , so named because it is located within the hamlet of Black Corners . Although this portion of NY 83 is cosigned with CR 85 , it is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation . An intersection with CR 79 is not far off , as it passes just north of the town of Arkwright . NY 83 proceeds west @-@ northwest until it reaches its ending terminus at NY 60 in the community of Laona , located just west of the Arkwright town line in Pomfret .
= = History = =
NY 83 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to an alignment extending from Frewsburg in the south to Laona in the north . US 62 was extended into New York c . 1932 , overlapping NY 83 from Frewsburg to Conewango Valley . The overlap was eliminated in the 1940s when NY 83 was truncated to its junction with US 62 in Conewango Valley .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Chautauqua County .
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= 7 Things =
" 7 Things " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter and actress Miley Cyrus . The song was written by Cyrus and co @-@ written by Antonina Armato , and Tim James and produced by John Fields . It was released on June 17 , 2008 by Hollywood Records as the lead single from the first studio album released by Cyrus with no ties to her character Hannah Montana from the Disney Channel comedy series of the same name . Also registered as " Seven Things I Hate About You " , Cyrus developed the song during the Best of Both Worlds Tour while feeling numerous emotions for an ex @-@ boyfriend , mainly being furious . The song 's release brought allegations that it was about Nick Jonas of the Jonas Brothers , which Cyrus neither confirmed nor denied . Musically , " 7 Things " bears aspects of both country and pop punk , while the lyrics in the song 's refrain list seven traits Cyrus hates about an ex @-@ boyfriend .
" 7 Things " received mixed to positive reviews from music critics and enjoyed worldwide commercial success , becoming a top ten hit on charts in Australia , Japan , Norway , and the United States . The single was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , while its appearance on the Japan Hot 100 made " 7 Things " Cyrus ' first song to chart in an Asian country . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Brett Ratner and features Cyrus performing the song with a back @-@ up band as many teenage girls lipsync along . The girls clutch a variety of props , such as love letters and snow globes , inspired by personal items Cyrus ' ex had given her . The video was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award at both the 2008 and 2009 award shows . Cyrus promoted the song through several venues including her world tours , the Wonder World Tour and the Gypsy Heart Tour .
= = Background = =
" 7 Things " is also under the legal title of " Seven Things I Hate About You " , as registered by Broadcast Music Incorporated ( BMI ) . Like most of the songs on Breakout , Cyrus conceived " 7 Things " while traveling on the Best of Both Worlds Tour from October 2007 to January 2008 .
" I was locked up in the bus the entire time . And it was , like , such a great time for me to have a minute for myself , which I never get . So it was awesome to get to do that and just kinda go through all the different stages of what 's been going on the last couple of years . And I just thought it 'd be fun to just kinda . I didn 't even mean for it to be for , you know , the record or for anything . It was just like ' just start writing this ' . I got into it and I played some of it for my sister and she was like , ' dude , that 's awesome ' . And it was just so much fun to have , like , a good , little therapy moment for me , just to be able to go through everything . It was awesome . It was so much fun to write . "
Cyrus says " 7 Things " was inspired by an ex @-@ boyfriend . In an interview with Ryan Seacrest , Cyrus said that she was " going through [ ... ] nine @-@ hundred different emotions while trying to write [ the ] song " and that her use of the word " hate " demonstrated how furious she was . When Seacrest asked if she was worried the song 's subject would hear it and be upset , Cyrus responded that while she was slightly worried , " I want him to be upset . That was my point . " She showed her draft to co @-@ songwriters and producers Tim James and Antonia Armato , who suggested adding it to Breakout . Originally , " 7 Things " was more " soft and nice " but Cyrus says she " went nuts " during the recording process and gave the song a harder sound . Cyrus had initially chosen " Fly on the Wall " as the lead single from Breakout , but replaced it with " 7 Things " because she felt it was a " better introduction " to the album .
= = = Nick Jonas allegations = = =
Allegations that " 7 Things " was about Nick Jonas , lead singer of the Jonas Brothers , sprouted soon after the song 's premiere on the May 13 , 2008 broadcast of the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show . Cyrus and Jonas had dated for two @-@ and a half years before breaking up in late 2008 . Cyrus claimed , " Nick and I loved each other " and that after the breakup she " bawled for a month straight " while trying to rebel " against everything Nick wanted [ her ] to be " .
Henry Freeland of Paste described " 7 Things " as " the list of reasons she hates an ex @-@ boyfriend ( who just might be lead Jonas Brother , Nick ) " and her " concern [ ... ] that all of this hatred only leads them to love Maybe @-@ Nick [ ... ] all the more " . Blogger Molly Lambert , quoted in The New York Times said , " [ Cyrus ] had recently broken up with her first serious boyfriend — a fellow Disney celebrity , Nick Jonas , of the Jonas Brothers , who was also her arena @-@ concert tour mate during their secret two @-@ year affair . In the video for ' 7 Things ' she wears Nick ’ s diabetes dog tags while singing about how his vanity and insecurity undermined their relationship . " Jessica Herndon of People similarly points out the necklace and the fact that Jonas , " who split with Cyrus in late 2008 after two @-@ and a half years of dating – has Type 1 diabetes and is a spokesperson for awareness of the disease . " When asked if the allegations were true , Cyrus said ,
" [ W ] ith ' 7 Things , ' I think a lot of people do , you know , think it ’ s about Nick Jonas , and if they think it is , that ’ s fine , or whoever they think it ’ s about . But mostly that song is about who , um , they want it to be to . Like mostly , it ’ s if a girl hates her current , or ex @-@ boyfriend — for me it ’ s an ex @-@ boyfriend — so I think , you know , like , Nick is someone that was really important in my life , but I don ’ t hate him . It ’ s a good song and it ’ s fun . "
While Jonas responded the allegations with , " I think it ’ s funny . Honestly , I ’ m not insecure , my friends are cool — so it can ’ t be about me ! " According to Tiger Beat magazine , when Cyrus ' best friend Mandy Jiroux was asked if " 7 Things " was about Jonas ; she responded , " yes " .
= = Composition = =
" 7 Things " is a pop punk song with a length of three minutes and 33 seconds . According to Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine , the song 's verses are tinged with country while its refrains bear pop punk aspects . The song is set in common time and has moderate rock tempo of 108 beats per minute . It is written in the key of E major while Cyrus ' vocals span one octave , ranging from G # 3 to G # 4 . Fraser McAlpine of the BBC called the song " a three @-@ tempo patchwork quilt " . In the song 's introduction , the band begins to strum acoustic guitars at a moderate tempo while Cyrus chants " sha " . The tempo continues as Cyrus begins the first verse in the song 's fourth bar . At each chorus , " 7 Things " speeds up dramatically and Cyrus ' vocals become aggressive and forceful ; Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly described the transition as " from sensitive breakup song in the strummy verses to punky @-@ pop kiss @-@ off in the double @-@ time choruses . " McAlpine noted the stress Cyrus places on vowels in the song : " ' yerw ' instead of ' you ' , ' erw ' instead of ' oh ' , and so on ... " .
The song 's lyrics are written in second person , a message from the singer to her ex @-@ boyfriend detailing the hurt he caused her while they were dating . The refrain is a list of the seven traits the singer " hates " most about her ex , with the seventh item being her frustration that despite his flaws , he makes her love him . Ben Ratliff of The New York Times noted that the list actually " runs to 8 to 11 things , depending on how you parse it " . Henry Freedland of Paste magazine compared it to a similar list featured as a poem in the 1999 film 10 Things I Hate About You . In one verse , Cyrus asks for a sincere apology and states , " If you text it , I 'll delete it " , which Molly Lambert of The New York Times said " perfectly captur [ es ] our confusing age of technologically mediated courtship . " The song concludes with a variation of the refrain , in which Cyrus names the seven things she likes the most about her ex , again concluding with " you make me love you " .
= = Critical reception = =
" 7 Things " received mixed reviews from critics . Fraser McAlpine of the BBC called the song " smashing " , complimenting Cyrus ' " punker attitude all wrapped up in an immaculate gloss " . Todd Martens of The Los Angeles Times wrote that while he wished the song had played up Cyrus ' frustration rather than concluding with the kind final verse , " the winning , full @-@ on chorus -- and Miley 's exuberance -- are enough to make it a success . " Ben Ratliff of The New York Times said " 7 Things " " lists with talky insecurity what she hates about a guy " and calls " the seven things she likes [ ... ] a shameless Disney ending " . Heather Phares of Allmusic contended , " 7 Things " is a twangy , clever piece of love @-@ hate pop that feels descended from Shania Twain 's flirty mix of rock and country " and marked it as one of the best tracks on Breakout . Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly called it one of Breakout 's " best tunes " because it " let Cyrus be feisty without graduating to Avril @-@ like levels of petulance " while Josh Timmermann of PopMatters finds it " appealing " .
Mordechai Shinefield of The Village Voice described the song as " hooky and catchy enough " , but warned that " it 's only a step away from warmed @-@ over emo platitudes " . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe claimed " [ Avril ] Lavigne 's brand of pop @-@ punk snarl creeps into ' 7 Things ' . " Robert Christgau labeled " 7 Things " and " Breakout " the best songs on Breakout . Chris Richards of The Washington Post claimed the album 's " overproduction is apparent on the chorus of the album 's first single , " 7 Things , " an avalanche of guitars and rushed syllables . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the single " rather annoying " and not " a worthy follow @-@ up to ' See You Again ' " , while Bill Lamb of About.com said the " winning performance " demonstrated that " Miley Cyrus does not intend to simply be a TV @-@ generated phenomenon in the pop music world . She is a compelling pop artist in her own right . "
= = Chart performance = =
On the week ending June 21 , 2008 , " 7 Things " debuted at number 85 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song ascended to number seventy the week ending July 5 , 2008 before jumping to number 70 in its third week due to sales of 130 @,@ 000 digital downloads . " 7 Things " moved up to number nine on the week ending July 26 , 2008 , surpassing " See You Again " and becoming Cyrus ' best charting effort on the Hot 100 . However , the single only managed to spend a measly fifteen weeks on the Hot 100 , and therefore was ranked at as low as # 92 in the Year @-@ End in 2008 . " 7 Things " also peaked at number 14 on the now @-@ canceled Pop 100 chart . In Canada , the song debuted at number 40 on the week ending July 5 , 2008 and peaked at number 13 on the week ending July 26 , 2008 . As of June 2013 , " 7 Things " has sold 1 @,@ 686 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
" 7 Things " was also a success in Australia and New Zealand . The song made its debut on the Australian Singles Chart at number 38 on August 17 , 2008 . After five weeks , " 7 Things " reached its peak on the chart at number ten . The song has been certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipping over 35 @,@ 000 copies . " 7 Things " debuted at number 27 on the New Zealand Singles Chart on August 17 , 2008 and , after eight weeks on the chart , reached number 24 . " 7 Things " also became Cyrus ' first song to chart in an Asian country : On the week ending September 27 , 2008 , " 7 Things " debuted at number 81 on the Japan Hot 100 ; it reached number nine on the week ending October 17 , 2008 and reached its peak at number eight on the week ending October 24 , 2008 .
In the UK Singles Chart , " 7 Things " made its entry at number 87 on September 13 , 2008 and reached its peak at number 25 on December 13 , 2008 . In mainland Europe , the song peaked at number 44 on Eurochart Hot 100 Singles and at number 14 in Austria . " 7 Things " debuted and peaked at number eight on the Norwegian Singles Chart on August 19 , 2008 . The song experienced similar commercial outcomes throughout the rest of Europe ; it charted within the top 40 of charts in Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Germany , and Switzerland .
= = Music video = =
Cyrus invited Brett Ratner , director of the " 7 Things " music video , to her home to tell him how much the song meant to her and what it was about . After proposing numerous ideas to each other , they decided to make the video " simple with a white backdrop " . Cyrus said that neither she nor Ratner wanted the video to be " all about [ her ] " because the song 's message was universal ; " almost every girl in America could say they hate their ex or current boyfriend , " claimed Cyrus . As a result , the video features numerous adolescent girls including actresses Nicola Peltz , Liana Liberato , and Maiara Walsh . During the planning session , Cyrus showed Ratner a collection of personal items her ex had given her , such as photographs and his dirty socks , which she had stowed away beneath her bed . They decided to include some of these items as props in the music video . For example , the necklace Cyrus wears in the video was her ex @-@ boyfriend 's medical identification tag , which he received because of his diabetes mellitus .
The video was shot on May 30 , 2008 in Los Angeles , California . Unexpectedly , several girls began crying during the shoot ; Cyrus attributed this to the emotions in the song . Ratner was impressed with Cyrus ' instinct and ability to address emotional issues while making them " fun at the same time " . Ratner compared her to Madonna , saying , " she can be hanging out and laughing , and then you put the camera on her and it 's like , ' Holy shit ! ' " The effervescence made editing more difficult for the director . He said , " It was the hardest video I 've ever edited because every moment was great . Every moment that she was on camera , she was amazing . She 's got an incredible quality about her . She gets the camera , and that 's what it takes to make a great music video . " Cyrus commented that she felt the video was " more honest than [ the ] song " and that she was " singing out to [ ... ] that special person " .
The video commences with a close @-@ up shots of Cyrus ' face as she counts in the backup band behind her . For a moment , she is replaced by a different girl holding a small stuffed monkey . Cyrus then reappears , holding onto her necklace and wearing a multicolored sequin sundress designed by Sass & Bide , black Chuck Taylor All @-@ Stars , and leg warmers . Her wavy hair styled loose and in front of her shoulders . As Cyrus continues to sing , she is replaced by more girls holding different items , including teddy bears , stuffed animals , snow globes , and love letters . As the song approaches its chorus , Cyrus and the girls start dancing and jumping . Cyrus continues singing as she holds a white rose and a girl deletes a text message from her boyfriend . At one point , Cyrus holds a photograph of her and an ex @-@ boyfriend with black curly hair , his face obscured by a doodle on a piece of notebook paper . At the end of the video , Cyrus blows the camera a kiss , mouths " I love you , " and turns away .
= = = Video reception = = =
The video premiered on June 28 , 2008 on ABC . It was the most watched music @-@ related video on YouTube until it was surpassed by Lady Gaga 's " Bad Romance " music video in Spring 2010 . Todd Martens of The Los Angeles Times was disappointed with the video 's special effects and production values , adding that it looked " as if it were filmed with one camera on a tripod in a single @-@ bulb basement " . However , he complimented how they " show [ ed ] off Miley 's universal appeal " . Henry Freeland of Paste magazine said , " Cyrus wiggles to and fro , mugging for the camera like her face is fighting gravity and barely winning . " A Pop Cultured review from MTV described the video as PG and " Disney approved " . The review continued that it was mildly angry , comparing Cyrus to " a watered @-@ down version of Avril Lavigne 's kid sister , and Lindsay Lohan 's pseudo @-@ rebellious character in Freaky Friday — minus the eyeliner " . Leigh Holmwood of The Guardian commented , " Miley 's new music vid , reminds me , creepily enough , of early Britney . " Molly Lambert of the New York Times described Cyrus as the video 's " charismatic center " and writes , " When she flashes Nick ’ s dog tags and a picture of the two of them together , she seems so vindictive and so embarrassingly vulnerable , just like . . . a 15 @-@ year @-@ old suffering her first serious heartbreak , basically . " The video received a nomination for MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost to Tokio Hotel 's music video for " Ready , Set , Go ! " . At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , the video received a nomination for MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing , but lost to Beyoncé Knowles ' music video for " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " .
= = Live performances = =
Cyrus first live performance of " 7 Things " took place on May 17 , 2008 at the 2008 Zootopia , an annual summer concert put on by radio station Z100 . Later that summer , she promoted the song at outdoor concerts hosted by Good Morning America and The Today Show and while hosting the 2008 Teen Choice Awards . Cyrus began promotion for " 7 Things " in Europe in fall 2008 , performing the track on the United Kingdom channel GMTV , the French television show Le Grand Journal , and the British singing competition The X Factor among other venues . She performed the song twice on FNMTV ; once on August 1 , 2008 , and again while co @-@ hosting New Year 's Eve of 2008 with Pete Wentz .
Cyrus performed " 7 Things " along with several other songs on April 24 , 2009 in a London Apple Store . These performances were recorded and sold exclusively by the United Kingdom iTunes Store as a live extended play titled iTunes Live from London . On June 7 , 2009 , Cyrus performed the song at twentieth annual A Time for Heroes Celebrity Carnival , an outdoor carnival supporting the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation . " 7 Things " was also included in the set list of Cyrus ' first world tour , the Wonder World Tour ; Cyrus performed the song in a black leather ensemble paired with a silver rosary while overhead video screens projected a conflagration . Melinda M. Thompsen of The Oregonian said Cyrus ' performance of " 7 Things " the September 14 concert in Portland , Oregon at the Rose Garden Arena " showed what a powerhouse she can be using her voice and influence to get her message out " . The song 's performance in the September 22 concert in Los Angeles , California at the Staples Center was referred to as " aggressive athleticism " by Lael Loewenstein of Variety and as a " tween @-@ rock gem " and " up @-@ tempo highlight " by Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times . She later performed the song at the Rock in Rio concerts in Lisbon , Portugal and Madrid , Spain 7 Things has sold more than 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 million copies in the United States .
Cyrus performed the song during the Gypsy Heart Tour .
= = Release history = =
= = Charts = =
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= Kidwelly and Llanelly Canal =
The Kidwelly and Llanelly Canal was a canal and tramroad system in Carmarthenshire , Wales , built to carry anthracite coal to the coast for onward transportation by coastal ships . It began life as Kymer 's Canal in 1766 , which linked pits at Pwll y Llygod to a dock near Kidwelly . Access to the dock gradually became more difficult as the estuary silted up , and an extension to Llanelli was authorised in 1812 . Progress was slow , and the new canal was linked to a harbour at Pembury built by Thomas Gaunt in the 1820s , until the company 's own harbour at Burry Port was completed in 1832 . Tramways served a number of collieries to the east of Burry Port .
In 1832 engineer James Green advised on extending the system , and suggested a line with three inclined planes to reach Cwmmawr , further up the Gwendraeth Valley . Although Green had experience with inclined planes on other canals , he underestimated the cost and could not complete the work . He was sacked in 1836 , but the canal company finished the new route the following year . The canal was moderately successful , and shareholders received dividends from 1858 . In 1865 the company changed its name to become the Kidwelly and Burry Port Railway , amalgamated with the company running Burry Port in the following year , and the canal became the Burry Port and Gwendraeth Valley Railway in 1869 .
Kymer 's dock at Kidwelly continued to be used for the export of coal by coasters for another 50 years . It was used as a rubbish dump during the 1950s , but together with a short section of the canal was restored in the 1980s . A few of the structures of the canal can still be traced in the landscape , and the route of the now closed railway can be followed for most of its length .
= = History = =
The area around Kidwelly is rich in coal reserves and contains ironstone . It was to exploit these reserves that the canal and tramway system was built . Much of the coal was good quality anthracite , although other grades were also mined .
= = = Kymer 's Canal = = =
Thomas Kymer began mining at Pwll y Llygod and Great Forest ( near Carway ) in 1760 , and sought parliamentary approval to construct a canal at his own expense in early 1766 . The Act of Parliament was granted on 19 February 1766 . The canal was to run from his coal pits at Pwll y Llygod on the banks of the Gwendraeth Fawr river to Ythyn Frenig , about half a mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) to the west of Kidwelly , where he built a dock on the southern bank of the Gwendraeth Fach river . The Act included powers to divert the course of the Gwendraeth Fawr from Pwll y Llygod to Pont Spwdwr , where the Kidwelly to Llanelli turnpike road crossed the river . The canal was operational by May 1768 .
As built , the canal was about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) long , and the channel was approximately 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) wide . Wider sections were constructed at Morfa and at Muddlescombe , to allow barges to pass one another , and there was also a wider section below the terminal wharf at Pwll y Llygod , to allow the barges to be turned . From the wharf , a tramway crossed the Gwendraeth Fawr to connect with the coal pits .
The canal served the mines well for almost 30 years , but the dock and river were affected by silting . A new channel across the sands was created in 1797 , but this too was affected by silting , and by 1809 navigation to Kymer 's dock was becoming dangerous .
= = = Kidwelly and Llanelly Canal = = =
A series of meetings took place in 1811 to consider how the situation could be improved . Two engineers , Edward Martin and David Davies , proposed an extension of the canal to the top of the Gwendraeth valley , and another which would cross Pinged marsh and would terminate at Llanelli . This would pass through Pembrey , providing improved access to the harbour . The proposal was adopted , and an Act of Parliament passed on 20 June 1812 created The Kidwelly and Llanelly Canal and Tramroad Company . The Act envisaged an upper terminus beyond Cwmmawr at Cwm y Glo , and a series of feeder canals or tramroads to connect to the pits and levels where extraction of coal was taking place . It listed a total of 13 collieries which would be served in this way . Wharfs at the Llanelli terminus would be built next to the dock owned by the Carmarthenshire Railroad Company . Special provision , including the construction of a lock and weir , was made for the point where the new canal would cross the existing Ashburnham Canal .
The newly formed company was required to complete the extension from Pwll y Llygod to Pontyates and the first section of the Llanelly branch to the point where it crossed the Ashburnham Canal within six years . Anthony Bower was the engineer , and construction was contracted to Pinkerton and Allen . The canal reached the new aqueduct across the Gwendraeth Fawr in 1815 , but little progress was made between then and 1817 . Much of the limited capital raised had been spent on attempts to re @-@ open the harbour , with little success . A second Act of Parliament was obtained on 28 May 1818 , which extended the time limit for building the canal and removed the requirement to clear the river channels to the harbour . Pinkerton and Allen pressed on with construction , completing the routes to Pontyates and the Ashburnham Canal crossing in 1824 , while the company directors asked the engineers John Rennie and Edward Bankes to examine the issue of a suitable harbour . Rennie suggested extending the canal towards what is now Burry Port , and the construction of a new harbour on the sands at Tywyn Bach .
= = = Pembrey Canal = = =
While Pinkerton and Allen were building the southern extension , Thomas Gaunt had been active in the area . He was extracting iron ore to be processed in new furnaces at Pembrey , had obtained Kilrhedyn colliery , and had constructed a harbour on the sands at Pembrey . Rennie and Bankes had dismissed the idea of a connection to Gaunt 's harbour , as it was not felt to be adequate for the likely volumes of coal traffic , but Gaunt was keen for a canal link . Between late 1823 and April 1824 he built two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of canal , including a lock at Cross Lane cottage . At its northern end it joined the Kidwelly and Llanelly canal at Ty Gwyn , just to the north of the disused Ashburnham Canal , and at its southern end , a short tramway linked its terminus to Gaunt 's harbour . The Cambrian newspaper carried reports of a ceremonial opening on 30 April 1824 , and a formal opening on 26 May . By 1843 , the canal had become disused , with traffic going to the new harbour at Pembrey instead .
= = = Pembrey New Harbour = = =
An Act of Parliament dated 10 June 1825 created the New Harbour Company , with powers to build the harbour at Tywyn Bach , on the sands near Pembrey . The Act included powers to build a short section of canal to link with the line of the Kidwelly and Llanelli Canal . The new harbour was completed in 1832 . The community of Burry Port did not exist in 1825 , and it was not until 1835 that the name of the company was changed to the Burry Port Company by another Act of Parliament .
= = = James Green 's extensions = = =
Once the construction of a new harbour had begun , the Kidwelly and Llanelli Canal Company constructed a tramway from Llanelli to Pwll colliery . Another tramway was built from Burry Port to the coal levels at New Lodge , with a branch to Kilrhos . The company planned to link New Lodge to Pwll in due course , so that there would be a tramway link from Burry Port harbour to Llanelli ; the connection was eventually opened on 8 July 1837 .
In 1832 , the canal company asked the engineer James Green to advise on further extensions to the system . His first report was critical of much of the work completed by Pinkerton , and recommended completing the link from the Ashburnham Canal to the new Pembrey harbour . This would require a lock at Ty Mawr , with water supplied by the Dyvatty brook and a new reservoir to be constructed at Cwm Capel in the Dyvatty valley . A second report , supplied three months later , recommended an extension along the Gwendraeth valley , and the construction of three inclined planes to reach a terminus just above Cwmmawr . Water supply for the upper sections would be from a new reservoir to be built above Cwm y Glo .
The idea of using inclined planes was an innovation that Green had pioneered elsewhere . He had been the engineer for the Bude Canal , which included six planes , five powered by water wheels and one by a descending bucket mechanism . He was at the time the engineer for the Grand Western Canal , which included seven vertical boat lifts and an inclined plane at Wellisford , again to be powered by a descending bucket mechanism . The rise on the final section of the canal to Cwmmawr was 190 feet ( 58 m ) , and three inclined planes would be much quicker and use much less water than the alternative of 20 or more locks .
The wooden Pontnewydd aqueduct , which was prone to the river flowing over its top , was replaced by an iron one built on a slightly higher level to provide more room for the river to flow under it . Pinkerton 's two locks were rebuilt , and the banks of the Kymer canal were raised by 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) , to allow the water level to be raised . This had also required the Kidwelly basin walls to be raised . At the southern end , access to Burry Port harbour required a deep cutting to be constructed , and this was completed by March 1835 .
Above Pontyates , two more locks were built , followed by an inclined plane with a rise of 52 feet ( 16 m ) at Capel Ifan , one with a rise of 53 feet ( 16 m ) at Pont Henry , and a third with a rise of 85 feet ( 26 m ) at Hirwaunissa , with level sections of canal in between . The upper terminus consisted of a walled basin , 200 by 50 feet ( 61 by 15 m ) , reached by another aqueduct over the Gwendraeth Fawr . In October 1835 Green announced that he was unable to complete the inclined planes because of cost overruns . The company raised more capital to finish the work by calling on shareholders , and on 30 January 1836 dismissed Green as engineer . The Grand Western Canal Company had taken a similar action three days earlier , when the Wellisford inclined plane had failed to work because of a design fault in the sizing of the descending bucket . All construction was completed by 1837 .
= = = Inclines = = =
Details of the inclined planes have been the subject of some speculation , largely because contemporary documents from the time of their construction are unknown . A local writer called Ap Huw stated that " the inclined planes were manipulated by hydraulic pumps which were considered to be great discoveries " . He also noted that only two of the inclines were used , but whether this was because Hirwaunissa was unfinished or because there was no traffic on the upper section is not clear . The railway engineer W. Robinson described " balance caissons with hydraulic brakes apparatus to check the barges in their descent and to arrange that the full ones coming down pull the empty ones up " . The Colliery Guardian carried an eye @-@ witness report of their operation , in which they were described as self @-@ acting inclines , and it is stated that all three were in operation at the time .
The other main sources of information are maps , particularly those published at the time the canal was to be converted into a railway . These clearly show twin @-@ track inclines at Capel Ifan and Pont Henry , and because most of the traffic was in the downhill direction , a simple counterbalanced system was probably employed , although it has also been suggested that the barge may have been balanced by a water tank on the second track to more easily control the speed of descent . The Hirwaunissa incline was longer and narrower than the other two , and only included a single track . Recent research has suggested that the incline was powered by a water wheel , with the waste water running down the incline in a side channel , in order to supply the lower levels of the canal .
= = Subsequent development = =
No further changes were made to the canal after the extensions were completed , and satisfactory levels of traffic were carried . Fifty @-@ two barges were operational in 1835 , although their size is unknown . The canal was dredged in 1858 , and shareholders began to receive dividends on their investments that same year . Most of the traffic was anthracite coal , which was shipped through Burry Port . Some culm was still shipped through Kidwelly . Major users in 1863 consisted of two collieries at Pwll y Llygod and one at Pontyberem . Success was short @-@ lived , however , as railways started to appear in the region . Faced with the threat of the Carmarthenshire Railway building a branch to Pontyberem , the Canal Company obtained a new Act of Parliament , and became the Kidwelly and Burry Port Railway Company in 1865 . The following year , the Burry Port and Gwendreath Valley Railway company was formed , by amalgamating with the Burry Port Harbour Company . ( The spelling of Gwendraeth was wrong in the Act of Parliament . ) The new company built a railway from Burry Port to Pontyberem , along the towpath over Pinged marsh , and on the bed of the canal elsewhere . This opened in July 1869 . An extension to Kidwelly harbour followed in June 1873 , and one to Cwmmawr in June 1886 .
Although the main canal was replaced by the railway , Kymer 's dock continued to be used for the transfer of coal to coastal ships for another 50 years . Principal destinations included Laugharne , Carmarthen , St Clears and Llanstephan . The Kidwelly Corporation took out a lease on the dock in 1872 , and the railway built a branch to it in 1873 , which ran alongside the old canal . Most of the traffic had transferred to the railway by 1914 , but some coasters continued to transport coal ; the last recorded sailing was in the early 1920s , and was bound for Llanstephan .
= = Legacy = =
Kymer 's dock was used as a refuse tip in the 1950s . In 1988 , a two @-@ year scheme funded by the Manpower Services Commission excavated and restored both the dock and 0 @.@ 6 miles ( 1 km ) of the canal , from the dock to the point where its course is cut by the South Wales Railway . The Gwendraeth Fawr aqueduct is still in situ , as are parts of the Hirwaunissa inclined plane and the final aqueduct below Cwmmawr .
= = Route = =
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= Tome of the Unknown =
Tome of the Unknown , the full title of which is Tome of the Unknown : Harvest Melody , is a 2013 animated short film created by Patrick McHale . In the film , Wirt ( Elijah Wood ) , his brother Gregory ( Collin Dean ) , and Beatrice , a bluebird , head to the big city in search of an arcane book of all known things , meeting a vegetable man along the way .
Originally imagined as a three @-@ season television show , Cartoon Network asked for it to be a feature film . During production , the miniseries format that eventually became that for Over the Garden Wall was decided on . The film serves as the inspiration and pilot for the aforementioned miniseries , which premiered in 2014 . The network , whose animation studio produced the film , also served as distributor . Released in 2013 to multiple film festivals , Tome of the Unknown has received several accolades .
= = Plot synopsis = =
In a large forest simply called the " Unknown , " Wirt ( Elijah Wood ) and his brother Gregory ( Collin Dean ) walk with Beatrice ( Natasha Leggero ; later voiced by Melanie Lynskey in the miniseries ) , a bluebird who has gained the ability to speak . The three are on their way to the big city , in search of a book titled The Tome of the Unknown , which – according to legend – contains every forgotten thing . When their legs tire , Greg suggests they ride a goose , but Wirt doubts they could find one big enough to carry them , thus Greg wanders off and discovers a car that is made from vegetables , which both fascinates and confuses Wirt . The car 's owner , John Crops ( C. W. Stoneking ) , is likewise a vegetable humanoid . Crops wallows over his loneliness , wishing like the others to go the metropolitan area . Wirt offers , in exchange for Crops letting them keep the car , to drive Crops to the city , where he can hopefully find a soulmate .
A murder of giant crows attacks the vegetable car during the drive , forcing Wirt to veer off into a cornfield and crash into a scarecrow pole , which scares off the crows . Crops then reveals that they have arrived at the " big city , " which turns out to be an old @-@ fashioned small farm community in the middle of the cornfield . While Wirt and Beatrice try to repair the car , Greg wanders off with Crops and they explore the city 's gazebo garden party . Crops then bumps into a woman made of cabbage . Crops apologizes and there 's a sudden announcement that the party 's scheduled entertainment has been cancelled . Greg tells Crops that he could fill in for the party with his guitar and singing abilities , and the woman finds herself flattered after learning that Crops is a musician . Back at the car , Wirt , who can 't figure out how to fix the vehicle as all it is to him is a cluster of vegetables , and Beatrice , who recommends that all he had to do was turn the crank on the car 's front bumper to start the engine , knock over the scarecrow as they leave with the car working . This summons the giant crows , as well as giant turkeys , who terrorize the city and its vegetable inhabitants . Wirt and Beatrice drive up and pick up Greg , while Crops continues to woo the woman with his music , unaware of the chaos around him , even as a crow attacks one of the members of the band he 's performing with and as Wirt tries to get his attention . As Wirt , Greg , and Beatrice attempt to escape without Crops , they are set upon by the giant animals , who start to devour the vegetable car . As Wirt tries to fend them off , Greg suddenly jumps out of the car unnoticed . Suddenly , they hear Greg 's screams from the cornfield . The screams continue , until Wirt and Beatrice finally find Greg in the cornfield , unharmed and yelling with joy as he had finally found a goose big enough for them to ride . The city becomes peaceful once more , as Greg 's screams had scared the birds off forever , and John Crops goes back to his countryside home with his soulmate , the cabbage woman . Wirt , Gregory , Beatrice , and their new companion Goose , continue to travel onwards , deeper and deeper , into the Unknown .
= = Production = =
Tome of the Unknown is a short film directed by Patrick McHale , who also wrote and storyboarded it . Not long after he graduated college , McHale pitched the idea for the film , among other concepts , to Cartoon Network . At the time , the network was considering the creation of a department for feature films , though this never came to fruition . McHale was asked if it was possible to adapt the idea for Tome of the Unknown to feature length . This proved unsuccessful as he felt it needed to be episodic , laying out plans for a full television series consisting of three seasons .
After working as a creative director and a writer for Adventure Time – another Cartoon Network production – on top of a new house and the birth of his child , the network again gave McHale an opportunity to pitch an idea . Having worked in animation for other people as well as on the short animated works of his own , but with nothing for him to call a " professional " piece , McHale did not anticipate the network to have it go further than the short . During production , reformatting the film to a miniseries and not as a traditional television adaptation was proposed by McHale and the network , tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek . Following its release , they both found the format more than suitable . Retitled as Over the Garden Wall , the miniseries was announced in May 2014 . Nick Cross , who worked as a background painter with layout designer Chris Tsirgiotis on Tome of the Unknown , was hired as the art director for the series .
= = Release and reception = =
Cartoon Network released Tome of the Unknown to several film festivals starting in 2013 , including the 20th anniversary of the Austin Film Festival on October 24 , 2013 , and the International Children 's Film Festival at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston in May 2014 . At the Ottawa International Animation Festival , the film won an honorable mention as one of the best short animations for children on September 21 , 2013 . A Bruce Corwin Award for animation was given to the film at the 29th annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival in February 2014 , where it was screened in the previous month . Regarding its screening in Boston , Ethan Gilsdorf of The Boston Globe called the film marked by the presence of connections by celebrities , particularly Wood , while noting McHale for his work on Adventure Time .
The film saw digital distribution as part of the DVD release of the miniseries on September 8 , 2015 . The network previously released the film on their official website in May 2015 . Róbert Kovács @-@ Cohner of the Hungarian IGN gave it a high recommendation , calling the story beautiful as it occurs over the backgrounds . For their work on these backgrounds , Cross and Tsirgiotis earned juried Emmy Awards , as part of the 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards .
= = External films = =
Official website
Tome of the Unknown at the Internet Movie Database
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= Battle of Ostrach =
The Battle of Ostrach , also called the Battle by Ostrach , occurred on 20 – 21 March 1799 . It was the first battle of the War of the Second Coalition . The battle resulted in the victory of the Austrian forces , under the command of Archduke Charles , over the French forces , commanded by Jean Baptiste Jourdan .
The battle occurred during Holy Week , 1799 , amid rain and dense fog . Initially , the French were able to take , and hold , Ostrach and the nearby hamlet of Hoßkirch plus several strategic points on the Ostrach marsh . As the engagement began , Habsburg numerical superiority overwhelmed French defenses . By evening , the French left wing was flanked and Jourdan 's men retreated from Ostrach to the Pfullendorf heights . On the next morning , as Jourdan considered a counter @-@ attack , the weather broke , and he could look down on the Austrian battle array . The numbers and dispositions of the Austrians convinced him that any attack would be useless , and that he could not hope to maintain his position in the heights . As he withdrew , a portion of his right flank was cut off from the main force .
Although casualties appeared even on both sides , the Austrians had a significantly larger fighting force , both on the field at Ostrach , and stretched along a line between Lake Constance and Ulm . French casualties amounted to eight percent of the force and Austrian , approximately four percent . The French withdrew to Engen and Stockach , where a few days later the armies engaged again , this time with greater losses on both sides , and an Austrian victory .
= = Background = =
Initially , the rulers of Europe , such as Joseph II , Holy Roman Emperor , viewed the revolution in France as an event between the French king and his subjects , and not something in which they should interfere . As the rhetoric grew more strident , however , the other monarchies started to view events with alarm . In 1790 , Leopold succeeded his brother Joseph as emperor and by 1791 , he considered the situation surrounding his sister , Marie Antoinette , and her children , with greater and greater alarm . In August 1791 , in consultation with French émigré nobles and Frederick William II of Prussia , he issued the Declaration of Pilnitz , in which they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis and his family . They threatened ambiguous , but quite serious , consequences if anything should happen to the royal family .
The French Republican position became increasingly difficult . Compounding problems in international relations , French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter @-@ revolution abroad . Chief among them were the Prince Condé , his son , the Duke de Bourbon , and his grandson , the Duke d 'Enghien . From their base in Koblenz , immediately over the French border , they sought direct support for military intervention from the royal houses of Europe , and raised an army .
On 20 April 1792 , the French National Convention declared war on Austria . In this War of the First Coalition ( 1792 – 1798 ) , France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her , plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire . Although the Coalition forces achieved several victories at Verdun , Kaiserslautern , Neerwinden , Mainz , Amberg and Würzburg , the efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Peace of Leoben ( 17 April 1797 ) and the subsequent Treaty of Campo Formio ( October 1797 ) .
The treaty called for meetings between the involved parties to work out the exact territorial and remunerative details , to be convened at Rastatt . The French demand for more territory than originally agreed upon stalled negotiations . Despite their agreement at Campo Formio and the ongoing meetings at Rastatt , the two primary combatants of the First Coalition , France and Austria , were highly suspicious of the other 's motives . Several diplomatic incidents undermined the agreement . The Austrians were reluctant to cede the designated territories and the Rastatt delegates could not , or would not , orchestrate the transfer of agreed upon territories to compensate the German princes for their losses . Ferdinand of Naples refused to pay tribute to France , followed by the Neapolitan rebellion , invasion by France , and the subsequent establishment of the Parthenopaean Republic . Republican uprising in the Swiss cantons , encouraged by the French Republic with military support , led to the establishment of the Helvetic Republic .
Other factors contributed to the rising tensions as well . On his way to Egypt in 1798 , Napoleon had stopped on the Island of Malta and forcibly removed the Hospitallers from their possessions . This angered Paul , Tsar of Russia , who was the honorary head of the Order . The French Directory , furthermore , was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war . Indeed , the weaker the French Republic seemed , the more seriously the Austrians , the Neapolitans , the Russians and the English actually discussed this possibility .
= = Prelude = =
Archduke Charles of Austria had taken command of the army in late January . Although he was unhappy with the strategy set forward by his brother , the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II , he had acquiesced to the less ambitious plan to which Francis and the Aulic council had agreed : Austria would fight a defensive war and would maintain a continuous defensive line from the Danube to northern Italy . The archduke had stationed himself at Friedberg for the winter , 4 @.@ 7 miles ( 8 km ) east @-@ south @-@ east of Augsburg . The army was already settled into cantonments in the environs of Augsburg , extending south along the Lech river .
As winter broke in 1799 , on 1 March , General Jean Baptiste Jourdan and his army of 25 @,@ 000 , the so @-@ called Army of the Danube , crossed the Rhine at Kehl . Instructed to block the Austrians from access to the Swiss alpine passes , the Army of the Danube would ostensibly isolate the armies of the Coalition in Germany from allies in northern Italy , and prevent them from assisting one another ; furthermore , if the French held the interior passes in Switzerland , they could use the routes to move their own forces between the two theaters . The Army of the Danube , meeting little resistance , advanced through the Black Forest in three columns , through the Höllental ( Hölle valley ) , via Oberkirch , and Freudenstadt , and a fourth column advanced along the north shore of the Rhine . Although Jourdan might have been better advised to establish a position on the eastern slope of the mountains , he did not . Instead , he pushed across the Danube plain and took up position between Rottweil and Tuttlingen , and eventually pushing toward the imperial city of Pfullendorf in Upper Swabia .
News of the French advance across the Rhine took three days to reach Charles at Augsburg . The Austrian Vorhut ( advance guard ) , 17 @,@ 000 men under the command of Field marshal Friedrich Joseph , Count of Nauendorf , crossed the Lech in three columns , the first at Babenhausen , marching in the direction of Biberach , the second , and strongest , at Memmingen , marching in the direction of Waldsee , and the third at Leutkirch , heading in the direction of Ravensburg . The main force of 53 @,@ 000 men , under the command of the Archduke , crossed the Lech by Augsburg , Landsberg and Schongau , and six battalions of 6 @,@ 600 men crossed the Danube at Ulm . An additional force of 13 @,@ 000 troops under the command of Lieutenant Field Marshal Anton Sztáray marched toward Neumarkt in the direction of Rednitz . Eventually , 10 @,@ 000 men under the command of General Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze marched north from Feldkirch in Switzerland , but they did not arrive in time to participate at either the battle at Ostrach , or for the subsequent battle at Stockach .
= = = Locale = = =
Ostrach was a small village , with a population of 300 . The village belonged to the Cistercian Imperial Abbey of Salem , an influential and wealthy ecclesiastical territory on Lake Constance . The village was largely dedicated to farming , although a stretch of the imperial post road connected it and Pfullendorf . A wide , flat plain , marshy in places , stretched between the base of the Pfullendorf heights and the village ; low lying hills ringed the valley , which was creased by a small stream from which the village takes its name . Ostrach itself lies almost at the northern end of this plain , but slightly south of the Danube itself . The two armies faced each other across this small and , at that time of that year , very soggy valley .
= = = Dispositions = = =
By 7 March , the first Austrian soldiers arrived in Ostrach . The French advance guard arrived by the 9th , under command of General François Joseph Lefebvre ; in the forward line , the 25th Demi @-@ brigade and Light Infantry positioned themselves between Ostrach and Hoßkirch ; Lefebvre also had three battalions each of the 53rd and 67th Demi @-@ Brigades of light infantry , twenty squadrons of hussars , chasseurs , and dragoons , and field artillery pieces . By 12 March , the village and the surrounding farms were filled with Lancers ( Ulanen ) and Hussars ( Hussaren ) and by the 17th , the Austrian advance guard had established forward posts at Buchau , Altshausen and Waldsee . The remainder of Charles ' army , at this point nearly 110 @,@ 000 strong , had established itself along a line from Ulm to Lake Constance .
By 18 March , Jourdan had formed his headquarters at Pfullendorf , on the heights above Ostrach . In front of him stood the largest part of his cavalry and half of his infantry . The center , including the 4th Regiment of Hussars , the 1st of Chasseurs à Cheval , and two squadrons of the 17th Dragoons , lay behind Ostrach , under command of General Klein . Jourdan distributed them in three columns , the strongest on the post road by Saulgau , another on the road in the direction of Altshausen , and a third at the hamlet of Friedberg .
The flank of Lefebvre 's division , with 7 @,@ 000 men , commanded by Laurent Saint @-@ Cyr extended to the Danube ; by the time skirmishing began , Vandamme was still in the environs of Stuttgart , with 3 @,@ 000 men , looking in vain for Austrian forces that might be stationed there , and he played no part in the battle . The far right , under command of Ferino , angled south from Pfullendorf to Lake Constance , or the Bodensee . The cavalry reserve of 3 @,@ 000 under General Jean @-@ Joseph Ange d 'Hautpoul included a battalion of the 53rd Demi @-@ Brigade , and waited in close column in the environs of Pfullendorf .
= = Battle = =
Jourdan considered his position superior to the Austrian 's , protected as he was by the marshy plain between his positions and the Austrian front , and he thought he had another three days to consolidate his positions . His forces occupied Hoßkirch , and a couple of other points he considered strategic : the causeway ( post road ) that passed Saulgau ( today Bad Saulgau ) , the village of Altshausen 11 kilometers ( 7 mi ) east , and the hamlet of Friedberg , 5 kilometers ( 3 mi ) to the north @-@ north @-@ east of Ostrach . These positions created a perimeter around Ostrach . He was unaware that the Archduke had arrived by forced marches from Augsburg to the vicinity of Ostrach ; Jourdan thought the main force of Charles ' army was still at least three days ' march away . By the middle of Holy Week in 1799 , more than a third of Charles ' army , 48 @,@ 000 mixed troops , was positioned in a formation parallel to Jourdan 's , and his 72 @,@ 000 remaining troops were arrayed with the left wing at Kempten , the center near Memmingen , and the right flank extended to Ulm .
= = = Skirmishing = = =
As the armies assembled in their positions , the flanks and forward outposts encountered one another in several skirmishes ; indeed , they had been skirmishing for seven days , until 19 March , when the outposts of both armies nearly overlapped . On the right wing , General Ferino 's men encountered an Austrian column of volunteer infantry and some light cavalry from one of the border Hussar regiments , and took 70 and 80 prisoners , respectively , including several officers . All of this happened without the Austrians knowing that there was an official declaration of war . On the 20 March , a French emissary arrived at camp of Prince Schwarzenberg , a major general commanding a brigade of the advanced guard . The emissary asked if he possessed a declaration of war from Vienna , and upon being informed that Schwarzenberg had received no such declaration , informed him that the armistice established at Campo Formio was ended , and there existed between France and Austria a state of war . General Jourdan reportedly began a general attack when the emissary left , although other sources do not bear out the scale of the attack .
Initially , the strength of the French advance guard pushed the most forward of the Austrian right to Saulgau and Ratzenreute , 6 @.@ 2 kilometers ( 4 mi ) east of Ostrach , backing the Austrian main army against the Schussen river . Jean Victor Tharreau 's mixed brigade of infantry , light infantry and cavalry encountered the Austrians at Barendorf , and forced them to give up the ground ; immediately , Charles sent reinforcements , and the Austrians regained what they had lost .
At the center of the French line , at Hoßkirch , 3 kilometers ( 2 mi ) east @-@ south @-@ east of Ostrach , General Lefebvre 's column attacked the Austrians in an action that lasted most of the day . The Austrian line included several seasoned Grenzer ( border ) regiments , the Vecsy Hussars , and some lancers ; although Lefebvre 's initial assault caused confusion in the Austrian ranks , the Lancers counter @-@ attacked with ferocity and , joined by the Grenzers and the Hussars , pursued the French along the Ostrach river valley , and cut up four squadrons of the 8th Regiment of Chasseurs à Cheval . Lefebvre 's column was forced out of the hamlet by the Austrians , who had four battalions , 1200 horse , and six cannons . After bringing up additional reinforcements — several light artillery , Chasseurs à Cheval , Hussars , and the 17th Regiment of Dragoons , Lefebvre was able to take the village again . By 0500 of 21 March , however , he sent word to Jourdan that he was being attacked on all posts by the Austrians , and they must soon expect a general engagement .
= = = General engagement = = =
Charles had divided his force into columns , and at close to 1000 , the Austrians attacked in force , with simultaneous assaults upon multiple positions . With Nauendorf 's advance force moved with 11 battalions and 20 squadrons on Saint Cyr 's position . Following behind with the main force of the right column , Fürstenberg had little difficulty pushing the French out of Davidsweiler and advanced on Ruppersweiler an Einhard 5 kilometers ( 3 mi ) to the northwest . His force pressured elements of Saint Cyr 's thinly manned line , and the entire line fell back slowly , to maintain contact with its flanks . Maximilian , Count of Merveldt 's force , attacking on Saint Cyr 's far left flank , continued to pressure the line , which started to crumble . Further south , Olivier , Count of Wallis took a column of 18 battalions and 42 squadrons and attacked the Adjutant General François @-@ Xavier Octavie Fontaine 's French line at Riedhausen , between Ostrach and Ferino 's column at Salem . In the maneuvering , the cross @-@ fire trapped French forces ; at Riedhausen , unable to take cover , they were cut down from both sides .
Charles himself took a main column along the high road , a causeway that passed by Saulgau , to attack Lefebvre on points between Hoßkirch and Ostrach . In this deployment of his force , Charles sought to dislodge the center of the French line from its position in Ostrach , separating the wings from the main body of force and overcoming both separately .
The convergence of the two columns on the French at Ostrach demonstrated the advantage of the superiority of Austrian numbers . From every angle , the Austrians threatened to overwhelm the French . Jourdan wrote that his men disappeared under a cloud of red coats . Battalion after battalion of Austrians threw themselves against the French defenses . By late morning , Charles ' troops pushed the French out of Hoßkirch , and into Ostrach , which the French nearly lost until Jourdan sent reinforcements . The fighting remained fierce until about 1600 , when the French pulled back toward Pfullendorf , encouraged by Austrian cavalry . Once out of Ostrach , and established on the road at and around Pfullendorf , the French formed a new perimeter , reinforced by reserves of Soulham , and enjoyed the benefit of altitude from which they could fire down upon the attacking Austrians . Despite the punishing musket fire , Charles ' strategy worked . The far right wing ( Ferino 's force ) , which had not been attacked yet , fell back to Salem Abbey , to maintain communication with the French center .
At the Pfullendorf heights , the fight began anew . Charles sent two strong columns of eight battalions each across the Ostrach stream . The French poured fire on the Austrians , who took heavy losses , but did not give up the ground . In the night , Fürstenberg broke through the French line to Einhard , flanking Jourdan 's main force and cutting off Saint Cyr . Further south , Wallis threatened to do the same to Fontaine and Ferino . As darkness fell , so ended the first day of fighting .
= = = Withdrawal = = =
As Jourdan was deciding whether or not to attempt another foray , the fog lifted and revealed the scene below him . He wrote later ,
" ... [ W ] e discovered an immense line of cavalry and infantry . It may be said , without exaggeration , that the troops which engaged our advanced guard amounted to twenty @-@ five thousand men . I now perceived the absolute impossibility of making any further resistance against such a superior force , as well as the danger that threatened the division , from the advantage which the enemy had gained on the left . I therefore ordered General Soult to fall back with the division to the post before Pfulendorf [ sic ] . "
He was wrong ; the Austrians engaged with the French advance guard numbered closer to 50 @,@ 000 , and constituted the main body of Charles ' army , not its advance guard . In the night , Charles also had moved additional troops to renew the attack on the Pfullendorf heights at daybreak .
On 21 March , at 2200 , Jourdan ordered the wounded to be transported to Schaffhausen in Switzerland , via Stockach . The main army then began its own retreat in the early morning of 22 March . The reserve division of d 'Hautpoul left first , and pulled back via Stockach to Emmingen ob Egg . According to Jourdan , the retreat occurred in perfect order , and was supported in particular by a company of sappers , who blew up the bridges in the face of enemy fire , and then fought like grenadiers . The Austrians outflanked Saint Cyr 's forces on the right flank and General Ferino , at the southern @-@ most point , retreated to Salem , to maintain the line with the remainder of the French force . When the first division pulled back to Bodman , on the northern tip of the Überlingen @-@ finger of Lake Constance , a portion of the force was encircled and cut off by the 2nd Lancers of Karl Philipp , Prince Schwarzenberg 's brigade , and more than 500 were taken prisoner .
Other sources are less sanguine in their assessment of Jourdan 's retreat . Jourdan 's forces , especially his left flank , were severely pressed ; the French line collapsed upon itself at both ends as the soldiers fell back . A dispatch to Paris , later reported in the Times , claimed that the French intent had been betrayed to the Austrians by a deserter , but there is some evidence that this was Jourdan 's mendacious attempt to explain the apparent surprise with which the Austrians attacked . A British report claimed that the French commander had two horses shot from under him , but Jourdan himself reported that only one horse was shot , and he was thrown , stunned , to the ground . Lefebvre received a musket ball in the wrist and had to be carried from the field ; command of his division was given to the rising star Jean @-@ de @-@ Dieu Soult . Furthermore , a sizable portion — sources are not clear on how many — of the French right wing ( Ferino 's force ) had been cut off from its main force , and made prisoner . Finally , General Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze was quickly making his way north with 10 @,@ 000 men from Feldkirch and prepared to attack Jourdan 's army from the south .
= = Aftermath = =
Eventually , Jourdan withdrew first to Messkirch ( sometimes spelled Mößkirch or Meßkirch ) , and when that city was no longer defensible , fell back to Stockach , and then again Engen , but he wrote that the armies had been well @-@ matched ; French valor , he wrote , overcame servitude . His men had taken many Austrian prisoners , and he knew also that many Austrians lay dead or wounded on the field of battle . His army itself had losses , but their valor in death matched the ambitious tyranny of the Austrians : Charles had driven his army hard , he wrote , and the Austrians would not pursue the gallant , liberty @-@ loving French ; Charles ' failure to pursue the French affirmed Jourdan 's perception that his had not been a defeat followed by retreat , but rather a strategic withdrawal . Jourdan probably did not know that Charles had been ordered to maintain a continuous and orderly defensive line with troops to the south .
Jourdan 's own assessment did not match that of his superiors in Paris , who recognized that the loss of twelve percent of the fighting force , versus less than four percent for the adversary , did not amount to a draw . Furthermore , this first attempt to cut the Austrians off from access to the upper Rhine and Lake Constance had not succeeded . There were other considerations , primarily that Jourdan simply did not have enough men to fight not only this battle but the subsequent ones as well .
For his own part , the Archduke did not push his troops to pursue and capture the enemy , or even harass their retreat . Charles ' slow pursuit might have been due to his own disgruntlement with Vienna 's overarching defensive strategy and the undoubted difficulty of the battle itself , conducted with troops wearied by a forced march of 30 miles ( 48 km ) , fighting in rain , fog , and on normally boggy terrain made more soggy by the heavy spring rains and snow melt . Regardless , he more than made up for these shortcomings within the week . Five days after Jourdan 's departure from Ostrach and Pfullendorf , the French and Austrian armies continued the fight at Stockach . This time , the decision could not be argued : The Army of the Danube could not hold the territory and withdrew into the Black Forest .
The battle at Ostrach had been difficult , as Jourdan pointed out , due largely to the dense fog and terrible weather that hampered his observation of his enemy 's movements , yet the same fog that blinded him to the Austrian movements did not seem to hamper Charles . The fog and rainy weather did play a role , however . On a local level , in the damp night of the 20th , which was Gründonnerstag , ( German : Green Thursday , or Maundy Thursday ) , the Danube overflowed , backing up into the Ostrach , and causing it to burst its own banks . The flood trapped 300 civilians between the two armies intent on destruction ; suspecting what was to come , Ostrachers huddled in their cellars , and hoped for the best and gasping for breath as the battle thundered overhead . Amazingly , none were killed , although they spent Easter Sunday caring for the wounded , and helping to bury the 4 @,@ 000 or so soldiers who died in the battle .
= = Battle monument = =
Prior to 1903 , a simple wooden cross commemorated the battle site , located on the so @-@ called Buchbuhl , a hill overlooking the village , and the plains to the southeast , where much of the fighting occurred . In 1903 , a monument was erected to honor the battle . In 1945 , when French troops arrived in the region , they closed the monument ; the local pastor encouraged them to reopen it , calling it a chapel .
= = = Books and journals = = =
Alison , Sir Archibald . A History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons . New York : A.S. Barnes , 1850 .
Blanning , Timothy . The French Revolutionary Wars . New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 @-@ 340 @-@ 56911 @-@ 5 .
Gallagher , John . Napoleon 's enfant terrible : General Dominique Vandamme . Tulsa : University of Oklahoma Press , 2008 , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8061 @-@ 3875 @-@ 6 .
Cust , Edward ( Sir ) . Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century , compiled from the most authentic histories of the period . London : Mitchell 's military library , 1857 – 1860 .
Graham , Thomas , Baron Lynedoch . ( ? ) The History of the campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy . London , 1797 .
Hollins , David . Austrian Commanders of the Napoleonic Wars , 1792 – 1815 . London : Osprey , 2004 .
Jourdan , Jean @-@ Baptiste , A Memoir of the operations of the army of the Danube under the command of General Jourdan , taken from the manuscripts of that officer , London : Debrett , 1799 .
( German ) Kessinger , Roland . ' " Die Schlacht von Stockach am 25 . März 1799 " . Zeitschrift für Militärgeschichte . Salzburg : Öst . Milizverlag , 1997 – . [ 2006 ] .
Phipps , Ramsey Weston . The Armies of the First French Republic , volume 5 : The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland , Holland , Italy , Egypt and the coup d 'etat of Brumaire , 1797 – 1799 , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1939 .
Rothenberg , Gunther E. ( 2007 ) . Napoleon ’ s great adversaries : Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792 – 1914 . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Spellmount . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 86227 @-@ 383 @-@ 2 .
Smith , Digby ( 1998 ) . The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book : Actions and Losses in Personnel , Colours , Standards and Artillery , 1792 – 1815 . Greenhill , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 1 @-@ 85367 @-@ 276 @-@ 9 . * Thiers , Adolphe . The history of the French revolution , New York , Appleton , 1854 , v. 4 .
( German ) Weber , Edwin Ernst . Ostrach 1799 – die Schlacht , der Ort , das Gedenken , Gemeinde Ostrach website . Accessed 24 October 2009 .
Young , John , D.D. , A History of the Commencement , Progress , and Termination of the Late War between Great Britain and France which continued from the first day of February 1793 to the first of October 1801 . Volume 2 . Edinburg : Turnbull , 1802 .
= = = Newspapers = = =
" Engagements Between The Grand Armies Of The Archduke and General Jourdan . " The Times , Friday , 5 April 1799 ; pg . 2 ; col A.
Excerpted from the Hamburgh Mail . " Private Correspondence " , Hamburgh , 2 March 1799 , reported in The Times , 8 April 1799 , pg . 3 ; col A.
( German ) Broda , Ruth . " Schlacht von Ostrach : “ jährt sich zum 210 . Mal – Feier am Wochenende . Wie ein Dorf zum Kriegsschauplatz wurde . In : Südkurier vom 13 . Mai 2009 .
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= Typhoon Sarah ( 1989 ) =
Typhoon Sarah , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Openg , was a powerful typhoon that caused extensive damage along an erratic path across the Western Pacific in September 1989 . Originating from a disturbance within a monsoon trough in early September , Sarah was first classified as a tropical depression near the Mariana Islands on September 5 . Moving quickly westward , the depression soon strengthened into Tropical Storm Sarah . On September 8 , the storm abruptly turned southward and temporarily attained typhoon status . Following a series of interactions with secondary areas of low pressure , the storm turned northward the following day . By September 11 , Sarah entered a region favoring development and underwent a period of explosive intensification . At the end of this phase , the storm attained its peak intensity as a Category 4 – equivalent typhoon on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . The typhoon subsequently weakened rapidly and made two landfalls in Taiwan by September 12 . After moving over the Taiwan Strait , Sarah made its final landfall in Eastern China on September 13 before dissipating the following day .
While the typhoon meandered near the Philippines , it brought several days of heavy rain to much of Luzon , triggering extensive flash flooding . At least 44 people perished across the country and another 200 @,@ 000 were left homeless . Striking Taiwan as a strong typhoon , Sarah caused widespread wind damage that left approximately 840 @,@ 000 residents without power . Excessive rainfall associated with the storm triggered flooding that washed away highways and inundated about 40 @,@ 500 hectares ( 100 @,@ 000 acres ) of farmland . Throughout the island , Sarah was responsible for 19 fatalities and at least $ 171 million USD ( 4 @.@ 38 billion New Taiwan dollars ) in damage . Four deaths also took place on the Gotō Islands . Additionally , four deaths took place offshore and another seventeen people were listed as missing .
= = Meteorological history = =
In early September 1989 , a monsoon trough became established across the western Pacific . By September 3 , a disturbance formed within the trough approximately 1 @,@ 100 km ( 685 mi ) southeast of the Japanese island of Minamitorishima . Initially , a tropical upper tropospheric trough ( TUTT ) to the northwest inhibited convective development ; however , " complex interactions " , according to Lt. Cdr . Nicholas D. Gural , later occurred between the TUTT cell , the initial disturbance , and a second disturbance , which resulted in favorable conditions for tropical cyclogenesis . Due to the improved environment , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued two Tropical Cyclone Formation Alerts on the system on September 5 . By this time , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) began monitoring the system as a tropical depression . Ultimately , the JTWC issued their first advisory on Tropical Depression 22W early on September 6 , at which time the depression was situated northwest of the Mariana Islands .
Initially , the depression tracked west @-@ southwestwards and gradually intensified ; however , after being upgraded to Tropical Storm Sarah late on September 6 , the system turned northwestward and accelerated towards Okinawa . By September 8 , Sarah decelerated as it underwent a binary interaction with a secondary area of convection to the southwest . This interaction caused the cyclone to abruptly turn southwestward towards the Philippines before nearly stalling on September 9 . During this time , the storm temporarily attained typhoon status , having estimated winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . Coinciding with Sarah 's time as a typhoon , a new area of low pressure , classified as a " lee side low " , developed along the west coast of Luzon . Due to the cyclone 's proximity to the Philippines , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration also monitored the storm and assigned it with the local name Openg .
Later on September 9 , Sarah turned sharply northward as the lee side low rapidly tracked northeast . Reintensification gradually took place as the storm moved away from the Philippines , with the storm reaching typhoon status by September 10 . Tracking generally towards the north @-@ northwest , Sarah entered a favorable region for development and underwent a period of explosive intensification on September 11 . Over a six @-@ hour span , the storm 's winds increased from 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) to 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) . A powerful typhoon , Sarah featured a well @-@ defined eye and multiple outflow channels . The storm reached its peak strength later that day as a Category 4 – equivalent typhoon on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale with winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) . The JMA assessed Sarah to have been somewhat weaker , estimating peak ten @-@ minute sustained winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) along with a barometric pressure of 950 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 05 inHg ) .
Forecasters at the JTWC initially projected the storm to track north of Taiwan on September 12 and merge with an approaching frontal system . Contrary to this , Sarah moved south of the expected path and quickly weakened as it interacted with the mountainous terrain of Taiwan . The storm eventually struck the island with winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) late on September 11 . Unexpectedly , the typhoon executed a counterclockwise loop and briefly moved offshore before making a second landfall 12 hours later along the northeastern coast of Taiwan as a tropical storm . Sarah failed to reorganize as it moved over the Taiwan Strait and later made its final landfall in Zhejiang , China as a minimal tropical storm on September 13 . The storm was last noted the following day as dissipating over Eastern China .
= = Impact = =
= = = Philippines = = =
Although the storm did not make landfall in the Philippines , its close proximity brought several days of heavy rain to Luzon , leading to widespread flash floods and mudslides . Landslides across the region isolated many cities , including Baguio . Rivers began exceeding their banks on September 10 and flooded surrounding areas . In the province of Ilocos Sur , ten people were killed in a single town after flood waters swept away many homes overnight . In many areas , waters were waist @-@ deep and officials advised residents in low @-@ lying areas to move to higher ground . Tropical storm force winds , recorded up to 88 km / h ( 55 mph ) at the John Hay Air Base , also impacted the country . In Zambales Province , a tornado spawned by the typhoon injured three people and caused approximately $ 90 @,@ 000 worth of damage . Another tornado struck the Clark Air Base , uprooting trees and damaging buildings . Losses from this tornado reached $ 150 @,@ 000 .
At least 44 people were killed in various incidents related to Typhoon Sarah in the Philippines while another three were reported missing . A total of 1 @,@ 157 homes were destroyed and another 24 @,@ 638 sustained damage , leaving approximately 200 @,@ 000 people homeless . Damage from the storm was placed at $ 4 @.@ 3 million . In light of the severity of damage caused by Sarah , a state of calamity was declared for northern provinces . Less than a week after the storm , additional rains in areas affected by Sarah triggered landslides that killed at least 16 people . Officials blamed the landslides on rocks loosened by the typhoon 's rains .
= = = Taiwan = = =
On September 10 , meteorologists across Taiwan warned residents of torrential rain across the country , especially in mountainous areas where more than 1 @,@ 000 mm ( 39 in ) could fall . The Central Weather Bureau also advised vessels in the Bashi Channel to be cautious or rough seas associated with the typhoon . Most flights to and from the island were canceled by September 11 for the duration of the storm ; however , rail service continued for another day . Approximately 10 @,@ 000 volunteer firefighters were placed on alert and city police were called in to organize evacuation centers .
Striking Taiwan as a powerful typhoon , destructive winds battered coastal areas near where the center moved ashore . According to officials in Taiwan , winds were recorded up to 174 km / h ( 108 mph ) with gusts to 208 km / h ( 129 mph ) . These winds downed thousands of trees and power lines , leaving an estimated 840 @,@ 000 residents without electricity . A total of 272 @,@ 000 telephone lines were damaged or destroyed by the storm . Excessive rainfall triggered widespread flash flooding that inundated agricultural areas and paralyzed transportation as roads and bridges were washed away . On September 11 , the Suhua Highway was shut down due to landslides . In Hualien City , flood waters reached a depth of 1 @.@ 2 m ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) and several homes were destroyed , leaving roughly 100 people homeless . Across the island , 28 homes were destroyed and another 41 sustained damage . At least 19 people perished in Taiwan and another 14 were reported missing . At least 40 @,@ 500 hectares ( 100 @,@ 000 acres ) of farmland was submerged by flood waters . Agricultural losses related to Typhoon Sarah reached $ 171 million USD ( 4 @.@ 38 billion New Taiwan dollars ) .
Offshore , a 12 @,@ 800 ton Panamanian freighter , the Lung Hao , broke in two amidst rough seas produced by the typhoon . Twenty @-@ one people were rescued by police after the vessel drifted 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to shore ; however , four people were listed as missing . After two days of search and rescue efforts , officials deemed their chance of survival to be very slim and the four missing crew members were declared dead on September 14 .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
Heavy rains from the outer bands of Sarah also affected much of southwestern Japan . In the Gotō Islands , 476 mm ( 18 @.@ 7 in ) of rain triggered several landslides , one of which destroyed a two @-@ story home and killed four people . Additional rains , ranging from 30 to 200 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 7 @.@ 9 in ) , fell in parts of Fujian and Zhejiang Provinces in China . No known damage resulted from the rainfall in China .
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= The Boat Race 1997 =
The 143rd Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 29 March 1997 . Umpired by former Oxford rower Tom Cadoux @-@ Hudson , Cambridge won in a time of 17 minutes and 38 seconds .
In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths . Cambridge won the 52nd Women 's Boat Race .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge . First held in 1829 , the competition is a 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) race along the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1996 race by two @-@ and @-@ three @-@ quarter lengths , and led overall with 73 victories to Oxford 's 68 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . The race was the last to be sponsored by Beefeater Gin .
The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race .
= = Crews = =
The weigh @-@ in was held at the Hurlingham Club on 24 March 1997 . The Cambridge crew , pre @-@ race favourites , weighed an average of 1 pound ( 0 @.@ 45 kg ) more per rower than Oxford , with Cambridge 's Alex Story the heaviest man in the race at 16 stone ( 100 kg ) . The crews were the tallest in the history of the race , with Cambridge averaging 6 ft 5 @.@ 25 in ( 1 @.@ 96 m ) to Oxford 's 6 ft 4 @.@ 5 in ( 1 @.@ 94 m ) . Oxford 's Roberto Blanda became the first Blue from Italy . Cambridge 's crew featured three former Blues , while Oxford 's crew contained none .
Cambridge were coached once again by Robin Williams , while Oxford were guided by Dutchman René Mijnders , who had led the Netherlands to Olympic gold in Atlanta in the men 's eight .
= = Race description = =
Oxford 's non @-@ rowing boat club president Ed Bellamy won the toss and selected the Surrey station as the starting point for his crew , Cambridge therefore started from the Middlesex station . Immediately from the start , Cambridge cox Kevin Whyman steered into the Oxford water , closing the lateral gap between the boats and securing a series of warnings from race umpire Tom Cadoux @-@ Hudson . Oxford held a lead of a few feet round the Fulham bend , but the crews were level at the mile post . By Hammersmith Bridge , Oxford had pulled away marginally to hold a one @-@ third length lead , but superior steering by Whyman around the Surrey bend pulled Cambridge back into contention , level by the Chiswick Steps , and a length ahead by Barnes Bridge . Moving across , Cambridge took Oxford 's clear water and passed the finishing post six seconds and two lengths ahead . It was Cambridge 's fourth consecutive victory and took the overall record to 74 – 68 in their favour . By the end of the race , umpire Cadoux @-@ Hudson had issued 132 warnings to the crews .
In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , and in the 52nd running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge also triumphed .
= = Reaction = =
Olympic gold medallist Steve Redgrave presented Cambridge with the Beefeater Trophy and both crews with their medals . Oxford 's coach Mijnders said " After the big bend , Cambridge were actually flying ... the further the race went on , the better Cambridge rowed " . Cambridge coach Williams noted " Some of our boys took some stick in the press , but they responded to the pressure and were brilliant . " Oxford 's stroke and Olympic bronze medallist Tim Foster told his crew " We 'll always remember we lost the Boat Race , but don 't forget we are still good rowers . " Cadoux @-@ Hudson stated in an interview that there were two occasions where the blades clashed : " Cambridge were being warned on one occasion and Oxford on the other , so I think it equalled out at the end . I don 't think it affected the outcome " .
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= Back to Basics ( Christina Aguilera album ) =
Back to Basics is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Christina Aguilera . It was released on August 9 , 2006 by RCA Records as a double album . Serving as executive producer , she enlisted a wide range of producers including DJ Premier , Rich Harrison , Rob Lewis , Mark Ronson , and Linda Perry . Recording sessions began in January 2005 and ended in April 2006 , taking place at Chalice Recording Studios and Record Plant .
Inspired by Aguilera 's 1920s – 1940s idols , including Billie Holiday , Otis Redding , Etta James , and Ella Fitzgerald , Back to Basics was described by Aguilera herself as a fusion of old @-@ school jazz and soul inspirations with a modernized style . Primarily a pop and R & B record , the first disc juxtaposes rhythm and blues with hip hop and urban elements with most songs employing samples , while the second contains all original tracks with the exception of " Candyman " , which samples " Tarzan & Jane Swingin ' on a Vine " . Lyrically , the album is inspired by Aguilera 's previous life events including her marriage with Jordan Bratman in 2005 .
To portray a new persona , Aguilera adopted her new alter ego , Baby Jane , and made several changes to her public appearance , inspired by classic Hollywood movie stars . She promoted the album by performing at concerts from mid @-@ 2006 to early @-@ 2007 , including the 2006 MTV Movie Awards and the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards . The album 's supporting tour Back to Basics Tour , which visited countries in North America , Asia , Europe , Australia and Middle East , lasted from late @-@ 2006 until late @-@ 2008 . Back to Basic spawned three international singles : " Ain 't No Other Man " , " Hurt " and " Candyman " .
Back to Basics received positive reviews from music critics who complimented its musical diversity from Aguilera 's previous albums while there were others who criticized its length . The record received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album , and its lead single " Ain 't No Other Man " won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards in 2007 . In its first week of release , the album debuted atop the US Billboard 200 chart with first @-@ week sales of 346 @,@ 000 copies . Back to Basics achieved similar success internationally , reaching the top spot in over fifteen countries including Australia , Canada , Germany , Ireland , Switzerland and United Kingdom . The album has sold 1 @.@ 7 million copies in the US , and 5 million units worldwide as of November 2013 .
= = Background = =
At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards in 2004 , Aguilera announced that she was going to work on a follow @-@ up album to Stripped ( 2002 ) . She stated her main idea for the project was to " evolve as an artist and a visionary " , which was taken from a poem she wrote during The Stripped Tour ( 2003 ) . In an interview with Billboard magazine , Aguilera expressed dissatisfaction with contemporary music , as technology " has advanced itself so anybody can be a singer " . Thus , Aguilera took musical inspirations from old @-@ school jazz , blues and soul records performed by her 1920s @-@ 1940s idols including Billie Holiday , Otis Redding , Etta James and Ella Fitzgerald , which she viewed as " music that really had heart " .
To create a " throwback " with elements of old @-@ school genres combined with " a modern @-@ day twist " , Aguilera sent letters to different producers that she hoped could help her with the direction she was taking for the project , encouraging them to experiment , re @-@ invent and create a modern soul feel . She initially planned to condense the album into a single , more " affordable " disc , however she expanded Back to Basics as a double album . For the first disc , Aguilera collaborated with hip hop producers including DJ Premier , Rich Harrison , Kwamé , and Mark Ronson for the first time . Most songs from the first half incorporate horn samples to create " gritty and old " sounds . DJ Premier questioned if Aguilera was familiar with his work , though she had known of his jazz @-@ influenced work with Gang Starr in late @-@ 1980s and early @-@ 1990s . In response , Aguilera wanted her album to draw inspirations from Premier 's song " Jazz Thing " and noted that their collaboration became his first time " venturing into the ' pop ' world " .
For the " 1920s and 1930s @-@ era vibe " -influenced second disc , Aguilera teamed up with longtime producer Linda Perry , who produced Aguilera 's previous album Stripped . In contrast to the first half disc , the second one consists of all live recordings without using samples ( with the exception of " Candyman " featuring a sample of " Tarzan & Jane Swingin ' on a Vine " ) . Recording sessions of the project began in January 2005 and ended in April 2006 , taking place at Chalice Recording Studios and The Record Plant in Hollywood , California . All songs from Back to Basics were recorded using Pro Tools HD3 program and done with a SSL J9000 console with 96 inputs . Aguilera 's vocals were recorded using a Telefunken ELAM 251 microphone , possibly in conjunction with an Avalon M @-@ 5 pre @-@ amp . Producer Scott Storch , who contributed to Aguilera 's previous album Stripped , was asked to return for the production of Back to Basics . However , he refused the offer when Aguilera declined to pay airfare for him and his entourage to fly out to Los Angeles , which led to a breakdown of their relationship . Subsequently , Aguilera included the song " F.U.S.S. " ( " Fuck You Scott Storch " ) on the album , which Storch viewed as " pathetic " .
= = Music = =
According to Aguilera and the production team , Back to Basics draws influences from 1920s @-@ 1940s jazz , blues and soul genres . However , music critics identified the record as a pop and R & B album with similarities to 1960s , 1970s and 1980s albums . Dorian Lyskey writing for The Guardian thought that the album 's concept " is so wide as to be meaningless " , while Serene Dominic from Phoenix New Times compared Back to Basics ' musical style to rock band The Beatles ' 1968 self @-@ titled album .
The first half disc incorporates strong elements from hip hop , urban , blending old @-@ school and modern R & B. It features horn samples and gospel choirs , making it sound like " a dusty old vinyl album " , according to Jenny Eliscu from Rolling Stone . Most songs from the disc employ samples , with the exception of " Without You " , " Still Dirrty " and " F.U.S.S. " " Makes Me Wanna Pray " featuring Steve Winwood features a gospel choir in its arrangement , while the pop / R & B and funk number " Ain 't No Other Man " features " aerobic oomph " that is similar to Beyoncé 's " Crazy in Love " . " Understand " is an R & B ballad , featuring soul influences that are similar to ballads done by Gladys Knight , while " Slow Down Baby " blends old @-@ school and modern R & B with hip hop and soul elements . The three follow @-@ ups " Oh Mother " , " On Our Way " , and " Without You " are the three piano ballads from disc one . " Still Dirrty " was described as a " filthy ghetto strut " with hip hop elements .
The second disc of Back to Basics opens with " Enter the Circus " , described as a " carnival @-@ creepy orchestration that sounds like Danny Elfman soundtracking Cabaret " by Tampa Bay Times , and followed by the soft rock @-@ inspired " Welcome " . " Candyman " draws inspirations from jazz , blues and swing , and was musically inspired by The Andrews Sisters ' 1941 hit " Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy " . Similarly , " Nasty Naughty Boy " also contains elements of jazz and blues and features " blaring horn section " in its arrangement . On " I Got Trouble " , Aguilera sings over a blues @-@ inspired theme that is reminiscent of songs by Bessie Smith . " Mercy on Me " features gospel elements , while the acoustic track " Save Me from Myself " is inspired by country rock genre , different from any other tracks on Back to Basics .
= = Lyrics = =
Most songs from Back to Basics were inspired by real @-@ life events that Aguilera had experienced . The track " Oh Mother " talks about Aguilera 's childhood with her abusive father ; its lyrical theme was compared to Madonna 's " Oh Father " ( 1989 ) . Her marriage with Jordan Bratman was the main theme of the album , with tracks inspired by the event including " Makes Me Wanna Pray " , " Ain 't No Other Man " , " On Our Way " , " Without You " , " Mercy on Me " , " Save Me from Myself " and " The Right Man " . On " The Right Man " , Aguilera expresses that she has found " the right man " for her imagined daughter as she hopes that the child would not have to experience an abusive childhood like her , " One day , My little girl will reach out her hand and she 'll know I found the right man " .
Aguilera expresses excitement toward old @-@ school music on " Back in the Day " , where she names classic artists including Etta James , Marvin Gaye , Coltrane and Aretha Franklin . " F.U.S.S. " ( which stands for " Fuck You Scott Storch " ) , is directly toward producer Scott Storch , who didn 't accept Aguilera 's offer to produce Back to Basics : " Looks like I didn 't need you / Still got the album out " . In the lyrics of " Slow Down Baby " , Aguilera tells a " lusty " man to leave her alone as she sings , " If you knew anything you 'd realise I 'm wearing a ring " . " Still Dirrty " was described as a sequel to Aguilera 's 2002 single " Dirrty " , in which Aguilera sings about her " sexual independence " , " Why is a woman 's sexuality always under so much scrutiny / Why can 't she do exactly as she please " and claims that she 's " still got the nasty " in her . " Here to Stay " tells how Aguilera is " not just a flash in the pan pop starlet " , while " Thank You ( Dedication to Fans ... ) " features voice mails from Aguilera 's fans , such as " You 're so amazing " or " You inspired me to carry on living ... "
= = Releases and marketing = =
In mid @-@ 2006 , Virgin Media reported that Back to Basics would be released on August 14 that year in the United States . Later , Back to Basics was planned to be released on August 15 , 2006 in the region , according to TMZ . The album was leaked in full on August 3 .
Aguilera decided to portray her different image and persona from her previous stage name Xtina by adopting a new alter ego called Baby Jane , named after a character of the 1962 film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? . She also changed her public appearance as she removed her piercings , and dyed her hair platinum blonde , inspired by classic Hollywood movie stars such as Marilyn Monroe , Marlene Dietrich , Carole Lombard and Greta Garbo . The album 's photography was taken by German photographer Ellen von Unwerth during three days ; on the first and second days , the photos were shot at the Hollywood Dell hotel . Aguilera and von Unwerth moved to Forty Deuce in Hollywood to take images inspired by 1920s burlesque clubs on the last day of the session . The album 's cover artwork was revealed in late @-@ June 2006 , featuring Aguilera with bright red lipstick and curly blonde hair dressed in white and lounging on a bed . Greg Kot from The Baltimore Sun labelled the cover as " a classy retro look , a sign that [ Aguilera ] is ready for her close @-@ up as the leading lady of the teen brat pack that emerged in the late ' 90s " .
The first track from the album to be made available to the public was " Ain 't No Other Man " , which was released as the lead single to US contemporary hit radio on June 6 , 2006 . Aguilera was featured in Pepsi 's commercial advertisement , which used " Here to Stay " , a track from Back to Basics as its main theme . Shot in multiple territories including Saudi Arabia , Prague , Rio de Janeiro , Tokyo , and in India , the 60 @-@ second advertisement premiered on July 14 , 2006 worldwide . Alongside the commercial , " Here to Stay " was available for digital download on mobile phones as a promotional record to Aguilera 's then @-@ upcoming album . " Hurt " and " Candyman " were serviced as the album 's second and third international singles on September 17 , 2006 , and February 20 , 2007 , respectively . " Slow Down Baby " was released in Australia only on July 28 , 2007 , while " Oh Mother " was released in several European territories only in late @-@ 2007 . In January 2008 , Aguilera released a music video for the track " Save Me from Myself " , following Aguilera giving birth to her son Max Bratman .
= = Promotion = =
Aguilera began her promotion of Back to Basics with a live performance of " Ain 't No Other Man " at the 2006 MTV Movie Awards on June 8 , 2006 . On July 20 , Aguilera held a 40 @-@ minute concert at Camden Palace Theatre in London , where she performed five songs from her then @-@ upcoming album and two previous singles . On August 16 , Aguilera held a release party for the album in New York City . Aguilera performed " Hurt " at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards on August 31 . On September 8 , she performed " Candyman " and " Bennie and the Jets " at the Fashion Rocks charity event , the latter was a duet with Elton John . Aguilera also sang " Ain 't No Other Man " , " Hurt " and " Steppin ' Out with My Baby " with Tony Bennett on Saturday Night Live on November 11 , 2006 . " Hurt " was also sung on the " NBC Christmas Thanksgiving Special " in November , and the German television series Wetten , dass .. ? in December of that year . On December 31 , 2006 , Aguilera appeared on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve and performed " Candyman " and " Fighter " .
On February 10 , 2007 , Aguilera sang " Makes Me Wanna Pray " and " Candyman " at the " Clive Davis Pre @-@ Grammy Awards Party " . She performed " Candyman " on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . During 2006 and 2007 , Aguilera visited Asia , Europe , and Oceania during her Back to Basics Tour . It was promoted by the mobile phone network Orange and Sony Ericsson . The eighty @-@ show tour received positive reviews from critics , who complimented it as the strongest of her career . Grossing over $ 90 million worldwide , it became the ninth highest @-@ grossing tour ever for a female artist and the most profitable world tour by a female artist in 2007 . In February 2008 , the Back to Basics : Live and Down Under DVD was released .
= = Critical reception = =
On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Back to Basics received an average score of 69 , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " , based on 17 reviews . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic appreciated the album 's production , commenting that the project was " all the more impressive " coming after the " near career suicide of Stripped " . Entertainment Weekly 's Jody Rosen opined that Aguilera " can make her own glorious kind of 21st @-@ century noise " and compared Aguilera 's vocal ability on the album to that of Mariah Carey . Mike Joseph of PopMatters felt that Aguilera " still shouts at times when a coo will do " , but felt that her choice in collaborators made for an " ultimately rewarding listen " . Sputnikmusic 's Amanda Murray noted Back to Basics as another " transitional " and " innovative " record for Aguilera . Lucy Davies from BBC Music said that Aguilera has a " stunning voice " , but stated that she could be more varied by cutting out some of the " y @-@ e @-@ e @-@ eeeh , woah yeh 's " on the second album .
Thomas Innskeep from Stylus Magazine preferred the first disc of the album over the " ridiculously overblown ballads " on the second disc , adding that Back to Basics was " one of 2006 's best when Linda Perry 's fingerprints aren 't present " . Similarly , Yahoo ! Music 's Dan Gennoe described the first disc as a " low @-@ down and dirty masterpiece " , but said the second disc found Aguilera " crashing straight back down again " . Paul Flynn from The Observer provided a mixed review , saying that the beginning of the album was " all craft and very little heart " ; however , he found the collaborations between her and Perry to be " deeply cinematic " . Rolling Stone 's Jenny Eliscu opined that the release was " overindulgent and self @-@ important " , but would have been " masterful " had it been condensed into a single disc . Kelefa Sanneh from The New York Times gave a mixed review , stating that it " contains a roughly even number of great songs and lousy ones " , and sait that " her homages to World War II @-@ era pop music resemble skits more than songs " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine criticized Aguilera for using a sexual image to overshadow her vocals , but commented that Back to Basics was more " cohesive " than Stripped . Robert Christgau provided a negative review , classifying the album as a " dud " ( ) .
The album received a nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2007 Grammy Awards and won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for " Ain 't No Other Man " . The following year , " Candyman " was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . In 2006 , Back to Basics was named the Best Pop Album of the Year by iTunes . In June 2008 , Entertainment Weekly listed the album at number 80 of the 100 best albums of the last twenty @-@ five years . By late 2009 , British magazine Daily Mail listed Back to Basics at number 17 on the list of 50 best albums of the 2000s decade .
= = Commercial performance = =
Upon its release , Back to Basics reached number one in over fifteen countries , including the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australia . With 346 @,@ 000 in first @-@ week sales , the album debuted atop the US Billboard 200 . It remained on the chart for forty @-@ four weeks , falling off after a final position of number 164 . The album placed at numbers 59 and 73 on the Billboard 200 Year @-@ End charts in 2006 and 2007 , respectively . Additionally , Back to Basics debuted at number two on the Billboard R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Album , spending forty @-@ six weeks on the chart . The album went on to be certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of one million copies . With sales of 24 @,@ 000 , Back to Basics also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart . It attained a triple platinum certification there , reaching 300 @,@ 000 sales .
Back to Basics achieved similar success in Europe , peaking at number one on the European Top 100 Albums chart . In the United Kingdom , it became Aguilera 's first album to debut atop the UK Albums Chart . It charted for thirty @-@ three weeks in the top seventy @-@ five , and was eventually certified platinum in the country . The album placed at numbers 56 and 127 on the UK Albums Chart 's year @-@ end list for 2006 and 2007 , respectively . In Finland , Back to Basics charted for eighteen weeks on the country 's official albums chart , peaking at number six . It debuted at number ten on the French Albums Chart , where it spent fifty @-@ two weeks . The album proved be less successful on the Portuguese Albums Chart , where it peaked at number 26 and charted for two weeks .
The album achieved success in major markets in Oceania . It debuted at number one on the Australian Albums Chart and charted for forty weeks , while debuting at number two on the New Zealand RIANZ Albums Chart and charting for twenty @-@ seven . The album reached numbers 45 and 34 on Australia 's year @-@ end charts in 2006 and 2007 , respectively ; while charting at 43 in New Zealand in 2007 . Back to Basics went on the reach double platinum certification in the former and platinum in the latter . Japan became the only Asian market where Back to Basics , where it debuted at number seven on the Japanese Oricon Main Albums Chart with first @-@ week sales of 32 @,@ 241 units . It was later certified gold in the country for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 copies . According to RCA frontman , Clive Davis , the album has sold approximately 5 million copies worldwide as of November 2013 .
= = Track listing = =
Credits are taken from Back to Basics booklet .
Notes
^ a signifies an additional producer
^ b signifies a co @-@ producer
^ c signifies a vocal producer
Sampling credits
" Intro ( Back to Basics ) " contains a sample of " The Thrill is Gone ( Live ) " , as performed by B.B. King , The Crusaders and The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra .
" Makes Me Wanna Pray " contains a sample from " Glad " , as performed by Traffic .
" Back in the Day " contains samples from " Charley " , as performed by Don Costa Orchestra , and " Troglodyte " , as performed by The Jimmy Castor Bunch .
" Ain 't No Other Man " contains samples from " Happy Skippy Moon Strut " , as performed by Moon People , and " The Cissy 's Thang " , as performed by The Soul Seven .
" Understand " contains a sample from " Nearer to You " , as performed by Betty Harris .
" Slow Down Baby " contains samples from " Window Raisin ' Granny " , as performed by Gladys Knight & the Pips and " So Seductive " , as performed by Tony Yayo .
" Oh Mother " contains a sample from " Vois Sur Ton Chemin " , written by Bruno Coluais and Christopher Barratler .
" On Our Way " contains a sample from " Sentimentale " , as performed by Claude Bolling .
" Here to Stay " contains a sample from " The Best Thing You Ever Had " , as performed by Candi Staton .
" Thank You ( Dedication to Fans ... ) " contains samples from " Can 't Hold Us Down " and " Genie in a Bottle " , as performed by Aguilera , and " Think Big " , as performed by Pudgie the Fat Bastard featuring The Notorious B.I.G. The track also features fan club recordings by Shane Burrows , Jessica Cavanaugh , She @-@ Tara Franklin , Michael Holmin , Warren Keller , Antoinette Litte , Gustavo Medina , Sarah Anne Moore , Joshua Pospisil , Cory Steale , Durant Searcy , Samantha Silver , Tammy Simpson and Shanna Nicole Wiles .
" Candyman " contains a sample from " Tarzan & Jane Swingin ' on a Vine " from Run To Cadence With U.S. Marines .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from AllMusic .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications and sales = =
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= Geography of Croatia =
The geography of Croatia is defined by its location — it is described as a part of Central and Southeast Europe , a part of the Balkans and Mitteleuropa . Croatia 's territory covers 56 @,@ 594 km2 ( 21 @,@ 851 sq mi ) , making it the 127th largest country in the world . Bordered by Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia in the east , Slovenia in the west , Hungary in the north and Montenegro and the Adriatic Sea in the south , it lies mostly between latitudes 42 ° and 47 ° N and longitudes 13 ° and 20 ° E. Croatia 's territorial waters encompass 18 @,@ 981 square kilometres ( 7 @,@ 329 sq mi ) in a 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) wide zone , and its internal waters located within the baseline cover an additional 12 @,@ 498 square kilometres ( 4 @,@ 826 sq mi ) .
The Pannonian Basin and the Dinaric Alps , along with the Adriatic Basin , represent major geomorphological parts of Croatia . Lowlands make up the bulk of Croatia , with elevations of less than 200 metres ( 660 ft ) above sea level recorded in 53 @.@ 42 % of the country . Most of the lowlands are found in the northern regions , especially in Slavonia , itself a part of the Pannonian Basin plain . The plains are interspersed with horst and graben structures , believed to have broken the Pliocene Pannonian Sea 's surface as islands . The greatest concentration of ground at relatively high elevations is found in the Lika and Gorski Kotar areas in the Dinaric Alps , but high areas are found in all regions of Croatia to some extent . The Dinaric Alps contain the highest mountain in Croatia — 1 @,@ 831 @-@ metre ( 6 @,@ 007 ft ) Dinara — as well as all other mountains in Croatia higher than 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) . Croatia 's Adriatic Sea mainland coast is 1 @,@ 777 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 104 @.@ 4 mi ) long , while its 1 @,@ 246 islands and islets encompass a further 4 @,@ 058 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 522 mi ) of coastline — the most indented coastline in the Mediterranean . Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps , as well as throughout the coastal areas and the islands .
62 % of Croatia 's territory is encompassed by the Black Sea drainage basin . The area includes the largest rivers flowing in the country : the Danube , Sava , Drava , Mur and Kupa . The remainder belongs to the Adriatic Sea drainage basin , where the largest river by far is the Neretva . Most of Croatia has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate as defined by the Köppen climate classification . The mean monthly temperature ranges between − 3 ° C ( 27 ° F ) and 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . Croatia has a number of ecoregions because of its climate and geomorphology , and the country is consequently among the most biodiverse in Europe . There are four types of biogeographical regions in Croatia : Mediterranean along the coast and in its immediate hinterland ; Alpine in the elevated Lika and Gorski Kotar ; Pannonian along the Drava and Danube ; and Continental in the remaining areas . There are 444 protected natural areas in Croatia , encompassing 8 @.@ 5 % of the country ; there are about 37 @,@ 000 known species in Croatia , and the total number of species is estimated to be between 50 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 .
The permanent population of Croatia by the 2011 census reached 4 @.@ 29 million . The population density was 75 @.@ 8 inhabitants per square kilometre , and the overall life expectancy in Croatia at birth was 75 @.@ 7 years . The country is inhabited mostly by Croats ( 89 @.@ 6 % ) , while minorities include Serbs ( 4 @.@ 5 % ) , and 21 other ethnicities ( less than 1 % each ) recognised by the constitution . Since the counties were re @-@ established in 1992 , Croatia is divided into 20 counties and the capital city of Zagreb . The counties subdivide into 127 cities and 429 municipalities . The average urbanisation rate in Croatia stands at 56 % , with a growing urban population and shrinking rural population . The largest city and the nation 's capital is Zagreb , with an urban population of 686 @,@ 568 in the city itself and a metropolitan area population of 978 @,@ 161 . The populations of Split and Rijeka exceed 100 @,@ 000 , and five more cities in Croatia have populations over 50 @,@ 000 .
= = Area and borders = =
Croatia 's territory covers 56 @,@ 594 square kilometres ( 21 @,@ 851 square miles ) , making it the 127th largest country in the world . The physical geography of Croatia is defined by its location — it is described as a part of Central Europe and Southeast Europe , a part of the Balkans and Mitteleuropa . Croatia borders Bosnia – Herzegovina ( for 1 @,@ 009 @.@ 1 km ) and Serbia ( for 317 @.@ 6 km ) in the east , Slovenia for 667 @.@ 8 km in the west , Hungary for 355 @.@ 5 km in the north and Montenegro for 22 @.@ 6 km and the Adriatic Sea in the south . It lies mostly between latitudes 42 ° and 47 ° N and longitudes 13 ° and 20 ° E. Part of the extreme south of Croatia is separated from the rest of the mainland by a short coastline strip around Neum belonging to Bosnia – Herzegovina .
Croatia 's 348 @-@ kilometre ( 216 mi ) border with Hungary was inherited from Yugoslavia . Much of the border with Hungary follows the Drava River or its former river bed ; that part of the border dates from the Middle Ages . The border in Međimurje and Baranya was defined as a border between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes , later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , pursuant to the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 . The present outline of the 956 @-@ kilometre ( 594 mi ) border with Bosnia – Herzegovina and 19 @-@ kilometre ( 12 mi ) border with Montenegro is largely the result of the Ottoman conquest and subsequent recapture of territories in the Great Turkish War of 1667 – 1698 formally ending with the Treaty of Karlowitz , as well as the Fifth and Seventh Ottoman – Venetian Wars . This border had minor modifications in 1947 when all borders of the former Yugoslav constituent republics were defined by demarcation commissions implementing the AVNOJ decisions of 1943 and 1945 regarding the federal organisation of Yugoslavia . The commissions also defined Baranya and Međimurje as Croatian territories , and moreover set up the present @-@ day 314 @-@ kilometre ( 195 mi ) border between Serbia and Croatia in Syrmia and along the Danube River between Ilok and the Drava river 's mouth and further north to the Hungarian border ; the Ilok / Drava section matched the border between the Kingdom of Croatia @-@ Slavonia and Bács @-@ Bodrog County that existed until 1918 ( the end of World War I ) . Most of the 600 @-@ kilometre ( 370 mi ) border with Slovenia was also defined by the commissions , matching the northwestern border of the Kingdom of Croatia @-@ Slavonia , and establishing a new section of Croatian border north of the Istrian peninsula according to the ethnic composition of the territory previously belonging to the Kingdom of Italy .
Pursuant to the 1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy the islands of Cres , Lastovo and Palagruža and the cities of Zadar and Rijeka and most of Istria went to communist Yugoslavia and Croatia , while carving out the Free Territory of Trieste ( FTT ) as a city @-@ state . The FTT was partitioned in 1954 as Trieste itself and the area to the north of it were placed under Italian control , and the rest under Yugoslav control . The arrangement was made permanent by the Treaty of Osimo in 1975 . The former FTT 's Yugoslav part was partitioned between Croatia and Slovenia , largely conforming to the area population 's ethnic composition .
In the late 19th century , Austria @-@ Hungary established a geodetic network , for which the elevation benchmark was determined by the Adriatic Sea 's average level at the Sartorio pier in Trieste . This benchmark was subsequently retained by Austria , adopted by Yugoslavia , and kept by the states that emerged after its dissolution , including Croatia .
= = = Extreme points = = =
The geographical extreme points of Croatia are Žabnik in Međimurje County as the northernmost point , Rađevac near Ilok in Vukovar @-@ Syrmia County as the easternmost point , Cape Lako near Bašanija in Istria County as the westernmost point and the islet of Galijula in Palagruža archipelago in Split @-@ Dalmatia County as the southernmost point . On the mainland , Cape Oštra of the Prevlaka peninsula in Dubrovnik @-@ Neretva County is the southernmost point .
= = = Maritime claims = = =
Italy and Yugoslavia defined their delineation of the continental shelf in the Adriatic Sea in 1968 , with an additional agreement on the boundary in the Gulf of Trieste signed in 1975 in accordance with the Treaty of Osimo . All the successor states of former Yugoslavia accepted the agreements . Prior to Yugoslavia 's breakup , Albania , Italy and Yugoslavia initially proclaimed 15 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 28 km ; 17 mi ) territorial waters , subsequently reduced to the international @-@ standard 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) ; all sides adopted baseline systems . Croatia also declared its Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone ( ZERP ) — a part of its Exclusive Economic Zone — as extending to the continental shelf boundary . Croatia 's territorial waters encompass 18 @,@ 981 square kilometres ( 7 @,@ 329 sq mi ) ; its internal waters located within the baseline cover an additional 12 @,@ 498 square kilometres ( 4 @,@ 826 sq mi ) .
= = = Border disputes = = =
= = = = Maritime border disputes = = = =
Croatia and Slovenia started negotiations to define maritime borders in the Gulf of Piran in 1992 but failed to agree , resulting in a dispute . Both countries also declared their economic zones , which partially overlap . Croatia 's application to become an EU member state was initially suspended pending resolution of its border disputes with Slovenia . These were eventually settled with an agreement to accept the decision of an international arbitration commission set up via the UN , enabling Croatia to progress towards EU membership . The dispute has caused no major practical problems in areas other than the EU membership negotiations progress , even before the arbitration agreement .
The maritime boundary between Bosnia – Herzegovina and Croatia was formally settled in 1999 , but a few issues are still contested — the Klek peninsula and two islets in the border area . The Croatia – Montenegro maritime boundary is disputed in the Bay of Kotor , at the Prevlaka peninsula . The situation was exacerbated by the peninsula 's occupation by the Yugoslav People 's Army and later by the Serbian @-@ Montenegrin army , which in turn was replaced by a United Nations observer mission that lasted until 2002 . Croatia took over the area with an agreement that allowed Montenegrin presence in Croatian waters in the bay , and the dispute has become far less contentious since the independence of Montenegro in 2006 .
= = = = Land border disputes = = = =
The land border disputes pertain to comparatively small strips of land . The Croatia – Slovenia border disputes are : along the Dragonja River 's lower course where Slovenia claims three hamlets on the river 's left bank ; the Sveta Gera peak of Žumberak where exact territorial claims were never made and appear to be limited to a military barracks on the peak itself ; and along the Mura River where Slovenia wants the border to be along the current river bed instead of along a former one and claims a ( largely if not completely uninhabited ) piece of land near Hotiza . These claims are likewise in the process of being settled by binding arbitration .
There are also land border disputes between Croatia and Serbia . The two countries presently control one bank of the present @-@ day river each , but Croatia claims that the border line should follow the cadastral borders between the former municipalities of SR Croatia and SR Serbia along the Danube , as defined by a Yugoslav commission in 1947 ( effectively following a former river bed ) ; borders claimed by Croatia also include the Vukovar and Šarengrad islands in the Danube as its territory . There is also a border dispute with Bosnia – Herzegovina , specifically Croatia claims Unčica channel on the right bank of Una as the border at Hrvatska Kostajnica , while Bosnia and Herzegovina claims Una River course as the border there .
= = Physical geography = =
= = = Topography = = =
Most of Croatia is lowlands , with elevations of less than 200 metres ( 660 ft ) above sea level recorded in 53 @.@ 42 % of the country . Most of the lowlands are found in the country 's northern regions , especially in Slavonia , representing a part of the Pannonian Basin . Areas with elevations of 200 to 500 metres ( 660 to 1 @,@ 640 ft ) above sea level encompass 25 @.@ 61 % of Croatia 's territory , and the areas between 500 and 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 and 3 @,@ 300 ft ) above sea level cover 17 @.@ 11 % of the country . A further 3 @.@ 71 % of the land is 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 3 @,@ 300 to 4 @,@ 900 ft ) above sea level , and only 0 @.@ 15 % of Croatia 's territory is elevated greater than 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) above sea level . The greatest concentration of ground at relatively high elevations is found in the Lika and Gorski Kotar areas in the Dinaric Alps , but such areas are found in all regions of Croatia to some extent . The Pannonian Basin and the Dinaric Alps , along with the Adriatic Basin , represent major geomorphological parts of Croatia .
= = = = Adriatic Basin = = = =
Croatia 's Adriatic Sea mainland coast is 1 @,@ 777 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 104 @.@ 4 mi ) long , while its 1 @,@ 246 islands and islets have a further 4 @,@ 058 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 522 mi ) of coastline . The distance between the extreme points of Croatia 's coastline is 526 kilometres ( 327 mi ) . The number of islands includes all islands , islets , and rocks of all sizes , including ones emerging only at low tide . The largest islands in the Adriatic are Cres and Krk , each covering 405 @.@ 78 square kilometres ( 156 @.@ 67 sq mi ) ; the tallest is Brač , reaching 780 metres ( 2 @,@ 560 ft ) above sea level . The islands include 47 permanently inhabited ones , the most populous among them being Krk and Korčula .
The shore is the most indented coastline in the Mediterranean . The majority of the coast is characterised by a karst topography , developed from the Adriatic Carbonate Platform . Karstification there largely began after the final raising of the Dinarides in the Oligocene and Miocene epochs , when carbonate rock was exposed to atmospheric effects such as rain ; this extended to 120 metres ( 390 ft ) below the present sea level , exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum 's sea level drop . It is estimated that some karst formations are related to earlier drops of sea level , most notably the Messinian salinity crisis . The eastern coast 's largest part consists of carbonate rocks , while flysch rock is significantly represented in the Gulf of Trieste coast , on the Kvarner Gulf coast opposite Krk , and in Dalmatia north of Split . There are comparably small alluvial areas of the Adriatic coast in Croatia — most notably the Neretva river delta . Western Istria is gradually subsiding , having sunk about 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) in the past 2 @,@ 000 years .
In the Middle Adriatic Basin , there is evidence of Permian volcanism in the area of Komiža on the island of Vis , in addition to the volcanic islands of Jabuka and Brusnik . Earthquakes are frequent in the area around the Adriatic Sea , although most are too faint to be felt ; an earthquake doing significant damage happens every few decades , with major earthquakes every few centuries .
= = = = Dinaric Alps = = = =
The Dinaric Alps are linked to a Late Jurassic to recent times fold and thrust belt , itself part of the Alpine orogeny , extending southeast from the southern Alps . The Dinaric Alps in Croatia encompass the entire Gorski Kotar and Lika regions , as well as considerable parts of Dalmatia , with their northeastern edge running from 1 @,@ 181 @-@ metre ( 3 @,@ 875 ft ) Žumberak to the Banovina region , along the Sava River , and their westernmost landforms being 1 @,@ 272 @-@ metre ( 4 @,@ 173 ft ) Ćićarija and 1 @,@ 396 @-@ metre ( 4 @,@ 580 ft ) Učka mountains in Istria . The Dinaric Alps contain the highest mountain in Croatia — 1 @,@ 831 @-@ metre ( 6 @,@ 007 ft ) Dinara — as well as all other mountains in Croatia higher than 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 900 feet ) : Biokovo , Velebit , Plješivica , Velika Kapela , Risnjak , Svilaja and Snježnik .
Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps . There are numerous caves in Croatia ; 49 of these are deeper than 250 metres ( 820 @.@ 21 ft ) , 14 deeper than 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 640 @.@ 42 ft ) and 3 deeper than 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 3 @,@ 280 @.@ 84 ft ) . The longest cave in Croatia , Kita Gaćešina , is at the same time the longest cave in the Dinaric Alps at 20 @,@ 656 metres ( 67 @,@ 769 ft ) .
= = = = Pannonian Basin = = = =
The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during the Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny . The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains . The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 12 – 17 Mya ; intensified subsidence was observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts at about 7 @.@ 5 Mya . The contemporary tectonic uplift of the Carpathian Mountains severed water flow to the Black Sea and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin . Sediments were transported to the basin from the uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains , with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene epoch during the Transdanubian Mountains ' formation . Ultimately , up to 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) of sediment was deposited in the basin , and the sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge .
The results are large plains in eastern Slavonia 's Baranya and Syrmia regions , as well as in river valleys , especially along the Sava , Drava and Kupa . The plains are interspersed by horst and graben structures , believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea 's surface as islands . The tallest among such landforms are 1 @,@ 059 @-@ metre ( 3 @,@ 474 ft ) Ivanšćica and 1 @,@ 035 @-@ metre ( 3 @,@ 396 ft ) Medvednica north of Zagreb — both are also at least partially in Hrvatsko Zagorje — as well as 984 @-@ metre ( 3 @,@ 228 ft ) Psunj and 953 @-@ metre ( 3 @,@ 127 ft ) Papuk that are the tallest among the Slavonian mountains surrounding Požega . Psunj , Papuk and adjacent Krndija consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks from 300 – 350 Mya . Požeška gora , adjacent to Psunj , consists of much more recent Neogene rocks , but there are also Upper Cretaceous sediments and igneous rocks forming the main , 30 @-@ kilometre ( 19 mi ) ridge of the hill ; these represent the largest igneous landform in Croatia . A smaller piece of igneous terrain is also present on Papuk , near Voćin . The two , as well as the Moslavačka gora mountains , are possibly remnants of a volcanic arc from the same tectonic plate collision that caused the Dinaric Alps .
= = = Hydrography = = =
The largest part of Croatia — 62 % of its territory — is encompassed by the Black Sea drainage basin . The area includes the largest rivers flowing in the country : the Danube , Sava , Drava , Mura and Kupa . The rest belongs to the Adriatic Sea drainage basin , where the largest river by far is the Neretva . The longest rivers in Croatia are the 562 @-@ kilometre ( 349 mi ) Sava , 505 @-@ kilometre ( 314 mi ) Drava , 296 @-@ kilometre ( 184 mi ) Kupa and a 188 @-@ kilometre ( 117 mi ) section of the Danube . The longest rivers emptying into the Adriatic Sea are the 101 @-@ kilometre ( 63 mi ) Cetina and an only 20 @-@ kilometre ( 12 mi ) section of the Neretva .
The largest lakes in Croatia are 30 @.@ 7 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 11 @.@ 9 sq mi ) Lake Vrana located in the northern Dalmatia , 17 @.@ 1 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 6 @.@ 6 sq mi ) Lake Dubrava near Varaždin , 13 @.@ 0 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 5 @.@ 0 sq mi ) Peruća Lake ( reservoir ) on the Cetina River , 11 @.@ 1 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 4 @.@ 3 sq mi ) Lake Prokljan near Skradin and 10 @.@ 1 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) Lake Varaždin reservoir through which the Drava River flows near Varaždin . Croatia 's most famous lakes are the Plitvice lakes , a system of 16 lakes with waterfalls connecting them over dolomite and limestone cascades . The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours , ranging from turquoise to mint green , grey or blue . Croatia has a remarkable wealth in terms of wetlands . Four of those are included in the Ramsar list of internationally @-@ important wetlands : Lonjsko Polje along the Sava and Lonja rivers near Sisak , Kopački Rit at the confluence of the Drava and Danube , the Neretva Delta and Crna Mlaka near Jastrebarsko .
Average annual precipitation and evaporation rates are 1 @,@ 162 millimetres ( 45 @.@ 7 in ) and 700 millimetres ( 28 in ) , respectively . Taking into consideration the overall water balance , the total Croatian water resources amount to 25 @,@ 163 cubic metres ( 888 @,@ 600 cu ft ) per year per capita , including 5 @,@ 877 cubic metres ( 207 @,@ 500 cu ft ) per year per capita from sources inside Croatia .
= = = Climate = = =
Most of Croatia has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate ( Dfb ) as defined by the Köppen climate classification . Mean monthly temperatures range between − 3 ° C ( 27 ° F ) ( in January ) and 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) ( in July ) . The coldest parts of the country are Lika and Gorski Kotar where a snowy forested climate is found at elevations above 1 @,@ 200 metres ( 3 @,@ 900 ft ) . The warmest areas of Croatia are at the Adriatic coast and especially in its immediate hinterland , which are characterized by a Mediterranean climate since temperatures are moderated by the sea . Consequently , temperature peaks are more pronounced in the continental areas : the lowest temperature of − 36 @.@ 0 ° C ( − 32 @.@ 8 ° F ) was recorded on 4 February 1929 in Gospić , and the highest temperature of 42 @.@ 8 ° C ( 109 @.@ 0 ° F ) was recorded on 5 August 1981 in Ploče .
The mean annual precipitation is 600 to 3 @,@ 500 millimetres ( 24 to 138 in ) depending on the geographic region and prevailing climate type . The least precipitation is recorded in the outer islands ( Vis , Lastovo , Biševo , and Svetac ) and in the eastern parts of Slavonia ; however , in the latter case it is mostly during the growing season . The most precipitation is observed on the Dinara mountain range and in Gorski Kotar , where some of the highest annual precipitation totals in Europe occur .
The prevailing winds in the interior are light to moderate northeast or southwest ; in the coastal area , the prevailing winds are determined by local area features . Higher wind velocities are more often recorded in cooler months along the coast , generally as buras or less frequently as siroccos . The sunniest parts of the country are the outer islands , Hvar and Korčula , where more than 2 @,@ 700 hours of sunshine are recorded per year , followed by the southern Adriatic Sea area in general , northern Adriatic coast , and Slavonia , all with more than 2 @,@ 000 hours of sunshine per year .
= = = Biodiversity = = =
Croatia can be subdivided between a number of ecoregions because of its climate and geomorphology , and the country is consequently one of the richest in Europe in terms of biodiversity . There are four types of biogeographical regions in Croatia : Mediterranean along the coast and in its immediate hinterland , Alpine in most of Lika and Gorski Kotar , Pannonian along the Drava and Danube , and continental in the remaining areas . Among the most significant are karst habitats ; these include submerged karst , such as Zrmanja and Krka canyons and tufa barriers , as well as underground habitats . The karst geology has produced approximately 7 @,@ 000 caves and pits , many of which are inhabited by troglobitic ( exclusively cave @-@ dwelling ) animals such as the olm , a cave salamander and the only European troglobitic vertebrate . Forests are also significant in the country , as they cover 26 @,@ 487 @.@ 6 square kilometres ( 10 @,@ 226 @.@ 9 sq mi ) representing 46 @.@ 8 % of Croatia 's land surface . The other habitat types include wetlands , grasslands , bogs , fens , scrub habitats , coastal and marine habitats . In terms of phytogeography , Croatia is part of the Boreal Kingdom ; specifically , it is part of the Illyrian and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region and the Adriatic province of the Mediterranean Region . The World Wide Fund for Nature divides land in Croatia into three ecoregions — Pannonian mixed forests , Dinaric Mountains mixed forests and Illyrian deciduous forests . Biomes in Croatia include temperate broadleaf / mixed forest and Mediterranean forests , woodlands and scrub ; all are in the Palearctic ecozone .
Croatia has 38 @,@ 226 known taxa , 2 @.@ 8 % of which are endemic ; the actual number ( including undiscovered species ) is estimated to be between 50 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 . The estimate is supported by nearly 400 new taxa of invertebrates discovered in Croatia in 2000 – 2005 alone . There are more than a thousand endemic species , especially in the Velebit and Biokovo mountains , Adriatic islands and karst rivers . Legislation protects 1 @,@ 131 species . Indigenous cultivars of plants and breeds of domesticated animals are also numerous ; they include five breeds of horses , five breeds of cattle , eight breeds of sheep , two breeds of pigs and a poultry breed . Even the indigenous breeds include nine endangered or critically endangered ones .
There are 444 Croatian protected areas , encompassing 8 @.@ 5 % of the country . These include 8 national parks , 2 strict reserves and 11 nature parks , accounting for 78 % of the total protected area . The most famous protected area and the oldest national park in Croatia is the Plitvice Lakes National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Velebit Nature Park is a part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme . The strict and special reserves , as well as the national and nature parks , are managed and protected by the central government , while other protected areas are managed by counties . In 2005 , the National Ecological Network was set up as the first step in preparation for EU membership and joining the Natura 2000 network .
Habitat destruction represents a threat to biodiversity in Croatia , as developed and agricultural land is expanded into previous natural habitats , while habitat fragmentation occurs as roads are created or expanded . A further threat to biodiversity is the introduction of invasive species , with Caulerpa racemosa and C. taxifolia identified as especially problematic ones . The invasive algae are monitored and regularly removed to protect the benthic habitat . Agricultural monocultures have also been identified as a threat to biodiversity .
= = = Ecology = = =
The ecological footprint of Croatia 's population and industry varies significantly between the country 's regions since 50 % of the population resides in 26 @.@ 8 % of the nation 's territory , with a particularly high impact made by the city of Zagreb and Zagreb County areas — their combined area comprises 6 @.@ 6 % of Croatia 's territory while encompassing 25 % of the population . The ecological footprint is most notably from the increased development of settlements and the sea coast leading to habitat fragmentation . Between 1998 and 2008 , the greatest changes of land use pertained to artificially developed areas , but the scale of development is negligible compared to EU member states .
The Croatian Environment Agency ( CEA ) , a public institution established by the Government of Croatia to collect and analyse information on the environment , has identified further ecological problems as well as various degrees of progress in terms of curbing their environmental impact . These problems include inadequate legal landfills as well as the presence of illegal landfills ; between 2005 and 2008 , 62 authorized and 423 illegal landfills were rehabilitated . In the same period , the number of issued waste management licenses doubled , while the annual municipal solid waste volume increased by 23 % , reaching 403 kilograms ( 888 pounds ) per capita . The processes of soil acidification and organic matter degradation are present throughout Croatia , with increasing soil salinity levels in the Neretva river plain and spreading areas of alkali soil in Slavonia .
Croatian air pollution levels reflect the drop in industrial production recorded in 1991 at the onset of the Croatian War of Independence — pre @-@ war emission levels were only reached in 1997 . The use of desulfurized fuels has led to a 25 % reduction of sulphur dioxide emissions between 1997 and 2004 , and a further 7 @.@ 2 % drop by 2007 . The rise in NOx emissions halted in 2007 and reversed in 2008 . The use of unleaded petrol reduced emissions of lead into the atmosphere by 91 @.@ 5 % between 1997 and 2004 . Air quality measurements indicate that the air in rural areas is essentially clean , and in urban centres it generally complies with legal requirements . The most significant sources of greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions in Croatia are energy production ( 72 % ) , industry ( 13 % ) and agriculture ( 11 % ) . The average annual increase of GHG emissions is 3 % , remaining within the Kyoto Protocol limits . Between 1990 and 2007 , the use of ozone depleting substances was reduced by 92 % ; their use is expected to be abolished by 2015 .
Even though Croatia has sufficient water resources at its disposal , these are not uniformly distributed and public water supply network losses remain high — estimated at 44 % . Between 2004 and 2008 , the number of stations monitoring surface water pollution increased by 20 % ; the CEA reported 476 cases of water pollution in this period . At the same time organic waste pollution levels decreased slightly , which is attributed to the completion of new sewage treatment plants ; their number increased 20 % , reaching a total of 101 . Nearly all of Croatia 's groundwater aquifers are top quality , unlike the available surface water ; the latter 's quality varies in terms of biochemical oxygen demand and bacteriological water analysis results . As of 2008 , 80 % of the Croatian population are served by the public water supply system , but only 44 % of the population have access to the public sewerage network , with septic systems in use . Adriatic Sea water quality monitoring between 2004 and 2008 indicated very good , oligotrophic conditions along most of the coast , while areas of increased eutrophication were identified in the Bay of Bakar , the Bay of Kaštela , the Port of Šibenik and near Ploče ; other areas of localized pollution were identified near the larger coastal cities . In the period between 2004 and 2008 , the CEA identified 283 cases of marine pollution ( including 128 from vessels ) , which was a drop of 15 % relative to the period encompassed by the previous report , 1997 to August 2005 .
= = = Land use = = =
As of 2006 , 46 @.@ 8 % of Croatia was occupied by 26 @,@ 487 @.@ 6 square kilometres ( 10 @,@ 226 @.@ 9 sq mi ) of forest and shrub , while a further 22 @,@ 841 square kilometres ( 8 @,@ 819 sq mi ) or 40 @.@ 4 % of the land was used for diverse agricultural uses including 4 @,@ 389 @.@ 1 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 694 @.@ 6 sq mi ) , or 7 @.@ 8 % of the total , for permanent crops . Bush and grass cover was present on 4 @,@ 742 @.@ 1 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 830 @.@ 9 sq mi ) or 8 @.@ 4 % of the territory , inland waters took up 539 @.@ 3 square kilometres ( 208 @.@ 2 sq mi ) or 1 @.@ 0 % and marshes covered 200 square kilometres ( 77 sq mi ) or 0 @.@ 4 % of the country . Artificial surfaces ( primarily consisting of urban areas , roads , non @-@ agricultural vegetation , sports areas and other recreational facilities ) took up 1 @,@ 774 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 685 @.@ 1 sq mi ) or 3 @.@ 1 % of the country 's area . The greatest impetus for land use changes is the expansion of settlements and road construction .
Because of the Croatian War of Independence , there are numerous leftover minefields in Croatia , largely tracing former front lines . As of 2006 , suspected minefields covered 954 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 368 @.@ 5 sq mi ) . As of 2012 , 62 % of the remaining minefields are situated in forests , 26 % of them are found in agricultural land , and 12 % are found in other land ; it is expected that mine clearance will be complete by 2019 .
= = = Regions = = =
Croatia is traditionally divided into numerous , often overlapping geographic regions , whose borders are not always clearly defined . The largest and most readily recognizable ones throughout the country are Central Croatia ( also described as the Zagreb macro @-@ region ) , Eastern Croatia ( largely corresponding with Slavonia ) , and Mountainous Croatia ( Lika and Gorski Kotar ; to the west of Central Croatia ) . These three comprise the inland or continental part of Croatia . Coastal Croatia consists of a further two regions : Dalmatia or the southern littoral , between the general area of the city of Zadar and the southernmost tip of the country ; and the northern littoral located north of Dalmatia , encompassing the Croatian Littoral and Istria . The geographical regions generally do not conform to county boundaries or other administrative divisions , and all of them encompass further , more specific , geographic regions .
= = Human geography = =
= = = Demographics = = =
The demographic features of the Croatian population are known through censuses , normally conducted in ten @-@ year intervals and analysed by various statistical bureaus since the 1850s . The Croatian Bureau of Statistics has performed this task since the 1990s . The latest census in Croatia was performed in April 2011 . The permanent population of Croatia at the 2011 census had reached 4 @.@ 29 million . The population density was 75 @.@ 8 inhabitants per square kilometre , and the overall life expectancy in Croatia at birth is 75 @.@ 7 years . The population rose steadily ( with the exception of censuses taken following the two world wars ) from 2 @.@ 1 million in 1857 until 1991 , when it peaked at 4 @.@ 7 million . Since 1991 , Croatia 's death rate has continuously exceeded its birth rate ; the natural growth rate of the population is thus currently negative . Croatia is currently in the demographic transition 's fourth or fifth stage . In terms of age structure , the population is dominated by the 15 ‑ to 64 ‑ year ‑ old segment . The median age of the population is 41 @.@ 4 , and the gender ratio of the total population is 0 @.@ 93 males per 1 female .
Croatia is inhabited mostly by Croats ( 89 @.@ 6 % ) , while minorities include Serbs ( 4 @.@ 5 % ) and 21 other ethnicities ( less than 1 % each ) recognised by the Constitution of Croatia . The demographic history of Croatia is marked by significant migrations , including : the Croats ' arrival in the area ; the growth of the Hungarian and German speaking population after the personal union of Croatia and Hungary ; joining of the Habsburg Empire ; migrations set off by the Ottoman conquests ; and the growth of the Italian @-@ speaking population in Istria and Dalmatia during the Venetian rule there . After Austria @-@ Hungary 's collapse , the Hungarian population declined , while the German @-@ speaking population was forced out or fled during the last part of and after World War II , and a similar fate was suffered by the Italian population . The late 19th century and the 20th century were marked by large scale economic migrations abroad . The 1940s and the 1950s in Yugoslavia were marked by internal migrations in Yugoslavia , as well as by urbanisation . The most recent significant migrations came as a result of the Croatian War of Independence when hundreds of thousands were displaced .
The Croatian language is Croatia 's official language , but the languages of constitutionally @-@ recognised minorities are officially used in some local government units . Croatian is the native language identified by 96 % of the population . A 2009 survey revealed that 78 % of Croatians claim knowledge of at least one foreign language — most often English . The largest religions of Croatia are Roman Catholicism ( 86 @.@ 3 % ) , Orthodox Christianity ( 4 @.@ 4 % ) and Islam ( 1 @.@ 5 % ) . Literacy in Croatia stands at 98 @.@ 1 % . The proportion of the population aged 15 and over attaining academic degrees has grown rapidly since 2001 , doubling and reaching 16 @.@ 7 % by 2008 . An estimated 4 @.@ 5 % of GDP is spent for education . Primary and secondary education are available in Croatian and in the languages of recognised minorities . Croatia has a universal health care system and in 2010 , the nation spent 6 @.@ 9 % of its GDP on healthcare . The net monthly income in September 2011 averaged 5 @,@ 397 kuna ( c . € 729 ) . The most significant sources of employment in 2008 were wholesale and retail trade , the manufacturing industry and construction . In October 2011 , the unemployment rate was 17 @.@ 4 % . Croatia 's median equivalent household income tops the average Purchasing Power Standard of the ten countries which joined the EU in 2004 , while trailing the EU average . The 2011 census recorded a total of 1 @.@ 5 million private households ; most owned their own housing .
= = = Political geography = = =
Croatia was first subdivided into counties in the Middle Ages . The divisions changed over time to reflect losses of territory to Ottoman conquest and subsequent liberation of the same territory , in addition to changes in the political status of Dalmatia , Dubrovnik and Istria . The traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s , when the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes and the subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced oblasts and banovinas respectively . Communist @-@ ruled Croatia , as a constituent part of post @-@ WWII Yugoslavia , abolished earlier divisions and introduced ( mostly rural ) municipalities , subdividing Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities . Counties were reintroduced in 1992 by legislation , significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre @-@ 1920s subdivisions — for instance , in 1918 the Transleithanian part of Croatia was divided into eight counties with their seats in Bjelovar , Gospić , Ogulin , Požega , Vukovar , Varaždin , Osijek and Zagreb , while the 1992 legislation established 14 counties in the same territory . Međimurje County was established in the eponymous region acquired through the 1920 Treaty of Trianon . ( The 1990 Croatian Constitution provided for a Chamber of the Counties as part of the government , and for counties themselves without specifying their names or number . However , the counties were not actually re @-@ established until 1992 , and the first Chamber of the Counties was elected in 1993 . )
Since the counties were re @-@ established in 1992 , Croatia has been divided into 20 counties and the capital city of Zagreb , the latter having the authority and legal status of a county and a city at the same time ( Zagreb County outside the city is administratively separate as of 1997 ) . The county borders have changed in some instances since ( for reasons such as historical ties and requests by cities ) , with the latest revision taking place in 2006 . The counties subdivide into 127 cities and 429 municipalities .
The EU Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ) division of Croatia is performed in several tiers . NUTS 1 level places the entire country in a single unit , while there are three NUTS 2 regions ; these are Central and Eastern ( Pannonian ) Croatia , Northwest Croatia and Adriatic Croatia . The last encompasses all counties along the Adriatic coast . Northwest Croatia includes the city of Zagreb and Krapina @-@ Zagorje , Varaždin , Koprivnica @-@ Križevci , Međimurje and Zagreb counties , and the Central and Eastern ( Pannonian ) Croatia includes the remaining areas — Bjelovar @-@ Bilogora , Virovitica @-@ Podravina , Požega @-@ Slavonia , Brod @-@ Posavina , Osijek @-@ Baranja , Vukovar @-@ Syrmia , Karlovac and Sisak @-@ Moslavina counties . Individual counties and the city of Zagreb represent NUTS 3 level subdivision units in Croatia . The NUTS Local administrative unit divisions are two @-@ tiered . The LAU 1 divisions match the counties and the city of Zagreb — in effect making these the same as NUTS 3 units — while the LAU 2 subdivisions correspond to the cities and municipalities of Croatia .
= = = Urbanisation = = =
The average urbanisation rate in Croatia stands at 56 % , with a growing urban population and shrinking rural population . The largest city and the nation 's capital is Zagreb , with an urban population of 686 @,@ 568 in the city itself . Zagreb 's metropolitan area encompasses 341 additional settlements and , by the year 2001 , the population of the area had reached 978 @,@ 161 ; approximately 60 % of Zagreb County 's residents live in Zagreb 's metropolitan area , as does about 41 % of Croatia 's urban population . The cities of Split and Rijeka are the largest settlements on the Croatian Adriatic coast , with each city 's population being over 100 @,@ 000 . There are four other Croatian cities exceeding 50 @,@ 000 people : Osijek , Zadar , Pula and Slavonski Brod ; the Zagreb district of Sesvete , which has the status of a standalone settlement but not a city , also has such a large population . A further eleven cities are populated by more than 20 @,@ 000 .
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= Cleveland =
Cleveland ( / ˈkliːvlənd / KLEEV @-@ lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County , the most populous county in the state . The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie , approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Pennsylvania border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River , and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , and biomedical . Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .
As of the 2013 Census Estimate , the city proper had a total population of 390 @,@ 113 , making Cleveland the 48th largest city in the United States , and the second largest city in Ohio after Columbus . Greater Cleveland , the Cleveland @-@ Elyria @-@ Mentor , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , ranked 29th largest in the United States , and second largest in Ohio after Cincinnati with 2 @,@ 064 @,@ 725 people in 2013 . Cleveland is part of the larger Cleveland @-@ Akron @-@ Canton , OH Combined Statistical Area , which in 2013 had a population of 3 @,@ 501 @,@ 538 , and ranked as the country 's 15th largest CSA . Residents of Cleveland are called " Clevelanders " . Cleveland has many nicknames , the oldest of which in contemporary use being " The Forest City " .
= = History = =
Cleveland obtained its name on July 22 , 1796 when surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company laid out Connecticut 's Western Reserve into townships and a capital city they named " Cleaveland " after their leader , General Moses Cleaveland . Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the modern downtown area , centered on Public Square , before returning home , never again to visit Ohio . The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter , who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River . The Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23 , 1814 . In spite of the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters , its waterfront location proved to be an advantage . The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal . This key link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes connected the city to the Atlantic Ocean via the Erie Canal and later via the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River . Growth continued with added railroad links . Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836 .
In 1836 , the city , then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River , nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two . Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854 .
The city 's prime geographic location as transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center . Cleveland serves as a destination point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota , along with coal transported by rail . In 1870 , John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland , and moved its headquarters to New York City in 1885 . Cleveland emerged in the early 20th Century as an important American manufacturing center , which included automotive companies such as Peerless , People 's , Jordan , Chandler , and Winton , maker of the first car driven across the U.S. Other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam @-@ powered cars , which included White and Gaeth , as well as the electric car company Baker . Because of the significant growth , Cleveland was known as the " Sixth City " during this period .
By 1920 , due in large part to the city 's economic prosperity , Cleveland became the nation 's fifth largest city . The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders . Many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery , including President James A. Garfield , and John D. Rockefeller .
In commemoration of the centennial of Cleveland 's incorporation as a city , the Great Lakes Exposition debuted in June 1936 along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown . Conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression , it drew four million visitors in its first season , and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937 . The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Burke Lakefront Airport , among others . Following World War II , the city experienced a prosperous economy . In sports , the Indians won the 1948 World Series and the Browns dominated professional football in the 1950s . Businesses proclaimed that Cleveland was the " best location in the nation " . In 1940 , non @-@ Hispanic whites represented 90 @.@ 2 % of Cleveland 's population . The city 's population reached its peak of 914 @,@ 808 , and in 1949 Cleveland was named an All @-@ America City for the first time . By the 1960s , the economy slowed , and residents sought new housing in the suburbs , reflecting the national trends of urban flight and suburban growth .
In the 1950s and 1960s , social and racial unrest occurred in Cleveland , resulting in the Hough Riots from July 18 to 23 , 1966 and the Glenville Shootout from July 23 to 25 , 1968 . In November 1967 , Cleveland became the first major American city to elect a black mayor , Carl Stokes ( who served from 1968 to 1971 ) .
Suburbanization changed the city in the late 1960s and 1970s , when financial difficulties and a notorious 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga River challenged the city . This , along with the city 's struggling professional sports teams , drew negative national press . As a result , Cleveland was often derided as " The Mistake on the Lake " .
In December 1978 , Cleveland became the first major American city to enter into a financial default on federal loans since the Great Depression . By the beginning of the 1980s , several factors , including changes in international free trade policies , inflation and the Savings and Loans Crisis contributed to the recession that impacted cities like Cleveland . While unemployment during the period peaked in 1983 , Cleveland 's rate of 13 @.@ 8 % was higher than the national average due to the closure of several production centers .
The metropolitan area began a gradual economic recovery under mayors George Voinovich and Michael R. White . Redevelopment within the city limits has been strongest in the downtown area near the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex — consisting of Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena — and near North Coast Harbor , including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , FirstEnergy Stadium , and the Great Lakes Science Center . Cleveland has been hailed by local media as the " Comeback City " , while economic development of the inner @-@ city neighborhoods and improvement of the school systems are municipal priorities . In 1999 , Cleveland was identified as an emerging global city .
In the 21st century , the city has improved infrastructure , is more diversified , and has invested in the arts . Cleveland is generally considered an example of revitalization . The city 's goals include additional neighborhood revitalization and increased funding for public education . In 2009 , it was announced that Cleveland was chosen to host the 2014 Gay Games , the fourth city in the United States to host this international event . On July 8 , 2014 , it was announced that Cleveland was chosen to be the host city of the 2016 Republican National Convention .
= = Geography = =
= = = Topography = = =
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 82 @.@ 47 square miles ( 213 @.@ 60 km2 ) , of which 77 @.@ 70 square miles ( 201 @.@ 24 km2 ) is land and 4 @.@ 77 square miles ( 12 @.@ 35 km2 ) is water . The shore of Lake Erie is 569 feet ( 173 m ) above sea level ; however , the city lies on a series of irregular bluffs lying roughly perpendicular to the lake . In Cleveland these bluffs are cut principally by the Cuyahoga River , Big Creek , and Euclid Creek . The land rises quickly from the lakeshore . Public Square , less than one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) inland , sits at an elevation of 650 feet ( 198 m ) , and Hopkins Airport , 5 miles ( 8 km ) inland from the lake , is at an elevation of 791 feet ( 241 m ) .
= = = Cityscape = = =
= = = = Architecture = = = =
Cleveland 's downtown architecture is diverse . Many of the city 's government and civic buildings , including City Hall , the Cuyahoga County Courthouse , the Cleveland Public Library , and Public Auditorium , are clustered around an open mall and share a common neoclassical architecture . Built in the early 20th century , they are the result of the 1903 Group Plan , and constitute one of the most complete examples of City Beautiful design in the United States . The Terminal Tower , dedicated in 1930 , was the tallest building in North America outside New York City until 1964 and the tallest in the city until 1991 . It is a prototypical Beaux @-@ Arts skyscraper . The two newer skyscrapers on Public Square , Key Tower ( currently the tallest building in Ohio ) and the 200 Public Square , combine elements of Art Deco architecture with postmodern designs . Another of Cleveland 's architectural treasures is The Arcade ( sometimes called the Old Arcade ) , a five @-@ story arcade built in 1890 and renovated in 2001 as a Hyatt Regency Hotel . Cleveland 's landmark ecclesiastical architecture includes the historic Old Stone Church in downtown Cleveland and the onion domed St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Tremont , along with myriad ethnically inspired Roman Catholic churches . Running east from Public Square through University Circle is Euclid Avenue , which was known for its prestige and elegance . In the late 1880s , writer Bayard Taylor described it as " the most beautiful street in the world " . Known as " Millionaire 's Row " , Euclid Avenue was world @-@ renowned as the home of such internationally known names as Rockefeller , Hanna , and Hay .
= = = = Neighborhoods = = = =
Downtown Cleveland is centered on Public Square and includes a wide range of diversified districts . Downtown Cleveland is home to the traditional Financial District and Civic Center , as well as the distinct Cleveland Theater District , which is home to Playhouse Square Center . Mixed @-@ use neighborhoods such as the Flats and the Warehouse District are occupied by industrial and office buildings as well as restaurants and bars . The number of downtown housing units in the form of condominiums , lofts , and apartments has been on the increase since 2000 . Recent developments include the revival of the Flats , the Euclid Corridor Project , and the developments along East 4th Street . Cleveland residents geographically define themselves in terms of whether they live on the east or west side of the Cuyahoga River . The east side includes the neighborhoods of Buckeye @-@ Shaker , Central , Collinwood , Corlett , Euclid @-@ Green , Fairfax , Forest Hills , Glenville , Payne / Goodrich @-@ Kirtland Park , Hough , Kinsman , Lee Harvard / Seville @-@ Miles , Mount Pleasant , Nottingham , St. Clair @-@ Superior , Union @-@ Miles Park , University Circle , Little Italy , and Woodland Hills . The west side includes the neighborhoods of Brooklyn Centre , Clark @-@ Fulton , Detroit @-@ Shoreway , Cudell , Edgewater , Ohio City , Tremont , Old Brooklyn , Stockyards , West Boulevard , and the four neighborhoods colloquially known as West Park : Kamm 's Corners , Jefferson , Puritas @-@ Longmead , and Riverside . Three neighborhoods in the Cuyahoga Valley are sometimes referred to as the south side : Industrial Valley / Duck Island , Slavic Village ( North and South Broadway ) , and Tremont .
Several inner @-@ city neighborhoods have begun to gentrify in recent years . Areas on both the west side ( Ohio City , Tremont , Detroit @-@ Shoreway , and Edgewater ) and the east side ( Collinwood , Hough , Fairfax , and Little Italy ) have been successful in attracting increasing numbers of creative class members , which in turn is spurring new residential development . Furthermore , a live @-@ work zoning overlay for the city 's near east side has facilitated the transformation of old industrial buildings into loft spaces for artists .
= = = = Suburbs = = = =
Cleveland 's older , inner @-@ ring suburbs include Bedford , Bedford Heights , Brook Park , Brooklyn , Brooklyn Heights , Cleveland Heights , Cuyahoga Heights , East Cleveland , Euclid , Fairview Park , Garfield Heights , Lakewood , Linndale , Maple Heights , Newburgh Heights , Parma , Parma Heights , Shaker Heights , Solon , South Euclid , University Heights , and Warrensville Heights . Many are members of the Northeast Ohio First Suburbs Consortium .
= = = Climate = = =
Typical of the Great Lakes region , Cleveland exhibits a continental climate with four distinct seasons , which lies in the humid continental ( Köppen Dfa ) zone . Summers are warm to hot and humid while winters are cold and snowy . The Lake Erie shoreline is very close to due east @-@ west from the mouth of the Cuyahoga west to Sandusky , but at the mouth of the Cuyahoga it turns sharply northeast . This feature is the principal contributor to the lake effect snow that is typical in Cleveland ( especially on the city 's East Side ) from mid @-@ November until the surface of Lake Erie freezes , usually in late January or early February . The lake effect also causes a relative differential in geographical snowfall totals across the city : while Hopkins Airport , on the city 's far West Side , has only reached 100 inches ( 254 cm ) of snowfall in a season three times since record @-@ keeping for snow began in 1893 , seasonal totals approaching or exceeding 100 inches ( 254 cm ) are not uncommon as the city ascends into the Heights on the east , where the region known as the ' Snow Belt ' begins . Extending from the city 's East Side and its suburbs , the Snow Belt reaches up the Lake Erie shore as far as Buffalo .
The all @-@ time record high in Cleveland of 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) was established on June 25 , 1988 , and the all @-@ time record low of − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) was set on January 19 , 1994 . On average , July is the warmest month with a mean temperature of 73 @.@ 5 ° F ( 23 @.@ 1 ° C ) , and January , with a mean temperature of 28 @.@ 1 ° F ( − 2 @.@ 2 ° C ) , is the coldest . Normal yearly precipitation based on the 30 @-@ year average from 1981 to 2010 is 39 @.@ 1 inches ( 990 mm ) . The least precipitation occurs on the western side and directly along the lake , and the most occurs in the eastern suburbs . Parts of Geauga County to the east receive over 44 inches ( 1 @,@ 100 mm ) of liquid precipitation annually . Frequent thunderstorms are also common in Cleveland especially during spring and early summer .
= = Demographics = =
= = = 2010 census = = =
As of the census of 2010 , there were 396 @,@ 815 people , 167 @,@ 490 households , and 89 @,@ 821 families residing in the city . The population density was 5 @,@ 107 @.@ 0 inhabitants per square mile ( 1 @,@ 971 @.@ 8 / km2 ) . There were 207 @,@ 536 housing units at an average density of 2 @,@ 671 @.@ 0 per square mile ( 1 @,@ 031 @.@ 3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 53 @.@ 3 % African American , 37 @.@ 3 % White , 0 @.@ 3 % Native American , 1 @.@ 8 % Asian , 4 @.@ 4 % from other races , and 2 @.@ 8 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10 @.@ 0 % of the population .
There were 167 @,@ 490 households of which 29 @.@ 7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 22 @.@ 4 % were married couples living together , 25 @.@ 3 % had a female householder with no husband present , 6 @.@ 0 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 46 @.@ 4 % were non @-@ families . 39 @.@ 5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10 @.@ 7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 29 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 11 .
The median age in the city was 35 @.@ 7 years . 24 @.@ 6 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 11 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 26 @.@ 1 % were from 25 to 44 ; 26 @.@ 3 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 12 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48 @.@ 0 % male and 52 @.@ 0 % female .
= = = 2000 census = = =
As of the census of 2000 , there were 478 @,@ 403 people , 190 @,@ 638 households , and 111 @,@ 904 families residing in the city . The population density was 6 @,@ 166 @.@ 5 inhabitants per square mile ( 2 @,@ 380 @.@ 9 / km2 ) . There were 215 @,@ 856 housing units at an average density of 2 @,@ 782 @.@ 4 per square mile ( 1 @,@ 074 @.@ 3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 51 @.@ 0 % African American , 41 @.@ 5 % White , 0 @.@ 3 % Native American , 1 @.@ 3 % Asian , 0 @.@ 0 % Pacific Islander , 3 @.@ 6 % from other races , and 2 @.@ 2 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latinos of any race were 7 @.@ 3 % of the population . Ethnic groups include Germans ( 15 @.@ 2 % ) , Irish ( 10 @.@ 9 % ) , English ( 8 @.@ 7 % ) , Italian ( 5 @.@ 6 % ) , Poles ( 3 @.@ 2 % ) , and French ( 3 @.@ 0 % ) . Out of the total population , 4 @.@ 5 % were foreign born ; of which 41 @.@ 2 % were born in Europe , 29 @.@ 1 % Asia , 22 @.@ 4 % Latin American , 5 @.@ 0 % Africa , and 1 @.@ 9 % Northern America .
There are also substantial communities of Slovaks , Hungarians , French , Slovenes , Czechs , Ukrainians , Arabs , Dutch , Scottish , Russian , Scotch Irish , Croats , Puerto Ricans , West Indians , Romanians , Lithuanians , and Greeks . The presence of Hungarians within Cleveland proper was , at one time , so great that the city boasted the highest concentration of Hungarians in the world outside of Budapest . The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the South . Between 1920 and 1960 , the black population of Cleveland increased from 35 @,@ 000 to 251 @,@ 000 .
Out of 190 @,@ 638 households , 29 @.@ 9 % have children under the age of 18 living with them , 28 @.@ 5 % were married couples living together , 24 @.@ 8 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 41 @.@ 3 % were nonfamilies . 35 @.@ 2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11 @.@ 1 % had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 44 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 19 . The population was spread out with 28 @.@ 5 % under the age of 18 , 9 @.@ 5 % from 18 to 24 , 30 @.@ 4 % from 25 to 44 , 19 @.@ 0 % from 45 to 64 , and 12 @.@ 5 % who are 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females there were 90 @.@ 0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 85 @.@ 2 males .
The median income for a household in the city was $ 25 @,@ 928 , and the median income for a family was $ 30 @,@ 286 . Males had a median income of $ 30 @,@ 610 versus $ 24 @,@ 214 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 14 @,@ 291 . 26 @.@ 3 % of the population and 22 @.@ 9 % of families were below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 37 @.@ 6 % of those under the age of 18 and 16 @.@ 8 % of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line .
= = = Languages = = =
As of 2010 , 88 @.@ 4 % ( 337 @,@ 658 ) of Cleveland residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 7 @.@ 1 % ( 27 @,@ 262 ) spoke Spanish , 0 @.@ 6 % ( 2 @,@ 200 ) Arabic , and 0 @.@ 5 % ( 1 @,@ 960 ) Chinese . In addition 0 @.@ 9 % ( 3 @,@ 364 ) spoke a Slavic language ( 1 @,@ 279 - Polish , 679 Serbo @-@ Croatian , and 485 Russian ) . In total , 11 @.@ 6 % ( 44 @,@ 148 ) of Cleveland 's population age 5 and older spoke another language other than English .
= = Economy = =
Cleveland 's geographic location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie has been key to its growth . The Ohio and Erie Canal coupled with rail links helped establish the city as an important business center . Steel and many other manufactured goods emerged as leading industries .
The city diversified its economy in addition to its manufacturing sector . Cleveland is home to the corporate headquarters of many large companies such as Applied Industrial Technologies , Cliffs Natural Resources , Forest City Enterprises , NACCO Industries , Sherwin @-@ Williams Company and KeyCorp . NASA maintains a facility in Cleveland , the Glenn Research Center . Jones Day , one of the largest law firms in the US , began in Cleveland . In 2007 , Cleveland 's commercial real estate market experienced rebound with a record pace of purchases , with a housing vacancy of 10 % .
The Cleveland Clinic is the city 's largest private employer with a workforce of over 37 @,@ 000 as of 2008 . It carries the distinction as being among America 's best hospitals with top ratings published in U.S. News & World Report . Cleveland 's healthcare sector also includes University Hospitals of Cleveland , a renowned center for cancer treatment , MetroHealth medical center , and the insurance company Medical Mutual of Ohio . Cleveland is also noted in the fields of biotechnology and fuel cell research , led by Case Western Reserve University , the Cleveland Clinic , and University Hospitals of Cleveland . Cleveland is among the top recipients of investment for biotech start @-@ ups and research . Case Western Reserve , the Clinic , and University Hospitals have recently announced plans to build a large biotechnology research center and incubator on the site of the former Mt . Sinai Medical Center , creating a research campus to stimulate biotech startup companies that can be spun off from research conducted in the city .
City leaders promoted growth of the technology sector in the first decade of the 21st century . Mayor Jane L. Campbell appointed a " tech czar " to recruit technology companies to the downtown office market , offering connections to the high @-@ speed fiber networks that run underneath downtown streets in several " high @-@ tech offices " focused on the Euclid Avenue area . Cleveland State University hired a technology transfer officer to cultivate technology transfers from CSU research to marketable ideas and companies in the Cleveland area , and appointed a vice president for economic development . Case Western Reserve University participated in technology initiatives such as the OneCommunity project , a high @-@ speed fiber optic network linking the area 's research centers intended to stimulate growth . In mid @-@ 2005 , Cleveland was named an Intel " Worldwide Digital Community " along with Corpus Christi , Texas , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Taipei . This added about $ 12 million for marketing to expand regional technology partnerships , created a city @-@ wide Wi @-@ Fi network , and developed a tech economy . In addition to this Intel initiative , in January 2006 a New York @-@ based think tank , the Intelligent Community Forum , selected Cleveland as the sole American city among its seven finalists for the " Intelligent Community of the Year " award . The group announced that it nominated the city for its OneCommunity network with potential broadband applications . OneCommunity collaborated with Cisco Systems to deploy a wireless network starting in September 2006 .
= = Culture = =
= = = Performing arts = = =
Cleveland is home to Playhouse Square Center , the second largest performing arts center in the United States behind New York City 's Lincoln Center . Playhouse Square includes the State , Palace , Allen , Hanna , and Ohio theaters within what is known as the Cleveland Theater District . Playhouse Square 's resident performing arts companies include Cleveland Play House , Cleveland State University Department of Theatre and Dance , and Great Lakes Theater Festival . The center hosts various Broadway musicals , special concerts , speaking engagements , and other events throughout the year .
One Playhouse Square , now the headquarters for Cleveland 's public broadcasters , was originally used as the broadcast studios of WJW ( AM ) , where disc jockey Alan Freed first popularized the term " rock and roll " . Located between Playhouse Square and University Circle is Karamu House , a well @-@ known African American performing and fine arts center , founded in the 1920s .
Cleveland is home to the Cleveland Orchestra , widely considered one of the finest orchestras in the world , and often referred to as the finest in the United States . It is one of the " Big Five " major orchestras in the United States . The Orchestra plays at Severance Hall in University Circle during the winter and at Blossom Music Center in Cuyahoga Falls during the summer . The city is also home to the Cleveland Pops Orchestra .
There are two main art museums in Cleveland . The Cleveland Museum of Art is a major American art museum , with a collection that includes more than 40 @,@ 000 works of art ranging over 6 @,@ 000 years , from ancient masterpieces to contemporary pieces . Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland showcases established and emerging artists , particularly from the Cleveland area , through hosting and producing temporary exhibitions .
The Gordon Square Arts District on Detroit Ave . , in the Detroit @-@ Shoreway neighborhood , features a movie theater called the Capitol Theatre and an Off @-@ Off @-@ Broadway playhouse , the Cleveland Public Theatre .
= = = Film and television = = =
Cleveland has served as the setting for several major studio and independent films . Players from the 1948 Cleveland Indians , winners of the World Series , appear in The Kid from Cleveland ( 1949 ) . Cleveland Municipal Stadium features prominently in both that film and The Fortune Cookie ( 1966 ) ; written and directed by Billy Wilder , the picture marked Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon 's first on @-@ screen collaboration and features gameday footage of the 1965 Cleveland Browns . Director Jules Dassin 's first American film in nearly twenty years , Up Tight ! ( 1968 ) is set in Cleveland immediately following the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . Set in 1930s Cleveland , Sylvester Stallone leads a local labor union in F.I.S.T. ( 1978 ) . Paul Simon chose Cleveland as the opening for his only venture into filmmaking , One @-@ Trick Pony ( 1980 ) ; Simon spent six weeks filming concert scenes at the Cleveland Agora . The boxing @-@ match @-@ turned @-@ riot near the start of Raging Bull ( 1980 ) takes place at the Cleveland Arena in 1941 . Clevelander Jim Jarmusch 's critically acclaimed and independently produced Stranger Than Paradise ( 1984 ) — a deadpan comedy about two New Yorkers who travel to Florida by way of Cleveland — was a favorite of the Cannes Film Festival , winning the Caméra d 'Or . The cult @-@ classic mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap ( 1984 ) includes a memorable scene where the parody band gets lost backstage just before performing at a Cleveland rock concert ( origin of the phrase " Hello , Cleveland ! " ) . Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) , George Lucas ' heavily criticized adaptation of the Marvel comic of the same name , begins with the title character crashing into Cleveland after drifting in outer space . Michael J. Fox and Joan Jett play the sibling leads of a Cleveland rock group in Light of Day ( 1987 ) ; directed by Paul Schrader , much of the film was shot in the city . Both Major League ( 1989 ) and Major League II ( 1994 ) reflected the actual perennial struggles of the Cleveland Indians during the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s . Kevin Bacon stars in Telling Lies in America ( 1997 ) , the semi @-@ autobiographical tale of Clevelander Joe Eszterhas , a former reporter for The Plain Dealer . Cleveland serves as the setting for fictitious insurance giant Great Benefit in The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) ; in the film , Key Tower doubles as the firm 's main headquarters . A group of Cleveland teenagers try to scam their way into a Kiss concert in Detroit Rock City ( 1999 ) , and several key scenes from director Cameron Crowe 's Almost Famous ( 2000 ) are set in Cleveland . Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) recounts the real @-@ life story of the Cleveland native . Brothers Joe and Anthony Russo — native Clevelanders and Case Western Reserve University alumni — filmed their comedy Welcome to Collinwood ( 2002 ) entirely on location in the city . American Splendor ( 2003 ) — the biographical film of Harvey Pekar , author of the autobiographical comic of the same name — was also filmed on location throughout Cleveland , as was The Oh in Ohio ( 2006 ) . Much of The Rocker ( 2008 ) is set in the city , and Cleveland native Nathaniel Ayers ' life story is told in The Soloist ( 2009 ) . Kill the Irishman ( 2011 ) follows the real @-@ life turf war in 1970s Cleveland between Irish mobster Danny Greene and the Cleveland crime family . More recently , the teenage comedy Fun Size ( 2012 ) takes place in and around Cleveland on Halloween night , and the film Draft Day ( 2014 ) followed Kevin Costner as general manager for the Cleveland Browns .
Cleveland has often doubled for other locations in film . The wedding and reception scenes in The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) , while set in the small Pittsburgh suburb of Clairton , were actually shot in the Cleveland neighborhood of Tremont ; U.S. Steel also permitted the production to film in one of its Cleveland mills . Francis Ford Coppola produced The Escape Artist ( 1982 ) , much of which was shot in Downtown Cleveland near City Hall and the Cuyahoga County Courthouse , as well as the Flats . A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) was set in Indiana , but drew many of its external shots — including the Parker family home — from Cleveland . Much of Double Dragon ( 1994 ) and Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) were also shot in Cleveland , and the opening shots of Air Force One ( 1997 ) were filmed in and above Severance Hall . A complex chase scene in Spider @-@ Man 3 ( 2007 ) , though set in New York City , was actually filmed along Cleveland 's Euclid Avenue . Downtown 's East 9th Street also doubled for New York in the climax of The Avengers ( 2012 ) ; in addition , the production shot on Cleveland 's Public Square as a fill @-@ in for Stuttgart , Germany . More recently , Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) , Miss Meadows ( 2014 ) and Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) each filmed in Cleveland . Future productions in the Cleveland area are the responsibility of the Greater Cleveland Film Commission .
In television , the city is well known as the setting for the popular network sitcom The Drew Carey Show , starring Cleveland native Drew Carey . Real @-@ life crime series Cops , Crime 360 , and The First 48 regularly film in Cleveland and other U.S. cities . Hot in Cleveland , a comedy airing on TV Land , premiered on June 16 , 2010 .
= = = Literature = = =
The American modernist poet Hart Crane was born in nearby Garrettsville , Ohio in 1899 . His adolescence was divided between Cleveland and Akron before moving to New York City , finally in 1916 . Aside from factory work during the first world war , he served as reporter to The Plain Dealer for a short period , before achieving recognition in the Modernist literary scene . A diminutive memorial park is dedicated to Crane along the left bank of the Cuyahoga in Cleveland . In University Circle , a historical marker sits at the location of his Cleveland childhood house on E. 115 near the Euclid Ave intersection . On Case Western Reserve University campus , a statue of him stands immediately behind the Kelvin Smith Library .
Langston Hughes , preeminent poet of the Harlem Renaissance and child of an itinerant couple , lived in Cleveland as a teenager and attended Central High School in Cleveland in the 1910s . He wrote for the school newspaper and started writing his earlier plays , poems and short stories while living in Cleveland . The African @-@ American avant garde poet Russell Atkins also lived in Cleveland .
Cleveland was the home of Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel , who created the comic book character Superman in 1932 . Both attended Glenville High School , and their early collaborations resulted in the creation of " The Man of Steel " . D. A. Levy wrote : " Cleveland : The Rectal Eye Visions " . Mystery author Richard Montanari 's first three novels , Deviant Way , The Violet Hour , and Kiss of Evil are set in Cleveland . Mystery writer , Les Roberts 's Milan Jacovich series is also set in Cleveland . Author and Ohio resident , James Renner set his debut novel , The Man from Primrose Lane in present @-@ day Cleveland .
Harlan Ellison , noted author of speculative fiction , was born in Cleveland in 1934 ; his family subsequently moved to the nearby suburb of Painesville , though Ellison moved back to Cleveland in 1949 . As a youngster , he published a series of short stories appearing in the Cleveland News ; he also performed in a number of productions for the Cleveland Play House .
The Cleveland State University Poetry Center serves as an academic center for poetry . Cleveland continues to have a thriving literary and poetry community , with regular poetry readings at bookstores , coffee shops , and various other venues .
Cleveland is the site of the Anisfield @-@ Wolf Book Award , established by poet and philanthropist Edith Anisfield Wolf in 1935 , which recognizes books that have made important contributions to understanding of racism and human diversity . Presented by the Cleveland Foundation , it remains the only American book prize focusing on works that address racism and diversity . In an early Gay and Lesbian Studies anthology titled Lavender Culture , a short piece by John Kelsey " The Cleveland Bar Scene in the Forties " discusses the gay and lesbian culture in Cleveland and the unique experiences of amateur female impersonators that existed alongside the New York and San Francisco LGBT subcultures .
= = = Cuisine = = =
Cleveland 's melting pot of immigrant groups and their various culinary traditions have long played an important role in defining the local cuisine . Examples of these can particularly be found in neighborhoods such as Little Italy , Slavic Village , and Tremont .
Local mainstays of Cleveland 's cuisine include an abundance of Polish and Central European contributions , such as kielbasa , stuffed cabbage and pierogies . Cleveland also has plenty of corned beef , with nationally renowned Slyman 's , on the near East Side , a perennial winner of various accolades from Esquire Magazine , including being named the best corned beef sandwich in America in 2008 . Other famed sandwiches include the Cleveland original , Polish Boy , a local favorite found at many BBQ and Soul food restaurants . With its blue @-@ collar roots well intact , and plenty of Lake Erie perch available , the tradition of Friday night fish fries remains alive and thriving in Cleveland , particularly in church @-@ based settings and during the season of Lent . Ohio City is home to a growing brewery district , which includes Great Lakes Brewing Company ( Ohio 's oldest microbrewery ) ; Market Garden Brewery located next to the historic West Side Market and Platform Beer Company .
Cleveland is noted in the world of celebrity food culture . Famous local figures include chef Michael Symon and food writer Michael Ruhlman , both of whom achieved local and national attentions for their contributions in the culinary world . On November 11 , 2007 , Symon helped gain the spotlight when he was named " The Next Iron Chef " on the Food Network . In 2007 , Ruhlman collaborated with Anthony Bourdain , to do an entire episode of his Anthony Bourdain : No Reservations focusing on Cleveland 's restaurant scene .
The national food press — including publications Gourmet , Food & Wine , Esquire and Playboy — has heaped praise on several Cleveland spots for awards including ' best new restaurant ' , ' best steakhouse ' , ' best farm @-@ to @-@ table programs ' and ' great new neighborhood eateries ' . In early 2008 , the Chicago Tribune ran a feature article in its ' Travel ' section proclaiming Cleveland , America 's " hot new dining city " .
= = = Tourism = = =
Five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) east of downtown Cleveland is University Circle , a 550 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 2 km2 ) concentration of cultural , educational , and medical institutions , including the Cleveland Botanical Garden , Case Western Reserve University , University Hospitals , Severance Hall , the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Museum of Natural History , and the Western Reserve Historical Society . A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Cleveland 17th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities . Cleveland is home to the I. M. Pei @-@ designed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the Lake Erie waterfront at North Coast Harbor downtown . Neighboring attractions include Cleveland Browns Stadium , the Great Lakes Science Center , the Steamship Mather Museum , and the USS Cod , a World War II submarine . Cleveland has an attraction for visitors and fans of A Christmas Story : A Christmas Story House and Museum to see props , costumes , rooms , photos and other materials related to the Jean Shepherd film . Cleveland is home to many festivals throughout the year . Cultural festivals such as the annual Feast of the Assumption in the Little Italy neighborhood , the Harvest Festival in the Slavic Village neighborhood , and the more recent Cleveland Asian Festival in the Asia Town neighborhood are popular events . Vendors at the West Side Market in Ohio City offer many different ethnic foods for sale . Cleveland hosts an annual parade on Saint Patrick 's Day that brings hundreds of thousands to the streets of downtown .
Fashion Week Cleveland , the city 's annual fashion event , is the third @-@ largest fashion show of its kind in the United States . In addition to the cultural festivals , Cleveland hosted the CMJ Rock Hall Music Fest , which featured national and local acts , including both established artists and up @-@ and @-@ coming acts , but the festival was discontinued in 2007 due to financial and manpower costs to the Rock Hall . The annual Ingenuity Fest , Notacon and TEDxCLE conference focus on the combination of art and technology . The Cleveland International Film Festival has been held annually since 1977 , and it drew a record 66 @,@ 476 people in March 2009 . Cleveland also hosts an annual holiday display lighting and celebration , dubbed Winterfest , which is held downtown at the city 's historic hub , Public Square .
Cleveland also has the Jack Cleveland Casino . Phase I opened on May 14 , 2012 , on Public Square , in the historic former Higbee 's Building at Tower City Center . Phase II will open along the bend of the Cuyahoga River behind Tower City Center .
The new Greater Cleveland Aquarium is on the west bank of the Cuyahoga River near Downtown .
= = Sports = =
Cleveland 's major professional sports teams include the Cleveland Indians ( Major League Baseball ) , Cleveland Browns ( National Football League ) , and Cleveland Cavaliers ( National Basketball Association ) . Local sporting facilities include Progressive Field , FirstEnergy Stadium , Quicken Loans Arena and the Wolstein Center .
The Cleveland Indians won the World Series in 1920 and 1948 . They also won the American League pennant , making the World Series in the 1954 , 1995 , and 1997 seasons . Between 1995 and 2001 , Progressive Field ( then known as Jacobs Field ) sold out 455 consecutive games , a Major League Baseball record until it was broken in 2008 .
The Cavaliers won the Eastern Conference in 2007 and 2015 , but were defeated in the NBA Finals by the San Antonio Spurs and then by the Golden State Warriors , respectively . The Cavs won the Conference again in 2016 and won their first NBA Championship , finally defeating the Golden State Warriors . Afterwards , an estimated 1 @.@ 3 million people attended a parade held in the Cavs honor .
Historically , the Browns have been among the winningest franchises in American football history winning eight titles during a short period of time — 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 . The Browns have never played in a Super Bowl . Former owner Art Modell 's relocation of the Browns after the 1995 season ( to Baltimore creating the Ravens ) , caused tremendous heartbreak and resentment among local fans . Cleveland mayor , Michael R. White , worked with the NFL and Commissioner Paul Tagliabue to bring back the Browns beginning in 1999 season , retaining all team history .
From 1964 to 2016 , the city 's failure to win a trophy in any major professional sport earned the name , the Cleveland sports curse , where ESPN often proclaimed Cleveland as the " most tortured sports city . "
A notable Cleveland athlete is Jesse Owens , who grew up in the city after moving from Alabama when he was nine . He participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin , where he achieved international fame by winning four gold medals . A statue commemorating his achievement can be found in Downtown Cleveland at Fort Washington Park .
Cleveland State University alum and area native , Stipe Miocic , won the UFC World Heavyweight Championship at UFC 198 in 2016 . In defense of his title , the first ever UFC World Championship fight in the city of Cleveland will be held September 2016 .
The AHL Lake Erie Monsters won the 2016 Calder Cup , becoming the first Cleveland pro sports team to do so since the 1964 Cleveland Barons .
The city is also host to the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League , AFC Cleveland of the National Premier Soccer League , and the Cleveland Fusion of the Women 's Football Alliance .
Collegiately , NCAA Division I Cleveland State Vikings have 16 varsity sports , nationally known for their Cleveland State Vikings men 's basketball team . NCAA Division III Case Western Reserve Spartans have 19 varsity sports , most known for their Case Western Reserve Spartans football team . The headquarters of the Mid @-@ American Conference ( MAC ) are located in Cleveland . The conference also stages both its men 's and women 's basketball tournaments at Quicken Loans Arena .
Several chess championships have taken place in Cleveland . The second American Chess Congress , a predecessor the current U.S. Championship , was held in 1871 , and won by George Henry Mackenzie . The 1921 and 1957 U.S. Open Chess Championship also took place in the city , and were won by Edward Lasker and Bobby Fischer , respectively . The Cleveland Open is currently held annually .
The Cleveland Marathon has been hosted annually since 1978 .
= = Parks and gardens = =
Cleveland is home to four of the parks in the countywide Cleveland Metroparks system , as well as the : Washington Park , Brookside Park and parts of the Rocky River and Washington Reservations . Known locally as the " Emerald Necklace " , the Olmsted @-@ inspired Metroparks encircle Cuyahoga county . Included in the system is the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo . Located in Big Creek valley , the zoo contains one of the largest collection of primates in North America . In addition to the Metroparks system , the Cleveland Lakefront State Park district provides public access to Lake Erie . This cooperative between the City of Cleveland and the State of Ohio contains six parks : Edgewater Park , located on the city 's near west side between the Shoreway and the lake ; East 55th Street Marina , Euclid Beach Park and Gordon Park . The Cleveland Public Parks District is the municipal body that oversees the city 's neighborhood parks , the largest of which is the historic Rockefeller Park , notable for its late @-@ 19th century historical landmark bridges and Cultural Gardens .
= = Law and government = =
Cleveland 's position as a center of manufacturing established it as a hotbed of union activity early in its history . While other parts of Ohio , particularly Cincinnati and the southern portion of the state , have historically supported the Republican Party , Cleveland commonly breeds the strongest support in the state for the Democrats . At the local level , elections are nonpartisan . However , Democrats still dominate every level of government . Cleveland is split between two congressional districts . Most of the western part of the city is in the 9th District , represented by Marcy Kaptur . Most of the eastern part of the city , as well as most of downtown , is in the 11th District , represented by Marcia Fudge . Both are Democrats .
During the 2004 Presidential election , although George W. Bush carried Ohio by 2 @.@ 1 % , John Kerry carried Cuyahoga County 66 @.@ 6 % – 32 @.@ 9 % , his largest margin in any Ohio county . The city of Cleveland supported Kerry over Bush by the even larger margin of 83 @.@ 3 % – 15 @.@ 8 % .
The city of Cleveland operates on the mayor @-@ council ( strong mayor ) form of government . The mayor is the chief executive of the city , and the office is held in 2010 by Frank G. Jackson . Previous mayors of Cleveland include progressive Democrat Tom L. Johnson , World War I era War Secretary and founder of Baker Hostetler law firm Newton D. Baker , United States Supreme Court Justice Harold Hitz Burton , Republican Senator George V. Voinovich , two @-@ term Ohio Governor and Senator , former United States Representative Dennis Kucinich of Ohio 's 10th congressional district , Frank J. Lausche , and Carl B. Stokes , the first African American mayor of a major American city . The state of Ohio lost two Congressional seats as a result of the 2010 Census , which affects Cleveland 's districts in the northeast part of the state .
= = = Crime = = =
Between about 1935 to 1938 , the Cleveland Torso Murderer killed and dismembered at least a dozen and perhaps twenty people in the area . No arrest was ever made .
From 2002 to 2014 , Ariel Castro held three women as sex slaves in his home in Cleveland . Police became aware of the crime when one of the women escaped . Castro was sentenced to one thousand years in jail , but committed suicide .
Based on the Morgan Quitno Press 2008 national crime rankings , Cleveland ranked as the 7th most dangerous city in the nation among US cities with a population of 100 @,@ 000 to 500 @,@ 000 and the 11th most dangerous overall . Violent crime from 2005 to 2006 was mostly unchanged nationwide , but increased more than 10 % in Cleveland . The murder rate dropped 30 % in Cleveland , but was still far above the national average . Property crime from 2005 to 2006 was virtually unchanged across the country and in Cleveland , with larceny @-@ theft down by 7 % but burglaries up almost 14 % .
In September 2009 , the local police arrested Anthony Sowell , who was known in press reports as the Cleveland Strangler . He was convicted of eleven murders as well as other crimes and sentenced to death .
In October 2010 , Cleveland had two neighborhoods appear on ABC News 's list of ' America 's 25 Most Dangerous Neighborhoods ' : both in sections just blocks apart in the city 's Central neighborhood on the East Side . Ranked 21st was in the vicinity of Quincy Avenue and E. 40th Streets , while an area near E. 55th and Scovill Avenue ranked 2nd in the nation , just behind a section of the Englewood neighborhood in Chicago , which ranked 1st .
A study in 1971 – 72 found that although Cleveland 's crime rate was significantly lower than other large urban areas , most Cleveland residents feared crime . In the 1980s , gang activity was on the rise , associated with crack cocaine . A task force was formed and was partially successful at reducing gang activity by a combination of removing gang @-@ related graffiti and educating news sources to not name gangs in news reporting .
The distribution of crime in Cleveland is highly heterogeneous . Relatively few crimes take place in downtown Cleveland 's business district , but the perception of crime in the downtown has been pointed to by the Greater Cleveland Growth Association as damaging to the city 's economy . More affluent areas of Cleveland and its suburbs have lower rates of violent crime than areas of lower socioeconomic status . Statistically speaking , higher incidences of violent crimes have been noted in some parts of Cleveland with higher populations of African Americans , although the causes of these crimes are complex and ambiguous . A study of the relationship between employment access and crime in Cleveland found a strong inverse relationship , with the highest crime rates in areas of the city that had the lowest access to jobs . Furthermore , this relationship was found to be strongest with respect to economic crimes . A study of public housing in Cleveland found that criminals tend to live in areas of higher affluence and move into areas of lower affluence to commit crimes .
In 2012 , Cleveland 's crime rate were 84 murders , 3 @,@ 252 robberies , and 9 @,@ 740 burglaries . In 2014 , the United States Department of Justice published a report that investigated the use of force by the Cleveland Police Department from 2010 @-@ 2013 . The Justice Department found a pattern of excessive force including the use of firearms , tasers , fists , and chemical spray that unnecessarily escalated nonviolent situations , including against the mentally ill and people who were already restrained . As a result of the Justice Department report , the city of Cleveland has agreed to a consent decree to revise its policies and implement new independent oversight over the police force .
On May 26 , 2015 , the City of Cleveland and the U.S. Department of Justice ( DOJ ) released a 105 @-@ page agreement addressing concerns about Cleveland Division of Police ( CDP ) use @-@ of @-@ force policies and practices .
= = = = Consent Decree with Department of Justice = = = =
The agreement follows a two @-@ year Department of Justice investigation , prompted by a request from Cleveland Mayor Frank Jackson , to determine whether the CDP engaged in a pattern or practice of the use of excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , 42 U.S.C § 14141 ( Section 14141 " ) . Under Section 14141 , the Department of Justice is granted authority to seek declaratory or equitable relief to remedy a pattern or practice of conduct by law enforcement officers that deprives individuals of rights , privileges , or immunities secured by the Constitution or federal law .
U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder and U.S. Attorney Steven Dettelbach announced the findings of the DOJ investigation in Cleveland on December 4 , 2014 . After reviewing nearly 600 use @-@ of @-@ force incidents from 2010 to 2013 and conducting thousands of interviews , the investigators found systemic patterns insufficient accountability mechanisms , inadequate training , ineffective policies , and inadequate community engagement .
At the same time as the announcement of the investigation findings , the City of Cleveland and the Department of Justice issued a Joint Statement of Principles agreeing to begin negotiations with the intention of reaching a court @-@ enforceable settlement agreement .
The details of the settlement agreement , or consent decree , were released on May 26 , 2015 . The agreement mandates sweeping changes in training for recruits and seasoned officers , developing programs to identify and support troubled officers , updating technology and data management practices , and an independent monitor to ensure that the goals of the decree are met . The agreement is not an admission or evidence of liability , nor is it an admission by the City , CDP , or its officers and employees that they have engaged in unconstitutional , illegal , or otherwise improper activities or conduct . Pending approval from a federal judge , the consent decree will be implemented and the agreement is binding .
= = = = = Provisions of the consent decree = = = = =
The Cleveland Consent Decree is divided into 15 divisions , with 462 enumerated items . At least some of the provisions have been identified as unique to Cleveland :
a civilian inspector general who will review the work of the police officers . This position will be appointed by the Mayor but report to the Police Chief . It is intended to provide an additional layer of accountability and scrutiny .
an equipment inventory that must result in a study by the police that shows what is needed .
On June 12 , 2015 , Chief U.S. District Judge Solomon Oliver Jr. approved and signed the consent decree . The signing of the agreement starts the clock for numerous deadlines that must be met in an effort to improve the department 's handling of use @-@ of @-@ force incidents .
= = = Fire department = = =
Cleveland is served by the firefighters of the Cleveland Division of Fire . The fire department operates out of 22 active fire stations , located throughout the city in five Battalions . Each Battalion is commanded by a Battalion Chief , who reports to an on @-@ duty Assistant Chief .
The Division of Fire operates a fire apparatus fleet of twenty two engine companies , eight ladder companies , three tower companies , two task force rescue squad companies , hazardous materials ( " haz @-@ mat " ) unit , and numerous other special , support , and reserve units . The current Chief of Department is Patrick Kelly .
Cleveland EMS is operated by the city as its own department ; however , a merger between the fire and EMS departments is in progress . Cleveland EMS units are now based out of most of the city 's fire stations as of 2013 . City officials are currently negotiating with Cleveland Fire and EMS to form a new union contract that will merge the two systems entirely . No set projection for a full merger has been established . Neither the Fire nor EMS unions have been able to come to an agreement with city officials on fair terms of merger as of yet .
= = Education = =
= = = Public schools = = =
The Cleveland Metropolitan School District is the largest K – 12 district in the state of Ohio , with 127 schools and an enrollment of 55 @,@ 567 students during the 2006 – 2007 academic year . It is the only district in Ohio that is under direct control of the mayor , who appoints a school board .
Approximately 1 square mile ( 2 @.@ 6 km2 ) of Cleveland , adjacent the Shaker Square neighborhood , is part of the Shaker Heights City School District . The area , which has been a part of the Shaker school district since the 1920s , permits these Cleveland residents to pay the same school taxes as the Shaker residents , as well as vote in the Shaker school board elections .
= = = Private schools = = =
Benedictine High School
Birchwood School
Cleveland Central Catholic High School
Eleanor Gerson School
Montessori High School at University Circle
St. Ignatius High School
St. Joseph Academy
Villa Angela @-@ St. Joseph High School
Urban Community School
Saint Martin de Porres
The Bridge Avenue School
= = = Colleges and universities = = =
Cleveland is home to a number of colleges and universities . Most prominent among these is Case Western Reserve University , a world @-@ renowned research and teaching institution located in University Circle . A private university with several prominent graduate programs , CWRU was ranked 37th in the nation in 2012 by U.S. News & World Report . University Circle also contains Cleveland Institute of Art and the Cleveland Institute of Music . Cleveland State University ( CSU ) , based in Downtown Cleveland , is the city 's public four @-@ year university . In addition to CSU , downtown hosts the metropolitan campus of Cuyahoga Community College , the county 's two @-@ year higher education institution . Ohio Technical College is also based in Cleveland .
= = Media = =
= = = Print = = =
Cleveland 's sole remaining daily newspaper is The Plain Dealer . Defunct major newspapers include the Cleveland Press , an afternoon publication which printed its last edition on June 17 , 1982 ; and the Cleveland News , which ceased publication in 1960 . Additional newspaper coverage includes : the Thursdays @-@ only Sun Post @-@ Herald , which serves a few neighborhoods on the city 's west side ; and the Call and Post , a weekly newspaper that primarily serves the city 's African @-@ American community . The city is also served by Cleveland Magazine , a regional culture magazine published monthly ; Crain 's Cleveland Business , a weekly business newspaper ; Cleveland Jewish News , a weekly Jewish newspaper ; and Cleveland Scene , a free alternative weekly paper which absorbed its competitor , the Cleveland Free Times , in 2008 . In addition , nationally distributed rock magazine Alternative Press was founded in Cleveland in 1985 , and the publication 's headquarters remain based in the city .
= = = Television = = =
Combined with nearby Akron and Canton , Cleveland is ranked as the 19th @-@ largest television market by Nielsen Media Research ( as of 2013 – 14 ) . The market is served by 10 stations affiliated with major American networks , including : WEWS @-@ TV ( ABC ) , WJW ( Fox ) , WKYC ( NBC ) , WOIO ( CBS ) , WVIZ ( PBS ) , WBNX @-@ TV ( The CW ) , WUAB ( MyNetworkTV ) , WVPX @-@ TV ( ION ) , WQHS @-@ DT ( Univision ) , and WDLI @-@ TV ( TBN ) . The Mike Douglas Show , a nationally syndicated daytime talk show , began in Cleveland in 1961 on KYW @-@ TV ( now WKYC ) , while The Morning Exchange on WEWS @-@ TV served as the model for Good Morning America . Tim Conway and Ernie Anderson first established themselves in Cleveland while working together at KYW @-@ TV and later WJW @-@ TV ( now WJW ) . Anderson both created and performed as the immensely popular Cleveland horror host Ghoulardi on WJW @-@ TV 's Shock Theater , and was later succeeded by the long @-@ running late night duo Big Chuck and Lil ' John .
= = = Radio = = =
Cleveland is directly served by 31 AM and FM radio stations , 22 of which are licensed to the city . Commercial FM music stations are frequently the highest rated stations in the market : WAKS ( contemporary hit radio ) , WDOK ( adult contemporary ) , WENZ ( mainstream urban ) , WHLK ( adult hits ) , WGAR @-@ FM ( country ) , WMJI ( classic hits ) , WMMS ( active rock / hot talk ; Indians and Cavaliers FM flagship ) , WNCX ( classic rock ; Browns co @-@ flagship ) , WQAL ( hot adult contemporary ) , and WZAK ( urban adult contemporary ) . WCPN public radio functions as the local NPR affiliate , and sister station WCLV airs a classical music format . College radio stations include WBWC ( Baldwin Wallace University ) , WCSB ( Cleveland State University ) , WJCU ( John Carroll University ) , and WRUW @-@ FM ( Case Western Reserve University ) .
News / talk station WTAM serves as the AM flagship for both the Cleveland Cavaliers and Cleveland Indians . WKNR and WWGK cover sports via ESPN Radio , while WKRK @-@ FM covers sports via CBS Sports Radio ( WKNR and WKRK @-@ FM are also co @-@ flagship stations for the Cleveland Browns ) . As WJW ( AM ) , WKNR was once the home of Alan Freed − the Cleveland disc jockey credited with first using and popularizing the term " rock and roll " to describe the music genre . News / talk station WHK was one of the first radio stations to broadcast in the United States and the first in Ohio ; its former sister station , rock station WMMS , dominated Cleveland radio in the 1970s and 1980s and was at that time one of the highest rated radio stations in the country . In 1972 , WMMS program director Billy Bass coined the phrase " The Rock and Roll Capital of the World " to describe Cleveland . In 1987 , Playboy named WMMS DJ Kid Leo ( Lawrence Travagliante ) " The Best Disc Jockey in the Country " .
= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Healthcare = = =
Cleveland is home to several major hospital systems , two of which are in University Circle . Most notable is the world renowned Cleveland Clinic , which is supplemented by University Hospitals and its Rainbow Babies & Children 's Hospital . Additionally MetroHealth System , which operates the level one trauma center for northeast Ohio , has various locations throughout greater Cleveland . Cleveland 's Global Center for Health Innovation opened with 235 @,@ 000 square feet ( 21 @,@ 800 m2 ) of display space for healthcare companies across the world .
= = = Transportation = = =
= = = = Airports = = = =
Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is the city 's major airport and an international airport that formerly served as a main hub for United Airlines . It holds the distinction of having the first airport @-@ to @-@ downtown rapid transit connection in North America , established in 1968 . In 1930 , the airport was the site of the first airfield lighting system and the first air traffic control tower . Originally known as Cleveland Municipal Airport , it was the first municipally owned airport in the country . Cleveland Hopkins is a significant regional air freight hub hosting FedEx Express , UPS Airlines , United States Postal Service , and major commercial freight carriers . In addition to Hopkins , Cleveland is served by Burke Lakefront Airport , on the north shore of downtown between Lake Erie and the Shoreway . Burke is primarily a commuter and business airport .
= = = = Seaport = = = =
The Port of Cleveland , located at the Cuyahoga River 's mouth , is a major bulk freight terminal on Lake Erie , receiving much of the raw materials used by the region 's manufacturing industries .
= = = = Railroads = = = =
Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , provides service to Cleveland , via the Capitol Limited and Lake Shore Limited routes , which stop at Cleveland Lakefront Station . Cleveland has also been identified as a hub for the proposed Ohio Hub project , which would bring high @-@ speed rail to Ohio . Cleveland hosts several inter @-@ modal freight railroad terminals . There have been several proposals for commuter rail in Cleveland , including an ongoing ( as of January 2011 ) study into a Sandusky – Cleveland line .
= = = = Transit systems = = = =
Cleveland has a bus and rail mass transit system operated by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority ( RTA ) . The rail portion is officially called the RTA Rapid Transit , but local residents refer to it as The Rapid . It consists of two light rail lines , known as the Green and Blue Lines , and a heavy rail line , the Red Line . In 2008 , RTA completed the HealthLine , a bus rapid transit line , for which naming rights were purchased by the Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals . It runs along Euclid Avenue from downtown through University Circle , ending at the Louis Stokes Station at Windermere in East Cleveland . In 2007 , the American Public Transportation Association named Cleveland 's mass transit system the best in North America . Cleveland is the only metropolitan area in the Western Hemisphere with its rail rapid transit system having only one center @-@ city area rapid transit station ( Tower City @-@ Public Square ) . During construction of the Red Line rapid transit line in the 1950 's the citizens of Cleveland voted to build the Downtown Distributor Subway which would have provided a number of Center City stations . The plan was quashed by highway promoting County Engineer Albert S. Porter and the full development and growth of center city Cleveland has since been significantly impeded due to the resulting inaccessibility .
= = = = Inter @-@ city bus lines = = = =
National intercity bus service is provided at a Greyhound station , located just behind the Playhouse Square theater district . Megabus provides service to Cleveland and has a stop at the Stephanie Tubbs Jones Transit Center on the east side of downtown . Lakefront Trailways provides regional inter @-@ city bus service to popular destinations from their terminal south of Cleveland in Brook Park . Akron Metro , Brunswick Transit Alternative , Laketran , Lorain County Transit , and Medina County Transit provide connecting bus service to the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority . Geauga County Transit and Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority ( PARTA ) also offer connecting bus service in their neighboring areas .
= = = = Roads = = = =
Cleveland 's road system consists of numbered streets running roughly north @-@ south , and named avenues , which run roughly east @-@ west . The numbered streets are designated " east " or " west " , depending where they lie in relation to Ontario Street , which bisects Public Square . The numbered street system extends beyond the city limits into some suburbs on both the west and east sides . The named avenues that lie both on the east side of the Cuyahoga River and west of Ontario Street receive a " west " designation on street signage . The two downtown avenues which span the Cuyahoga change names on the west side of the river . Superior Avenue becomes Detroit Avenue on the west side , and Carnegie Avenue becomes Lorain Avenue . The bridges that make these connections are often called the Detroit – Superior Bridge and the Lorain – Carnegie Bridge .
= = = = Freeways = = = =
Three two @-@ digit Interstate highways serve Cleveland directly . Interstate 71 begins just southwest of downtown and is the major route from downtown Cleveland to the airport . I @-@ 71 runs through the southwestern suburbs and eventually connects Cleveland with Columbus and Cincinnati . Interstate 77 begins in downtown Cleveland and runs almost due south through the southern suburbs . I @-@ 77 sees the least traffic of the three interstates , although it does connect Cleveland to Akron . Interstate 90 connects the two sides of Cleveland , and is the northern terminus for both I @-@ 71 and I @-@ 77 . Running due east – west through the west side suburbs , I @-@ 90 turns northeast at the junction with and I @-@ 490 , and is known as the Innerbelt through downtown . At the junction with the Shoreway , I @-@ 90 makes a 90 @-@ degree turn known in the area as Dead Man 's Curve , then continues northeast , entering Lake County near the eastern split with Ohio State Route 2 . Cleveland is also served by two three @-@ digit interstates , Interstate 480 , which enters Cleveland briefly at a few points and Interstate 490 , which connects I @-@ 77 with the junction of I @-@ 90 and I @-@ 71 just south of downtown .
Two other limited @-@ access highways serve Cleveland . The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway carries State Route 2 along its length , and at varying points also carries US 6 , US 20 and I @-@ 90 . The Jennings Freeway ( State Route 176 ) connects I @-@ 71 just south of I @-@ 90 to I @-@ 480 near the suburbs of Parma and Brooklyn Heights . A third highway , the Berea Freeway ( State Route 237 in part ) , connects I @-@ 71 to the airport , and forms part of the boundary between Cleveland and Brook Park .
= = = = Walkability = = = =
In 2011 , Walk Score ranked Cleveland the seventeenth most walkable of the fifty largest cities in the United States . As of 2014 , Walk Score increased Cleveland 's rank to being the sixteenth most walkable US city , with a Walk Score of 57 , a Transit Score of 47 , and a Bike Score of 51 . Cleveland 's most walkable and transient areas can be found in the Downtown , Ohio City , Detroit @-@ Shoreway , University Circle , and Buckeye @-@ Shaker Square neighborhoods .
= = Notable people = =
= = Sister cities and international relations = =
Cleveland is home to the Consulate General of the Republic of Slovenia .
As of 2015 , Cleveland has twenty @-@ two sister cities :
In addition , Cleveland enjoys an unofficial supportive relationship with the State of Israel .
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= Saint Anselm College =
Saint Anselm College is a nationally ranked , Catholic , Benedictine , liberal arts college in Goffstown , New Hampshire , United States . Founded in 1889 by Abbot Hilary Pfrängle , O.S.B. of Saint Mary 's Abbey in Newark , New Jersey , at the request of Bishop Denis Mary Bradley of Manchester , New Hampshire , it is the third @-@ oldest Catholic college in New England . Named for Saint Anselm of Canterbury ( Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109 ) , the college continues to have a fully functioning and independent Benedictine abbey attached to it , Saint Anselm Abbey . As of 2015 , its enrollment is approximately 2 @,@ 000 .
According to the college , the student body is selected not only for their academic abilities but also for their personal character . The college 's academic curriculum requires several philosophy and theology courses , as well as the new " Conversatio " program . The administration 's commitment to an anti @-@ grade inflation policy helped the college receive national media attention from the Fox News Channel in 2006 , as well as a Tier 1 ranking from U.S. News and World Report , which in 2016 ranked the college 112th among national liberal arts colleges , with an admissions rate that is deemed " selective " at 73 @.@ 7 % . U.S. News & World Report also ranked the college as the most popular New Hampshire venue for presidential candidates.Forbes magazine has ranked St. Anselm as the 85th best college in the nation , as well as the 40th in the Northeast . In 2015 , Saint Anselm was recognized by Time magazine as one of the " 50 Best Liberal Arts Colleges " in the nation .
Since the 1950s , the college has played an important role in the " first in the nation " New Hampshire primary , and has served as the national stage for many future presidents , candidates , and supporters . Presidents John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon each delivered important policy speeches there . The college has been home to several national presidential debates which have attracted extensive media attention . The Washington Post recently referred to Saint Anselm College as " the Benedictine college with a box seat on America 's most riveting political theater " .
In 2013 , Dr. Steven DiSalvo , the former president of Marian University was named the 10th president of Saint Anselm . DiSalvo replaced Father Jonathan DeFelice , O.S.B. after 24 years of service to the college . Father DeFelice was the longest serving college president in the state of New Hampshire . In 2015 , Dr. DiSalvo announced that the Saint Anselm had applied to enter the exploratory phase of NCAA Division III membership for all athletic programs .
= = History = =
The first bishop of Manchester , Denis Mary Bradley , invited the Benedictine monks of St. Mary 's Abbey in Newark , New Jersey , to form a college and preparatory school in his diocese . The monks that came to Manchester from Saint Mary 's were primarily of German descent . This is due to the fact that Manchester was heavily populated with French Canadian and Irish immigrant mill workers , and Bradley was unable to find a suitable religious community that would not stir up ethnic tensions . The German monks accepted , and founded the third Catholic college in New England . On August 1 , 1889 , the New Hampshire legislature approved the incorporation of the Order of Saint Benedict of New Hampshire “ for religious and charitable purposes , for the education of youth , for establishing churches and conducting services therein . ” This historic date marked the founding of Saint Anselm College . A six @-@ year curriculum in philosophy and theology was developed . In 1892 , as Alumni Hall neared completion , a fire destroyed the college on a cold winter night in February . The fire was most likely caused from an ember from the heating stove 's gate as it was not closed properly . Thankfully , no one was seriously hurt because of the fire . The monks were forced to rebuild the college , spending considerably less money on the construction , as they had received only $ 55 @,@ 000 from the Insurance Commissioner of the State of New Hampshire . To save money , many bricks were salvaged from the previous structure and pieces of granite were cut from large granite rocks still visible on the current quad . In 1893 , the current building that remains the center of campus was completed ; the fire delayed the first academic semester by one year . The monks rebuilt the college , and on October 11 , 1893 the college was officially rededicated . To avoid the possibility of another fire , a power house , which today serves as the college print shop , was constructed separately from the building . Two years later , in 1895 , the New Hampshire legislature granted Saint Anselm College the right to bestow standard academic degrees upon its graduates . In 1912 , the bell tower and ivy were added to the building ; in 1923 , the college 's second chapel ( the first being located on the second floor at the present @-@ day business office ) was constructed as a connecting wing . The second chapel serves today as the Alva deMars Megan Chapel Arts Center .
The Abbey Shield was designed by Pierre de Chaignon la Rose of Harvard University . It incorporates the personal coat of Saint Anselm of Canterbury and the first seal of the state of New Hampshire . In 1927 , by a monastic vote , the shield design was incorporated as the official shield of Saint Anselm Abbey and the college . The drops in each quadrant represent the three drops of blood on Anselm 's coat of arms , and the sheaf of five arrows is taken from the first shield of the State of New Hampshire , representing the five original counties of the state . Hence , the Abbey Shield has been interpreted as Saint Anselm of New Hampshire .
One goal of the early college was to be a self @-@ sufficient institution . The college had a farm that was over 100 acres ( 0 @.@ 40 km2 ) in size , complete with chickens , pigs and cows . The farm also included a full vegetable garden which extended from the lawn of Alumni Hall to the current parking lot located between Joan of Arc Hall and Davison Hall . Due to the hard work of the monks and several lay members from the local community , the college was agriculturally independent of the local community . Fr . Bonaventure Ostendarp , O. S. B. founded the Studio of Christian Art in 1893 in order to sell paintings to local Catholic churches throughout the region . The current Raphael House of the Courts dorms was the original art studio for the monks , built in 1895 .
The Benedictines who established Saint Anselm founded a preparatory school , as well . The preparatory school was a prestigious boarding school for elite men from around New England . In 1935 , the monks decided to close the preparatory school to save money for the college 's expansion . A notable alum of Saint Anselm Preparatory was Connecticut Senator Thomas J. Dodd .
In 1942 , Saint Anselm became one of the institutions selected by the War Department for training of Army Aviation cadets . Thousands of young men were sent to the college to receive training and education before entering World War II . Cadets trained on large open fields which were located directly behind the present @-@ day Coffee Shop . The U.S. government paid the college for training the cadets , and after the war , the college acquired two prefabricated government buildings which have been transformed into the modern @-@ day coffee shop and bookstore . During World War II , several members of the monastic community served as Army chaplains ; their names are inscribed on a monument in front of Alumni Hall dedicated to all graduates who have served in the armed forces . Also inscribed on the monument is the Latin and English versions of the Benedictine community 's song . For more information see Saint Anselm Abbey Community Song .
Saint Anselm came out of the tumultuous decade of the 1960s with no major disturbances or riots on campus despite various bomb threats called into campus , often from parties outside the college . Fr . Placidus Riley , O.S.B. successfully lead the college through these challenging times . Despite the backlash against the U.S. military on college campuses nationwide , the presence of a National Guard armory did not result in any major problems . However , in May 1970 , final exams for that year were made optional as students showed support for the students of Kent State after the massacre of several unarmed college students protesting the Vietnam War . Students , faculty and members of the monastic community held prayer services and rallies throughout campus after the shootings .
The Institute of Saint Anselm Studies was founded in 2000 , and the New Hampshire Institute of Politics was founded in 2001 . In 2009 , the college lost a notable trustee , Dominic DiMaggio , an All @-@ Star center fielder for Boston Red Sox who served on the college 's Board of Trustees from 1978 to 2009 .
= = Campus = =
Saint Anselm 's campus has been noted as one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States , exemplified by the Princeton Review 's number # 17 " Most Beautiful Campus " ranking in 2011 . The campus is situated in Goffstown , New Hampshire , with a portion of the athletic fields occupying the adjoining town of Bedford . The mailing address for students and faculty is Manchester , New Hampshire . There are a total of 60 buildings on campus , which spans over 450 acres ( 1 @.@ 8 km2 ) . Since 1977 , over 40 buildings have been built . The oldest building on campus is Alumni Hall , which was originally constructed in 1891 , and rebuilt in 1893 after a fire ; at that time , the building was the entire original school .
Within the next ten years , there are plans to change the current roads and re @-@ route the traffic flow of the entire campus .
= = = Alumni Hall = = =
Alumni Hall was constructed by the Benedictine monks and local contractors from 1891 through the winter of 1892 ; the building was designed by Patrick W. Ford , an Irish @-@ American architect from Boston . Nearing completion in February 1892 , all that remained was for workers to continue to plaster the interior walls ; sadly , a fire which was most likely caused by a heating stove 's gate not closed completely , sparked an ember and destroyed the entire structure . Thankfully , no one was seriously hurt because of the fire . The monks were forced to rebuild the college , spending considerably less money on the construction , as they had only received $ 55 @,@ 000 from the Insurance Commissioner of the State of New Hampshire . In an effort to save money , many bricks were salvaged from the previous structure and pieces of granite were cut from large granite rocks still visible on the current quad . In 1893 , the current building that remains the center of campus was completed ; the fire delayed the first academic semester by one year . To avoid the possibility of another fire , a power house was constructed separately from the building . Farmland complete with livestock , beanpoles and tomato plants lined the present @-@ day quad and adjacent fields , as the monks were completely self @-@ sufficient . In 1912 , the bell tower ( the inside is pictured to the right ) and ivy were added to the building ; in 1923 , the college 's second chapel ( the first being located on the second floor at the present @-@ day business office ) was constructed as a connecting wing . Today this second chapel is the college 's Chapel Arts Center , which hosts art exhibits and other cultural events . It still boasts ornate stained glass windows and painted ceilings .
Today , Alumni Hall houses faculty offices , administrative offices , the Chapel Arts Center , a women 's residence hall named The Streets , and several " smart classrooms " . Beneath the Chapel Arts Center is a photography lab , darkroom , and several faculty and student publication offices . Beneath " The Streets " and the bell tower are the offices of the Dean of Students , the Registrar 's Office , and the Office of Residential Life . Until 1919 , the college consisted solely of Alumni Hall . Before this expansion , the monks lived on the second floor and students lived on the third and fourth floors . The first floor and basement had classrooms , a library and cafeteria .
= = = Saint Anselm Abbey Church and monastery = = =
The Abbey Church is the liturgical center of the college . It is frequently cited as the " heart of campus . " The upper church allows the college community to join with the monastic community for the daily celebration of the Eucharist and the Liturgy of the Hours . The lower church permits smaller groups of the community to assemble for worship and houses the Lady Chapel , the Saint Basil Byzantine Chapel , the former offices of Campus Ministry ( relocated to Cushing Center ) , and meeting rooms . The Lower Church is the location of the weekly 9 p.m. Mass held on Wednesday nights . The original monastery was Alumni Hall . An interim monastery existed between 1919 and 1955 in what is now Joseph Hall , adjacent to Alumni Hall . The current monastery , built in 1955 , is staffed with only a cook , as the monks perform all other tasks such as cleaning , maintenance and upkeep . Having four floors , including a basement , the monastery can house up to one hundred monks ; as of 2012 approximately 30 rooms were filled . The Dean of the College and several members of the board of trustees live in the monastery , as they are practicing Benedictine monks . Since 2012 , Abbot Mark Cooper , O.S.B has been the fifth elected Abbot of Saint Anselm Abbey . Male students frequently dine in the monastery as guests ; they are required to comply with the Benedictine rule of silence while eating , which allows for contemplation and prayer . The monastery has a refectory , a smaller guest refectory , a smaller chapel , two welcoming rooms near the main entrance and is complete with elevator access to all four floors . The monastery also serves as the mother house for the Woodside Priory School and the abbot serves as the spiritual father for the monks who live there . Saint Anselm Abbey is a member of the American @-@ Cassinese Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation . Saint Anselm Abbey was originally founded from Saint Mary 's Abbey in Newark , New Jersey .
= = = Geisel Library = = =
The Saint Anselm College Geisel Library has three floors and over 60 @,@ 000 square feet ( 5 @,@ 600 m2 ) of space housing books , resources and electronic equipment . The library is complete with several reference desks , over 30 computers , and the Institute of Saint Anselm Studies . On the second floor , there are three enclosed study areas ; two are group study rooms that are available for student use , and the third is named the Creaghe Room , a locked , faculty @-@ only study .
Geisel Library 's collection of over 200 @,@ 000 books originated in a sack of books brought by Father Hugo Paff , O.S.B. from Saint Mary 's Abbey in Newark , New Jersey ; these books are still in the library and date back to the mid- to late @-@ 19th century . The college 's first library , shaped around this initial collection , was situated on the first floor of Alumni Hall . During the early years of the college , Benedictines served as librarians on an ad hoc basis , but by 1929 , Saint Anselm had its first official librarian , Father Cuthbert Redmond , O.S.B. New books were purchased under Father Edwin Davitt , O.S.B. By 1937 , Saint Anselm could boast 8 @,@ 000 books in several mini @-@ libraries , as well as the main repository , by this time located on the second floor .
The college performed a self @-@ study in 1950 that revealed the need for a larger library . Joseph Geisel , a prominent Manchester businessman , contributed $ 500 @,@ 000 in stock , and in 1959 the college broke ground on Geisel Library ; the library opened its doors in the fall of 1960 . The 20 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 900 m2 ) library featured reading rooms , study areas , a reference center , a music room , seating for 385 students , and space for 100 @,@ 000 volumes . Two expansions , one in 1973 and the final in 1992 , each increased the library 's area by 20 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 900 m2 ) . In 2012 , the college updated several areas of the library ; the computer work stations were moved , and new desks , tables , lamps , paint , couches and chairs , as well as the addition of two cutting @-@ edge " media : scape " tables , which are designed to facilitate online group work , were added . In addition , Internet Technology ( IT ) has moved its Help Desk to the library .
= = = Performing Arts – Dana Center = = =
The Dana Center for the Humanities is the premier performing arts center on the campus of Saint Anselm College . The center was home to the nationally recognized humanities program , " Portraits of Human Greatness " , and is also the headquarters for the student theater group , the Anselmian Abbey Players . The Anselmian Abbey Players have been a center of theater , culture and music on campus for over 60 years . This tradition began in the fall of 1949 with a production of " Career Angel " . Since then , this student @-@ run organization has enjoyed a long record of excellence . The Abbey Players offer students the opportunity to develop their artistic talents both on and off the stage , stressing the importance of self @-@ esteem , teamwork , and leadership . The Dana Center also hosts many touring companies throughout the year . These performances include classical theater , contemporary dance , concerts , and films . These performances attract visitors from throughout the region . On stage , international and domestic performers stage both traditional and modern programs ranging from contemporary Indian dance to Piedmont blues to Russian classical music .
The Dana Center has continued to be the site of the presidential debates since 2000 . In 2009 , the Saint Anselm College Choir earned the 8th most searched college choirs under Google search .
= = = Residence halls = = =
34 buildings on campus are devoted to student housing , with approximately 95 % of the student body living on campus . The majority of freshman males live in Dominic Hall , while most freshman females reside in either Joan of Arc Hall ( commonly referred to as JOA ) or Baroody Hall . Dominic Hall is a freshman dorm , located adjacent to the Coffee Shop and in close proximity to Alumni Hall and Bradley House . Dominic Hall houses over 205 students , offering mostly doubles , very few singles and several " quads " , or four @-@ person rooms . Dominic is affectionately nicknamed " Dirty Dom " ; however , new lights , windows , doors and ceiling tiles have been installed and the custodial staff cleans the hallways and communal bathrooms five days a week . Joan of Arc is a female freshman residence hall where double @-@ type rooms predominate . However , freshmen may be placed in any residence hall on campus . The Lowers are located near the NHIOP at the bottom of Saint Anselm Drive ; these apartments were built in the mid @-@ 1990s and have a kitchen , one and a half bathrooms , a family room and bedrooms . A similar setup is available in Uppers ; however , these dorms are slightly newer and are the favorite of seniors because they are located closer to central campus . Traditionally , residence halls have been single sex , though this began to change in the 2007 – 2008 academic year , when Brady Hall had female residents on its third floor while the bottom two floors were male . Hilary , Bertrand and Brady Halls are some of the largest on campus , as they can house over 120 students each . Holy Cross Hall , formerly named Building M has mostly singles and very few doubles ; these rooms connect to a central hallway , two bathrooms and a large common room to form a " Pod " .
= = = Joseph Hall = = =
The campus underwent a substantial facelift in 2009 , as new faculty offices and instructional spaces were created within the newly renovated Saint Joan of Arc Convent , which is now known as Joseph Hall . Joseph Hall is named after the third Abbot of Saint Anselm Abbey and former Bishop of Portland , Maine , Bishop Joseph John Gerry . At an estimated cost of $ 2 @.@ 5 million , Joseph Hall has a Bloomberg trading room , where business students learn to use a Bloomberg terminal for real @-@ time tracking of financial markets . Constructed in 1919 , Joseph Hall served as the first monastery outside of Alumni Hall for over 100 Benedictine monks . In 1955 , when the current abbey was built , the Sisters of Saint Joan of Arc , from Quebec , Canada moved in from Bradley House ( across campus ) , and the building was renamed the " Saint Joan of Arc Convent . " Their departure in 2008 ended over 50 years of service to the college , as the sisters were cooks , seamstresses and performed other domestic services for the monastic community .
= = = Athletic facilities = = =
The college opened a $ 2 million , 9 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 840 m2 ) fitness center in February 2009 . The addition to Carr is a three @-@ story glass center , with floor to ceiling windows overlooking the baseball and football fields , constructed on the south side of the building . The additions brought 37 cardiovascular machines , 39 strength pieces and 7 @,@ 000 pounds of weights . Connecting to the addition are three indoor basketball / tennis courts equipped with scoreboards and a sound system . The basement of Carr has the varsity gym , football locker room , general locker rooms and administrative offices for the athletic department . In 2012 , the college spent 1 @.@ 3 million dollars by installing a synthetic turf field at Grappone Stadium , and added lights for nighttime practice .
= = = Quad and dormitory = = =
Construction began on " New Hall " in the summer of 2013 . The project was expected to cost over $ 9 @.@ 5 million and is situated near the lower entrance of campus in back of Brady Hall . The dorm is able to hold 150 students , and has expanded the residential options for undergraduates and should eliminate the need for triple occupancy rooms . The dormitory 's common spaces are air @-@ conditioned to a certain extent , while the individual rooms are not air @-@ conditioned . " New Hall " also features student @-@ friendly amenities such as a recycling room , bike storage , general storage space for students , and an elevator . Additionally , over 3 @,@ 000 square feet ( 280 m2 ) is dedicated to common space , including modern kitchenettes and individual study areas on each floor .
A new parking lot has been constructed on college @-@ owned land between Sullivan Arena and privately owned Clarke Farm in Bedford . This parking lot has replaced the former Joan of Arc parking lot , which was located between the Dana Center , Davison Dining Hall , and the Joan of Arc dormitory ( JOA ) . The former parking lot was torn down , and a grassy open quadrangle was constructed during the summer of 2012 . A grotto has been built between JOA and Gadbois Hall and was dedicated in late 2014 , with the placement of a religious statue . The quadrangle is yet to be named , and has new lights and walkways ; the centerpiece is a large granite seal of the college . The project is the first place on campus where electronic gates have been installed . The gates are used to cordon off the roads of the new quad during the regular semester and can be opened for emergency vehicles and during move in / out days .
= = = Environmental responsibility = = =
Saint Anselm College RECYCLES was a greening movement which started on campus in 2009 . Up to that time , recycling was limited on campus , and students had to resort to their own methods of recycling containers and other recyclables in dorms . An impromptu recycling program — Saint Anselm College RECYCLES — was started through the Knights of Columbus and the Club Soccer organization that served the Uppers section of campus , every Saturday , averaging around 650 pounds of material per week . In the 2010 spring semester , this plan funded by Club Soccer and the Knights of Columbus provided over fifty recycle bins , purchased from the city of Providence , Rhode Island . In the spring of 2010 , the New Hampshire Institute of Politics installed seven recycling bins throughout its facilities . Inspired by this student @-@ led activity , the college 's physical plant purchased 120 bins for all of the apartments in the Uppers , Lowers and Falvey and Collins Houses . In the fall of 2010 , Physical Plant installed five Waste Management recycling dumpsters throughout campus . Campus @-@ wide recycling is planned by 2013 .
On May 22 , 2010 , Saint Anselm had its first " Green Graduation " . A proposal submitted by the three student founders of Saint Anselm College RECYCLES , Eric Ricci , Ryan McCarty , and Kevin McIntyre was accepted by the executive vice president of the college , Dr. Suzanne Mellon . Programs were printed on recycled paper , recycling containers were available for usage on the quad , plastic cups replaced bottled water , and water canisters replaced the large amounts of plastic required in previous years .
= = Academics = =
According to the college website , Saint Anselm " seeks to help you develop into a precise and critical thinker , articulate and clear communicator , and an active and compassionate citizen . " Saint Anselm used to require the completion of a nationally recognized two @-@ year Humanities program . The " Portraits of Human Greatness " program began freshman year and would end at the completion of a student 's sophomore year . Seeking to develop a well @-@ rounded student , the College replaced the program with the " Conversatio " lecture series . However , this has caused significant outcry from some alumni , charging that this " new humanities program " is too watered down . After the addition of " Conversatio " in 2014 , the number of classes taken by full @-@ time students dropped from 5 classes to 4 classes per semester , with the credit hours of each class increasing . By studying the humanities , comprising art , science , literature , philosophy , and theology , faculty and students attempt to understand profound issues , specifically focusing on the human condition . In addition , three philosophy and three theology courses are required in order for a student to graduate . Two out of the three required courses for philosophy are " Nature and the Human Person " , which details the philosophy and psyche of the human being ; " Ethics " , which discusses issues ranging from medical to sexual ethics ; and an elective of the student 's choosing . One of the required theology courses is " Biblical Theology " , which is an overview of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible .
While the college does not have an established " Honor Code " , there is a " faith based honor code " , which requires students to remain faithful to the college 's mission , faith and identity .
= = = Anti @-@ grade inflation policy = = =
Saint Anselm College has resisted what the college sees as the grade inflation trend at many of America 's college 's and universities . At Saint Anselm , the top 25 % of the class has a 3 @.@ 1 GPA ; the median grade at the college is around a 2 @.@ 5 GPA . While the Dean 's List at most schools begin at a 3 @.@ 5 GPA , Saint Anselm awards students with the honor at a 3 @.@ 0 GPA . According to a 2006 Fox News article , former Dean of the College Father Peter Guerin , O.S.B. , is quoted as saying that today 's " parents may view universities as a consumer market in which they 're in a way paying for the diploma .... Students who attend class on a regular basis and are paying tuition feel that they should be receiving that A , even if they have not deserved it . " Some professors and administrators believe that inflating grades makes it harder for students to realize their academic strengths and weaknesses and may encourage students to take classes based on grade expectations . The practice also makes it harder for parents and students to determine whether or not the grade was earned . A curriculum committee was set up in 1980 to meet with the academic dean and review the grading polices on a monthly basis . The previous president of the college , Father Jonathan DeFelice , is quoted as saying , " I cannot speak for everyone , but if I 'm headed for the operating room , I will take the surgeon who earned his or her ' A ' the honest way " .
= = = Admissions profile = = =
The majority of the applicant pool is from the New England area . The selection process is composed of a comprehensive review of the applicant 's high school transcript to determine whether he or she has taken the most challenging courses , personal recommendations from teachers and guidance counselor , an essay , and extracurricular involvement . As of 2010 , SAT / ACT scores are optional for applicants . The acceptance rate is 67 % , and labeled " selective " by US News and World Report . The college 's applicant pool is relatively small , around 3 @,@ 500 students , and the retention rate of Saint Anselm students from freshman to sophomore year is 76 % . The average accepted high school GPA is a 3 @.@ 2 on a scale of 4 .
= = = Rankings = = =
In 2015 , Saint Anselm was recognized by Time magazine as one of the " 50 Best Liberal Arts Colleges " in the nation . St. Anselm was ranked # 18 among liberal arts colleges in the country for the best return on investment ( ROI ) according to " Payscale.com " . In the same vein , the College was named # 171 by The Economist 's ranking of over 1 @,@ 000 colleges , for best economic value . U.S. News and World Report 's 2016 college rankings ranked Saint Anselm # 112 in the nation .
In 2011 , Forbes magazine ranked Saint Anselm as the 85th best college in the United States as well as 76th for private college and 40th in the Northeast . Recently , Saint Anselm was listed # 100 among national liberal arts institutions that Kiplinger 's judged as offering the best value . The Princeton Review 's Best 373 Colleges publication has described Saint Anselm as " one of the country 's best institutions for undergraduate education . " The Princeton Review describes the college as academically challenging , but rewarding , with " passionate professors " who make time to work individually with students . The college was also cited for providing opportunities for community and political engagement on its " absolutely gorgeous " campus , which earned the school the # 17 " Most Beautiful Campus " ranking . The college was ranked # 10 in the nation for the quality of food in The Princeton Review 's 2015 rating . St. Anselm was ranked 20th on The Princeton Review 's list of " Most Religious Students " , and 12th with best " Gown and Town " relations . U.S. News & World Report has continually named Saint Anselm as one of the country 's " Colleges with Conscience " for several years . The Washington Monthly ranked Saint Anselm College 153rd among " Liberal Arts Colleges " in 2011 . In 2009 , the Saint Anselm College Choir was the 8th most @-@ searched college choir under Google search . In 2001 , USNWR ranked Saint Anselm as # 3 on the list of " Most Comprehensive Bachelor 's Program " .
= = = Faculty = = =
Saint Anselm has a student @-@ faculty ratio of 11 : 1 and an average class size of 18 students . Saint Anselm does not have teaching assistants or graduate assistants . Saint Anselm has 145 full @-@ time faculty and 62 part @-@ time instructors ; almost all faculty members ( 90 % ) have terminal degrees in their respective fields .
= = = Majors and minors = = =
Saint Anselm College offers majors in 32 subject areas ; however , the college does not offer double majors . The following majors are available : Accounting , Biochemistry , Biology , Business , Chemistry , Classics , Computer Science , Criminal Justice , Economics , English , Environmental Science , Finance , Fine Arts , French , History , Liberal Arts and Engineering , Liberal Studies in the Great Books , Mathematics , Natural Science , Nursing , Philosophy , Politics , Psychology , Sociology , Spanish , Theology , International Business , International Relations , Physics , and Education .
In addition to the one major required for graduation , students can also pursue as many minors as their course schedule allows . Awarded to a limited number of students , the courses required for a minor are fulfilled through a student 's elective courses . Saint Anselm offers the following minors : Asian Studies , Catholic Studies , Communication , Computational Physical Science , Education , Environmental Studies , Fine Arts , Forensics , French , German , Gender Studies , Greek , Human Relations and Work , International Studies , Latin , Latin American Studies , Medieval Studies , Neuroscience , Public Policy Studies , Russian Area Studies , Spanish , Sports Studies , and Web Design .
= = = = Special academic programs = = = =
Some majors and minors offer special academic programs . Completion of these programs does not result in any minor or other recognition . If a student wishes to enter a professional school after graduation , he or she may undertake one of the pre @-@ professional programs offered . Internships are required for some majors , where students can experience life outside of the classroom , however any student can enroll in an internship for elective credit . Saint Anselm participates in an archaeological excavation program allowing students to travel to Italy and unearth ancient Roman treasures . For prospective engineers , the college has agreements with other schools through the cooperative engineering program .
Pre @-@ professional programs include Pre @-@ Law , Pre @-@ Medicine / Pre @-@ Dental / Pre @-@ Veterinary , and Pre @-@ Theology . Starting freshman year , students are paired up with advisors who will help the student decide which courses to take and offer general guidance throughout their time at Saint Anselm . However , pre @-@ professional students often complain about the quality of their advisors , as they are often labelled as inexperienced , and many students choose to side step the process entirely . The program culminates with a " pre @-@ professional interview " where three professors hold a mock professional interview with a student .
Internships – Students from virtually every major participate in internships ; examples range from investment firms on Wall Street to the Massachusetts General Hospital .
Archaeological excavation – The Classics Department sponsors an excavation at Castel Viscardo , a city near Orvieto in Italy . Faculty and students from the college are excavating a site that was occupied from the early Etruscan to the late Roman periods . The excavation have yielded many historical and archaeological finds ; Saint Anselm College sends over 25 students each summer to the Coriglia excavation , just outside town .
The Cooperative Engineering Program is a five @-@ year cooperative liberal arts and engineering program in affiliation with the University of Notre Dame , the University of Massachusetts Lowell , The Catholic University of America , and Manhattan College in Riverdale , New York . Three years are spent fulfilling undergraduate liberal arts courses at Saint Anselm , and two years are spent at one of the universities above for an engineering degree .
= = = Honor societies = = =
Saint Anselm College participates in the following national and international honor societies . Invitations from these societies are organized through each academic department , as students are usually invited membership by junior or senior year .
Delta Epsilon Sigma , the Catholic equivalent to Phi Beta Kappa , is the oldest honor society at the college . Open to all majors , the Tau Chapter , founded in 1940 , accepts only 40 members from the senior and junior classes .
Other societies include the debate honor society Delta Sigma Rho , international social science honor society Pi Gamma Mu , history honor society Phi Alpha Theta , economics honor society Omicron Delta Epsilon , nursing honor society Sigma Theta Tau , Spanish language honor society Sigma Delta Pi , French honor society Pi Delta Phi , psychology honor society Psi Chi , politics honor society Pi Sigma Alpha , and biology honor society Beta Beta Beta . The Dean 's List of Scholars is an internal honor society accepting students that fulfill its requirements of a 3 @.@ 0 semester GPA in at least five classes . Only the top 25 % of the school generally qualifies for the list . Members receive a card of congratulations , signed by the Dean of the College .
Latin Honors upon graduation are :
Cumulative GPA of a 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 4 – Cum Laude
Cumulative GPA of a 3 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 7 – Magna Cum Laude
Cumulative GPA of a 3 @.@ 7 – 4 @.@ 0 – Summa Cum Laude
= = = Graduation = = =
Since 1896 , Saint Anselm graduates have participated in nearly exactly the same graduation ceremony .
= = = = Honors Convocation and Baccalaureate Mass = = = =
Commencement weekend begins on Friday afternoon as members of the senior class gather in the upper church of Saint Anselm Abbey for the annual honors convocation . The senior academic honors convocation begins with an invocation , said by the Abbot of Saint Anselm Abbey , and is followed by the conferral of academic awards , read by the Dean of the College . Virtually every academic department has an award to present to a senior of that major . Next the President of the college awards each Summa Cum Laude graduate ; within this elite group the Chancellor 's medal is awarded to the graduate with the highest academic grade point average .
The convocation is followed by the celebration of the Eucharist during a Roman Catholic Mass , which includes a homily delivered by the Abbot . The mass concludes with the singing of the Saint Anselm College Anthem as each graduand exits the church to meet their family and friends outside of the church and on the surrounding grounds for photographs and a reception in the Carr Center .
The Saint Anselm College Anthem was written by Father Augustine Kelly , O.S.B. , Dean of the College , and composed by Father Bede Camera , O.S.B. , director of the Saint Anselm College Choir and Choirmaster of Saint Anselm Abbey . It is sung at the conclusion of the Eucharist during Orientation , Opening of the school year , Family Weekend , Baccalaureate Mass , and the final 7 p.m. Mass of each semester by the Saint Anselm College Choir .
The convocation is followed by the celebration of the Eucharist during a Roman Catholic Mass , which includes a homily delivered by the Abbot . The mass concludes with the singing of the Saint Anselm College Anthem as each graduand exits the church to meet their family and friends outside of the church and on the surrounding grounds for photographs and a reception in the Carr Center .
= = = = Commencement = = = =
On the morning of commencement , Alumni Hall is outfitted with patriotic red white and blue banners and flags . Commencement exercises begin each year at 1 : 50 pm as members of the senior class gather in the Stoutenburg Gymnasium and process through the campus , crossing by the Cushing Center and Hilary Hall and arriving at Alumni Hall for the commencement ceremony . The graduating class processes onto the quad to the designated seating area directly in front of Alumni Hall as a hired brass ensemble plays the Pomp and Circumstance March . If the weather is inclement , commencement takes place in the Thomas F. Sullivan Arena . The academic processional of the College 's Mace , color guard , graduands , members of the monastic community , and the faculty can take over twenty minutes . The national anthem is performed by a student or students selected . The performer is usually a member of the Saint Anselm College Choir . Next , a student selected by the administration delivers the coveted student address that he / she submitted for consideration . This is followed by the College President 's address . The faculty award of the year from the Saint Anselm College Chapter of the American Association of University Professors is presented to a deserving faculty member . The student award for service and citizenship is presented to a community service @-@ minded senior in recognition for an outstanding community project . This award is not given every year , only when there is consensus among administration that a particular student is deserving . Honorary doctorates are then conferred among selected honorary degree recipients . After the keynote address by one of the honorary degree recipients , the graduates are awarded their degrees of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science . After the benediction , graduates flip their graduation tassel to the opposite side of their cap and process out to the recessional song as the Abbey bells resound throughout campus . Finally , family and friends meet with the new graduates to take photographs .
The academic costume worn by graduates consists of a gown , hood , and cap . Graduates have short pointed sleeves and a three @-@ foot hood lined with the college 's blue and white colors . Honor cords or sashes are not allowed to be worn during the ceremony ; this rule has come under fire in recent years . Dress of the faculty differs from the graduates as the colors of their caps and gowns are dependent on the professors ' alma mater . The Saint Anselm College Mace was hand carved from black walnut , and designed and executed by the Trappist monks of St. Joseph 's Abbey . One of its striking features is the cross surmounting the mace , which is patterned after the cross of Saint Anselm Abbey Church ; another is the seal of the college , mounted on the round head of the mace . Encircling the shield is the legend Sigillum Collegii Sancti Anselmi - 1889 , meaning " Seal of Saint Anselm College " . The diploma measures 16 " x 19 " and is written in Latin . The following is a translation of the Latin text which appears on the diploma .
= = = Accreditation and memberships = = =
Saint Anselm College is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . It holds membership in the Association of American Colleges and Universities , the American Council on Education , the National Catholic Educational Association , and the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities . Saint Anselm is a member of the Association of Benedictine Colleges and Universities , as Father Jonathan DeFelice was a co @-@ founder of this organization in 1993 . Saint Anselm is on the approved list of the American Chemical Society and of the New Hampshire State Board of Education for teacher training . The baccalaureate program in nursing is fully accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education and fully approved by the New Hampshire Board of Nursing . The Department of Nursing is a member of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing , the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education , the Council of Baccalaureate and Higher Degree Programs of the National League for Nursing and the Nightingale Society . The Continuing Nursing Education program is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center 's Commission on Accreditation .
= = New Hampshire Institute of Politics = =
Marc Ambinder , political editor of The Atlantic , described the role Saint Anselm plays in national politics by saying , " no one runs for president without speaking at St. A 's New Hampshire Institute of Politics . " U.S. News & World Report also ranked the college as the single , most popular location in New Hampshire for presidential candidates to visit . For over the past forty years , the New Hampshire Institute of Politics ( NHIOP ) has played host to hundreds of presidential aspirants that have delivered policy speeches at Saint Anselm College . It was founded on the basis that " educated and engaged citizens are vital for a healthy democracy . " The NHIOP houses the Politics department , as well as providing classroom space for use by all departments . The institute is credited with raising the national profile of the college by incorporating the college in the New Hampshire primary , the first primary of the United States presidential election .
The Institute was founded in 2001 through a nine million dollar grant which was secured by then U.S. Senator Judd Gregg from the National Institute of Standards and Technology . The idea of the Institute came from a series of conversations between Professors Kuehne and Manuel of the politics department and assistant vice president Anne Botteri . All involved believed in the potential that the college could harness from the New Hampshire primary through the college 's traditions and location . In December 1995 , Fr . Jonathan DeFelice asked Professor Manuel , as chairman of the politics department , to chair a committee to study the question and to make recommendations . A proposal was presented to the board of trustees by fellow trustee and former Massachusetts Senate president Kevin B. Harrington . Passing by a unanimous vote , the Institute was constructed in 2000 and dedicated on September 7 , 2001 .
The Institute consists of a 20 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 900 m2 ) building built in 2001 . The Institute contains six classrooms , four seminar rooms , an auditorium , television studio , offices for the college 's department of politics and Institute administration , the Common Ground cafe , a research center , and a computer lab . All of the classrooms are " smart classrooms " equipped with interactive whiteboards , LCD projectors , and built in audio and video equipment . The television studio is the only live video production and broadcast studio in the Greater Manchester area . Television journalists can interview individuals , including Saint Anselm 's experts , politicians , business and civic leaders , remotely from the studio without requiring a TV crew on site or the source to travel to the network . Operated in partnership with VideoLink , the studio is equipped with ReadyCam technology that allows VideoLink to control the camera and lighting remotely from their Boston headquarters .
The Washington Post recently referred to Saint Anselm College as " the Benedictine college with a box seat on America 's most riveting political theater " , as the college and institute have both played major roles in the New Hampshire primary . CNN contributor and former Harvard Institute of Politics chair Jennifer Donahue was the institute 's political director from 2002 to 2009 . The current director of the institute is Neil Levesque .
Steve Scully , host , senior producer , and political editor of C @-@ SPANs Washington Journal , is among the directors of the institute .
The Kevin B. Harrington Student Ambassador Program is an academic program through the New Hampshire Institute of Politics ; it is named after the late Massachusetts State Senator Kevin B. Harrington , who was a member of the Saint Anselm College Board of Trustees and an instrumental force in the creation of the New Hampshire Institute of Politics itself . Student Ambassadors play an important role in supporting special events , giving tours of the institute , welcoming and introducing presidential and congressional candidates , public figures and a range of scholars who headline the institute 's special events and public programs .
Its youth programs are modeled after those of the Sorensen Institute for Political Leadership in Virginia .
The Public Advisory Board , established by Father Jonathan DeFelice in 2008 seeks to help the Institute expand its role in both state and national dialogues . Board members include U.S. Senator Judd Gregg ( Chair ) , former United States Congressman Paul Hodes , New Hampshire Secretary of State Bill Gardner ( Vice @-@ Chair ) , 2010 Massachusetts gubernatorial candidate Charlie Baker , Time magazine 's Mark Halperin , U.S. Senator Kelly Ayotte , and John Bridgeland , member of the White House Council for Community Solutions .
= = = Presidential debates = = =
The college has hosted numerous national debates and campaign rallies since the 1950s . In 2003 , Saint Anselm hosted a debate between the candidates for the Democratic Party nomination in the 2004 presidential election , and served as the Primary headquarters for the Fox News Network . Similarly , in June 2007 the college hosted two national debates , sponsored by CNN , for candidates of the Republican and Democratic Party . In 2008 , the college hosted the back @-@ to @-@ back ABC / Facebook / WMUR debates on January 5 , 2008 . Saint Anselm College students volunteered and became " runners " for the Fox News , CNN and ABC debates ; students have had the unique opportunity to meet many Presidential candidates and media personalities . In his welcoming address to the class of 2012 , President Father Jonathan DeFelice said , " Almost from the first day of classes you will have the opportunity that many other college students will not have – to meet candidates and media experts , political reporters and analysts from all over our country . " On June 13 , 2011 , the college partnered with CNN , WMUR , and the New Hampshire Union Leader to host the first Republican presidential primary debate in New Hampshire for the 2012 campaign . Similarly , in January 2012 , the college hosted an ABC national debate . On August 3 , 2015 , the college partnered with C @-@ SPAN and a long and unusual list of co @-@ sponsors to host a nationally @-@ broadcast candidate forum , three days before the first officially @-@ RNC @-@ sanctioned debate on FOX .
= = = Barack Obama and former presidents = = =
The institute has attracted notable speakers , including then @-@ presidential candidate Barack Obama and former presidents of the United States George W. Bush , Bill Clinton , George H. W. Bush , Ronald Reagan , Gerald Ford , Richard Nixon , and John F. Kennedy .
President John F. Kennedy gave a historic speech at Saint Anselm College on March 5 , 1960 , regarding America 's conduct in the new realities of the emerging Cold War . The speech was the first time that Kennedy detailed how American foreign policy should be conducted towards African nations , noting a hint of support for modern African nationalism by saying , " for we , too , founded a new nation on revolt from colonial rule . " According to a Time magazine article from February 8 , 1960 @,@
" ... a motorcade of students from St. Anselm 's College gave him an earsplitting welcome from 35 automobile horns , then mobbed him with such enthusiasm that Jack had to climb into an open convertible in order to be seen . Afterward , the college kids dragged out a reluctant donkey ( rented for $ 20 by the efficient Kennedy organization ) , then followed Kennedy into a supermarket , waving homemade college @-@ humor signs ( PUT JACK IN THE WHITE SHACK , PUT A NEW JOHN IN THE WHITE HOUSE ) . "
While at the college , Kennedy said the famous line , " I forgot my Nixon button . "
The day after declaring his candidacy for the 1968 election , President Richard Nixon 's first stop was at Saint Anselm College where a reception was held . At the college , on February 3 , 1968 , Nixon unveiled his campaign strategy regarding the Vietnam War by saying , " let 's help them fight the war , and not fight the war for them . " The ramifications of this policy , first voiced at the college had a profound effect on the 1968 presidential campaign and the war in Vietnam .
= = = Former presidential candidates and other notable speakers = = =
Hundreds of presidential candidates have toured and spoken at the college over the past fifty years . More recent speakers have ranged from current Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to the 2008 Republican nominee John McCain . In the weeks before the 2008 election , John McCain 's comeback campaign returned to New Hampshire where McCain held a rally in Sullivan arena in front of a crowd of over two thousand students , faculty , staff and visitors from the community . A group of eight students painted the word " M @-@ A @-@ V @-@ E @-@ R @-@ I @-@ C @-@ K " across their chests and lined up next to each other atop the stands behind McCain .
In March 2010 , the former head of the U.S. Central Command and four star U.S. Army General David Petraeus lectured at the Dana Center for the Humanities through a NHIOP sponsored program ; the change of venue was required because the Institute 's auditorium could not accommodate the six hundred plus students , faculty and staff in attendance . This lecture in particular generated national media attention as rumors spread about Petraeus planning to run for the 2012 presidential election . Petraeus highlighted how America has begun to implement the same counter insurgency strategy which worked in Iraq to Afghanistan .
The following candidates have participated in one of the many national debates held by the college over the years – the current President of the United States Barack Obama , former New York senator Hillary Clinton , Arizona senator John McCain , Jon Huntsman , Kansas senator Sam Brownback , former Alaska senator Mike Gravel , Connecticut senator Joe Lieberman , former Democratic nominee for the 2004 election , John Kerry , former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney , former Vermont governor Howard Dean , former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee , New Mexico governor Bill Richardson , Ohio congressman Dennis Kucinich , Congressman Ron Paul , Ralph Nader , General Wesley Clark and many more .
Former Republican candidate Sam Brownback 's visit attracted the negative attention of the national media as the image of Brownback at the podium speaking to a mostly empty room epitomized his failing candidacy . In 1972 , the eventual Democratic nominee for United States presidential election George McGovern visited the college and after his speech jokingly declared he would become a vice presidential candidate , as he was clearly the front runner .
Inside the Institute 's main hallway hangs over one hundred images that represent the college 's role in the political process ; former Missouri congressman Richard Gephardt once recognized a picture of an elderly woman holding a sign " Gephardt for President " in a rather emotional moment as his own mother . It is not uncommon to run into current New Hampshire senator Jeanne Shaheen or then @-@ senator John E. Sununu , New Hampshire governor John Lynch , former New Hampshire governors Judd Gregg , Craig Benson and Steve Merrill in the hallways , guest lecturing in classrooms or leaving the politics department after conversing with faculty ; some faculty are politicians – New Hampshire Senator Lou D 'Allesandro is a faculty member of the politics department .
Many of the modern media personalities have lectured at the institute on topics ranging from their predictions during the 2008 New Hampshire primary to hosting live campaign coverage on the quad , as seen in the image to the right . Fox News Channel 's Brit Hume and Christopher Wallace both reported live from the " Fox @-@ Box " in both 2004 and 2008 as Alumni Hall served as a backdrop for the primary . For the 2012 Fox News New Hampshire Primary coverage , the college showed live shots of Alumni Hall and reported live from Davison Dining Hall . The former anchor of ABC 's World News Tonight , Peter Jennings had reported live from the north side of Alumni Hall during nightly broadcasts of his show during the primary . CNN 's well known personality Wolf Blitzer was the moderator for the national 2007 debates held in the college 's Sullivan Arena . , ABC News correspondent and television personality Barbara Walters has visited the college on several occasions , hosting the presidential national debate in 1984 . Bob Schieffer , the host of CBS 's Face The Nation broadcast live from , " historic Saint Anselm College 's Alumni Hall " in June 2007 to interview then candidate John Edwards and his former wife Elizabeth Edwards ; in addition to this interview , Mr. Edwards has visited the college on numerous campaign stops talking with students and dropping by classrooms in the institute building .
Journalists who work for many major media outlets stop by the college in the years between the primary when in the area . Time magazine 's editor @-@ at @-@ large and political analyst Mark Halperin is one of twenty or so members of the Public Advisory Board set up by the President of the college , Father Jonathan DeFelice Washington Post columnist , and Senior Research Fellow E. J. Dionne lectured in 2007 at the Institute and spoke during an American Government politics class. and Senior editor of The Weekly Standard William Kristol .
The college has been honored with the visit of two Secretaries of State , the former Madeleine Albright , and the current Hillary Clinton .
In August 2012 , Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan held a town hall event for 3 @,@ 000 plus people on the college quad . The event was covered by all of the national media outlets not only because it was Mitt Romney 's 100th town hall event , but it was the first time since announcing that Paul Ryan would be his running mate , that the two appeared in New England . As is often with television " live shots " from the Alumni Hall , the Abbey bells tolled at 11 : 00 , interrupting Paul Ryan during his remarks . This caused Romney to quip , " Only a Catholic guy ( Paul Ryan ) would be able to get the bells to toll just at the right time at Saint Anselm " .
= = Meelia Center for Community Service = =
The Meelia Center is one of the many outlets available for students to volunteer in the Greater Manchester community . Since 1989 , the Meelia Center has allowed Saint Anselm College students to mobilize their talents and energies to assist 14 community partnerships and more than 30 other community service agencies throughout New Hampshire . Annually , some 850 students , faculty , and staff volunteer more than 16 @,@ 000 community service hours . The Princeton Review has described the Meelia Center as " the nerve center of Saint Anselm 's bustling service community " , adding that " the center , according to the school , ' employs nearly sixty student service leaders , who in turn recruit , place , and support over 200 volunteers and 210 service learners each semester who perform weekly service in over thirty community agencies . An additional 350 volunteers serve in occasional one @-@ day service events . In 2010 , the Meelia Center alone accounted for the coordination of 20 @,@ 000 service hours by Saint Anselm students . ' " New students are introduced to the service commitment through the New Student Day of Service . As part of freshman orientation , students are sent in teams of thirty to partnership sites and other community non @-@ profit agencies . Upperclassmen work throughout the summer to organize these orientation events that involve anywhere from fifteen to twenty sites around New Hampshire .
= = = Service learning = = =
Service learning is one of the fastest growing community service outlets at the college ; students enjoy being able to accomplish community service while receiving credits in the classroom . Thus , students can learn in class while also learning and experiencing things in real @-@ life situations . Eleven academic departments and more than twenty courses at Saint Anselm offer service @-@ learning opportunities .
= = Athletics = =
Saint Anselm College competes at the NCAA Division II level in 20 men 's and women 's varsity sports . The college offers baseball , basketball , cross country , football , golf , ice hockey , lacrosse , skiing , soccer , tennis , field hockey and softball programs open to all students . Saint Anselm 's sports teams are known as the Hawks ; their colors are blue and white . The Hawks participate as a member of the Northeast 10 and ECAC conferences in most sports . Football returned to the Hilltop in 1999 after a 58 @-@ year hiatus brought about by the onset of World War II . The college 's most recent standout was Michael Geary ' 05 , a 2003 2nd Team All NE @-@ 10 offensive lineman . One of the college 's greatest athletes was Ray " Scooter " McLean ; he was coach of the Green Bay Packers in 1953 and 1958 and an NFL player for the Chicago Bears , winning NFL Championship Games in 1940 , 1941 , 1943 and 1946 . The college 's athletic teams are known as " The Hawks " .
= = = Ice hockey = = =
Saint Anselm is known by locals as a " hockey school " as both the men 's and women 's teams have earned championships in their respective conferences . The men 's team has won 8 Northeast @-@ 10 Conference championships , ( four in a row ) most recently by defeating Franklin Pierce University in 2013 . The Hawks performance in the 2012 Championship game set NE @-@ 10 records for most goals scored and largest margin of victory in a championship game . The women 's team has earned the title of ECAC champions for two consecutive years , by defeating Holy Cross College . In the 2012 @-@ 13 season , the women held a record of 19 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 including a victory over Norwich University ending their 40 @-@ game win streak and earning them 3rd place over all in the D @-@ III ECAC East standings . The campus has a multimillion @-@ dollar , 65 @,@ 000 square feet ( 6 @,@ 000 m2 ) ice arena , named after Thomas F. Sullivan . It is located next to Davison Dining Hall , and has a capacity of 2 @,@ 700 fans .
= = Student organizations = =
Saint Anselm offers over 100 student organizations on campus , including arts & culture organizations , performance groups , sports groups , political organizations , religious organizations , and social action groups . The Student Activities Office encourages and is available for students wishing to develop an organization not yet established at Saint Anselm . Clubs on campus include The Knights of Columbus , Alpha Phi Omega , Abbey Players , Campus Activities Board , Classics Society , The History Society , Democrats , Republicans , Green Team , Italian Club , Dance Club , Muslim Student Association , Jazz Band , Organization for Life , Mock Trial , Psychology Club , and Yearbook Club . An example of the college students being active in the local community is that the Saint Anselm College Knights of Columbus , Council 4785 in Manchester , New Hampshire won the 2009 – 2010 National Community Activity Award for creating a comprehensive recycling program at the New Hampshire State Prison for Women . The Campus Activities Board ( CAB ) , a student @-@ run organization , runs several committees that oversee campus @-@ wide activities and student services . In 2008 , CAB organized singer Howie Day , in 2009 , the band Third Eye Blind performed at the college . Jason Derulo and Matt Nathanson performed there in 2010 .
= = Student publications = =
The Saint Anselm Crier , founded in the early 1960s as " The Anselmian Crier " is the student newspaper of Saint Anselm College . It is published twice monthly when school is in session . The Crier won the 2008 – 2009 First Place Scholastic Newspaper Award from the American Scholastic Press Association . In 2009 , The Saint Anselm Crier adopted new terminology designating the publication as the " independent " student newspaper instead of the " official " student newspaper of Saint Anselm College . This was done to separate student opinion from official college news released by Saint Anselm 's public relations department .
The Hilltop , founded in 2009 , was an independent student newsletter . It was published bi @-@ weekly , and sought to provide substance over entertainment and integrity over controversy , as some students had supported this publication over the " Crier . " claiming the latter 's quality had deteriorated . In the Fall of 2010 , " The Hilltop " merged with " The Saint Anselm Crier " after an agreement was made at the urging of the " Crier 's " advisor , Fr . Jerome Day , O.S.B. , PhD. who claimed that Saint Anselm College is not large enough for two student newspapers . " The Hilltop 's " staff agreed to become part of the " Crier 's " staff and " The Saint Anselm Crier " will attempt to focus on its quality , including a page called the " The Hilltop " devoted to substantial issues .
The Saint Anselm Whiner , founded in February 2010 , is an underground joke newspaper independently published by a group of anonymous students . It is published bi @-@ weekly . The Whiner parodies The Crier and The Hilltop and lampoons various Saint Anselm College issues . The motto of the Saint Anselm Whiner is " Unreliability You Can Count On . "
The Quatrain , published annually by a small group of students with the help of the English Department and the printing office , is a collection of students ' poetry , short stories , and artwork ( photographic and otherwise ) that is collected via submissions over the course of the academic year and is freely distributed to the student population near the end of the second semester .
The Shank , published each semester , is the History Department 's journal consisting exclusively of students ' work . The journal is open to all students regardless of their major , as long as the paper submitted was written in a history class .
Lucubrations is the cultural magazine for the Saint Anselm Community . It publishes all forms of creative content including art , music , photography , literature , poetry , philosophy , commentary , and video from students , faculty , staff , and alumni of the college . It was founded in 2009 by student Dana Nolan ( Class of 2011 ) . It is published online at http : / / lucubrations.org . Submissions are published on an ongoing basis and also collected into digest issues two times a semester , for four issues per academic year . The word lucubrations is based on the Latin word lucubrare and means study by candlelight , nocturnal study or meditation , and the writings or thoughts that result .
= = Notable alumni = =
L. A. " Skip " Bafalis – 1952 – member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida 's 10th congressional district , 1973 to 1983
King Banaian - 1979 - member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Harvey C. " Barney " Barnum – 1962 – Medal of Honor recipient ( Vietnam )
William J. Baroody , Sr. – 1936 – President of American Enterprise Institute , and appointed Chairman of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars by President Richard Nixon
Michael Buckley – 1997 – YouTube celebrity host of the " WhattheBuck ! ? " show
Vincent Colapietro , Ph.D. – 1973 – philosophy professor at Pennsylvania State University , author of many published articles and several published books
Sharon Dawley - 1979 - head coach of the University of Massachusetts Amherst women 's basketball team
Thomas J. Dodd – 1926 – U.S. senator from Connecticut ; influential force at the Nuremberg Trials
Bishop Joseph John Gerry – 1950 – former Bishop of Portland , Maine , and former Abbot of Saint Anselm Abbey
Robert W. Heagney – 1975 – Connecticut state representative ( Simsbury )
Daniel T.K. Hurley – 1964 – lawyer and judge , serving on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida
Tim Karalexis – 2001 – professional soccer player in the USL First Division
Gérald Lacroix - Roman Catholic cardinal , Archbishop of Quebec and Primate of Canada
Martin F. Loughlin – 1947 – lawyer and judge , served on the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire
William C. Martel – Associate Professor of International Security Studies at The Fletcher School , Tufts University
Hubie McDonough – 1986 – NHL player for the Los Angeles Kings , San Jose Sharks and the New York Islanders
Ray " Scooter " McLean – 1940 - NFL player for the Chicago Bears and coach of the Green Bay Packers
Henry J. Meade – 1951 – Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force
Ralph Mollis – 1978 – current Secretary of State of Rhode Island
Rómulo O 'Farril , Jr . – 1937 – multi @-@ millionaire Mexican businessman ; founder of Televisa in Mexico City
Archbishop Joseph Rummel – 1896 – Archbishop of New Orleans and civil rights activist who desegregated New Orleans Catholic Schools in 1962
Mark J. Sullivan – 1977 – former director of United States Secret Service
Rob Surette – 1993 – public motivational speaker and speed painter
Matthew Szulik – 1978 – former chief executive officer and president of the S & P 500 Red Hat software company ; 2010 Chairman of the Science and Technology Board for State of North Carolina 's Economic Development Board
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= Washington State Route 223 =
State Route 223 ( SR 223 ) is a 3 @.@ 81 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 13 km ) long state highway located entirely in Yakima County , Washington , United States . It has served the role of connecting the city of Granger to the county seat , Yakima via Interstate 82 and to SR 22 since its establishment in 1967 , serving between 4 @,@ 000 and 8 @,@ 500 cars per day on average in 2009 .
= = Route description = =
SR 223 begins at an at @-@ grade intersection with SR 22 , headed easterly over a level crossing with a BNSF Railway line through rural farmland . The highway turns northeasterly as it passes over the Yakima River and passes to the east of Hisey Park. as it enters the city limits of Granger Continuing through town SR 223 crosses over another rail line before terminating at a diamond interchange with exit 58 on Interstate 82 ( I @-@ 82 ) . Except for the last 0 @.@ 39 mi ( 0 @.@ 63 km ) of the highway , the speed limit is posted as 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) .
Every year the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , WSDOT calculated that as few as 4 @,@ 300 cars traveled through the intersection at SR 22 , and as many as 8 @,@ 500 cars at the interchange with I @-@ 82 .
= = History = =
The rail line that SR 223 crosses has existed since at least 1910 , originally belonging to the Spokane , Portland and Seattle Railway as part of their Yakima Valley Subdivision . SR 223 was completed in 1967 , and was connected to I @-@ 82 in 1981 , two years after the opening of the Interstate in 1979 . Two additional bridges are included on SR 223 , including a 243 @.@ 8 @-@ metre ( 800 ft ) long concrete continuous box beam bridge carrying the highway over the Yakima River , and an overpass over the BNSF Railway line ( former Northern Pacific Railway ) in Granger completed in 1969 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Yakima County .
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= Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis =
Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis is a table tennis simulation video game developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games . The game was first released for the Xbox 360 on May 23 , 2006 in North America , and on May 26 , 2006 in Europe . It was later released for the Wii on October 17 , 2007 in North America , and on October 19 , 2007 in Europe . The game is a realistic simulation of the sport table tennis , with the main objective to make the opponent fail to hit the ball .
The game features various methods of serving and returning the ball , designed for players to beat their opponent . Players can compete against the game 's artificial intelligence , while the game 's multiplayer mode lets two players compete in matches , either through local multiplayer or online . Initially developed specifically for the Xbox 360 console , the development team took advantage of the hardware 's graphical power , allowing the game to play at a faster pace than with previous hardware . The game was the first to be developed using Rockstar 's proprietary Rockstar Advanced Game Engine , later used in games such as Grand Theft Auto IV and Red Dead Redemption .
Its announcement in March 2006 led to confusion and surprise , due to its significantly different style from Rockstar 's previous projects . It received generally positive reviews upon release , with praise particularly directed at its simplicity , replayability and detailed visuals .
= = Gameplay = =
Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis is a realistic simulation of the sport of table tennis . In the game , two players hit a ball back and forth from one another . The goal of the game is to make the opponent fail to return the ball . Players have the ability to challenge a multiplayer partner , either offline or online , or can select to challenge the game 's artificial intelligence . Players can select from a roster of eleven characters , which are unlocked as they progress through the game ; each character has particular skills in different areas . The game features two modes : Tournament , which involves players participating against a variety of players in different circuits ; and Exhibition , which involves players challenging individual opponents in non @-@ ranked matches .
When preparing to serve the ball , players enter a stance . During this stance , players aim the ball , followed by selecting the amount of spin and power to place on the ball , as indicated by the spin meter . Players can also place a level of spin on their ball , curving it in a different direction . After the opponent returns the ball , players have the ability to " charge " their shots . As the shots are charged , the Focus meter increases ; when the meter fills , players enter the Full Focus state , in which their shots are faster and more accurate . Players can also perform soft shots and smashes , respectively decreasing and increasing the speed of the ball , and Focus Shots , high powered returns that help players counter difficult shots .
The Wii port of the game offers three different control schemes : Standard , using the Wii Remote ; Sharp Shooter , which uses the Nunchuk 's analog control to place the ball ; and Control Freak , using the Nunchuk 's analog stick to control the player 's position .
= = Development = =
Preliminary work on Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis began in 2005 , prior to the announcement of the Xbox 360 , which the game was developed for . Rockstar San Diego , the core team behind the game , found that the hardware allowed them to develop games at a faster pace than with the previous hardware . Rockstar president Sam Houser felt that Rockstar San Diego was a suitable developer for the game due to their demonstration of skill in developing advanced engines , particularly early in a console generation , citing Midnight Club : Street Racing and Smuggler 's Run ( both 2000 ) , which were launch games for the PlayStation 2 . Houser also said that , though the game 's physics were achievable on the old hardware , the team waited for the possibility to develop for the Xbox 360 due to the " different level of production and technology " that it allowed . In developing the game 's concept , the team was fascinated with concentrating the entire power of a particular hardware into one activity . The game runs off the proprietary Rockstar Advanced Game Engine ( RAGE ) , and is the first game to do so ; the engine was later used for other projects such as Grand Theft Auto IV ( 2008 ) , Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) , Max Payne 3 ( 2012 ) and Grand Theft Auto V ( 2013 ) .
Network programmer John Gierach found the development of the online multiplayer mode challenging , due to the level of realism the development team attempted to create . In addition , the speed and accuracy required for the game was also a challenge for the team , due to the fast pace of the matches . When discussing the possibility of porting the game to the Wii , the team agreed almost immediately , as they felt that the console was a " perfect fit " for the game . While developing the Wii version , the team particularly considered how to serve all types of players , thus allowing a range of different control schemes .
The game was first announced by Rockstar Games on March 3 , 2006 . Journalists noted the surprised reactions that the announcement caused within the gaming industry , which they owed to the game 's significant difference when compared to Rockstar 's reputation of developing mature titles . The game was released for the Xbox 360 on May 23 , 2006 in North America , and on May 26 , 2006 in Europe . On July 18 , 2007 , Rockstar announced that the game would be ported to the Wii , taking advantage of the motion sensing Wii Remote . The Wii version was released on October 17 , 2007 in North America , and on October 19 , 2007 in Europe .
= = Reception = =
Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis was released to generally positive reviews . Metacritic assigned a average score of 81 out of 100 based on 75 reviews for the Xbox 360 version , and 68 out of 100 based on 36 reviews for the Wii version . GameRankings assigned it an average review score of 82 % based on 85 reviews for the Xbox 360 version , and 70 % based on 36 reviews for the Wii version . Reviewers particularly praised its gameplay , detailed visuals , simplicity , and online multiplayer .
The technical aspects of the game , such as the graphics and animation , received acclaim . IGN 's Douglass C. Perry felt that the graphics and motion capture are " exceptional " , and the animation is " beautiful " , as well as praising the stable frame rate . Ryan Davis of GameSpot wrote that the characters were designed with " phenomenal detail " , though felt that " there 's not much else to look at " . GamesRadar 's Dan Amrich commended the game 's player models and lighting effects , stating that they " put the hardware to impressive yet playful use " . Tom Orry of VideoGamer.com felt that the visuals improve the gameplay , particularly applauding smaller details such as the player models and ball physics .
Many reviewers found the gameplay simple yet effective . Perry of IGN found the gameplay " deep and addictive " , and the controls intuitive . GamesRadar 's Amrich echoed similar remarks , writing that the controls " feel accessible without alienating ' serious ' sports gamers " , and Orry of VideoGamer.com called the controls " slick " . Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell also praised the game 's simplicity .
The game 's multiplayer mode was commended by many reviewers . GamesRadar 's Amrich felt that the multiplayer mode extended the game 's replayability , giving players a reason to return to the game " long after [ they 've ] learned the weaknesses " of the playable characters . Orry of VideoGamer.com and Bramwell of Eurogamer both named the online multiplayer " excellent " ; the former noted minor lag but wrote that the " performance was generally very good " .
When the game was ported to the Wii , the additional Wii Remote controls received positive reactions . IGN 's Mark Bozon felt that they were an improvement over the original controls , calling it a " huge testament to Rockstar 's design " . Eurogamer 's Ellie Gibson found that the altered controls work " perfectly " , finding them intuitive and " easy to grasp " . GameSpot 's Davis wrote that the controls " work pretty well " , though felt that they fail to complement the gameplay . Conversely , Orry of VideoGamer.com felt that the original controls " have more depth " than those on the Wii .
Following its previews at the Electronic Entertainment Expo , the game won Best Sports Game from GameSpot , and received a nomination from IGN . At the end of the year , the game received nominations for Best Sports Game from GameTrailers .
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= Thomas White ( Australian politician ) =
Sir Thomas Walter White , KBE , DFC ( 26 April 1888 – 13 October 1957 ) was an Australian politician and First World War pilot . He was one of the first airmen trained for the Australian Flying Corps in 1914 , and among the first to see action when he deployed to the Middle East with the Mesopotamian Half Flight in 1915 . He was captured in November that year but escaped in July 1918 . Awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and twice mentioned in despatches , White began his parliamentary career in 1929 when he was elected Member for Balaclava in Victoria . He served as Minister for Trade and Customs in Joseph Lyons ' United Australia Party government from 1932 to 1938 , but resigned when he was excluded from Lyons ' inner cabinet . He joined the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during the Second World War and saw service in Australia and the United Kingdom . Returning to parliament as a member of the newly formed Liberal Party in 1945 , he served as Minister for Air and Minister for Civil Aviation in Robert Menzies ' government from 1949 to 1951 . His term coincided with the commitment of RAAF squadrons to the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency . Australia 's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 1951 to 1956 , White was knighted in 1952 and died in October 1957 .
= = Early life and First World War = =
Thomas Walter White was born on 26 April 1888 at Hotham , North Melbourne , the son of Charles James White , a brass @-@ finisher from England , and Emily Jane Jenkins of Victoria . Educated at Moreland State School , White was commissioned in the 5th Australian Regiment , Citizen Military Forces ( CMF ) , in 1911 . In August 1914 , two weeks after the outbreak of the First World War , he became one of the first four students to commence training at Point Cook as a pilot in the Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) . He was later described by a biographer as " pugnacious and impatient for success , with a disdain for authority and a suspicion of elites " . White recalled flying in the school 's Bristol Boxkite thus : " The senses took the place of the instruments . One 's eyes and ears did duty as engine counters ; the rush of the air in the face told whether the climb or glide was at the right angle . " He graduated with his four fellow students , who included future Chief of the Air Staff ( Sir ) Richard Williams , in November .
In April 1915 , White was appointed a captain in the Australian Imperial Force and adjutant of the Mesopotamian Half Flight , the first AFC unit to see active service . Based initially in Basra and operating primitive Maurice Farman biplanes , the Half Flight assisted the Indian Army during the Mesopotamian campaign , conducting reconnaissance and sabotage missions . White successfully carried out several operations that involved landing behind enemy lines . On a mission in October 1915 , he was forced to land owing to engine trouble and , rather than risk attempting repairs , taxied the aircraft some twenty @-@ four kilometres ( fifteen miles ) past enemy encampments while his observer kept watch with his rifle at the ready ; the " Keystone Cops adventure " , as historian Alan Stephens described it , culminated in the engine finally powering up and allowing White to take off and fly to the safety of the Australian base . White himself touted the feat as " a taxi @-@ ing record " .
On 13 November 1915 , White was captured while attempting to cut telegraph wires near Baghdad . He was mentioned in despatches in July 1916 . Imprisoned in Turkey , he escaped from a train in Constantinople in July 1918 , and managed to stow away on a cargo ship to Odessa , Ukraine , before travelling to London . His experience of the Soviets in Odessa helped inform his subsequent anti @-@ communism . White was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross in June 1919 . In December , he was again mentioned in despatches , for " valuable services whilst in captivity " . Still in London , he met Vera Deakin , daughter of former Australian Prime Minister Alfred Deakin , and promptly became engaged to her . White was discharged from the AIF in January 1920 , and married Vera on 22 March at St John 's Church of England in Toorak , despite the opposition of some of the Deakin family . That year he also became managing director of his father 's hardware company , C.J. White & Sons Pty Ltd . From 1926 to 1931 , he commanded the 6th Battalion , CMF , as a lieutenant colonel . In 1928 he published an account of his wartime exploits as Guests of the Unspeakable .
= = Parliamentary career and Second World War = =
White ran unsuccessfully as a Nationalist for the House of Representatives seat of Maribyrnong in the 1925 elections . In 1927 , he failed to win the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Prahran . Denied pre @-@ selection as a Nationalist for the Senate the following year , he won the seat of Balaclava at a by @-@ election held on 3 August 1929 . He succeeded retiring member William Watt . The United Australia Party ( UAP ) came to power in the 1931 elections and in March 1933 he was appointed Minister for Trade and Customs in the first Lyons Ministry , replacing Henry Gullett , who had stood down due to ill @-@ health . White had given up the directorship of C.J. White & Sons the previous year . His portfolio was responsible for reducing tariffs and attempting to increase trade with Britain as opposed to the United States and Japan , and also with book and film censorship ; for the latter he established an advisory board , chaired by Robert Garran , to make recommendations to him . In 1934 , White became Australian chairman of the Royal Life Saving Society , serving until 1951 ; he was also an active supporter of such organisations as Legacy and the Royal Flying Doctor Service .
In July 1938 , White represented Australia at an inter @-@ governmental conference on Jewish refugees held at Évian , France , to discuss the growing numbers of Jewish emigrants seeking to leave Germany and occupied territories . He expressed remorse after listening to stories from refugees during the conference , but ultimately hedged his offer of support , saying that , " As we have no real racial problem , we are not desirous of importing one by encouraging any scheme of large @-@ scale foreign migration " . Australia would go on to accept 15 @,@ 000 refugees over three years . White 's reaction to the Australian government 's support for the Munich Agreement was to diarise : " I think we should hang our heads that we did not stand up to the bully of Europe ... It may yet mean peace but at what price ? " He called for stronger preparations at home in case of war , including the introduction of conscription . On 8 November 1938 , he resigned his portfolio , having discovered that Joseph Lyons had established an inner cabinet from which he was excluded . Lyons ' response in parliament to White 's resignation publicly highlighted the divisions in the UAP . White stood for the UAP 's leadership after Lyon 's death the following year but was eliminated early in the balloting , and Robert Menzies eventually became leader .
With the outbreak of the Second World War , White became a flight lieutenant ( temporary squadron leader ) in the part @-@ time Citizen Air Force . He took leave from parliament in April 1940 and was appointed the inaugural commanding officer of No. 1 Initial Training School at Somers , Victoria . The following year he travelled to England , where he administered Australian airmen at Bournemouth , served as Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) Liaison Officer with RAF Training Command , and commanded RAF Station Brighton . According to the Parliamentary Library of Australia , White also " surreptitiously flew on several sorties as a second @-@ pilot " . He paid tribute to the men of the Empire Air Training Scheme with the narrative poem Sky Saga in 1943 . Returning to Melbourne later that year , White served at RAAF Staff School until his discharge as an honorary group captain in October 1944 . The same month , he attended the conference that resulted in the establishment of the Liberal Party ; the new party was officially launched in August 1945 .
Following the election of the Menzies Liberal government in the 1949 elections , White was appointed Minister for Air and Minister for Civil Aviation , despite his personal animosity for Menzies , which partly stemmed from the latter 's failure to serve in the First World War . In January 1950 , White and the Minister for Supply and Development , Richard Casey , announced that the English Electric Canberra had been selected to replace the RAAF 's Avro Lincoln bombers , and that the new jet would be manufactured by the Government Aircraft Factory in Victoria . White 's term as Minister for Air saw the deployment of RAAF squadrons to the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency in mid @-@ 1950 , and the establishment of the Women 's Royal Australian Air Force , the successor organisation to the wartime Women 's Auxiliary Australian Air Force , that November . The following year he gave his approval for the manufacture of a licensed version of the North American F @-@ 86 Sabre jet fighter for the RAAF , and played a major part in the controversial decision to replace the long @-@ serving Chief of the Air Staff , Air Marshal ( Sir ) George Jones , with an RAF officer , Air Vice Marshal ( later Air Chief Marshal Sir ) Donald Hardman . White also sought to strengthen the Citizen Air Force , and personally ordered the establishment of No. 24 ( City of Adelaide ) Squadron at Mallala , South Australia .
= = Later life = =
On 21 June 1951 , White resigned from parliament to become Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom , a position he held until 1956 . He was succeeded as the member for Balaclava by Liberal Percy Joske . White was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in January 1952 . As High Commissioner he advocated continued British migration to Australia , and participated in the renewal of the assisted passage scheme between the two countries in 1954 . He suffered from emphysema and on 13 October 1957 died of a heart attack at his home in the Melbourne suburb of South Yarra . Survived by his wife and four daughters , he was accorded a state funeral at St Paul 's Cathedral , Melbourne , and interred at Point Lonsdale cemetery . His daughters donated his papers to the National Library of Australia in 1997 and 1998 .
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= Dude Ranch ( Modern Family ) =
" Dude Ranch " is the third season premiere of the American sitcom Modern Family and the 49th episode overall . The episode originally aired on September 21 , 2011 on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) and ran back @-@ to @-@ back with " When Good Kids Go Bad " . The episode was written by Paul Corrigan , Brad Walsh & Dan O 'Shannon and directed by Jason Winer .
" Dude Ranch " features guest stars Tim Blake Nelson as Hank and Reid Ewing as Dylan . Serving as the first part of the one @-@ hour season premiere , the episode revolves around the three families traveling to a dude ranch .
" Dude Ranch " received positive reviews from critics with many praising Nolan Gould 's performance as Luke Dunphy , with Alan Sepinwall calling him the MVP of the episode . The episode was viewed by more than 14 @.@ 54 million viewers and received a 6 @.@ 1 rating / 15 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , marking an 18 @-@ percent rise from the second season premiere , " The Old Wagon " . The episode also became the highest @-@ rated and most viewed episode of the series . It also ranked as the highest @-@ rated ABC series for the week of broadcast and fourth overall .
This episode won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half @-@ Hour ) and Animation . Season one episode " En Garde " won the same award back in 2010 .
= = Plot = =
The three families travel to a dude ranch in Wyoming . In the Pritchett family storyline , Gloria ( Sofía Vergara ) experiences hearing difficulty following the plane ride while a cowboy , Hank ( Tim Blake Nelson ) , flirts with her . Gloria 's husband , Jay ( Ed O 'Neill ) , takes notice , but Gloria is oblivious to his behavior . Later , Hank grabs Gloria 's butt causing Jay to tell him to back off , which he does . He said if it were not for him being the bad guy Jay would not have been a hero , but Gloria fights back and says Jay is always a hero .
Meanwhile , in the Dunphy family , Dylan ( Reid Ewing ) , Haley 's boyfriend , tags along on the trip , much to Claire 's chagrin . However , Phil ( Ty Burrell ) eventually convinces her that she should try to get to know Dylan . She attempts to , but suddenly Dylan proposes to Haley ( Sarah Hyland ) around the campfire one night . This causes Claire ( Julie Bowen ) to instantly say no for Haley , leading to Dylan running away . The families go off and look for him , during which Haley criticizes Claire for interfering and reveals she would not have accepted Dylan 's proposal . It is also revealed that Dylan gets a job at the ranch and decides to permanently stay in Wyoming , breaking up with Haley .
During the trip , a teenage boy named Jimmy ( Matthew Gumley ) flirts with Alex ( Ariel Winter ) and later kisses her . In addition , Phil attempts to impress Jay and prove he has earned Jay 's respect , and Jay eventually tells Phil that he does truly respect Phil .
Cameron ( Eric Stonestreet ) and Mitchell ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) reveal that they are adopting a boy from the United States . Mitchell worries that he will not be able to do all the father / son things because of his sexuality and his inability to participate in " manly " activities such as catching and shooting . Despite this , he reassures himself after he blows up a birdhouse with a firecracker with Luke ( Nolan Gould ) .
= = Production and themes = =
" Dude Ranch " was written by Paul Corrigan , Brad Walsh & Dan O 'Shannon . The episode was directed by Jason Winer , his first director 's credit since the first season . It aired on September 21 , 2011 , back @-@ to @-@ back with the " When Good Kids Go Bad " . " Dude Ranch " was filmed between August 17 and August 19 , 2011 on location in Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Other cities that were under consideration were Tucson , Arizona and Bozeman , Montana . Tim Blake Nelson guest starred in the episode as a cowboy who " intimidates the guys and sends the girls ' hearts a @-@ twitter " . Reid Ewing returned as Dylan , in his final appearance for the series until he reappeared in the episode entitled " Disneyland . "
Near the end of the second season , there were rumors alluding to the producers recasting the role of Lily , and changing her age from a baby to a toddler . In July 2011 , a casting call for a " 3- to 4 @-@ year @-@ old daughter of Mitchell and Cameron " was put out by the producers . Co @-@ creator and executive producer Steven Levitan stated that :
" It was a hard decision , and this was not remotely having to do with us wanting to upgrade the acting ability or jump the character in age . The twins who play the part ( Jaden and Ella Hiller ) were not happy . We started feeling like we were just being mean to these little girls , making them come to the stage . And the character is reaching an age where she would talk , and that was going to be an asset to us to have Cam and Mitch communicating with her . "
They eventually cast Aubrey Anderson @-@ Emmons to play the toddler @-@ aged , Lily , replacing twin sisters , Jayden and Ella Hiller . The episode also features the addition of two new writers , Ben Karlin as a consulting producer and Cindy Chupack as co @-@ executive producer .
The episode mainly deals with the male characters in the show and " the flaws and foibles of the menfolk " , hence the episode title , " Dude Ranch " . Mitchell deals with being not manly enough to raise a boy while Jay deals with the cowboy flirting with Gloria . Phil attempts to gain Jay 's respect , a recurring theme in several other episodes . Eventually , all the characters gain their confidence with Mitchell blowing up a birdhouse with Luke , Jay standing up to the cowboy and Phil standing up to Jay .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original American broadcast , " Dude Ranch " alongside the following episode , " When Good Kids Go Bad " , was viewed by an estimated 14 @.@ 54 million households and received a 6 @.@ 1 rating / 15 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 6 @.@ 1 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 15 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked an 18 % rise in the ratings from the second season premiere , " The Old Wagon " , making it the highest @-@ rated and most @-@ viewed episode of the series and became ABC 's top @-@ rated season premiere in six years . The episode also ranked first in its timeslot , beating the highly promoted new Fox reality series The X Factor , CBS drama series Criminal Minds , NBC drama series Harry 's Law and CW reality series , America 's Next Top Model . Added with DVR viewers , who viewed the episode within three days of the original broadcast , the episode received a 7 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , adding a 1 @.@ 7 rating to the original viewership . " Dude Ranch " was the third most @-@ watched scripted show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 – 49 and the eleventh most watched show among all viewers .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode received positive reviews from critics .
Maris Kreizman of New York called the episode " not all that surprising and a little sentimental , but charming nonetheless . " She also complimented the development of Alex 's character commenting that it " was nice to see a bit of real character development for Alex . " .
The A.V. Club reviewer Donna Bowman compared the episode to the second season episode " Halloween " for its use of the whole ensemble , and ultimately gave the episode a B + .
HitFix reviewer Alan Sepinwall felt that " Dude Ranch " was the weaker episode of the hour , and commented that " Sitcom vacation episodes , as a rule , tend to not be very good . There have been exceptions [ ... ] " Dude Ranch " was unfortunately not one of them . Despite this , he complimented the subplots for the kids , but criticized the plots for the adults calling them " much less memorable " .
Entertainment Weekly writer Sandra Gonzalez praised the episode , saying it proved the show deserved the second Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series . Despite her mainly positive review , she criticized the Gloria storyline , writing that she " wish she [ Sofia Vergara ] had more to do than scream the entire episode " .
Henry Hanks of CNN said the episode was equal in quality to the first @-@ season episode , " Hawaii " saying that the episode " [ showed ] once again why it 's one of the most consistently funny shows on TV . He also noted that his favorite moment " had to be Jay 's struggles with the horse " and called Jay the MVP of the episode , saying Ed O 'Neill deserved to win the Emmy over Ty Burrell .
Paste writer Christina Ziemba said that the episode proved that the series deserved to win at the Emmy 's saying it was " rife with great gags , jokes and one @-@ liners " . She ultimately gave this episode and " When Good Kids Go Bad " an 8 @.@ 5 / 10 calling it " commendable " .
Zac Oldenburg of Television Blend criticized the Phil @-@ Jay subplot for repeating ideas . He eventually called the episode a " rough start " and considered it worse than the following episode .
Multiple critics praised Nolan Gould 's performance in the episode , as Luke . Sepinwall called him the MVP of the episode . Other critics also called the episode superior to the second half @-@ hour , " When Good Kids Go Bad " .
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= Joel Otto =
Joel Stuart Otto ( born October 29 , 1961 ) is an American former professional ice hockey center in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Calgary Flames and Philadelphia Flyers . An undrafted player , Otto signed with the Flames as a free agent in 1984 and played 11 seasons with the team . He was one of the top defensive centers in the league during his career and one of the NHL 's best at faceoffs ; Otto was a two @-@ time finalist for the Frank J. Selke Trophy . He was known for his confrontations with Mark Messier as part of the Flames ' rivalry with the Edmonton Oilers and was a member of Calgary 's 1989 Stanley Cup championship winning team . He joined the Flyers in 1995 , with whom he played three seasons .
Otto was a frequent member of the United States national team . He played in two World Championships and two Canada Cups , captaining the United States to the final in 1991 . Otto was a member of the team that won the inaugural World Cup of Hockey in 1996 and played in the 1998 Winter Olympics . He currently serves as an assistant coach of the Western Hockey League 's Calgary Hitmen , with whom he won the league championship in 2010 .
= = Playing career = =
= = = College = = =
A native of Elk River , Minnesota , Otto played college hockey for Division II school Bemidji State . He scored 52 points in 31 games in his sophomore season of 1981 – 82 , improving to 61 points the following season and finally 75 points in 31 games in 1983 – 84 . He was named to the Northern Collegiate Hockey Association ( NCHA ) first All @-@ Conference Team and National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) West All @-@ American in 1982 , 1983 and 1984 . Otto captained Bemidji State in 1983 – 84 , leading the team to an undefeated record at 31 – 0 and a Division II national championship . He was recognized as the NCHA player of the year in 1984 . He was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award in 1984 , given to the top collegiate player in the United States . Otto scored over 200 points for Bemidji State , was the first player to have his jersey retired by the school , and was inducted into Bemidji State 's Athletics Hall of Fame in 2010 .
= = = Calgary Flames = = =
Otto was never drafted , and upon graduation , sought opportunities from National Hockey League ( NHL ) clubs . The teams he contacted offered only a try @-@ out , some insisting he pay his own way . Finally , his agent contacted Cliff Fletcher , general manager of the Calgary Flames , who offered him a contract to play for the Moncton Golden Flames , their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate . Otto agreed , scored 63 points in 56 games for the Golden Flames in the 1984 – 85 AHL season and appeared in 17 games with Calgary . He made his NHL debut on November 23 , 1984 , against the St. Louis Blues . On March 1 , 1985 , he recorded his first point , an assist , against the Montreal Canadiens . He scored his first goal two nights later against goaltender Darren Eliot of the Los Angeles Kings .
Otto established himself as a top defensive forward for the Flames in 1985 – 86 . Coach Bob Johnson discovered his niche when he had Otto shut down Marcel Dionne , the top player of the Los Angeles Kings . Afterward , Otto was consistently used against the opposition 's top line where he used his size and faceoff ability to his advantage . He was most famous for shadowing Mark Messier of the Edmonton Oilers when the Battle of Alberta reached its peak in the late 1980s . Otto later remarked that Messier was the reason he was in the NHL , as the Flames needed a big center who could match Messier physically , especially in the faceoff circle .
Johnson also used Otto in front of the opposition net to screen the goaltender . He struggled offensively early in the 1985 – 86 season , scoring only two goals in the first third of the year , but as he grew in confidence and saw increasing ice time , his offense improved . Otto finished the season with 25 goals and 59 points . He added 5 goals and 15 points in the playoffs as the Flames reached the Stanley Cup final . The Flames lost the series in five games to the Montreal Canadiens .
Continuing to chip in on offense in the following seasons , Otto scored at least 50 points in each of his first four full seasons . He reached the 20 @-@ goal mark for the second time in 1988 – 89 , a season he ended on an 11 @-@ game point scoring streak . The Flames entered the 1989 Stanley Cup Playoffs as the top team in the NHL , and a prohibitive favorite against their first round opponent , the Vancouver Canucks . Nonetheless , the Canucks forced the Flames into overtime of the seventh and deciding game of the series . Late in the first overtime period , Otto rushed toward the net as Jim Peplinski carried the puck up the right side boards . Peplinski 's shot deflected off Otto 's skate and past Vancouver goaltender Kirk McLean . Otto was credited with the series @-@ winning goal . He scored a total of 19 points in 22 playoff games as the Flames won their first Stanley Cup championship in franchise history .
Considered one of the league 's best faceoff men and a top two @-@ way forward , Otto was frequently the subject of inquiries by other teams in trade talks , which the Flames refused . He scored his 100th career goal on October 30 , 1990 , against the New Jersey Devils and his 300th point on October 4 , 1991 , against Edmonton . He was the Flames ' nominee for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy in 1991 – 92 , a league award given for dedication and perseverance . His role with the Flames changed into the 1990s as the team placed greater emphasis on his defensive play into the 1990s , though he surpassed 50 @-@ points for the fifth time in 1992 – 93 . Otto was also named a finalist for the Frank J. Selke Trophy as the league 's top defensive forward that season . He was again named a finalist for the Selke Trophy in 1994 – 95 .
= = = Philadelphia Flyers = = =
Otto hoped to remain in Calgary after his contract expired following the 1995 season , but with the Flames facing financial difficulties as the NHL 's salary structure rapidly changed , the team was unable to agree to a new contract . He was among the most sought after players in free agency , and was pursued by the New York Rangers , who hoped that he could help their team shut down Eric Lindros of the Philadelphia Flyers . Otto considered the offer , and thought if the Rangers thought that highly of their opponent , he would be better off playing with Lindros than against him . Otto signed a three @-@ year contract with the Philadelphia Flyers on July 21 , 1995 .
He scored 41 points in 67 games in 1995 – 96 , including the 500th of his career , when he notched a goal and an assist in a 5 – 4 win over the Edmonton Oilers on March 13 , 1997 . Still regarded as one of the league 's top defensive centers in 1996 – 97 , Otto helped the Flyers reach the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals , which they lost to the Detroit Red Wings . He scored only 7 points in 68 games in 1997 – 98 after recording 32 the season before , and had lost some of his skating speed . Following the season , Otto announced his retirement .
= = = International = = =
Otto made his debut with the United States national team at the 1985 World Ice Hockey Championships . He appeared in ten games , scoring two goals . His goal against Czechoslovakia helped the US complete its third of three consecutive upset victories , including defeats of Canada and Sweden , that left the United States in second place after the preliminary round . The Americans ultimately finished fourth in the tournament . Otto played in a second World Championship in 1990 , scoring six points in nine games for the fifth @-@ place Americans .
The 1987 Canada Cup was Otto 's first appearance in a best @-@ on @-@ best tournament . He appeared in five games for the fifth @-@ place Americans , and returned as the captain of the American squad that entered the 1991 Canada Cup . Otto scored two goals in a 7 – 3 victory over Finland in the semi @-@ final to lead the United States into its first championship game in five Canada Cup appearances . The Americans lost the best @-@ of @-@ three final to Canada 2 – 0 . Otto next appeared in the 1996 World Cup of Hockey , the successor tournament to the Canada Cup , where the Americans again faced Canada in the final . Otto and his teammates defeated Canada to claim the inaugural World Cup title . His final international appearance came at the 1998 Winter Olympics . At 36 , Otto was the oldest player on the American team and was counted on to contribute to the American team as a checking center . He appeared in four games for the sixth @-@ place Americans .
= = Off the ice = =
Otto and his wife Kary have two children , Ben and Kacey . The family settled in Calgary , but return to Minnesota for various events . Following his retirement as a player , Otto worked for Calgary law firm MacLeod Dixon as a professional player consultant and later for a company that manufactured golf clubs . Otto is active within the community . As a player with the Flames , he was a spokesman for the Calgary Children 's Milk Fund Society , and was named the recipient of the Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award in 1993 in recognition of his leadership and community involvement . Otto remains active with the Calgary Flames Alumni Association and in 2004 joined the Calgary Hitmen of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) as a spokesman for their " Hitmen Kidz " community program .
While he had worked with the University of Calgary Dinos hockey program for a couple seasons following his retirement , Otto left to be closer to his family . He returned to the game in 2006 as an assistant coach for the Hitmen . He helped coach the Hitmen to the Ed Chynoweth Cup as WHL champions in 2009 – 10 , and returned for his fifth season behind the bench in 2011 – 12 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Curiosities = =
Canadian punk band Belvedere wrote a song about Joel Otto 's career called " Two minutes for looking so good " .
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= A Good Man Goes to War =
" A Good Man Goes to War " is the seventh episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , and was first broadcast on BBC One on 4 June 2011 and served as a mid @-@ series finale . The episode was written by Steven Moffat and directed by Peter Hoar .
The episode follows the cliffhanger of " The Almost People " , which reveals Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) had been operating a Flesh duplicate of herself and is in fact held in a remote location and about to give birth . Alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and Amy 's husband Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) muster an army of allies and set out to find both Amy and her child , a girl named Melody Pond .
The episode reveals the recurring character River Song ( Alex Kingston ) is Amy and Rory 's child . River 's identity was kept in top secrecy , and only a few members of the cast and crew were issued the correct ending of the script . The beginning of the episode contained many different locations which were challenging for the production team . The main setting , Demons Run , was filmed in a military base and hangar in Cardiff . " A Good Man Goes to War " was watched by 7 @.@ 57 million viewers in the United Kingdom and received an Appreciation Index of 88 . Critical reception was mixed to positive , and the episode was nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) .
= = Plot = =
= = = Prequel = = =
On 28 May 2011 , immediately following the broadcast of " The Almost People " , the BBC released a prequel to " A Good Man Goes to War " . The prequel had Dorium talking to two Headless Monks . He gives them the brain of a Judoon , which contains a security protocol the monks need . Dorium tells them he knows what they are up to , as he has heard rumours around the area . He asks them , " All this , to imprison one child ? Oh , I know what you 're up to , I hear everything in this place . I even hear rumours about whose child you 've taken . Are you mad ? You know the stories about the Doctor ? The things that man has done ? God help us if you make him angry ! "
= = = Synopsis = = =
The Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) have discovered Amy ( Karen Gillan ) , Rory 's wife and the Doctor 's companion , has been abducted from them and her place taken by an avatar made from " the Flesh " , a semi @-@ sentient being which can create near perfect replicas of other individuals , and are able to change their molecular structure to suit their surroundings or needs ( " The Almost People " ) , through which Amy has been experiencing events as if she were physically present . The Doctor has come to learn the real Amy is being held on a secret asteroid base called " Demon 's Run " , and collects several old debtors from across time and space to lay assault on the base , including Sontaran Commander Strax ( Dan Starkey ) , Silurian Madame Vastra ( Neve McIntosh ) and her human wife Jenny Flint ( Catrin Stewart ) , and the black market trader Dorium Maldovar ( Simon Fisher @-@ Becker ) . Rory , after collecting information on the base 's location from a Cyberman fleet , attempts to recruit River Song ( Alex Kingston ) from her Stormcage prison cell , but she refuses , saying she cannot be with the Doctor at this time as this battle is when he will discover her identity . Aboard the base , Madame Kovarian ( Frances Barber ) , who has been watching over Amy during her pregnancy and has taken her child , Melody , from her , prepares her human troops to fight the Doctor alongside the Order of the Headless Monks who reside at Demon 's Run ; the monks are literally headless and incapable of being fooled or intimidated . Human soldier Lorna Bucket ( Christina Chong ) , who met the Doctor as a young girl in the Gamma forests , attempts to befriend Amy , giving her a good luck token made of cloth sewn with Melody 's name on it in the language of the Gamma forests . Amy warns Bucket of the Doctor 's fury if she fights against him .
Assisted by additional Silurian and Judoon forces , the Doctor and his allies launch a surprise attack and secure the base . The Doctor and Rory free Amy and retake Melody before Madame Kovarian can escape with her . As the Doctor celebrates , considering this his greatest achievement , Vastra and Dorium discover Kovarian has been scanning Melody and has found the child has both human and Time Lord DNA . The Doctor surmises Melody was likely conceived on Amy and Rory 's wedding night aboard the TARDIS ( " The Big Bang " ) , the baby 's DNA influenced by the time vortex . The rest of the Doctor 's allies regroup , and Amy and Rory tend to their daughter using an ancient wooden baby cot the Doctor claims was his own . Meanwhile , Bucket has arrived and warns the group of Kovarian 's trap , but they are too late , as the TARDIS is blocked by a forcefield . They are attacked by the Headless Monks , and several Silurians are killed immediately . Dorium is beheaded , while Strax and Bucket are fatally wounded in the battle . Meanwhile , Kovarian , well away from the base , contacts the Doctor , explaining they will be using Melody as a weapon in the war against him . She takes delight in telling him he has fallen into another trap , and " fooling [ the Doctor ] once was a joy , twice in the same way is a privilege " . The Doctor races to the hangar to warn his friends , unaware he is too late . At the same time , Kovarian appears to Melody in a hatch in midair , as she had to Amy 's Flesh duplicate , and tells the baby to wake up . The baby dissolves into the Flesh liquid , leaving Amy horrified and in shock .
The Doctor arrives too late to help his wounded allies , and so he and Rory console Amy . Lorna Bucket dies , remembering her childhood adventure with the Doctor . River appears , and the Doctor berates her for not helping . She tries to explain she could not have interfered in these events , and tells the Doctor what transpired was partially his fault , having been brought about by those who feared his reputation . The Doctor becomes angry and demands to know who she is . River shows the Doctor the cot , and The Doctor recognises River 's identity . Elated , he goes off on his own in the TARDIS to rescue Melody , asking River to return everyone to their proper time period . Amy , holding a gun at her , demands River explain what she said to the Doctor , and so River shows Amy and Rory the cot . Initially Amy believes River is referring to the Gallifreyan symbols engraved on it , but they cannot be read by humans even with the aid of the TARDIS translation system . Instead , River shows them Bucket 's cloth prayer leaf with Melody 's name , still in the cot . Amy tells River she knows her daughter 's name ; River tells her the people of the Gamma Forest do not have a word for " Pond " , as the only water in the forest is the river . As Amy and Rory stare at the prayer leaf , the writing is translated into English , revealing the child 's name : River Song .
= = = Continuity = = =
The Cybermen which appear in the episode are intended to be from Mondas , rather than the parallel Earth seen in " Rise of the Cybermen " / " The Age of Steel " . Rory wears the armour of a Roman centurion , as first seen in " The Pandorica Opens " / " The Big Bang . " The Fat One and Thin One refer to the Doctor sending the Atraxi away from a planet before calling them back " for a scolding , " an incident which took place in " The Eleventh Hour . " " The only water in the forest is the river , " the phrase River uses to explain why the people of the Gamma Forest translate " Pond " to " River , " was first said to Rory by Idris in " The Doctor 's Wife . " In the seventh series opener " Asylum of the Daleks " it is revealed that Amy 's experiences on Demon 's Run rendered her infertile .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" A Good Man Goes to War " is the seventh episode of series six and also the 777th episode of Doctor Who , but there are no seven puns as the production team did not realise this until after shooting . The episode 's idea stemmed from lead writer and executive producer Steven Moffat wondering if the Doctor , who was typically a pacifist , could be provoked enough to assemble an army . The Headless Monks were first mentioned in " The Time of Angels " , added to that episode 's script to help explain the monastic look of the Delirium Archive the Doctor and Amy were visiting . Similar troops also known as " Clerics " appeared in " The Time of Angels " / " Flesh and Stone " ; Moffat stated it seemed many armies in the future in Doctor Who were of religious origin . The possibility of the English word " doctor " originating from the Doctor was a notion made by Moffat on Usenet in 1995 .
Moffat had planned the revelation about River Song " for a long time " ; when creating Amy , he chose " Pond " for her last name to create a link . Moffat intended for the " answer to be as complicated as the question " . Moffat informed Kingston of the secrets of her character at the end of the previous series and she was not allowed to tell anyone ; Smith , Gillan , and Darvill were unaware of the identity of her character . River 's identity was kept in top secrecy ; the script read at the read @-@ through had a false ending , and only a select few were issued the real script .
The episode sees the return of several minor characters . Dorium previously appeared in " The Pandorica Opens " , while Henry and Toby Avery from " The Curse of the Black Spot " and the Spitfire pilot Danny Boy from " Victory of the Daleks " make cameos . Moffat said he planned writing in a cameo for John Barrowman to reprise his role as Jack Harkness , but Barrowman was busy filming Torchwood : Miracle Day and was unavailable . Originally the episode contained a scene with Ood Sigma , previously seen in " Planet of the Ood " , " The Waters of Mars " , and The End of Time , but it was cut from the final episode . Russell T Davies is still listed in the credits for creating the Ood .
= = = Filming and effects = = =
" A Good Man Goes to War " began shooting in mid @-@ January 2011 . The various sets seen at the beginning of the episode were challenging for the production team . A Cardiff alleyway was dressed to look like a Victorian street for a brief introduction scene with Vastra , while a hotel bar in Cardiff was used for Dorium 's nightclub . Demon 's Run was filmed in a military base and hangar in Cardiff . Steam was added to the set to give it a more spaceship @-@ like feel . The army of clerics was made larger with visual effects . The set used for the chamber Amy was kept in was the same used as the Oval Office in " The Impossible Astronaut " / " Day of the Moon " . Baby Melody Pond was played by twins , a common practice used in filming so that one twin can rest while the other is on set . The twins were three months old . Gillan and Darvill were both nervous about holding the infants , but they felt it added to their acting . Gillan stated the episode showed a different side of Amy and thought female viewers would sympathize with her .
The Headless Monks were played by stuntmen , and so the actors were free to improvise on their choreography when fighting them . For the scene in which the hoods of the Headless Monks are pulled back , a shoulderpiece was created for actors who were shorter than the ones who normally portrayed the monks . Dan Starkey , who plays the Sontaran Commander Strax , previously appeared as Sontarans in " The Sontaran Stratagem " / " The Poison Sky " ( 2008 ) and The End of Time ( 2010 ) . Neve McIntosh , who played the Silurian Warrior Vastra , previously played the sisters Alaya and Restac in " The Hungry Earth " / " Cold Blood " ( 2010 ) . Both Starkey and McIntosh underwent extensive make @-@ up and prosthetics for their characters .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" A Good Man Goes to War " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 4 June 2011 on BBC One and BBC HD and in the United States on BBC America on 11 June 2011 . UK overnight figures showed the episode was watched by 5 @.@ 5 million viewers , a rise of a half a million from the previous week and coming in sixth place for the night . Final consolidated ratings showed the episode was watched by 7 @.@ 57 million viewers with an audience share of 31 % . It achieved an Appreciation Index of 88 , the joint highest for the series at time of broadcast .
= = = Critical reception = = =
" A Good Man Goes to War " has received mixed to positive reviews . IGN 's Matt Risley rated the episode 9 out of 10 , describing it as an " epic " mid @-@ series finale which " opened with a grandstanding , wonderfully OTT pre @-@ credits tease and didn 't really let up from there " . He praised the spectacle and character development , but felt it led to a certain amount of " the odd rushed scene ... forgettable supporting [ characters ] , and little opportunity to develop the Headless Monks into anything particularly imposing " . Dave Golder of SFX gave " A Good Man Goes to War " four and a half out of five stars , feeling it " saved " the sixth series and offered " a satisfying slice of fantasy television which ticked lots of boxes : it featured dashing , daring storytelling which was bold and confident ; it looked fantastic , there were some hilarious lines and the performance of the star upped his wattage a couple of notches once again " . However , he was more critical of the Headless Monks and the direction of the battle at the end . Neela Debnath of The Independent was also favourable , praising the use of the cliffhanger and felt the complicated nature of the episode " draws people more into the show and gets them thinking about it " .
Gavin Fuller of The Daily Telegraph said the episode was good but lacked significant background motivation into the villains . Fuller also noted the revelation of River Song being Amy 's grown up child " is perhaps a narrative strand which would sit uncomfortably with a series where loss has often been brushed off as soon as the next couple of episodes " . However , he did have praise for the performance of Smith 's Doctor , commenting " the last few weeks have seen Matt Smith 's Doctor in a welcome generally more serious vein , which he kept up here , with leavening at the right moments where his alien lack of comfort with human emotions , although used to comic effect , rang very true , as did his awkwardness when discovering the truth about River " .
Dan Martin of The Guardian was less favourable , stating the producers " promised us a cliffhanger , and now we 're left the whole summer long to contemplate whether our favourite show can really have just dropped the ball . Oh there was plenty to love about this mid @-@ season finale , and even more to pick over . But as an hour of drama it was all over the place " . Because the episode was so fast @-@ paced with little being explained , he did not feel any emotional connection to the Anglican marines or Lorna Bucket . Unlike Fuller , Martin was not favourable to Smith 's Doctor , stating " the non @-@ event of the battle means the Doctor never really gets to show this dark side we 've been hearing so much about " and that Smith 's predecessor , David Tennant , " got angrier most weeks " . Martin did have praise for the final reveal of the episode , stating that although it had been " hidden in plain view from the very beginning as soon as it 's revealed Amy has called the baby Melody " , he was unable to make the connection and was suitably surprised . Martin later rated it the second @-@ to @-@ worst episode of the series , though the finale was not included in the list .
The episode was nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) , though it lost to Neil Gaiman 's episode " The Doctor 's Wife " .
Two of the new characters introduced in the episode , a 19th @-@ century crimefighter Silurian named Madame Vastra and her assistant Jenny have proven quite popular among fans , with numerous forums and SFX calling for the BBC to commission a spin @-@ off series . Steven Moffat stated in an interview that he did not have time to work on a spin @-@ off but was open to the possibility of the characters returning . Vastra and Jenny , as well as a revived Strax , were made a recurring part of the seventh series .
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= Northern mockingbird =
The northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos ) is the only mockingbird commonly found in North America . This bird is mainly a permanent resident , but northern birds may move south during harsh weather . This species has rarely been observed in Europe . This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturæ in 1758 as Turdus polyglottos . The northern mockingbird is renowned for its mimicking ability , as reflected by the meaning of its scientific name , ' many @-@ tongued mimic . ' The northern mockingbird has gray to brown upper feathers and a paler belly . Its tail and wings have white patches which are visible in flight .
The northern mockingbird is an omnivore . It eats both insects and fruits . It is often found in open areas and forest edges but forages in grassy land . The northern mockingbird breeds in southeastern Canada , the United States , northern Mexico , the Bahamas , the Cayman Islands and the Greater Antilles . It is replaced further south by its closest living relative , the tropical mockingbird . The Socorro mockingbird , an endangered species , is also closely related , contrary to previous opinion . The northern mockingbird is listed as of Least Concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) .
The northern mockingbird is known for its intelligence and has also been noted in North American culture . A 2009 study showed that the bird was able to recognize individual humans , particularly noting those who had previously been intruders or threats . Also birds recognize their breeding spots and return to areas in which they had greatest success in previous years . Urban birds are more likely to demonstrate this behavior . Finally , the mockingbird has influenced United States culture in multiple ways . The bird is a state bird of five different states , has been used in book titles , and has also been used in popular songs and lullabies among other appearances in U.S. culture .
= = Taxonomy = =
Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus first described this species in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Turdus polyglottos . Its current Latin name , Mimus polyglottos , means “ many @-@ tongued mimic ” , representing its outstanding ability to mimic various sounds . The northern mockingbird is considered to be conspecific with the tropical mockingbird ( Mimus gilvus ) . This species is categorized as the northern mockingbird as the closest living relative to M. gilvus .
= = = Subspecies = = =
There are three recognized subspecies for the northern mockingbird . There have been proposed races from the Bahamas and Haiti placed under the orpheus section .
M. p. polyglottos ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) : generally found in the eastern portion of North America ranging from Nova Scotia to Nebraska , to as far south as Texas and Florida .
M. p. leucopterus ' Western Mockingbird ' ( Vigors , 1839 ) : generally found in the western portion of North America ranging from NW Nebraska and Western Texas to the Pacific Coast , and south to Mexico ( the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ) , and Socorro Island . Larger than M. p. polyglottos and has a slightly shorter tail , upperparts are more buff and paler , underparts have a stronger buff pigment .
M. p. orpheus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) from the Bahamas to the Greater Antilles , also the Cayman and Virgin Islands . Similar to M. m. polyglottos except smaller , a paler shade of gray on its back , and underparts with practically little , if any buff at all .
= = Description = =
The northern mockingbird is a medium @-@ sized mimid that has long legs and tail . Males and females look alike . Its upper parts are colored gray , while its underparts have a white or whitish @-@ gray color . It has parallel wing bars on the half of the wings connected near the white patch giving it a distinctive appearance in flight . The black central rectrices and typical white lateral rectrices are also noticeable in flight . The iris is usually a light green @-@ yellow or a yellow , but there have been instances of an orange color . The bill is black with a brownish black appearance at the base . The juvenile appearance is marked by its streaks on its back , distinguished spots and streaks on its chest , and a gray or grayish @-@ green iris .
Northern mockingbirds measure from 20 @.@ 5 to 28 cm ( 8 @.@ 1 to 11 @.@ 0 in ) including a tail almost as long as its body . The wingspan can range from 31 – 38 cm ( 12 – 15 in ) and body mass is from 40 – 58 g ( 1 @.@ 4 – 2 @.@ 0 oz ) . Males tend to be slightly larger than females . Among standard measurements , the wing chord is 10 to 12 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) , the tail is 10 to 13 @.@ 4 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 to 5 @.@ 3 in ) , the culmen is 1 @.@ 6 to 1 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 63 to 0 @.@ 75 in ) and the tarsus is 2 @.@ 9 to 3 @.@ 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 in ) .
The northern mockingbird 's lifespan is observed to be up to 8 years , but captive birds can live up to 20 years .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The mockingbird 's breeding range is from Maritime provinces of Canada westwards to British Columbia , practically the entire Continental United States south of the northern Plains states and Pacific northwest , and the majority of Mexico to eastern Oaxaca and Veracruz . The mockingbird is generally a year @-@ round resident of its range , but the birds that live in the northern portion of its range have been noted further south during the winter season . Sightings of the mockingbird have also been recorded in Hawaii ( where it was introduced in the 1920s ) , southeastern Alaska , and twice as transatlantic vagrants in Britain . The mockingbird is thought to be at least partly migratory in the northern portions of its range , but the migratory behavior is not well understood .
In the nineteenth century , the range of the mockingbird expanded northward towards provinces such as Nova Scotia and Ontario and states such as Massachusetts , although the sightings were sporadic . Within the first five decades of the twentieth century , regions that received an influx of mockingbirds were Maine , Vermont , Ohio , Iowa , and New York . In western states such as California , the population was restricted to the lower Sonoran regions but by the 1970s the mockingbirds was residential in most counties . Islands that saw introductions of the mockingbird include Bermuda ( in which it failed ) , Barbados , St. Helena , Socorro Island , the Cayman Islands and Tahiti .
The mockingbird 's habitat varies by location , but it prefers open areas with sparse vegetation . In the eastern regions , suburban and urban areas such as parks , gardens are frequent residential areas . It has an affinity for mowed lawns with shrubs within proximity for shade and nesting . In western regions , desert scrub , chaparral are among its preferred habitats When foraging for food , it prefers short grass . It also has an affinity for mowed lawns . This bird does not nest in densely forested areas , and generally resides in the same habitats year round .
= = Behavior = =
= = = Diet = = =
The northern mockingbird is an omnivore . The birds ' diet consists of arthropods , earthworms , berries , fruits , seeds , and seldom , lizards . Mockingbirds can drink from puddles , river and lake edges , or dew and rain droplets that amass onto plants . Adult mockingbirds also have been seen drinking sap from the cuts on recently pruned trees . Its diet heavily consists of animal prey during the breeding season , but takes a drastic shift to fruits during the fall and winter . The drive for fruits amid winter has been noted for the geographic expansion of the mockingbird , and in particular , the fruit of Rosa multiflora , a favorite of the birds , is a possible link . Mockingbirds also eat garden fruits such as tomatoes , apples , and berries .
These birds forage on the ground or in vegetation ; they also fly down from a perch to capture food . While foraging , they frequently spread their wings in a peculiar two @-@ step motion to display the white patches . There is disagreement among ornithologists over the purpose of this behavior , with hypotheses ranging from deceleration to intimidation of predators or prey .
= = = Breeding = = =
Both the male and female of the species reach sexual maturity after 1 year of life . The breeding season occurs in the spring and early summer . The males arrive before the beginning of the season to establish their territories . The males use a series of courtship displays to attract the females to their sites . They run around the area either to showcase their territory to the females or to pursue the females . The males also engage in flight to showcase their wings . They sing and call as they perform all of these displays . The species can remain monogamous for many years , but incidents of polygyny and bigamy have been reported to occur during the bird 's lifetime .
The northern mockingbird pairs hatch about 2 to 4 broods a year . In one breeding season , the northern mockingbird lays an average of 4 eggs . They hatch after about 11 to 14 days of incubation . After about 10 to 15 days of life , the offspring become independent .
Both the male and female are involved in the nest building . The male does most of the work , while the female perches on the shrub or tree where the nest is being built to watch for predators . The nest is built approximately three to ten feet above the ground . The outer part of the nest is composed of twigs , while the inner part is lined with grasses , dead leaves , moss , or artificial fibers . The eggs are a light blue or greenish color and speckled with dots . The female lays three to five eggs , and she incubates them for nearly two weeks . Once the eggs are hatched , both the male and female will feed the chicks .
The birds aggressively defend their nests and surrounding areas against other birds and animals . When a predator is persistent , mockingbirds that are summoned by distinct calls from neighboring territories may join the attack . Other birds may gather to watch as the mockingbirds harass the intruder . In addition to harassing domestic cats and dogs they consider a threat , it is not unheard of for mockingbirds to target humans . The birds are absolutely unafraid and will attack much larger birds , even hawks . One famous incident in Tulsa , Oklahoma involving a postal carrier resulted in the distribution of a warning letter to residents .
= = = Sexual selection = = =
Northern mockingbirds are famous for their song repertoires . Studies have shown that males sing songs at the beginning of breeding season to attract females . Unmated males sing songs in more directions and sing more bouts than mated males . In addition , unmated males perform more flight displays than mated males . The mockingbirds usually nest several times during one breeding season . Depending on the stage of breeding and the mating status , a male mockingbird will vary his song production . The unmated male keeps close track of this change . He sings in one direction when he perceives a chance to lure a female from the nest of the mated male . Unmated males are also more likely to use elevated perches to extend his songs to a further range . Though the mockingbirds are socially monogamous , mated males have been known to sing to attract additional mates .
An observational study by Logan demonstrates that the female is continuously evaluating the quality of the male and his territory . The assessment is usually triggered by the arrival of a new male in a neighboring territory at the beginning of a new breeding season . In those cases , the mated female is constantly seen flying over both the original and the new male ’ s territory , evaluating the qualities of both territories and exchanging calls with both males . The social mate displays aggressive behaviors towards the female , while the new male shows less aggression and sings softer songs . At the same time , both the mated male and the new male will fly over other territories to attract other females as well . Divorce , mate switching and extra @-@ pair matings do occur in northern mockingbirds .
= = = Sex allocation = = =
Northern mockingbirds adjust the sex ratio of their offspring according to the food availability and population density . Male offspring usually require more parental investment . There is therefore a bias for bearing the costlier sex at the beginning of a breeding season when the food is abundant . Local resource competition predicts that the parents have to share the resources with offspring that remain at the natal site after maturation . In passerine birds , like the northern mockingbird , females are more likely to disperse than males . Hence , it is adaptive to produce more dispersive sex than philopatric sex when the population density is high and the competition for local resources is intense . Since northern mockingbirds are abundant in urban environments , it is possible that the pollution and contamination in cities might affect sexual hormones and therefore play a role in offspring sex ratio .
= = = Mating = = =
Northern mockingbirds are socially monogamous . The two sexes look alike except that males are a little larger in size than females . Mutual mate choice is exhibited in northern mockingbirds . Both males and females prefer mates that are more aggressive towards intruders , and so exhibit greater parental investment . However , males are more defensive of their nests than females . In a population where male breeding adults outnumber female breeding adults , females have more freedom in choosing their mates . In these cases , these female breeders have the option of changing mates within a breeding season if the first male does not provide a high level of parental care , which includes feeding and nest defense . High nesting success is associated with highly aggressive males attacking intruders in the territory , and so these males are preferred by females .
= = = Parental care = = =
Northern mockingbirds are altricial , meaning that , when hatched , they are born relatively immobile and defenseless and therefore require nourishment for a certain duration from their parents . The young have a survival bottleneck at the nestling stage because there are higher levels of nestling predation than egg predation . The levels of belligerence exhibited by parents therefore increase once eggs hatch but there is no increase during the egg stage .
A recent study shows that both food availability and temperature affect the parental incubation of the eggs in northern mockingbirds . Increasing food availability provides the females with more time to care for the nest and perform self @-@ maintenance . Increasing temperature , however , reduces the time the females spend at the nest and there is increased energy cost to cool the eggs . The incubation behavior is a trade @-@ off among various environmental factors .
Mockingbird nests are also often parasitized by cowbirds . The parents are found to reject parasitic eggs at an intermediate rate . A recent study has shown that foreign eggs are more likely to be rejected from a nest later in the breeding season than from earlier in a breeding season . Early nesting hosts may not have learned the pattern and coloration of their first clutch yet , so are less likely to reject foreign eggs . There is also a seasonal threshold in terms of the overlap between the breeding seasons of the northern mockingbirds and their parasites . If the breeding season of the parasites starts later , there is less likelihood of parasitism . Hence , it pays the hosts to have relatively lower sensitivity to parasitic eggs .
= = = Song and calls = = =
Although many species of bird imitate the vocalizations of other birds , the northern mockingbird is the best known in North America for doing so . Among the species and vocalizations imitated are Carolina wren , northern cardinal , tufted titmouse , eastern towhee , house sparrow , wood thrush and eastern bluebird songs , calls of the northern flicker and great crested flycatcher , jeers and pumphandles of the blue jay , and alarm , chups , and chirrs of the American robin . It imitates not only birds , but also other animals such as cats , dogs , frogs , crickets and sounds from artificial items such as unoiled wheels and even car alarms . As convincing as these imitations may be to humans , they often fail to fool other birds , such as the Florida scrub @-@ jay .
The northern mockingbird 's mimicry is likely to serve as a form of sexual selection through which competition between males and female choice influence a bird 's song repertoire size . A 2013 study attempted to determine model selection in vocal mimics , and the data suggested that mimicry in the mockingbird resulted from the bird being genetically predisposed to learning vocalizations with acoustic characteristics such as an enlarged auditory template .
Both male and female mockingbirds sing , with the latter being generally quieter and less vocal . Male commencement of singing is in late January to February and continue into the summer and the establishing of territory into the fall . Frequency in female singing is more sporadic , as it sings less often in the summer and fall , and only sings when the male is away from the territory . The mockingbird also possesses a large song repertoire that ranges from 43 to 203 song types and the size varies by region . Repertoire sizes ranged from 14 to 150 types in Texas , and two studies of mockingbirds in Florida rounded estimates to 134 and 200 , approximately . It continually expands its repertoire during its life , though it pales in comparison to mimids such as the brown thrasher .
There are four recognized calls for the mockingbird : the nest relief call , hew call , chat or chatburst , and the begging call . The hew call is mainly used by both sexes for potential nest predators , conspecific chasing , and various interactions between mates . The differences between chats and chatbursts are frequency of use , as chats are year @-@ round , and chatbursts occur in the fall . Another difference is that chatbursts appear to be used in territorial defense in the fall , and the chats are used by either sex when disturbed . The nest relief and begging calls are only used by the males .
= = = Ontogeny = = =
A laboratory observation of 38 mockingbird nestlings and fledglings ( thirty @-@ five and three , respectively ) recorded the behavioral development of young mockingbirds . Notable milestones included the eyes opening , soft vocalizations , begging , and preening began within the first six days of life . Variation in begging and more compact movements such as perching , fear crouching , and stretching appeared by the ninth day . Wing @-@ flashing , bathing , flight , and leaving the nest happened within seventeen days ( nest leaving occurred within 11 to 13 days ) . Improvements of flight , walking , self @-@ feeding and walking took place within forty days . Agonistic behavior increased during the juvenile stages , to the extent of one of two siblings living in the same area was likely killed by the other .
= = Predation and threats = =
Adult mockingbirds can fall victim to birds of prey such as the great horned owl , screech owl and sharp @-@ shinned hawk , though their tenacious behavior leads them to being less likely to being captured . Scrub @-@ jays also have killed and eaten mockingbirds . Snakes rarely capture incubating females . Fledgelings have been prey to cats , red @-@ tailed hawks , and crows . Eggs and nestlings are consumed by blue jays , fish crows and American crows , red @-@ tailed hawks , swallow @-@ tailed kites , snakes , squirrels , and cats . Blowfly larvae and Haemoproteus have been found in Florida and Arizona populations , respectively .
Winter storms limit the expansion of mockingbirds in its range . The storms have played a role in the declining of the Ohio populations ( where it has since recovered ) , Michigan , Minnesota and likely in Quebec . Dry seasons also affects the mockingbird populations in Arizona .
= = Intelligence = =
In a paper published in 2009 , researchers found that mockingbirds were able to recall an individual human who , earlier in the study , had approached and threatened the mockingbirds ' nest . Researchers had one participant stand near a mockingbird nest and touch it , while others avoided the nest . Later , the mockingbirds recognized the intruder and exhibited defensive behavior , while ignoring the other individuals .
= = = Adaptation to urban habitats = = =
The northern mockingbird is a species that is found in both urban and rural habitats . There are now more northern mockingbirds living in urban habitats than non @-@ urban environments , so they are consequently known as an urban @-@ positive species . Biologists have long questioned how northern mockingbirds adapt to a novel environment in cities , and whether they fall into the typical ecological traps that are common for urban @-@ dwelling birds . A comparative study between an urban dwelling population and a rural dwelling one shows that the apparent survival is higher for individuals in the urban habitats . Lower food availability and travel costs may account for the higher mortality rate in rural habitats . Urban birds are more likely to return to the nest where they had successfully bred the previous year and avoid those where breeding success was low . One explanation for this phenomenon is that urban environments are more predictable than non @-@ urban ones , as the site fidelity among urban birds prevents them from ecological traps . Mockingbirds are also able to utilize artificial lighting in order to feed nestlings in urban areas such as residential neighborhoods into the night in contrast to those that do not nest near those areas . The adaptation of mockingbirds in urban habitats have led it to become more susceptible to lead poisoning in its population in the Baltimore and Washington , D.C. population .
= = In culture = =
It also features in the title and central metaphor of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird , by Harper Lee . In that novel , mockingbirds are portrayed as innocent and generous , and two of the major characters , Atticus Finch and Miss Maudie , say it is a sin to kill a mockingbird because " they don 't do one thing for us but make music for us to enjoy . They don 't eat up people 's gardens , don 't nest in corncribs , they don 't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us " .
" Hush , Little Baby " is a traditional lullaby , thought to have been written in the Southern United States , its key first lines , " Hush , little baby , don 't say a word , Mama 's gonna buy you a mockingbird . And if that mockingbird don 't sing , Mama 's gonna buy you a diamond ring . "
The song of the northern mockingbird inspires much of classic American folk song of the mid @-@ 19th century , " Listen to the Mocking Bird " .
Mockin ' Bird Hill is a popular song best known through recordings by Patti Page , Donna Fargo , and by Les Paul and Mary Ford in 1951 .
Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States , had a pet mockingbird named " Dick . "
= = State bird = =
The northern mockingbird is the state bird of Arkansas , Florida , Mississippi , Tennessee and Texas , and formerly the state bird of South Carolina .
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= The Hardest Part ( Coldplay song ) =
" The Hardest Part " is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay . It was written by all four members of the band for their third album , X & Y. A piano @-@ based ballad song , it begins with a piano melody , followed with electric guitar lines , that accompanies slow @-@ tempo drumming . It was released on 3 April 2006 as the fourth single from X & Y. The song was released as a radio @-@ only song on United Kingdom radio stations . It appeared on the United States Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and peaked at number 37 , making it Coldplay 's first appearance on that chart and helping establish moderate success at AC radio for future singles like " Viva la Vida " , " Paradise " , and " Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall " . " The Hardest Part " also charted in Australia , Italy and New Zealand .
The song was well received by critics . The track was complimented for its musical style . Regional singles were released in Canada , Europe , and Australia ; a different version was released in Taiwan . Promo singles were released for the UK and US . The international version of the single was made available in the UK on 19 June 2006 .
= = Production and composition = =
The previous single from X & Y , " Talk " , was a tribute to the German band Kraftwerk ; similarly , " The Hardest Part " was intended by Coldplay to acknowledge American band R.E.M. When asked why the song paid a tribute to R.E.M. ' s lead singer , Michael Stipe , Chris Martin said : " I 've lost all respect for fame , but I haven 't lost all respect for respect . So the one great thing about being famous is that I get to meet people who I respect . Our relationship is akin to a dog and its master . I 'll always look up to him . " The band felt the track resembled R.E.M. ' s 1991 single , " Losing My Religion " . " The Hardest Part " was left out of the album track list when the band sent an early version of X & Y to their record label , Parlophone , but was included when the album was finalised .
= = Release and reception = =
Coldplay released " The Hardest Part " in the US and UK on 3 April 2006 as the fourth single of their third album . The single was pressed with a B @-@ side , " How You See the World " , recorded live at Earls Court . The international version of the single was made available in the UK on 19 June 2006 . Regional singles were released for Canada , Europe , Australia , and a different version for Taiwan . Promotional singles were released in the UK and US . The track peaked at number 37 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . Although the song did not chart on the UK Singles Chart , as the song was released as a radio @-@ only song , the single peaked on the Italian charts on 11 May 2006 at number 19 and spent a week in the chart . Afterward , the song peaked on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 34 on 21 August 2006 . A live piano version of " The Hardest Part " appeared on Coldplay 's 2009 live album LeftRightLeftRightLeft .
Critics were positive towards the song . In the Entertainment Weekly review of the album , music contributor David Browne wrote that the song " is imbued with the sense of regret and letting go that we 've heard from the band before , but with added musical muscle . " Michael Hubbard of MusicOMH wrote : " ' A Message ' and ' The Hardest Part ' sound like companion pieces , both big songs . " Critic Kelefa Sanneh of Rolling Stone noted that the song gets " less catchy as it goes along " . Adrien Begrand from PopMatters wrote that " The Hardest Part " is a " pleasant slice of R.E.M. style pop . " Cameron Adams of the Herald Sun reported that the song sounded " like the Smiths meets REM . " David Cheal of The Daily Telegraph noted , " ... ' The Hardest Part ' is lovely , straightforward , instantly accessible pop @-@ rock " .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " The Hardest Part " was shot on 3 March 2006 in St. Petersburg , Florida . The video uses footage from the television series Attitudes , a series aired on the Lifetime television network , from 1985 – 1991 . The video is digitally enhanced to appear as though Coldplay is performing the music alongside the act appearing on stage . American actress Linda Dano , who played Felicia Gallant on the US soap opera Another World , is also featured . The dancers on the stage are 84 years old Barbara Moseley and 25 years old Gene Spencer whose performance was actually filmed in 1990 . The music video was directed by Mary Wigmore .
= = Personnel = =
Chris Martin - vocals , piano
Guy Berryman - bass guitar
Jonny Buckland - guitars
Will Champion - drums , backing vocals
Brian Eno - keyboards , synthesizer
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
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= Thunderbirds ( TV series ) =
Thunderbirds is a British science @-@ fiction television series created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson , filmed by their production company AP Films ( APF ) and distributed by ITC Entertainment . It was produced between 1964 and 1966 using a form of electronic marionette puppetry ( dubbed " Supermarionation " ) combined with scale model special effects sequences . Two series were filmed , comprising a total of 32 episodes . Production ceased after Lew Grade , the Andersons ' financial backer , failed in his efforts to sell the programme to American network television .
Set in the mid @-@ 2060s , Thunderbirds is a follow @-@ up to the earlier Supermarionation productions Four Feather Falls , Supercar , Fireball XL5 and Stingray . It follows the exploits of International Rescue ( IR ) , a life @-@ saving organisation equipped with technologically @-@ advanced land , sea , air and space rescue craft ; these are headed by a fleet of five vehicles named the Thunderbirds and launched from IR 's secret base in the Pacific Ocean . The main characters are ex @-@ astronaut Jeff Tracy , the founder of IR , and his five adult sons , who pilot the Thunderbird machines .
Thunderbirds began its first run in the United Kingdom on the ITV network in 1965 and has since been broadcast in at least 66 other countries . Periodically repeated , it was adapted for radio in the early 1990s and has influenced many TV programmes and other media . As well as inspiring various merchandising campaigns , the series has been followed by two feature @-@ length film sequels , a live @-@ action film adaptation and a mimed stage show tribute . The second of two TV remakes , the computer @-@ animated Thunderbirds Are Go , premiered in 2015 .
Widely considered to be the Andersons ' most popular and commercially successful series , Thunderbirds has received particular praise for its effects ( directed by Derek Meddings ) and musical score ( composed by Barry Gray ) . It is also well remembered for its title sequence , which opens with an often @-@ quoted countdown by actor Peter Dyneley ( who voiced the character of Jeff ) : " 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 : Thunderbirds Are Go ! " A real @-@ life rescue service , the International Rescue Corps , is named after the organisation featured in the series .
= = Storyline = =
Set between 2065 and 2067 , Thunderbirds follows the exploits of the Tracy family , headed by American ex @-@ astronaut turned multi @-@ millionaire philanthropist Jeff Tracy . He is a widower with five adult sons : Scott , John , Virgil , Gordon and Alan . The Tracys form International Rescue ( IR ) , a secret organisation dedicated to saving human life . They are aided in this mission by technologically advanced land , sea , air and space vehicles , which are called into service when conventional rescue techniques prove ineffective . The most important of these are five machines named the " Thunderbirds " , each assigned to one of the five Tracy brothers :
Thunderbird 1 : a hypersonic rocket plane used for fast response and accident zone reconnaissance . Piloted by primary rescue co @-@ ordinator Scott Tracy .
Thunderbird 2 : a supersonic carrier aircraft that transports rescue vehicles and equipment to accident zones in detachable capsules known as " Pods " . Piloted by Virgil .
Thunderbird 3 : a single @-@ stage @-@ to @-@ orbit spacecraft . Piloted alternately by Alan and John , with Scott as co @-@ pilot .
Thunderbird 4 : a utility submersible . Piloted by Gordon and normally launched from Thunderbird 2 .
Thunderbird 5 : a space station that relays distress calls from around the world . Manned alternately by " Space Monitors " John and Alan .
With the engineer Brains and Jeff 's elderly mother , as well as the Malaysian manservant Kyrano and his daughter Tin @-@ Tin , the family reside in a luxurious villa on Tracy Island , their hidden base in the South Pacific Ocean . In this location , IR is safe from criminals and spies who envy the organisation 's technology and seek to acquire the secrets of its machines .
Despite its humanitarian principles , some of IR 's operations are necessitated not by misadventure but deliberate sabotage motivated by greed for power and wealth . For missions that require criminal investigation , the organisation incorporates a network of undercover agents headed by English aristocrat Lady Penelope Creighton @-@ Ward and her butler Aloysius Parker . Based at Creighton @-@ Ward Mansion in Kent , Penelope and Parker 's primary mode of transport is FAB 1 , a specially @-@ modified Rolls @-@ Royce . The most persistent of IR 's adversaries is the criminal known only as the " Hood " . Operating from a temple in the Malaysian jungle , and possessing abilities of hypnosis and dark magic , he exerts a powerful telepathic control over Kyrano , his estranged half @-@ brother , and manipulates the Tracys into missions that unfold according to his nefarious designs . This allows him to spy on the Thunderbird machines and , by selling their secrets , make himself rich .
= = Production = =
Thunderbirds was the fourth Supermarionation puppet TV series to be produced by APF , which was founded by the husband @-@ and @-@ wife duo of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson with their business partners Reg Hill and John Read . Pitched in late 1963 , the series was commissioned by Lew Grade of ITC , APF 's parent company , on the back of the positive audience response to Stingray .
Gerry Anderson drew inspiration for the series ' underlying concept from the West German mining disaster known as the Wunder von Lengede ( " Miracle of Lengede " ) . In October 1963 , the collapse of a nearby dam flooded an iron mine in the municipality of Lengede , killing 29 miners and trapping 21 others underground . Lacking the means to drill an escape shaft , the authorities were forced to requisition a heavy @-@ duty bore from Bremen ; the considerable time necessary to ship this device by rail had significantly reduced the chances of a successful rescue . Recognising the advantages of swifter crisis response , Anderson conceived the idea of an " international rescue " organisation that could use supersonic aircraft to transport specialised rescue equipment quickly over long distances .
Seeking to distinguish his 26 @-@ episode proposal from APF 's earlier productions , Anderson attempted to pitch stories at a level that would appeal to both adults and children . Whereas previous series had been shown during the late afternoon , Anderson wanted Thunderbirds to be broadcast in a family @-@ friendly primetime slot . Sylvia remembers that " our market had grown and a ' kidult ' show ... was the next step . " The Andersons retired to their holiday villa in Portugal to expand the premise , script the pilot episode and compose a scriptwriters ' guide . According to Sylvia , the writing process depended on a " division of labour " , whereby Gerry created the action sequences while she managed characterisation . The decision to make a father and his sons the main characters was influenced by the premise of Bonanza , as well as Sylvia 's belief that the use of more than one heroic character would broaden the series ' appeal . The Tracy brothers were named after Mercury Seven astronauts : Scott Carpenter , John Glenn , Virgil " Gus " Grissom , Gordon Cooper and Alan Shepard .
The series ' title was derived from a letter written by Gerry 's brother , Lionel , while he had been serving overseas as an RAF flight sergeant during World War II . While stationed in Arizona , Lionel had made reference to Thunderbird Field , a nearby United States Army Air Forces base . Drawn to the " punchiness " of " Thunderbirds " , Anderson dropped his working title of " International Rescue " and renamed both the series and IR 's rescue vehicles , which had previously been designated Rescues 1 to 5 . His inspiration for the launch sequences of Thunderbirds 1 , 2 and 3 originated from contemporary United States Air Force launch procedure : Anderson had learnt how the Strategic Air Command would keep its pilots on permanent standby , seated in the cockpits of their aircraft and ready for take @-@ off at a moment 's notice .
In the DVD documentary The Thunderbirds Companion , Anderson explained how a rise in filming costs had made overseas distribution revenue even more important and essentially caused Thunderbirds to be made " as an American show " . During the character development and voice casting process , the Andersons ' main priority was to ensure that the series had transatlantic appeal , thus increasing the chances of winning an American network deal and the higher audience figures that this market had to offer . Scripts were typed in American English and printed on US @-@ style quarto @-@ size paper .
= = = Filming = = =
Thunderbirds was filmed at APF 's studios on the Slough Trading Estate between 1964 and 1966 . In preparation , the number of full @-@ time crew was expanded to 100 . Shooting began in September 1964 after five months of pre @-@ production . Due to the new series ' technical complexity , this was a period longer than for any of APF 's earlier productions . To speed up the filming , episodes were shot in pairs , at a rate of one per month , on separate soundstages and by separate crews ( designated " A " and " B " ) . By 1964 , APF was the UK 's largest commercial user of colour film , consuming more than three million feet ( 570 miles or 910 kilometres ) of stock per year .
Alan Pattillo , a veteran scriptwriter and director for APF , was appointed the company 's first official script editor in late 1964 . This move was aimed to reduce the burden on Gerry Anderson who , while reserving his producer 's right to overall creative control , had grown weary of revising scripts himself . Direction of episodes was assigned in pairs : Pattillo and David Elliott alternated with the less experienced Desmond Saunders and newcomer David Lane for each month 's filming . Due to the difficulties of setting up takes , progress was slow : even on a productive day , it was rare for the crew to complete more than two minutes of puppet footage In a contemporary interview , Hill noted that Thunderbirds contained several times as many shots as a typical live @-@ action series . He explained that rapid editing was necessary on account of the characters ' lack of facial expression , which made it difficult to sustain the viewer 's interest for more than a few seconds per shot .
After viewing the completed 25 @-@ minute pilot , " Trapped in the Sky " , Lew Grade was so impressed by APF 's work that he instructed Anderson to double the episode length and increased the series ' budget per episode from £ 25 @,@ 000 to £ 38 @,@ 000 . As a result , Thunderbirds became not only the company 's longest and highest @-@ budgeted production , but also among the most expensive TV series to have been made up to that point . The crew , who had been filming at a rate of two 25 @-@ minute episodes per fortnight , faced significant challenges during the transition to the new format : eight episodes had already been completed , scripts for up to ten more had been written , and substantial rewrites would be necessary to satisfy the longer running time . Anderson lamented : " Our time @-@ scale was far too drawn out . ITC 's New York office insisted that they should have one show a fortnight ... Everything had to move at twice the speed . " APF spent over seven months extending the existing episodes .
Tony Barwick , who had impressed Pattillo and the Andersons with an unsubmitted script that he had written for Danger Man , was recruited to assist in the writing of subplots and filler material . He found that the longer format created opportunities to strengthen the characterisation . Science @-@ fiction writer John Peel suggests that " small character touches " make the puppet cast of Thunderbirds " much more rounded " than those of earlier APF series . He compares the writing favourably to that of live @-@ action drama . The new footage proved useful during the development of the first series finale , " Security Hazard " : since the previous two episodes had overspent their budgets , Pattillo devised a flashback @-@ dominated clip show containing only 17 minutes of new material to reduce costs .
Filming of Series One was completed in December 1965 . A second series was also commissioned late that year and entered production in March 1966 . Barwick became a full @-@ time member of the writing staff and took over the role of script editor from the outgoing Pattillo . The main puppet cast and vehicles were rebuilt ; in addition , the art department expanded some of the standing sets , including the Tracy Villa lounge and the Thunderbird 5 control room . To accommodate the simultaneous filming of the TV series and Thunderbirds Are Go , APF purchased two more buildings on the Slough Trading Estate and converted them into new stages . As crew and studio space were divided between the two productions , filming of the TV series progressed at half the previous speed , as APF 's B crew produced one episode per month . Filming on Thunderbirds Are Go was completed by June , allowing A crew to resume work on the series to shoot what would prove to be its penultimate episode , " Ricochet " .
Production of Thunderbirds ended in August 1966 with the completion of the sixth episode of Series Two . In February that year , it had been reported that Grade had been unable to sell the series in the United States due to disagreements over timeslots . In July , he cancelled Thunderbirds after failing in his second attempt to secure an American buyer . The three major US networks of the time – NBC , CBS and ABC – had all bid for the series , with Grade repeatedly increasing the price . When NBC withdrew its offer , the other two immediately followed .
By the time of its cancellation , Thunderbirds had become widely popular in the UK and was being distributed extensively overseas . Grade , however , believed that without the financial boost of an American network sale , a full second series would fail to recover its production costs . He therefore asked Anderson to devise a new concept that he hoped would stand a greater chance of winning over the profitable US market . This became Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons .
= = = Casting and characters = = =
Voice @-@ recording sessions were supervised by Pattillo and the Andersons , with Sylvia Anderson in charge of casting . Dialogue was recorded once per month at a rate of two scripts per session . Supporting parts were not pre @-@ assigned , but negotiated by the cast among themselves . Two recordings would be made at each session : one to be converted into electronic pulses for the puppet filming , the other to be added to the soundtrack during post @-@ production . The tapes were edited at Gate Recording Theatre in Birmingham .
In the interest of transatlantic appeal , it was decided that the main characters would be mostly American and therefore actors capable of producing an appropriate accent were used . British , Canadian and Australian actors formed most of the voice cast ; the only American involved was stage actor David Holliday , who was noticed in London 's West End and given the part of Virgil Tracy . Following the completion of the first series , Holliday returned to the US . The character was voiced by English @-@ Canadian actor Jeremy Wilkin for Series Two .
British actor David Graham was among the first to be cast . He had previously voiced characters in Four Feather Falls , Supercar , Fireball XL5 and Stingray . Beyond the APF productions , he had supplied one of the original Dalek voices on Doctor Who . Cast alongside Graham was Australian actor Ray Barrett . Like Graham , he had worked for the Andersons before , having voiced Titan and Commander Shore in Stingray . A veteran of radio drama , Barrett was skilled at performing a range of voices and accents in quick succession . Villains of the week would typically be voiced by either Barrett or Graham . Aware of the sensitive political climate of the Cold War and not wishing to " perpetuate the idea that Russia was the enemy with a whole generation of children watching " , Gerry Anderson decided the Hood ( voiced by Barrett ) should be Oriental and placed his temple hideout in Malaysia to defy the viewer 's expectations .
Although Lady Penelope and Parker ( the latter voiced by Graham ) were among the first characters developed , neither was conceived as a major role . Parker 's Cockney manner was based on a waiter at a pub in Cookham that was sometimes visited by the crew . On Gerry Anderson 's recommendation , Graham dined there regularly to study the accent . Anderson 's first choice for the role of Penelope had been Fenella Fielding , but Sylvia insisted she take the part herself . Her Penelope voice was intended to emulate Fielding and Joan Greenwood . On Penelope and Parker 's secondary role as comic relief , Gerry explained , " We British can laugh at ourselves , so therefore we had Penelope and Parker as this comedy team . And in America they love the British aristocracy too . ' "
As well as Jeff Tracy , English @-@ Canadian actor Peter Dyneley voiced the recurring character of Commander Norman , chief of air traffic control at London International Airport . His supporting character voices were typically those of upper @-@ class Englishmen . Shane Rimmer , the voice of Scott , was cast on the strength of his performance on the BBC soap opera Compact . Meanwhile , fellow Canadian Matt Zimmerman was selected at a late stage in the process . The expatriate West End actor was given the role of Alan on the recommendation of his friend , Holliday : " They were having great difficulty casting the part of Alan as they wanted a certain sound for him , being the youngest brother . David , who [ was ] a bit older than I am , told them that he had this friend , me , who would be great . "
Christine Finn , known for her role in the TV serial Quatermass and the Pit , provided the voices of Tin @-@ Tin Kyrano and Grandma Tracy . With Sylvia Anderson , she was also responsible for voicing most of the female and child supporting characters . Other minor parts were voiced by Charles Tingwell , Paul Maxwell and John Tate ( the father of Nick Tate ) , who were not credited for their contributions .
= = = Design and effects = = =
The puppet stages used for the filming of Thunderbirds were only one @-@ fifth the size of those used for a standard live @-@ action production , typically measuring 12 by 14 by 3 metres ( 39 @.@ 4 by 45 @.@ 9 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) in length , width and height . Bob Bell , assisted by Keith Wilson and Grenville Nott , headed the art department for Series One . During the simultaneous filming of Series Two and Thunderbirds Are Go in 1966 , Bell attended mainly to the film , entrusting set design for the TV series to Wilson .
Since it was necessary for the art department 's interior sets to conform to the effects department 's exterior plans , each team closely monitored the other 's work . According to Sylvia Anderson , Bell 's challenge was to produce complex interiors on a limited budget while resisting the effects department 's push for " more extravagant " design . This task was complicated by the unnatural proportions of the puppets : Bell struggled to decide whether the sets should be built to a scale proportionate to their bodies or their oversized heads and hands . He used the example of FAB 1 to illustrate the problem : " As soon as we positioned [ the puppets ] standing alongside [ the model ] , they looked ridiculous , as the car towered over them . " He ultimately adopted a " mix @-@ and @-@ match " approach , in which smaller items , such as tableware , were scaled to their hands and furniture to their bodies .
While designing the Creighton @-@ Ward Mansion sets , Bell and his staff strove for authenticity , ordering miniature Tudor paintings , 1 ⁄ 3 @-@ scale Georgian- and Regency @-@ style furniture and carpeting in the shape of a polar bear skin . This realism was enhanced by adding scrap items acquired from household waste and electronics shops . For example , a vacuum cleaner pipe serves as Virgil Tracy 's launch chute .
= = = = Puppets = = = =
The head puppet sculptor was Christine Glanville , who also served as the lead puppeteer . Glanville 's four @-@ person team built the 13 members of the main cast in six months at a cost of between £ 250 and £ 300 per puppet ( approximately £ 4 @,@ 569 and £ 5 @,@ 483 today ) . Since pairs of episodes were being filmed simultaneously on separate stages , the characters needed to be sculpted in duplicate . Facial expressions were diversified by means of replaceable heads : as well as a head with a neutral expression , each main character was given a " smiler " , a " frowner " and a " blinker " . The finished puppets were approximately 22 inches ( 56 cm ) tall , or 1 ⁄ 3 adult human height .
The puppets were made up of more than 30 individual components , the most important of which was the solenoid that synchronised lip movements with the characters ' pre @-@ recorded dialogue . This device was positioned inside the head unit ; consequently , torsos and limbs appeared relatively small . The puppets ' likenesses and mechanics are remembered favourably by puppeteer Wanda Brown , who preferred the Thunderbirds marionettes over the accurately @-@ proportioned ones that first appeared in Captain Scarlet : " The puppets were easier to operate and more enjoyable because they had more character to them ... Even some of the more normal @-@ looking faces , such as Scott and Jeff , for me had more character than the puppets in the series that came afterwards . " Rimmer speaks positively of the puppets ' still being " very much caricatures " , since it made them " more lovable and appealing ... There was a naive quality about them and nothing too complex . "
The appearances of the main characters were inspired by those of actors and other entertainers , who were typically selected from the show business directory Spotlight . According to Glanville , as part of a trend away from the strong caricature of previous series , APF was seeking " more natural faces " for the puppets . The face of Jeff Tracy was based on that of Lorne Greene , Scott on Sean Connery , Alan on Robert Reed , John on Adam Faith and Charlton Heston , Brains on Anthony Perkins and Parker on Ben Warriss . Sylvia Anderson brought the character of Penelope to life in likeness as well as voice : after her test moulds were rejected , sculptor Mary Turner decided to use Anderson herself as a template . Terry Curtis was also an original sculpture of Supermarionation puppets .
Main character heads were initially sculpted in either Plasticine or clay . Once the general aspect had been finalised , this served as the template for a silicone rubber mould . This was coated with Bondaglass ( fibreglass mixed with resin ) and enhanced with Bondapaste , a putty @-@ like substance , to accentuate contours . The Bondaglass shell was then fitted with a solenoid , leather mouth parts and plastic eyes , as well as incisor teeth – a first for a Supermarionation production . Puppets known as " revamps " , which had plastic heads , portrayed the supporting characters . These marionettes started their working lives with only a mouth and eyes ; their faces were remoulded from one episode to the next . Particularly striking revamp moulds were retained and , as their numbers increased , photographed to compile an internal casting directory .
Wigs were made of mohair or , in the case of the Penelope puppet , human hair . Puppet bodies were built in three sizes : " large male " ( specifically for the Tracys and the Hood ) , " small male " and " small female " . Sylvia Anderson , the head costume designer , devised the main characters ' attire . To give the puppets increased mobility , the costume department generally avoided stiff synthetic materials , instead working with cotton , silk and wool . Between 1964 and 1966 , the department 's stock numbered more than 700 costumes .
Each puppet 's head was fitted with about 10 thin tungsten steel wires . During the filming , dialogue was played into the studio using modified tape recorders that converted the feed into electronic pulses . Two of the wires relayed these pulses to the internal solenoid , completing the Supermarionation process . The wires , which were sprayed black to reduce their visibility , were made even less noticeable through the application of powder paint that matched the background colours of the set . Glanville explained the time @-@ consuming nature of this process : " [ The puppeteers ] used to spend over half an hour on each shot getting rid of these wires , looking through the camera , puffing a bit more [ paint ] here , anti @-@ flare there ; and , I mean , it 's very depressing when somebody will say to us , ' Of course the wires showed . ' " Positioned on an overhead gantry with a hand @-@ held cruciform , the puppeteers co @-@ ordinated movements with the help of a viewfinder @-@ powered CCTV feedback system . As filming progressed , the crew started to dispense with wires and instead manipulate the puppets from the studio floor using rods .
Due to their low weight and the fact that they had only one control wire per leg , the puppets were unable to walk convincingly . Therefore , scenes involving movement were filmed from the waist up , with a puppeteer holding the legs below the level of the camera and using a " bobbing " action to simulate motion . Alternatively , dynamic shots were eliminated altogether : in an interview with New Scientist , director of photography John Read spoke of the advantages of circumventing the lack of agility so that the puppets " appear , for example , to walk through doors ( although the control wires make this impossible ) or pick up a coffee cup ( although their fingers are not in fact jointed ) . " Live @-@ action shots of human hands were inserted whenever scripts called for more dexterous actions to be performed .
= = = = Special effects = = = =
The effects for all the APF series from Supercar to UFO were directed by Derek Meddings , who later worked on the James Bond and Superman films . Knowing that Thunderbirds would be the " biggest project [ APF ] had worked on " , Meddings found himself struggling to manage his workload with the single filming unit that had produced all the effects for Stingray . He therefore established a second unit under technician Brian Johncock , and a third exclusively for filming airborne sequences . This expansion increased the number of APF crews and stages to five each . A typical episode contained around 100 effects shots ; Meddings ' team completed up to 18 per day .
An addition to the effects department was Mike Trim , who served as Meddings ' assistant in designing vehicles and buildings . Meddings and Trim jointly pioneered an " organic " design technique in which the exteriors of models and sets were customised with parts from model kits and children 's toys . Models and sets were also " dirtied down " with powder paint or pencil lead to create a used look . Toy cars and vans were used in long shot , while scale vehicles were equipped with basic steering and suspension for added realism . Miniature fans and Jetex pellets , which are capable of issuing air jets or chemical exhaust , were attached to the undersides to simulate dust trails . Another of Meddings ' inventions was a closed , cyclical effects stage nicknamed the " rolling road " : consisting of two or more loops of canvas running at different speeds , this device allowed shots of moving vehicles to be filmed on a static set to make more efficient use of the limited studio space . Airborne aircraft sequences were mounted against a " rolling sky " , with smoke fanned across to simulate passing clouds .
One of Meddings ' first tasks was to shoot stock footage of the Thunderbird machines and the series ' main locations , Tracy Island and Creighton @-@ Ward Mansion . The finished island model was a composite of more than a dozen smaller sets that could be detached from the whole and filmed separately . The architecture of the mansion was based on that of Stourhead House , located on the Stourhead Estate in Wiltshire . In the absence of head designer Reg Hill , who was serving as associate producer , Meddings was further tasked with designing the Thunderbird fleet and FAB 1 . Scale models for the six main vehicles were built by a contractor , Master Models of Middlesex . Models and puppet sets combined , more than 200 versions of the Thunderbird machines were created for the series .
During the designing and filming process , Meddings ' first priorities were realism and credibility . With the exception of Thunderbird 5 , each vehicle was built in three or four scales . Meddings ' swing @-@ wing concept for Thunderbird 1 was inspired by his wish to create something " more dynamic " than a fixed @-@ wing aircraft . He remained unsatisfied with the prototype of Thunderbird 2 until he inverted the wings , later commenting , " ... at the time , all aircraft had swept @-@ back wings . I only did it to be different . " This decision was made out of personal preference and was not informed by any expert knowledge on Meddings ' part . He described the Thunderbird 2 launch as " probably the most memorable " sequence that his team devised for an APF production .
The largest model of Thunderbird 3 , whose design was based on the Soviet Soyuz rocket , was six feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall . Thunderbird 4 was particularly difficult to film : as the scale of the model did not correspond to the water inside the shooting tank , creative camera angles and rapid editing were used to produce a sense of realistic perspective . Thunderbird 5 , the most difficult vehicle for Meddings to visualise , was based on the Tracy Island Round House . Since most of the space station 's appearances were provided by stock footage , the model was rarely filmed . Pod Vehicles were designed on an episode @-@ by @-@ episode basis and built from balsa wood , Jelutong wood or fibreglass . To save time and costs , other minor vehicles were built in @-@ house from radio @-@ controlled model kits .
As the puppets of Lady Penelope and Parker needed to fit inside , the largest of all the models was the seven @-@ foot FAB 1 , which cost £ 2 @,@ 500 ( approximately £ 46 @,@ 000 today ) to build . The Rolls @-@ Royce 's name and colour were both chosen by Sylvia Anderson . Rolls @-@ Royce Ltd. supervised the construction of the plywood model and supplied APF with an authentic radiator grille for close @-@ up shots of the front of the car . In exchange for its cooperation , the company requested that a Spirit of Ecstasy be fixed to the chassis and that the characters avoid referring to the brand with abbreviations such as " Rolls " .
Scale explosions were created using substances such as fuller 's earth , petrol gel , magnesium strips and Cordtex explosive . Originally filmed at up to 120 frames per second ( f.p.s. ) , they were slowed down to 24 f.p.s. during post @-@ production to increase their apparent magnitude and length . Gunpowder canisters were ignited to create rocket jets . The wires that electronically fired the rockets also allowed a member of the crew , holding a cruciform and positioned on an overhead gantry , to " fly " the model over the set . By far the most unwieldy model was Thunderbird 2 , which Meddings remembered as being " awful " to fly . A combination of unreliable rockets and weak wiring frequently caused problems : should the former be slow to ignite , the current quickly caused the latter to overheat and snap , potentially damaging the model and even setting fire to the set . Conditions above the studio floor were often dangerous due to the heat and smoke . Although many of the exhaust sound effects used in the series were drawn from an audio library , some were specially recorded during a Red Arrows display at RAF Little Rissington in Gloucestershire .
By 1966 , Meddings ' commitments were split between Series Two and Thunderbirds Are Go . While Meddings worked on the film , camera operator Jimmy Elliott assumed the responsibility of directing the TV effects . By this stage , the basic frame of Thunderbird 2 had been damaged so many times that the model had needed to be rebuilt from scratch . Meddings was displeased with the result , reflecting that the replacement was " not only the wrong colour , it was a completely different shape ... I never felt our model @-@ makers managed to recapture the look of the original . "
Critic David Garland suggests that the challenge facing the Thunderbirds effects department was to strike a balance between the " conventional science @-@ fiction imperative of the ' futuristic ' " and the " seeping hyper @-@ realist concerns mandated by the Andersons ' approach to the puppets " . Thunderbirds has been praised for the quality of its effects . Jim Sangster and Paul Condon , writers of Collins Telly Guide , consider the model work " uniformly impressive " . To Paul Cornell , Martin Day and Keith Topping , writers of The Guinness Book of Classic British TV , the effects are " way beyond anything seen on TV previously " . Impressed by their work on Thunderbirds , film director Stanley Kubrick hired several members of Meddings ' staff to supervise the effects shooting for 2001 : A Space Odyssey .
= = = = Title sequence = = = =
The series ' title sequence , storyboarded by Gerry Anderson , is made up of two parts . It opens with a countdown of " 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 : Thunderbirds Are Go ! " , provided by Dyneley in character as Jeff Tracy . In a departure from the style of Stingray , the Thunderbirds title sequence varies with each episode : the first part consists of an action montage that serves as a preview of the plot . Simon Archer and Marcus Hearn , biographers of Gerry Anderson , compare this device favourably to a film trailer .
The second part , accompanied by composer Barry Gray 's " The Thunderbirds March " , features portraits of the main puppet cast superimposed on various vehicles and settings . Peel describes this as " ostensibly a return to the ' series stars ' concept long known in TV " , while Garland considers such imagery demonstrative of Anderson 's commitment to " incremental realism " through a convergence of human and puppet characteristics . Essayist Jonathan Bignell suggests that the use of portraits conveys Anderson 's partiality to " visual revelation of machines and physical action " .
According to Daniel O 'Brien , writer of SF : UK : How British Science Fiction Changed the World , the Thunderbirds title sequence encapsulates the reasons for the series ' enduring popularity . Dyneley 's countdown is particularly well remembered and has been widely quoted . Dean Newman of the Syfy channel website ranks Thunderbirds eighth in a list of " Top 10 TV title sequences " , while Den of Geek 's Martin Anderson considers the sequence the best of any TV series .
= = = Music = = =
The score was composed by Gray , who served as musical director for all of the Anderson productions up to the first series of Space : 1999 . In response to Gerry Anderson 's request that the main theme have a " military feel " , Gray produced a brass @-@ dominated piece titled " The Thunderbirds March " , which was recorded in December 1964 at Olympic Studios in London . The end titles were originally to have been accompanied by " Flying High " , a lyrical track sung by Gary Miller with backing by Ken Barrie . Ultimately , a variation of the march was used instead . Incidental music was recorded over nine months between March and December 1965 . As most of the music budget was spent on the series ' earlier episodes , later instalments drew heavily on APF 's ever @-@ expanding music library .
Peel considers " The Thunderbirds March " to be " one of the best TV themes ever written – perfect for the show and catchy when heard alone " . Morag Reavley of BBC Online argues that the piece is " up there ... in the quintessential soundtrack of the Sixties " with the James Bond films and the songs of Frank Sinatra , Elvis and The Beatles . More generally , he praises the series ' " catchy , pulse @-@ quickening tunes " , as well as Gray 's aptitude for " musical nuance " and the mixing of genres . Heather Phares of Allmusic considers " Thunderbirds Are Go ! " – the track accompanying the launch sequences of Thunderbirds 1 , 2 and 3 – to be a reflection of the mod aspect of 1960s British spy fiction . She also highlights Gray 's homage to – and divergence from – musical norms , commenting that his score " sends up the spy and action / adventure conventions of the ' 60s very stylishly and subtly " .
David Huckvale identifies Wagnerian homage in both the theme music and the series ' premise . Noting that the theme 's opening string ostinato is similar in effect to a recurring motif in Ride of the Valkyries , he also likens the Thunderbird machines to Valkyries themselves : " Their function is more benevolent than those warrior maidens , but they do hover over danger , death and destruction . " Kevin J. Donnelly of the University of Southampton acknowledges the series ' " big @-@ sounding orchestral score " , which he compares to that of a live @-@ action film . He also suggests that the music serves partly to draw attention away from the physical imperfections of the puppets .
To celebrate the shows anniversary , " Thunderbirds Are Go - 50 Years On " at Colston Hall , Bristol was celebrated as the theme music is brought to life , led by Charles Hazlewood and his All Star Collective .
= = Broadcast = =
Thunderbirds premiered on British television on 30 September 1965 on the ITV franchises ATV Midlands , Westward and Channel . Other broadcasters , including ATV London and Granada , started transmissions the following month . The Christmas @-@ themed series finale , " Give or Take a Million " , was first broadcast on 25 December 1966 . Despite Grade 's decision to extend the running time , Midlands and Granada broadcast each episode in two parts . In these areas , both 25 @-@ minute instalments aired on the same day , separated by the ITN Evening News . The conclusion opened with a narration by Shane Rimmer summarising the first part 's action .
Granada transmitted Thunderbirds in its original , 50 @-@ minute format for the first time with the start of repeats in 1966 . In 1968 , the franchise briefly aired episodes in three parts due to timeslot restrictions . The availability of repeats during the 1960s and 1970s varied among regions . ATV Midlands screened the series regularly into the early 1970s ; by contrast , Thunderbirds was entirely absent from Yorkshire Television between 1968 and 1976 . The series was last transmitted on the ITV franchises in 1981 .
In 1990 , 8 of the 19 audio episodes released by APF Records were converted into radio dramas , which were transmitted on BBC Radio 5 . The success of the radio series encouraged the BBC to acquire the rights to the TV episodes , which it broadcast simultaneously in all regions from September 1991 on BBC 2 .
Since the end of the first network run , which achieved average viewing figures of more than six million , the BBC has repeated the series six times : between 1992 and 1993 ( Series One only ) , 1994 and 1995 ( nine episodes only ) , and 2000 and 2001 ( in remastered form ) , as well as in 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . Other channels that have shown repeats include UK Gold ( 1994 – 95 ) , Bravo ( 1996 – 97 ) , Cartoon Network ( 2001 – 02 ) , Boomerang ( 2001 – 03 ) and Syfy ( 2009 ) . In Scotland , the BBC screened a Gaelic dub , Tairnearan Tar As ( " Thunderbirds Are Go " ) in the early 1990s .
Before its UK debut , Thunderbirds was distributed to 30 other countries including the US , Canada , Australia and Japan . Pre @-@ sales revenue totalled £ 350 @,@ 000 ( approximately £ 6 million today ) . In the year following the series ' first appearance , the number of countries increased to 66 . In Japan , where it was first broadcast by NHK , Thunderbirds attracted a sizeable fan following and influenced series such as Ultraman , Mighty Jack , Himitsu Sentai Gorenger and Super Rescue Solbrain . In the US , the two @-@ part format entered first @-@ run syndication , to modest success , in 1968 . Other overseas broadcasters have included TechTV and Family Room HD ( US ) , BBC Kids and YTV ( Canada ) , Nine Network and Foxtel ( Australia ) , TV3 ( New Zealand ) , MediaCorp TV12 Kids Central ( Singapore ) and RTÉ Two ( Republic of Ireland ) .
= = Reception = =
Thunderbirds is generally considered the Andersons ' most popular series and their greatest critical and commercial success . In 1966 , the show received a Royal Television Society Silver Medal for Outstanding Artistic Achievement and Gerry Anderson received an honorary fellowship of the British Kinematograph , Sound and Television Society . In 2007 , Thunderbirds achieved 19th place in a Radio Times magazine reader poll to determine the best science @-@ fiction TV programme of all time . It is ranked fourth by the 2013 Channel 5 list show 50 Greatest Kids ' TV Shows .
For Peel , Thunderbirds is " without a doubt the peak of the Supermarionation achievement " . Suggesting that the series is pitched at a " more adult " level than its predecessors , he adds that its sense of adventure , effective humour and " gripping and convincing " episodes ensured that " everyone in the audience found something to love about it . " Simon Heffer , a fan of Thunderbirds in childhood , commented positively on the series for The Daily Telegraph in 2011 : " All the elements we children discerned in whatever grown @-@ up television we had been allowed to watch were present in Thunderbirds : dramatic theme and incidental music ; well @-@ developed plots ; goodies and baddies ; swaggering Americans , at a time when the whole of Britain was in a cultural cringe to them ; and , of course , glamorous locations ... Then , of course , there was the nail @-@ biting tension of the rescues themselves ... " Film critic Kim Newman describes the series as a " television perennial " .
In his foreword to John Marriott 's book , Thunderbirds Are Go ! , Anderson put forward several explanations for the series ' enduring popularity : it " contains elements that appeal to most children – danger , jeopardy and destruction . But because International Rescue 's mission is to save life , there is no gratuitous violence . " According to Anderson , Thunderbirds incorporates a " strong family atmosphere , where Dad reigns supreme " . Both O 'Brien and script editor Alan Pattillo have praised the series ' positive " family values " . In addition , Heffer and others have written of its cross @-@ generational appeal . In 2000 , shortly before the series ' BBC revival , Brian Viner remarked in Radio Times that Thunderbirds was on the point of " captivating yet another generation of viewers " . Stuart Hood , writing for The Spectator in 1965 , praised Thunderbirds as a " modern fairy tale " ; adding that it " can sometimes be frightening " , he recommended that children watch it accompanied by their parents . Writing for Dreamwatch in 1994 , Andrew Thomas described Thunderbirds as only " nominally " a children 's programme : " Its themes are universal and speak as much to the adult in the child as the child in the adult . "
Jeff Evans , author of The Penguin TV Companion , argues that the series ' 50 @-@ minute format allows for stronger character development and " tension @-@ building " . O 'Brien is less positive in his appraisal of the writing , asserting that the plots are often " formulaic " and are sometimes " stretched to snapping point " by the extended running time . Cornell , Day and Topping are critical : they consider the writing at times " woefully poor " and argue that Thunderbirds as a whole is " often as clichéd as previous Anderson series " . Peel , despite praising the storylines and characterisation , suggests that the " tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek " humour of Stingray is less evident . Where Thunderbirds improves on its predecessor , Peel believes , is in its rejection of fantasy plot devices , child and animal characters , comical and stereotyped villains and what he terms the " standard Anderson sexism " : female characters , marginalised in earlier series , are more commonly seen to play active and sometimes heroic roles .
Noting the attention to detail of the series ' launch sequences , Jonathan Bignell argues that part of the motivation for dedicating large amounts of screen time to the Thunderbird craft is the need to compensate for the limited mobility of the puppet cast . The focus on futuristic machines has also been explored by cultural historian Nicholas J. Cull , who comments that of all the Andersons ' series , Thunderbirds is the most evocative of a recurring theme : the " necessity of the human component of the machine " , whereby the failures of new technology are overcome by " brave human beings and technology working together " . This makes the series ' vision of the 2060s " wonderfully humanistic and reassuring " . O 'Brien similarly praises this optimism , comparing the Tracy family to guardian Übermensch . Writing for Wired UK magazine , Warren Ellis asserts that the series ' scientific vision could inspire the next generation of " mad and frightening engineers " , adding that Thunderbirds " trades in vast , demented concepts ... immense and very beautiful ideas as solutions to problems . "
Thomas argues that the world of Thunderbirds is similar to the 1960s to the extent that contemporary capitalism and class structures appear to have survived mostly intact . He also observes , however , that wealth and high social status are often depicted as character flaws rather than strengths . According to Thomas , a contributing factor to the series ' lasting popularity is the realism of IR 's machines . Newman , for his part , suggests that " the point isn 't realism . The 21st century of Thunderbirds is detailed ... but also de @-@ populated , a high @-@ tech toyland " . He is more negative in his comparisons of contemporary and future values , noting the " square , almost 50s " attitudes to race , gender and class . With regard to stereotyping , Hood comments that he " would be happier if [ villains ] didn 't seem to be recognisable by their pigmentation " . Cull , by contrast , considers the series largely progressive on the subject of race , arguing that it rejects negative stereotyping through the use of " positive non @-@ white characters " such as Kyrano and Tin @-@ Tin . However , he deems many of the one @-@ off villains derivative , commenting that these characters are typically presented as " corrupt businessmen , spivs and gangsters familiar from crime films " .
Various commentators – including Bignell , Cull and O 'Brien – have also discussed Thunderbirds as a product of the Cold War era . Bignell comments that the Hood 's Oriental appearance and mysterious powers draw parallels with James Bond villains and fears of China operating as " a ' third force ' antagonistic to the West " . Cull observes that , despite the series ' focus on the dangers of nuclear technology , the Thunderbird machines contradict this particular theme : in their case , " an image of technology associated with the threat of Cold War mass destruction – the rocket emerging from the hidden silo – was appropriated and deployed to save life rather than to take it . " He argues that the series adheres more closely to cultural norms by drawing on the " Cold War cult of the secret agent whose skills defend the home from enemies unknown " , noting Lady Penelope 's role as a spy in addition to two episodes ( " 30 Minutes After Noon " and " The Man from MI.5 " ) that are heavily influenced by the James Bond novels and film adaptations .
The presentation of smoking in Thunderbirds was the subject of a study published in the medical journal Tobacco Control in 2002 . Despite identifying examples in 26 episodes , Kate Hunt of the University of Glasgow concluded that Thunderbirds does not actively promote smoking – a view opposed by the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation ( RCLCF ) at the time of the series ' relaunch on BBC 2 . Rejecting the RCLCF 's proposal that the remastered episodes be edited to digitally erase all visible cigarettes and cigars , the BBC stated that the series " does not glorify or encourage smoking " and described the activity as " incidental to the plot " .
= = Merchandise = =
More than 3 @,@ 000 Thunderbirds @-@ themed products have been marketed since the series ' debut . To accommodate the high demand for tie @-@ ins , APF established three dedicated subsidiaries : AP Films Merchandising , AP Films Music and AP Films Toys . Some British commentators dubbed the 1966 end @-@ of @-@ year shopping season " Thunderbirds Christmas " due to the series ' popularity . In the early 1990s , Matchbox launched a new toy range to coincide with the BBC 2 repeats . Sales figures for Christmas 1992 exceeded those achieved by the Star Wars merchandising campaigns of the 1970s and 1980s . Demand for Matchbox 's Tracy Island Playset overwhelmed supply , resulting in shop fights and a substantial black market for the toy .
A comic strip featuring the characters of Lady Penelope and Parker debuted in the early issues of APF Publishing 's children 's title TV Century 21 in 1965 . A full @-@ length Thunderbirds strip appeared a year later , at which point the Lady Penelope adventures were given their own comic . Thunderbirds , Lady Penelope and Captain Scarlet and Thunderbirds annuals were published in the late 1960s ; during the same period , eight original novels were written . In 2008 , FTL Publications of Minnesota launched a new series of tie @-@ in novels .
Between 1965 and 1967 , APF Records released 19 audio episodes in the form of vinyl EPs . Three are original stories ; the rest are adapted from TV episode soundtracks , with additional narration provided by a member of the voice cast . The series ' first video game tie @-@ in , developed for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum computers , was released by Firebird Software in 1985 . Other titles have since been released for the Game Boy Color , Game Boy Advance and PlayStation 2 . During the late 1980s , the series was issued on home video for the first time by PolyGram and its subsidiary Channel 5 . Following its acquisition by Carlton International Media in 1999 , Thunderbirds was digitally remastered for the release of the first DVD versions in 2000 . Blu @-@ ray Disc editions followed in 2008 .
= = Later productions = =
Thunderbirds has been followed by two film sequels , a live @-@ action film adaptation , two animated TV remakes and several re @-@ edited presentations for TV broadcast and home video . The second of the remakes , Thunderbirds Are Go , premiered on ITV in 2015 , the 50th anniversary year of the original .
= = = Film = = =
The feature @-@ length film sequels Thunderbirds Are Go and Thunderbird 6 were released in 1966 and 1968 . The first was greenlit by Lew Grade before the TV series had started its broadcast run . Written and produced by the Andersons and directed by David Lane , both films were distributed by United Artists . Neither was a critical or commercial success , and Century 21 Cinema 's plans for further sequels were abandoned .
In the early 1980s , episodes of Thunderbirds and other Supermarionation series were re @-@ edited by ITC 's New York offices to create a series of compilation films . Branded " Super Space Theater " , this format was mostly intended for family viewing on American cable and syndicated TV . Three Thunderbirds features were produced : Thunderbirds to the Rescue , Thunderbirds In Outer Space and Countdown to Disaster .
Plans for a live @-@ action film adaptation were first announced in 1993 . These eventually culminated in the 2004 film Thunderbirds , directed by Jonathan Frakes and produced by StudioCanal and Working Title Films . It was a critical and commercial failure and was poorly received by fans of the TV series .
= = = TV = = =
The Andersons sold their intellectual and profit participation rights to Thunderbirds and their other productions in the 1970s . As a result , they had no developmental control over subsequent adaptations of their works . Thunderbirds was first remade for TV in the early 1980s as Thunderbirds 2086 . In this anime re @-@ imagining , set 20 years after the original , the vastly expanded IR is based within an arcology and operates 17 Thunderbird machines . It was inspired by Thunderhawks , an updated story concept by Gerry Anderson and Reg Hill that later served as the basis for Anderson 's Supermacromation series Terrahawks .
Two re @-@ edited series , based on condensed versions of 13 of the original episodes , aired in the US in 1994 . The first , Thunderbirds USA , was broadcast as part of the Fox Kids programming block ; the second , Turbocharged Thunderbirds , was syndicated by UPN . Developed as a comedy , Turbocharged Thunderbirds moved the action to the planet " Thunder @-@ World " and combined the original puppet footage with new live @-@ action scenes featuring a pair of human teenagers .
As well as Thunderhawks , Anderson developed other ideas for a remake . A 1976 concept , Inter @-@ Galactic Rescue 4 , was to have featured a variable @-@ configuration craft capable of performing rescues on land and sea , in air and in space ; Anderson pitched the idea to NBC , who rejected it . This was followed in 1984 by another proposed updating , T @-@ Force , which at first could not be pursued owing to a lack of funding . Development resumed in 1993 , when it was decided to produce the series , now titled GFI , using cel animation . But Anderson was disappointed with the results and the production was abandoned .
In 2005 , Anderson re @-@ affirmed his wish to remake Thunderbirds but stated that he had been unable to secure the necessary rights from Granada Ventures . His negotiations with the company and its successor , ITV plc , continued for the next few years . In 2008 , he expressed his commitment to creating an " updated " version , ideally using CGI ; three years later , he announced that work on the series had commenced . Following Anderson 's death in December 2012 , it was confirmed that a deal had been struck between ITV Studios and Pukeko Pictures to remake Thunderbirds using a combination of CGI and live @-@ action model sets . The new version , Thunderbirds Are Go , has been commissioned for two series of 26 episodes each . The first 13 episodes of Series One were broadcast on ITV HD and CITV between April and June 2015 .
In July 2015 , to celebrate the series ' 50th anniversary , Filmed in Supermarionation documentary director Stephen La Rivière launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise the funds necessary to produce three new puppet episodes based on the Thunderbirds mini @-@ albums of the 1960s . The project , titled " Thunderbirds 1965 " , is supported by ITV , Sylvia Anderson and the estate of Gerry Anderson .
= = Influence = =
Thunderbirds has influenced TV programmes , films and various other media . The puppet comedy of the film Team America : World Police was directly inspired by the idiosyncrasies of Thunderbirds @-@ era Supermarionation techniques . Allusion and homage are also evident in Wallace and Gromit : A Close Shave , Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me and Spaced , as well as the character design of Star Wars : The Clone Wars . The BBC sketch comedy Not Only ... But Also included a segment titled " Superthunderstingcar " – a parody of Thunderbirds , Supercar and Stingray .
IR 's life @-@ saving mission inspired the founding of the volunteer International Rescue Corps , originally made up of a group of British firemen who contributed to the humanitarian effort following the 1980 Irpinia earthquake . Virgin Group has used the series in branding its services : Virgin Atlantic operates a Boeing 747 @-@ 400 airliner named Lady Penelope , while Virgin Trains owns a fleet of locomotives that are all named after main characters and vehicles and used specifically to " rescue " broken @-@ down trains .
A mimed stage show , Thunderbirds : F.A.B. , has toured internationally and popularised a staccato style of movement known colloquially as the " Thunderbirds walk " . The production has periodically been revived as Thunderbirds : F.A.B. – The Next Generation .
Cover versions of " The Thunderbirds March " have been released by musicians and bands such as Billy Cotton , Joe Loss , Frank Sidebottom , The Rezillos and The Shadows . Groups who have written songs inspired by the series include Fuzzbox ( with " International Rescue " ) , TISM ( with " Thunderbirds Are Coming Out " ) , Busted ( with " Thunderbirds / 3AM " ) and V6 ( with " Thunderbirds – Your Voice " ) . In 1991 , Anderson filmed the music video for the Dire Straits single " Calling Elvis " with a collection of Thunderbirds @-@ style puppets .
During the 1960s , APF produced themed TV advertisements for Lyons Maid and Kellogg 's . Aspects of Thunderbirds have since been used in advertising for Swinton Insurance , Nestlé Kit Kat , Specsavers and the UK Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency .
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= Angel ( Madonna song ) =
" Angel " is a song by American singer Madonna from her second studio album Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) . It was released on April 10 , 1985 by Sire Records as the third single from the album . Written by Madonna and Steve Bray , it was one of the first songs developed for the project and , according to Madonna , was inspired by a girl who is saved by an angel , and she falls in love with him . " Angel " was released as a 12 " single with " Into the Groove " in some countries and charted likewise . A music video was initially planned for the release , but was later cancelled . Instead a promotional video comprising clips from her previous videos was released in the United Kingdom .
Musically " Angel " consists of three chord ascending hook , which serves for the verse and chorus . It has vocal harmonies beneath the main chorus and the lyrics repeat the angel @-@ like image of Madonna 's saviour . Critical response to the song was mixed , with some music critics calling it a classic and others deeming it sub @-@ par compared to Madonna 's previous singles . " Angel " became the singer 's fifth consecutive top @-@ five single on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top of its dance charts . It was also able to reach number @-@ one in Australia and the top @-@ five of the charts in Canada , Ireland , Japan , New Zealand , Spain and the United Kingdom . Madonna has performed the song only once , on The Virgin Tour in 1985 .
= = Background = =
" Angel " was written by Madonna and Steve Bray and released worldwide on April 10 , 1985 . Madonna explained to Bray that she wanted a stronger , more pop @-@ oriented album , hence the songs should reflect that . One of the first songs that they developed was " Angel " . Madonna commented that the song was about a girl , who was " in depression over something . An angel appeared and healed her soul , making her fall madly in love with Him . [ ... ] It 's something that I felt when I was young . I thought it would make for an interesting story if I wrote that [ experience ] as a song on my record . " The song was recorded as early as April 1984 , but the whole project was held off , much to Madonna 's frustration , by the continuing sales of her self @-@ titled debut album , which had by then sold over a million copies in United States . She had decided to release " Angel " as the initial single from the album , but changed her mind , after the recording of the title track " Like a Virgin " was complete . " Angel " was ultimately released as the third single , and included the song " Into the Groove " , from Madonna 's 1985 film Desperately Seeking Susan , on the B @-@ side of the 12 @-@ inch maxi @-@ single .
Madonna had initially planned to release a music video for " Angel " , but later decided to go against it , as at that time , there were already five Madonna music videos on @-@ rotation in the music channels and were being broadcast continuously . Hence , Warner Bros. and Madonna felt that adding another video to the already saturated channels , might not be in her favour . A promotional video , containing scenes from the music videos of " Burning Up " , " Borderline " , " Lucky Star " , " Like a Virgin " and " Material Girl " was made by Warner Bros. Records and aired in the United Kingdom . The video was included on the promotional @-@ only video compilations It 's That Girl and She 's Breathless .
= = Composition = =
" Angel " begins with a laugh and an echo , panning from left to the right . The song is built on an ascending hook consisting of three chord sequence , which serves for the verse and chorus . It consists of a constant 8th rhythm throughout the song , making it sound similar to the songs of the band Machine . Vocal harmonies are also added beneath the main chorus . It is a two @-@ bar phrase song , and laughter is again added as the song slowly fades out . Madonna sings in her lower register at the beginning , and shifts to the higher one in the line " I can see it in your e @-@ e @-@ e @-@ eyye @-@ e @-@ s " . The line was taken from the song " Death Disco " ( 1979 ) , by the British musical group Public Image Ltd . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , by Alfred Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time , with a medium tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of G major , with Madonna 's voice spanning from the high @-@ note of G3 to the low @-@ note of B4 . The song has a basic sequence of Dm7 – Em7 – F – Dm7 – Em7 – F as its chord progression . The lyrics continuously repeat the angel @-@ like image of Madonna 's saviour .
= = Critical reception = =
Rikky Rooksby , author of Madonna : The Complete Guide to Her Music , commented that " Angel " is a song " that is less than even the sum of its parts . " Santiago Fouz @-@ Hernández and Freya Jarman @-@ Ivens , authors of Madonna 's Drowned Worlds : New Approaches to Her Cultural Transformations , felt that " the pizzicato synthesizer line that opens ' Angel ' was indeed classical Madonna . " John Leland from Spin called it a rehash of Madonna 's previous single " Lucky Star " ( 1984 ) , with " an even lamer melody and punch . [ ... ] ' Angel ' is Nile Rodgers doing what he does best : turning crass product into cash product . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic called the song " an excellent standard @-@ issue dance @-@ pop . " Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine called the song sugary . While reviewing the album in 1995 , Dave Karger from Entertainment Weekly felt that the song comes off as a bit repetitious and immature . Alfred Soto of Stylus Magazine commented that " ' Angel ' is a particular stunner , certainly the apex of Rodgers ' post @-@ Chic skills . [ ... ] It does a better job than the two big singles of delineating the boundaries of Madonna 's determined shallowness , an act that confounds Philistines today and made the appreciation of her musical skills a lot harder than it took these critics to dismiss Cyndi Lauper as the real charlatan . " Nancy Erlich from Billboard called the song " romantic , uncontroversial techno @-@ pop . [ ... ] [ Madonna 's ] reign continues as ' 85 's premier media obsession . "
= = Chart performance = =
After its release , " Angel " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 48 on the issue dated April 27 , 1985 , while her previous single " Crazy for You " was at number @-@ two on the chart . After ten weeks , " Angel " reached a peak position of five on the chart . The song tied Madonna with Olivia Newton @-@ John , as the female artist with the most consecutive top @-@ five hits on the Hot 100 at that time . " Angel " debuted on the Adult Contemporary chart for the issue dated May 11 , 1985 , and reached a peak of five . The song debuted at number 40 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart on June 1 , 1985 , and reached the top after three weeks . It also charted on a number of Billboard charts , such as reaching the top of the Hot Dance Singles Sales and the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart at position 71 . On July 30 , 1985 , " Angel " and " Into the Groove " were together certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for the shipment of one million copies across United States — the requirement for a gold single prior to 1989 . It was the first 12 @-@ inch single to be certified gold , since Frankie Smith 's " Double Dutch Bus " ( 1981 ) . " Angel / Into the Groove " placed at number 81 on the year @-@ end chart for 1985 , with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year .
In Canada , the song debuted at number 80 on the RPM issue dated May 4 , 1985 . After eight weeks , the song reached a peak of five on the chart . " Angel " was present on the chart for 25 weeks and ranked at number 56 on the 1985 RPM Year @-@ end chart . The song was released in the United Kingdom with " Burning Up " as its B @-@ Side , and debuted at number ten on the UK Singles Chart on September 9 , 1985 . It reached a peak of five next week , and was present for a total of 12 weeks on the chart . The song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for the shipment of 250 @,@ 000 copies of the single across United Kingdom . According to the Official Charts Company , the song has sold 205 @,@ 000 copies there . In Australia , " Angel " charted as a combined single with " Into the Groove " and reached the top of the Kent Music Report chart . It was the second highest selling single of 1985 in Australia . The song reached the top 20 in the charts of Belgium , Ireland , Netherlands , New Zealand , Spain , Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles .
= = Live performance = =
The song was performed as part of Madonna 's 1985 Virgin Tour ; it was the fifth song of the setlist . Madonna wore a blue see @-@ through crop @-@ top , revealing her characteristic black bra . She also had lacy leggings and crucifixes around an ear and her neck . As she finished the vigorous performance of " Everybody " , the lights were dimmed and the introduction music of the song started . Rotating lights fell on the stage . Madonna appeared sitting on top of the stairs and gradually descended . During the intermediate bridge , she and her dancers moved energetically around the whole stage , as white balloons fell on them from above . Madonna continued singing as the lights were dimmed again . She finished the performance and disappeared behind the wings for a costume change . " Angel " did not appear in the final home video release Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour .
= = Track listing and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – writer , vocals , background vocals
Steve Bray – writer
Nile Rodgers – producer , guitars
Jimmy Bralower – drum programming
Rob Sabino – bass synthesizer , assorted synthesizers
Curtis King – background vocals
Frank Simms – background vocals
George Simms – background vocals
Herb Ritts – photography
Jeri McManus – design
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts and certifications = =
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= Adam Carter =
Adam Henry Carter is a fictional character from the BBC espionage television series Spooks , which follows the exploits of Section D , a counter @-@ terrorism division of MI5 . He is portrayed by British actor Rupert Penry @-@ Jones . The character is a former MI6 officer who takes charge as the chief of Section D , and hence the head protagonist following the departure of Tom Quinn in series three .
Adam Carter was created with the knowledge that Matthew Macfadyen , who played Tom Quinn , would leave the series . The intention was that Adam would be different from Tom ; the producers wanted a character who was a husband with an MI6 background . Rupert Penry @-@ Jones was cast after three auditions . Before the sixth series finale aired , it was announced that Penry @-@ Jones would leave the series . In the premiere episode of series seven , Carter is killed in a car bomb . His death was voted the fourth most shocking death in the series . Rupert Penry @-@ Jones was awarded " Best Actor " at the Crime Thriller Awards for his portrayal of Adam Carter .
= = Role in Spooks = =
Before joining Section D , Adam Carter was an MI6 officer who specialised in the Middle East . Oliver Mace ( Tim McInnerny ) , chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee , describes Carter as a " loose cannon " . He is a fluent Arabic speaker and has good countersurveillance skills . In one past operation , Adam worked a case in Damascus to recruit Syrian intelligence officer Farook Sukkarieh as a double agent to work with the Israelis and stop a string of suicide attacks . He used Farook 's wife , Fiona ( Olga Sosnovska ) as a way in . Fiona and Adam subsequently fell in love and started an affair . When Farook discovered this , he had Adam brutally tortured . After he escaped , Adam framed Farook , persuading the Syrians that he was a traitor , and Farook was supposedly hanged for this . Adam subsequently married Fiona and together they had a son , Wes .
Adam first appears in the series three opening episode " Project Friendly Fire " , hired by head of Section D Harry Pearce ( Peter Firth ) to help clear Tom Quinn ( Matthew Macfadyen ) who has been framed for the assassination of the Chief of the Defence Staff . Ultimately Tom is cleared and returns to duty , only to be decommissioned in the following episode after sabotaging an operation . Harry decides to have Adam transferred to MI5 , replacing Tom as head of Section D. In the series four episode " Syria " , Adam learns that Farook had faked his own death ; he is in England , where he kidnaps Fiona during an operation of hers . At the end of the episode Adam guns Farook down , but not before Farook fatally shoots Fiona , who dies in Adam 's arms . Harry later relieves Adam of duty until he receives a psychological evaluation . In the series four finale , Adam is shot by rogue MI5 officer Angela Wells ( Lindsay Duncan ) . At the opening of season five , Adam appears to have made a complete recovery and has returned to the Grid .
In series five Adam hires a nanny , Jenny ( Gugu Mbatha @-@ Raw ) , to look after Wes while he takes part in operations . Midway through the series , she and Adam start a brief love affair , which ends in the penultimate episode . In the fifth series , particularly in its later episodes , Adam suffers from several mental breakdowns following the loss of Fiona . He has recurring nightmares that involve his being wounded and unable to return home to his son , and in the eighth episode , he has a panic attack after learning that Wes has briefly run away from home ; this attack jeopardises his life during an operation . In the series finale , Adam is revealed to be suicidally depressed , wishing he had died in Fiona 's place . But after another panic attack , he is able to pull through , save fellow officer Ros Myers ( Hermione Norris ) , and escape from the Thames Barrier before they both drown .
In the sixth series , Adam has recovered from his breakdown — said to have been caused by post @-@ traumatic stress — after receiving psychiatric counseling . He has an affair with Ana Bakhshi ( Agni Scott ) , wife of Iranian Special Consul Dariush Bakhshi ( Simon Abkarian ) . Ana later realises she is pregnant ; whether Adam or Dariush is the father of her child is never resolved . Halfway through the series Adam is mugged , and his assailant is seriously injured during their struggle . The man , who is identified as a journalist , later dies , and Adam is wanted for murder . It is later revealed that the man was no journalist ; Adam was set up , to prevent his stopping a deal that would have allowed Iran to become a nuclear power . He has a brief affair with Ros , and later fakes her death to protect her from CIA retaliation after it is exposed that she has worked with the anti @-@ American shadow organisation Yalta .
In the first episode of the seventh series , Adam works with officer Lucas North ( Richard Armitage ) , newly returned from imprisonment in Russia , to rescue a kidnapped British soldier in London . Later , Adam discovers that an Al @-@ Qaeda operative has positioned a car bomb to explode at a Remembrance Sunday ceremony . Adam is able to drive the car to an unpopulated zone , but it explodes just as he exits the car , killing him . It is later revealed that FSB head @-@ of @-@ operations in London , Arkady Kachimov , withheld his knowledge of the bomb plot . Harry Pearce kills him in revenge . Ros Myers succeeds Adam as section chief .
= = Conceptual history = =
The producers were aware that Matthew Macfadyen would leave the series after playing Tom Quinn for two years , and they did not know whether he would return for the first two episodes . An eight- to nine @-@ member team came up with the new character of Adam Carter . They wanted Adam to have a different dynamic than Tom ; the producers set up a girlfriend / boyfriend storyline in the first series – with Adam , they wanted him to have a wife ( Fiona Carter ) who works in the Security Service , since married couples working in that environment are common . They wanted Adam to be more animated and energetic than Tom . Writer Howard Brenton wanted him to have an MI6 background , and have something awful happen to him in the past . Brenton invented the backstory of Syria early on into the third series , which he wanted to revisit in the fourth series .
Early on in the development process , the producers wanted to cast a " brilliant actor " with a strong screen presence . They discussed casting Rupert Penry @-@ Jones for the role of Adam Carter early in the process , though it took months to finally decide to cast him . Though Penry @-@ Jones was aware of Spooks and its success , he had never seen any episodes . To be interested in the role , he spent a weekend catching up on the entire first and second series . He did not take long to decide , since his last leading role was four years previously , in 2000 in the Channel 4 drama North Square . Adam was originally meant to be older , and more " street . " When he found acting " street " was too difficult , Penry @-@ Jones acted more like himself . He had to audition three times before the producers included him , four months before filming commenced .
On his first day for filming series three , Penry @-@ Jones participated in a fight scene in the middle of the first episode . He felt a little wary replacing Matthew Macfadyen . After two months of filming , Penry @-@ Jones began to feel more at ease with the role . He felt especially so after he started working for the fourth series . He returned to the fourth series because he thought his character took off by the end of the last series , and wanted to see which direction he would go to next . The crew wanted Adam to go from a " happy @-@ go @-@ lucky " figure to wanting him to deal with things that would make it hard for Adam to be jokey towards the end of the fourth series ; this involved Fiona 's death .
Before the sixth series finale aired in December 2007 , it was announced that Rupert Penry @-@ Jones would leave the series sometime in series seven . Penry @-@ Jones wanted to leave the series as he felt the character had run its course , as well as wanting to explore other venues . He also stated that working in Spooks was " great , " but felt he was " getting to the point where I needed to move on . " Before the seventh series aired , Penry @-@ Jones revealed his character would leave in what he believed was " one of the best " Spooks exits . He found that his last days on Spooks was generally upsetting and " welled up " on his final day . Penry @-@ Jones did not envisage lasting as long as he did , because he believed the series would not last as long as it has .
= = Reception = =
Rupert Penry @-@ Jones noted that the initial fan reaction towards Adam Carter was negative , " because Matthew [ Macfadyen ] was so successful and loved . " It took a while for fans to accept him . Penry @-@ Jones also felt that his role in Spooks , " definitely took my profile up several notches . " In the " best of drama " viewer polls at BBC Online , Penry @-@ Jones was voted third in the " Best Actor " category , beating co @-@ stars Matthew Macfadyen , who was fifth , David Oyelowo , who was seventh , and Peter Firth , who was tenth . He was later voted fifth in 2005 , and ninth in 2006 .
In a DVD review of the third series of Spooks , Michael Mackenzie of Home Cinema had mixed views of Adam 's introduction , stating " despite ardent protests from both cast and crew , Tom and Adam are almost exactly the same character . " In the fifth series , Mackenzie felt more open towards Adam , stating Adam Carter " isn 't exactly James Bond [ ... ] he doesn 't jet around the world , bedding multiple women and engaging in fisticuffs atop precarious construction rigs , but he does rush around London with a gun in his hand and occasionally ends up on the receiving end of the odd beating . " David Blackwell of Enterline Media was receptive of Adam in the fourth series , as he felt Adam became " more fleshed out and interesting . " However , Blackwell was critical of Adam 's role in the following fifth series , stating it is " too much " about him .
Fans and critics alike displayed shock towards the character 's death in the first episode of the seventh series . Fans voted Adam 's death as the fourth most shocking death scene in the series . The Radio Times stated the shock factor of his death was " spectacular " and said that " driving a primed car bomb to a safe place is so run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill for the spooks they wouldn 't normally break a sweat . This time , however , it went off . Me @-@ Me @-@ Me.tv has said that Adam 's death was " bound to happen " and stated " just when we 've formed a deep , meaningful and totally healthy relationship with the lead gentleman [ ... ] they go and blow him up " , adding " It 's just not fair . " The Times 's Hilary Rose noted that fans will remember Adam 's " dramatic exit , " and said that " the nation 's women duly went into mourning , " regarding that " pretty much every woman with a pulse seems to fancy Rupert . " She then noted that some would find " consolation in the shape of new Spooks totty Richard Armitage . "
In 2008 , Rupert Penry @-@ Jones won a Crime Thriller Award for " Best Actor " for his portrayal as Adam Carter . Penry @-@ Jones won the award against Ashes to Ashes ' Philip Glenister , Midnight Man and Murphy 's Law 's James Nesbitt , The Wire ' Dominic West , and Criminal Justice ' Ben Whishaw . In the same ceremony , co @-@ star Hermione Norris won " Best Actress " .
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= Corinthian War =
The Corinthian War was an ancient Greek conflict lasting from 395 BC until 387 BC , pitting Sparta against a coalition of four allied states , Thebes , Athens , Corinth , and Argos , who were initially backed by Persia . The immediate cause of the war was a local conflict in northwest Greece in which both Thebes and Sparta intervened . The deeper cause was hostility towards Sparta provoked by that city 's " expansionism in Asia Minor , central and northern Greece and even the west " .
The war was fought on two fronts , on land near Corinth ( hence the name ) and Thebes and at sea in the Aegean . On land , the Spartans achieved several early successes in major battles , but were unable to capitalize on their advantage , and the fighting soon became stalemated . At sea , the Spartan fleet was decisively defeated by a Persian fleet early in the war , an event that effectively ended Sparta 's attempts to become a naval power . Taking advantage of this fact , Athens launched several naval campaigns in the later years of the war , recapturing a number of islands that had been part of the original Athenian Empire during the 5th century BC .
Alarmed by these Athenian successes , the Persians stopped backing the allies and began supporting Sparta . This defection forced the allies to seek peace . The Peace of Antalcidas , commonly known as the King 's Peace , was signed in 387 BC , ending the war . This treaty declared that Persia would control all of Ionia , and that all other Greek cities would be independent . Sparta was to be the guardian of the peace , with the power to enforce its clauses . The effects of the war , therefore , were to establish Persia 's ability to interfere successfully in Greek politics and to affirm Sparta 's hegemonic position in the Greek political system .
= = Events leading to the war = =
In the Peloponnesian War , which had ended in 404 BC , Sparta had enjoyed the support of nearly every mainland Greek state and the Persian Empire , and in the months and years following that war , a number of the island states of the Aegean had come under its control . This solid base of support , however , was fragmented in the years following the war . Despite the collaborative nature of the victory , Sparta alone received the plunder taken from the defeated states and the tribute payments from the former Athenian Empire . Sparta 's allies were further alienated when , in 402 BC , Sparta attacked and subdued Elis , a member of the Peloponnesian League that had angered the Spartans during the course of the Peloponnesian War . Corinth and Thebes refused to send troops to assist Sparta in its campaign against Elis .
Thebes , Corinth and Athens also refused to participate in a Spartan expedition to Ionia in 398 BC , with the Thebans going so far as to disrupt a sacrifice that the Spartan king Agesilaus attempted to perform in their territory before his departure . Despite the absence of these states , Agesilaus campaigned effectively against the Persians in Lydia , advancing as far inland as Sardis . The satrap Tissaphernes was executed for his failure to contain Agesilaus , and his replacement , Tithraustes , bribed the Spartans to move north , into the satrapy of Pharnabazus . Agesilaus did so , but simultaneously began preparing a sizable navy .
Unable to defeat Agesilaus ' army , Pharnabazus decided to force Agesilaus to withdraw by stirring up trouble on the Greek mainland . He dispatched Timocrates of Rhodes , an Asiatic Greek , to distribute ten thousand gold darics in the major cities of the mainland and incite them to act against Sparta . Timocrates visited Athens , Thebes , Corinth , and Argos , and succeeded in persuading powerful factions in each of those states to pursue an anti @-@ Spartan policy . The Thebans , who had previously demonstrated their antipathy towards Sparta , undertook to bring about a war .
= = Early events ( 395 BC ) = =
= = = Initial fighting = = =
Xenophon claims that , unwilling to challenge Sparta directly , the Thebans instead chose to precipitate a war by encouraging their allies , the Locrians , to collect taxes from territory claimed by both Locris and Phocis . In response , the Phocians invaded Locris , and ransacked Locrian territory . The Locrians appealed to Thebes for assistance , and the Thebans invaded Phocian territory ; the Phocians , in turn , appealed to their ally , Sparta , and the Spartans , pleased to have a pretext to discipline the Thebans , ordered general mobilization . A Theban embassy was dispatched to Athens to request support ; the Athenians voted to assist Thebes , and a perpetual alliance was concluded between Athens and the Boeotian confederacy .
The Spartan plan called for two armies , one under Lysander and the other under Pausanias , to rendezvous at and attack the Boeotian city of Haliartus . Lysander , arriving before Pausanias , successfully persuaded the city of Orchomenus to revolt from the Boeotian confederacy , and advanced to Haliartus with his troops and a force of Orchomenians . There , he was killed in the Battle of Haliartus after bringing his force too near the walls of the city ; the battle ended inconclusively , with the Spartans suffering early losses but then defeating a group of Thebans who pursued the Spartans onto rough terrain where they were at a disadvantage . Pausanias , arriving a day later , took back the bodies of the Spartan dead under a truce , and returned to Sparta . There , he was put on trial for his life for failing to arrive and support Lysander at the designated time . He fled to Tegea before he could be convicted .
= = = Alliance against Sparta expands = = =
In the wake of these events , both the Spartans and their opponents prepared for more serious fighting to come . In late 395 BC , Corinth and Argos entered the war as co @-@ belligerents with Athens and Thebes . A council was formed at Corinth to manage the affairs of this alliance . The allies then sent emissaries to a number of smaller states and received the support of many of them .
Alarmed by these developments , the Spartans prepared to send out an army against this new alliance , and sent a messenger to Agesilaus ordering him to return to Greece . The orders were a disappointment to Agesilaus , who had looked forward to further successful campaigning . It is said he wryly observed , but for ten thousand Persian " archers " , he would have vanquished all Asia . Thus , he turned back with his troops , crossing the Hellespont and marched west through Thrace .
= = War on land and sea ( 394 BC ) = =
= = = Nemea = = =
After a brief engagement between Thebes and Phocis , in which Thebes was victorious , the allies gathered a large army at Corinth . A sizable force was sent out from Sparta to challenge this force . The forces met at the dry bed of the Nemea River , in Corinthian territory , where the Spartans won a decisive victory . As often happened in hoplite battles , the right flank of each army was victorious , with the Spartans defeating the Athenians while the Thebans , Argives , and Corinthians defeated the various Peloponnesians opposite them ; the Spartans then attacked and killed a number of Argives , Corinthians , and Thebans as these troops returned from pursuing the defeated Peloponnesians . The coalition army lost 2 @,@ 800 men , while the Spartans and their allies lost only 1 @,@ 100 .
= = = Cnidus = = =
The next major action of the war took place at sea , where both the Persians and the Spartans had assembled large fleets during Agesilaus 's campaign in Asia . By levying ships from the Aegean states under his control , Agesilaus had raised a force of 120 triremes , which he placed under the command of his brother @-@ in @-@ law Peisander , who had never held a command of this nature before . The Persians , meanwhile , had already assembled a joint Phoenician , Cilician , and Cypriot fleet , under the command of the experienced Athenian admiral Conon , which had seized Rhodes in 396 BC . These two fleets met off the point of Cnidus in 394 BC . The Spartans fought determinedly , particularly in the vicinity of Peisander 's ship , but were eventually overwhelmed ; large numbers of ships were sunk or captured , and the Spartan fleet was essentially wiped from the sea . Following this victory , Conon and Pharnabazus sailed along the coast of Ionia , expelling Spartan governors and garrisons from the cities , although they failed to reduce the Spartan bases at Abydos and Sestos under the command of Dercylidas .
= = = Coronea = = =
By this time , Agesilaus 's army , after brushing off attacks from the Thessalians during its march through that country , had arrived in Boeotia , where it was met by an army gathered from the various states of the anti @-@ Spartan alliance . Agesilaus 's force from Asia , composed largely of emancipated helots and mercenary veterans of the Ten Thousand , was augmented by half a Spartan regiment from Orchomenus , and another half a regiment that had been transported across the Gulf of Corinth . These armies met each other at Coronea , in Theban territory ; as at Nemea , both right wings were victorious , with the Thebans breaking through while the rest of the allies were defeated . Seeing that the rest of their force had been defeated , the Thebans formed up to break back through to their camp . Agesilaus met their force head on , and in the struggle that followed a number of Thebans were killed before the remainder were able to force their way through and rejoin their allies . After this victory , Agesilaus sailed with his army across the Gulf of Corinth and returned to Sparta .
= = Later events ( 393 – 388 BC ) = =
The events of 394 BC left the Spartans with the upper hand on land , but weak at sea . The coalition states had been unable to defeat the Spartan phalanx in the field , but had kept their alliance strong and prevented the Spartans from moving at will through central Greece . The Spartans would continue to attempt , over the next several years , to knock either Corinth or Argos out of the war ; the anti @-@ Spartan allies , meanwhile , sought to preserve their united front against Sparta , while Athens and Thebes took advantage of Sparta 's preoccupation to enhance their own power in areas they had traditionally dominated .
= = = Persian assistance , rebuilding at Athens , civil strife at Corinth = = =
In 393 BC , Conon and Pharnabazus sailed to mainland Greece , where they raided the coast of Laconia and seized the island of Cythera , where they left a garrison and an Athenian governor . They then sailed to Corinth , where they distributed money and urged the members of the council to show the Persian king that they were trustworthy . Pharnabazus then dispatched Conon with substantial funds and a large part of the fleet to Attica , where he joined in the rebuilding of the long walls from Athens to Piraeus , a project that had been initiated by Thrasybulus in 394 BC . With the assistance of the rowers of the fleet , and the workers paid for by the Persian money , the construction was soon completed . Athens quickly took advantage of its possession of walls and a fleet to seize the islands of Scyros , Imbros , and Lemnos , on which it established cleruchies ( citizen colonies ) .
At about this time , civil strife broke out in Corinth between the democratic party and the oligarchic party . The democrats , supported by the Argives , launched an attack on their opponents , and the oligarchs were driven from the city . These exiles went to the Spartans , based at this time at Sicyon , for support , while the Athenians and Boeotians came up to support the democrats . In a night attack , the Spartans and exiles succeeded in seizing Lechaeum , Corinth 's port on the Gulf of Corinth , and defeated the army that came out to challenge them the next day . The anti @-@ Spartan allies then attempted to invest Lechaeum , but the Spartans launched an attack and drove them off .
= = = Peace conferences break down = = =
In 392 BC , the Spartans dispatched an ambassador , Antalcidas , to the satrap Tiribazus , hoping to turn the Persians against the allies by informing them of Conon 's use of the Persian fleet to begin rebuilding the Athenian empire . The Athenians learned of this , and sent Conon and several others to present their case to the Persians ; they also notified their allies , and Argos , Corinth , and Thebes dispatched embassies to Tiribazus . At the conference that resulted , the Spartans proposed a peace based on the independence of all states ; this was rejected by the allies , as Athens wished to hold the gains it had made in the Aegean , Thebes wished to keep its control over the Boeotian league , and Argos already had designs on assimilating Corinth into its state . The conference thus failed , but Tiribazus , alarmed by Conon 's actions , arrested him , and secretly provided the Spartans with money to equip a fleet . Although Conon quickly escaped , he died soon afterward . A second peace conference was held at Sparta in the same year , but the proposals made there were again rejected by the allies , both because of the implications of the autonomy principle and because the Athenians were outraged that the terms proposed would have involved abandoning the Ionian Greeks to Persia .
In the wake of the unsuccessful conference in Persia , Tiribazus returned to Susa to report on events , and a new general , Struthas , was sent out to take command . Struthas pursued an anti @-@ Spartan policy , prompting the Spartans to order their commander in the region , Thibron , to attack him . Thibron successfully ravaged Persian territory for a time , but was killed along with a number of his men when Struthas ambushed one of his poorly organized raiding parties . Thibron was later replaced by Diphridas , who raided more successfully , securing a number of small successes and even capturing Struthas 's son @-@ in @-@ law , but never achieved any dramatic results .
= = = Lechaeum and the seizure of Corinth = = =
At Corinth , the democratic party continued to hold the city proper , while the exiles and their Spartan supporters held Lechaeum , from where they raided the Corinthian countryside . In 391 BC , Agesilaus campaigned in the area , successfully seizing several fortified points , along with a large amount of prisoners and booty . While Agesilaus was in camp preparing to sell off his spoils , the Athenian general Iphicrates , with a force composed almost entirely of light troops and peltasts ( javelin throwers ) , won a decisive victory against the Spartan regiment that had been stationed at Lechaeum in the Battle of Lechaeum . During the battle , Iphicrates took advantage of the Spartans ' lack of peltasts to repeatedly harass the regiment with hit @-@ and @-@ run attacks , wearing the Spartans down until they broke and ran , at which point a number of them were slaughtered . Agesilaus returned home shortly after these events , but Iphicrates continued to campaign around Corinth , recapturing many of the strong points which the Spartans had previously taken , although he was unable to retake Lechaeum . He also campaigned against Phlius and Arcadia , decisively defeating the Phliasians and plundering the territory of the Arcadians when they refused to engage his troops .
After this victory , an Argive army came to Corinth , and , seizing the acropolis , effected the merger of Argos and Corinth . The border stones between Argos and Corinth were torn down , and the citizen bodies of the two cities were merged .
= = = Later land campaigns = = =
After Iphicrates 's victories near Corinth , no more major land campaigns were conducted in that region . Campaigning continued in the Peloponnese and the northwest . Agesilaus had campaigned successfully in Argive territory in 391 BC , and he launched two more major expeditions before the end of the war . In the first of these , in 389 BC , a Spartan expeditionary force crossed the Gulf of Corinth to attack Acarnania , an ally of the anti @-@ Spartan coalition . After initial difficulties in coming to grips with the Acarnanians , who kept to the mountains and avoided engaging him directly , Agesilaus was eventually able to draw them into a pitched battle , in which the Acarnanians were routed and lost a number of men . He then sailed home across the Gulf . The next year , the Acarnanians made peace with the Spartans to avoid further invasions .
In 388 BC , Agesipolis led a Spartan army against Argos . Since no Argive army challenged him , he plundered the countryside for a time , and then , after receiving several unfavorable omens , returned home .
= = = Later campaigns in the Aegean = = =
After their defeat at Cnidus , the Spartans began to rebuild a fleet , and , in fighting with Corinth , had regained control of the Gulf of Corinth by 392 BC . Following the failure of the peace conferences of 392 BC , the Spartans sent a small fleet , under the commander Ecdicus , to the Aegean with orders to assist oligarchs exiled from Rhodes . Ecdicus arrived at Rhodes to find the democrats fully in control , and in possession of more ships than him , and thus waited at Cnidus . The Spartans then dispatched their fleet from the Gulf of Corinth , under Teleutias , to assist . After picking up more ships at Samos , Teleutias took command at Cnidus and commenced operations against Rhodes .
Alarmed by this Spartan naval resurgence , the Athenians sent out a fleet of 40 triremes under Thrasybulus . He , judging that he could accomplish more by campaigning where the Spartan fleet was not than by challenging it directly , sailed to the Hellespont . Once there , he won over several major states to the Athenian side and placed a duty on ships sailing past Byzantium , restoring a source of revenue that the Athenians had relied on in the late Peloponnesian War . He then sailed to Lesbos , where , with the support of the Mytileneans , he defeated the Spartan forces on the island and won over a number of cities . While still on Lesbos , however , Thrasybulus was killed by raiders from the city of Aspendus .
After this , the Spartans sent out a new commander , Anaxibius , to Abydos . For a time , he enjoyed a number of successes against Pharnabazus , and seized a number of Athenian merchant ships . Worried that Thrasybulus 's accomplishments were being undermined , the Athenians sent Iphicrates to the region to confront Anaxibius . For a time , the two forces merely raided each other 's territory , but eventually Iphicrates succeeded in guessing where Anaxibius would bring his troops on a return march from a campaign against Antandrus , and ambushed the Spartan force . When Anaxibius and his men , who were strung out in the line of march , had entered the rough , mountainous terrain in which Iphicrates and his men were waiting , the Athenians emerged and ambushed them , killing Anaxibius and many others .
= = = Aegina and Piraeus = = =
In 389 BC , the Athenians attacked the island of Aegina , off the coast of Attica . The Spartans soon drove off the Athenian fleet , but the Athenians continued their land assault . Under Antalcidas ' command , the Spartan fleet sailed east to Rhodes but it was eventually blockaded at Abydos by the regional Athenian commanders . The Athenians on Aegina , meanwhile , soon found themselves under attack , and withdrew after several months .
Shortly thereafter , the Spartan fleet under Gorgopas ambushed the Athenian fleet near Athens , capturing several ships . The Athenians responded with an ambush of their own ; Chabrias , on his way to Cyprus , landed his troops on Aegina and laid an ambush for the Aeginetans and their Spartan allies , killing a number of them including Gorgopas .
The Spartans then sent Teleutias to Aegina to command the fleet there . Noticing that the Athenians had relaxed their guard after Chabrias 's victory , he launched a raid on Piraeus , seizing numerous merchant ships .
= = Peace of Antalcidas ( 387 BC ) = =
Antalcidas , meanwhile , had entered into negotiations with Tiribazus , and reached an agreement under which the Persians would enter into the war on the Spartan side if the allies refused to make peace . It appears that the Persians , unnerved by certain of Athens ' actions , including supporting king Evagoras of Cyprus and Akoris of Egypt , both of whom were at war with Persia , had decided that their policy of weakening Sparta by supporting its enemies was no longer useful . After escaping from the blockade at Abydos , Antalcidas attacked and defeated a small Athenian force , then united his fleet with a supporting fleet sent from Syracuse . With this force , which was soon further augmented with ships supplied by the satraps of the region , he sailed to the Hellespont , where he could cut off the trade routes that brought grain to Athens . The Athenians , mindful of their similar defeat in the Peloponnesian War less than two decades before , were ready to make peace .
In this climate , when Tiribazus called a peace conference in late 387 BC , the major parties of the war were ready to discuss terms . The basic outline of the treaty was laid out by a decree from the Persian king Artaxerxes :
King Artaxerxes thinks it just that the cities in Asia should belong to him , as well as Clazomenae and Cyprus among the islands , and that the other Greek cities , both small and great , should be left independent , except Lemnos , Imbros , and Scyros ; and these should belong , as of old , to the Athenians . But whichever of the two parties does not accept this peace , upon them I will make war , in company with those who desire this arrangement , both by land and by sea , with ships and with money .
In a general peace conference at Sparta , the Spartans , with their authority enhanced by the threat of Persian intervention , secured the acquiescence of all the major states of Greece to these terms . The agreement eventually produced was commonly known as the King 's Peace , reflecting the Persian influence the treaty showed . This treaty marked the first attempt at a Common Peace in Greek history ; under the treaty , all cities were to be independent , a clause that would be enforced by the Spartans as guardians of the peace . Under threat of Spartan intervention , Thebes disbanded its league , and Argos and Corinth ended their experiment in shared government ; Corinth , deprived of its strong ally , was incorporated back into Sparta 's Peloponnesian League . After 8 years of fighting , the Corinthian war was at an end .
= = Aftermath = =
In the years following the signing of the peace , the two states responsible for its structure , Persia and Sparta , took full advantage of the gains they had made . Persia , freed of both Athenian and Spartan interference in its Asian provinces , consolidated its hold over the eastern Aegean and captured both Egypt and Cyprus by 380 BC . Sparta , meanwhile , in its newly formalized position atop the Greek political system , took advantage of the autonomy clause of the peace to break up any coalition that it perceived as a threat . Disloyal allies were sharply punished — Mantinea , for instance , was broken up into five component villages . With Agesilaus at the head of the state , advocating for an aggressive policy , the Spartans campaigned from the Peloponnese to the distant Chalcidic peninsula . Their dominance over mainland Greece would last another sixteen years before being shattered at Leuctra .
The war also marked the beginning of Athens ' resurgence as a power in the Greek world . With their walls and their fleet restored , the Athenians were in position to turn their eyes overseas . By the middle of the 4th century , they had assembled an organization of Aegean states commonly known as the Second Athenian Empire , regaining at least parts of what they had lost with their defeat in 404 BC .
The freedom of the Ionian Greeks had been a rallying cry since the beginning of the 5th century , but after the Corinthian War , the mainland states made no further attempts to interfere with Persia 's control of the region . After over a century of disruption and struggle , Persia at last ruled Ionia without disruption or intervention for over 50 years , until the time of Alexander the Great .
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= Stand Up for Love =
" Stand Up for Love " is a song recorded by American girl group Destiny 's Child for their first greatest hits album , # 1 's ( 2005 ) . Columbia Records released it as the album 's first single on September 27 , 2005 . The song was written by Amy Foster @-@ Gillies and David Foster with the latter also serving as the producer along with Humberto Gatica . Musically , " Stand Up for Love " is a slow @-@ tempo adult contemporary ballad inspired by poverty @-@ stricken children and families . It was termed the 2005 World Children 's Day Anthem and used in conjunction with McDonald 's ' Ronald McDonald House Charities in order to raise awareness of that day .
Upon its release , " Stand Up for Love " received negative reviews from music critics who criticized its composition and inclusion on the compilation album . The song became Destiny 's Child 's first single to fail to chart in the United States or any other music chart . A music video was directed by Matthew Rolston featuring the band members singing the song , both individually and together . " Stand Up for Love " was performed live by Destiny 's Child in November 2005 at the Jimmy Kimmel Live ! show and on World Children 's Day at Ronald McDonald House in Los Angeles . Several South Korean groups and singers covered the song .
= = Background and release = =
Canadian musician David Foster was inspired to write " Stand Up for Love " for poverty @-@ stricken children and families which receive funds from charitable organization . Destiny 's Child group member Beyoncé acknowledged that they wanted to record the song for the people who help impoverished families . She furthered saying , " The kids we 've met have no idea how much they 've given us . We wanted to record this song for them , in hopes that people would hear their voice through ours . " Michelle Williams further said the song was her " favorite " and went on to describe it as " one of the best songs that we 've done collectively " , emphasizing the vocal performance .
The song has been touted as the 2005 World Children 's Day Anthem in conjunction with Ronald McDonald House Charities . It was used to raise awareness of that day ; Destiny 's Child were also global ambassadors for the 2005 program . In August , 2007 , the Society for the Promotion of Community Standards ( SPCS ) requested " Stand Up for Love " to be played in New Zealand radio stations to reflect on child abuse after the Nia Glassie abuse case received widespread media attention . Similarly , organizations Sensible Sentencing Trust , Family First and For the Sake of Our Children Trust , asked for increased airplay of the song during a three @-@ minute silence which was also requested by them .
The song was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio stations in the US on September 27 , 2005 and was released as a 7 @-@ inch single the same day . On October 3 , 2005 it impacted contemporary hit radio in the US . It was released as a 7 @-@ inch single in the United Kingdom on September 27 , 2005 and in Canada it was available for digital download on March 17 , 2006 . " Stand Up for Love " became the group 's last single together before their disbandment , as the second single from the compilation # 1 's , " Check on It " , was a song by Beyoncé featuring Slim Thug .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Stand Up for Love " was composed and arranged by Canadian musician David Foster , who also served as its co @-@ writer along with his daughter Amy Foster @-@ Gillies . Foster produced the song with Humberto Gatica , who also engineered and mixed it . " Stand Up for Love " was recorded at Chartmaker Studios and The Record Plant , and was mixed at the former . Nathan East was responsible for playing the bass , while Vinnie Colaiuta and Paulinho Da Costa handled the drums and percussion , respectively .
" Stand Up for Love " is a ballad with a length of four minutes and forty @-@ six seconds . A writer of Billboard magazine classified the song as adult contemporary . According to the sheet music published by Peer International Corporation on the website Musicnotes.com , " Stand Up for Love " is set in common time with a slow tempo of seventy beats per minute . It is written in the key of A ♭ major , and Destiny 's Child 's vocals range from the low note of E ♭ 3 to the high note of E5 . Michael D. Clark from the Houston Chronicle compared Beyoncé 's vocals with Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston " in an effort to play the weepy heartstrings " . Matthew Jacobs , writing on behalf of The Huffington Post compared the song 's sound to a movie ballad from the 1990s , taken from an empowering animated movie .
= = Reception = =
" Stand Up for Love " received negative reviews by most music critics . James Blake writing for BBC Online , described " Stand Up for Love " as a " sugary ballad " . Pitchfork Media 's writer Jess Harvell criticized the song by writing , " Opener ' Stand Up for Love ' is subtitled the ' 2005 World Children 's Day Anthem ' , which should tell you all you really need to know , i.e. Diane Warren should be banned under the Geneva Conventions " . Fiona Mckinlay criticized the fact that the song was used as an opener for # 1 's and felt it wasn 't " really causing any kind of reaction before they get started properly with Independent Woman Pt.1 " . Houston Chronicle 's Michael D. Clark described the track as " overwrought and overproduced ; at best , it 's a future prom theme " . Matthew Jacobs of The Huffington Post felt it was " great " the song was used for World 's Children day but described it as a " total snoozefest " . A writer for Billboard magazine commented that the song lacked the potential to become a chart @-@ topper . He went on to describe it as a " schmaltzy AC ballad aiming to display the individual talents " of Destiny 's Child 's members , adding that it was " ironic " as the group 's other songs on the disc focused mainly on production . He finished his review by saying that " Stand Up for Love " was a " disappointing nonstarter " .
Jim Kiest from the San Antonio Express @-@ News wrote " hopefully ' Stand Up for Love ' won 't be [ a number @-@ one single ] " . Aidin Vaziri , who positively reviewed the compilation , concluded his essay by writing , " And the less said about the very new stuff , including the single ' Stand Up for Love ( 2005 World Children 's Day Anthem ) , ' the sweeter the memories " . Similarly , Hattie Collins of Yahoo ! Music felt that " Stand Up for Love " was " stuffed full of lazy lyricisms and sloppily sentimentality " further describing it as " utterly vomitous " . She felt that the song was one of the material that " let this otherwise cracking compilation down " . Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani panned the song as " awful and saccharine " and felt that it " show [ s ] that the women of Destiny 's Child are squarely focused on their ( solo ) futures " . In contrast , in 2013 , Lindsey Weber from Vulture put " Stand Up for Love " at number 16 on her list of the top 25 songs by Destiny 's Child . The single failed to chart in the US , becoming the group 's only single to do so .
= = Music video and live performances = =
The music video for " Stand Up for Love " was directed by Matthew Rolston and filmed in September 2005 following Destiny 's Child final concert in Vancouver as part of their tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It ; MTV News described it as a performance video . It features the group members , wearing black dresses , singing their respective solo verses individually and later together during the song 's chorus in front of a screen which displays videos of children and different scenery . During the end , the group is seen wearing white clothes and performing the song in a white setting ; several shots are filmed using a black @-@ and @-@ white technique . It was released to MTV 's official website on October 25 , 2005 . The clip was also included on Destiny 's Child video album Destiny 's Child Video Anthology ( 2013 ) . At the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards Japan , the fifth annual show of the ceremony , " Stand Up for Love " received a nomination in the category for Best R & B Video but lost to Ai 's " Story " . The same year , the visual was nominated in the category for Outstanding Music Video at the 37th NAACP Image Awards , but lost to Alicia Keys ' " Unbreakable " ( 2005 ) .
Destiny 's Child performed " Stand Up for Love " for the first time on November 15 , 2005 along with " Survivor " on the show Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . It marked their last televised performance together as a group before their disbandment . On the same day , the single was sung by them at Ronald McDonald House Charities in Los Angeles for World Children 's Day .
= = Cover versions = =
On June 3 , 2011 , South Korean band Rania , performed " Stand Up for Love " at MBC 's radio programme Shimshimtapa . In April 2013 , singer Aram , a member of the South Korean group Global Icon , uploaded a cover of " Stand Up for Love " . A writer from Allkpop described it as " beautiful " and praised her for " hit [ ting ] every note with perfect control " . At the 2014 Miss Thailand World , contestant Maeya performed " Stand Up for Love " . Bangkok Post 's writer Pim Ungphakorn described it as a " beautiful rendition " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the album # 1 's .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Release history = =
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= Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin , BWV 125 =
Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin ( With peace and joy I depart ) , BWV 125 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed the chorale cantata in Leipzig in 1725 for the Feast of the purification of Mary and first performed it on 2 February 1725 . The text is based on the hymn " Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin " in four stanzas by Martin Luther , published in 1524 . The gospel for the feast day , the presentation of Jesus at the Temple , includes Simeon 's canticle Nunc dimittis , which Luther paraphrased in his hymn .
An unknown librettist retained the first and the last of Luther 's four stanzas . He paraphrased the second stanza in an aria , then juxtaposed it , quoting it completely , by recitative , and derived two more movements from the third stanza . Bach structured the cantata in six movements , framing four movements for soloists by a chorale fantasia and a closing chorale . He scored it for three vocal soloists , a four @-@ part choir , and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of a horn to support the chorale tune , flauto traverso , oboe , oboe d 'amore , strings and basso continuo . The opening chorus , a chorale fantasia on the hymn tune in Phrygian mode has been compared to the opening movement of Bach 's St Matthew Passion : " death , sleep , a journey of departure , peace and consolation are some of the intertwined themes and images . "
= = History and words = =
Bach wrote the chorale cantata in his second year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig for the Feast of Purification , as part of his second annual cantata cycle , planned to consist of chorale cantatas . The prescribed readings for the feast day , which is always celebrated on 2 February , were from the book of Malachi , " the Lord will come to his temple " ( Malachi 3 : 1 – 4 ) , and from the Gospel of Luke , the purification of Mary and the presentation of Jesus at the Temple , including Simeon 's canticle Nunc dimittis ( Luke 2 : 22 – 32 ) .
Luther 's hymn in four stanzas is a paraphrase of this canticle , " With peace and joy I depart in God 's will " . Luther phrased each verse of the canticle in one stanza . An unknown librettist kept the first and the last stanza and paraphrased the inner stanzas in four movements . Movement 2 takes Luther 's second stanza as a starting point and relates Simeon 's view as an example on how to look at death . Movement 3 comments the complete text of Luther 's second stanza in recitative . The allusion to " light for the heathen " from the Gospel and the hymn is seen related to " He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved " ( Mark 16 : 16 ) . Movements 4 and 5 are derived from the third stanza , 4 relates to Paul 's teaching about God 's grace , " Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood , to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past , through the forbearance of God " ( Romans 3 : 25 ) , thus declaring the Lutheran teaching of justification " by grace alone through faith alone because of Christ alone " even more clearly than Luther 's song .
Bach led the first performance of the cantata on 2 February 1725 . He performed it at least one more time after 1735 .
= = Structure and scoring = =
Bach structured the cantata in six movements , framing by a chorale fantasia and a closing chorale a sequence of alternating arias and recitatives , in movement 3 using a chorale stanza in contrast to the recitative . He scored it for three vocal soloists ( alto ( A ) , tenor ( T ) and bass ( B ) ) , a four @-@ part choir , and a Baroque instrumental ensemble horn to support the chorale tune sung by the soprano in the outer movements , flauto traverso ( Ft ) , oboe ( Ob ) , oboe d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , and basso continuo ( Bc ) . The title page of the original parts reads : " Festo Purificat : Mari [ ae ] / Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin etc . / â / 4 Voc : / Travers : / Hautbois d ' Amour / 2 Violini / Viola / con / Continuo / di / Sign : / JS . Bach " .
In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings , while the continuo , playing throughout , is not shown .
= = Music = =
= = = 1 = = =
The opening chorus , " Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin in Gottes Willen " ( With peace and joy I depart in God 's will ) , begins with a concertante ritornello , in which the flute and the oboe play opposed to the strings . A motif in triplets rises a fifth , related to the first interval of the chorale tune . The soprano sings the cantus firmus in Phrygian mode in long notes . The lower voices participate in the instrumental motifs for lines 1 , 2 , 3 and 5 , but lines 4 and 6 are treated differently . In accordance to the text , " sanft und stille " ( calm and quiet ) and " der Tod ist mein Schlaf worden " ( death has become my sleep ) , they are performed softly ( piano ) , in homophony , chromatic , and modulating to distant keys . The musicologist Julian Mincham relates the opening movement to that of Bach 's later St Matthew Passion . It is similar in its motifs in triplets , density of counterpoint , and is in the same key of E minor , shared by the Crucifixus of his Mass in B minor which he derived from the 1714 Weinen , Klagen , Sorgen , Zagen , BWV 12 ( Weeping , lamenting , worrying , fearing ) . Mincham concludes : " death , sleep , a journey of departure , peace and consolation are some of the intertwined themes and images . Bach is always at his most creative and imaginative when dealing with such complexities " .
= = = 2 = = =
The alto aria , " Ich will auch mit gebrochnen Augen " ( Even with broken eyes , ) , is richly ornamented and accompanied by the flute and oboe d 'amore , on a calm foundation of repeated notes in the continuo , marked " legato " . The phrase " gebrochene Augen " ( broken eyes ) is pictured by a broken vocal line , flute and oboe d 'amore play dotted rhythm to the " almost trembling declamation " of the voice .
= = = 3 = = =
In the bass recitative " Das macht Christus , wahr ’ Gottes Sohn " ( Christ , God ’ s true son , does this ) with chorale , " Herr , du siehst statt guter Werke " ( Lord , you see , instead of good works ) , the chorale tune is unadorned but for the last line , " im Tod und auch im Sterben " ( in death and also in dying ) , where the music is extended by two measures and coloured in chromatic and rich ornamentation . The elements recitative and chorale are distinguished , the free text rendered as recitative , the chorale as arioso , but unified by a motif in the strings , called " Freudenmotiv " by Alfred Dürr , which " always indicates an underlying mood of happiness " .
= = = 4 = = =
The duet of tenor and bass , " Ein unbegreiflich Licht erfüllt den ganzen Kreis der Erden " ( An unfathomable light fills the entire orb of the earth ) , is focused on the light mentioned by Simeon , expressed in a joyful mood . . The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann notes : " The playful character is shown by the extended , circling coloratura on the word " Kreis " ( " circle " or " orb " ) , and the baroque sound effect of statement and response unfolds to the words " Es schallet kräftig fort und fort " ( Powerfully there rings out time after time . ) "
= = = 5 = = =
The alto expresses in recitative " O unerschöpfter Schatz der Güte " ( O uncreated hoard of goodness ) . Mincham notes that an " unexpected chord " illuminates the phrase " ein Stuhl der Gnaden " ( a throne of clemency ) .
= = = 6 = = =
The closing chorale , " Er ist das Heil und selig Licht " ( He is the salvation and the blessed light ) , is a four @-@ part setting of the hymn tune . The horn , the flute ( an octave higher ) , the oboe and the first violin all reinforce the soprano part , the second violin the alto , and the viola the tenor .
= = Selected recordings = =
The selection is taken from the listing on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are roughly marked as large by red background ; instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green under the header Instr ..
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= Carménère =
The Carménère grape is a wine grape variety originally planted in the Médoc region of Bordeaux , France , where it was used to produce deep red wines and occasionally used for blending purposes in the same manner as Petit Verdot .
A member of the Cabernet family of grapes , the name " Carménère " originates from the French word for crimson ( carmin ) which refers to the brilliant crimson colour of the autumn foliage prior to leaf @-@ fall . The grape is also known as Grande Vidure , a historic Bordeaux synonym , although current European Union regulations prohibit Chilean imports under this name into the European Union . Along with Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Franc , Merlot , Malbec and Petit Verdot , Carménère is considered part of the original six red grapes of Bordeaux , France .
Now rarely found in France , the world 's largest area planted with this variety is in Chile in South America , with more than 8 @,@ 800 hectares ( 2009 ) cultivated in the Central Valley . As such , Chile produces the vast majority of Carménère wines available today and as the Chilean wine industry grows , more experimentation is being carried out on Carménère 's potential as a blending grape , especially with Cabernet Sauvignon .
Carménère is also grown in Italy 's Eastern Veneto and Friuli @-@ Venezia Giulia regions and in smaller quantities in California , USA and Walla Walla region of Washington United States .
= = History = =
One of the most ancient European varieties , Carménère is thought to be the antecedent of other better @-@ known varieties ; some consider the grape to be " a long @-@ established clone of Cabernet Sauvignon . " It is possible that the variety name is an alias for what is actually the Vidure , a local Bordeaux name for a Cabernet Sauvignon clone once thought to be the grape from which all red Bordeaux varieties originated .
There have also been suggestions that Carménère may be Biturica , a vine praised in ancient Rome and also the name by which the city of Bordeaux was known during that era . This ancient variety originated in Iberia ( modern @-@ day Spain and Portugal ) , according to Pliny the Elder ; indeed , it is currently a popular blending variety with Sangiovese in Tuscany called " Predicato di Biturica "
The Carménère grape has known origins in the Médoc region of Bordeaux , France and was also widely planted in the Graves until the vines were struck with oidium . It is almost impossible to find Carménère wines in France today , as a Phylloxera plague in 1867 nearly destroyed all the vineyards of Europe , afflicting the Carménère grapevines in particular such that for many years the grape was presumed extinct . When the vineyards were replanted , growers could not replant Carménère as it was extremely hard to find and more difficult to grow than other grape varieties common to Bordeaux . The region 's damp , chilly spring weather gave rise to coulure , " a condition endemic to certain vines in climates which have marginal , sometimes cool , wet springs " , which prevented the vine 's buds from flowering . Yields were lower than other varieties and the crops were rarely healthy ; consequently wine growers chose more versatile and less coulure @-@ susceptible grapes when replanting the vines and Carménère planting was progressively abandoned .
= = = Rediscovery = = =
= = = = Chile = = = =
Far from being extinct , in recent years the Carménère grape has been discovered to be thriving in several areas outside France . In Chile , growers almost inadvertently preserved the grape variety during the last 150 years , due largely to its similarity to Merlot .
Cuttings of Carménère were imported by Chilean growers from Bordeaux during the 19th century , where they were frequently confused with Merlot vines . They modeled their wineries after those in France and in the 1850s cuttings from Bordeaux , which included Carménère grape , were planted in the valleys around Santiago . Thanks to central Chile 's minimal rainfall during the growing season and the protection of the country 's natural boundaries , growers produced healthier crops of Carménère and there was no spread of phylloxera . During most of the 20th century Carménère was inadvertently collected and processed together with Merlot grapes ( probably reaching up to 50 % of the total volume ) giving Chilean Merlot markedly different properties to those of Merlot produced elsewhere . Chilean growers believed that this grape was a clone of Merlot and was known as Merlot selection or Merlot Peumal ( after the Peumo Valley in Chile ) . In 1994 , a researcher at Montpellier 's school of Oenology found that " an earlier @-@ ripening vine was Bordeaux Carménère , not Merlot " . The Chilean Department of Agriculture officially recognized Carménère as a distinct variety in 1998 . Today , Carménère grows chiefly in the Colchagua Valley , Rapel Valley , and Maipo Province .
= = = = Italy = = = =
A similar situation occurred in Italy when , in 1990 , the Ca ' del Bosco Winery acquired what they thought was Cabernet Franc vines from a French nursery . The growers noticed that the grapes were different from the traditional Cabernet Franc both in color and taste . They also noticed that the vines ripened earlier than Cabernet Franc would have . Other Italian wine regions also started to doubt the origin of these vines and it was finally established to be Carménère . Although , in Italy , the variety is grown mainly in the northeast part of the country from Brescia to Friuli , it has only recently been entered into Italy 's national catalog of vine varieties and thus " no district has yet requested the authorization to use it " . Therefore , the wine " cannot be cultivated with its original name or specific vintage and the name cannot be used to identify the wine on the label with an IGT , DOC or a DOCG status assignment . " Ca ' del Bosco Winery names the wine it produces Carmenero . In 2007 the grape was authorised to be used in Italian DOC wines from Veneto ( Arcole , Bagnoli di Sopra , Cori Benedettine del Padovano , Garda , Merlara , Monti Lessini , Riviera del Brento and Vicenza ) , Friuli @-@ Venezia Giulia ( Collio , or Collio Goriziano ) and Sardinia ( Alghero ) . Since a ministerial decree of 2009 , producers of Piave DOC wines in 50 communes of the Province of Treviso , and 12 in the Province of Venice have been permitted where appropriate to specify the variety Carmenère on the wine label .
= = = = Other regions = = = =
In modern @-@ day France only a few hundred acres of Carménère officially exist , although there are rumors of renewed interest among growers in Bordeaux .
Carménère has also been established in Eastern Washington 's Walla Walla Valley and in California , United States . In the 1980s , Karen Mulander @-@ Magoon , the co @-@ proprietor of Guenoc and Langtry Estates Winery , in California 's Lake County , brought the grape to the vineyard . This was a joint effort with Louis Pierre Pradier , " a French research scientist and viticulturalist whose work involved preserving Carménère from extinction in France . " Once the vines were quarantined and checked for diseases they were legalized for admission into California in the 1990s , where they were cloned and planted .
In Australia , three cuttings of Carménère were imported from Chile by renowned viticultural expert Dr Richard Smart in the late 1990s . After two years in quarantine , only one cutting survived the heat treatment to eliminate viruses and was micro @-@ propagated ( segments of individual buds grown on nutrient gel ) and field grown by Narromine Vine Nursery . The first vines from the nursery were planted in 2002 by Amietta Vineyard and Winery in the Moorabool Valley ( Geelong , Victoria ) who use Carménère in their Angels ' Share blend .
Carménère has also been established in small amounts in New Zealand . DNA testing confirmed in 2006 that plantings of Cabernet Franc in the Matakana region were in fact Carménère .
= = Viticulture = =
Carménère favors a long growing season in moderate to warm climates . During harvest time and the winter period the vine fares poorly if it is introduced to high levels of rain or irrigation water . This is particularly true in poor @-@ soil plantings where the vine would need more water . Over @-@ watering during this period accentuates the herbaceous and green pepper characteristics of the grape . The grape naturally develops high levels of sugar before the tannins achieve ripeness . If grown in too hot a climate the resulting wine will have a high alcohol level and low balance . Carménère buds and flowers three to seven days later than Merlot and the yield is lower than that of the latter grape . The Carménère leaves turn to crimson before dropping .
Carménère is produced in wineries either as a single @-@ variety wine ( sometimes called a varietal wine ) , or as a blend usually with Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet franc and / or Merlot .
= = Distinction from Merlot = =
Genetic research has shown that Carménère may be distantly related to Merlot and the similarities in appearance have linked the two vines for centuries . Despite the similarities , there are some noticeable differences that aid the ampelographer in identifying the two vines . When young , Carménère leaves have a reddish hue underneath , while the leaves of Merlot are white . There are also slight differences in leaf shape with the central lobe of Merlot leaves being longer . Merlot ripens two to three weeks earlier than Carménère . In cases where the vineyards are interspersed with both varieties , the time of harvest is paramount in determining the character of the resulting blends . If Merlot grapes are picked when Carménère is fully ripe , they will be overripe and impart a " jammy " character . If the grapes are picked earlier when only the Merlot grapes have reached ripeness , the Carménère will have an aggressive green pepper flavor .
Thus , although different , Merlot and Carménère were often confused but never thought to be identical . Its distinctive differences meant the grape was called a " Merlot selection " or " Merlot Peumal , " which was " a geographic reference to a valley south of Santiago where lots of Carménère was grown " before its true identity was established .
= = Characteristics = =
Carménère wine has a deep red color and aromas found in red fruits , spices and berries . The tannins are gentler and softer than those in Cabernet Sauvignon and it is a medium body wine . Although mostly used as a blending grape , wineries do bottle a pure varietal Carménère which , when produced from grapes at optimal ripeness , imparts a cherry @-@ like , fruity flavor with smoky , spicy and earthy notes and a deep crimson color . Its taste might also be reminiscent of dark chocolate , tobacco , and leather . The wine is best to drink while it is young .
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= The Deposition ( The Office ) =
" The Deposition " is the twelfth episode of the fourth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's sixty @-@ fifth episode overall . Written by consulting producer Lester Lewis and directed by Julian Farino , the episode originally aired in the United States on November 15 , 2007 on NBC . " The Deposition " was the last original episode of the show to air before the show went on hiatus due to the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike .
Jan and Michael travel to New York City for the deposition of Jan 's lawsuit against the company . While Michael originally intends to be a witness against the company , he ends up defending the company . Meanwhile , Kelly talks smack to Pam after Darryl beats Jim in a game of ping pong , prompting Jim to spend the entire day practicing in the conference room .
= = Plot = =
After his girlfriend Jan Levenson ( Melora Hardin ) sues her former employer Dunder Mifflin for wrongful termination , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) finds himself forced by Jan to be a witness against his employer . Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) wants to make sure Michael won 't say anything against Dunder Mifflin because Jan 's his girlfriend . Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) comes along as the HR representative , against Michael 's protests . The deposition goes well for Jan at first , as she claims that she was terminated due to discrimination over her breast augmentation . To counter evidence that she had a romantic relationship with Michael before they disclosed it to corporate , Jan submits Michael 's personal diary , which she brought to the deposition without his knowledge or permission . Michael is further incensed against Jan when he learns that she gave him a scathing performance review after they had begun dating . Michael learns he was never a contender when interviewing for Jan 's former position at the corporate office , with the CFO insisting repeatedly that he is a nice guy , but ultimately unsuited for the position . Michael defends the company anyway , and later states that " you expect to get screwed by your company , but you never expect to get screwed by your girlfriend . " Jan and Michael drive home , clearly angry at each other over the events of the day .
Back at the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of Dunder Mifflin , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) repeatedly loses to warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) at ping pong , prompting Darryl 's girlfriend Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) to gloat to Jim 's girlfriend Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) over her boyfriend 's superior skills . Unable to tolerate Kelly ’ s trash @-@ talk , Pam builds a makeshift ping pong table in the conference room for Jim to practice against other office employees . Throughout the day , Jim practices against his coworkers , eventually discovering Dwight Schrute 's ( Rainn Wilson ) prowess at the game . When Jim and Darryl have a rematch , Jim again loses to Darryl . Fed up with Kelly 's continued taunting , Pam challenges her to a game of ping pong , but the two are pathetically incompetent players . Jim and Darryl quickly bore of watching them and decide to play ping pong in the conference room . The episode concludes with Dwight playing a high @-@ intensity game of ping pong against his cousin Mose Schrute ( Michael Schur ) , with the two at an apparent stalemate .
= = Production = =
" The Deposition " was the first episode of The Office to be written by Lester Lewis . Lewis also works for the show as a consulting producer . The episode was the second of the show to be directed by Julian Farino . Farino also directed the third season episode " Back from Vacation " . " The Deposition " was the last original episode of The Office to air in 2007 due to the effects of the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The Writers Guild of America ( WGA ) went on strike at 12 : 01AM Eastern Standard Time on November 5 , 2007 . Filming of The Office immediately halted on that date , as Steve Carell , who is a member of the WGA , refused to cross WGA picket lines . Members of Writers Guild of America , East and Writers Guild of America , West voted to end the 100 @-@ day strike on February 12 , 2008 . Writers were allowed to return to work on the same day . The WGA allowed for show runners to return to work on February 11 , in preparation for the conclusion of the strike . The show runner for The Office , Executive Producer Greg Daniels , returned on the February 11 , while the show 's writers returned to work on February 13 . The Office finally returned with original episodes on April 10 , 2008 , with the episode " Dinner Party " .
Executive producer and show runner Greg Daniels stated that one of the main purposes of " The Deposition " was to add on to the tension building between Michael and Jan. This tension would finally end its build @-@ up with the splitting of Michael and Jan in the episode " Dinner Party " . The scene where Michael pushes Toby 's lunch tray off the table was not scripted . The crew was doing one last take of the scene and actor Paul Lieberstein suggested that Steve Carell push his food off the table . The ping pong game between Dwight and Mose was made using Computer @-@ generated imagery . Rainn Wilson and Michael Schur mimed the actions of a ping pong game , and during the stages of editing and post @-@ production the ping pong ball was added in as an effect .
= = Cultural references = =
Dwight names Zoran Primorac , Jan @-@ Ove Waldner , Wang Tao , Jorg Rosskopf , Ashraf Helmy , Hugo Hoyama , and Andrzej Grubba as his personal heroes ; all of whom are professional table tennis players .
= = Reception = =
" The Deposition " received a 5 @.@ 1 Nielsen rating and an 8 % Share . The episode was watched by 8 @.@ 86 million viewers and achieved a 4 @.@ 8 / 11 in the key adults 18 to 49 demographic , meaning that 4 @.@ 8 percent of all people 18 to 49 watched the episode , and 11 percent of all people 18 to 49 watching television at the time watched the episode .
Rick Porter of Zap2It.com praised the writing of the episode , as well as the acting of Mindy Kaling and Jenna Fischer . Porter also praised the final scene of the episode , when Jan and Michael drive home after the day . Porter stated " I don 't know whether to laugh or turn away in shame from that final scene , though , as they bicker about what to eat while they 're driving home . It was like watching two friends fight -- fascinating and incredibly uncomfortable at the same time . " Christine Fenno , of Entertainment Weekly , stated " ' The Deposition ' was a simmering slow cooker of corporate intrigue , flavored by Michael Scott 's ridiculousness , with spicy smack talk on the side . " Fenno , like Porter , also praised the acting of Jenna Fischer , saying that she " stole the low @-@ key opening scenes " . Travis Fickett , of IGN , stated that " this happens to be the best episode of the season and one of the best episodes of the series . It 's almost as if the writers planned it this way - to emphasize their importance and remind us how much we 'll miss them when they 're gone . " Fickett went on to praise the acting between Steve Carell ( Michael ) and Paul Lieberstein ( Toby ) . BuddyTV Senior Writer Oscar Dahl stated that the episode was an oddity among the series , saying " The Deposition " was an atypical episode of The Office , one that basically put the character of Michael Scott on trial and humiliated him over and over again . "
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= Dwight Christmas =
" Dwight Christmas " is the ninth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office . The episode was written by Robert Padnick and directed by Charles McDougall . It originally aired on NBC on December 6 , 2012 . The episode guest stars Robert R. Shafer as Bob Vance and Mark Proksch as Nate .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) gets everyone to celebrate with a traditional Schrute Pennsylvania Dutch Christmas . Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) fears that Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) has forgotten to include him in the new job in Philadelphia . Pete ( Jake Lacy ) teaches Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) about his favorite movie , Die Hard .
" Dwight Christmas " received generally positive reviews from television critics , with many noting that it resembled past Christmas episodes of The Office . The episode was also viewed by 4 @.@ 16 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 1 / 6 percent rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , ranking fourth in its timeslot . The episode , however , ultimately ranked as the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night .
= = Plot = =
The party planning committee drops the ball on the annual Christmas party , and on the behest of Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) gets everyone to celebrate with a traditional Schrute Pennsylvania Dutch Christmas . He dresses up as the traditional winter Christmas gift @-@ bringer figure Belsnickel , cooks German food , and plays a game similar to " Naughty or Nice " . The festivities cause displeasure among all the employees save Jim and Pam , who are amused by Dwight 's antics . Jim , however , announces he is leaving the party early to arrive in Philadelphia for his sports marketing job . In response , Dwight repeatedly hits Jim with his switch . When Meredith Palmer requests that Dwight use the switch on her buttocks , he ends the festivities in disgust , and a " normal " Christmas party is started . Although Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) tries to cheer him up , she too is saddened by Jim 's absence . Jim returns later , having found that there is a 5 a.m. bus the next morning , and both Dwight and Pam are delighted by his return . During the party , Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) fears that Jim has forgotten to include him in the new job in Philadelphia , and gets extremely drunk . When he goes to confront Jim , Jim — not knowing that Darryl was upset — excitedly tells him that he has arranged an interview for him . Darryl , appeased , turns around but passes out and crashes down on the catering table .
Meanwhile , Pete Miller ( Jake Lacy ) teaches Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) about his favorite movie , Die Hard , and attempts to recite all the dialogue from memory while an impressed Erin checks his accuracy using an online transcript . Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) , who is still away in the Caribbean after sailing his family 's boat , emails Erin and says that he is going to stay for a few weeks . Hurt , Erin decides to watch Die Hard with Pete rather than just hear him quote it . While watching the movie , Erin begins to cry and Pete tries to comfort her by placing his arm around her . In the meantime , Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) tells Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) about the Scranton Strangler case he was on . After boring her for what is implied to be several hours , she hushes him , before gently kissing him . Toby then whips off his glasses and kisses her back .
= = Production = =
" Dwight Christmas " was written by executive story editor Robert Padnick , marking his fourth writing credit for the series after joining the writing staff in the seventh season . It was directed by Charles McDougall , his first directing credit for the season . McDougal 's first job for the series was directing its first Christmas episode during the show 's second season . The basic plot of the episode , involving Belsnickel , had originally been conceived during the writing for fourth season and was going to air as that year 's Christmas installment . However , the 2007 – 08 Writers Guild of America strike halted production , and the unfinished script was never used . According to executive producer and showrunner Greg Daniels , the writing staff wanted to use the premise for many years , but could never find a right time to implement it , until an opportunity during the show 's last season presented itself . Before the episode aired , Kemper , in an interview with TV Guide said that " I feel like I might be expected to say this because it is the last one , but I truly love this episode so much " and that she " specifically love [ s ] Dwight 's storyline " because " he brings in his family Christmas traditions . I 've always held Dwight as one of my favorite characters and now ' Dwight Christmas ' just takes it to a new level . " Fischer said that filming the last Christmas episode was " emotional " and regretted not being able to have Mindy Kaling , who portrayed Kelly Kapoor on the series , film a karaoke scene . This is the second episode of season nine to not feature Andy or Clark . Ed Helms , who portrayed Andy , left the show temporarily in the season 's sixth episode " The Boat " in order to film The Hangover Part III , whereas Clark Duke , who portrayed Clark , left for a few episodes to film Kick @-@ Ass 2 .
= = Cultural references = =
Dwight , who dresses up as Belsnickel , has one of the warehouse workers , Nate , dress up as Belsnickel 's assistant , Zwarte Piet , before the office vetoes the idea , feeling that it is racist . Dwight presents the camera with a picture of he and his brother celebrating Christmas , and a version of the same photo decorated in the style of the 1999 science fiction film The Matrix . When Jim is trying to convince the office to do Dwight 's idea , he mispronounces one of the German character 's names , calling him " Hufflepuff " , one of the four houses of the magical school Hogwarts from the book series Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling . Creed Bratton ( a fictionalized version of the actual Creed Bratton ) mentions that , for this years party , he wants a " Tapas Swiss Miss " -themed party , which is a combination of Spanish tapas and Swiss Miss hot cocoa . Andy , via email , tells Erin that he saw the 2012 movie Life of Pi , an adaptation of the book of the same name . He also notes that he wants to see the first part of Peter Jackson 's 2012 film The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey . Pete and Kevin make several references to the film Die Hard by quoting lines from the movie , with Erin and Pete eventually watching the movie .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Dwight Christmas " aired on NBC on December 6 , 2012 . In its original American broadcast , the episode was viewed by 4 @.@ 16 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 1 rating / 6 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 1 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The Office ranked fourth in its timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 % rating , an entry of the CBS series Person of Interest which received a 2 @.@ 9 / 8 % , and an installment of the Fox program Glee , which earned a 2 @.@ 2 / 6 % rating . In addition , The Office was the highest @-@ rated NBC television program . The episode ranked number one in its timeslot for men aged 18 – 34 .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode received largely positive reviews from television critics . Andrea Reiher of Zap2it named " Dwight Christmas " the best comedy TV episode of 2012 . She wrote that the episode " was not only funny but had a huge nostalgia factor " , and continued the show 's trend of strong holiday episodes . Reiher also praised the episode 's two subplots , writing that " drunk Darryl and Die Hard " helped produce " a classic episode of The Office that brought back the warm and fuzzy feelings of the early seasons of the show . "
Bonnie Stiernberg of Paste awarded the episode an 8 out of 10 . Although she noted that Erin and Pete 's subplot " could 've easily been ripped from the season two Jim @-@ Pam @-@ Roy storyline " , she concluded that " The Office successfully found a way to make its final Christmas count . " Damon Houx of Screen Crush called the episode " a really good Christmas episode " that " got [ the ] central three characters absolutely right " . Although he wrote that the show was missing several cast members , like Helms and Duke , it was " as good as the post @-@ Carell Office has been " . Cindy White of IGN awarded the episode a 9 out of 10 , denoting an " amazing episode " . She wrote that it " harkens back to forgotten holiday traditions of old , like good Christmas episodes of The Office " . She also concluded that " the nostalgia swirling around Dwight Christmas was particularly noticeable " which she deduced was probably " a conscious effort here on the part of the writers to recapture that old Office magic and make this one to remember , and I think that effort paid off . "
Brett Davinger of the California Literary Review wrote that , while the episode 's plot was " not particularly notable " on the surface , it manages to work " because of Rainn Wilson ’ s commitment to it " . Furthermore , he wrote that the episode concluded the first half of the season in a " respectable and respectful " manner . Dan Forcella of TV Fanatic awarded the episode four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five and called it " a worthy extension of [ The Office Christmas ] tradition " and " definitely one of the best episodes of this final season " . He praised Dwight 's antics as well as Kevin 's humorous lines . Michael Tedder Vulture awarded the episode four stars out of five and wrote that " part of the charm of this episode was that the writers didn 't try to stuff it with too much plot " . One of the very few mixed reviews was written by Caroline Framke of The A.V. Club , who awarded the episode a " B – " and argued that " Dwight Christmas " was trying too hard to replicate the humor of the second season episode " Christmas Party " . She concluded that the episode " ranks as more impish than admirable . "
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= The Year of the Sex Olympics =
The Year of the Sex Olympics is a 1968 television play made by the BBC and first broadcast on BBC2 as part of Theatre 625 . It stars Leonard Rossiter , Tony Vogel , Suzanne Neve and Brian Cox . It was directed by Michael Elliott . The writer was Nigel Kneale , best known as the creator of Quatermass .
Influenced by concerns about overpopulation , the counterculture of the 1960s and the societal effects of television , the play depicts a world of the future where a small elite control the media , keeping the lower classes docile by serving them an endless diet of lowest common denominator programmes and pornography . The play concentrates on an idea the programme controllers have for a new programme which will follow the trials and tribulations of a group of people left to fend for themselves on a remote island . In this respect , the play is often cited as having anticipated the craze for reality television .
Kneale had fourteen years earlier adapted George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four as a classic and controversial BBC broadcast and the play reflects much of Kneale 's assimilation of Orwell 's concern about the power of the media and Kneale 's experience of the evolving media industry .
= = Plot summary = =
In the future , society is divided between ' low @-@ drives ' that equate with the labouring classes and ' hi @-@ drives ' who control the government and media . The low @-@ drives are controlled by a constant broadcast of pornography that the hi @-@ drives are convinced will pacify them , though one hi @-@ drive , Nat Mender ( Tony Vogel ) , believes that the media should be used to educate the low @-@ drives . After the accidental death of a protester during the Sex Olympics gets a massive audience response , the Co @-@ ordinator Ugo Priest ( Leonard Rossiter ) decides to commission a new programme . In The Live Life Show , Nat Mender , his partner Deanie ( Suzanne Neve ) and their daughter Keten ( Lesley Roach ) are stranded on a remote Scottish island while the low @-@ drive audience watches . Mender 's former colleague , Lasar Opie ( Brian Cox ) , realising that “ something got to happen ” , decides to spice up the show by introducing a psychopath , Grels ( George Murcell ) to the island . When Grels goes on a murderous rampage , Ugo Priest is horrified when the audience reacts with laughter to the slaughter and The Live Life Show is deemed a triumph .
= = Background = =
= = = Origins = = =
Nigel Kneale was a Manx television playwright who had come to prominence in the 1950s thanks to his adaptation of Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four and his three Quatermass serials , all of which had been made by the BBC . Kneale had since become disenchanted with the BBC , mainly because he had received no extra money when the BBC sold the film rights to The Quatermass Experiment , and had turned to freelance writing , producing scripts for Associated Television and for Hammer Films . When approached by the BBC for a script for the BBC2 anthology series Theatre 625 , Kneale , still upset over the sale of the film rights to The Quatermass Experiment turned them down . The Director General of the BBC , Sir Hugh Greene intervened and arranged a £ 3 @,@ 000 ex gratia payment to Kneale in recognition of Quatermass ' success . Kneale accepted a commission from Theatre 625 producer Michael Bakewell on Friday , 7 April 1967 for what would become The Year of the Sex Olympics .
Kneale 's concept concerned " the world of the future , and a way of keeping the population happy without being active " . According to Kneale , the notion for the play came from the " worldwide dread of populations exploding out of all control " leading him to devise a world where pornography hooks the population " on a substitute for sex rather than the real thing and so keeping the population down " . Kneale was also influenced by the dropout counterculture of the late 1960s , recalling " I didn 't like the Sixties at all because of the whole thing of ' let it all hang out ' and let 's stop thinking [ ... ] which was the all too frequent theme of the Sixties which I hated " . Dissatisfaction with the youth culture of the time was a preoccupation of Kneale 's : in the mid @-@ sixties he had worked on an unmade script , The Big , Big , Giggle , about a teenage suicide cult and following The Year of the Sex Olympics , returned to the theme of youth out of control in his 1969 play Bam ! Pow ! Zapp ! and in the fourth and final Quatermass serial in 1979 . Many cultural icons of the youth movement including members of The Beatles , Pink Floyd and Monty Python , were fans of Kneale 's work . For The Year of the Sex Olympics Kneale extrapolated the possible consequences of the youth movement 's desire for freedom from " traditional " cultural inhibitions , asking as the academic John R. Cook puts it , " In a world of no limits , will the result quickly be apathy if there is nothing any more to get excited about , nothing precious or illicit to fight for in the teeth of the censor ? " .
Kneale also sought to make " a comment on television and the idea of the passive audience " , depicting a world where the media is controlled by an elite who feed the population with a diet of low quality programmes and echoing the Orwellian concept of language reduction , where vocabulary has been eroded through exposure to advertising slogans , mediaspeak and predominantly visual media . He later recalled , " I thought people in those conditions would have very , very , reduced language — they wouldn 't be really a verbal society any more , and I think we 're heading towards that . Television is mainly responsible for it , the fact that people are now conditioned to image . The pictures they see on television screens more and more dominate their thinking , as far as people do a lot of thinking , and if you had a verbally reduced society , you would get the kind of language — possibly — that you did get in the play " .
= = = Production = = =
Kneale 's script was accepted on 25 October 1967 by Ronald Travers , who had taken over as producer from Michael Bakewell on Theatre 625 . Production began in early 1968 with Michael Elliot as director . Elliot initially asked Leo McKern to take on the key role of Co @-@ ordinator Ugo Priest but with McKern unavailable he turned to Leonard Rossiter . Writing to Rossiter , offering him the part , Elliot described The Year of the Sex Olympics as " the most important play Nigel Kneale has written since Quatermass " . Cast as Lasar Opie was Brian Cox who would go on to have a distinguished career in film and television .
The Year of the Sex Olympics proved to be a difficult production when the ' Clean @-@ Up TV ' campaigner Mary Whitehouse of the National Viewers and Listeners Association obtained a copy of the script and attempted to block the production . Her objections were overruled by Hugh Greene . Location filming — for the outdoor scenes set on the island that appears in The Live Life Show — took place on the Isle of Man between 8 and 10 May 1968 . A mishap occurred during the shoot when Tony Vogel slipped and broke his wrist . Filming continued at Ealing Film Studios between 13 and 15 May covering the elements that would be played into the screens on the set during studio recording such as the Sportsex , Artsex and Foodshow programmes as well as the audience reaction shots . The scene where Kin Hodder falls to his death was also shot at Ealing . Following rehearsals , the production moved to BBC Television Centre between 12 and 14 June . Industrial action by BBC electricians interrupted the production and by the end of the recording session , the final ten minutes of the play remained untaped , leading to a remount on 23 June to complete the outstanding scenes .
BBC2 was the only UK television station broadcasting in colour at the time . The Year of the Sex Olympics presented a production with gaudy sets , costumes and makeup . In a contemporary review of the play for The Sun newspaper , Nancy Banks @-@ Smith commented that , " If you didn 't see it in colour , you didn 't really see it " .
The Year of the Sex Olympics was broadcast at 9 : 08pm on BBC2 on Monday , 29 July 1968 . Appearing on arts programme Late Night Line Up later that night to discuss the play , Kneale said , " You can 't write about the future . One can play with the processes that might occur in the future , but one is really always writing about the present because that is what we know . It 's largely an image of television as I know it " . Sean Day @-@ Lewis , writing in The Daily Telegraph hailed the programme as a " highly original play written with great force and making as many valid points about the dangers of the future as any science fiction I can remember — including 1984 ! " . The Year of the Sex Olympics was watched by 1 @.@ 5 million viewers . Audience Research Report indicated that many viewers found the play impenetrable . It was repeated on BBC1 in 1970 with 15 minutes cut from the running time , as part of The Wednesday Play strand .
As often happened in this era , the colour master tapes of The Year of the Sex Olympics were wiped some time after broadcast and the play was believed lost until the 1980s when a black and white telerecording was discovered . This copy was released on DVD , with an introduction by film and television historian Kim Newman , a commentary by actor Brian Cox and a copy of the original script , by the British Film Institute in 2003 .
= = Cultural significance = =
One of the first to draw comparisons with The Year of the Sex Olympics and the rise of reality television programmes ( soap operas without professional actors ) , such as Big Brother , Castaway 2000 and Survivor , was the journalist Nancy Banks @-@ Smith in a review of the first series of the UK version of Big Brother for The Guardian in 2000 , a theme she later expounded upon in 2003 , writing that the play " foretold the reality show and , in the scramble for greater sensation , its logical outcome " . Banks @-@ Smith had long been an admirer of The Year of the Sex Olympics , having written in The Sun following its original broadcast in 1968 : " Quite apart from the excellent script and the ' big big ' treatment , the play radiated ripples . Is television a substitute for living ? Does the spectacle of pain at a distance atrophy sympathy ? Can this coffin with knobs on furnish all we need to ask ? " . Another admirer , the writer and actor Mark Gatiss , has said that upon seeing Big Brother he yelled at the television , " Don 't they know what they 're doing ? [ ... ] It 's The Year of the Sex Olympics ! Nigel Kneale was right ! " . When The Year of the Sex Olympics was repeated on BBC Four on 22 May 2003 , Paul Hoggart in The Times noted that " in many respects Kneale was right on the money [ ... ] when you consider that nothing gets contemporary reality show audiences more excited than an emotional train @-@ wreck on live TV " .
Although the reality television of The Live Life Show is the aspect most commentators pick up on , The Year of the Sex Olympics is also a wider satire on sensationalist television and the media in general . Mark Gatiss has noted that the Artsex and Foodshow programmes that also appear in the play " ingeniously depicted the future of lowest common denominator TV " . This view is echoed by the writer and critic Kim Newman who has said that " as an extreme exercise in revolutionary self @-@ criticism on the part of television professionals , who also lampoon their own world of chattering commentators and ratings @-@ chasing sensationalism , the play [ ... ] is a trenchant contribution to a series of debates that is still raging " and has concluded that " Nigel Kneale might be quite justified in shouting , " I was right ! I was right ! " " .
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= Sviatoslav I of Kiev =
Sviatoslav I Igorevich ( Old East Slavic : С ~ тославъ / Свѧтославъ Игорєвичь , Sventoslavŭ / Svantoslavŭ Igorevičǐ ; Old Norse : Sveinald Ingvarsson ; Russian : Святослав Игоревич , Sviatoslav Igorevich ; Ukrainian : Святослав Ігорович , Sviatoslav Ihorovych ; Belarusian : Святаслаў Ігаравіч , Sviataslaŭ Iharavich ; Bulgarian : Светослав , Svetoslav , Greek : Σφενδοσθλάβος , Sphendosthlabos ) ( c . 942 – March 972 ) , also spelled Svyatoslav , Grand prince of Kiev . The son of Igor of Kiev and Olga , Sviatoslav is famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south , which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe , Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire . He also conquered numerous East Slavic tribes , defeated the Alans and attacked the Volga Bulgars , and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars .
His decade @-@ long reign over the Kievan Rus ' was marked by rapid expansion into the Volga River valley , the Pontic steppe , and the Balkans . By the end of his short life , Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe , eventually moving his capital in 969 from Kiev ( modern @-@ day Ukraine ) to Pereyaslavets ( identified as the modern village of Nufăru , Romania ) on the Danube . In contrast with his mother 's conversion to Christianity , Sviatoslav remained a staunch pagan all of his life . Due to his abrupt death in ambush , his conquests , for the most part , were not consolidated into a functioning empire , while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his three sons , resulting in two of them being killed .
= = Name = =
Sviatoslav is the first ruler of the Kievan Rus ' recorded in the Primary Chronicle with a name of Slavic origin ( as opposed to his predecessors , whose names derived from Old Norse ) . This name , however , is not recorded in other medieval Slavic countries . Nevertheless , Sveinald is the Old East Norse cognate with the Slavic form as attested in the patronymic Old East Norse name of Vladimir : Valdamarr Sveinaldsson . This patronymic naming convention , continues namely in Icelandic and in East Slavic languages . Even in Rus ' , it was attested only among the members of the house of Rurik , as were the names of Sviatoslav 's immediate successors : Vladimir , Yaroslav , and Mstislav . This is questionable , however , as these names follow conventions well established in other Slavic lands , and it ignores Vladimir of Bulgaria , who ruled between 889 @-@ 893 . Some scholars speculate that the name of Sviatoslav , composed of the Slavic roots for " holy " and " glory " , was an artificial derivation combining those of his predecessors Oleg and Rurik ( they mean " holy " and " glorious " in Old Norse , respectively ) . On the other hand , such a compound structure name was already known from Great Moravia , as in the rulers named Svatopluk . Clearly Sviatoslav 's name belongs to this tradition , as he had a son by the name of Yaropolk , of much the same form , and a grandson by the same name , Sviatopolk .
= = Early life and personality = =
Virtually nothing is known about Sviatoslav 's childhood and youth , which he spent reigning in Novgorod . Sviatoslav 's father , Igor , was killed by the Drevlians around 945 , and his mother , Olga , ruled as regent in Kiev until Sviatoslav reached maturity ( ca . 963 ) . Sviatoslav was tutored by a Varangian named Asmud . The tradition of employing Varangian tutors for the sons of ruling princes survived well into the 11th century . Sviatoslav appears to have had little patience for administration . His life was spent with his druzhina ( roughly , " company " ) in permanent warfare against neighboring states . According to the Primary Chronicle , he carried on his expeditions neither wagons nor kettles , and he boiled no meat , rather cutting off small strips of horseflesh , game , or beef to eat after roasting it on the coals . Nor did he have a tent , rather spreading out a horse @-@ blanket under him and setting his saddle under his head , and all his retinue did likewise .
Sviatoslav 's appearance has been described very clearly by Leo the Deacon , who himself attended the meeting of Sviatoslav with John I Tzimiskes . Following Deacon 's memories , Sviatoslav was a blue @-@ eyed male of average height but of stalwart build , much more sturdy than Tzimiskes . He shaved his blond head and his beard but wore a bushy mustache and a sidelock as a sign of his nobility . He preferred to dress in white , and it was noted that his garments were much cleaner than those of his men , although he had a lot in common with his warriors . He wore a single large gold earring bearing a carbuncle and two pearls .
= = Religious beliefs = =
Sviatoslav 's mother , Olga , converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity at the court of Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 957 . However , Sviatoslav remained a pagan all of his life . In the treaty of 971 between Sviatoslav and the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes , the Rus ' are swearing by Perun and Veles . According to the Primary Chronicle , he believed that his warriors ( druzhina ) would lose respect for him and mock him if he became a Christian . The allegiance of his warriors was of paramount importance in his conquest of an empire that stretched from the Volga to the Danube .
= = Family = =
Very little is known of Sviatoslav 's family life . It is possible that he was not the only ( or the eldest ) son of his parents . The Russo @-@ Byzantine treaty of 945 mentions a certain Predslava , Volodislav 's wife , as the noblest of the Rus ' women after Olga . The fact that Predslava was Oleg 's mother is presented by Vasily Tatishchev . He also speculated that Predslava was of a Hungarian nobility . George Vernadsky was among many historians to speculate that Volodislav was Igor 's eldest son and heir who died at some point during Olga 's regency . Another chronicle told that Oleg ( ? - 944 ? ) was the eldest son of Igor . At the time of Igor 's death , Sviatoslav was still a child , and he was raised by his mother or under her instructions . Her influence , however , did not extend to his religious observance .
Sviatoslav had several children , but the origin of his wives is not specified in the chronicle . By his wives , he had Yaropolk and Oleg . By Malusha , a woman of indeterminate origins , Sviatoslav had Vladimir , who would ultimately break with his father 's paganism and convert Rus ' to Christianity . John Skylitzes reported that Vladimir had a brother named Sfengus ; whether this Sfengus was a son of Sviatoslav , a son of Malusha by a prior or subsequent husband , or an unrelated Rus ' nobleman is unclear .
= = Eastern campaigns = =
Shortly after his accession to the throne , Sviatoslav began campaigning to expand Rus ' control over the Volga valley and the Pontic steppe region . His greatest success was the conquest of Khazaria , which for centuries had been one of the strongest states of Eastern Europe . The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus ' , so several possibilities have been suggested . The Rus ' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the Volga trade route because the Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga . Historians have suggested that the Byzantine Empire may have incited the Rus ' against the Khazars , who fell out with the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews in the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus .
Sviatoslav began by rallying the East Slavic vassal tribes of the Khazars to his cause . Those who would not join him , such as the Vyatichs , were attacked and forced to pay tribute to the Kievan Rus ' rather than to the Khazars . According to a legend recorded in the Primary Chronicle , Sviatoslav sent a message to the Vyatich rulers , consisting of a single phrase : " I want to come at you ! " ( Old East Slavic : " хощю на вы ити " ) This phrase is used in modern Russian ( usually misquoted as " Иду на вы " ) and in modern Ukrainian ( " Іду на ви " ) to denote an unequivocal declaration of one 's intentions . Proceeding by the Oka and Volga rivers , he attacked Volga Bulgaria . He employed Oghuz and Pecheneg mercenaries in this campaign , perhaps to counter the superior cavalry of the Khazars and Bulgars .
Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of Sarkel around 965 , possibly sacking ( but not occupying ) the Khazar city of Kerch on the Crimea as well . At Sarkel he established a Rus ' settlement called Belaya Vyezha ( " the white tower " or " the white fortress " , the East Slavic translation for " Sarkel " ) . He subsequently destroyed the Khazar capital of Atil . A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav 's campaign : " The Rus ' attacked , and no grape or raisin remained , not a leaf on a branch . " The exact chronology of his Khazar campaign is uncertain and disputed ; for example , Mikhail Artamonov and David Christian proposed that the sack of Sarkel came after the destruction of Atil .
Although Ibn Haukal reports the sack of Samandar by Sviatoslav , the Rus ' leader did not bother to occupy the Khazar heartlands north of the Caucasus Mountains permanently . On his way back to Kiev , Sviatoslav chose to strike against the Ossetians and force them into subservience . Therefore , Khazar successor statelets continued their precarious existence in the region . The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus ' to dominate north @-@ south trade routes through the steppe and across the Black Sea , routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars . Moreover , Sviatoslav 's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the Saltovo @-@ Mayaki culture , greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe .
= = Campaigns in the Balkans = =
The annihilation of Khazaria was undertaken against the background of the Rus ' -Byzantine alliance , concluded in the wake of Igor 's Byzantine campaign in 944 . Close military ties between the Rus ' and Byzantium are illustrated by the fact , reported by John Skylitzes , that a Rus ' detachment accompanied Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phokas in his victorious naval expedition to Crete .
In 967 or 968 , Nikephoros sent to Sviatoslav his agent , Kalokyros , with the task of talking Sviatoslav into assisting him in a war against Bulgaria . Sviatoslav was paid 15 @,@ 000 pounds of gold and set sail with an army of 60 @,@ 000 men , including thousands of Pecheneg mercenaries .
Sviatoslav defeated the Bulgarian ruler Boris II and proceeded to occupy the whole of northern Bulgaria . Meanwhile , the Byzantines bribed the Pechenegs to attack and besiege Kiev , where Olga stayed with Sviatoslav 's son Vladimir . The siege was relieved by the druzhina of Pretich , and immediately following the Pecheneg retreat , Olga sent a reproachful letter to Sviatoslav . He promptly returned and defeated the Pechenegs , who continued to threaten Kiev .
Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines , and the parties fell out as a result . To the chagrin of his boyars and his mother ( who died within three days after learning about his decision ) , Sviatoslav decided to move his capital to Pereyaslavets in the mouth of the Danube due to the great potential of that location as a commercial hub . In the Primary Chronicle record for 969 , Sviatoslav explains that it is to Pereyaslavets , the centre of his lands , " all the riches flow : gold , silks , wine , and various fruits from Greece , silver and horses from Hungary and Bohemia , and from Rus ' furs , wax , honey , and slaves " .
In summer 969 , Sviatoslav left Rus ' again , dividing his dominion into three parts , each under a nominal rule of one of his sons . At the head of an army that included Pecheneg and Magyar auxiliary troops , he invaded Bulgaria again , devastating Thrace , capturing the city of Philippopolis , and massacring its inhabitants . Nikephoros responded by repairing the defenses of Constantinople and raising new squadrons of armored cavalry . In the midst of his preparations , Nikephoros was overthrown and killed by John Tzimiskes , who thus became the new Byzantine emperor .
John Tzimiskes first attempted to persuade Sviatoslav into leaving Bulgaria , but he was unsuccessful . Challenging the Byzantine authority , Sviatoslav crossed the Danube and laid siege to Adrianople , causing panic on the streets of Constantinople in summer 970 . Later that year , the Byzantines launched a counteroffensive . Being occupied with suppressing a revolt of Bardas Phokas in Asia Minor , John Tzimiskes sent his commander @-@ in @-@ chief , Bardas Skleros , who defeated the coalition of Rus ' , Pechenegs , Magyars , and Bulgarians in the Battle of Arcadiopolis . Meanwhile , John , having quelled the revolt of Bardas Phokas , came to the Balkans with a large army and promoting himself as the liberator of Bulgaria from Sviatoslav , penetrated the impracticable mountain passes and shortly thereafter captured Marcianopolis , where the Rus ' were holding a number of Bulgar princes hostage .
Sviatoslav retreated to Dorostolon , which the Byzantine armies besieged for sixty @-@ five days . Cut off and surrounded , Sviatoslav came to terms with John and agreed to abandon the Balkans , renounce his claims to the southern Crimea , and return west of the Dnieper River . In return , the Byzantine emperor supplied the Rus ' with food and safe passage home . Sviatoslav and his men set sail and landed on Berezan Island at the mouth of the Dnieper , where they made camp for the winter . Several months later , their camp was devastated by famine , so that even a horse 's head could not be bought for less than a half @-@ grivna , reports the Kievan chronicler of the Primary Chronicle . While Sviatoslav 's campaign brought no tangible results for the Rus ' , it weakened the Bulgarian statehood and left it vulnerable to the attacks of Basil the Bulgar @-@ Slayer four decades later .
= = Death and aftermath = =
Fearing that the peace with Sviatoslav would not endure , the Byzantine emperor induced the Pecheneg khan Kurya to kill Sviatoslav before he reached Kiev . This was in line with the policy outlined by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in De Administrando Imperio of fomenting strife between the Rus ' and the Pechenegs . According to the Slavic chronicle , Sveneld attempted to warn Sviatoslav to avoid the Dnieper rapids , but the prince slighted his wise advice and was ambushed and slain by the Pechenegs when he tried to cross the cataracts near Khortitsa early in 972 . The Primary Chronicle reports that his skull was made into a chalice by the Pecheneg khan .
Following Sviatoslav 's death , tensions between his sons grew . A war broke out between his legitimate sons , Oleg and Yaropolk , in 976 , at the conclusion of which Oleg was killed . In 977 Vladimir fled Novgorod to escape Oleg 's fate and went to Scandinavia , where he raised an army of Varangians and returned in 980 . Yaropolk was killed , and Vladimir became the sole ruler of Kievan Rus ' .
= = Art and literature = =
Sviatoslav has long been a hero of Belarusian , Russian , and Ukrainian patriots due to his great military successes . His figure first attracted attention of Russian artists and poets during the Russo @-@ Turkish War ( 1768 – 1774 ) , which provided obvious parallels with Sviatoslav 's push towards Constantinople . Russia 's southward expansion and the imperialistic ventures of Catherine II in the Balkans seemed to have been legitimized by Sviatoslav 's campaigns eight centuries earlier .
Among the works created during the war was Yakov Knyazhnin 's tragedy Olga ( 1772 ) . The Russian playwright chose to introduce Sviatoslav as his protagonist , although his active participation in the events following Igor 's death is out of sync with the traditional chronology . Knyazhnin 's rival Nikolai Nikolev ( 1758 – 1815 ) also wrote a play on the subject of Sviatoslav 's life . Ivan Akimov 's painting Sviatoslav 's Return from the Danube to Kiev ( 1773 ) explores the conflict between military honour and family attachment . It is a vivid example of Poussinesque rendering of early medieval subject matter .
Interest in Sviatoslav 's career increased in the 19th century . Klavdiy Lebedev depicted an episode of Sviatoslav 's meeting with Emperor John in his well @-@ known painting , while Eugene Lanceray sculpted an equestrian statue of Sviatoslav in the early 20th century . Sviatoslav appears in the 1913 poem of Velimir Khlebnikov Written before the war ( # 70 . Написанное до войны ) as an epitome of militant Slavdom :
Sviatoslav is the villain of the novel The Lost Kingdom , or the Passing of the Khazars , by Samuel Gordon , a fictionalized account of the destruction of Khazaria by the Rus ' . The Slavic warrior figures in a more positive context in the story " Chernye Strely Vyaticha " by Vadim Viktorovich Kargalov ; the story is included in his book Istoricheskie povesti .
In 2005 , reports circulated that a village in the Belgorod region had erected a monument to Sviatoslav 's victory over the Khazars by the Russian sculptor Vyacheslav Klykov . The reports described the 13 @-@ meter tall statue as depicting a Rus ' cavalryman trampling a supine Khazar bearing a Star of David and Kolovrat . This created an outcry within the Jewish community of Russia . The controversy was further exacerbated by Klykov 's connections with Pamyat and other anti @-@ Semitic organizations , as well as by his involvement in the " letter of 500 " , a controversial appeal to the Prosecutor General to review all Jewish organizations in Russia for extremism . The Press Center of the Belgorod Regional Administration responded by stating that a planned monument to Sviatoslav had not yet been constructed but would show " respect towards representatives of all nationalities and religions . " When the statue was unveiled , the shield bore a twelve @-@ pointed star .
Svyatoslav is the main character of the books " Knyaz " ( " Князь " ) and " The Hero " ( " Герой " ) , written by Russian writer Alexander Mazin .
On 7 November 2011 Ukrainian fisherman Sergei Pjankow fished up a one metre long frankish sword from the waters of the Dnieper not far from the spot where Svyatoslav is believed to have been killed in 972 . The handle is made out of four different metals including gold and silver , and it is very possible that it belonged to Sviatoslav himself .
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= Gin Tama =
Gin Tama ( Japanese : 銀魂 , Hepburn : Gintama , lit . " Silver Soul " ) , also styled as Gintama , is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Hideaki Sorachi and serialized , beginning on December 8 , 2003 , in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump . Set in Edo which has been conquered by aliens named Amanto , the plot follows life from the point of view of samurai Gintoki Sakata , who works as a freelancer alongside his friends Shinpachi Shimura and Kagura in order to pay the monthly rent . Sorachi added the science fiction setting to develop characters to his liking after his editor suggested doing a historical series .
The series has been adapted into an original video animation ( OVA ) by Sunrise and was featured at Jump Festa 2006 Anime Tour in 2005 . This was followed by a full anime series , which debuted on April 4 , 2006 in TV Tokyo and finished on March 25 , 2010 . A sequel titled Gintama ' first premiered in Japan on April 4 , 2011 and ended on March 26 , 2012 , before returning once again for a brief run from October 4 , 2012 to March 28 , 2013 . A continuation of the TV anime series titled Gintama ° began airing on April 8 , 2015 and ended on March 30 , 2016 . Two animated films have also been produced . Besides the anime series , there have been various light novels and video games based on Gin Tama .
The manga has been licensed by Viz Media in North America . In addition to publishing the individual volumes of the series , Viz serialized its first chapters in their Shonen Jump manga anthology . It debuted in the January 2007 issue , and was serialized at a rate of one chapter a month . Sentai Filmworks initially licensed the series . The website Crunchyroll purchased the anime 's streaming rights and home video rights .
In Japan , the Gin Tama manga has been popular , selling over 50 million copies . The anime and its DVDs have been featured , at various time , in Top Ten of their respective media , while TV Tokyo has announced that the first Gin Tama anime was responsible for high sales overseas along with the anime adaptation from Naruto . Publications for manga , anime and others have commented on the Gin Tama manga . Positive response have focused on the comedy and characters from the series , while negative responses concern the manga 's artwork .
= = Plot = =
The story is set in an alternate late Edo period . Humanity is attacked by aliens called " Amanto " ( 天人 , " Sky People " ) . The samurai of Japan join the battle against the aliens , but when the Shogun realizes the power of aliens , he betrays the samurai and surrenders to the aliens . The Shogun writes an unequal contract with aliens which allows the aliens to enter the country and places a ban on carrying swords in public . The swords of samurai are taken away so they can no longer resist the aliens . After that the Shogunate becomes a puppet government .
The plot is focused on an eccentric samurai , Gintoki Sakata ( aka Odd Jobs Gin ) who helps a teenager named Shinpachi Shimura save his sister Tae from a group of aliens who want to make her part of a brothel . Impressed with Gintoki , Shinpachi becomes his apprentice and works with him as a freelance odd @-@ jobs man in order to pay the monthly rent on Gintoki 's combination home and office , as well as to know more about him .
The two of them rescue a teenage alien girl named Kagura from a group of Yakuza who wanted to use her superhuman strength to kill people . Kagura joins Shinpachi and Gintoki to work as freelancers and the three become known as " Yorozuya " ( 万事屋 , " We do everything " or literally " The Anything Store " ) .
While doing their job , they encounter the police force Shinsengumi several times , who normally ally with Odd Jobs Gin in their work since the jobs commonly involve dangerous criminals . They eventually meet some of Gintoki 's former comrades from the fight against the Amanto 's invasion , including the revolutionary Kotaro Katsura who maintains a friendly relationship with them despite his terrorist activities against the bakufu . On the other hand , Shinsuke Takasugi acts as a major antagonist throughout the series , as he wants to destroy the bakufu and sees his former comrades as enemies .
Although the series ' story is commonly episodic , there are also a few story arcs which are developed through several chapters . Across several story arcs Takasugi starts gaining allies including Kagura 's brother , Kamui , and the elite unit Mimawarigumi to prepare for his large scale coup d 'état .
= = Themes and style = =
Hideaki Sorachi 's main focus in Gin Tama is the use of gags ; during the manga 's second year of serialization he started to add more drama to the story while still keeping the comedy . Various jokes from the manga are comments regarding clichés from other shōnen series . For example , in the first chapter after Gintoki fights a group of aliens to protect Shinpachi and Tae , Shinpachi complains that he only fought for " one page " and Gintoki replies , " Shut up ! One page is a long time for a manga artist ! " Gintoki 's exaggerated desire to read the Weekly Shōnen Jump ( which causes him to fight other readers in order to get it ) also makes fun of shōnen , since during those parts characters quote them . Other types of comic situations are more general , so that the reader must know about Japanese culture to understand them . The humour is described by publications as being " bizarre " and " weird " . It is also described as being divided between two categories : " sci @-@ fi comedy " and a " samurai comedy " with the former referring to the aliens . It tends to point out " an irritating foible about modern society " including celebrations days or famous mythical figures . Additionally , there are references to several historical figures with a few characters from the story being based on them . Besides the series ' comedy , the aliens ' invasion in Japan bring several social issues between them and the humans with the most recurring one being the lack of social equality . As a result , one of the main themes involves society trying to preserve their own way of living rather than fulfilling a dream like in other shōnen series .
= = Production = =
In 2003 , Hideaki Sorachi was an up @-@ and @-@ coming manga artist who had already created two one @-@ shots for the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine . Although he was preparing to write his first serialized series , his editor suggested he create a manga series based on the Shinsengumi , mostly inspired by an upcoming TV @-@ drama about the 1860s troupe as depicted by idol actors . Sorachi attempted to create this series since he admitted to liking the Shinsengumi , but ultimately failed to get anything off the ground . Instead of abandoning the idea completely , he remained focused on the historical Japanese era but began to create his own story , adding in elements of science fiction and fictionalizing many of the figures from the era to create a story more to his own liking . The original title of the series was meant to be " Yorozuya Gin @-@ san " ( 万事屋銀さん , lit . " General Merchant Gin @-@ san " ) , but it did not have any impact on Sorachi . After great debate , he decided to go with the name Gin Tama after discussing it with his family , deciding on a name that sounded close to the edge without being completely off it . Although Sorachi considered the one @-@ shot " Samuraider " to be very poor , the setting of such one @-@ shot served as the base for Gin Tama such as the addition of alien characters . Sorachi liked the Bakumatsu and Sengoku periods due to how both were eras of change and thus presented the positive and negative points of humanity . The series was then set in an alternate Bakumatsu to give a bigger significance to the characters ' bushido as in that time samurais were at the low point of their lives .
The main character of the series was originally meant to be Toshiro Hijikata as Sorachi was a fan of the Shinsengumi , most notably from Hijikata Toshizō ( the Shinsengumi who was the base for the one of Gin Tama ) , after he saw the film Burn ! Sword ! . When Sorachi could not " shake off " Hijikata 's initial design , he decided not to use him as the lead character , but added him along with the Shinsengumi to the story . The pilot chapter from the series had a different plot to the one from the serialization : Shinpachi already met Gintoki in the story and there were more Shinsengumi to the story such as one based on Harada Sanosuke . As all these new Shinsengumi were older than most of the recurring characters from the series , Sorachi removed them thinking they were not entertaining . When asked by a fan , Sorachi mentioned that most characters from the series are based on real @-@ life Edo citizens while Gintoki 's character is roughly based on the folk hero Sakata Kintoki .
When starting serialization the manga was unpopular and was close to being cancelled . Although Sorachi was pleased with the first tankōbon selling all of its copies , he later learned Shueisha was afraid of poor sales which resulted in the minimum printed . In order to increase its popularity , the author introduce new characters , the Shinsengumi , who felt memorable to his assistants . Sorachi had little hope on the manga 's popularity , as he noted that people used to tell him the manga would not surpass the number of two tankōbon volumes . However , once the third volume was released , Sorachi found that he did not have " any fresh material to use . " During the first year of the series , Sorachi believed that the source of the popularity of Gin Tama was partially connected to the Shinsengumi drama . While the drama ran during the first year of the series , when the manga was mostly shorter stories that established the characters and the world , he felt uncomfortable of making things related to the drama . By the second year and beyond , he became more daring in his stories and concepts , creating longer storylines that included more drama while keeping his sense of humor and satirization of modern Japan by way of his fictionalized past . Although Sorachi has already planned the series ' ending , he is not sure when the manga is going to reach that point due to the characters requiring development to behave the way he wants .
When working on a chapter of Gintama , Sorachi sometimes has problems finishing the manuscript , leaving his supervisor to take it before he can revise it . He figures out what to write by staying in his room or going for a walk . Although he commented that some of his ideas are " random , " he focuses on the fact that they are all related to the manga , and when he has problems coming up with ideas , Sorachi is often helped by his editor . Thinking of Gin Tama as a " non @-@ sense manga , " before writing a chapter , Sorachi decides whether it should be a comedy or a drama . Sorachi defines Gin Tama as a " science fiction human drama pseudo @-@ historical comedy . "
When Sorachi is illustrating Gin Tama , he usually uses a felt @-@ tip pen , a fountain pen , a brush @-@ tip pen , and a multiliner , but for the major characters he only uses a felt @-@ tip pen and a fountain pen , and does their outlines with a multiliner @-@ 0 @.@ 8 .
= = Media = =
= = = Manga = = =
The manga chapters of Gin Tama are written and illustrated by Hideaki Sorachi . They have been serialized for the manga anthology book Weekly Shōnen Jump from Shueisha since December 8 , 2003 . Shueisha is also publishing the first chapters of Gin Tama online on their Weekly Shōnen Jump official website . Viz Media licensed Gin Tama for publication in North America . A 55 @-@ page preview from the series was first featured in the January 2006 Shonen Jump issue . Viz acquired the license to publish chapters from the series in the Shonen Jump during the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in 2006 . The chapters were serialized in Shonen Jump from January to May 2007 at a rate of one chapter a month .
Shueisha has been collecting the chapters in tankōbon volumes with the first being published on April 2 , 2004 . Sixty @-@ four volumes have been released in Japan . In North America tankōbon were published under Viz 's " Shonen Jump Advanced " imprint . The first volume was published on July 3 , 2007 , while on August 2 , 2011 Viz published the twenty @-@ third volume . Publication of the series by Viz Media ended with that volume with no reasons given .
= = = Original video animations = = =
Two original video animations ( OVA ) of Gin Tama were developed by Sunrise for the Jump Festa Anime Tour 2005 and 2008 . The first one , having the same title , is composed of various autoconclusive stories meant to introduce the characters from the series . The second OVA titled Shiroyasha Kotan ( 白夜叉降誕 , lit . " White Demon 's Birth " ) is initially set in the war between aliens and samurais and it is later revealed to be a hoax . On September 30 , 2009 , a DVD named Gintama Jump Anime Tour 2008 & 2005 was published by Aniplex . It contains the 2005 and 2008 OVAs and an audio commentary . On Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 34th issue of 2014 , it was announced that Gin Tama anime will return for a one @-@ episode special for the year 's Jump Special Anime Festa tour . The anime special DVD will be bundled with limited edition of the 58th manga volume to be released on April 3 , 2015 . It was announced in Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 8th issue of 2016 that the 65th and 66th volumes of the manga will be bundled with an original animation DVD each , the 65th manga volume scheduled to release on August 4 , 2016 , and the 66th manga volume scheduled to release on November 4 , 2016 . Both OADs will adapt the Love Potion arc in the manga .
= = = Anime series = = =
= = = = Gintama = = = =
An anime adaptation by Sunrise debuted on TV Tokyo on April 4 , 2006 . The first ninety @-@ nine episodes were initially directed by Shinji Takamatsu . Episodes 100 to 105 were directed by Takamatsu and Yoichi Fujita , while the following episodes are being directed only by Fujita . The subtitle for the Gintama anime could be loosely translated as " The starting point is the utmost importance for anything , so trying to outdo oneself is just about right . " During January 2009 , Fujita mentioned he was not going to work in the fourth season of the series starting in such year . However , in February 2009 , it was confirmed that the anime would continue for a fourth year , once again directed by Fujita . The series ended on March 25 , 2010 with a total of 201 episodes .
In Japan , Aniplex distributes the anime in DVD format . A total of thirteen volumes were released for the first season , between July 26 , 2006 and June 26 , 2007 . The second season was released over another set of thirteen volumes between July 25 , 2007 and July 23 , 2008 . Season 3 was also released in thirteen volumes from August 27 , 2008 to August 26 , 2009 . The fourth season was collected released in thirteen DVD volumes from October 28 , 2009 to October 27 , 2010 .
In November 2008 , an agreement was reached between TV Tokyo and the streaming video service Crunchyroll . Crunchyroll would stream English @-@ subtitled episodes for free one week after they had aired in Japan . Paying subscribers can watch new episodes an hour after they air in Japan . On January 8 , 2009 , Crunchyroll uploaded their first episode ( episode 129 ) to the service . Alongside new episodes each week , Crunchyroll also uploads episodes from the beginning of the series . The anime is licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks , with distribution from Section23 Films . Section23 Films ' Chris Oarr commented that only the first two seasons were licensed , with an option on the rest . The first collection containing thirteen English @-@ subtitled episodes was released on DVD , April 27 , 2010 . Only 49 episodes were released before the releases stalled . However , shortly after licensing the Gin Tama film , Sentai Filmworks announced that based on the film 's performance , they would consider releasing more of the series in North America , possibly with an English dub . On July 1 , 2016 , Crunchyroll announced that they will re @-@ release the series on Blu @-@ ray and DVD with an English dub .
= = = = Yorinuki Gintama @-@ san = = = =
On April 5 , 2010 , TV Tokyo stations began airing high @-@ definition reruns of older episodes of Gintama under the title Yorinuki Gintama @-@ san ( よりぬき銀魂さん , literally " The Very Best of Gintama " ) , the title being a parody of the " best of " reruns of the anime Sazae @-@ san . In addition to being broadcast in HD , new opening and ending animations and themes have been made . The opening and ending for episodes 1 @-@ 9 are Does 's " Bakuchi Dancer " ( バクチ ・ ダンサー , Bakuchi Dansā , lit . " Fullspeed Dancer " ) and " Bokutachi no Kisetsu " ( 僕たちの季節 , lit . " Our Season " ) . Starting with episode 10 and going to 26 , the opening was changed to Joe Inoue 's " Kaze no Gotoku " ( 風のごとく , lit . " Like the Wind " ) and the ending was changed to Vijandeux 's " WAVE " . Starting with episode 27 , the opening changed to Chiaki Kuriyama 's " Kanōsei Girl " ( 可能性ガール , Kanōsei Gāru , " Probable Girl " ) and the ending changed to Azu 's " IN MY LIFE " . Starting with episode 40 , the opening changed to FLiP 's " Karto Niago " ( カートニアゴ , Kātoniago ) and the ending changed to Piko 's " Sakurane " ( 桜音 , " Sakura Sound " ) .
= = = = Gintama ' = = = =
In March 2010 , Yoichi Fujita hinted the anime would continue once the staff get enough material to work on it . Shinji Takamatsu claimed the TV series " is absolutely not over . It hasn 't even begun yet ! It will definitely return . " In December 2010 , Shueisha stated that the Gintama anime would resume in April 2011 . Gintama ' ( 銀魂 ’ ) , the sequel to the original Gintama anime , premiered in Japan on April 4 , 2011 . The main staff from the first TV series remain in Gintama ' with Fujita as the director . Crunchyroll simulcasted the premiere of Gintama ' to subscribers from its site . The first DVD from the series was released on July 27 , 2011 . The episode released on September 26 , 2011 contains Sket Dance as a crossover special . The series ended on March 26 , 2012 with a total of 51 episodes , which were collected in thirteen DVDs by Aniplex .
= = = = Gintama ' : Enchousen = = = =
The series premiered in TV Tokyo on October 4 , 2012 . It is a continuation of the second Gintama ' anime that ended in March 2012 . The main staff from the second TV series remain in Gintama with Yoichi Fujita as the director . The series ended on March 28 , 2013 with a total of 13 episodes The episodes were collected in a total of four DVDs from December 19 , 2012 to May 22 , 2013 .
= = = = Gintama ° = = = =
On December 21 , 2014 during Jump Festa super stage event , it was announced that a new Gintama TV series was in the works for an April 2015 premiere . Cast of Yorozuya ; Tomokazu Sugita ( Gintoki ) , Daisuke Sakaguchi ( Shinpachi ) , and Rie Kugimiya ( Kagura ) attended the event . A key visual was also revealed .
The new series aired on TV Tokyo and its affiliates for 51 episodes from April 8 , 2015 to March 30 , 2016 , which also aired the previous seasons .
= = = Films = = =
There have been two films based on the franchise . The first one is Gintama : Shinyaku Benizakura @-@ Hen ( 銀魂 新訳紅桜篇 , lit . " Gintama : A New Retelling Benizakura Arc " ) , a retelling of the story arc from Gin Tama in which Kotaro Katsura is attacked by a member of the army Kiheitai , and Odd Jobs Gin start searching for him . One of the TV commercials of the film teases that the " true last scene " of the anime is in the film . It premiered on April 24 , 2010 , picking up US $ 2 @.@ 118 @.@ 342 on 90 screens during its first days , and earned US $ 12 @.@ 86 million in total . Sentai Filmworks released the film in both DVD and Blu @-@ ray format in North America on May 29 , 2012 as Gintama : The Motion Picture . Manga Entertainment distributed the film in the United Kingdom while Madman Entertainment published it in Australia .
A second film was announced in August 2012 by the Weekly Shonen Jump with the script being written this time by Hideaki Sorachi . It is titled Gintama : The Movie : The Final Chapter : Be Forever Yorozuya and follows Gintoki as he travels to a future where he has to deal with a mysterious group of sorcerers . It was released in Japan on July 6 , 2013 . Although the film is marketed as " Final " director Yoichi Fujita commented they would make a continuation if it became a hit . The film managed to surpass the success from its predecessor .
= = = CDs = = =
The music for the Gin Tama anime is composed by Audio Highs . On September 27 , 2006 , Audio Highs published the first CD soundtrack for the series known as Gintama Original Soundtrack . It featured 36 tracks including the TV version from the first opening theme and the first two ending themes . The second CD soundtrack , Gintama Original Soundtrack 2 , was released on November 11 , 2007 . It included 40 tracks but it did not have TV versions of the opening and ending themes from the series . The next CD is Gintama Original Soundtrack 3 published on June 24 , 2009 . It features a total of 28 tracks including the theme " Dondake ! Gintaman " ( どんだけー ! ギンタマン ) which was used as a gag in episode 100 from the series . The fourth and latest CD soundtrack is composed of thirty @-@ four tracks and was released on March 21 , 2013 .
Apart from soundtracks from the TV series , there have been three CDs known as Gintama Best ( 銀魂 BEST ) which include the full versions from the opening and ending themes . Each of the CDs also have an extra DVD with the original videos . The two movies have also had their own original CD soundtracks .
= = = Light novels = = =
A series of light novels based on the Gin Tama manga have been authored by Tomohito Ōsaki , illustrated by Hideaki Sorachi , and published by Shueisha . They feature the series characters transposed to a school setting with Gintoki acting as their teacher . It is running in Jump Square under the title 3 @-@ Nen Z @-@ Gumi Ginpachi @-@ sensei ( 3年Z組銀八先生 , lit . " Grade 3 Class Z Ginpachi @-@ sensei " ) . The first novel was published on February 3 , 2006 , while seven light novels have been published by Shueisha .
A novelization of the second film has also been authored by Ōsaki and was released in 2013 alongside the film .
= = = Video games = = =
In Japan , a PlayStation 2 Gin Tama game , Gintama : Together with Gin ! My Kabuki District Journal ( 銀魂 銀さんと一緒 ! ボクのかぶき町日記 , Gintama Gin @-@ san to Issho ! Boku no Kabuki @-@ chō Nikki ) , was released on August 30 , 2007 , and a Wii game , Gintama : General Store Tube : Tsukkomi @-@ able Cartoon ( 銀魂 万事屋ちゅ 〜 ぶ ツッコマブル動画 , Gintama Yorozuya Chūbu Tsukkomaburu Dōga ) , was released on October 25 , 2007 . A game for the Nintendo DS called Gintama : Silver Ball Quest : Gin 's Job @-@ Change to Save the World ( 銀魂 銀玉くえすと 銀さんが転職したり世界を救ったり , Gintama Gintama Kuesuto Gin @-@ san ga Tenshoku @-@ shitari Sekai o Sukuttari ) was released on December 6 , 2007 . Other two games for the DS include Gintama Dee @-@ Ess : Odd Jobs Grand Riot ! ( 銀魂でぃ 〜 えす ・ 万事屋大騒動 ! , Gintama Dīesu Yorozuya Daisōdō ! ) and Gintama : Gintoki vs. Hijikata ! ? The Huge Fight Over Silver Souls in the Kabuki District ! ! ( 銀魂 銀時vs土方 ! ? かぶき町銀玉大争奪戦 ! ! , Gintama Gintoki vs Hijikata ! ? Kabuki @-@ cho Gitama Daisōdatsusen ! ! ) . Gin Tama characters also appear in the Weekly Shōnen Jump crossover Jump Super Stars and its sequel , Jump Ultimate Stars , both for Nintendo DS . Gintoki also appears as a playable fighter in the Jump crossover fighting game J @-@ Stars Victory VS on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita , with Kagura and Sadaharu acting as support . PlayStation Portable also have a game name " Gintama no Sugoroku - 銀魂のすごろく " , released on 24 January 2013 by Bandai Namco .
= = = Guidebooks = = =
There have been various guidebooks for the Gin Tama manga and its anime . The first guidebook for the manga is Gintama Official Character Book - Gin Channel ! ( 銀魂公式キャラクターブック ｢ 銀ちゃんねる ! ｣ , Gintama Official Character Book - Gin Chaneru ! ) released by Shueisha on April 4 , 2006 . It features characters files , an interview with Hideaki Sorachi and original character stickers . The second book is Gintama Official Character Book 2 - Fifth Grade ( 銀魂公式キャラクターブック2 ｢ 銀魂五年生 ｣ , Gintama Official Character Book 2 - Gonen @-@ Sei ) which was published on May 5 , 2009 . Like the previous book , this one also has an interview with Sorachi and files for the new characters that have appeared in the series since the first guidebook 's release . The first guidebook for the anime is named Gintama Official Animation Guide " Gayagaya Box " ( オフィシャルアニメーションガイド 銀魂あにめガヤガヤ箱 ) . It was published on April 4 , 2008 to celebrate the airing of the anime 's 100th episode . This guidebook features commentaries by the Japanese voice actors and the cast from the series . It was followed by Official Animation Guide Gintama Anime Paraparakan ( オフィシャルアニメーションガイド 銀魂あにめパラパラ館 ) on April 5 , 2011 . A series of three anime character guidebooks titled Gintama Character Book ( 銀魂キャラクターズブック , Gintama Kyarakutazu Bukku ) have also been published in Japan within 2010 .
= = = Live @-@ action film = = =
In June 2016 , Shueisha announced the series will have a live @-@ action adaptation of the series . It is slated to be premiere in 2017 . Direction of the film as well as the script is being handled by Yūichi Fukuda . Additionally , Shueisha said that Gintoki will be portrayed by Shun Oguri .
= = Reception = =
The Gin Tama manga has sold 50 million units in Japan as of May 2016 . In March 2007 , Shueisha announced that sales of the first volume had passed one million copies . Following volumes from the manga have also had good sales , having appeared various times in the Japanese comic ranking . The 17th volume from the manga ranked as the 10th bestseller volume from Japan during 2007 . During 2008 , the manga ranked as the 10th bestseller series with over 2 @.@ 3 million copies sold . It also hit number 5 in Japan in the most sold manga in the first half of 2009 list , selling over 2 @.@ 7 million volumes from November 17 , 2008 to May 17 , 2009 . In 2008 Gin Tama was featured in two Oricon surveys ; it ranked at the top as " funniest manga " and 5th in " most interesting manga " . In another survey from 2009 , it was listed as the sixth choice for what manga could adapted into a live @-@ action film . In a poll from Zassosha 's Puff Japanese manga magazine , Gin Tama was second in the category " Best Long Stories " . Fuji News Network has cited Gin Tama as one of the responsibles for the wooden swords ' popularity during 2008 as Hokkaido 's retailers have experienced brisk sales in wooden swords to foreigners . In North America , Gin Tama has ranked as the best new shōnen manga from 2007 in About.com 's 2007 Readers Poll : Best New Shonen Manga . In the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation Award from 2008 , Gin Tama was nominated for the category " Best Manga - Comedy " , losing to Negima ! Magister Negi Magi . English sales from the manga volumes have also been good with some of them having appeared in Diamond Comic Distributors 's Top 300 Graphic Novels .
The first Gin Tama light novel became the top @-@ selling novel from Japan during 2006 . The same achievement was made by the third novel during 2008 . The anime adaptation has also been featured several times in the Japanese TV ranking , with the first two episodes having a rating of 5 @.@ 6 . DVD sales of the series have also been featured in the Japanese anime DVD ranking various times , while the third DVD of season 3 ranked ninth in the Japanese Amazon.com Top Ten of best sellers DVDs during 2008 . In August 2008 , TV Tokyo announced that Gin Tama and Naruto " contributed to robust sales of overseas rights in the last fiscal year which ended in March . " In a poll from Puff , Gin Tama won in the category " Best Animation " . The DVD from the Gin Tama OVAs became the top @-@ selling OVA in Japan during 2009 , having sold 61 @,@ 226 units after two weeks of being released . In the Oricon survey " 2009 's Top @-@ Selling DVDs in Japan " , the same DVD ranked at the top of the category " Animation / Special Effects DVDs " with a total of 76 @,@ 000 units sold . The CD soundtrack Gintama The Best received the " Animation Album of the Year award " from the Kinema Junpo 's DVD Navigator Japanese magazine .
Critical response to the Gin Tama manga has generally been positive . Carlo Santos from Anime News Network found the manga to be a " one @-@ of @-@ a @-@ kind comedy " praising the characters ' personalities and gags . On the other hand , the artwork was criticized for being " hard to follow " when there are fast scenes . Jokes regarding clichés from other shōnen series were also positively received by About.com writer Deb Aoki , who , like Santos , found the artwork to be " the only thing that distracts from the otherwise considerable pleasures of this loveable , goofy manga " . However , characters ' designs were praised for its variations including the ones from the aliens appearing in the series by Katherine Dacey from Pop Culture Shock who remarked that " These characters add visual interest and life to every panel , keeping the reader invested when the stories stall . " Other negative comments regarding the manga have the few number of aliens appearing in the series as well as how some chapters are focused in fights such as Hijikata 's fight against Gintoki . Michael Aronson from Manga Life concluded his review of the manga by saying that " The potential is there , but the execution is struggling " as still he liked the comedy from the story . Comics Village 's Alex Hoffman mentioned that Gin Tama " can 't truly be compared to those comics because of one thing : the jokes . " He found the context from the series hilarious and like how there are new jokes in every chapter . Like other reviewers , Hoffman also disliked Sorachi 's artwork , but still found the manga to be " a great comedy , or a great read . " Comic Book Bin writer Leroy Douresseaux found that the large number of characters with different appearances in the series allow the reader to remain entertained with the series as " at least every few pages or so present some unusual and interesting visual . "
The anime adaptation of Gin Tama has received positive and mixed responses . The humor was noted to be improved after the series ' introduction although some jokes were hard to understand because some of them are references to Japanese culture and other series . The notes on the DVD releases were criticized for lacking explanation of cultural jokes . Additionally , the humor 's quality was found to be inconsistent within the first episodes due to the depth some bring , to the point that some viewers may abandon the series . The quality from the series was found to improve as the series continues as people would not be intimidated by its large number of episodes . The characters ' action were praised due to their knowledge that their tendencies to " break the fourth wall " , while the female characters were found appealing based on their unusual qualities . The series has been noted for its ability to shift between comedy and drama without a loss of quality .
= = = Controversy = = =
Episode 232 of the anime series had a defamatory depiction of a character that referenced a specific politician , the current Minister for Government Revitalisation Renhō Murata , which resulted in the cancellation of its rerun on AT @-@ X. Series supervisor Shinji Takamatsu explained that TV Tokyo cancelled the rerun on its own . Renhō 's representative denied having objected to the episode although a report from the Mainichi Shimbun paper stated the affected party contacted TV Tokyo . When the story arc the episode belonged to was completed , Takamatsu expressed doubts about the arc 's release in DVD format .
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= Toxic ( song ) =
" Toxic " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her fourth studio album , In the Zone ( 2003 ) . It was written and produced by Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg ( known collectively as Bloodshy & Avant ) , with additional writing from Cathy Dennis and Henrik Jonback . The song released on January 13 , 2004 , by Jive Records , as the second single from the album . After trying to choose between " ( I Got That ) Boom Boom " and " Outrageous " to be the second single from In the Zone , Spears selected " Toxic " instead . A dance song with elements of bhangra music , " Toxic " features varied instrumentation , such as drums , synthesizers and surf guitar . It is accompanied by high @-@ pitched Bollywood strings and breathy vocals . Its lyrics draw an extended metaphor of a lover as a dangerous yet addictive drug . The song has received critical acclaim by music critics , who deemed it as the strongest track of In the Zone and praised its hook and chorus .
" Toxic " attained worldwide success , reaching the top @-@ five in 15 countries , while topping the charts in Australia , Canada , Hungary , Ireland , Norway and the United Kingdom . In the United States , it became her fourth Top 10 single . The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Joseph Kahn and features references to Blade Runner , The Seven Year Itch and the films of John Woo . It portrays Spears as a secret agent in the search of a vial of green liquid . After she steals it , she enters an apartment and poisons her unfaithful boyfriend . The video also includes interspersed scenes of Spears naked with diamonds on her body . After Janet Jackson 's Super Bowl incident , the video was considered too racy for MTV and was moved to late @-@ night programming .
Spears has performed " Toxic " in a number of live appearances , including the 2004 NRJ Music Awards and in three of her concert tours . It was the opening number of The Onyx Hotel Tour ( 2004 ) , where she sang atop of a bus wearing a black catsuit ; Spears also performed remixed versions of the song at The Circus Starring Britney Spears ( 2009 ) , the Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 ) and Britney : Piece of Me ( 2013 ) . " Toxic " has been covered by artists such as Mark Ronson , A Static Lullaby , Reece Mastin and Ingrid Michaelson , and in television series Glee . The song has also appeared in feature films such as Knocked Up , You Again and television series Doctor Who . " Toxic " won Spears her first Grammy at the 2005 ceremony in the category of Best Dance Recording , while gaining her credibility amongst critics . The song has been included in lists by Pitchfork , NME and Rolling Stone as one of the best songs of the decade .
= = Background = =
" Toxic " was written by Cathy Dennis , Henrik Jonback , Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg from production team Bloodshy & Avant , while produced by the latter two . The song was originally offered to Kylie Minogue for her ninth studio album Body Language ( 2003 ) , but she rejected it . Minogue later commented , " I wasn 't at all angry when it worked for her . It 's like the fish that got away . You just have to accept it . " " Toxic " was recorded at Murlyn Studios in Stockholm , Sweden and Record Plant in Hollywood , California . The song was later mixed by Niklas Flyckt at Khabang Studios in Stockholm . In December 2003 , it was announced by MTV News that after trying to choose between " ( I Got That ) Boom Boom " and " Outrageous " to be second single from In the Zone , Spears had selected " Toxic " instead . She described it as " an upbeat song . It 's really different , that 's why I like it so much . "
= = Composition = =
" Toxic " is a dance song with elements of bhangra music . It features varied instrumentation , such as drums , synthesizers , violins and high @-@ pitched strings . It also contains surf guitar , that according to Caryn Ganz of Spin , " warps and struts like it 's been fed into the Matrix . " The music was also compared to the soundtracks of the James Bond film series . The hook of " Toxic " samples a portion of " Tere Mere Beech Mein " , from the soundtrack of the 1981 Hindi film Ek Duuje Ke Liye . This music was composed by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam . However , it is not lifted verbatim from the score and mixes two different sections of the piece . Spears sings the song with breathy vocals .
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , " Toxic " is composed in the key of C minor , with a tempo of 143 beats per minute . Spears 's vocal range spans from the low note of F3 to the high note of G5 . Lyrically , " Toxic " talks about being addicted to a lover . Spears refers to her addiction in the lyrics , and sings lines such as " Too high / Can 't come down / Losing my head / Spinning round and round " in a falsetto . A reviewer from Popdust called the verse " The most representative lyric of the song 's delirious , disorienting charm . " " Toxic " ends with an outro in which Spears sings the lines , " Intoxicate me now / With your lovin ' now / I think I 'm ready now . " Nick Southall of Stylus Magazine said the lyrics made Spears sound afraid of sex .
= = Critical reception = =
The song received general acclaim upon release . Heather Richels of The Paly Voice complimented its hook and catchiness , while deeming it the most appealing song of the album . While reviewing The Onyx Hotel Tour , Pamela Sitt of The Seattle Times called it the album 's strongest single . Eric Olsen of msnbc.com said the song could be the biggest hit of In the Zone , while calling it " powerfully addicting . " Caryn Ganz of Spin commented that , " Spears hits pay dirt on ' Toxic ' " . Christy Lemire of Associated Press said it was one of Spears ' greatest hits and deemed it as " insanely catchy " , saying that the chorus alone " makes you want to forgive the Alias wannabe video that accompanies the song . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called it along with " Showdown " , " irresistible ear candy in what is surely Britney 's most ambitious , adventurous album to date " . In a separate review of Spears ' greatest hits album Greatest Hits : My Prerogative ( 2004 ) , Erlewine selected it as one of the " track picks " and described it as " a delirious , intoxicating rush " . Jeffrey Epstein of Out compared the innovative sound of " Toxic " to Madonna 's " Vogue " .
Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that " Toxic " and " ( I Got That ) Boom Boom " , " find Britney dabbling in hip @-@ hop , but it 's clear her heart lies in the clubs . " Jamie Gill of Yahoo ! Music Radio commented that , " In the name of fairness , it will be noted that ' Toxic ' and ' Showdown ' could well have been good pop songs in the hands of any other singer than Spears . " Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe named it " a well @-@ titled cascade of frantic , mechanized glissandos and dreadful canned strings that buries the album 's coolest ( only ? ) chorus under a joyless mass " . The song was ranked at number five in the 2004 Pazz & Jop poll by The Village Voice . " Toxic " was nominated for Best Song at the 2004 MTV Europe Music Awards , but lost to Outkast 's " Hey Ya ! " . It won Best Single at the 2004 Teen Choice Awards . Pitchfork listed the song at number three on their Top 50 Singles of 2004 list . Rob Mitchum commented that Spears " finally , she just acted like an adult , rather than constantly reminding us she wasn 't a girl anymore . "
= = Chart performance = =
" Toxic " entered at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 , on the issue dated January 31 , 2004 . It became the week 's " Highest Debut " . On March 27 , 2004 , it peaked at number nine ; it was her fourth single to reach the top @-@ ten and became her first single to reach the top ten since " Oops ! ... I Did It Again " in 2000 . " Toxic " also topped both the Pop Songs and Hot Dance Club Songs charts . On October 25 , 2004 , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for sales of 100 @,@ 000 copies . As of March 2015 , " Toxic " has sold 2 @.@ 2 million digital downloads in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan . It is her fifth best @-@ selling digital single in the country . The song also topped the Canadian Singles Chart . " Toxic " debuted at the top of the Australian charts on March 15 , 2004 , and stayed in the position for two weeks . The song received a gold certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments over 35 @,@ 000 units .
In New Zealand , " Toxic " debuted at number 38 on the issue dated February 16 , 2004 , and peaked at number two on March 29 , 2004 . It stayed at the position the following week , held off from the top spot by Eamon 's " Fuck It ( I Don 't Want You Back ) " . On March 7 , 2004 , " Toxic " debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending date March 13 , 2004 , becoming her fourth number @-@ one hit in the United Kingdom . In April 2004 , it was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , with sales over 200 @,@ 000 copies . According to The Official Charts Company , the song has sold 426 @,@ 000 copies there . " Toxic " also peaked inside the top @-@ ten in every country it charted . The song topped the charts in Hungary and Norway ; reached the top five in Austria , Czech Republic , Denmark , Germany , Italy , France , Sweden and Switzerland ; and the top ten in Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Finland and the Netherlands .
= = Music video = =
= = = Development and release = = =
The music video for " Toxic " was filmed over three days in December 2003 , on a sound @-@ stage in Los Angeles , California . It was directed by Joseph Kahn , who previously worked with Spears on the music video for her 2000 single " Stronger " . The editor of the video was David Blackburn , who also edit " Womanizer " and " Do Somethin ' " . Spears first approached Kahn with a story sketch of a secret agent out for revenge against an ex @-@ lover , to which Kahn created a treatment for . Her concept was almost fully formed and detailed , exemplifying the scene in which she drops water on the passenger 's lap . Kahn said , " That 's part of her brilliance [ ... ] She totally understands that she 's naughty and nice , that she 's the girl @-@ next @-@ door gone bad who is constantly titillating you " . Spears said she wanted to join the mile high club and be a stewardess that kissed a man in the bathroom . Kahn suggested making him a fat man , so the " common man " would feel represented . Spears also told him about a scene in which she would be naked and covered in diamonds . Kahn stated he was " not sure what I was thinking about when she told me about that scene , maybe those intros to James Bond movies , but every video needs an iconic image to remember , and that 's it " .
The choreography was a collaboration between Brian Friedman and Spears , and every scene had a completely different strictly structured routine . After the treatment was finished , Kahn proceeded to cast his friends and acquaintances , as in most of his projects . The plane passenger in which Spears drops water on was played by his long @-@ time casting director , while the fat man in the bathroom was played by the casting director 's assistant . Spears 's boyfriend is played by Martin Henderson , who starred in Kahn 's directorial debut Torque .
For the naked scenes , Spears made clear the set , leaving only Kahn and Blackburn with her to shoot the sequence . Spears also shot scenes in which she had to dance through a hallway of imaginary lasers in front of a green screen , something that Kahn deemed as " incredible to watch " . The last few scenes of the video in which Spears murders her boyfriend , concerned Kahn , who thought they would be censored . He explained " the trick was to make it look pop at the same time " and told Henderson " ' Would you like to be kissed by Britney Spears ? ' " . According to Kahn , the hint of a smile that appears on Henderson 's face before Spears pours the poison into his mouth was what managed to get the shot past censors . Although Spears was at first going to be involved in the editing process with Blackburn , she did not contact Kahn after the media scandal over her wedding in Las Vegas . " Toxic " is Spears 's most expensive music video to date , at a cost of $ 1 million . The music video premiered exclusively on MTV 's Making the Video on January 13 , 2004 . The following day , Spears appeared on TRL to premiere it on regular rotation . The video was first released on the In the Zone DVD . An alternate karaoke version featuring the diamonds scene was released on the Greatest Hits : My Prerogative DVD . The video got a certified in the digital platform Vevo on YouTube .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The music video begins with an open shot of an airplane flying surrounded by many doves , referencing the works of Hong Kong director John Woo . Spears appears with blond hair dressed as a flight attendant , receiving a phone call . After serving some of the passengers , she leads a middle aged overweight man to the bathroom and seduces him . She takes off the man 's mask to reveal an attractive man ( Matthew Felker ) and steals a black pass from his pocket . Spears is then dropped into the back of a Ducati 999 , driven by a shirtless male ( Tyson Beckford ) in a futuristic Paris , that was compared to the 1982 film Blade Runner . She wears a tight black catsuit and sports red hair , inspired by the character of Sydney Bristow from television series Alias . They pass a woman and lift up her dress , a homage to the iconic Marilyn Monroe scene in the 1955 film The Seven Year Itch . They also pass two women frolicking in a store window .
Throughout the video , there are scenes of Spears nude covered in diamonds . The look was compared to that of Kate Bush in the music video for her 1978 single , " The Man with the Child in His Eyes " . Spears then enters Toxic Industries , and gains access to a vault from which she steals a vial of green poison . She accidentally triggers a laser trap when she leaves that she evades with elaborate dance moves , including a back handspring . This is followed by scenes of Spears wearing a black superheroine outfit and black hair . She scales a building and enters an apartment , where her unfaithful boyfriend ( Henderson ) is waiting . She kisses him just before pouring the poison into his mouth , killing him . Spears kisses him again and jumps out of the window . She lands back on the plane sporting her flight attendant outfit , and winks at the camera . The video closes with a shot of the airplane flying surrounded by doves like the beginning .
= = = Reception and impact = = =
Jennifer Vineyard of MTV compared the video to Justin Timberlake 's " Cry Me a River " , saying that " Where her real @-@ life ex just stalked his cheating lover in his clip , [ ... ] Spears takes a more lethal approach . " On February 10 , 2004 , MTV announced that due to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy in which Janet Jackson 's breast was exposed on live television , " Toxic " along with other five music videos would be moved from daytime to late @-@ night programming from 10 p.m. until 6 a.m. A spokeswoman for MTV announced that " given the particular sensitivity in the culture right now , we 're erring on the side of caution for the immediate future . " The video was nominated at the 2004 MuchMusic Video Awards in the category of Best International Artist Video , but lost to Beyoncé 's " Crazy in Love " . It was also nominated for four VMAs at the 2004 awards in the categories of Best Female Video , Best Dance Video , Best Pop Video and Video of the Year , but lost all of them . Corey Moss of MTV said that Spears " remains the Susan Lucci of the VMAs . " Visual effects supervisors Chris Watts and Bert Yukich won the category of Outstanding Visual Effects in a Music Video at the 3rd Annual Visual Effects Society Awards .
In September 2009 , the music video for " Toxic " was voted by users of the music video website MUZU TV as the sexiest music video of all time . The video was also used on Life is Pornography , a 2005 video art by Jubal Brown . Amy Schriefer of NPR noted that in the video , Spears was no longer trying to break away from her 90s teen pop image and style ; she was comfortable and having fun , not trying to generate any type of calculated controversy . The anime music video for Spears 's single " Break the Ice " ( 2008 ) was based on the secret agent character of " Toxic " . The video for " Womanizer " ( 2008 ) was created by Spears as a sequel to " Toxic " . The diamond encrusted look of Lady Gaga in the music video for " LoveGame " ( 2009 ) was compared to that of " Toxic " . In the 2010 Glee episode " Britney / Brittany " , the character of Brittany Pierce danced in a diamond suit during a cover of " I 'm a Slave 4 U " . In a 2011 poll by Billboard , the song 's music video was voted the second best music video of the 2000s , behind only Lady Gaga 's " Bad Romance " ( 2009 ) . Jillian Mapes of Billboard wrote that Spears " proved that she comes in every flavor [ ... ] But the one role that stays constant through the dance @-@ heavy clip : Sultry maneater . " Taylor Swift 's " Bad Blood " music video pays homage to the red @-@ haired look Spears sports in the " Toxic " music video . Many comparisons were made about the similarities .
= = Live performances = =
" Toxic " was performed by Spears at Britney Spears : In the Zone , a concert special that aired in ABC on November 17 , 2003 . She also performed " Toxic " as the headliner of the Jingle Ball on December 8 , 2003 , at Staples Center . It was the opening number of her set , and Spears appeared wearing a black top and a white fur cape . While the choreography was deemed as " erotic " , Corey Moss of MTV commented that some of the effect was lost due to Spears 's lip synching and a stagehand fixing a prop during the song . On January 24 , 2004 , Spears opened the 2004 NRJ Music Awards with a performance of " Toxic " . During the ceremony , she also presented the NRJ Award of Honor for the Career to Madonna . Spears performed " Toxic " as the opening number of 2004 's The Onyx Hotel Tour . Previous to the beginning of the tour , she deemed it as the song she was most excited to perform , along with " Everytime " . After an introduction in which she briefly appeared on a large video screen , Spears took the stage standing on top of a hotel bus , wearing a tight black catsuit . She was surrounded by dancers dressed as employees and columns of LED lighting , suggesting the façade of a glitzy hotel on the Vegas Strip . MTV UK commented , " OK , so she doesn 't so much sing than mime along with Toxic , [ ... ] But what do you expect when she 's simultaneously performing a vigorous dance routine , ascending moving staircases and descending fireman poles ? " .
" Toxic " was also performed as the last song of the concert during The M + M 's Tour . After " Do Somethin ' " , in which Spears wore a hot pink bra , a white fur coat and a jean skirt , she ended the set with " Toxic " , with four female dancers in a Shakira @-@ like style . Following the performance , she thanked the audience and introduced her dancers . " Toxic " was also performed at 2009 's The Circus Starring Britney Spears . Following an interlude in which the dancers showcased their individual moves , the stage was lit with green sci @-@ fi effects and Spears appeared over moving jungle gyms . Jerry Shriver of USA Today said that " fan @-@ favorite Toxic [ ... ] succeeded because the focus was solely on the star . " Jane Stevenson of the Toronto Sun named it one of the standout performances of the show , along with " ... Baby One More Time " and " Womanizer " . Screen commented , " The high point of the show was the back to back performance of two of Britney 's biggest hits , ' Toxic ' and ' Baby One More Time ' [ sic ] , which had the crowd break out in wild applause . "
The song was performed at 2011 's Femme Fatale Tour . After a video intermission in which Spears finds and captures the stalker that follows her , the show continues with a martial arts @-@ inspired remix of " Toxic " , in which Spears wears a kimono and battles dancing ninjas . Keith Caufield of Billboard felt the performance was comparable to Madonna 's " Sky Fits Heaven " at 2001 's Drowned World Tour . Shirley Halperin of The Hollywood Reporter stated that " [ the ] mid @-@ tempo numbers [ ... ] seemed to stall out quickly , where faster offerings like ' Womanizer , ' ' I Wanna Go ' and ' Toxic ' had the sold out crowd jumping in place and pumping their number twos in the air . " August Brown of the Los Angeles Times said " The set 's only weak spots were sonic revisions of catalog staples – the Bollywood spy @-@ flick vamp of ' Toxic ' remains utterly groundbreaking and didn ’ t need an Ibiza @-@ inspired revision . " . Spears performed the song during the last act from her 2013 @-@ 15 Las Vegas residency Britney : Piece of Me . The number begins with a ballad version of " Toxic " and Spears is seen over a giant tree . Before the chorus begins Spears jumps from the tree in a kind of bungee jump under a water curtain . As Spears lands in the stage , the first chords from the song starts and the performance keeps going on .
In the 2016 Billboard Music Awards , it was performed as the closing song of a medley , with brand new choreography .
= = Cover versions = =
= = = Glee version = = =
The song was covered on the 2010 American series Glee episode " Britney / Brittany " by New Directions , in a Bob Fosse @-@ inspired performance led by the character of Will Schuester . In the United States , their version debuted at number sixteen on the Hot 100 and sold 109 @,@ 000 copies on its first week , according to Nielsen SoundScan . It also charted at number thirty @-@ seven in Australia , fifteen in Canada and seventeen in Ireland .
The song was covered again in Glee episode " 100 " by Dianna Agron , Heather Morris and Naya Rivera .
= = = Other recorded covers = = =
Northern Irish singer @-@ songwriter Juliet Turner covered " Toxic " for the 2004 covers compilation , Even Better Than the Real Thing Vol . 2 . In 2005 , American folk group Chapin Sisters recorded an acoustic cover of " Toxic " , which was featured on PerezHilton.com and became one of the most requested songs of the year in KCRW . German country @-@ rock band The BossHoss recorded a cover of " Toxic " for their debut album , Internashville Urban Hymns ( 2005 ) . American rock duo Local H covered the song for their first live album , Alive ' 05 ( 2005 ) . An instrumental rendition of the song was released by American surf rock band Monsters from Mars . Norwegian alternative rock band Hurra Torpedo covered " Toxic " in their fourth release , Kollossus of Makedonia ( 2006 ) . English producer Mark Ronson recorded a hip hop cover of the song , featuring American singer @-@ songwriter Tiggers and a verse from American rapper Ol ' Dirty Bastard . It was included in his second studio album , Version ( 2007 ) .
English indie rock band Hard @-@ Fi covered the song for the compilation album Radio 1 Established 1967 ( 2007 ) . The song was fused with The Clash 's cover of " Brand New Cadillac " . American musician Shawn Lee covered the song in the album Shawn Lee 's Ping Pong Orchestra ( 2007 ) . French singer @-@ songwriter Yael Naïm released a piano @-@ driven version of the song in her eponymous debut album ( 2007 ) . British electronic music group Metronomy 's cover was described as " something out of a " Weird Al " Yankovic polka medley , only not kidding " . Israeli pop singer Shiri Maimon recorded a version of " Toxic " in Hebrew . American comedy singer Richard Cheese recorded a cover for his eight album , Viva la Vodka ( 2009 ) . American post @-@ hardcore band A Static Lullaby released a cover in the compilation album , Punk Goes Pop 2 ( 2009 ) . A music video was released , which featured different Spears look @-@ alikes wearing iconic outfits from various music videos , such as " ... Baby One More Time " and " Womanizer " .
A cover of the song by American singer @-@ songwriter Christopher Dallman was included in an EP titled Sad Britney , released on November 9 , 2009 , along with covers of " ... Baby One More Time " , " Gimme More " and " Radar " .
= = = Live covers = = =
American acoustic trio Nickel Creek covered " Toxic " at the 2006 Bonnaroo Music Festival .
Australian singer @-@ songwriter Kate Miller @-@ Heidke did an opera @-@ pop version of " Toxic " during a mobile phone launch in Sydney in August 2007 . She dedicated it to Spears , adding , " She 's going through a bit of a hard time at the moment . [ ... ] This one 's for you , mate . " American singer @-@ songwriter Ingrid Michaelson covered " Toxic " regularly on her 2010 Everybody Tour . Michaelson 's version ends with her and the band doing a dance break set to Spears 's original song .
American pop band Selena Gomez & the Scene performed a tribute to Spears during their 2011 We Own the Night Tour . The medley of hits included " ... Baby One More Time " , " ( You Drive Me ) Crazy " , " Oops ! ... I Did It Again " , " I 'm a Slave 4 U " and " Toxic " , mixed similar to the Chris Cox Megamix included in Greatest Hits : My Prerogative . They also performed a cover of " Hold It Against Me " .
= = Samples = =
" Toxic " was sampled in American rapper Tony Yayo 's " Love My Style " ( 2005 ) and British rapper Example 's " Toxic Breath " ( 2006 ) . A cover version of the song by French / Israeli Singer Yael Naim was also sampled by the Chicago rapper Mick Jenkins on the song " Jazz " , produced by OnGaud .
= = Soundtrack appearances = =
In the 2005 episode " The End of the World " of the TV show Doctor Who , the character of Cassandra unveils an ancient jukebox that reproduced " Toxic " as an example of " a traditional ballad " from 5 billion years prior . NME stated that the inclusion of the song marked its cultural impact .
In the 2007 film Knocked Up , the song is played when Seth Rogen and Paul Rudd are driving to Las Vegas . Director Judd Apatow explained that he originally tried to use " Toxic " in the 2005 film The 40 @-@ Year @-@ Old Virgin in the scene where Leslie Mann is drunk driving .
" Toxic " was also featured in the 2010 film You Again .
= = Accolades = =
" Toxic " earned Spears her first Grammy at the 2005 ceremony in the category of Best Dance Recording and gained her credibility amongst critics . The song also won Most Performed Work at the 2004 Ivor Novello Awards .
" Toxic " was ranked at number fourteen on Stylus Magazine 's Top 50 Singles between 2000 and 2005 . In a 2005 poll conducted by Sony Ericsson , " Toxic " was ranked as the world 's second favorite song , only behind " We Are the Champions " by Queen . Over 700 @,@ 000 people in 60 different countries cast their votes . The song was also included on The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born list by Blender . Pitchfork listed the song on The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s . Jess Harvell commented that Spears had great pop instincts and that " Toxic " showed how " Britney always had more individualist pep than her peers , important when you 're dealing with steamroller productions from the mind of Max Martin . "
In 2009 , NPR included " Toxic " on their Most Important Recordings of the Decade list . Amy Schriefer noted that the song 's synths defined the sound of dance @-@ pop for the rest of the decade , while adding that it " still sound [ s ] fresh and futuristic . " " Toxic " was listed on several others end of the decade lists ; at number forty @-@ seven by NME , forty @-@ four by Rolling Stone and seventeen on The Daily Telegraph . NME called it the soundtrack to all of the fun of the decade , from " little girls at discos " to " gay clubs and hen nights " . In addition , the song was voted in Rolling Stone 's end of the decade readers poll as the fourth best single of the decade .
Bill Lamb of About.com listed the song at number twenty @-@ seven on the Top 40 Pop Songs of All Time . Evan Sawdey of PopMatters commented that " Toxic " is a rare kind of song that transcends genre boundaries , and added that Spears delivered the track that defined her legacy .
In May 2010 , Spears revealed through her Twitter account that " Toxic " is her favorite song from her catalogue .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Home ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) =
" Home " is the third episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise . It first aired on October 22 , 2004 , on the UPN network in the United States . It was the second episode of the season directed by Allan Kroeker and the first in season four to be written by Michael Sussman .
Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship , Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . This episode brought to a close the Xindi story arc that ran throughout Season 3 , with the crew returning to Earth after the successful mission . It features three stories ; Captain Jonathan Archer ( Scott Bakula ) coming to terms with the psychological impact of the previous mission , Doctor Phlox ( John Billingsley ) finds that the people on Earth have become hostile to aliens , while Commander Charles " Trip " Tucker ( Connor Trinneer ) and Sub @-@ Commander T 'Pol ( Jolene Blalock ) travel to Vulcan for her arranged marriage .
The episode featured the return of several recurring characters , such as Vaughn Armstrong as Admiral Maxwell Forrest and Gary Graham as Ambassador Soval . Others who made their first of several appearances included Michael Reilly Burke , Ada Maris , Jack Donner and Joanna Cassidy as T 'Pol 's mother . Filming took seven days , during which time the standing sets used for the interior of Enterprise were redressed to appear as its sister ship , Columbia ( NX @-@ 02 ) , and location filming was conducted at Malibu Creek State Park . " Home " received a mixed reception from critics , and was watched by 3 @.@ 16 million viewers on first broadcast .
= = Plot = =
Captain Archer and the crew are welcomed back to Earth following the successful Xindi mission . As Enterprise undergoes repairs and refitting , Archer is reunited with a former girlfriend , Captain Erika Hernandez , who has been appointed to Starfleet 's second Warp 5 starship , Columbia ( NX @-@ 02 ) . Archer is debriefed by Admiral Maxwell Forrest and Ambassador Soval . After reacting in anger when Soval asks pointed questions about the Seleya incident , he is ordered by Forrest to take some relaxation leave .
He chooses to go mountain climbing ; to his initial annoyance , Hernandez invites herself along . That night , Archer dreams that he is attacked by Reptilians , and Hernandez tries to help him come to terms with his memories and new @-@ found adulation . In return , Archer tries to caution her that space exploration is not as idealistic as she thinks it is . In spite of this , the two manage to rekindle their romance . Returning to Starfleet Command , Archer is able to keep his emotions in check , and ultimately receives an unexpected thanks from Soval . Elsewhere , Doctor Phlox learns that some humans still hold a grudge over the Xindi attack , xenophobically blaming all aliens , and Phlox 's presence in a bar results in a brawl .
Meanwhile , Sub @-@ Commander T 'Pol – who has been invited to accept a Starfleet commission – takes the opportunity to travel to Vulcan to visit her mother , T 'Les . When Commander Tucker mentions that he does not have a home to go to , T 'Pol invites him along . On Vulcan , after a tense homecoming , she learns that her mother has resigned from the Vulcan Science Academy as indirect punishment for T 'Pol 's actions at the P 'Jem sanctuary . One logical way for T 'Pol to restore her mother 's position is to honor her engagement to Koss , a member of an influential family . Despite Tucker 's feelings , who admits to T 'Les ' observation that he is in love with T 'Pol , she consents to marry Koss . Just before the ceremony begins , however , T 'Pol quickly kisses Tucker on the cheek .
= = Production = =
When predicting what would be in store for season four , Scott Bakula suggested that he would like to see the crew come to terms with the emotional scars of the mission they had against the Xindi in the third season . He wanted several questions to be covered , such as " How do they come back into society , how do they re @-@ adjust their behaviors ? What has happened to them will always be inside of them , every time they 're confronted with new situations . " Following the resolution of the mission in " Zero Hour " , he wanted the crew to receive " a great reception " on their return to Earth . He was pleased with how this was handled in the series , describing " Home " as " a great episode " . When actress Jolene Blalock revealed that her character would be getting married in " Home " , she joked that she wouldn 't need to fight someone – a reference to the Star Trek : The Original Series episode " Amok Time " . Dominic Keating summed up the plot of the episode in an interview with Cult Times magazine , saying " Our heroes find that their world has changed after the Xindi annihilation of Florida at the end of the second year . "
The episode featured the return of several recurring characters , such as Admiral Forrest played by Vaughn Armstrong , who hadn 't appeared on the show for more than a year . Meanwhile , Gary Graham returned as Soval after a single appearance in the third season , and Jim Fitzpatrick made a third appearance as Commander Williams . There were several actors who appeared in the series for the first time including Jack Donner , although he had appeared as Subcommander Tal in The Original Series episode " The Enterprise Incident " . He described in an interview with TrekNation that he had been seeking to return to the Star Trek franchise for a while , having previously been overlooked for a part on Star Trek : Voyager . He said that his casting was directly linked to showrunner Manny Coto 's desire to link Enterprise more to The Original Series and was pleased to say that they had ask him back to appear later in the season .
Also making an appearance was Michael Reilly Burke as Koss – a character who was first mentioned in the first season episode " Breaking the Ice " . Burke had previously appeared as a Borg in Star Trek : The Next Generation and a Cardassian in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Also making their first appearances in the show were Ada Maris as Captain Erika Hernadez and Joanna Cassidy as T 'Pol 's mother , T 'Les . Donner , Burke and Cassidy would go on to appear in the Vulcan @-@ arc episodes later in the season , while Maris appeared in the Klingon two part story comprising " Affliction " and " Divergence " .
Filming began on August 4 for seven days , finishing on August 12 . The Enterprise standing sets were re @-@ dressed to appear as the interior scenes on the USS Columbia and a variety of swing sets were used . There was exterior shots filmed at Malibu Creek State Park for the scenes with Archer and Hernandez . One area which had only previously been mentioned in Star Trek was the Fire Plains on Vulcan – in the Star Trek : Voyager episode " Innocence " , which was created in " Home " using computer @-@ generated imagery . Allan Kroeker directed " Home " , his second of the season after the first episode of " Storm Front " – although he had directed numerous episodes during the first three seasons , and " Home " was written by Mike Sussman , who wrote five episodes during the previous season .
= = Reception and home media release = =
" Home " first premiered on UPN in the United States on October 22 , 2004 . It was watched by an audience of 3 @.@ 16 million viewers , an increase over the previous week 's episode , the second part of " Storm Front " which was watched by 3 @.@ 11 million . This was part of an overall increase in viewers during the first six episodes of Enterprise , with each episode being watched by a greater number of viewers than those before it . According to the Nielsen ratings received for " Home " , the episode placed fifth in its timeslot , with a rating of 1 @.@ 7 / 3 percent . This means that it was seen by 1 @.@ 7 percent of all households , and 3 percent of all those watching television at the time of broadcast . It gained higher ratings than The WB , who aired What I Like About You and Grounded for Life .
Prior to broadcast , " Home " was listed as one of the programmes on Entertainment Weekly 's " Tonight 's Best TV " for October 22 . In another preview , IGN Filmforce described the episode as a " yawner " , and described the writers as " lazy " because of the trade off between character development and a general plot – the latter of which they said was absent in this episode . However , the review praised the additional attention given to Linda Park as Hoshi , saying that she is " possibly the most under @-@ utilized actor on the show and shows the most potential . " Overall it said that " the episode hints at promise for the rest of the season but is dull as dishwater on its own . "
Ryan Britt , while writing for Tor.com , thought more favourably of " Home " , including it in a list of six episodes from Enterprise which are comparable to the best of the other Star Trek series . It was described as " the sort of episode that either rewards someone who liked the characters on this show , or could potentially get you to like them if you didn ’ t really know what was going on . " Britt 's only complaint was that the romance between T 'Pol and Tucker wasn 't further developed as it brought out the best in Blalock and Trinneer .
The first home media release of " Home " was in the season four DVD box set of Enterprise , originally released in the United States on November 1 , 2005 . The Blu ray release of the final season of Enterprise was on April 29 , 2014 .
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= Vanajan Autotehdas =
Vanajan Autotehdas Oy ( VAT ) was a producer of heavy vehicles based in Hämeenlinna , Finland . The company was founded as Yhteissisu Oy in 1943 by the Finnish government and a number of major Finnish companies with the aim of producing lorries and buses for the Finnish Defence Forces . World War II was over before the company could start series production ; it was renamed Vanajan Autotehdas and the marque became Vanaja . Subsequently , the production consisted of outdated lorry models , partly built from military surplus materials . After overcoming initial difficulties , the company modernised its products , became profitable and grew until the mid 1950s . Many major components , including engines , were imported . Diesel engines became widely available in 1955 , and in 1959 VAT introduced its most significant innovation , the full load lifting tandem axle mechanism , which improved off @-@ road capability significantly ; the system is now used in Sisu vehicles .
The company started producing bus chassis in 1950 , and the superstructures were built by a number of Finnish coach builders . The last models were appreciated by a number of bus operators , and missed after production was stopped . All Vanaja bus chassis were fitted with air brakes by 1958 , after the failure of hydraulic brakes on a Vanaja bus had led to one of the worst traffic accidents ever to have happened in Finland .
VAT fell into financial difficulties by end of the 1960s ; this led to a merger with the other Finnish heavy vehicle producer Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab at the end of 1968 . The Vanaja brand ceased to exist in 1971 , after which the former Vanaja factory produced Sisu terminal tractors , bus chassis , military vehicles and mobile crane chassis . The factory now belongs to Patria — which produces Patria AMV armoured personnel carriers — and heavy @-@ vehicle axle producer Sisu Axles .
Vanajan Autotehdas was always a small company , employing about 400 people in 1968 , and in the 1960s its market share was barely 5 % in Finland . Almost all Vanajas were sold for the domestic market ; only a few units were exported . Vanaja vehicles became known for their robust construction and high degree of customisation . The number of Vanaja bus chassis and lorries totalled 7 @,@ 140 units ; this consists of 260 lorry and 66 bus chassis models ; for 116 lorry models only one or two units were produced . Vanajas had a good reputation and they are nowadays valued by vintage vehicle enthusiasts .
= = Foundation = =
During the winter of 1942 – 43 , the Finnish Defence Forces estimated there was no immediate prospect of a quick end to the Continuation War but there was an immediate need for new vehicles . In the longer term , the army was expected to need at least 7 @,@ 000 lorries and buses . Neutral countries such as Sweden and Switzerland were willing to sell vehicles to Finland but demanded payment in advance and in their own currencies . As Finland did not have sufficient currency reserves the only option was to develop domestic vehicle production .
At that time , the only Finnish heavy vehicle producer Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab ( SAT ) was building a new factory in Karis , a location considered less likely than Helsinki to come under attack from Soviet air raids . Company general director Tor Nessling suggested the factory should be larger than originally planned . As another option , Nessling , with extreme reservation , considered building a new factory elsewhere in Finland . SAT was experienced in heavy vehicle production but economic and technical resources were limited . Heavy vehicle importers and some political cliques thought SAT was trying to benefit from the war and to gain a dominant position in the Finnish market .
Defence minister Rudolf Walden called a meeting held on 3 and 4 March 1943 to explore solutions to the acute shortage of vehicles . The meeting was attended by representatives of the government and military leadership , and key personnel from leading Finnish industrial companies . A committee was formed to propose founding a company in which SAT and the state were both involved . The proposal was presented in a meeting on 20 March . The name of the company was Oy Yhteissisu Ab ( " mutual Sisu " ) , which meant the intention was joint production of Sisu vehicles . The private owners were A. Ahlström , Ata , Fiskars , Kone , Kymin Oy , Lokomo , W. Rosenlew & Co . , Suomen Autoteollisuus , Suomen Gummitehdas , Suomen Kaapelitehdas , Tampereen Pellava- ja Rauta @-@ Teollisuus , Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat and Strömberg . The headquarters was in Erottaja in Helsinki . The company chairman was Heikki H. Herlin and the reluctant Tor Nessling was appointed general manager .
The Defence Forces set strict requirements for the vehicles to be produced . There was not enough time to develop a new model . Although outdated , the best of the available options was the Sisu S @-@ 21 . Yhteissisu and SAT agreed to transfer Sisu S @-@ 21 lorry production to Yhteissisu . The Yhteissisu @-@ produced models were named S @-@ 22 .
= = Start of production = =
Immediately after the company was founded , production started in the SAT factory in Vallila , Helsinki . The Yhteissisu vehicles were built separately from SAT vehicles . It was clear from the start that vehicles should be produced away from Helsinki ; the company sought a suitable location close to good rail , road and waterway connections . The original idea was to build the factory inside caves mined into bedrock ; the place would be required to have suitable geology . A suitable area was finally found in Vanaja next to Hämeenlinna . Yhteissisu bought 31 @.@ 1 hectares ( 77 acres ) of land on 14 March 1944 . A contract for factory construction was signed with a contractor on 30 March . The Railway Administration accepted Yhteissisu 's plan to build a railway connection in the area . Quarrying work for the underground workshop began in July 1944 . The expense and a shortage of time meant the plan had to be amended , and the entire production area was built above ground . The factory buildings were completed in early November 1944 . Alvar Aalto 's architectural office designed houses for the factory workers .
The first lorry made in Vanaja was a Sisu S @-@ 22 prototype , which rolled out of the factory door on 1 August 1945 . After a short and intensive testing period , serial production began on 29 October 1945 but because of a shortage of materials and component quality problems , the first vehicles were not ready until early 1946 . The capabilities of the domestic suppliers proved to be very limited and the company was dependent on imported gearboxes , steering components , drive shafts and electrical systems until domestic companies could set up their own production . The Finnish suppliers were unable to meet the requirements with the available materials and experienced severe quality problems . Total production in 1946 was 147 Sisu S @-@ 22 vehicles , which was far below the target of 2 @,@ 000 vehicles . The original , calculated price per vehicle had been 765 @,@ 000 marks but the eventual cost was 800 @,@ 000 marks .
The war had ended before series production was started , and the Defence Forces did not need new vehicles . On the contrary , the army had to reduce the number of vehicles according to the Moscow Armistice . The frustrated component suppliers left the business and the Ministry of Trade and Industry terminated the vehicle supply contract from the end of 1946 . In early 1946 , Yhteissisu had agreed with the Ministry of Trade and Industry that vehicles not bought by the state could be sold on the civilian market . Sisu S @-@ 22s became available for sale at 12 SAT locations in Finland . The company presented a lighter , lower @-@ cost model , the S @-@ 22K , at the Helsinki Domestic Industry Fair in May 1946 .
= = From Yhteissisu to Vanajan Autotehdas = =
Tor Nessling resigned from Yhteissisu in February 1947 . There was talk of closing the company . Yhteissisu sold only 103 S @-@ 22s in 1947 , some of which had been produced the previous year . 55 lorries were built by the company in 1947 . The company 's share capital was reduced from 75 million marks to 7 @.@ 5 million , then increased to 50 million ; the state became the main owner , having a 44 % share of the company . The other owners were Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat , A. Ahlström , Strömberg and Tampereen Pellava- ja Rauta @-@ Teollisuus . From September , the new general manager of the company was Eero Kytölä . The company lost two million marks in 1947 .
Yhteissisu had the rights to use the Sisu brand until summer 1948 . In a general meeting held in 1948 , the board decided to rename the company Vanajan Autotehdas and the brand of the vehicles became Vanaja . The factory area was moved from the municipality of Vanaja to that of Hämeenlinna at the beginning of the same year .
= = First Vanaja production = =
= = = Vanaja V @-@ 48 = = =
When the licence to use the Sisu brand expired in June 1948 , Sisu S @-@ 22 production was continued as the Vanaja V @-@ 48 , and its production continued until 1955 .
= = = White M2 Half @-@ Track conversions = = =
General manager Kytölä travelled to France and West Germany in 1947 and early 1948 to buy military surplus materials from the Western Allies . He bought 425 White Motor Company M2 Half @-@ Track vehicles , 186 lorry engines , 304 Cadillac V8 engines , 4 Mack ED diesel engines , 2 Hercules Diesel DFXE engines , 11 @,@ 000 GMC wheels and one 45 @-@ tonne @-@ capacity trailer . Trading was organised through the Ministry of Supply and the first delivery arrived in March 1948 . The White Half @-@ Track vehicles were without armour ; Kytölä 's idea was to equip them with superstructures for field or forest clearing , or to convert them into Four @-@ wheel drive lorries by replacing the tracks with a conventional rear axle . In total , VAT sold 359 units as half @-@ tracks , and 60 were converted into 4 × 4 or 4 × 2 vehicles . These lorries were sold as Vanaja VaWh . Some of the half @-@ track vehicles were scrapped for parts ; the last was sold in 1952 .
= = Growth and recession in 1950s = =
After the original contract with the state was terminated , a new agreement for the production of 650 vehicles to be delivered between 1948 and 1952 was reached . The state helped production with a significant prepayment of 132 million marks . According to the contract , 150 vehicles were scheduled to be built in 1948 . The company reached this target and made a further 11 vehicles for private use . 92 were sold under the name of Sisu S @-@ 22 or S @-@ 22K and 69 were badged as Vanaja V @-@ 48 . 101 M2 Half @-@ Tracks were sold . In 1948 , VAT made a loss of 746 @,@ 000 marks . In 1949 , VAT made another 150 vehicles for the state and 37 vehicles for private operators ; it produced 163 V @-@ 48s and 24 VaWhs . The company also sold 211 M2 Half @-@ Tracks , allowing it to declare its first profit of 1 @.@ 208 million marks , which was helped by a devaluation of the Finnish mark .
VAT 's positioning in the heavy @-@ vehicle market strengthened in 1950 and the company started producing bus chassis . The same year , VAT introduced a new product family — the VK series . Production was disrupted by a three @-@ month strike , as a result of which completion of some of the 150 state @-@ ordered vehicles scheduled for delivery that year was delayed until the following year . Despite its difficulties VAT posted a profit of almost two million marks . By now , the company employed 106 workers .
Sales and profits grew year @-@ on @-@ year during the early 1950s . The prepayment from the government was repaid in 1952 . For a short time , VAT imported and marketed clearing tractors produced by Italian firm Ansaldo @-@ Fossati . Although there was demand for this type of vehicle , they sold poorly because their price was considered inconsistent with their technical quality ; only a few units were delivered in 1953 .
The development of sales was overestimated ; in 1956 , 525 Vanajas were sold and in March 1957 , the volume for the whole year was estimated to reach about 400 units . VAT employed about 200 workers at the time and changed to a four @-@ day working week . The company blamed the government 's import licence bureaucracy for the problem — it was difficult to get diesel engines from abroad . In the following month , over 30 Vanajas that were otherwise ready were awaiting diesel engines . The economy improved in 1959 .
= = = Criticism = = =
In 1950 , the Finnish government was criticised for ignoring other options and buying only Vanajas , which were said to be overpriced . The state had ordered 650 vehicles , spread over several years , and this tied the state 's hands in equipment buying for a long period .
Both VAT and SAT were criticised in 1954 by heavy vehicle importers because the two companies had access to a large share of the limited foreign currency reserves for component supply . The importers ' representatives said neither Sisu nor Vanaja were very domestic products and the vehicles the importers represented were actually more domestic because some assembly work was done in Finland . According to the Association of Vehicle Importers , the domestic vehicles cost between 30 % and 80 % more compared to imported ones . The following year , the government started to investigate possibilities for importing heavy vehicles in kit form to reduce foreign @-@ currency expenditure . VAT and SAT expressed doubts about the viability of such production . In 1957 , the government ended restrictions on the import of heavy vehicle chassis . Eventually , the prices of imported vehicles approached those of Sisu and Vanaja vehicles .
= = = Entering the diesel era = = =
The Vanaja petrol engines made by SAT and Tampella were outdated American engines built under licence . Customers wanted diesel engines , which were more powerful . The first Vanaja diesel models were powered by Kämper and Saurer engines . VAT also tested Südwerke 's two @-@ stroke diesel engines but only one such vehicle was built . Import licences for diesel engines were difficult to obtain and this constrained vehicle sales . In some cases , customers provided their own engines — for example Volvo or Mercedes @-@ Benz , which were mounted to their ordered vehicles on the assembly line . In 1955 , VAT bought two batches of 6 @-@ cylinder 90 @-@ hp Leyland 0 @.@ 350 diesel engines . These proved to be too inefficient , and the following year the company ordered a batch of 300 stronger Leylands made in the Netherlands by van Doorne 's Automobilfabriek N.V.
In 1956 , VAT became the representative for Ansaldo S.A. and Kämper @-@ Motoren GmbH . Ansaldo offered engines of between 100 hp and 8 @,@ 000 hp intended for marine and industrial applications . Kämper products delivered between 14 hp and 150 hp . A 6 @-@ cylinder , 130 @-@ hp Kämper was offered as an option for Vanajas .
= = = Vanaja lifting tandem system = = =
The best @-@ known hallmark of Vanaja , the full @-@ load lifting tandem axle , was introduced in January 1957 . This invention enabled an additional load of 2 @.@ 5 tonnes to be carried and the entire load on the tandem could be moved to the fore axle using an electro @-@ hydraulic system . The system improved the traction , offering a significant advantage on slippery surfaces . The innovative lifting tandem was developed under leadership of the company 's chief engineer Veikko Muronen . Vanaja became the leader in the Finnish logging vehicle market and maintained this position until production ceased . In forestry work , a layout with a driven front axle and a tandem axle with a driven fore axle , called 4 × 4 + 2 , became famous in Finland but is seldom seen outside the Nordic countries .
= = Vehicles for the Finnish Defence Forces = =
The Finnish Defence Forces carried out a winter test for potential military vehicles in March 1958 . 35 candidate vehicles from the two domestic producers and various importers were driven around Finland . VAT sent four vehicles to the test , three of which were 4 × 4s and one was an ordinary , rear @-@ wheel driven vehicle . During the five days ' testing period , all vehicles were continuously fully loaded . For part of the journey , the vehicles had to tow an eight @-@ ton field cannon . The vehicles were tested for off @-@ road capabilities in even , 50 @-@ to @-@ 70 cm ( 20 @-@ to @-@ 28 in ) -deep snow . One of the Vanajas was destroyed in an accident . The domestic vehicles performed well in the test ; in some cases the rear @-@ wheel driven Sisus and Vanajas outperformed the 4 × 4 @-@ driven foreign competitors . None of the vehicles were clearly better than the others but the result convinced the Defence Forces of the capabilities of the domestic vehicles and led to several deals for SAT and VAT .
In 1960 , VAT delivered the first Vanaja VAKS lorries , which were intended for general use in garrisons , to the Defence Forces . The later versions were called AS @-@ 33 . 155 units were produced . Vanaja NS @-@ 47 was the first Finnish 4 × 4 off @-@ road lorry designed primarily for military use . A few dozen vehicles were ordered between 1962 and 1964 , and were used for hauling 35 mm Oerlikon anti @-@ aircraft cannons and heavy artillery .
= = Exporting efforts = =
In September 1958 VAT , together with other Finnish companies , participated in the Thessaloniki International Trade Fair . The vehicles shown were one Vanaja VAK lorry and a mid @-@ engined VLK550 bus chassis . Due to the AEC engines the Vanaja 's did not raise interest among the potential Greek customers , as relations between the UK and Greece were bad at the time . The lorry was finally sold in Greece but the bus chassis returned to Finland and was sold to a bus operator which built a tourist bus body on it .
VAT signed a contract to sell 200 lorries to Turkey in 1959 . The first two vehicles were shipped from Finland in 1959 but the contract was terminated in an embarrassing way because the Bank of Finland refused to take Turkish liras in payment .
At the end of the 1950s and in the early 1960s , VAT and the French Camions Willème SA had plans for joint production , but only one jointly produced prototype was ever made ; the chassis was from Vanaja , the engine was from AEC , and the cabin , which was a forward control type cabin and partly made from glass fibre , was from Willème .
Four Vanaja 's were shown at the Barcelona international fair in June 1961 . The vehicles were taken to the fair by driving them through Europe . The fair was considered successful , but no vehicle sales resulted from it .
= = Specialising in 1960s = =
General Manager Eero Kytölä resigned from his position in 1962 . DI Ilmari Karttunen , who had previously worked as factory superintendent , was appointed the new head of the company . He led VAT until 1967 , when Jaakko Jarimo took the post .
During 1958 – 1960 VAT focused increasingly on custom @-@ building vehicles according to customer request . Typically a potential customer just walked into the main office in Helsinki or factory in Hämeenlinna and described what kind of vehicle he wanted . The enthusiastic engineers listened carefully to every individual customer 's wishes and designed vehicles accordingly , with two or three axles , desired layout , wheelbase and with conventional or forward control cabin . Many vehicle types were only produced for one or two units . The volume model , however , was a nine @-@ tonne variant of the VAK series .
A good example of custom @-@ built vehicles are the VKB series forward @-@ control vehicles , developed for an earthmoving company in Helsinki . The company needed short vehicles with a good grade ability and high payload . The wheelbase of these vehicles was 3 @.@ 8 metres ( 12 ft ) and the total weight was 10 @.@ 6 tonnes ; use of these vehicles on public roads required a special permit .
A typical feature in Vanajas was over @-@ engineered structures which were robust rather than optimised . The main components were sourced from well @-@ established suppliers . VAT also showed progressive thinking in driver ergonomics ; the comfortably sprung and hydraulically damped driver 's seat was positioned close to the door , to ease reversing . The seat had several ways in which it could be adjusted . Hanging pedals , which were set to the same level , became standard at an early stage . Vanaja 's interior heater , which produced 9 @,@ 000 kcal / h , was possibly the most efficient available in lorries by the 1960s . Many Vanaja drivers valued the particularly soft suspension of the vehicles . Two @-@ axle lorries were available in 4 × 2 and 4 × 4 layouts ; the three @-@ axle models were produced as 6 × 2 , 6 × 4 , 4 × 4 + 2 and 6 × 6 .
VAT celebrated its 20th anniversary in 1963 . All press releases and publications ignored the fact that its key competitor , SAT , had had a significant role in its foundation . Yhteissisu was not mentioned in any context .
VAT got a notable order from the Infrastructure and Hydro Engineering Administration in April 1965 . The order for 250 vehicles was funded by a loan from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) for development of the road network . Forty vehicles were equipped with a driven front axle . The order was completed in 1966 .
The company faced a difficult situation again in 1967 when the total number of vehicles produced was just 381 units . At the beginning of 1968 VAT fired 40 of the 400 employees . Vanaja had its staunch customer base and the vehicles were generally well regarded but the overall market share remained low ; in 1963 just 4 – 5 % of the newly registered heavy lorries in Finland were Vanajas . The highly customised production had led to an excessive diversity of models , which made spare part supply difficult . Moreover , the customising presumably took resources away from technical development work . There was no change for the better although the company introduced its modern forward control model B6 @-@ 76 which was expected to become the next volume model .
= = Factory and production = =
The original factory building , officially a warehouse and assembly hall , had a volume of 25 @,@ 000 m3 ( 33 @,@ 000 cu yd ) . The facilities were developed over time and by the end of 1953 , the floor area was 35 @,@ 000 m2 ( 42 @,@ 000 sq yd ) . The warehouse and assembly hall were renamed the main hall ; it was now 120 m ( 130 yd ) long and 30 m ( 33 yd ) wide . Bus chassis production was located at the southern side of the hall and lorries were built at the northern side . This set @-@ up was often changed depending on the product mix and production volume .
At the end of the building was a crane for ironware handling . When the frames were taken in , they were fitted with suspension and axles , and then turned the right way up . The next parts were the engine and transmission components . The final part for lorries was a pre @-@ assembled cabin . Conventional bus chassis were delivered with bonnet and wings , but the forward control types left the factory without any body parts . After being painted , the vehicles left the assembly hall . Finally , every vehicle was tested on a 100 @-@ to @-@ 200 km ( 62 @-@ to @-@ 124 mi ) -long test run on different roads and with various loads . The bus chassis were tested in a similar way ; because there was no body , the drivers only had warm clothes and driving goggles to protect them against the weather conditions . The vehicles were handed over to the customers after final adjustments .
Construction work on a new subassembly shop began in 1955 and the building was ready in 1957 . The new facilities were for machining , heat treatment and sheet metal works . Another end of the building was for a service workshop . A new service workshop with 17 vehicle places was built in 1966 .
= = Suppliers = =
= = = Engines = = =
VAT could offer only petrol engines until 1953 . The most common ones were the Hercules engines made domestically under licence by SAT and Tampella . The SAT @-@ made engine was called the Sisu AMG or SA5 , and the engine made by Tampella was the Tampella 6000 . The second most common engine was the Cadillac V8 1G and the third was the White 160 AX , which Kytölä had bought from Central Europe . Some Bedford petrol engines were used in Defence Forces lorries in the 1960s and Ford V8 engines were used for fire engines . The first diesel Vanajas were powered by Saurer and Kämper engines . The vast majority of diesel engines were supplied by Leyland and AEC . A few Vanajas were equipped with the Perkins R6 or the Ford Trader 510E . In some cases , the engine was provided by the customer ; one Vanaja was powered by a Mercedes @-@ Benz diesel engine .
= = = Transmission = = =
VAT used Valmet gearboxes , which were copied from the transmissions made by the American company Fuller in the late 1940s and the early 1950s . When components became more easily available , VAT started to use genuine Fullers and ZF @-@ made gearboxes . The transfer cases were supplied by Timken and ZF . VAT built the rear axles from gears made by ATA until the company started buying axles from Timken .
= = = Cabins = = =
The company had several suppliers of lorry cabins ; they were produced at the beginning by Tampella , Valmet , Messukylän Autokoritehdas , Auto @-@ Heinonen , Kiitokori and later as a main supplier by Lahden Autokori . VAT itself made cabins for some special , one @-@ off products . In the late 1960s , some Vanajas were equipped with British Ergomatic forward control cabins made by Motor Panels Ltd . The cabins were bought via A.E.C.
= = Bus chassis production = =
Bus chassis production began in 1950 . VAT made the first prototypes of rear @-@ engined buses in 1956 . The company made two prototype chassis , which were designated model VAT @-@ 4800 ; the superstructures were made by coach builders Ajokki Oy and Nummela Oy . The solution caused several technical problems , including proper cooling and transfer of heating to the front end of the body . The cooling problem was finally solved by a large air scoop located at the back of the roof ; this was not regarded as an aesthetically pleasing arrangement . As the solution was found , VAT produced ten more rear @-@ engined chassis called type VAT @-@ 5200 .
By 1958 , all VAT bus chassis were equipped with air brakes ; later these were also fitted to lorries . The decision was influenced by one of the worst road traffic accidents to happen in Finland ; 15 people drowned in Konnevesi when a fairly new Vanaja bus drove through the boom barrier of a ferry slip , sinking in 4 metres ( 13 ft ) of water . The driver survived and said the bus ' brakes had failed ; this was confirmed in the following investigation , which found the sealing of one of the hydraulic Lockheed brakes had failed .
VAT delivered its first mid @-@ engined bus chassis to Ajokki Oy coach works in April 1958 . It was powered by a horizontally mounted 164 @-@ hp AEC diesel engine . The end customer was bus operator Väinö Paunu Oy , which also participated in the development work . In 1960 , VAT introduced the VLK500 chassis with air suspension and dual @-@ circuit air brakes . VAT returned to building rear @-@ engined buses in 1966 – 67 , but sales did not reach the level of the mid- and front @-@ engined models . The company conducted a number of experiments with the construction ; one example was a bus with a frameless structure in which the beams were replaced by a lighter solution .
= = Model nomenclature = =
The model nomenclature of the early 1950s was as follows :
VK : Vanaja kuorma @-@ auto ; " Vanaja lorry "
VL : Vanaja linja @-@ auto ; " Vanaja bus "
Letter B at the end , for example in model VK @-@ 6B , meant forward control cabin and L came from extra long springs .
The lorry model names were changed in 1956 .
VAK : Vanaja kuorma @-@ auto ; " Vanaja lorry " ; lorry with a conventional cabin
VKB : Vanaja kuorma @-@ auto bulldog ; " Vanaja lorry forward control "
VKN : Vanaja kuorma @-@ auto neliveto ; " Vanaja lorry four @-@ wheel drive "
VKT : Vanaja kuorma @-@ auto telillä ; " Vanaja lorry with a tandem " ; lorry with a tandem of which one axle is driven ( 6 × 2 )
VTT : Vanaja tandem @-@ telillä ; " Vanaja driven tandem " ; lorry with a tandem of which both axles are driven ( 6 × 4 )
VNT : Vanaja neliveto telillä ; " Vanaja four @-@ wheel @-@ drive with a tandem " ; lorry with a driven front axle and tandem of which one axle is driven ( 4 × 4 + 2 )
VKK : Vanaja kuorma @-@ auto kaikki akselit vetävät ; " Vanaja lorry all axles driven " ; lorry with a driven front axle and driven tandem ( 6 × 6 )
The bus model names changed accordingly .
VAL : Vanaja linja @-@ auto ; " Vanaja bus "
VLB : Vanaja linja @-@ auto bulldog ; " Vanaja bus forward control " ; the engine was placed in the front
VLK : Vanaja linja @-@ auto keskimoottorilla ; " Vanaja bus with mid @-@ placed engine "
VLT : Vanaja linja @-@ auto takamoottorilla ; " Vanaja bus with rear placed engine "
In addition , the model name " VAT " was used for two rear @-@ engined bus models : the VAT @-@ 4800 — of which two units were produced in 1956 , and the VAT @-@ 5200BD — of which ten units were produced in 1957 . The next change came in 1961 , when an engine manufacturer 's code was included in the model name . For example , the VAK lorry powered by an AEC AVU 470 became the A @-@ 47 . Correspondingly , the same lorry with a Leyland O.600 diesel became the A @-@ 60R ; the R stood for raskas ( heavy ) , meaning it had a stronger front axle . The bus model names changed again in the same manner . For example , a forward control bus with the Leyland O.600 engine was called the VLB @-@ 60 .
The new model numbering was changed in 1963 because of increased front axle loads ; after the letter code a 2 indicated the higher axle capacity . In later models , a 6 means the front axle capacity is 6 tonnes . The S in types VAKS , AS and NS meant sotilas ( soldier ) ; they were intended for military use .
The bus model numbering changed for the last time in 1966 ; the front @-@ engined VLB became LE6 , the mid @-@ engined VLK was changed to LK6 and the rear @-@ engined VLT became LT6 . The three @-@ digit numbers on the bonnet sides of the last Vanaja lorries indicate the engine displacement in cubic inches . They are not model numbers , although they are often incorrectly referred to as such .
= = End of Vanaja = =
In 1964 , VAT had started to seek a stronger partner when it negotiated with AB Scania @-@ Vabis . The companies planned to use Scania engines in Vanaja vehicles but the plan proved too expensive for VAT . This may have led the major owners of VAT to start discussions about merging VAT and SAT . The chairman of VAT held regular meetings with the SAT manager Tor Nessling . In 1967 , AB Scania @-@ Vabis expressed its interest in VAT and German company Klöckner @-@ Humboldt @-@ Deutz AG was interested in co @-@ operation with , or acquisition of , VAT . Valmet is also rumoured to have been interested in VAT but there is no evidence of concrete negotiations .
As well as being a small producer , VAT had problems with unreliable deliveries and quality problems caused by the component suppliers . Semi @-@ finished lorries often waited outside the factory for engines or other key components . The British diesel engines suffered from more quality problems compared with their Swedish and German competitors . The company 's owners became increasingly reluctant to fund the unprofitable business .
Speculation about a merger between SAT and VAT began in Swedish newspapers in 1967 and was soon picked up by the Finnish media . The major owner , the state of Finland with its 45 % share , suggested a merger to Nessling in December 1967 . The financial situation of VAT was unsustainable ; the whole year 's turnover was 19 @.@ 5 million new Finnish marks when the company had debts of 14 @.@ 5 million ; 100 old Finnish marks became 1 new mark in 1963 . The contract for the merger of Suomen Autoteollisuus and Vanajan Autotehdas was signed on 30 May 1968 . VAT was formally discontinued at the end of 1968 . After the merger , the state owned 17 @.@ 2 % of the new SAT , becoming the third @-@ largest shareholder of the company .
Customers ' reactions to the merger varied . Most of the public understood the need for the merger of two small companies , which were both operating in a very limited market and trying to challenge the mass producers . Some loyal Vanaja customers were astounded at the decision to discontinue the make . Some customers were upset because the last long @-@ nosed Vanajas were equipped with cabins from Jyry @-@ Sisu ; they said they would never buy Sisu and moved to imported vehicles . Many proven technical solutions used in Vanajas were soon implemented on Sisus . The drop in the truck market was short @-@ lived and sales soon returned to the levels experienced by Vanaja and Sisu combined in the mid @-@ 1960s . The last Vanaja vehicles were mobile cranes produced at the end of 1971 ; subsequently all vehicles made in the SAT Hämeenlinna works were badged as Sisus .
Combining the strengths of the both companies was not successful in bus chassis production because of strategic mistakes by SAT . The Vanaja LK @-@ series with a large , centrally mounted engine was discontinued , which led to the loss of the main customer , Väinö Paunu Oy . SAT offered Sisu chassis to replace the Vanaja models , but a number of bus operators , including TKL , rejected them .
= = = Production figures = = =
The number of Vanaja lorries and bus chassis produced totalled 7 @,@ 140 units . In addition , dozens of trailers and semi @-@ trailers were produced and sold under the Vanaja brand in connection with lorries . In 1955 , four Vanaja rail buses made in collaboration with coachbuilding firm Kiitokori were sold to the Finnish State Railways .
About 260 models of lorry were produced , which were fitted with 35 types of engine , 20 different gearboxes , and 15 to 20 types of cabin . Many of the models were produced in small numbers , with 116 types only being represented by one or two units . Most of the differences came from special wheelbases that always needed approval from the authorities . In many cases , it is impossible even for experts to identify different models and years of production . There were 66 types of bus chassis produced , and the number of different body types built on them by various coach builders and operators is unknown .
= = From Sisu @-@ Hämeenlinna to the present = =
The merger led to a clash of two organisational cultures . While VAT had a flat organisation , open communication among its workforce and a spirit of togetherness , SAT 's organisation was strictly hierarchical . The division of portfolios between Karis and Hämeenlinna was changed after the merger . Lorry production was gradually concentrated at Karis and Sisu @-@ Hämeenlinna focused on producing mobile cranes , bus chassis , terminal tractors and military vehicles . Former VAT personnel had to increase production of the new portfolio and simultaneously adopt new processes , so it was three to four years before the Hämeenlinna factory could deliver results in line with its capacity .
In 1971 and 1981 the factory made tram bogies under licence from DÜWAG . The trams were made by Valmet for the city of Helsinki . Bus chassis production was officially discontinued in 1986 , although in 1989 a small batch was made and later fitted with Ajokki coach bodies for delivery to a customer in the Soviet Union .
SAT had planned its first terminal tractor in Helsinki in the 1960s and the production and development was continued in Hämeenlinna in 1969 . The Sisu terminal tractors became famous worldwide for their innovative design . Production was moved to Tampere in 1996 .
SAT 's military vehicle production was moved from the Karis Works to Hämeenlinna in 1970 . The Sisu A @-@ 45 vehicle was later followed by the introduction of two heavier versions ; the Sisu SA @-@ 150 and the Sisu SA @-@ 240 . Production of the armoured personnel carrier Sisu XA @-@ 180 " Pasi " started in the early 1980s . Several vehicles were sold to the Finnish Defence Forces and other armies ; it was also used in United Nations peacekeeping missions . Other military products were the Sisu NA @-@ 140 " Nasu " , which was produced from 1985 to 2002 , and the mine @-@ clearance vehicle Sisu RA @-@ 140 DS " Raisu " , 41 of which were produced between 1994 and 2001 .
In 1985 , the company moved its axle production from Helsinki to a new factory at Hämeenlinna . In 1995 , axle production was separated into an independent unit called Sisu Axles ; this was sold to investors in 1999 . The main factory builds military vehicles ; the state separated it from the parent company in 1996 and renamed it Patria Vehicles Oy . Its main products are Patria AMV armoured personnel carriers .
= = Legacy = =
Vanaja was sometimes characterised as " one of the world 's best lorries " because of the company 's ability to engineer a vehicle ideal for each application in accordance with the customer 's wishes . The merger of SAT and VAT has inspired a number of imaginative conspiracy theories . In reality , the acquisition followed a normal process that was initiated by the owners . Experts in the field almost unanimously agree that the merger ensured the Finnish vehicle industry would continue well into the future . Vanajas are valued by vintage vehicle enthusiasts .
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= Kamp Krusty =
" Kamp Krusty " is the first episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 24 , 1992 . During summer vacation , the children of Springfield attend Kamp Krusty , a summer camp named after Krusty the Clown . The camp is extremely unpleasant , leading to the campers rebelling against the camp director . The episode was written by David M. Stern and directed by Mark Kirkland .
= = Plot = =
Bart and Lisa excitedly discuss their visit to Kamp Krusty , a summer camp run by Krusty the Clown . Homer has made Bart 's visit conditional on him getting at least a C average on his report card . Bart receives a D- in each subject from Ms. Krabappel , so he changes each grade into straight A 's . Homer chides Bart for not faking plausible grades , but lets him go to camp anyway , because he does not want Bart hanging around throughout the summer .
The camp 's director , Mr. Black , has licensed Krusty 's name from the comedian . The campers find out that the camp is a dystopia . Dolph , Jimbo and Kearney , the camp counselors , take the children on death marches , and force them into making knockoff wallets for export .
Homer and Marge enjoy their summer alone , with Homer losing weight and growing hair . Lisa writes to them , describing the camp 's brutal conditions , but her parents think she is exaggerating . Bart hopes that his hero Krusty , will save them , but Krusty remains unaware of the camp 's nature , and is currently visiting England for the Wimbledon Tennis Tournament .
To keep the children complacent , Mr. Black informs the campers that Krusty has finally come , but it is actually Barney Gumble disguised as Krusty . Bart leads the campers in rebellion , driving out Mr. Black and the bullies . Kent Brockman reports on the revolt , where Bart explains the camp 's deplorable conditions that caused him and the campers to rebel in the first place . The stress of seeing Bart as the leader of the rebellion during the report on TV causes Homer to immediately lose the hair he grew and regain the lost weight . Krusty is called away from his vacation , and arrives at the camp where the kids at first don 't believe its him , until a rough search reveals his iconic pacemaker scar . Krusty apologizes to the children for the poor conditions , saying that he was bribed to approve the camp . As compensation , Krusty takes them to " the happiest place on Earth " , Tijuana , Mexico .
= = Production = =
The idea that the children should go to a camp run by Krusty was first suggested by David M. Stern . The animators were enthusiastic about making this episode because they had all gone to summer camps as children and thought it would be a fun episode to write for . The writers also thought that " it would be fun if while the kids are gone Homer and Marge find that as the kids are miserable their marriage is better than ever . " The layout for Bart and Lisa 's cabin was influenced by the director , Mark Kirkland , who as a child went to a Boy Scout camp that had exposed wires and other similar faults . Kirkland was also sure that the character Mr. Black was going to reappear later in the series , but he never did . Al Jean commented , " I guess that the hydrofoil really got Mr. Black out of the show forever . "
After he saw the completed episode , James L. Brooks called the writers and suggested that the Kamp Krusty script be used as a plotline for a film . However , the episode ran very short , and to make it barely fit the minimum time the Kamp Krusty song had to be lengthened by a number of verses . The episode was also chosen to be the first episode of the season , further complicating matters . As Jean told Brooks , " First of all , if we make it into the movie then we don 't have a premiere , and second , if we can 't make 18 minutes out of this episode how are we supposed to make 80 ? "
Along with the following episode " A Streetcar Named Marge " , " Kamp Krusty " was a holdover from the previous season 's production run . It was the final episode to be produced in this run and so the last animated at Klasky Csupo , before the show 's producers Gracie Films moved its domestic production to Film Roman .
= = Cultural references = =
Some elements of the plot are borrowed from the Allan Sherman song " Hello Muddah , Hello Fadduh " , a song about a kid who went to camp and hated it . The idea for the song sung by the children was from a 1960s TV show called Camp Runamuck , which has a theme song that is similar to the Kamp Krusty song . The song was later used in " Marge Be Not Proud " , and inspired the title of a later episode .
The scene where Lisa gives a bottle of whiskey to a man on horseback ( payment for delivering a letter ) is a reference to Meryl Streep 's scene from the film The French Lieutenant 's Woman . Some aspects of the episode are references to the novel Lord of the Flies ( a pig 's head on a spear , kids using primitive weapons and wearing war paint , and a burning effigy ) .
The scene where Kearney beats a drum to make the campers work in the sweatshop is taken from the slave galley scene in the 1959 film Ben @-@ Hur . The episode ends with the song " South of the Border " . According to the DVD commentary , the song is not sung by Frank Sinatra but by another artist impersonating him . The plot of the episode inspired the 1991 video game spin @-@ off from the television series called Bart Simpson 's Escape from Camp Deadly .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Kamp Krusty " finished 24th in ratings for the week of September 21 – 27 , 1992 , with a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 5 , equivalent to approximately 12 @.@ 6 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , had mixed views about the episode . They said that it is " A bit baffling to non @-@ Americans unfamiliar with the summer camp system . But top grade stuff nonetheless . Anyone who 's worked as a counsellor in such a place can testify to this episode 's authenticity . " The episode 's reference to Ben @-@ Hur was named the 31st greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum .
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= John Morrison ( wrestler ) =
John Randall Hennigan ( born October 3 , 1979 ) is an American professional wrestler and actor , who is best known for his tenure with the WWE where he was better known by his ring names John Morrison and Johnny Nitro . He currently wrestles for Lucha Underground under the ring name Johnny Mundo .
Hennigan entered Tough Enough III , a televised competition that would award the winner a WWE contract . Hennigan won the competition and was assigned to their developmental territory , Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , to continue his wrestling training . While situated at OVW , he adopted the ring name Johnny Nitro and was placed in a tag team with Joey Mercury . The duo won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship and alongside their manager Melina , the stable was called MNM .
After signing with WWE , MNM was called up to the SmackDown ! roster and on their debut match in April 2005 , Hennigan and Mercury won the WWE Tag Team Championship . In 2005 , Hennigan won five championships ; three WWE Tag Team Championships and two WWE Intercontinental Championships . After MNM split , Hennigan 's ring name changed to John Morrison and he formed a partnership with The Miz in late 2007 , with the two capturing the WWE Tag Team Championship and the World Tag Team Championship on separate occasions , and winning the 2008 Tag Team of the Year Slammy Award . During his tenure with WWE , Hennigan won nine championships . He is a three @-@ time WWE Intercontinental Champion , a record @-@ tying four @-@ time WWE Tag Team Champion ( once with The Miz and three times with Joey Mercury ) , a one @-@ time World Tag Team Champion with The Miz , and a one @-@ time ECW World Champion .
In November 2011 , Hennigan left WWE , and began wrestling overseas and on the independent circuit before signing with Lucha Underground in September 2014 . Hennigan won the main event of the debut episode , as well as the first ladder match and steel cage match of Lucha Underground . He also represented Lucha Underground in the 2015 and 2016 Lucha Libre World Cups , winning the latter tournament . He is a one @-@ time Lucha Underground Champion , a one @-@ time Gift of the Gods Champion and one @-@ time Lucha Underground Trios Champion with PJ Black and Jack Evans . He is the second wrestler in Lucha Underground history to have won all three championships .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE = = =
= = = = Tough Enough and Ohio Valley Wrestling ( 2002 – 2003 ) = = = =
Before getting into professional wrestling , Hennigan attended the University of California at Davis studying both film and geology . Upon deciding that he did not want to pursue either path , Hennigan began his professional wrestling career training at the Supreme Pro Wrestling school in Sacramento , California . After failing his audition for Tough Enough 2 , he was accepted as a cast member for Tough Enough III in 2002 , eventually becoming the co @-@ winner with Matt Cappotelli . For winning , Hennigan was awarded a WWE developmental contract and assigned to WWE 's developmental territory , Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , to continue his training . Hennigan competed in the Acolytes Protection Agency 's invitational Bar Room Brawl match at Vengeance in July 2003 . Hennigan and Cappotelli made an appearance on an episode of Heat in January 2004 , losing to Garrison Cade and Mark Jindrak in a tag team match .
= = = = Eric Bischoff 's assistant and apprentice ( 2004 ) = = = =
On March 1 , 2004 , Hennigan debuted on the Raw brand under the ring name " Johnny Blaze " . His gimmick was that he was the apprentice and assistant of the Raw General Manager , Eric Bischoff . The next week his name was changed to " Johnny Spade " , and three weeks after that it was changed to " Johnny Nitro " . The Nitro name , which finally stuck , was a reference to WCW Monday Nitro , the flagship show of World Championship Wrestling for which Bischoff had previously worked . To drive the point home , he began using the Nitro theme as his ring entrance music . Nitro acted as Bischoff 's apprentice and assistant until June , when he was sent back to OVW . To explain his departure , Nitro lost a match on June 7 episode of Raw against Eugene , which carried the stipulation that upon his loss , he also lost his job .
= = = = MNM and championship reigns ( 2004 – 2007 ) = = = =
Upon his return to OVW , Nitro was put into a feud with his former partner Matt Cappotelli . During the course of the feud Melina was brought into the company as Nitro 's ex @-@ girlfriend and an ally of Cappotelli , only to turn on him and side with Nitro . Not long after , Nitro and Melina were joined by Joey Mercury , forming the stable MNM . MNM wrestled in OVW for around a year , holding the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship once , before being called up to the main SmackDown ! roster in April 2005 .
In their first match for the brand , they won the WWE Tag Team Championship from Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero . MNM held the titles for three months , having successful titles defenses against the teams of Mysterio and Guerrero and Hardcore Holly and Charlie Haas , before dropping them to the Legion of Doom ( LOD ) at The Great American Bash . They won the titles again in a four @-@ way match defeating The Mexicools , William Regal and Paul Burchill , and LOD , but lost them to Mysterio and Batista days before Armageddon in December . Due to help from Mark Henry , MNM defeated Mysterio and Batista in a rematch on December 30 to win the championship for the third time . They began a rivalry with the team of Paul London and Brian Kendrick that lasted over three months , until they dropped the championship to London and Kendrick at Judgment Day in May , with the storyline leading to Nitro and Melina suddenly turning on Mercury after the match , breaking up the group . Later that night , Melina and Nitro were booked off the SmackDown ! brand by having the General Manager , Theodore Long , " fire " them .
The next week Nitro , along with Melina , debuted on the Raw brand in a loss to WWE Champion John Cena . Nitro was immediately placed in the WWE Intercontinental Championship picture , beginning his first reign at Vengeance in June defeating champion Shelton Benjamin in a triple threat match also involving Carlito . Nitro held the belt for four months , feuding with several challengers before losing it to Jeff Hardy on October 2 episode of Raw . Nitro then engaged in a feud with Hardy . Nitro recaptured the Intercontinental Championship from Hardy on November 6 when the General Manager for the night , Eric Bischoff , restarted a match that Nitro lost by disqualification . The next week , however , Hardy won the title back .
In addition , Nitro was featured in a sporadic feud with John Cena throughout 2006 . The feud was unique in that it also involved non @-@ wrestler Kevin Federline , who appeared on October 16 episode of Raw . Federline was then , in storyline , trained by Nitro for a match with Cena , which he won after interference from Umaga .
In November , MNM reunited on an episode of Raw to accept an open challenge from The Hardys ( Jeff and Matt Hardy ) at December to Dismember , a match that they lost . MNM and the Hardys feuded across the brands throughout December , with the feud intensifying after Mercury was legitimately injured at Armageddon in a four @-@ way ladder match . Mercury wrestled Matt on SmackDown ! , while Nitro continued to feud with Jeff for the Intercontinental Championship on Raw , including a steel cage match at New Year 's Revolution . MNM lost to The Hardys at the Royal Rumble , and again at No Way Out in February which ended the feud . MNM continued on and off as a team until Mercury was released from WWE in March 2007 .
Without Mercury , Nitro 's association with Melina was played down as she began competing for the WWE Women 's Championship . Nitro was paired up with Kenny Dykstra , until the 2007 WWE Draft , during which Nitro was sent to the ECW brand and Dykstra was sent to SmackDown ! .
= = = = ECW World Champion and teaming with The Miz ( 2007 – 2009 ) = = = =
Nitro made his ECW début on June 19 with a win over Nunzio , and few days later , on June 24 , at Vengeance : Night of Champions , he won the vacant ECW World Championship in a match against CM Punk , making it his first World Championship in WWE , when he was called upon to replace the missing Chris Benoit due to a " family emergency " .
A few weeks after getting the title , Nitro 's ring name was changed to " John Morrison " and his gimmick was tweaked to be even more conceited and self – aggrandizing — in addition to being modelled after Jim Morrison ( 1943 – 1971 ) , the legendary frontman of the 1960s rock band The Doors , to whom Nitro bears a strong physical resemblance . After defeating CM Punk again at The Great American Bash , he began taking part in a " 15 Minutes of Fame " segment on the weekly ECW on Sci Fi television program , where if a wrestler could either defeat him or last 15 minutes without being defeated , they would earn a title shot . The first wrestler to do so was CM Punk , which set up another match between the two at SummerSlam . Morrison won by illegally using the ring ropes for leverage . The next week , Punk again became the number one contender ; this time , however , Punk won the championship . Morrison was then suspended for thirty days for violating WWE 's Wellness Program , renewing his feud with Punk upon his return , as well as competing against The Miz for the number one contendership to the title .
Though rivals , Morrison and The Miz faced the dysfunctional tag team of Matt Hardy and Montel Vontavious Porter on the November 16 episode of SmackDown ! for the WWE Tag Team Championship in a winning effort , marking Morrison 's fourth WWE Tag Team Championship . At Survivor Series , Morrison and The Miz were both defeated by CM Punk in a triple threat match for the ECW Championship . After the defeat , the rivalry aspect of Miz and Morrison 's relationship faded , as they were now portrayed as trusting friends . In February 2008 , Morrison and The Miz were given a streaming segment on WWE.com named The Dirt Sheet in which they mocked other wrestlers and facets of pop culture . Morrison and The Miz co @-@ wrote each episode of The Dirt Sheet each week , and he credits his time in college studying film with contributing to the success of the show . On July 4 episode of Smackdown , Morrison lost to Jeff Hardy who re @-@ debuted on Smackdown after the 2008 WWE Draft . The team had many successful title defenses over the next few months , before dropping the titles to Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder at The Great American Bash in a fatal four @-@ way match which also featured Jesse and Festus and Finlay and Hornswoggle . Neither The Miz nor Morrison were pinned , as Hawkins pinned Jesse to win the titles .
Afterwards , they started a feud with Cryme Tyme ( Shad Gaspard and JTG ) through each team 's Internet show , which then transitioned to matches on Raw and at Cyber Sunday . After winning the Slammy Award for Best WWE.com exclusive earlier in the day , Morrison and The Miz won the " Tag Team of the Year " Slammy Award on December 8 , 2008 episode of Raw . On December 13 , Morrison and The Miz won the World Tag Team Championship from CM Punk and Kofi Kingston at a Raw live event . Morrison and the Miz engaged themselves in a feud with The Colóns ( Carlito and Primo ) , who were the reigning WWE Tag Team champions which resulted in both teams defending their respective championships successfully in separate matches . Their feud culminated in a tag team lumberjack match on the WrestleMania XXV pre @-@ show where both titles were on the line , but it was The Colóns who would unify the championships with a win . As part of the 2009 WWE Draft on April 13 , The Miz was drafted to the Raw brand to split up the team , and , as a result , Miz attacked Morrison .
= = = = Championship pursuits and Intercontinental Champion ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = = =
On April 15 , 2009 , Morrison returned to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2009 Supplemental Draft . In Morrison 's first match back for the brand , on April 17 , he defeated R @-@ Truth . On the May 1 episode of SmackDown , Morrison engaged in a backstage fight with Chris Jericho , after Jericho slapped him , thus turning into a face ( fan favorite character ) for the first time in his career . At Judgment Day , Morrison defeated Benjamin in a rematch . Morrison would soon become wildly popular with fans . On June 19 , John Morrison lost a critically acclaimed match against Edge , in which the commentators described it as a " third main event " . On July 31 episode of SmackDown , Morrison had his first World Heavyweight Championship match against champion Jeff Hardy , but failed to win the title . On September 4 episode of SmackDown , Morrison defeated Rey Mysterio to win his third Intercontinental Championship . At the TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs pay @-@ per @-@ view , Morrison lost the Intercontinental Championship to Drew McIntyre .
In 2010 , Morrison formed a friendship with R @-@ Truth . He won an Elimination Chamber pay @-@ per @-@ view qualifying match and participated but lost and failed to capture the World Heavyweight Championship . Morrison and Truth defeated Cryme Tyme and The Hart Dynasty to earn a Unified WWE Tag Team Championship match at WrestleMania XXVI against ShoMiz ( The Big Show and The Miz ) . At the event , they failed to win the championship .
= = = = Final storylines and departure ( 2010 – 2011 ) = = = =
On April 26 , Morrison was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2010 WWE Draft , and lost his first match back for the brand later that night to Jack Swagger . Later that week , in his final match on SmackDown , he lost to Cody Rhodes . On June 1 , Morrison announced that he would be mentoring Eli Cottonwood in the second season of WWE NXT . Cottonwood , however , was the second person eliminated from the competition , and was eliminated on July 27 episode of NXT .
Morrison then went on to participate in the main event of SummerSlam in which he and six teammates ( John Cena , Edge , Chris Jericho , R @-@ Truth , Daniel Bryan , and Bret Hart ) were victorious in a seven @-@ on @-@ seven elimination tag team match against The Nexus . At Survivor Series , Morrison beat Sheamus . In November 2010 , Morrison entered the 2010 edition of the King of the Ring tournament , defeating Tyson Kidd , Cody Rhodes , and Alberto Del Rio . Morrison lost to Sheamus in the final round . He continued to feud with Sheamus , and defeated him in a WWE Championship number one contender 's ladder match at the Tables , Ladders & Chairs pay @-@ per @-@ view on December 19 . Morrison received his WWE Championship match on January 3 , 2011 episode of Raw , but lost to reigning champion The Miz in a falls count anywhere match .
On January 30 , Morrison participated in the Royal Rumble match at the Royal Rumble event and despite not winning , he had a stand @-@ out moment which was praised by critics as " arguably the spot of the decade " when Morrison was knocked off of the ring apron and performed a cat leap onto the barricade to avoid having his feet touch the floor and then went on to precision jump onto the ring steps and re @-@ enter the ring . On February 20 , Morrison participated in the Raw Elimination Chamber match at the Elimination Chamber pay @-@ per @-@ view event but was eliminated by CM Punk . During the match Morrison climbed to the top of the cage while inside the cage before dropping to deliver a crossbody on and eliminate Sheamus . At WrestleMania XXVII , Morrison teamed with Trish Stratus and Jersey Shore guest star Snooki in a mixed tag match to defeat the team of Dolph Ziggler , Michelle McCool and Layla .
Morrison participated in a five @-@ man gauntlet match for the number one contender 's spot for the WWE Championship on April 11 episode of Raw , but was eliminated by R @-@ Truth . The next week on Raw , Morrison challenged R @-@ Truth to a match later on in the night , with the stipulation that if Morrison won , he would take R @-@ Truth 's place in the steel cage match at Extreme Rules . Truth accepted , and lost the match , making Morrison the new number one contender . At Extreme Rules , R @-@ Truth interfered in the match , attacking Morrison and preventing him from winning the match . The next night on Raw , Morrison was attacked by Truth again , prior to a scheduled match between the two which did not happen as a result . Morrison then underwent surgery to correct a legitimately pinched nerve in his neck .
Morrison initially returned on June 13 episode of Raw , but R @-@ Truth attacked him again prior to their scheduled match , re @-@ injuring him . Morrison returned again on July 25 episode of Raw , attacking R @-@ Truth . At SummerSlam , Morrison competed in a six @-@ man tag team match , teaming with Kofi Kingston and Rey Mysterio to defeat R @-@ Truth , Alberto Del Rio and The Miz . The following night on Raw , Morrison defeated R @-@ Truth in a Falls Count Anywhere match to end their feud . At Night of Champions , Morrison competed in a Fatal @-@ 4 @-@ Way match for the WWE United States Championship , also involving Alex Riley , Jack Swagger and Dolph Ziggler , in which Ziggler successfully retained his title . Morrison then challenged Rhodes for the Intercontinental Championship twice , first on September 26 episode of Raw in a 10 man battle royal and later at the Hell in a Cell pay per @-@ view but failed to win on both occasions . Following this he then went on a losing streak , lasting a number of weeks . On November 7 episode of Raw , Morrison picked up his first victory in three months , over United States Champion Dolph Ziggler in a non @-@ title match , ending the losing streak . He then faced Ziggler for the championship at Survivor Series but lost .
On Morrison 's last advertised WWE appearance on November 28 episode of Raw , Morrison faced his former tag team partner The Miz in a Falls Count Anywhere match . The Miz won the match by delivering his Skull @-@ Crushing Finale maneuver on the steel stage . This was used as an injury angle to write Morrison off television , as Morrison was stretchered away after the match . On November 29 , WWE acknowledged the end of Morrison 's contract , and moved his profile to the alumni section of its website .
In a video published on December 9 , 2011 via Hennigan 's personal YouTube channel , Hennigan claimed that he was taking time off to heal and retrain for a possible return to wrestling in the future . Hennigan also stated in multiple interviews in 2015 that he would consider going back to WWE , but does not plan on " going anywhere in the near future " due to being signed to Lucha Underground .
= = = Independent circuit ( 2012 – present ) = = =
After leaving WWE , Hennigan began wrestling on the independent circuit under his real name and as John Morrison . On his first post @-@ WWE wrestling appearance , Hennigan rekindled an old feud facing off against Shelton Benjamin in the main event of the World Wrestling Fan Xperience ( WWFX ) Champions Showcase Tour in Manila , Philippines on February 4 , 2012 . Hennigan won the match to become the inaugural WWFX Heavyweight Champion . On August 12 , 2012 , Hennigan appeared at Juggalo Championship Wrestling 's Bloodymania 6 event , defeating Matt Hardy and Breyer Wellington in a three @-@ way match . On January 25 , 2013 , Morrison appeared at Dragon Gate USA 's Open the Golden Gate , defeating Akira Tozawa in the main event of the show . Hennigan took part in the WrestleMania weekend , wrestling for the Pro Wrestling Syndicate . On April 4 , Hennigan defeated Elijah Burke and on April 5 , Morrison defeated Japanese legend Jushin Thunder Liger in an " International Dream Match " at a Pro Wrestling Syndicate ( PWS ) event . On April 19 , Hennigan again defeated Sami Callihan in a no count @-@ out , no disqualification falls count anywhere match at a 2CW event in Rome , New York . The next day , he defeated Kevin Steen at 2CW 's first iPPV ( Living on the Edge VIII ) , in Watertown , New York .
On June 21 , 2013 , Hennigan defeated Carlito Caribbean Cool in FWE Welcome to the Rumble II , winning the FWE Heavyweight Championship . The next day , Hennigan defended the title against Too Cold Scorpio at House of Hardcore 2 . On September 6 and 8 , Morrison wrestled against WWL World Heavyweight Champion Black Pain for the title , but he was defeated both times . On October 12 , 2013 , at FWE Grand Prix , Hennigan defeated Matt Morgan , retaining the FWE Heavyweight Championship . On March 11 , 2015 , Hennigan lost the FWE Heavyweight Championship to A.J. Styles . Morrison faced Rob Van Dam at Pro Wrestling Syndicate in Rahway , New Jersey on October 24 , 2015 in a winning effort . After the match , Morrison shook hands with Van Dam and led the crowd in an " RVD " chant .
On June 28 , 2016 , it was announced that Hennigan would make his debut for Pro Wrestling Guerilla in the company 's annual Battle of Los Angeles tournament .
= = = Lucha Underground ( 2014 – present ) = = =
In September 2014 , it was reported that Hennigan had signed with the El Rey network 's new television series , Lucha Underground , where he wrestled under the ring name Johnny Mundo . Mundo wrestled in the main event of the debut episode of Lucha Underground on October 29 , 2014 , defeating Prince Puma and winning one hundred thousand dollars , which was then taken away from him by promoter Dario Cueto , setting up several feuds . He then teamed with Prince Puma during the November 5 , 2014 episode , defeating Cortez Castro and Mr. Cisco . On the November 19 episode , Mundo defeated Big Ryck by disqualification after interference by Castro and Cisco . Mundo then defeated Prince Puma and Big Ryck in the main event of the December 10 , 2014 episode , which was a three @-@ way ladder match , to finally win the hundred thousand dollars he was denied in the Lucha Underground debut .
On January 7 , 2015 , Mundo participated in a 20 @-@ man " Aztec Warfare " battle royal for the Lucha Underground Championship . He was the second luchador to enter the ring , but was the last man eliminated by Prince Puma who won the Championship . King Cuerno attacked Mundo on the February 4 episode , beginning a feud between them ; the second installment took place on the episode which aired March 11 , where Mundo and Cuerno wrestled in a Steel Cage match , which was won by Mundo . On the April 15 episode of Lucha Underground , Mundo along with Prince Puma and Hernandez were defeated by King Cuerno , Cage and Texano in a quarterfinal trios tournament match for a shot at the Lucha Underground Trios Championship .
On the May 6 , episode of Lucha Underground , Mundo was defeated by Alberto El Patrón in a number two contenders match for the Lucha Underground Championship . The week after , Mundo turned heel ( or rudo ) when he attacked El Patrón in his match against Hernandez , throwing him through the window of Dario Cueto . Mundo subsequently tossed El Patrón back into the ring , giving Hernandez the win . After Mundo turned rudo , his character was tweaked to become more " cocky " and " ego @-@ centric " , similarly to his villainous Johnny Nitro and John Morrison characters . On the June 17 , episode of Lucha Underground , Johnny Mundo unsuccessfully challenged Prince Puma for the Lucha Underground Championship in an Iron Man match . On August 5 , 2015 , at Ultima Lucha , Mundo defeated Alberto El Patrón after an interference by his girlfriend Melina Perez .
On the February 3 , 2016 episode of Lucha Underground , Mundo faced Killshot in a winning effort . After the match , Mundo taunted Lucha Underground Champion Mil Muertes , only to be confronted by Cage . On the February 17 episode of Lucha Underground , Mundo would attack Cage from behind after his match against Joey Ryan . Mundo defeated Cage on February 24 , after interference from the debuting Taya , subsequently becoming Mundo 's valet .
On the May 25 episode of Lucha Underground , Taya revealed to PJ Black and Jack Evans that their partner Fénix was injured by Mundo . As Mundo revealed himself as Fénix 's replacement for their match , Black and Evans allied with the two . Later that night in the main event , Mundo , Black and Evans defeated Rey Mysterio Jr . , Prince Puma and Dragon Azteca Jr. to win the Lucha Underground Trios Championship , the first championship for each in Lucha Underground . The week after , Mundo , Black and Evans retained their championships in a rematch via disqualification . During the match , Mundo delivered a low blow to Azteca Jr. while Taya distracted the referee . After seeing Mundo 's actions , Puma hit a low blow to Mundo , causing a disqualification towards Puma 's team . On the June 8 episode of Lucha Underground , Mundo teamed up with Taya , Ivelisse , Fénix , King Cuerno and Pentagón Jr. in a 12 @-@ man tag team match where the winning team would go on to face each other in a six @-@ man elimination match to determine the No. 1 contender for the Lucha Underground Championship . Mundo 's team won defeating Rey Mysterio Jr . , Prince Puma , Sexy Star , The Mack , Son of Havoc and El Texano Jr . The week after , Mundo lost the six @-@ man elimination match which was won by Pentagón Jr . Mundo , Black and Evans lost their titles to Aero Star , Drago and Fénix at the third and final part Ultima Lucha Dos , which aired on July 20 .
On March 19 , Mundo defeated Sexy Star to win the Gift of the Gods Championship . On April 10 , he cashed in his Gift of the Gods Championship on Sexy Star before defeating her to win the Lucha Underground Championship , becoming the second Triple Crown Champion in Lucha Underground history . He lost the title to Prince Puma at Ultima Lucha Tres on June 26 .
= = = Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( 2015 – present ) = = =
On May 24 , 2015 , Mundo made his debut for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración at the Lucha Libre World Cup event as a member of " Team TNA / Lucha Underground " along with Matt Hardy and Mr. Anderson . They finished in second place , losing in the finals to the " Dream Team " ( El Patrón Alberto , Myzteziz and Rey Mysterio Jr . ) . On June 4 , 2015 , at Verano de Escándalo , Mundo teamed with El Mesias and Pentagón Jr. losing to Myzteziz , La Parka and Rey Mysterio Jr . On September 27 , Konnan announced Mundo as an official member of the rudo stable , La Nueva Sociedad , while he subsequently stepped down as the leader of the group . On October 4 , at Héroes Inmortales IX , Mundo unsuccessfully challenged El Patrón Alberto for the AAA Mega Championship , when he was defeated by disqualification . Mundo participated in the 2016 Lucha Libre World Cup as a member of " Team Lucha Underground " alongside Chavo Guerrero Jr. and Brian Cage , defeating " Team Mexico Leyendas " ( Blue Demon Jr . , Canek and La Parka ) in the quarter @-@ finals , and " Team Mexico International " ( Rey Mysterio Jr . , Dr. Wagner Jr. and Dragon Azteca Jr . ) in the semi @-@ finals . Mundo 's team won the tournament defeating " Team AAA " ( Pentagón Jr . , El Texano Jr. and Psycho Clown ) in the finals .
Mundo will face Pentagón Jr. at Triplemanía XXIV on August 28 for the AAA Latin American Championship .
= = Other media = =
In 2009 , Hennigan and Maryse Ouellet were interviewed on Eurosport . In 2009 , Hennigan appeared on two episodes of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? , which were both aired on September 29 . Hennigan is the subject of a WWE DVD , called John Morrison – Rock Star , which was released on February 16 , 2010 . The DVD covers his career from his name change to John Morrison up until his Intercontinental Championship win in September 2009 . He appeared on an episode of Destroy Build Destroy on March 3 , 2010 . Hennigan was on the cover of Muscle & Fitness in June 2010 , with the issue also featuring an interview and photo shoot .
After leaving WWE in 2011 , Hennigan started to pursue acting as a career and as a way to improve his promo skills . His first role was as a wrestler in Weird Al 's Broadway Style Cabaret Review . He has also had roles in Legion of the Black , The Factory and Tournament of Nerds . In 2013 , he co @-@ starred in 20 Feet Below : The Darkness Descending with Melina Perez . In 2014 he played Hercules in the movie Hercules Reborn and appeared as Casey Jones in an episode of Bat in the Sun 's Superpower Beatdown where he will go up against Kick @-@ Ass . Also , in 2014 he appeared in a movie called " American Justice " starring Tommy Lister.In winter of 2014 , Hennigan , under his John Morrison name , will appear in an upcoming web series for Bat in the Sun titled Operation Black Unicorn alongside Bat in the Sun regular Kevin Porter and starring Power Rangers alumni Jason David Frank and Jason Faunt . Hennigan also appears as a cameo in the first episode of Video Game High School 's third season and in YOMYOMF 's promotional video . Hennigan portrayed the character " The Hammer " in the wrestling themed Air Bud spin @-@ off Russell Madness . In 2015 , Hennigan signed on to play the lead role in the action horror film Diablo Steel , to be released in 2016 .
In 2016 , Hennigan , Rey Mysterio , and King Cuerno appeared on ESPN to promote the second season of Lucha Underground . In March 2016 , Hennigan was a guest on the Rooster Teeth web show , Free Play .
= = Personal life = =
Hennigan has two sisters and grew up in Palos Verdes , California , where he attended high school . He graduated from the University of California , Davis in 2002 with a film major . He cites Shawn Michaels , Randy Savage , and Curt Hennig as his favorite wrestlers . Hennigan is good friends with fellow professional wrestlers The Miz , Zack Ryder , Dolph Ziggler , Randy Orton and Matt Cappotelli . Hennigan is currently in a long term , on @-@ off relationship with former WWE Diva Melina Perez ; whom he met in Tough Enough auditions in 2001 , although Perez didn 't make the final cut .
Hennigan has a passion for parkour and frequently incorporates it into his wrestling style .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
As Johnny Mundo
End of the World / Fin del Mundo ( Split @-@ legged corkscrew moonsault )
As John Morrison / John Hennigan
C @-@ 4 ( Standing moonsault side slam ) – early 2011 ; used as a signature thereafter
Moonlight Drive ( Corkscrew neckbreaker ) – 2007 – 2009 ; used as a signature thereafter
Starship Pain ( Split @-@ legged corkscrew moonsault ) – 2009 – present
As Johnny Nitro
Nitro Blast ( Superkick )
Signature moves
180 ° spun flare transitioned into a leg drop
Belly to back wheelbarrow facebuster
Corkscrew moonsault
Corkscrew plancha
Diving crossbody
European uppercut
Leg lariat
Multiple kick variations
Capoeira @-@ style handstand
Capoeira @-@ style spinning heel
Dropsault
Double mule
Enzuigiri
Flying Chuck ( Springboard roundhouse )
Pelé Kick ( Backflip )
Slingshot baseball slide
Russian legsweep
Running knee strike to a seated opponent 's head – sometimes used as a finisher
Shooting star plancha
Slingshot or a springboard elbow drop
Spear
Springboard 450 ° plancha
Standing shooting star press
STO backbreaker followed by either a Russian legsweep or a neckbreaker slam
Tilt @-@ a @-@ whirl DDT
Managers
Melina
Jillian Hall
Nikki Bella
Taya
Nicknames
" The Ambassador of Abdominals "
" The Guru of Greatness "
" The Honcho of Hotness "
" JoMo "
" The Monday / Tuesday / Wednesday / Friday Night Delight "
" The New Face of Extreme "
" The Prince of Parkour "
" The Shaman of Sexy "
Entrance themes
" " Monday Night Nitro Theme " by Jonathan Elias " ( WWE ; 2004 )
" Paparazzi " by Jim Johnston ( WWE ; April 14 , 2005 – July 2007 ; used while a part of MNM )
" Ain 't No Make Believe ( Instrumental ) " ( WWE ; July 2007 – August 2007 )
" Ain 't No Make Believe " by Stonefree Experience ( WWE ; August 2007 – November 28 , 2011 )
" Blitz & Glam " by The Jetboys ( LU ; October 29 , 2014 – present )
" Born in the USA " by Bruce Springsteen ( AAA ; October 4 , 2015 – present )
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
Lucha Libre World Cup ( 2016 Men 's Division ) – with Chavo Guerrero Jr. and Brian Cage
Continental Wrestling Federation
CWF United States Championship ( 1 time )
DDT Pro @-@ Wrestling
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship ( 1 time )
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
Next Generation Wrestling
NGW World Championship ( 1 time , current )
Lucha Underground
Gift of the Gods Championship ( 1 time )
Lucha Underground Championship ( 1 time )
Lucha Underground Trios Championship ( 1 time ) – with Jack Evans and PJ Black
Second Triple Crown Champion
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Joey Mercury
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Most Improved Wrestler of the Year ( 2009 )
Tag Team of the Year ( 2005 ) – with Joey Mercury
PWI ranked him No. 27 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 2010 and 2011
Qatar Pro Wrestling
QPW Souq Waqif Championship ( 1 time , current )
World Wrestling Entertainment
ECW World Heavyweight Championship Tournament
ECW World Championship ( 1 time )
WWE Intercontinental Championship ( 3 times )
World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with The Miz
WWE Tag Team Championship ( 4 times ) – with Joey Mercury ( 3 ) and The Miz ( 1 )
Tough Enough III with Matt Cappotelli
Slammy Award ( 2 times )
Tag Team of the Year ( 2008 ) – with The Miz
Best WWE.com Exclusive ( 2008 ) – with The Miz
World Wrestling Fan Xperience
WWFX Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Tag Team of the Year ( 2008 ) – with The Miz
|
= Hydrochloric acid =
Hydrochloric acid is a clear , colorless , highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) in water . It is a highly corrosive , strong mineral acid with many industrial uses . Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in gastric acid . When it reacts with an organic base it forms a hydrochloride salt .
It was historically called acidum salis , muriatic acid , and spirits of salt because it was produced from rock salt and green vitriol ( by Basilius Valentinus in the 15th century ) and later from the chemically similar common salt and sulfuric acid ( by Johann Rudolph Glauber in the 17th century ) . Free hydrochloric acid was first formally described in the 16th century by Libavius . Later , it was used by chemists such as Glauber , Priestley , and Davy in their scientific research .
With major production starting in the Industrial Revolution , hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry as a chemical reagent in the large @-@ scale production of vinyl chloride for PVC plastic , and MDI / TDI for polyurethane . It has numerous smaller @-@ scale applications , including household cleaning , production of gelatin and other food additives , descaling , and leather processing . About 20 million tonnes of hydrochloric acid are produced worldwide annually .
= = Etymology = =
Hydrochloric acid was known to European alchemists as spirits of salt or acidum salis ( salt acid ) . Both names are still used , especially in other languages , such as German : Salzsäure , Dutch : Zoutzuur , Swedish : Saltsyra , Turkish : Tuz Ruhu , Polish : kwas solny and Chinese : 盐酸 . Gaseous HCl was called marine acid air . The old ( pre @-@ systematic ) name muriatic acid has the same origin ( muriatic means " pertaining to brine or salt " , hence muriate means hydrochloride ) , and this name is still sometimes used . The name hydrochloric acid was coined by the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay @-@ Lussac in 1814 .
= = History = =
Aqua regia , a mixture consisting of hydrochloric and nitric acids , prepared by dissolving sal ammoniac in nitric acid , was described in the works of Pseudo @-@ Geber , a 13th @-@ century European alchemist . Other references suggest that the first mention of aqua regia is in Byzantine manuscripts dating to the end of the 13th century .
Free hydrochloric acid was first formally described in the 16th century by Libavius , who prepared it by heating salt in clay crucibles . Other authors claim that pure hydrochloric acid was first discovered by the German Benedictine monk Basil Valentine in the 15th century , when he heated common salt and green vitriol , whereas others argue that there is no clear reference to the preparation of pure hydrochloric acid until the end of the 16th century .
In the 17th century , Johann Rudolf Glauber from Karlstadt am Main , Germany used sodium chloride salt and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate in the Mannheim process , releasing hydrogen chloride gas . Joseph Priestley of Leeds , England prepared pure hydrogen chloride in 1772 , and by 1808 Humphry Davy of Penzance , England had proved that the chemical composition included hydrogen and chlorine .
During the Industrial Revolution in Europe , demand for alkaline substances increased . A new industrial process developed by Nicolas Leblanc of Issoundun , France enabled cheap large @-@ scale production of sodium carbonate ( soda ash ) . In this Leblanc process , common salt is converted to soda ash , using sulfuric acid , limestone , and coal , releasing hydrogen chloride as a by @-@ product . Until the British Alkali Act 1863 and similar legislation in other countries , the excess HCl was vented into the air . After the passage of the act , soda ash producers were obliged to absorb the waste gas in water , producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale .
In the 20th century , the Leblanc process was effectively replaced by the Solvay process without a hydrochloric acid by @-@ product . Since hydrochloric acid was already fully settled as an important chemical in numerous applications , the commercial interest initiated other production methods , some of which are still used today . After the year 2000 , hydrochloric acid is mostly made by absorbing by @-@ product hydrogen chloride from industrial organic compounds production .
Since 1988 , hydrochloric acid has been listed as a Table II precursor under the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances because of its use in the production of heroin , cocaine , and methamphetamine .
= = Chemical properties and reactions = =
Hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) is a monoprotic acid , which means it can dissociate ( i.e. , ionize ) only once to give up one H + ion ( a single proton ) . In aqueous hydrochloric acid , the H + joins a water molecule to form a hydronium ion , H3O + :
HCl + H2O → H3O + + Cl −
The other ion formed is Cl − , the chloride ion . Hydrochloric acid can therefore be used to prepare salts called chlorides , such as sodium chloride . Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid , since it is essentially completely dissociated in water .
Monoprotic acids have one acid dissociation constant , Ka , which indicates the level of dissociation in water . For a strong acid like HCl , the Ka is large . Theoretical attempts to assign a Ka to HCl have been made . When chloride salts such as NaCl are added to aqueous HCl , they have practically no effect on pH , indicating that Cl − is an exceedingly weak conjugate base and that HCl is fully dissociated in aqueous solution . For intermediate to concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid , the assumption that H + molarity ( a unit of concentration ) equals HCl molarity is excellent , agreeing to four significant digits .
Of the six common strong mineral acids in chemistry , hydrochloric acid is the monoprotic acid least likely to undergo an interfering oxidation @-@ reduction reaction . It is one of the least hazardous strong acids to handle ; despite its acidity , it consists of the non @-@ reactive and non @-@ toxic chloride ion . Intermediate @-@ strength hydrochloric acid solutions are quite stable upon storage , maintaining their concentrations over time . These attributes , plus the fact that it is available as a pure reagent , make hydrochloric acid an excellent acidifying reagent .
Hydrochloric acid is the preferred acid in titration for determining the amount of bases . Strong acid titrants give more precise results due to a more distinct endpoint . Azeotropic , or " constant @-@ boiling " , hydrochloric acid ( roughly 20 @.@ 2 % ) can be used as a primary standard in quantitative analysis , although its exact concentration depends on the atmospheric pressure when it is prepared .
Hydrochloric acid is frequently used in chemical analysis to prepare ( " digest " ) samples for analysis . Concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves many metals and forms oxidized metal chlorides and hydrogen gas . It also reacts with basic compounds such as calcium carbonate or copper ( II ) oxide , forming the dissolved chlorides that can be analyzed .
= = Physical properties = =
Physical properties of hydrochloric acid , such as boiling and melting points , density , and pH , depend on the concentration or molarity of HCl in the aqueous solution . They range from those of water at very low concentrations approaching 0 % HCl to values for fuming hydrochloric acid at over 40 % HCl .
Hydrochloric acid as the binary ( two @-@ component ) mixture of HCl and H2O has a constant @-@ boiling azeotrope at 20 @.@ 2 % HCl and 108 @.@ 6 ° C ( 227 ° F ) . There are four constant @-@ crystallization eutectic points for hydrochloric acid , between the crystal form of HCl · H2O ( 68 % HCl ) , HCl · 2H2O ( 51 % HCl ) , HCl · 3H2O ( 41 % HCl ) , HCl · 6H2O ( 25 % HCl ) , and ice ( 0 % HCl ) . There is also a metastable eutectic point at 24 @.@ 8 % between ice and the HCl · 3H2O crystallization .
= = Production = =
Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water . Hydrogen chloride can be generated in many ways , and thus several precursors to hydrochloric acid exist . The large @-@ scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with the industrial scale production of other chemicals .
= = = Industrial market = = =
Hydrochloric acid is produced in solutions up to 38 % HCl ( concentrated grade ) . Higher concentrations up to just over 40 % are chemically possible , but the evaporation rate is then so high that storage and handling require extra precautions , such as pressurization and cooling . Bulk industrial @-@ grade is therefore 30 % to 35 % , optimized to balance transport efficiency and product loss through evaporation . In the United States , solutions of between 20 % and 32 % are sold as muriatic acid . Solutions for household purposes in the US , mostly cleaning , are typically 10 % to 12 % , with strong recommendations to dilute before use . In the United Kingdom , where it is sold as " Spirits of Salt " for domestic cleaning , the potency is the same as the US industrial grade .
Major producers worldwide include Dow Chemical at 2 million metric tons annually ( 2 Mt / year ) , calculated as HCl gas , Georgia Gulf Corporation , Tosoh Corporation , Akzo Nobel , and Tessenderlo at 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 5 Mt / year each . Total world production , for comparison purposes expressed as HCl , is estimated at 20 Mt / year , with 3 Mt / year from direct synthesis , and the rest as secondary product from organic and similar syntheses . By far , most hydrochloric acid is consumed captively by the producer . The open world market size is estimated at 5 Mt / year .
= = Applications = =
Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes such as refining metal . The application often determines the required product quality .
= = = Pickling of steel = = =
One of the most important applications of hydrochloric acid is in the pickling of steel , to remove rust or iron oxide scale from iron or steel before subsequent processing , such as extrusion , rolling , galvanizing , and other techniques . Technical quality HCl at typically 18 % concentration is the most commonly used pickling agent for the pickling of carbon steel grades .
Fe2O3 + Fe + 6 HCl → 3 FeCl2 + 3 H2O
The spent acid has long been reused as iron ( II ) chloride ( also known as ferrous chloride ) solutions , but high heavy @-@ metal levels in the pickling liquor have decreased this practice .
The steel pickling industry has developed hydrochloric acid regeneration processes , such as the spray roaster or the fluidized bed HCl regeneration process , which allow the recovery of HCl from spent pickling liquor . The most common regeneration process is the pyrohydrolysis process , applying the following formula :
4 FeCl2 + 4 H2O + O2 → 8 HCl + 2 Fe2O3
By recuperation of the spent acid , a closed acid loop is established . The iron ( III ) oxide by @-@ product of the regeneration process is valuable , used in a variety of secondary industries .
= = = Production of organic compounds = = =
Another major use of hydrochloric acid is in the production of organic compounds , such as vinyl chloride and dichloroethane for PVC . This is often captive use , consuming locally produced hydrochloric acid that never actually reaches the open market . Other organic compounds produced with hydrochloric acid include bisphenol A for polycarbonate , activated carbon , and ascorbic acid , as well as numerous pharmaceutical products .
2 CH2 = CH2 + 4 HCl + O2 → 2 ClCH2CH2Cl + 2 H2O ( dichloroethane by oxychlorination )
wood + HCl + heat → activated carbon ( chemical activation )
= = = Production of inorganic compounds = = =
Numerous products can be produced with hydrochloric acid in normal acid @-@ base reactions , resulting in inorganic compounds . These include water treatment chemicals such as iron ( III ) chloride and polyaluminium chloride ( PAC ) .
Fe2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 FeCl3 + 3 H2O ( iron ( III ) chloride from magnetite )
Both iron ( III ) chloride and PAC are used as flocculation and coagulation agents in sewage treatment , drinking water production , and paper production .
Other inorganic compounds produced with hydrochloric acid include road application salt calcium chloride , nickel ( II ) chloride for electroplating , and zinc chloride for the galvanizing industry and battery production .
CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O ( calcium chloride from limestone )
= = = pH Control and neutralization = = =
Hydrochloric acid can be used to regulate the acidity ( pH ) of solutions .
OH − + HCl → H2O + Cl −
In industry demanding purity ( food , pharmaceutical , drinking water ) , high @-@ quality hydrochloric acid is used to control the pH of process water streams . In less @-@ demanding industry , technical quality hydrochloric acid suffices for neutralizing waste streams and swimming pool pH control .
= = = Regeneration of ion exchangers = = =
High @-@ quality hydrochloric acid is used in the regeneration of ion exchange resins . Cation exchange is widely used to remove ions such as Na + and Ca2 + from aqueous solutions , producing demineralized water . The acid is used to rinse the cations from the resins . Na + is replaced with H + and Ca2 + with 2 H + .
Ion exchangers and demineralized water are used in all chemical industries , drinking water production , and many food industries .
= = = Other = = =
Hydrochloric acid is used for a large number of small @-@ scale applications , such as leather processing , purification of common salt , household cleaning , and building construction . Oil production may be stimulated by injecting hydrochloric acid into the rock formation of an oil well , dissolving a portion of the rock , and creating a large @-@ pore structure . Oil well acidizing is a common process in the North Sea oil production industry .
Hydrochloric acid has been used for dissolving calcium carbonate , i.e. such things as de @-@ scaling kettles and for cleaning mortar off brickwork , but it is a hazardous liquid which must be used with care . When used on brickwork the reaction with the mortar only continues until the acid has all been converted , producing calcium chloride , carbon dioxide , and water :
2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Many chemical reactions involving hydrochloric acid are applied in the production of food , food ingredients , and food additives . Typical products include aspartame , fructose , citric acid , lysine , hydrolyzed vegetable protein as food enhancer , and in gelatin production . Food @-@ grade ( extra @-@ pure ) hydrochloric acid can be applied when needed for the final product .
= = Presence in living organisms = =
Gastric acid is one of the main secretions of the stomach . It consists mainly of hydrochloric acid and acidifies the stomach content to a pH of 1 to 2 .
Chloride ( Cl − ) and hydrogen ( H + ) ions are secreted separately in the stomach fundus region at the top of the stomach by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa into a secretory network called canaliculi before it enters the stomach lumen .
Gastric acid acts as a barrier against microorganisms to prevent infections and is important for the digestion of food . Its low pH denatures proteins and thereby makes them susceptible to degradation by digestive enzymes such as pepsin . The low pH also activates the enzyme precursor pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin by self @-@ cleavage . After leaving the stomach , the hydrochloric acid of the chyme is neutralized in the duodenum by sodium bicarbonate .
The stomach itself is protected from the strong acid by the secretion of a thick mucus layer , and by secretin induced buffering with sodium bicarbonate . Heartburn or peptic ulcers can develop when these mechanisms fail . Drugs of the antihistaminic and proton pump inhibitor classes can inhibit the production of acid in the stomach , and antacids are used to neutralize existing acid .
= = Safety = =
Concentrated hydrochloric acid ( fuming hydrochloric acid ) forms acidic mists . Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue , with the potential to damage respiratory organs , eyes , skin , and intestines irreversibly . Upon mixing hydrochloric acid with common oxidizing chemicals , such as sodium hypochlorite ( bleach , NaClO ) or potassium permanganate ( KMnO4 ) , the toxic gas chlorine is produced .
NaClO + 2 HCl → H2O + NaCl + Cl2
2 KMnO4 + 16 HCl → 2 MnCl2 + 8 H2O + 2 KCl + 5 Cl2
PbO2 + 4 HCl → 2 H2O + PbCl2 + Cl2
Personal protective equipment such as latex gloves , protective eye goggles , and chemical @-@ resistant clothing and shoes will minimize risks when handling hydrochloric acid . The United States Environmental Protection Agency rates and regulates hydrochloric acid as a toxic substance .
The UN number or DOT number is 1789 . This number will be displayed on a placard on the container .
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= Billy Butlin =
Sir William Heygate Edmund Colborne " Billy " Butlin ( 29 September 1899 – 12 June 1980 ) was a British , South Africa @-@ born entrepreneur whose name is synonymous with the British holiday camp . Although holiday camps such as Warner 's existed in one form or another before Butlin opened his first in 1936 , it was Butlin who turned holiday camps into a multimillion @-@ pound industry and an important aspect of British culture .
Born in Cape Town , South Africa , to William and Bertha Butlin , Butlin had a turbulent childhood . His parents separated before he was seven , and he returned to England with his mother . He spent the next five years following his grandmother 's family fair around the country where his mother sold gingerbread ; exposing the young Butlin to the skills of commerce and entertainment . When he was twelve his mother emigrated to Canada , leaving him in the care of his aunt for two years . Once settled in Toronto , his mother invited him to join her there .
In Canada Butlin struggled to fit in at school and soon left for a job in a Toronto department store Eatons . In the First World War he enlisted as a bugler in the Canadian Army . After the war , Butlin returned to England , bringing only £ 5 with him . Investing £ 4 of that money to hire a stall travelling with his uncle 's fair , Butlin discovered that giving his customers a better chance to win brought more custom in , and he quickly became successful . One stall became several , including prominent locations such as Olympia in London , and Butlin soon was able to purchase other fairground equipment , and started his own travelling fair . He proved successful in this endeavour as well , and by 1927 he opened a static fairground in Skegness . Over the next 10 years Butlin expanded his fairground empire , all the time harbouring an idea to increase the number of patrons in his Skegness site by providing accommodation .
Butlin 's first holiday camp opened at Skegness in 1936 , followed by Clacton , two years later . Plans to open a third in Filey were cut short by the outbreak of the Second World War . Butlin used the war to his advantage , persuading the MoD to complete the Filey Holiday Camp and construct two more camps in Ayr and Pwllheli as training camps which he reclaimed when the war was over . In the post @-@ war boom , Butlin opened four more camps at Mosney , Bognor Regis , Minehead and Barry Island as well as buying hotels in Blackpool , Saltdean , and Cliftonville . By the time he retired in 1968 , Butlin had allowed hundreds of thousands of holidaymakers a self @-@ contained vacation with a variety of entertainment .
= = Early life = =
Butlin was born in the Cape Colony ( part of modern @-@ day South Africa ) . His father , William Colborne Butlin ( born June 1867 ) , was the son of a clergyman ; his mother , Bertha Cassandra Hill ( born March 1878 ) , was a member of a family of travelling showmen . They met at a young age when Bertha 's parents were working a country fair that William attended and in December 1896 they were married . Their marriage was considered not socially acceptable in Leonard Stanley , Gloucestershire , where they lived , and they emigrated to South Africa . William founded a bicycle shop to try to keep the family , and they had two children , Butlin and his brother Harry John ( known as Binkie ) Butlin . When the marriage failed , Butlin ’ s mother returned to England with her children and rejoined her own family in Coaley , near Bristol . Within a short time Harry contracted polio , and he died in March 1907 . For a time Butlin joined his mother in travelling around the fair circuit
In his autobiography , Butlin recorded that his mother remarried and emigrated to Canada around 1910 and passenger lists of the period show Bertha travelling to Toronto via Montreal in 1912 . For two years Butlin , and his cousin Jimmy Hill boarded with a widow in Bristol . In December 1913 his mother returned and married Charles Robotham in Swindon . Butlin 's mother and stepfather then asked him to join them in Toronto , Canada . He was unhappy at school in Canada , mocked because of his English accent , and he left school at fourteen . Eventually he got a job as a messenger boy at Eatons , Toronto ’ s largest department store . One of the best aspects of working for the company was that he was able to visit their summer camp , which gave him his first taste of a real holiday , indeed a taste of what was to become a very big part of his life . Later he transferred to Eatons advertising department where he drew black and white adverts , while studying at night school twice a week .
In 1915 , during World War I , Butlin volunteered somewhat reluctantly for service in the Canadian Army . Knowing that the army already had a full quota of despatch riders , Butlin intended to volunteer for service in that category in the knowledge that although his application would be declined he would still receive an " I volunteered " badge for his actions without actually having to serve . While applying , Butlin forgot to tell the recruiter of this intention , and was consequently allocated to the Canadian Expeditionary Force which was taking part in the fighting along the Western Front . He was subsequently posted to the 170th ( Mississauga Horse ) Battalion on 29 December 1915 . His attestation papers give his date of birth as 1898 ( rather than the actual 1899 ) , allowing him to enlist although only 15 at the time . The papers give his occupation as a " Suit Case Maker " . The papers also show , as Butlin himself later stated , that he had been selected to serve as a bugler . Before his deployment to Europe , Butlin transferred to the 216th ( Bantams ) Battalion , with which he was sent to England . Once in England , he was stationed at Sandgate near Folkestone before being deployed to France . In France , the 216th became part of the 3rd Canadian Division which took part in the second battle of Vimy Ridge , as well the battles at Ypres and Arras , and the second battle of Cambrai ; while in France , Butlin served as a stretcher @-@ bearer .
After the war , Butlin returned to England aboard a cattle ship , arriving in England with only £ 5 ( 2011 : £ 189 @.@ 00 ) capital . He made his way to Tiverton in Devon where his uncle , Marshall Hill , was a well known showman . He purchased a hoopla stall from Hill , and ran it successfully . In later interviews Butlin claimed that he accidentally sawed the corners off his hoopla blocks , but some observers such as The Sunday Herald report that he did it intentionally , displaying " logic and business sense " . In either case , Butlin 's actions allowed patrons to have a much higher success rate ( approximately 3 in 5 for each ring ) and brought him more custom than his fellow stall holders . By contrast an average game would have odds of approximately 1 in 9 for each ring or 1 in 3 for a 3 @-@ ring game . Butlin 's stall gave him less profit per customer than his competitors , but the increase in business gave him a bigger overall profit than theirs . He moved to London and set up a successful stall in Olympia outside the Christmas Circus run by Bertram Mills . By the end of the season Butlin had been so successful that he could afford to bring his mother ( by then widowed ) to the UK from Canada .
= = Start of the Butlin 's empire = =
= = = Funfair and amusement parks = = =
Over the next few years Butlin toured the country with the Hills Travelling Fair , leaving his mother to run the Olympia site . Soon he had his own travelling fair visiting country fairs such as Barnstaple . Butlin opened some permanently sited stalls in 1925 , in Barry Island , Wales . In 1927 he leased a piece of land from the Earl of Scarbrough in the seaside town of Skegness . On this land , he set up an amusement park with hoopla stalls , a tower slide , a haunted house , and a scenic railway . In 1928 , Butlin secured an exclusive licence to sell Dodgem cars in Europe . The first Dodgems in Britain were available in his park at Skegness ; other showmen bought Dodgems from Butlin . His activities in Skegness continued to expand , and by 1930 included a zoo featuring lions , zebras and an African village .
Butlin opened a similar fairground in 1932 , in Bognor Regis , on the corner of the Esplanade , named the Recreation Shelter . The following year he opened a zoo nearby , which featured polar bears , kangaroos and monkeys . At around the same time he also opened an amusement park in Bognor 's neighbouring village of Littlehampton , known as Butlin 's Park .
In the 1930s Butlin had amusement parks in Mablethorpe ( opened 1928 ) , Hayling Island ( 1931 ) , Felixstowe ( 1931 ) , Southsea ( 1931 ) and on the Isle of Man . He continued to operate his winter fair at Olympia during this time and soon added the winter fairs at Waverley Hall in Edinburgh and at the Kelvin Hall in Glasgow . By 1935 most of his existing parks had zoos attached to them , providing another source of revenue .
Butlin 's funfair and amusement park business continued to expand into the post @-@ war period . In 1938 he gained the sole contract to supply amusements to the Empire Exhibition in Glasgow and after the war , he continued to open amusement parks such as the one at Sheerness .
= = = First holiday camps = = =
For some time Butlin had nurtured the idea of a holiday camp . He had seen the way landladies in seaside resorts would , sometimes literally , push families out of the lodgings between meals , regardless of the weather . Butlin toyed with the idea of providing holiday accommodation that encouraged holiday @-@ makers to stay on the site and even provided entertainment for them between meals .
He opened his first Butlin 's camp at Ingoldmells , near Skegness , on 11 April 1936 ( Easter eve ) . It was officially opened by Amy Johnson , the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia . An advertisement costing £ 500 ( 2011 : £ 28 thousand ) was placed in the Daily Express , announced the opening of the camp , inviting the public to book for a week 's holiday . The advertisement offered holidays with three meals a day and free entertainment with a week 's full board cost anything from 35 shillings to £ 3 ( 2011 : £ 167 @.@ 00 ) , according to the time of year . When the camp opened , Butlin realised that his guests were not engaging with activities in the way he had planned ; most kept to themselves , and others looked bored . He asked Norman Bradford ( who was engaged as an engineer constructing the camp ) to take on the duty of entertaining the guests , which he did with a series of ice breakers and jokes . By the end of the night the camp was buzzing and the Butlin 's atmosphere was born . From that point on , entertainment was the very heart of Butlins and Bradford became the first of the Butlin 's Redcoats . The same night Butlin decided that for his camp to work he would require many more people to carry out the same job as Bradford , and the role of Redcoat was conceived .
In his autobiography , Butlin refers to Clacton as his second camp ; however , in 1937 , the architect Harold Ridley Hooper , who had drawn the plans for the camp at Skegness , created plans on behalf of Butlins ltd , for a second camp at Dovercourt , in Essex . In the winter of 1938 , the camp at Dovercourt was requisitioned by the government for housing children evacuated from Germany by the Kindertransport programme . Writers and speakers discussing that programme , such as Anthony Grenville and Ela Kaczmarska , claim that the camp had been constructed by Butlin and operated as a Butlin 's camp for the 1937 – 1938 season , Kaczmarska also suggests that it had closed in the summer of 1938 ( the same time the Clacton camp opened . ) recollections of the refugees suggest that by December 1938 the camp was being run by Harry Warner , whose company Butlin was on the board of . At around the same time Butlin 's advertised Dovercourt as " associated with Butlin 's " and into the early 1940s Butlin was putting on rail packages with LNER to the Dovercourt camp .
Butlin proposed a new holiday camp at Clacton @-@ on @-@ Sea in Essex in 1936 . Both the council and the local association of hotels were against the idea , as were the boarding house keepers . To persuade them , Butlin took the members of the council to Skegness to see how the people there appreciated their holiday camp . The councillors were soon won over when they learnt that the local traders in Skegness had seen an initial dip in custom after its construction followed by a rise as campers had visited the town and seasonal workers had come to spend their pay . Once approved by the council , construction began and the camp opened in 1938 .
On 30 January 1937 , Butlin turned his business into a limited company " Butlin 's ltd " . Butlin took the decision to form the company as a means to raise finance for his new camps . On 8 February 1937 the company published its prospectus ahead of a public sale of shares . When the shares became available , they sold out entirely in five minutes .
= = World War II years = =
With the outbreak of the Second World War , both the Clacton and Skegness camps were requisitioned by the War Office for use as training camps . The ministry needed further camps , and contracted Butlin to build them . Butlin agreed , on the condition that he could purchase the sites when the war was over , to use as holiday camps . The ministry agreed , and Filey ( 1945 ) , Pwllheli and Ayr ( both in 1947 ) , opened after the war . As Butlin was dealing with other sites , he asked his business competitor , Harry Warner , to complete the construction of Filey . Butlin had purchased his first hotel in 1939 , the Thatched Barn in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire . Like his camps , it was requisitioned ( this time by the SOE ) before he could develop it .
During the war years , a number of Butlin 's camps were used as Royal Navy shore establishments . Skegness became HMS Royal Arthur , a training establishment for petty officers ; Pwllheli became HMS Glendower , and Ayr became HMS Scotia . Filey became RAF Hunmanby Moor and Clacton , after being considered for use as a prisoner of war camp , was later used as a training site for the Pioneer Corps . Butlin was recruited by the Ministry of Supply and asked to look at the causes of low morale amongst the workers in Britain 's munitions factories . His first stop was at the Royal Ordnance Factory , Chorley , where he found that the camouflaged huts and barbed wire fences used to house workers gave them the feeling of being interned . Using the knowledge and experience he had gained in setting up his holiday camps , Butlin was able to devise activities and systems to boost morale , which led to his appointment as Director General of Hostels . In this position , Butlin introduced games and entertainment similar to those used in his holiday camps . These included : whist drives , amateur dramatics , theatrical productions and cinema . In 1943 , he encouraged workers to continue taking their holiday entitlement but to do so at home , arranging various travelling fairs to visit towns on their " holiday week " . Butlin 's appointment to this role gave cause for concern in some quarters , with questions being asked of the under @-@ secretary , Harold Macmillan , about the nature of his involvement . However the appointment was a voluntary one with no salary or expenses and had been made after the consideration of other suitable candidates .
Late in the war , during the Allied advance through western Europe following the Normandy landings , Butlin was approached by General Bernard Montgomery , who asked him to help set up leave centres for the 21st Army Group . Starting in Brussels , the " 21 Club " concept quickly spread through western Europe , providing entertainment and relaxation for servicemen and women .
In 1944 , Butlin was awarded the MBE for his wartime service to the Ministry of Supply .
= = Post war expansion = =
After the war , it became apparent that most holiday camps in Britain had been damaged by troop occupation , and the situation was so bad that questions were raised in parliament . Other than Clacton , the Butlins camps were relatively unscathed , and even Clacton , which had been damaged by troop occupation , re @-@ opened in early 1946 . In the post @-@ war boom Butlin saw opportunities on foreign shores . He opened camps at Mosney , in the soon to be Republic of Ireland , in 1948 and on Grand Bahama , in 1949 .
In most ways Mosney was identical to the existing successful camps , but in Ireland this was something that was seen to be feared , rather than embraced . A number of complaints appeared in the Catholic Standard , warning that holiday camps were an English idea that was not desirable in Catholic Ireland . Like the other camps , Mosney was designed to have a church and reassurances were given that it would be a Catholic chapel with a resident priest . Reassurances were also given that Irish nationals would have priority over British tourists in booking holidays . In July 1948 the camp was finally opened by William Norton , the Minister for Social Welfare , and it operated successfully as a Butlin 's camp until the early 1980s .
A more ambitious plan by Butlin was thought up on a trip to the Bahamas in 1946 . Seeing potential for a camp in warmer climes , he formed a company under the chairmanship of Sir Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford and bought land in Grand Bahama . Butlin also purchased the Princess hotel in Bermuda and the Fort Montagu beach hotel in Nassau . The camp was intended to be complete and open on New Years Day of 1950 . After an investment of US $ 5 million ( 2011 : £ 28 @.@ 9 million ) the camp opened , still only partially complete , in the winter of 1949 . To celebrate its opening , Butlin ran a mystery flight , where guests , who had paid $ 129 ( 2011 : £ 746 @.@ 73 ) each , were taken on a flight to the resort without being informed in advance . However Butlin did not remain celebrating for long ; he required a further $ 2 @.@ 25 million ( 2011 : £ 14 @.@ 5 million ) to complete the camp , and to make matters worse American tourists were not used to the holiday camp mentality so the venture held little interest . In an attempt to save the camp , Butlin sold the Hotel leases to an American firm . By November 1950 , the subsidiary company handling the Caribbean resort was ordered to be wound up by a court . Butlin admitted defeat and focused his efforts back in Europe . In the late 1940s Butlin had successfully opened hotels outside the Skegness and Ayr camps , so he now saw his opportunity to expand into this market . Butlin began acquiring hotels in Saltdean , Blackpool and Cliftonville .
= = Further camps = =
In the 1960s Butlin began to create a series of new camps at Bognor Regis ( opened 1960 ) , Minehead ( 1962 ) and Barry Island ( 1966 ) . Barry Island remained part of the Butlin 's empire until the 1980s , while Bognor and Minehead remain part of the company today .
On 2 July 1960 Butlin planned to open his holiday camp at Bognor , but because of flooding it was not ready . Butlin offered his patrons the chance to be re @-@ sited at Clacton or to stay and help complete the camp 's construction . A number opted to stay and help , and received a free bottle of champagne as a reward . Once opened , the camp quickly became popular , accommodating around 5 @,@ 000 campers and another 5 @,@ 000 day visitors .
In the winter of 1961 , Butlin began work on his camp in Minehead . The site opened to the public on 26 May 1962 having cost £ 2 million to construct . Over the next decade several attractions were added to the site ; a miniature railway was added in 1964 , chairlifts in 1965 , and a monorail in 1967 .
Butlin 's inspiration for his holiday empire had come from a holiday to Barry Island in his twenties , when he had been locked out of his B & B all day by his landlady . He finally decided to build the last and smallest of the camps there in 1965 . Butlin took out a 99 @-@ year lease on the headland at Nell 's Point , Barry Island , in 1966 . Building work began there in the winter and the gates opened to campers on 18 June 1966 . Butlin retired in 1969 and the Barry Island camp was the last opening under his management .
= = Later life = =
Growing up , Butlin had lived with his aunt Jessie in the Swan Pub in Coaley , in his later life he was able to purchase desirable property for himself ; for many years living on The Bishops Avenue . His house there was Dane Court in Hampstead , which he purchased in 1947 . Butlin sold Dane Court in 1951 , and moved to a property in Grosvenor Square . He remained in this property through the 1950s and 1960s .
Butlin retired in 1969 , handing over running the company to his son Bobby . A hostile takeover bid by Phonographic Equipment in November 1969 made him decide to come out of retirement , in the capacity of " consultant " . With his father 's help Bobby fended off the takeover , and Butlin returned to his retirement . In 1972 , the Rank Organisation launched a friendly takeover for £ 43 million ( 2011 : £ 466 million ) , which both Butlin and his son agreed to accept .
Butlin 's retirement was forced by circumstance . His accountant informed Butlin that the total rate of income tax and surtax that Butlin was due to pay for the coming year was 115 % of his income . Butlin took the decision to move from his London home to become a permanent resident in Blair Adam House , St. John , on the island of Jersey , in the Channel Islands . This move was financially beneficial since Jersey had a fixed 20 % rate of income tax . He remained a resident of Jersey until his death on 12 June 1980 , aged 80 . He is buried in the parish of St John and his grave is shaped to represent a double bed .
Butlin actively engaged in charity work through the Grand Order of Water Rats and through the Variety Club . In 1963 , he set up the Bill Butlin charitable trust , and in 1966 donated £ 100 @,@ 000 ( 2011 : £ 1 @.@ 53 million ) to set up a trust to help in cases where police officers were incapacitated or fatally injured while on active duty . With public support the fund grew firstly to £ 250 @,@ 000 and eventually to over £ 1 million . In return he received many honours , from having a Hybrid Tea Rose name after him , to his knighthood in 1964 . In being knighted , Butlin was following in the footsteps of his great uncle Sir Henry Trentham Butlin , an eminent surgeon . In 1960 , Butlin was awarded the Carl Alan award for his services to dance .
= = Personal life = =
Butlin remained close to his mother , both in following her to Canada and in arranging for her to come home after the death of his stepfather . She died in 1934 and never saw his first holiday camp . By contrast , Butlin makes no mention in his biography of his father after returning from Canada . Public records from South Africa show that his father remained in Cape Town for the rest of his life , dying in 1954 .
In the 1920s while staying in Tiverton in Devon , and working with Marshall Hill , Butlin met Doris " Dolly " Mabel Cheriton ( born 1898 ) , whose family owned the local fish and chip shop ; the couple were married in 1927 . Dolly gave her name as " Dorothy " on signing the register , and her death in 1958 was also registered in the name " Dorothy " . However , by the early 1930s the marriage had broken down and they had separated . Soon after , Butlin met and fell in love with Norah Faith Cheriton ( Dolly 's niece , born 1914 ) . Dolly refused to grant Butlin a divorce . It was not until Dolly 's death in 1958 that he and Norah were free to marry . Butlin was surprised by Eamonn Andrews for This Is Your Life on his wedding day in 1959 . The second marriage lasted only a few months , as Butlin had already fallen in love with Sheila Edwina Devine . This time it was Norah who refused to grant divorce . In 1975 , with divorce law having changed , Butlin was able to divorce Norah and marry Sheila with whom he remained until his death .
Butlin had several children from his three marriages : Shirley ( born 1931 to Dolly ) , Robert ( born to Nora in 1934 as Robert F. Reeves ) , Cherie ( also known as Cherry , born to Nora in 1939 ) , Sandra ( born 1941 ) , William Jr ( also known as Billy , born 1960 to Sheila ) , and Jacquie ( born to Sheila ) . Bertha Hill 's obituary records " William , Dolly and baby Shirley " and on Shirley 's fifth birthday the local Skegness newspaper noted that she invited many of her friends to her father 's holiday camp for her party . Little reference is made to her after this time , and her name is not listed on her father 's grave with her still @-@ living siblings . Sandra died in 1976 at the age of 34 ( the same year Butlin 's second wife Norah died . ) William Jr died of cancer in 2003 . Robert took over from his father , running the company from 1968 to 1984 , and died of lung cancer on 31 December 2008 . Jacquie lives on Jersey , where she runs a clothes shop . Jacquie 's daughter , Laura Emily , was the subject of a court case in the Cayman Islands in 1992 , to establish whether she could be a beneficiary of her grandfather 's estate . Cherie is an actress .
= = Media references = =
Butlin is listed as a member of the eclectic ( and fictional ) " orchestra " in the Bonzo Dog Doo @-@ Dah Band 's recording , The Intro and the Outro , where he is credited with playing the spoons .
= = = Bibliographic notes = = =
= = = Websites = = =
= = = News and Journals = = =
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= Meteorological history of Hurricane Gordon ( 1994 ) =
The meteorological history of Hurricane Gordon consisted of a thirteen @-@ day period in which the storm 's path was erratic , persistent , and highly unusual . The hurricane formed near Panama in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on November 9 , 1994 . As a tropical depression it brushed Nicaragua and spent several days in the waters off the country 's coast . Strengthening slightly into a tropical storm , Gordon wound its way north into the Greater Antilles . Despite warm waters , persistent wind shear prevented significant strengthening . Executing a slow turn to the north and then the northwest , Gordon made two more landfalls , on eastern Jamaica and eastern Cuba , while delivering tremendous rains to western Hispaniola .
As Tropical Storm Gordon made its fourth landfall crossing the Florida Keys , it interacted with a cyclone in the upper @-@ troposphere and a series of cyclonic lows which lent the storm some sub @-@ tropical characteristics . After a few days as an unusual hybrid of a tropical and a subtropical system in the Gulf of Mexico , the storm re @-@ claimed its fully tropical form and made yet another landfall , this time across the Florida peninsula , and continued into the Atlantic Ocean . In the Atlantic , Gordon rapidly strengthened to a Category 1 Hurricane . Gordon 's characteristic wandering briefly brought it near North Carolina , but ultimately the storm headed south , weakening into a minor tropical storm before making its sixth and final landfall on Florida 's east coast .
Hurricane Gordon was the seventh named storm and third hurricane of the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season . Although it never made landfall as a hurricane , in its meandering course the storm included six separate landfalls : four as a tropical storm and two as a tropical depression . Three of its landfalls were in the U.S. state of Florida .
= = Formation = =
During the first week of November a large area of disturbed weather accumulated just north of Panama over the southwestern Caribbean Sea . A tropical wave passed through the area and gave it mild convection . A second wave passed through the area on November 6 and introduced cyclonic circulation to the disturbance . Over the next two days the system gradually organized and sparked a deep convection off Nicaragua 's southeast coast . This organization , with initial maximum sustained winds of 30 mph ( 45 km / h ) , was designated Tropical Depression Twelve . Moving northwest , the storm began to slowly strengthen and its upper level outflow became favorable to further development . Spots of convection flared on the morning of November 9 ; banding features appeared as its center made landfall on the northeastern Nicaraguan coast near Puerto Cabezas . A full day later a trough to the storm 's northwest over the Gulf of Mexico moved the depression offshore , to the northeast , and over the warm waters of the western Caribbean Sea . Fueled by these warm waters , on the night of November 9 it strengthened into Tropical Storm Gordon with 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) winds .
Lacking firm movement because of weak steering currents , Gordon meandered north @-@ northeast in the presence of mild west @-@ southwesterly wind shear , unable to strengthen under the adverse conditions . By November 11 , a trough prodded Gordon to the north @-@ northeast at 8 mph ( 13 km / h ) , and it strengthened by 6 mph ( 9 km / h ) as it moved through the central Caribbean Sea . The trough continued steering Gordon , bending it eastward towards Jamaica on the afternoon on November 12 . Despite the warm waters , Gordon did not strengthen that day as strong upper @-@ tropospheric shear hindered development , disorganized the upper level circulation , and reduced its winds to 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) .
= = Through the Greater Antilles = =
November 13 was an active day for Tropical Storm Gordon . The trough over southern Florida and the Gulf of Mexico continued to push Gordon eastward towards Jamaica . In the pre @-@ dawn hours the storm clipped the eastern edge of the island , leaving 7 @.@ 44 in ( 18 @.@ 9 cm ) of rainfall . Southwesterly wind shear kept the storm from developing beyond 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) , but neither the shear nor the landfall significantly disrupted the cyclone 's organization . Accelerating , Gordon turned towards the northeast . Continued shear prevented the upper @-@ level development needed for typical cyclonic organization , but a strong lower level circulation had formed . Its sustained winds were still only 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , but as the system approached eastern Cuba a gust of 120 mph ( 192 km / h ) was reported . The center crossed near Guantánamo Bay and the storm dumped heavy rainfall as it passed over the eastern portion of the island ; even heavier rain fell in Haiti to the west , where 22 @.@ 94 in ( 58 @.@ 27 cm ) of rain was recorded at Camp @-@ Perrin .
Meanwhile , the broad @-@ scale circulation that was covering most of the Caribbean Sea ( of which Tropical Storm Gordon was only a part ) was interacting with an upper @-@ tropospheric trough near the Straits of Florida . This trough strengthened the broad upper @-@ level cyclone , which in turn strengthened Gordon and spawned several other low @-@ level circulations in the western Caribbean Sea . When Gordon crossed eastern Cuba , the National Hurricane Center determined that it had become the most dominant of these low level systems and had absorbed their convections . ( Meteorologist Jose Fernandez @-@ Partagas voiced the minority opinion that Gordon 's circulatory center had dissipated over Cuba and that a low pressure system near the Bahamas was now the dominant system , which would have meant the demise of Tropical Storm Gordon and the emergence of a new tropical storm . While possible , this view was not accepted by the official hurricane summaries . ) By nightfall of November 13 , Gordon had not only made two landfalls and survived interactions with three competing systems but also , in assimilating the Bahamian low , had gained the cool central core typical of a subtropical cyclone .
The deep @-@ layered cyclone within which Gordon was embedded steered the storm west @-@ northwest , south of Turks and Caicos and the Bahamas , on November 14 . A large ridge of high pressure near the U.S. Mid @-@ Atlantic coast increased the pressure gradient around the storm , so although its sub @-@ tropical elements ( namely a lack of deep convection ) precluded a core of strong winds immediately around the storm 's nucleus , strong winds were supported outside the storm 's circulatory center . These winds inched up to 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) , but did not strengthen any further . The ridge continued to steer the hybrid Tropical / Subtropical Storm Gordon west @-@ northwestward past the western Bahamas . This brought the southern portion of the storm 's circulation over northern Cuba , while the strengthening northern circulation produced 60 mph ( 90 km / h ) winds near Palm Beach . The storm 's fourth landfall occurred on November 15 when Gordon passed over the Florida Keys near Key West , Florida . The storm then continued west over the lower Keys and into the Straights of Florida , where the storm 's center began to warm and deep convection signaled the return of Gordon 's purely tropical characteristics .
= = Second Florida landfall and peak strength = =
Steering currents remained weak giving the storm a chance to fully re @-@ develop its deep convection while immobile at sea . During this time , Tropical Storm Gordon began to spawn tornadoes . As the storm center was well offshore most were probably unreported , but six tornadoes touched down on the Florida coast . Four of the tornadoes were rated F0 on the Fujita scale , two were rated F1 , and one was given an F2 rating with estimated wind speeds of 113 – 157 mph ( 181 – 253 km / h ) .
After stalling offshore for almost a day , a mid- to upper @-@ tropospheric trough over the central U.S. slowly pulled Tropical Storm Gordon northward then north @-@ northeastward towards Florida 's west coast . The storm made landfall between Ft . Myers and Naples with 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) winds . The eastward component of the storm 's movement increased , and Gordon moved northeastward onto the Florida Peninsula at 10 mph ( 17 km / h ) . The storm barely weakened as it crossed the landmass keeping its 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) winds . Crossing the peninsula in a mere six hours , the storm continued to pick up speed . Early on November 17 , back over the open ocean , the storm 's central pressure began to fall . Improved organization was not apparent and wind shear was pulling at the core of the deep convection when , on November 17 , Gordon suddenly spawned 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) winds and was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane .
= = Third Florida landfall and demise = =
The shortwave trough that had been steering Gordon across Florida moved ahead of the storm and its influence was replaced by a mid @-@ tropospheric ridge over the eastern United States . Under the influence of this new ridge the storm , which had been speeding northeast at 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) , turned to the north late on November 17 . The hurricane 's loop continued , and as it moved to a west @-@ northwesterly heading Gordon briefly threatened North Carolina 's Outer Banks before stalling offshore once again . In the presence of weak steering currents once again , Gordon lost strength and slipped back to tropical storm status with 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) winds . On November 18 , about 90 mi ( 150 km ) off the Outer Banks , Gordon began a southward drift away from the North Carolina coast . In its brush with the Mid @-@ Atlantic States , Gordon dropped 2 – 5 in ( 5 – 13 cm ) with a maximum of 5 @.@ 25 in ( 13 @.@ 3 cm ) recorded at Norfolk , Virginia . Warm waters improved its organization , but this did not result in stronger winds and the storm continued to weaken . Strong upper @-@ level winds battered the storm from the northwest . They sheared away Gordon 's upper @-@ level convection while polluting the storm with colder and dryer air that weakened its lower level convection .
A high pressure system over the central United States drifted east and added a westward component to Gordon 's southward motion , pulling the storm southwest towards Florida . The persistent shear and a continued lack of deep convection eventually reduced the storm 's winds to below tropical storm force , and on the morning on November 20 Gordon became a tropical depression . The high pressure system over the continent continued pulling the depression towards the west until it made its final landfall near Cape Canaveral that night with winds of 30 mph ( 45 km / h ) . Between its three Floridian landfalls , Hurricane Gordon dumped 5 – 10 in ( 13 – 25 cm ) of rain on Florida , with a station at Cooperstown recording 16 @.@ 1 in ( 40 @.@ 9 cm ) . The storm moved northward across Florida , northeastward across Georgia , and finally merged with a frontal system over South Carolina .
= = = Track and forecasting = = =
Gordon 's track was likened to Hurricane Dawn in 1972 . The National Hurricane Center described the storm as " a complex system , [ which ] followed an unusual , erratic path over the western Caribbean Sea and islands , Florida and the southwestern Atlantic . " Due to the path , the agency had difficulties in forecasting Gordon , and the forecast errors were 10 % to 30 % above the average of the previous decade .
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= Operation Ladbroke =
Operation Ladbroke was a glider landing by British airborne troops during the Second World War near Syracuse , Sicily , that began on 9 July 1943 as part of Operation Husky , the Allied invasion of Sicily . The first Allied mission using large numbers of the aircraft , the operation was carried out from Tunisia by glider infantry of the British 1st Airlanding Brigade , commanded by Brigadier Philip Hicks , with a force of 136 Wacos and eight Horsas . The objective was to establish a large invasion force on the ground near the town of Syracuse , secure the Ponte Grande Bridge and ultimately take control of the city itself with its strategically vital docks , as a prelude to the full @-@ scale invasion of Sicily .
En route to Sicily , sixty @-@ five gliders released too early by the American and British towing aircraft crashed into the sea , drowning approximately 252 men . Of the remainder , only eighty @-@ seven men arrived at the Pont Grande Bridge , although they successfully captured the bridge and held it beyond the time they were to be relieved . Finally , with their ammunition expended and only fifteen soldiers remaining unwounded , the Allied troops surrendered to Italian forces . The Italians , having gained control of the bridge , sought to destroy the structure , but were frustrated by troopers of the 1st Airlanding Brigade who had removed the previously attached explosive charges . Other troops from the brigade , who had landed elsewhere in Sicily , aided further by destroying communications links and capturing gun batteries .
= = Background = =
By December 1942 , with Allied forces advancing through Tunisia , the North African Campaign was coming to a close ; with victory there imminent , discussions began among the Allies regarding the nature of their next objective . Many Americans argued for an immediate invasion of Northern France , while the British , as well as General Dwight David Eisenhower , argued that the island of Sardinia was the best subsequent target of the Allied troops . In January 1943 the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt settled at the Casablanca Conference on the island of Sicily , whose invasion and occupation could potentially provide the Allies with Mediterranean shipping routes and airfields nearer to mainland Italy and Germany . The codename Operation Husky was decided upon for the Allied invasion of Sicily , and planning for Husky began in February . Initially the British Eighth Army , under the command of General Bernard Law Montgomery , were to land on the south @-@ eastern corner of the island and advance north to the port of Syracuse . Two days later the U.S. Seventh Army , commanded by Lieutenant General George Patton , would land on the western corner of the island and move towards the port of Palermo .
In March it was decided that the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division , under Major General Matthew Bunker Ridgway , and the British 1st Airborne Division , under Major @-@ General George Frederick Hopkinson , would be dropped by parachute and glider just prior to the amphibious landings ; they would land a few miles behind the beaches and neutralize their defenders , thereby aiding the landing of the Allied ground forces . However , in early May these directives were radically changed at the insistence of General Montgomery ; he argued that with Allied forces landing separately at either end of the island , the defending Axis forces would have the opportunity to defeat each Allied Army in turn before both could unite . Instead , the plans were altered to land both the Eighth and Seventh Armies simultaneously along a 100 miles ( 160 km ) stretch of coastline on Sicily 's south @-@ eastern corner . At the same time , the plans for the two airborne divisions were also adjusted ; Montgomery believed that the airborne troops should be landed near Syracuse , so that they could seize the valuable port . The commander of the 82nd Airborne Artillery , Brigadier General Maxwell D. Taylor , further asserted that dropping behind the island 's beaches and overcoming its defences was not a suitable mission for the airborne troops , as they were only lightly armed and vulnerable to the ' friendly fire ' of the planned Allied naval bombardment . In the revised blueprint for the airborne divisions , a reinforced regimental combat team ( the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment , under Colonel James Maurice Gavin ) from the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division would be dropped by parachute north @-@ east of the port of Gela to block the movement of Axis reserves towards the Allied beachheads . The British 1st Airborne Division was now to conduct three brigade @-@ size airborne operations : the Ponte Grande road bridge south of Syracuse was to be captured by the 1st Airlanding Brigade , under Brigadier Philip Hicks , the port of Augusta was to be seized by Brigadier Ernest E. Down 's 2nd Parachute Brigade , and finally the Primasole Bridge over the River Simeto was to be taken and secured by Brigadier Gerald Lathbury 's 1st Parachute Brigade .
= = Planning = =
As there were insufficient transport aircraft for all three brigades to conduct their operations simultaneously , it was decided that the first operation would be Ladbroke , whose objective was the capture of the Ponte Grande Bridge . The mission , under the command of Brigadier Philip Hicks , was conducted just prior to the amphibious landings , on the night of 9 July , while the remaining two operations took place on successive two nights . The 1st Airlanding Brigade was also given the additional tasks of capturing Syracuse harbour and the urban area that adjoined it , and either destroying or confiscating a coastal artillery battery that was in range of the amphibious landings . When training began for the operation , difficulties immediately arose . The original plan for the airborne operations had called for all three to employ parachutists , but in May Montgomery altered the plan ; after determining that airborne troops would be at a considerable distance from Allied ground forces , he believed that the force sent to capture Syracuse would be served best by gliders in order to provide them with the maximum possible amount of firepower . His airborne advisor , Group Captain Cooper of the Royal Air Force , argued that a glider landing conducted at night with inexperienced aircrews was not practical , but the decision was left unchanged .
Montgomery 's orders raised several issues , the first with the transport aircraft of the Troop Carrier Wings assigned to the airborne operations . When they had arrived in North Africa , it had been decided that the 52nd Troop Carrier Wing would operate with 1st Airborne Division and its counterpart , the 51st , with 82nd Airborne Division . A few weeks later this arrangement was switched , with the 52nd now operating with 82nd Airborne Division and the 51st with 1st Airborne Division ; this seemed a logical decision , as each Wing had operational experience with the division it had been paired with . However , the decision to turn the Syracuse assault into a glider @-@ based one was problematic ; the 51st had practically no glider experience , whilst the 52nd had much more but was already training for a parachute @-@ based mission . To switch both was impractical and would have led to a number of problems , which left 1st Airborne Division , and thus 1st Airlanding Brigade , with an inexperienced Troop Carrier Wing .
= = = Glider problems = = =
Further problems were encountered with the gliders to be used in the operation , and the glider pilots themselves . Until a few months prior to the operation , there was a notable shortage of serviceable gliders in North Africa . In late March a small number of Wacos arrived at Accra on the Gold Coast , but pilots sent to ferry them to North Africa found that they were in poor condition . Due to neglect and the deleterious effects of tropical weather , the pilots were able to assemble only a small number of Wacos and fly them back on 22 April . On 23 April , a larger number of the American gliders began to arrive in North African ports , but were not immediately available for use as the crates holding them were unloaded haphazardly , instructions were often found to be missing , and those men assigned to assemble the gliders were often inexperienced . However , when the decision was made to conduct a glider @-@ borne assault with 1st Airlanding Brigade , assembly was improved , and by 12 June 346 gliders had been put together and delivered to the Troop Carrier Wings . A small number of Horsa gliders were transported to North Africa for use by the brigade . Thirty took off from England and undertook a trip of approximately 1 @,@ 500 miles ( 2 @,@ 400 km ) in Operation Turkey Buzzard . After attacks from Luftwaffe fighter patrols and experiencing often turbulent weather , a total of 27 Horsas were delivered to North Africa in time for the operation .
When sufficient gliders had arrived in North Africa , however , they were not all usable even in training ; on 16 June , most of the gliders were grounded for repairs , and on 30 June , large numbers of them had developed weaknesses in their tail @-@ wiring , necessitating another grounding period of three days . Given these problems and delays , 51st Troop Carrier Wing was not able to conduct a large @-@ scale glider exercise until mid @-@ June . On 14 June , fifty @-@ four Wacos were flown over 70 miles ( 110 km ) and then released to land at an airfield , and a larger exercise was conducted on 20 June ; but even these limited exercises were unrealistic , as they were conducted in broad daylight . The British glider pilots themselves also caused difficulties ; although there were a sufficient number of them to conduct the operation , they were highly inexperienced . Detached from the Glider Pilot Regiment for the operation , they had no experience with the Waco gliders and night operations involving them , as British doctrine had deemed such operations impossible . On average , the pilots had eight hours of flight experience in gliders . Few were rated as being ' operationally ready ' and none had combat experience . Colonel George Chatterton , the commander of the Glider Pilot Regiment , had protested their participation as he believed they were entirely unfit for any operation . When the training period for the brigade ended with a total of two exercises completed , the glider pilots had an average of 4 @.@ 5 hours training in flying the unfamiliar Waco , which included an average of 1 @.@ 2 hours night flying .
= = = 1st Airlanding Brigade = = =
The units of the 1st Airlanding Brigade were : the 1st Battalion , Border Regiment ; 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment ; 181st ( Airlanding ) Field Ambulance and 9th Field Company , Royal Engineers . The Staffords were tasked with securing the bridge and the area to the south , while the Borders were to capture Syracuse . For the mission the 1st Airlanding Brigade were allocated 136 Waco and eight Horsa gliders . With the shortage of space in the gliders - Wacos could only accommodate fifteen troops , half that of the Horsa , thus the whole brigade could not be deployed . Six of the Horsas carrying ' A ' and ' C ' companies from the Staffords were scheduled to land at the bridge at 23 : 15 on 9 July in a coup @-@ de @-@ main operation . The remainder of the brigade would arrive at 01 : 15 on 10 July using a number of landing @-@ zones between 1 @.@ 5 and 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 and 4 @.@ 8 km ) away , then converge on the bridge to reinforce the defence .
= = = Italian forces = = =
The Ponte Grande Bridge was immediately outside the area defended by the Italian 206 Coastal Division , which would oppose the British seaborne landing . The fortress commander was Rear Admiral Primo Leonardi , with Colonel Mario Damiani in command of the army contingent . The Augusta @-@ Syracuse Naval Fortress Area , which included the Coastal Division , was protected by six medium and six heavy coastal artillery batteries , with eleven additional dual @-@ purpose coastal and anti @-@ aircraft batteries , with six batteries only of anti @-@ aircraft guns . Finally the Fortress contained an armoured train with four 120 mm guns . The army contingent was the 121st Coastal Defence Regiment , which included four battalions . There were also naval and air force battalions available , while the 54 Infantry Division Napoli was in a position to send reinforcements if required .
= = Mission = =
On 9 July 1943 , a contingent of 2 @,@ 075 British troops , along with seven jeeps , six anti @-@ tank guns and ten mortars , boarded their gliders in Tunisia and took off at 18 : 00 , bound for Sicily . In the hours that preceded the landing , twelve Boeing B @-@ 17 and six Vickers Wellington equipped with radar jamming devices flew back and forth along the coast in the Siracusa @-@ Licata sector ; between 21 : 00 and 21 : 30 , 55 Wellingtons of 205th Group carried out a diversionary bombing of the port and airport of Syracuse , causing a number of civilian and military casualties , including the commander of the Italian naval base , Commander Giuseppe Giannotti . 280 puppets dressed in paratrooper uniforms were launched north of the landing area , in order to deceive the Italian defense . En route , the gliders encountered strong winds , poor visibility and at times were subjected to anti @-@ aircraft fire . To avoid gunfire and searchlights , pilots of the towing aircraft climbed higher or took evasive action . In the confusion surrounding these manoeuvres , some gliders were released too early and sixty @-@ five of them crashed into the sea , drowning around 252 men . Of the remainder , only twelve landed in the right place . Another fifty @-@ nine landed up to 25 miles ( 40 km ) away while the remainder were either shot down or failed to release and returned to Tunisia . About 200 American paratroopers , having been mistakenly parachuted in the area assigned to the Eighth Army , were captured by the Italian 146th Coastal Regiment ( 206th Coastal Division ) in the early hours of 10 July .
Only one Horsa with a platoon of infantry from the Staffords landed near the bridge . Its commander , Lieutenant Withers , divided his men into two groups , one of which swam across the river and took up position on the opposite bank . Thereafter the bridge was captured following a simultaneous assault from both sides . The Italian defenders from the 120th Coastal Infantry Regiment abandoned their pillboxes on the north bank .
The British platoon then dismantled some demolition charges that had been fitted to the bridge and dug @-@ in to wait for reinforcement or relief . Another Horsa landed roughly 200 yards ( 180 m ) from the bridge but exploded on landing , killing all on board . Three of the other Horsas carrying the coup @-@ de @-@ main party landed within 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of the bridge — their occupants eventually finding their way to the site . Reinforcements began to arrive at the bridge , but by 06 : 30 they numbered only eighty @-@ seven men .
Elsewhere , about 150 men landed at Cape Murro di Porco and captured a radio station . Based on a warning of imminent glider landings transmitted by the station 's previous occupants , the local Italian commander ordered a counter @-@ attack but his troops failed to receive his message . The scattered nature of the landings now worked in the Allies ' favour as they were able to cut all telephone wires in the immediate area . The glider carrying the brigade deputy commander , Colonel O. L. Jones , landed beside an Italian coastal artillery battery ; at daylight the staff officers and radio operators attacked and destroyed the battery 's five guns and their ammunition dump . Other isolated groups of Allied soldiers tried to aid their comrades , assaulting Italian defences and targeting reinforcements . Another attack by a group of patratroopers on three 149 / 35 mm Italian coastal batteries failed , and the batteries were able to open fire on Allied landing craft and troops at 6 : 15 on 10 July . At 9 : 15 , the 1st Battalion of the Italian 75th Infantry Regiment ( " Napoli " Division ) captured another 160 American paratroopers on the Palazzolo Acreide @-@ Syracuse road . Another group of paratroopers attacked an Italian patrol led by Major Paoli , commander of the 126th Artillery Group ; Paoli was killed and his unit fell in disarray , and was thus unable to intervene in the later fight against British tanks near the bridge .
The first counterattack on the bridge was by two companies of Italian sailors , who were repulsed by the British . As the Italians responded to the Allied landings , they gathered more troops and brought up artillery and mortars to bombard the Allied @-@ controlled Pont Grande Bridge . The British defenders came under attack from the Italians while the expected British 5th Infantry Division relief did not appear at 10 : 00 as planned . At 11 : 30 the Italian 385th Coastal Battalion arrived at the bridge , followed soon afterward by the 1st Battalion , 75th ( Napoli ) Infantry Regiment . The Italians were positioned to attack the bridge from three sides . By 14 : 45 there were only fifteen British troops defending the bridge that had not been killed or wounded ( four officers and eleven soldiers ) . At 15 : 30 , with their ammunition consumed , the British stopped fighting . Some men on the south side of the bridge escaped into the countryside , but the rest became prisoners of war . With the bridge back in Italian hands , the first unit from 5th Infantry Division , the 2nd Battalion , Royal Scots Fusiliers , of 17th Infantry Brigade , arrived at the bridge at 16 : 15 and mounted a successful counter @-@ attack , which had been made possible by the prior removal of demolition charges from the bridge , preventing its destruction by the Italians . The 1st Battalion of the 75th Infantry Regiment , having no artillery , was unable to oppose the British tanks and had to retreat after suffering heavy losses . The survivors from the 1st Airlanding Brigade took no further part in the fighting and were withdrawn back to North Africa on 13 July . During the landings , the losses by 1st Airlanding Brigade were the most severe of all British units involved . The casualties amounted to 313 killed and 174 missing or wounded . Fourteen accompanying glider pilots were killed , and eighty @-@ seven were missing or wounded .
= = Aftermath = =
After an enquiry into the problems with the airborne missions in Sicily , the British Army and Royal Air Force submitted recommendations in the aftermath of Operation Ladbroke . Aircrew were to be trained in parachute and glider operations , and pathfinders were to be landed before the main force , to set out their beacons . The landing plan was simplified with complete brigades landing on a drop zone , instead of the smaller battalion landing areas used on Sicily . Gliders were no longer released at night while still over water , and their landing zones would be large enough to accommodate the aircraft with room to spare . Following a friendly fire incident over an Allied convoy , more training was given to ship 's crews in aircraft recognition ; Allied aircraft were also painted with three large white stripes . Training for pilots of the Glider Pilot Regiment was increased , and improvements to the gliders were implemented , including better inter @-@ aircraft communication . To provide another method of delivering jeeps and artillery by air , the Royal Air Force started experimenting with how to use parachutes to drop them into combat , the jeeps and guns being carried in aircraft 's bomb bays . A second Royal Air Force transport group , No. 46 , was formed and equipped solely with C @-@ 47 Dakotas , instead of the mixture of aircraft in No. 38 Group . Together , the Royal Air Force groups were capable of supplying eighty @-@ eight Albermarles , eighty @-@ eight Stirlings , thirty @-@ six Halifaxes and 150 Dakotas , a total of 362 planes which did not include aircraft held as reserves .
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= Crystal Palace Dinosaurs =
The Crystal Palace Dinosaurs , also known as Dinosaur Court , are a series of sculptures of extinct animals ( including dinosaurs ) and mammals in Crystal Palace Park , now in the London borough of Bromley . Commissioned in 1852 to accompany the Crystal Palace after its move from the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park and unveiled in 1854 , they were the first dinosaur sculptures in the world , pre @-@ dating the publication of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species by six years . While to varying degrees inaccurate by modern standards , the models were designed and sculpted by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins under the scientific direction of Sir Richard Owen , representing the latest scientific knowledge at the time . The models were classed as Grade II listed buildings from 1973 , extensively restored in 2002 , and upgraded to Grade I listed in 2007 .
The models represent fifteen genera of extinct animals , not all dinosaurs . They are from a wide range of geological ages , and include true dinosaurs , ichthyosaurs , and plesiosaurs mainly from the Mesozoic era , and some mammals from the more recent Cenozoic era .
= = History = =
Following the closure of the Great Exhibition in October 1851 , Joseph Paxton 's Crystal Palace was bought and moved to Penge Place atop Sydenham Hill , South London by the newly formed Crystal Palace Company . The grounds that surrounded it were then extensively renovated and turned into a public park with ornamental gardens , replicas of statues and two new man @-@ made lakes . As part of this renovation , Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was commissioned to build the first @-@ ever life @-@ sized models of extinct animals . He had originally planned to just re @-@ create extinct mammals before deciding on building dinosaurs as well , which he did with advice from Sir Richard Owen , a celebrated biologist and palaeontologist of the time . Hawkins set up a workshop on site at the park and built the models there . The models were displayed on three islands acting as a rough timeline , the first island for the Paleozoic era , a second for the Mesozoic , and a third for the Cenozoic . The models were given more realism by making the water level in the lake rise and fall , revealing different amounts of the dinosaurs . To mark the launch of the models , Hawkins held a dinner on New Year 's Eve 1853 inside the mould of one of the Iguanodon models .
Hawkins benefited greatly from the public 's reaction to the dinosaurs , which was so strong it allowed for the sale of sets of small versions of the dinosaur models , priced at £ 30 for educational use . But the building of the models was costly ( having cost around £ 13 @,@ 729 ) and in 1855 , the Crystal Palace Company cut Hawkins 's funding . Several planned models were never made , while those half finished were scrapped , despite protest from sources including the Sunday newspaper , The Observer .
With progress in palaeontology , the reputation of the models declined . In 1895 , the American fossil hunter Othniel Charles Marsh scorned the dinosaurs ' friends as doing them a great injustice , and spoke angrily of the models . The models and the park fell into disrepair as the years went by , a process aided by the fire that destroyed the Crystal Palace itself in 1936 , and the models became obscured by overgrown foliage . A full restoration of the animals was carried out in 1952 by Victor H.C. Martin , at which time the mammals on the third island were moved to less well @-@ protected locations in the park , where they were exposed to wear and tear . The limestone cliff was blown up in the 1960s .
In 2002 , the display was totally renovated . The destroyed limestone cliff was completely replaced using 130 large blocks of Derbyshire limestone , many weighing over 1 tonne ( 0 @.@ 98 long tons ; 1 @.@ 1 short tons ) , rebuilt according to a small model made from the same number of polystyrene blocks . Fibreglass replacements were created for the missing sculptures , and badly damaged parts of the surviving models were recast . For example , some of the animals ' legs had been modelled in lead , fixed to the bodies with iron rods ; the iron had rusted , splitting the lead open .
The models and other elements of Crystal Palace Park were classed as Grade II listed buildings from 1973 . The models were extensively restored in 2002 , and upgraded to Grade I listed in 2007 .
= = The Dinosaur Park = =
Fifteen genera of extinct animals , not all dinosaurs , are represented in the park . At least three other genera ( Dinornis , a mastodon , and Glyptodon ) were planned , and Hawkins began to build at least the mastodon before the Crystal Palace Company cut his funding in 1855 . An inaccurate map of the time shows planned locations of the Dinornis and mastodon .
= = = Palaeozoic era = = =
The Palaeozoic era is represented in the park by the model rock exposure showing a succession of beds , namely the Carboniferous ( including Coal Measures and limestone ) and Permian .
Crystal Palace 's two Dicynodon models are based on incomplete Permian fossils found in South Africa , along with Owen 's guess that they were similar to turtles . There is no evidence of any shelled Dicynodon , and recent more complete fossils show that they looked more like Hippopotamus .
= = = Mesozoic era = = =
The Mesozoic era is represented in the park by the model rock exposure showing a succession of beds , namely the Jurassic and Cretaceous , by models of dinosaurs and other animals known from mesozoic fossils , and by suitable vegetation - both living plants and models .
Curiously , it is Hylaeosaurus , from the Cretaceous of England , not Iguanodon , that most resembles the giant iguana stereotype of early ideas of dinosaurs . The model Hylaeosaurus is depicted much like Ankylosaurus , as a smallish quadrupedal herbivore with a knobbled armoured back , and spines along its sides . Hawkins 's depiction is of a large Iguana @-@ like beast with long sharp spines along its back , which Owen noted were " accurately given in the restoration [ by Hawkins , to Owen 's instructions , but ] necessarily at present conjectural " . The head of the Hylaeosaurus model is a fiberglass replica ; the original head is on the ground , on a hill above the ichthyosaur end of the lake .
The Ichthyosaurus models are based on Triassic or Jurassic fossils from Europe . Though the three ichthyosaurs are partly in water , they are implausibly shown basking on land like seals . Owen supposed they resembled crocodiles or plesiosaurs . Better fossil evidence shows that they have more in common with sharks , having a dorsal fin and fish @-@ like tail , whereas in Hawkins 's models the tail is a flat protuberance from a straight backbone . A further discrepancy is that the models ' eyes have exposed bony sclerotic plates , Owen conjecturing that with such large eyes they had " great powers of vision , especially in the dusk " . They became one of the three mascots of Crystal Palace Park , along with the Iguanodon and Megalosaurus ( although ichthyosaurs are not dinosaurs ) . The models more closely resemble more basic ichthyosaurs such as Cymbospondylus .
The Iguanodon models represent fossils from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Europe . Gideon Mantell sketched the original fossil , found in Sussex in 1822 by his wife , Mary Ann Mantell , as like a long slender lizard climbing a branch ( on four legs ) , balancing with a whiplike tail ; lacking a skull , he conjectured that the thumb bone was a nose horn . The nose horn in particular is used repeatedly in popular textbooks and documentaries about dinosaurs to make fun of Victorian inaccuracies ; actually , even in 1854 , Owen commented " the horn [ is ] more than doubtful " .
Three Labyrinthodon models were made for Crystal Palace , based on Owen 's guess that , being amphibian in lifestyle , the Triassic animals might have resembled frogs ; he named them Batrachia , from the Greek ' Batrachios ' , frog . One is smooth skinned and is based on the species " Labyrinthodon salamandroides " ( Mastodonsaurus jaegeri ) ; the other two were based on " Labyrinthodon pachygnathus " ( Cyclotosaurus pachygnathus ) . Casts of Chirotherium footprints that Owen thought were made by the animals were included in the ground around the models .
Gigantic and visually impressive , the Megalosaurus became one of the park 's three ' mascot dinosaurs ' along with the Iguanodon and ( less so ) the Ichthyosaurs . Working from fragmentary evidence from Jurassic fossils found in England , consisting mainly of a hip and femur ( thigh bone ) , with a rib and a few vertebrae , Owen conjectured the animal was quadrupedal ; palaeontologists now believe it to have been bipedal ( standing like Tyrannosaurus rex ) . The first suggestion that some dinosaurs might have been bipedal came in 1858 , just too late to influence the model .
When the models were built , only skulls of the Cretaceous fossil Mosasaurus had been discovered in the Netherlands , so Hawkins only built the head and back of the animal . He submerged the model deep in the lake , leaving the body unseen and undefined . The Mosasaurus at Crystal Palace is positioned in an odd place near the secondary island that was originally a waterfall , and much of it is not visible from the lakeside path .
The three Plesiosaurus models represents three species of marine reptile , P. macrocephalus , P. dolichoderius and P. hawkinsii , from the Jurassic of England . Two of them have implausibly @-@ flexible necks .
Owen noted that the Pterodactylus fossils from the Jurassic of Germany had scales , not feathers , and while " somewhat bird @-@ like " they had conical teeth , suggesting they were predatory . The two surviving models are perched on a rock outcrop ; there were originally two more ' pterodactyls of the Oolite ' .
Owen correctly identified Teleosaurus as slender Jurassic Crocodilians with very long thin jaws and small eyes , inferring from the sediment in which they were found that they were " more strictly marine than the crocodile of the Ganges [ the gharial ] . "
= = = Cenozoic era = = =
Anoplotherium is an extinct mammal from the Eocene to Oligocene epochs , first found near Paris . Hawkins 's models draw on Owen 's speculation about its camel @-@ like appearance . ( They are now thought to be related to hippopotamus and pigs ) . Three models were made , forming a small herd .
Megaloceros or Irish Elk is a species from the Pliocene to Pleistocene epochs in Eurasia . Hawkins built a family unit of male , female and fawn ; the adult male bore antlers made from actual fossil antlers , long since replaced . Moved from the third island , they had fallen into disrepair as they were in a place easily accessible by vandals . With their original but fragile antlers , the Irish Elks were the most accurate of the models ; since they are of recent geological age ( dying out 11 @,@ 000 years ago ) , Hawkins was able to model them on living deer .
The giant ground sloth Megatherium is from the Pliocene to Pleistocene epochs in South America , where Charles Darwin had excavated some fossils in 1835 . The model was built hugging a live tree which subsequently grew and broke the model 's arm . The arm was replaced and later the tree died . This model used to be in the children 's zoo which has now been demolished .
The models of Palaeotherium represent an extinct Eocene mammal thought by Cuvier to be tapir @-@ like . They have suffered the most wear and tear of all of the models , and the standing model no longer looked much like the original made by Hawkins . During the 1960s these models were lying discarded in the bushes about fifty yards from the original site and , prior to the 2002 restoration , they were in such bad shape that they were removed and put into store . Some sources state that these models were added at a later date , but an Illustrated London News illustration of Hawkins 's workshop shows them in the background . Models of the " fearfully great bird " Dinornis of New Zealand ( extinct by 1500 AD ) , and of the extinct elephant @-@ like Mastodon ( Deinotherium ) of the Miocene and Pliocene of America , were planned for the ' Tertiary Islands ' but not completed .
= = In literature and popular culture = =
Charles Dickens 's 1853 novel , Bleak House , begins with a description of muddy streets , whose primordial character is emphasized by the first ever mention of any dinosaur in a popular work , Megalosaurus :
" Implacable November weather . As much mud in the streets as if the waters had but newly retired from the face of the earth , and it would not be wonderful to meet a Megalosaurus , forty feet long or so , waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill . "
George Baxter , a pioneer of colour printing , made a well @-@ known engraving which imagines Crystal Palace , set in its landscaped grounds with tall fountains and the dinosaurs in the foreground , before the 1854 opening .
In H G Wells 's 1905 novel Kipps , Kipps and Ann visit Crystal Palace and sit " in the presence of the green and gold Labyrinthodon that looms so splendidly above the lake " to discuss their future . There is a brief description of the dinosaurs and their surroundings and the impact they have on the characters . Several of E. Nesbit 's children 's books reference the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures , and their coming to like , including The Enchanted Castle of 1907 . The 1932 novel Have His Carcase , by Dorothy L. Sayers , has the character Lord Peter Wimsey mention the " antediluvian monsters " of the Crystal Palace . Ann Coates 's 1970 children 's book Dinosaurs Don 't Die , illustrated by John Vernon Lord , tells the story of a young boy who lives near Crystal Palace Park and discovers that Hawkins ' models come to life ; he befriends one of the Iguanodon and names it ' Rock ' and they visit the Natural History Museum .
In travel writer Paul Theroux 's 1989 novel My Secret History , the novel 's narrator , Andre Parent , accidentally learns of his wife 's infidelity when his young son , Jack , reveals that he has visited the dinosaurs in the company of his mother 's ' friend ' during Andre 's prolonged absence gathering material for a travel book . The title story in Penelope Lively 's 1991 novel Fanny and the Monsters is about a Victorian girl who visits the Crystal Palace dinosaurs and becomes fascinated by prehistoric creatures . Brett Anderson used the line " So I went and sat in Crystal Palace , by the plastic dinosaurs " on his solo track To The Winter , from his 2007 self @-@ titled album . The Lie Tree , a 2015 children 's mystery @-@ fantasy by Frances Hardinge features a dream scene with some of the dinosaur models coming to life .
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= Battle of the Strait of Otranto ( 1917 ) =
The 1917 Battle of the Strait of Otranto was the result of an Austro @-@ Hungarian raid on the Otranto Barrage , an Allied naval blockade of the Strait of Otranto . The battle took place on 14 – 15 May 1917 , and was the largest surface action in the Adriatic Sea during World War I. The Otranto Barrage was a fixed barrier , composed of lightly armed drifters with anti @-@ submarine nets coupled with minefields and supported by Allied naval patrols .
The Austro @-@ Hungarian navy planned to raid the Otranto Barrage with a force of three light cruisers and two destroyers under the command of Commander ( later Admiral ) Miklós Horthy , in an attempt to break the barrier to allow U @-@ boats freer access to the Mediterranean , and Allied shipping . An Allied force composed of ships from three navies responded to the raid and in the ensuing battle , heavily damaged the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruiser SMS Novara . However , the rapid approach of the Austro @-@ Hungarian relief force persuaded Rear Admiral Acton , the Allied commander , to retreat .
= = Disposition of forces = =
Under the command of Horthy , three Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers : Novara , Saida , and Helgoland , modified to resemble large British destroyers , were to attack the drifters on the night of 14 May and attempt to destroy as many as possible before daybreak . The destroyers Csepel and Balaton were to mount a diversionary raid off the Albanian coast in order to confuse any Allied counter @-@ attack . Two Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ boats — U @-@ 4 and U @-@ 27 , along with the German U @-@ boat UC @-@ 25 — were to participate in the operation as well . A supporting force composed of the armored cruiser Sankt Georg , two destroyers , and a number of torpedo boats was on standby if the raiders ran into trouble . The old pre @-@ dreadnought battleship Budapest and a screen of torpedo boats were also available if necessary .
An Allied destroyer patrol was in the area on the night of 14 May , to the north of the Barrage . The Italian flotilla leader Mirabello was accompanied by the French destroyers Commandant Rivière , Bisson , and Cimeterre . The Italian destroyer Borea was also in the area , escorting a small convoy to Valona . A support force was based in the port of Brindisi , consisting of the British cruisers Dartmouth and Bristol and several French and Italian destroyers .
= = Raid on the drifters = =
The Italian convoy escorted by Borea was attacked by the Austro @-@ Hungarian destroyers Csepel and Balaton at approximately 03 : 24 . The Austro @-@ Hungarians sank Borea and a munitions ship , and a second was set on fire and abandoned .
The three cruisers were able to pass through the line of drifters , and at 03 : 30 began attacking the small barrage ships . The Austro @-@ Hungarians frequently gave the drifter crews warning to abandon ship before opening fire . In some instances , the drifter crews chose to fight : Gowan Lee returned fire on the Austo @-@ Hungarian ships . The ship was heavily damaged , but remained afloat ; her captain — Joseph Watt — was later awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the battle .
There were 47 drifters in Barrage on the night of 14 May ; the Austro @-@ Hungarians managed to sink 14 drifters and damage four more . The lack of sufficient Allied escorts forced the withdrawal of the remaining blockading ships , although only for a short time .
= = Battle = =
By this time , the Allied naval forces in the area were aware of the raid , and were in a position to block the Austro @-@ Hungarian retreat . Rear Admiral Alfredo Acton — the commanding officer of the Italian Scouting Division — ordered Mirabello 's group southward at 04 : 35 , while he embarked on the British light cruiser HMS Dartmouth . By 06 : 45 , the cruisers Dartmouth and Bristol — along with the Italian destroyers Mosto , Pilo , Schiaffino , Acerbi , and Aquila — were sailing north in an attempt to cut off the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers . The Italian light cruiser Marsala , the flotilla leader Racchia , and the destroyers Insidioso , Indomito , and Impavido were readying to sail in support as well .
The Mirabello group engaged the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers at 07 : 00 , but were heavily outgunned , and instead attempted to shadow the fleeing cruisers . At 07 : 45 , Rear Admiral Acton 's ships encountered the destroyers Csepel and Balaton . After 20 minutes , the Italian destroyers were able to close the distance to the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships ; the two groups engaged in a short artillery duel before a shot from Csepel struck Aquila and disabled the ship 's boilers . By this time , the Austro @-@ Hungarian destroyers were under the cover of the coastal batteries at Durazzo , and were able to make good their escape .
At 09 : 00 , Bristol 's lookouts spotted the smoke from the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers to the south of her position . The Allied ships turned to engage the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships ; the British ships had both a superiority in numbers and in firepower ; Dartmouth was armed with eight 6 in ( 150 mm ) guns and Bristol had two 6 inch and ten 4 in ( 100 mm ) , compared to the nine 3 @.@ 9 in ( 99 mm ) guns on each of the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships . Unfortunately for the Allies , their numerical superiority was quickly lost , as their destroyers were either occupied with mechanical problems , or protecting those destroyers suffering from breakdowns . The support forces of both sides — the Sankt Georg group for the Austro @-@ Hungarians , and the Marsala group for the Allies — were quickly dispatched to the battle .
Dartmouth — faster than Bristol — closed to effective engagement range with the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships , and opened fire . A shell from Dartmouth struck Novara , at which point the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships laid a smoke screen in order to close the distance . Dartmouth was struck several times , and by 11 : 00 , Acton ordered the ship to reduce speed to allow Bristol to catch up . Novara was hit several more times , and her main feed pumps and starboard auxiliary steam pipe had been damaged , which caused the ship to begin losing speed . At 11 : 05 , Acton turned away in an attempt to separate Saida from Novara and Helgoland . At this point , Sankt Georg was approaching the scene , which prompted Acton to temporarily withdraw to consolidate his forces . This break in the action was enough time for the Austro @-@ Hungarians to save the crippled Novara ; Saida took the ship under tow while Helgoland covered them .
Unaware that Novara had been disabled , and fearing that his ships would be drawn too close to the Austrian naval base at Cattaro , Acton broke off the pursuit . The destroyer Acerbi misread the signal , and attempted to launch a torpedo attack , but was driven off by the combined fire of Novara , Saida , and Helgoland . At 12 : 05 , Acton realized the dire situation Novara was in , but by this time , the Sankt Georg group was too close . The Sankt Georg group rendezvoused with Novara , Saida , and Helgoland , and Csepel and Balaton reached the scene as well . The entire group returned to Cattaro together .
At 13 : 30 , the submarine UC @-@ 25 torpedoed Dartmouth , causing serious damage . The escorting destroyers forced UC @-@ 25 from the area , but Dartmouth had to be abandoned for a period of time , before it could be towed back to port . The French destroyer Boutefeu attempted to pursue the German submarine , but struck a mine laid by UC @-@ 25 that morning and sank rapidly .
= = Aftermath = =
As a result of the raid , it was decided by the British naval command that unless sufficient destroyers were available to protect the barrage , the drifters would have to be withdrawn at night . The drifters would only be operating for less than twelve hours a day , and would have to leave their positions by 15 : 00 every day . Despite the damage received by the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers during the pursuit by Dartmouth and Bristol , the Austro @-@ Hungarian forces inflicted more serious casualties on the Allied blockade . In addition to the sunk and damaged drifters , the cruiser Dartmouth was nearly sunk by the German submarine UC @-@ 25 , the French destroyer Boutefeu was mined and sunk , and a munitions convoy to Valona was interdicted .
However , in a strategic sense , the battle had little impact on the war . The barrage was never particularly effective at preventing the U @-@ boat operations of Germany and Austria @-@ Hungary in the first place . The drifters could cover approximately .5 mi ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) apiece ; of the 40 mi ( 64 km ) -wide Strait , only slightly more than ½ was covered . The raid risked some of the most advanced units of the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet on an operation that offered minimal strategic returns .
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= New York State Route 148 =
New York State Route 148 ( NY 148 ) is a state highway in Niagara County , New York , in the United States . It runs in a north – south direction for 7 @.@ 53 miles ( 12 @.@ 12 km ) between an intersection with NY 104 in the town of Hartland and a junction with NY 18 north of the village of Barker in the town of Somerset . The entire length of NY 148 is named Quaker Road and maintained by Niagara County as part of County Route 15 ( CR 15 ) . The concurrent county route number is unsigned , as are all county routes in Niagara County . NY 148 was assigned in 1960 , supplementing the preexisting CR 15 .
= = Route description = =
NY 148 begins at an intersection with NY 104 ( Ridge Road ) and Quaker Road in the town of Hartland , just east of the Hartland Central Cemetery . The highway proceeds north through Hartland as a two @-@ lane rural road , maintained by Niagara County as part of the unsigned CR 15 . NY 148 proceeds north , running along a short residential strip before the intersection with Chapman Road . After Chapman Road , NY 148 continues to pass homes until its junction with Seaman Road , where it enters more rural surroundings . The route crosses a canal as it proceeds northward through Hartland , bending northeast into the town of Somerset at Town Line Road .
In Somerset , NY 148 remains a two @-@ lane roadway , passing through sparsely developed areas on its way to the village of Barker . In the southern part of the community , the route meets Coleman and West Somerset roads ( CR 2 and CR 3 , respectively ) . Through Barker , NY 148 is a two @-@ lane residential street , passing west of Barker Free Library and east of Barker High School . After Haight Road , NY 148 leaves the village , continuing north through a lightly populated area . At Arlington Road , the number of homes along NY 148 rises once again as the route enters the hamlet of Somerset , located at the junction of NY 148 and NY 18 ( Lake Road ) . This junction serves as the northern terminus of NY 148 , while CR 15 continues north through Somerset towards Lake Ontario .
= = History = =
Quaker Road was established as a north – south highway between Hartland and Somerset sometime prior to 1897 . By 1915 , the segment of Quaker Road between Ridge Road and Lake Road in the hamlet of Somerset was taken over by Niagara County and designated as CR 15 . On March 10 , 1915 , the county awarded a contract worth $ 65 @,@ 258 ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 53 million in 2016 ) to rebuild the highway . Construction on the road began sometime around May 1 , and it was reopened to traffic around November 1 . The project finished slightly over @-@ budget with a final cost of $ 65 @,@ 554 ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 53 million in 2016 ) . A celebration commemorating the completion of the rebuilt road was organized by the Barker Chamber of Commerce and held on December 6 , 1915 . The portion of Quaker Road between Ridge and Lake roads ( then U.S. Route 104 and NY 18 , respectively ) was designated as NY 148 by the state of New York in 1960 ; however , ownership and maintenance of the route remained in the hands of Niagara County .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Niagara County .
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= McDonnell XF @-@ 85 Goblin =
The McDonnell XF @-@ 85 Goblin was an American prototype fighter aircraft conceived during World War II by McDonnell Aircraft . It was intended to be deployed from the bomb bay of the giant Convair B @-@ 36 bomber as a parasite fighter . The XF @-@ 85 's intended role was to defend bombers from hostile interceptor aircraft , a need demonstrated during World War II . Two prototypes were constructed before the program was terminated .
The XF @-@ 85 was a response to a United States Army Air Forces ' ( USAAF ) requirement for a fighter to be carried within the Northrop XB @-@ 35 and B @-@ 36 , then under development . This was to address the limited range of existing interceptor aircraft compared to the greater range of new bomber designs . The XF @-@ 85 was a diminutive jet aircraft featuring a distinctive egg @-@ shaped fuselage and a forked @-@ tail stabilizer design . The prototypes were built and underwent testing and evaluation in 1948 . Flight tests showed promise in the design , but the aircraft 's performance was inferior to the jet fighters it would have faced in combat , and there were difficulties in docking . The XF @-@ 85 was swiftly canceled , and the prototypes were thereafter relegated to museum exhibits . The 1947 successor to the USAAF , the United States Air Force ( USAF ) , continued to examine the concept of parasite aircraft under Project MX @-@ 106 " Tip Tow " , Project FICON and Project " Tom @-@ Tom " following the cancellation .
= = Design and development = =
During World War II , American bombers such as the Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress , Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberator and Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress were protected by long @-@ range escort fighters such as the Republic P @-@ 47 Thunderbolt and North American P @-@ 51 Mustang . These fighters could not match the range of the Northrop B @-@ 35 or Convair B @-@ 36 , the next generation of bombers developed by the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) . The development cost for longer @-@ ranged fighters was high , while aerial refueling was still considered risky and technologically difficult . Pilot fatigue had also been a problem during long fighter escort missions in Europe and the Pacific , giving further impetus to innovative approaches .
The USAAF considered a number of different options including the use of remotely piloted vehicles before choosing parasite fighters as the most viable B @-@ 36 defense . The concept of a parasite fighter had its origins in 1918 , when the Royal Air Force examined the viability of Sopwith Camel parasite fighters operating from R23 airships . In the 1930s , the U.S. Navy had a short @-@ lived operational parasite fighter , the Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk , aboard the airships Akron and Macon . Starting in 1931 , aircraft designer Vladimir Vakhmistrov conducted experiments in the Soviet Union as part of the Zveno project during which up to five fighters of various types were carried by Polikarpov TB @-@ 2 and Tupolev TB @-@ 3 bombers . In August 1941 , these combinations flew the only combat missions ever undertaken by parasite fighters – TB @-@ 3s carrying Polikarpov I @-@ 16SPB dive bombers attacked the Cernavodă bridge and Constantsa docks , in Romania . After that attack , the squadron , based in the Crimea , carried out a tactical attack on a bridge over the river Dnieper at Zaporozhye , which had been captured by advancing German troops . Later in World War II , the Luftwaffe experimented with the Messerschmitt Me 328 as a parasite fighter , but problems with its pulsejet engines could not be overcome . Other late @-@ war rocket @-@ powered parasite fighter projects such as the Arado E.381 and Sombold So 344 were unrealized " paper projects " .
On 3 December 1942 , the USAAF sent out a Request for Proposals ( RfP ) for a diminutive piston @-@ engined fighter . By January 1944 , the Air Technical Service Command refined the RfP and in January 1945 , the specifications were further revised in MX @-@ 472 to specify a jet @-@ powered aircraft . Although a number of aerospace companies studied the feasibility of such aircraft , McDonnell was the only company to submit a proposal to the original 1942 request and later revised requirements . The company 's Model 27 proposal was completely reworked to meet the new specifications .
The initial concept for the Model 27 was for the fighter to be carried half @-@ exposed under the B @-@ 29 , B @-@ 35 or B @-@ 36 . The USAAF rejected this proposal , citing increased drag , and hence reduced range for the composite bomber @-@ fighter configuration . On 19 March 1945 , McDonnell 's design team led by Herman D. Barkey , submitted a revised proposal , the extensively redesigned Model 27D . The smaller aircraft had an egg @-@ shaped fuselage , three fork @-@ shaped vertical stabilizers , horizontal stabilizers with a significant dihedral , and 37 ° swept @-@ back folding wings to allow it to fit in the confines of a bomb bay . The diminutive aircraft measured 14 ft 10 in ( 4 @.@ 52 m ) long ; the folding wings spanned 21 ft ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) . Only a limited fuel supply of 112 US gal ( 93 imp gal ; 420 l ) was deemed necessary for the specified 30 @-@ minute combat endurance . A hook was installed along the aircraft 's center of gravity ; in flight , it retracted to lie flat in the upper part of the nose . The aircraft had an empty weight just short of 4 @,@ 000 pounds ( 1 @.@ 8 t ) . To save weight , the fighter had no landing gear . During the testing program , a fixed steel skid under the fuselage and spring @-@ steel " runners " at the underside of the wingtips were installed in case of an emergency landing . Despite the cramped quarters , a pilot was provided with a cordite ejection seat , bail @-@ out oxygen bottle and high @-@ speed ribbon parachute . Four .50 in ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) machine guns in the nose made up the aircraft 's armament .
In service , the parasite fighter would be launched and retrieved by a trapeze . With the trapeze fully extended , the engine would be airstarted and the release from the mother ship was accomplished by the pilot pulling the nose back to disengage from the hook . In recovery , the aircraft would approach the mother ship from underneath and link up with the trapeze using the retractable hook in the aircraft 's nose . The anticipated production shift would see a mixed B @-@ 36 fleet with both " fighter carriers " and bombers employed on missions . There were plans that , from the 24th B @-@ 36 onward , provisions would be made to accommodate one XF @-@ 85 , with a maximum of four per bomber envisioned . Up to 10 percent of the B @-@ 36s on order were to be converted to fighter carriers with three or four F @-@ 85s instead of a bomb load .
On 9 October 1945 , the USAAF signed a letter of intent covering the engineering development for two prototypes ( US serial numbers 46 @-@ 523 / 4 ) , although the contract was not finalized until February 1947 . After the successful conclusion of two reviews of a wooden mock @-@ up in 1946 and 1947 by USAAF engineering staff , McDonnell constructed two prototypes in late 1947 . The Model 27D was re @-@ designated XP @-@ 85 , but by June 1948 , it was changed to XF @-@ 85 and given the name " Goblin " . There were plans to acquire 30 production P @-@ 85s , but the USAAF took the cautious approach – if test results from the two prototypes were positive , production orders for more than 100 Goblins would be finalized later .
= = Operational history = =
During wind tunnel testing at Moffett Field , California , the first prototype XF @-@ 85 was accidentally dropped from a crane at a height of 40 ft ( 12 m ) , causing substantial damage to the forward fuselage , air intake and lower fuselage . The second prototype had to be substituted for the remainder of the wind tunnel tests and the initial flight tests .
As a production series B @-@ 36 was unavailable , all XF @-@ 85 flight tests were carried out using a converted EB @-@ 29B Superfortress mother ship that had a modified , " cutaway " bomb bay complete with trapeze , front airflow deflector and an array of camera equipment and instrumentation . Since the EB @-@ 29B , named Monstro , was smaller than the B @-@ 36 , the XF @-@ 85 would be flight tested , half @-@ exposed . In order to carry the XF @-@ 85 , a special " loading pit " was dug into the tarmac at South Base , Muroc Field , where all the flight tests originated . On 23 July 1948 , the XF @-@ 85 flew the first of five captive flights , designed to test whether the EB @-@ 29B and its parasite fighter could fly " mated " . The XF @-@ 85 was carried in a stowed position , but was sometimes tethered and extended into the airstream with the engine off , for the pilot to gain some feel for the aircraft in flight .
McDonnell test pilot Edwin Schoch was assigned to the project , riding in the XF @-@ 85 while it was stowed aboard the EB @-@ 29B , before attempting a " free " flight on 23 August 1948 . After Schoch was released from the bomber at a height of 20 @,@ 000 ft ( 6 @,@ 000 m ) , he completed a 10 @-@ minute proving flight at speeds between 180 and 250 mph ( 290 – 400 km / h ) , testing controls and maneuverability . When he attempted a hook @-@ up , it became obvious the Goblin was extremely sensitive to the bomber 's turbulence , as well as being affected by the air cushion created by the two aircraft operating in close proximity . Constant but gentle adjustments of throttle and trim were necessary to overcome the cushioning effect . After three attempts to hook onto the trapeze , Schoch miscalculated his approach and struck the trapeze so violently that the canopy was smashed and ripped free and his helmet and mask were torn off . He saved the prototype by making a belly landing on the reinforced skid at the dry lake bed at Muroc . All flight testing was suspended for seven weeks while the XF @-@ 85 was repaired and modified . Schoch used the down period to undertake a series of problem @-@ free dummy dockings with a Lockheed P @-@ 80 Shooting Star fighter .
After boosting the trim power by 50 percent , adjusting the aerodynamics , and other modifications , two further mated test flights were carried out before Schoch was able to make a successful release and hookup on 14 October 1948 . During the fifth free flight on 22 October 1948 , Schoch again found it difficult to hook the Goblin to the bomber 's trapeze , aborting four attempts before hitting the trapeze bar and breaking the hook on the XF @-@ 85 's nose . Again , a forced landing was successfully carried out at Muroc .
With the first prototype 's repairs completed , it also joined the flight test program , completing captive flights . While in flight , the Goblin was stable , easy to fly , and recoverable from spins , although initial estimates of a 648 mph ( 1 @,@ 043 km / h ) top speed proved optimistic . The first test flights revealed that turbulence during approach to the B @-@ 29 was significant , leading to the addition of upper and lower fins at the extreme rear fuselage , as well as two wingtip fins to compensate for the increased directional instability in docking . All the initial flights had the hook secured in a fixed position , but when the hook was stowed and later raised , the resulting buffeting added to the difficulty in attempting a hookup . To address the problem , small aerodynamic fairings were added to the hook well that reduced the buffeting when the hook was extended and retracted . When testing resumed , on the 18 March 1948 test flight , Schoch continued to have difficulty in hooking up , striking and damaging the trapeze 's nose @-@ stabilizing section , before resorting to another emergency belly landing . After repairs to the trapeze , Schoch flew the first prototype on 8 April 1949 , completing a 30 @-@ minute free flight test , but after three attempts , abandoned his efforts and resorted to another belly landing at Muroc .
Aware of the problems revealed in flight tests , McDonnell reviewed the program and proposed a new development based on a more conventional design promising a Mach 0 @.@ 9 capability , using alternatively a 35 ° swept wing and delta wing . McDonnell also considered adding a telescoping extension to the docking trapeze that would extend the device below the turbulent air under the mother ship . Before any further work on the trapeze , other modifications to the XF @-@ 85 , or continued design studies on its follow @-@ up could be carried out , the USAF canceled the XF @-@ 85 program on 24 October 1949 .
Two main reasons contributed to the cancellation . The XF @-@ 85 's deficiencies revealed in flight testing included a lackluster performance in relation to contemporary jet fighters , and the high demands on pilot skill experienced during docking revealed a critical shortcoming that was never fully corrected . The development of practical aerial refueling for conventional fighters used as bomber escort was also a factor in the cancellation . The two Goblins flew seven times , with a total flight time of 2 hours and 19 minutes with only three of the free flights ending in a successful hookup . Schoch was the only pilot who ever flew the aircraft .
= = Further developments = =
Despite the cancellation of the XF @-@ 85 , the USAF continued to examine the concept of parasite aircraft as defensive fighters through a series of projects including Project MX @-@ 106 " Tip Tow " , Project FICON , and Project " Tom @-@ Tom " which involved fighter aircraft attached to bomber aircraft by their wingtips . Project FICON ( " fighter conveyor " ) emerged as an effective Convair GRB @-@ 36D and Republic RF @-@ 84K Thunderflash combined bomber @-@ reconnaissance @-@ fighter , although the role was changed to that of strategic reconnaissance . Project FICON drew heavily on data from the abortive XF @-@ 85 project and closely followed McDonnell 's recommendations in designing a more refined trapeze . A total of 10 converted B @-@ 36s and 25 reconnaissance fighters saw limited service with the Strategic Air Command in 1955 – 1956 , before being supplemented by more effective aircraft and satellite systems .
= = Aircraft on display = =
After the program 's termination , the two XF @-@ 85 prototypes were stored , before being surplussed and relegated to museum display in 1950 .
46 @-@ 0523 - National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright @-@ Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton , Ohio . Following the cancellation of the program , the aircraft was transferred to the museum on 23 August 1950 and was one of the first experimental aircraft to be displayed at the new Air Force Museum . For several decades , the aircraft was displayed alongside the museum 's Convair B @-@ 36 . In 2000 , the aircraft was moved to the museum 's Experimental Aircraft Hangar . Museum staff and visitors objected to this move , believing the aircraft should be displayed alongside the B @-@ 36 to properly represent its original design intentions .
46 @-@ 0524 - Strategic Air and Space Museum in Ashland , Nebraska . It was originally transferred to the Norton Air Force Base ( near San Bernardino , California ) in 1950 , still in a damaged state after its last emergency landing . When the base museum was closed and its collection dispersed , the second XF @-@ 85 prototype languished in an unrestored condition as part of the Tallmantz private collection in California , until being acquired by Offutt AFB . It is now refurbished and displayed on its ground @-@ handling trestle , nestled under the wing of a B @-@ 36J bomber ( serial number 52 @-@ 2217 ) .
= = Specifications = =
Data from Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters , Boeing , National Museum of the United States Air Force .
General characteristics
Crew : 1
Length : 14 ft 10 in ( 4 @.@ 5 m )
Wingspan : 21 ft 1 in ( 6 @.@ 4 m )
Height : 8 ft 3 in ( 2 @.@ 5 m )
Wing area : 90 sq ft ( 8 @.@ 3 m ² )
Empty weight : 3 @,@ 740 lb ( 1 @,@ 700 kg )
Loaded weight : 4 @,@ 550 lb ( 2 @,@ 050 kg )
Max. takeoff weight : 5 @,@ 600 lb ( 2 @,@ 500 kg )
Powerplant : 1 × Westinghouse XJ34 @-@ WE @-@ 22 turbojet , 3 @,@ 000 lbf ( 13 @.@ 3 kN )
Performance
Maximum speed : 650 mph ( estimated ) ( 565 knots ; 1 @,@ 069 km / h )
Service ceiling : 48 @,@ 000 ft ( 14 @,@ 600 m )
Rate of climb : 12 @,@ 500 ft / min ( 3 @,@ 800 m / min )
Wing loading : 51 lb / sq ft ( 247 kg / m ² )
Thrust / weight : 0 @.@ 66
Armament
4 x .50 cal in ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) M3 Browning machine guns
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= Half @-@ Life : Opposing Force =
Half @-@ Life : Opposing Force is an expansion pack for Valve Software 's science fiction first @-@ person shooter video game Half @-@ Life . The game was developed by Gearbox Software and Valve Corporation and published by Sierra Entertainment on November 19 , 1999 . Opposing Force is the first expansion for Half @-@ Life and was first announced in April 1999 . Randy Pitchford , the lead designer on the game , later noted that he believed Gearbox was selected to develop Opposing Force because Valve wanted to concentrate on their future projects . Over the course of development , Gearbox brought in a variety of outside talent from other areas of the video games industry to help bolster various aspects of design .
Opposing Force returns to the same setting as Half @-@ Life , but instead portrays the events from the perspective of a U.S. Marine , one of the enemy characters in the original game . The player character , Adrian Shephard , is sent in to neutralize the Black Mesa Research Facility when a scientific mishap causes it to be invaded by aliens , but quickly finds that the Marines are outnumbered and slowly being beaten back by a second alien race and black operations units .
Opposing Force was received well by critics , many describing it as the new benchmark title for expansion packs , in a similar fashion to how Half @-@ Life revolutionized the first @-@ person shooter genre . Other reviewers , however , thought that the game still had many of the negative aspects of other expansion packs , although it was still regarded as an exceptional add @-@ on .
= = Gameplay = =
As an expansion pack for Half @-@ Life , Opposing Force is a first @-@ person shooter . The overall gameplay of Opposing Force does not significantly differ from that of Half @-@ Life : players are required to navigate through the game 's levels , fight hostile non @-@ player characters and solve a variety of puzzles to advance . The game continues Half @-@ Life 's methods of an unbroken narrative . The player sees everything through the first person perspective of the protagonist and remains in control of the player character for almost all of the game . Story events are conveyed through the use of scripted sequences rather than cut scenes . Progress through the game 's world is continuous ; although the game is divided up into chapters , the only significant pauses are when the game needs to load the next part of an environment . Opposing Force also features an extended multiplayer , incorporating the various new environments and weapons into the original deathmatch mode used in Half @-@ Life . After release , a new capture the flag mode with additional levels , items and powerups , was created by Gearbox for the game .
For the most part the player battles through the single @-@ player game alone , but is occasionally assisted by friendly non @-@ player characters . Security guards and scientists will occasionally help the player in reaching new areas and convey relevant plot information . However , Opposing Force also features fellow U.S. Marines who will assist the player in combat to a far greater degree than security guards . Three types of Marines are featured in the game : the soldier will simply provide fire support for the player with a submachine gun , shotgun or machine gun , the combat medic is capable of healing the player and other non @-@ player characters , while the engineer can cut through doors and remove obstacles , allowing the player and their squad to proceed unhindered . A selection of enemies from Half @-@ Life populate the game , including alien creatures such as headcrabs and Vortigaunts .
A variety of new alien non @-@ player characters , labelled " Race X " , appear in the game as well , often engaging in combat with the aliens from Xen . The player also encounters human opponents in the form of a detachment of black operations units who have been sent to destroy the base in the wake of the failure of the U.S. Marines to eliminate the alien threat . A limited selection of Half @-@ Life 's weaponry is allocated to the player to defend themselves with , although several new weapons such as a sniper rifle , combat knife and a variety of alien weaponry are also present in the game .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
Opposing Force is set in the same location and timeframe as that of Half @-@ Life , taking place at a remote New Mexico laboratory called the Black Mesa Research Facility . In Half @-@ Life , the player takes on the role of Gordon Freeman , a scientist involved in an accident that opens an inter @-@ dimensional portal to the borderworld of Xen , allowing the alien creatures of Xen to attack the facility . The player guides Freeman in an attempt to escape the facility and close the portal , ultimately traveling to Xen to do so . Opposing Force , however , shows the events of Half @-@ Life from the perspective of a different protagonist . The player assumes the role of Adrian Shephard , a U.S. Marine Corporal assigned to the Hazardous Environment Combat Unit , a specialized unit sent in to Black Mesa by the government to quell the alien threat and silence all witnesses . However , after Shephard becomes isolated from his fellow Marines , he must ally with the Black Mesa personnel and attempt to escape the base .
= = = Plot = = =
Opposing Force opens with Shephard riding on a V @-@ 22 Osprey with his squad . His squad discuss their deployment , somewhat irritated that they have not been told what they are being deployed for . However , as they are nearing their Landing Zone at Black Mesa , airborne alien creatures attack the Osprey formation , causing Shephard 's Osprey to crash land . Shephard regains consciousness in a Black Mesa medical bay , tended to by the science team , learning that the Marines are being steadily beaten by the alien forces from Xen and orders have come through to pull out . Consequently , Shephard departs to reach an extraction point and escape the facility . However , Shephard is prevented from reaching the extraction point by the enigmatic G @-@ Man , forcing the evacuation craft to leave without him .
Other Marines who have also been left behind team up with Shephard and attempt to reach another extraction point near Black Mesa 's Lambda Complex , but en route they come under attack from black operations units seeking to thoroughly contain the situation and eliminate all survivors . Shephard makes it to the Lambda Complex alive , and briefly sees Gordon Freeman as the latter teleports to Xen in the final stages of Half @-@ Life . To escape the teleportation chamber , Shephard is forced to enter a separate portal , briefly taking him to Xen before depositing him in an entirely different area of the facility . The facility is now heavily damaged , and it soon becomes clear that a new alien race , Race X , has exploited the situation to mount a localized invasion , attacking both human and Xen forces in Black Mesa indiscriminately . Fighting between the black operations units and Race X quickly intensifies .
Shephard soon encounters more stranded Marine units in the wreckage of the base , and tries to break through the black operations units to reach an escape point past the facility 's storage unit , but meets heavy resistance from both Race X and the black operations units . A surviving Black Mesa security guard reveals to Shephard that the black operators intend to detonate a tactical nuclear weapon in the base , thereby totally sealing it off and killing everything in it . After successfully neutralizing the guarding black operations unit , Shephard disarms the device and proceeds to the nearby storage areas , intent on escape . However , the G @-@ Man rearms the device as Shephard departs . The storage unit has become a thick battleground between Race X and the black operation units , and although Shephard manages to evade them , he is informed by another security guard that something very large is coming through an alien portal blocking the exit path .
At the portal , Shephard discovers a gene worm , a massive creature facilitating the Race X invasion . Shephard is able to kill the creature , but just afterwards he is teleported onto an Osprey by the G @-@ Man . As the G @-@ Man congratulates Shephard on his accomplishments , the nuclear device detonates in the background , destroying Black Mesa . The game closes with the G @-@ Man detaining Shephard someplace where he can tell no one of what he has seen and cannot be harmed , pending further evaluation .
= = Development = =
Half @-@ Life : Opposing Force was first announced by developer Gearbox Software on April 15 , 1999 . In their press release , founder Randy Pitchford stated that " our number one goal is to preserve the integrity of Half @-@ Life and provide new experiences that expand upon the sensation of the original " , and also announced that the expansion pack would allow the player to play as one of the soldiers featured in the original game . The name Opposing Force has a double meaning , referring both to the fact that the player is now one of the enemies in the original game , as well as to Newton 's third law of motion . In a later interview , Pitchford stated that he believed that Valve Software offered Gearbox the chance to make a Half @-@ Life expansion was from a wish " to focus on their future titles " . In addition , Pitchford commented that Valve and Gearbox had agreed not to " severely modify " the game engine used by Half @-@ Life and Opposing Force as it " risks breaking all of the wonderful work " that the game 's custom content community was creating . Substantial information on Opposing Force 's development direction , as well as new locations , characters and story were revealed at the 1999 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention . The official website for Opposing Force , hosted by publisher Sierra Studios , was put online in July 1999 .
Over the course of the game 's development , Gearbox acquired various outside talent to assist in designing some aspects of the game . In June 1999 , Gearbox announced that the successful level designer Richard Gray would be assisting in developing the multiplayer aspects of the game . Several other designers subsequently joined the project in September 1999 , with collective experience from the development of Daikatana , Quake II , Doom and Shadow Warrior . In the subsequent two months , media releases displaying a variety of screenshots were unveiled . The game was released on November 19 , 1999 . Gearbox later released a multiplayer update in May 2000 , adding a new capture the flag mode to the game , along with various new items to accompany the new mode . Opposing Force was later released on Valve Software 's Steam content delivery system . Opposing Force was also published as part of Sierra 's Half @-@ Life : Generation compilation in 2002 , and as part of Valve Software and Electronic Arts ' Half Life 1 : Anthology on September 26 , 2005 .
= = Critical reception = =
Opposing Force received a very favorable reception from critics , holding a score of 85 @.@ 45 % on the review aggregator site GameRankings . Although figures for the game 's sales on Steam have not been released , Opposing Force has sold over 1 @.@ 1 million copies at retail .
Computer and Video Games reviewer Kim Randell noted that " Gearbox has obviously gone to great pains to provide a similar experience to the original " . Praise was also given to the game 's multiplayer ; Randell stated that the new additions for multiplayer made it the area of Opposing Force that " really shines " . Randell closed the review by concluding that Opposing Force is " an awesome achievement " . Erik Wolpaw , writing for GameSpot , noted that as most expansion packs were mediocre , " it 's appropriate that Gearbox Software 's Opposing Force , the official expansion for the genre @-@ redefining Half @-@ Life , in turn sets a new standard of quality for future action @-@ game mission packs " . Wolpaw praised the design of the single @-@ player campaign , commenting that " you can sense the designers ' enthusiasm as one memorable scene unfolds after another , and it compels you to keep playing " . Although criticizing some elements of the game 's artificial intelligence and describing some of the new models as " merely window dressing " , the review concluded that Opposing Force was an " impassioned application of creative design " .
Other reviews echoed many of the positive aspects of the game . GamePro stated that " Gearbox has done one hell of a job in creating not just an add @-@ on for Half @-@ Life , but a continuation of a masterpiece " , praising both level design and story elements , but noted that it was a little too short . However , some critics dissented on the idea that Opposing Force was as influential as other reviewers made out .
PC Zone stated that " the taste left in the mouth is a bitter one " , noting that " Opposing Force is a few excellent ideas strung together by pedestrian Half @-@ Life padding " , but concluded that " it was still a good weekend 's worth of entertainment " . Eurogamer stated that Opposing Force still had similar problems to other expansion packs , commenting that " χ amount of new content has been created and it is going to be cut into the old content in a linear way to make it look like an all new game " , but noted that " fortunately though the new stuff in Opposing Force ... is pretty damn good " . Although praising the level design as the game 's strongest point , the reviewer felt that " towards the end of the game ... they were running out of development time " . Reviewing for IGN , Vincent Lopez stated that the game " does a fantastic job of making you remember exactly why you enjoyed the original so much " , but criticized this as the biggest drawback , commenting that " you may find yourself wishing for a more original experience " , but concluded that " for good , and bad : it 's good to be back " . The game won several publication awards , as well as the Computer Game of the Year Interactive Achievement Award of 2000 from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences .
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= Nest of Angels =
" Nest of Angels " is the second episode of the second series of the British espionage television series Spooks , and the eighth episode overall . It was originally broadcast on BBC Three on 2 June 2003 , and repeated on frontline channel BBC One on 9 June . The episode was written by Howard Brenton , and directed by Bharat Nalluri . The episode centres on MI5 's actions in stopping Muhammed Rachid ( Qarie Marshall ) , a radicalised mullah in a mosque and community centre in Birmingham , who they believe is recruiting young suicide bombers . After their previous asset is discovered and brutally expelled , the team turn to Muhammed Ibhn Khaldun ( Alexander Siddig ) , an Algerian agent who left his country to work with the British .
Brenton came up with the idea to show an episode dealing with a Muslim hero set out to stop a group of Islamic terrorists . Brenton and the producers researched elements of Islam in order to provide a balanced view towards the religion , as well as the nature of the plot and to show Muslims in the episode who oppose the extremists among their religion . Although much of the episode was set in Birmingham , it was filmed entirely in London . The episode sees the introduction of regular character Ruth Evershed ( Nicola Walker ) , and the return of Christine Dale ( Megan Dodds ) , who first appeared in the first episode and returned so that the character 's role can be expanded .
The episode was seen by 7 @.@ 87 million following its broadcast on BBC One , however , despite the measures used to provide the balanced view , it was met with considerable controversy from Muslims , among them the Muslim Council of Britain , for fear that the episode would incite Islamophobia . Nearly a thousand complaints were made , although cast and crew members argued that the Muslims who opposed the episode did not understand the context .
= = Plot = =
MI5 plant an asset Johnny Patel ( San Shella ) at the Parkmount mosque and community centre in Birmingham to follow Muhammed Rachid , an Afghan @-@ born mullah who is acting more hostile to the West . Johnny however , is discovered to be a spy , and is thrown to the surveillance van outside as a result . Tom Quinn ( Matthew Macfadyen ) questions him in hospital , learning that the mullah is recruiting suicide bombers , however the stress of the questioning results in a cerebral hemorrhage . Superior Harry Pearce ( Peter Firth ) pressures Tom to find another agent . He turns to Tessa Phillips ( Jenny Agutter ) , now a manager at a security firm since she was fired in the first series finale for running phantom agents for monetary gain . However , she refuses to help .
Later , new officer Ruth Evershed , transferred from Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) , informs the team that Metropolitan Police have arrested Muhammed Ibhn Khaldun , an Algerian secret service agent . After his release Khaldun reveals that since the death of his family , he desired to leave Algeria to work for British intelligence , so he fooled his agency into believing he was killed while stopping a jihadist group in France , before smuggling himself into England via a Channel Tunnel freight train . The team allow him to work undercover in Parkmount , posing as a labourer at the local university , where he quickly gains Rachid 's trust . Beforehand however , Khaldun removes all the surveillance equipment on him . Furthermore , news of Khaldun 's arrival also gains the interest of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , who also wish to use him .
In the meantime , Danny Hunter ( David Oyelowo ) persuades Tom to go on a date with Vicky Westbrook ( Natasha Little ) , a nurse introduced in the previous episode , in order to get over Ellie Simm , Tom 's previous girlfriend who broke up with him . Although Tom asks her out for dinner , the two end up having sex . Zoe Reynolds ( Keeley Hawes ) continues seeing Carlo Franceschini ( Enzo Cilenti ) , also introduced in the previous episode , at a bar .
When Khaldun fails to meet with Tom , the team worry that he had deceived them . However , that night , Khaldun sneaks into Tom 's bedroom at the university campus , and warns him that Rachid is keeping explosives , and a suicide attack will take place the next day , but will not disclose where . Tom turns to Parkmount 's imam Fazul Azzam ( Roshan Seth ) , who opposes Rachid 's radicalised views . After learning Fazzul 's daughter Aminah ( Praveen Sond ) is involved , he forces her into revealing the location of the planned attack . Rachid is placed under arrest when explosives are found in his prayer room . Khaldun meanwhile , kills Rachid 's men in an empty building , and attempts to disarm the bomber , young Abu Hassan ( Taahir Husein ) , but he runs away into a playground . As Tom 's team and local police surround the playground , Khaldun attempts to talk Abu out of the attack . However , when he fails , Khaldun throws himself as Abu detonates the bomb , in order to avoid further casualties . Later , CIA liaison Christine Dale voices disappointment towards Khaldun 's death , but appears grateful that Tom is unharmed .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
The story idea came from writer Howard Brenton , who wanted to delve into the world of suicide bombings , a significant issue in national security . It became the first episode in Spooks that explicitly portrays Islamic extremism , which Oyelowo described as a " hot potato " because of this sensitive issue . The actor was also worried that the plot may " put ideas into people 's heads " after the audience would watch the episode . Brenton heavily researched the episode to provide a balanced view . He included characters , such as innocent Muslims who opposed the Islamic extremists , as well as a " Muslim hero " who would thwart the terrorists . The writer still wrote " Nest of Angels " as a classic spy story , where an operative goes undercover to subvert a villainous operation . Director Bharat Nalluri felt that making the hero a Muslim exemplified the balanced view . Series creator David Wolstencroft meanwhile , emphasised that the episode not only showed Islamic extremism , but a more peaceful side of the religion as well , and that the producers should not shy away from those issues .
To further provide the fair and balanced view of the topic , script editor Karen Wilson furthered her research by consulting with a Muslim advisor throughout the scripting and filming stages , as well as consulting the Muslims who played extras in the episode . Although Wilson does not usually talk to cast members beforehand , it was the first time she became aware of the research and advice behind a storyline , and felt that the advice she was given was useful in staging the scenes . It was also based on real life instances , something that Brenton considered a hallmark of the series , as many episodes are based on such events . News stories detailing similar instances to the plot came out sometime after the episode 's broadcast , and the producers believed it justified the episode . The ending was written to be melancholic , in which there were no winners .
In writing the pre @-@ title sequence of the episode , Brenton wanted to include a " frightening thriller set up " where spies would listen in as an agent is undercover , and be absolutely helpless to aid the agent when he is in trouble , yet be nearby as this happens . He also wanted the audience to admire the villains , especially from the conversation between Tom and Rachid . Furthermore , the episode exemplifies Tom 's brutality in his professional life ; in one scene Tom questions Johnny who is recovering in hospital , but came to want the information more than care for his wellbeing .
The episode also further explores the Grid characters ' private lives , however some of the ideas had to be dropped due to the amount of plot towards the main storyline . " Nest of Angels " continues the relationship between Tom and Vicky Westbrook which began in the previous episode . Vicky was included more in the episode , and it further delved into her personality , namely she differs vastly from Ellie Simm , Tom 's previous girlfriend , who was depicted as more of a normal human being ; Vicky was portrayed as more " flakey " and " insane " who would often wrongfoot Tom . The producers also decided to introduce a potential relationship between Danny and Sam Buxton ( Shauna Macdonald ) . However , the idea was dropped later in the series as it " never seemed to click . "
= = = Casting = = =
The episode included a guest appearance from Alexander Siddig , who played the " Muslim hero " Muhammed Ibhn Khaldun . Siddig was already well known as playing regular character Julian Bashir in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . The producers viewed Siddig as a " noble " actor when he was playing the character . Siddig described the role as a " godsend " to him , because it enabled him to " portray various aspects of an Arab man who was readily credible . He came out of a new identity I was looking for , trying to take a snapshot of this guy before he disappears . He was my father . He was your father . He was the father of all the generations that had a liberal upbringing and didn 't make a lot of money . " Roshan Seth played imam Fazul Azzam ; he was cast because Brenton wanted him to appear in the episode . Meanwhile , Taahir Husain played the bomber Abu Hassan . The producers felt that the child actor was " a find " for them ; it was his first television appearance , but they believed his performance " carried it off . "
The episode also marks the return of American actress Megan Dodds , who first appeared in a handful of scenes in the first episode of the first series . The producers enjoyed the actress ' company , and wanted her to return where the character would appear more often and developed throughout the second series . Jenny Agutter returns as Tessa Philips ; it allows the audience to see what happens to her since her sacking in the first series finale . The episode introduces new regular character Ruth Evershed , played by Nicola Walker . The producers needed another " interesting , strong " member of the team following Tessa 's departure . The character also came from GCHQ in the series ; the producers were aware that the organisation employs 70 @,@ 000 people , and the producers did not want to ignore this aspect of British intelligence gathering . Describing Walker 's casting , producer Jane Featherstone recalled " Nicola is extraordinary in it . I think she 's completely brilliant . And she 's developed that and I think once Nicola became that role that writers had just loved writing for that part , and she 's really made it her own . " The character was created by Brenton . Her introduction depicted her as clumsy , mirroring the writer .
= = = Filming and soundtrack = = =
The episode was directed Bharat Nalluri ; he continued to portray a balanced approach towards Muslims during filming . Although much of the episode was set in Birmingham , it was all filmed in London . The mosque interior was shot at the basement of a building in Portland Place , while another street of terraced houses was used to double a typical residential street in the city . One of its most best looking houses doubled the home of Fazul and Aminah . Other scenes were shot in Kensington Gardens , with one of them being filmed in front of the park 's Peter Pan statue . The scenes leading up to Abu 's suicide attack was filmed at a playground . The scenes were originally set to be shot at a shopping centre , but it was deemed " unfilmable . " Producers later considered using a bus , but they thought that too was impractical . The final scenes of the episode were shot at the shore of the River Thames near the National Film Theatre , which houses a beach during low tide . The shootout scene between Khaldun and Rachid 's men was among the last to be shot . In addition , the producers made use of actual news footage following a suicide attack in Israel , in order to show the audience the consequences of such attacks .
Filming the pre @-@ title sequence went through some alterations . One of the scenes saw Johnny being foot whipped , however the shot where the stick struck the soles of the feet was cut out due to its brutality . Also , when discussing how Johnny would be expelled from the mosque afterwards , Nalluri suggested using the idea where he is thrown to the top of the surveillance van , which would give the audience the impression that the antagonists were on to them . Later on in the episode , Nalluri wanted to include some exposition shots , which shows Khaldun 's actions while he narrates them to MI5 . In one scene , Tom observes Khaldun inside a prison cell by opening a slide view at the prison door . However one had to be made because no such doors exist in the United Kingdom . Following the broadcast of the episode , the producers were surprised to hear that the BBC were unhappy with a scene showing Harry holding a Costa Coffee cup , as the corporation believed it was done out of product placement . They were also surprised to learn that they did not take notice in a scene with Malcolm Wynn @-@ Jones delightfully eating a piece of chocolate from a Black Magic chocolate box , which they thought was a more obvious example . Portraying actor Hugh Simon had to spit out the chocolate after the take as he disliked the confectionery .
The episode 's soundtrack was composed by Jennie Muskett , who also composed for the series . When reviewing the scenes leading to the conclusion she felt sympathetic towards the suicide bomber , and wanted to portray the background music through the bomber 's point of view . Muskett also hired vocalist Paul Gladstone @-@ Reed to become the voice behind his emotions . In addition , regular pieces of the soundtrack were reused throughout much of the episode . Muskett saw the episode as among the most rewarding she worked on .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Nest of Angels " was first broadcast on digital channel BBC Three from 10 : 30 p.m. on 2 June 2003 , following the first episode of the second series on BBC One . The BBC One repeat of the episode was broadcast on 9 June , between 9 and 10 p.m. According to overnight figures , ratings were down by 200 @,@ 000 from the previous episode , with an average of 7 @.@ 6 million viewers and a third of the audience share for BBC One , peaking at 7 @.@ 8 million . Spooks won its timeslot against the other terrestrial channels . The final numbers posted on the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board website went up slightly to 7 @.@ 87 million viewers , making the episode the fifth most viewed BBC One broadcast , and the thirteenth most viewed broadcast in total the week it aired .
= = = Controversy = = =
The episode gained a considerable amount of controversy , largely by Muslims who believed the episode showed Islam in a negative light , and that it could incite Islamophobia . Following the broadcast of the episode on BBC Three , the BBC received around 800 complaints , of which 500 of them were telephone calls , and 300 were emails , and a further 150 complaints were made after the BBC One repeat , totalling nearly one thousand complaints . The complaints made on its original broadcast appealed to the BBC not to repeat it on BBC One . The corporation chose not to drop the episode from the schedules . However , since fewer complaints were made after the repeat , members of the broadcasters believed that viewers realised the content was not as bad as expected . Inayat Bunglawala , the media secretary for the Muslim Council of Britain , stated " We can 't deny that the BBC have a right to screen a drama about this – it is topical , " but " It is the treatment of the subject that will lead to attacks . "
Following the episode , a Muslim student in Birmingham was assaulted by two attackers , who said " you have been spooked . " Furthermore , the Birmingham Central Mosque was vandalised , with the slogan " suicide bombers inside – kill the bombers " in graffiti . The BBC however denied that the episode had influence on the incidents , and West Midlands Police ruled that there was no evidence linking the attacks to the programme . The BBC further defended the episode , by stating the Muslim involvement towards making it , and that it does not suggest that mosques breed terrorists . In July 2003 , the Broadcasting Standards Commission dismissed some of the complaints as the episode was presented as a drama and not a factual account .
In the Friday before the BBC One repeat , Bunglawala wrote to Lorraine Heggessey , the BBC One controller , stating " the programme , which was of a very sensational nature , unfortunately only serves to reinforce many negative stereotypes of British Muslims . Instead of being a well @-@ informed piece of film @-@ making , this episode of Spooks pandered to grossly offensive and Islamophobic caricatures of imams , Muslim students and mosques , " and warned that the " increased amount of Islamophobia that is sure to result from the broadcasting of this programme at peak @-@ time is wholly unacceptable and a gross violation of your responsibilities as a public service broadcaster . " Heggessey however , argued that the episode presented a balance view and that it fell " legitimately within the story lines of Spooks . " Also , Ahtsham Ali of the Islamic Society of Britain claimed that the episode " adds fuel to the fire of already negative perceptions of Muslims and fans the flames of British National Party rhetoric . "
The controversy invoked responses from some cast and crew members from the series . Gareth Neame , the executive producer for the BBC was glad that the episode provoked debate , and the producers would adequately defend the episode from their research into making the story . That said Neame was also surprised by some of the responses , rationalising that those responders did not understand the context , and that it was not intended to offend anybody . Stephen Garrett , the director of Kudos Film and Television , the producer of Spooks agreed , further stating that the episode " deals with very real stuff that 's happening in the world . It touches nerves on a regular basis , and deals with uncomfortable truths . " Brenton meanwhile stated that " people are free to make what they want of drama , " and believed the audience did not like the villains as they portrayed something disturbing in their culture , religion , world or profession . Oyelowo had said that the episode did not say that all Muslims are terrorists , only that some fanatics can give " millions of good people a bad name . " The actor also believed that the Muslims who were " up in arms " about the story did not see the episode , but merely heard the basis of the plot and did not consider the Muslims in the episode who tried to stop the antagonists .
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= SMS Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf =
SMS Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf was a unique ironclad warship built for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in the 1880s . The last ironclad completed for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf was laid down in January 1884 , launched in July 1887 , and completed in September 1889 . She was armed with a main battery of three 30 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns and had compound steel plating of the same thickness on her armored belt . The ship had an uneventful career , in large part due to her rapid obsolescence . She made trips to foreign countries to represent Austria @-@ Hungary , but was reduced to a coastal defense ship by 1906 . She continued in this role through World War I , based at Cattaro Bay , where her crew took part in the Cattaro Mutiny in early 1918 . After the war , Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf was transferred to the Royal Yugoslav Navy and renamed Kumbor , but she remained in the Yugoslav inventory for only three years , being sold for scrap in 1922 .
= = Design = =
In the decades that followed the Austrian victory at the Battle of Lissa in 1866 , naval expenditure in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire were drastically reduced , in large part due to the veto power the Hungarian half of the empire held . Surrounded by potentially hostile countries powers on land , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire was more concerned with these threats , and so naval development was not prioritized . Admiral Friedrich von Pöck argued for several years to improve the strength of the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet , finally winning authorization to build the center battery ship Tegetthoff in 1875 . He spent another six years trying in vain to secure a sister ship to Tegetthoff . Finally , in 1881 , Pöck succeeded in securing funding for a new ironclad , authorized as " Ersatz Salamander " , a replacement for the earlier ironclad frigate . The new ship , to be named Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf , cost 5 @.@ 44 million gulden . The design for the new ship was prepared by Josef Kuchinka , the Director of Naval Construction for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ; a second ship , Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie , was authorized at the same time . Nearly another decade would pass before the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy secured funding for new capital ships , the three Monarch @-@ class coastal defense ships begun in 1893 .
= = = General characteristics and machinery = = =
Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf was 90 @.@ 26 meters ( 296 ft 2 in ) long between perpendiculars and 97 @.@ 6 m ( 320 ft 3 in ) long overall . She had a beam of 19 @.@ 27 m ( 63 ft 3 in ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 39 m ( 24 ft 3 in ) , and she displaced 6 @,@ 829 metric tons ( 6 @,@ 721 long tons ) . Her hull was constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames , over which the outer steel hull plating was riveted ; it was also extensively sub @-@ divided into watertight compartments and had a double bottom . She was fitted with electrical pumps that had a capacity of 2 @,@ 000 t ( 2 @,@ 000 long tons ) of water per hour . Her crew varied between 447 and 450 officers and enlisted men throughout her career .
Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino manufactured Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf 's propulsion system.The ship was powered by a pair of two @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines , driving two screw propellers . Steam for the engines was provided by ten coal @-@ fired fire @-@ tube boilers that were trunked into two funnels . Her propulsion system was rated to provide 6 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 4 @,@ 500 kW ) for a top speed of 15 @.@ 5 knots ( 28 @.@ 7 km / h ; 17 @.@ 8 mph ) . With forced draft , the power could be increased to 7 @,@ 500 ihp ( 5 @,@ 600 kW ) , though the increase in speed was modest , to 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . The ship was fitted with four electrical generators to power internal lighting and searchlights .
= = = Armament and armor = = =
Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf was armed with a main battery of three 30 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) 35 @-@ caliber guns mounted singly in open barbettes . Two were placed forward in sponsons over the battery deck to maximize end @-@ on fire , with the third placed aft . The guns were manufactured by Krupp , while the carriages that carried them were built by Armstrong Mitchell & Co .. Each of the forward guns had an arc of 180 degrees , while the stern gun could traverse 270 degrees , all hydraulically operated . The guns fired a 450 @-@ kilogram ( 990 lb ) shell using a 140 kg ( 310 lb ) charge of brown powder , which produced a muzzle velocity of 530 metres per second ( 1 @,@ 700 ft / s ) . While the open barbettes provided a wide field of fire for the slow @-@ firing guns , they were rapidly rendered obsolete by the successful application of quick @-@ firing ( QF ) technology to large @-@ caliber artillery pieces .
The main battery was supported by a secondary battery of six 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) 35 @-@ caliber guns , also built by Krupp . These guns fired a 26 kg ( 57 lb ) shell with a 15 kg ( 33 lb ) propellant charge . She carried seven 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) QF guns for close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats ; five were 44 @-@ caliber guns and the other two were shorter 33 @-@ caliber pieces , all built by Hotchkiss . Her gun armament was rounded out by a pair of 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 44 @-@ caliber QF guns and a pair of 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) 15 @-@ caliber landing guns for use by landing parties . As was customary for capital ships of the period , she carried four 40 cm ( 16 in ) torpedo tubes ; one was mounted in the bow , another in the stern , and one on each broadside .
Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf was protected with compound armor manufactured by the Dillinger Hütte works in Germany . The ship 's armored belt was 305 mm thick amidships , where it protected the ammunition magazines and machinery spaces , and reduced to 62 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) elsewhere . Transverse bulkheads capped the ends of the thickest portion of the belt , with the forward bulkhead 242 mm ( 9 @.@ 5 in ) and the aft bulkhead 203 mm ( 8 @.@ 0 in ) thick . An armored deck 95 mm ( 3 @.@ 7 in ) thick protected the ship 's vitals from shells that passed over the side armor . The barbettes for the main battery were 254 mm ( 10 @.@ 0 in ) thick .
= = Service history = =
SMS Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf was laid down on 25 January 1884 at the Navy Dockyard in Pola . The ship was the first ironclad to be laid down in Austria @-@ Hungary in nearly a decade , since the center battery ship Tegetthoff . She was launched on 6 July 1887 and then began fitting out , which was completed in September 1889 . Embarrassingly for the Habsburgs , the ship 's namesake had committed suicide earlier that year . In 1890 , the German emperor , Kaiser Wilhelm II , invited the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet to take part in the annual fleet training exercises in August . Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf , the ironclad Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie , and the protected cruiser Kaiser Franz Joseph I were sent to Germany under the command of Rear Admiral Johann von Hinke . While en route , the squadron made visits in Gibraltar and Britain ; during the latter stop , the ships took part in the Cowes Regatta , where they were reviewed by Queen Victoria . The ships also stopped in Copenhagen , Denmark and Karlskrona , Sweden . During the voyage back to Austria @-@ Hungary , the squadron visited Cherbourg , France and Palermo , Italy . Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf experienced repeated difficulties with her engines on the trip , but it was nevertheless considered to be a great success in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy .
Celebrations to honor the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's first trans @-@ Atlantic voyage were held in several countries ; Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf , Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie , and Kaiser Franz Joseph I represented Austria @-@ Hungary during the ceremonies in Genoa , Italy , Columbus 's birthplace . While there , she was inspected by King Umberto I of Italy and his son Victor Emmanuel III . Already by 1898 , the ship was regarded by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy as a second @-@ rate vessel , after less than 10 years in service . The rapid pace of naval development in the late 19th century had quickly rendered her obsolescent . Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf was reclassified as a coastal defense ship in 1906 . In 1908 , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy attempted to sell the ship , Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie , and Tegetthoff to Uruguay in an attempt to raise funds for new projects , but the deal fell through .
After Austria @-@ Hungary declared war on Serbia in July 1914 , beginning World War I , the ship was stationed in Cattaro Bay under Commander Richard Florio , the leader of Mining Command II . The force also included an old destroyer , four torpedo boats , a minelayer , and two minesweepers , among other minor vessels . She remained there for the duration of the conflict . By early 1918 , the long periods of inactivity had begun to wear on the crews of several warships at Cattaro , including Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf . On 1 February , the Cattaro Mutiny broke out , starting aboard the armored cruiser Sankt Georg and quickly spreading to other ships . Officers were confined to their quarters while a committee of sailors met to formulate a list of demands , which ranged from longer periods of leave and better rations to an end to the war , based on the United States President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points . The following day , shore batteries loyal to the government fired on Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf as she steamed to the Bay of Teodo , the outermost part of Cattaro Bay . The batteries scored a single hit that killed two men , which prompted many of the mutinous ships to abandon the effort . On the morning of 3 February , the Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleships of the III Division arrived in Cattaro , which convinced the last holdouts to surrender . Trials on the ringleaders commenced quickly and four men were executed .
With the end of the war in November 1918 and the dissolution of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire , Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf was transferred to the fledgling Royal Yugoslav Navy , who renamed her Kumbor . She remained in the Yugoslav inventory only briefly , being broken up for scrap in 1922 .
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= Sicilian Baroque =
Sicilian Baroque is the distinctive form of Baroque architecture which evolved on the island of Sicily , off the southern coast of Italy , in the 17th and 18th centuries . The style is recognizable not only by its typical Baroque curves and flourishes , but also by its grinning masks and putti and a particular flamboyance that has given Sicily a unique architectural identity .
The Sicilian Baroque style came to fruition during a major surge of rebuilding following the massive earthquake in 1693 . Previously , the Baroque style had been used on the island in a naïve and parochial manner , having evolved from hybrid native architecture rather than being derived from the great Baroque architects of Rome . After the earthquake , local architects , many of them trained in Rome , were given plentiful opportunities to recreate the more sophisticated Baroque architecture that had become popular in mainland Italy ; the work of these local architects — and the new genre of architectural engravings that they pioneered — inspired more local architects to follow their lead . Around 1730 , Sicilian architects had developed a confidence in their use of the Baroque style . Their particular interpretation led to further evolution to a personalised and highly localised art form on the island . From the 1780s onwards , the style was gradually replaced by the newly fashionable neoclassicism .
The highly decorative Sicilian Baroque period lasted barely fifty years , and perfectly reflected the social order of the island at a time when , nominally ruled by Spain , it was in fact governed by a wealthy and often extravagant aristocracy into whose hands ownership of the primarily agricultural economy was highly concentrated . Its Baroque architecture gives the island an architectural character that has lasted into the 21st century .
= = Characteristics = =
Baroque architecture is a European phenomenon originating in 17th @-@ century Italy ; it is flamboyant and theatrical , and richly ornamented by sculpture and an effect known as chiaroscuro , the strategic use of light and shade on a building created by mass and shadow .
The Baroque style in Sicily was largely confined to buildings erected by the church , and palazzi built as private residences for the Sicilian aristocracy . The earliest examples of this style in Sicily lacked individuality and were typically heavy @-@ handed pastiches of buildings seen by Sicilian visitors to Rome , Florence , and Naples . However , even at this early stage , provincial architects had begun to incorporate certain vernacular features of Sicily 's older architecture . By the middle of the 18th century , when Sicily 's Baroque architecture was noticeably different from that of the mainland , it typically included at least two or three of the following features , coupled with a unique freedom of design that is more difficult to characterise in words .
Grotesque masks and putti , often supporting balconies or decorating various bands of the entablature of a building ; these grinning or glaring faces are a relic of Sicilian architecture from before the mid @-@ 17th century ( Illustrations 2 and 9 ) .
Balconies , often complemented by intricate wrought iron balustrades after 1633 ( Illustrations 2 & 9 ) , and by plainer balustrades before that date ( Illustration 6 ) .
External staircases . Most villas and palazzi were designed for formal entrance by a carriage through an archway in the street façade , leading to a courtyard within . An intricate double staircase would lead from the courtyard to the piano nobile . This would be the palazzo 's principal entrance to the first @-@ floor reception rooms ; the symmetrical flights of steps would turn inwards and outwards as many as four times . Owing to the topography of their elevated sites it was often necessary to approach churches by many steps ; these steps were often transformed into long straight marble staircases , in themselves decorative architectural features ( illustration 19 ) , in the manner of the Spanish Steps in Rome .
Canted , concave , or convex façades ( Illustrations 1 and 6 ) . Occasionally in a villa or palazzo , an external staircase would be fitted into the recess created by the curve .
The Sicilian belfry . Belfrys were not placed beside the church in a campanile tower as is common in Italy , but on the façade itself , often surmounting the central pediment , with one or more bells clearly displayed beneath its own arch , such as at Catania 's Collegiata ( Illustration 1 ) . In a large church with many bells this usually resulted in an intricately sculpted and decorated arcade at the highest point of the principal façade ( Illustration 3 ) . These belfries are among the most enduring and characteristic features of Sicilian Baroque architecture .
Inlaid coloured marble set into both floor and walls especially in church interiors . This particular form of Intarsia developed in Sicily from the 17th century ( see the floor of illustration 14 ) .
Columns that are often deployed singularly , supporting plain arches and thus displaying the influence of the earlier and much plainer Norman period ( Illustration 3 ) . Columns are rarely encountered , as elsewhere in Europe , in clustered groups acting as piers , especially in examples of early Sicilian Baroque .
Decorated rustication . Sebastiano Serlio had decorated the blocks of ashlar in his rustication ; by the end of the 16th century , Sicilian architects were ornamenting the blocks with carvings of leaves , fish @-@ scales , and even sweets and shells ; shells were later to become among the most prevalent ornamental symbols of Baroque design . Sometimes the rustication would be used for pillars rather than walls , a reversal of expectations and almost an architectural joke ( illustration 2 ) .
The local volcanic lava stone that was used in the construction of many Sicilian Baroque buildings , because this was the most readily available . Many sculptors and stone @-@ cutters of the period lived at the foot of Mount Etna , making a diversity of objects , including balustrades , pillars , fountains and seats for buildings . Shades of black or grey were used to create contrasting decorative effects , accentuating the Baroque love of light and shade as demonstrated in ( illustration 2 ) .
The Spanish influence . The architectural influence of the ruling Spanish ( Illustration 13 ) , although this was a milder influence than that of the Normans . The Spanish style , a more restrained version of French renaissance architecture , is particularly evident in eastern Sicily , where — owing to minor insurrections — the Spanish maintained a stronger military presence . Messina 's monumental Porta Grazia , erected in 1680 as the entrance to a Spanish citadel , would not be out of place in any of the towns and citadels built by the Spanish in their colonies elsewhere . The style of this arched city gate , with its ornate mouldings and scrolls , was widely copied all over Catania immediately following the quake .
While these characteristics never occur all together in the same building , and none are unique to Sicilian Baroque , it is the coupling together which gives the Sicilian Baroque its distinctive air . Other Baroque characteristics , such as broken pediments over windows , the extravagant use of statuary , and curved topped windows and doors are all emblematic of Baroque architecture , but can all be found on Baroque building all over Europe .
= = Early Sicilian Baroque = =
Volcanic Sicily in the central Mediterranean , off the Italian peninsula , has been colonised by the Greeks , then it was under the Romans , the Byzantines , the Ostrogoths , the Muslims , the Normans , the Hohenstaufen , the Angevins and the Aragonese , after whom it became a province of the Spanish Empire and then was part of the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , before finally being absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 . Thus Sicilians have been exposed to a rich sequence of disparate cultures ; this is reflected in the extraordinary diversity of architecture on the island .
A form of decorated classical architecture peculiar to Sicily had begun to evolve from the 1530s . Inspired by the ruined Greek architecture and by the Norman cathedrals on the island , this often incorporated Greek architectural motifs such as the Greek key pattern into late Norman architecture with Gothic features such as pointed arches and window apertures . The Sicilian Norman architecture incorporated some Byzantine elements seldom found in Norman architecture elsewhere , and like other Romanesque architecture it went on to incorporate Gothic features . This early ornate architecture differs from that of mainland Europe in not having evolved from Renaissance architecture ; instead , it was developed from Norman styles . Renaissance architecture hardly touched Sicily ; in the capital city of Palermo , the only remnant of the High Renaissance is the Fontana Pretoria , a water fountain originally made for Don Pietro di Toleda by Florentine artists Franscesco Cammilliani and Michelangelo Naccerino and brought to Sicily when it was already 20 years old ( Illustration 5 ) .
Whatever the reason that Renaissance style never became popular in Sicily , it was certainly not ignorance . Antonello Gagini was midway through constructing the church of Santa Maria di Porto Salvo in 1536 in the Renaissance style when he died ; he was superseded by the architect Antonio Scaglione , who completed the building in a Norman style . This style seems to have influenced Sicilian architecture almost up to the time of the 1693 earthquake . Even Mannerism passed the island by . Only in the architecture of Messina could a Renaissance influence be discerned , partly for geographical reasons : within sight of mainland Italy and the most important port in Sicily , Messina was always more amenable to the prevailing tides of fashion outside the island . The town 's aristocratic patrons would often call on Florence or Rome to provide them with an architect ; one example was the Florentine Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli , who established the Tuscan styles of architecture and sculpture there in the mid @-@ 16th century . However , these influences remained largely confined to Messina and the surrounding district . It seems likely that it was the patronage of the Roman Catholic Church , removed from the influences of Roman fashion , that remained conservative in architectural taste .
This is not to say that Sicily was completely isolated from trends elsewhere in Europe . Architecture in the island 's major cities was strongly influenced by the family of the sculptor Domenico Gagini , who arrived from Florence in 1463 . This family of sculptors and painters decorated churches and buildings with ornate decorative and figurative sculpture . Less than a century after his family had begun to cautiously decorate the island 's churches ( 1531 – 37 ) , Antonio Gagini completed the proscenium @-@ like arch of the " Capella della Madonna " in the " Santuario dell 'Annunziata " at Trapani . This pedimented arch to the sanctuary has pilasters — not fluted , but decorated heavily with relief busts of the saints ; and , most importantly in terms of architecture , the pediment is adorned by reclining saints supporting swags linked to the central shield that crowns the pediment . This ornate pediment , although still unbroken , was one of the first signs that Sicily was forming its own style of decorative architecture . Similar in style is the Chiesa del Gesù ( Illustration 14 ) , constructed between 1564 and 1633 , which also shows early signs of the Sicilian Baroque .
Thus a particular brand of Baroque architecture had begun to evolve in Sicily long before the earthquake of 1693 . While the majority of those buildings that can be clearly classified as Baroque in style date from around 1650 , the scarcity of these isolated , surviving examples of Sicily 's 17th @-@ century architectural history makes it hard to fully and accurately evaluate the architecture immediately before the natural disaster : the earthquake destroyed not only most of the buildings , but also most of their documentation . Yet more information has been lost in subsequent earthquakes and severe bombing during World War II .
The earliest example of Baroque on the island is Giulio Lasso 's Quattro Canti , an octagonal piazza , or circus , constructed around 1610 at the crossroads of the city 's two principal streets . Around this intersection are four open sides , being the streets , and four matching buildings with identical canted corners . The sides of the four buildings are curved , further heightening the Baroque design of the buildings lining the circus . These four great buildings dominating the circus are each enhanced by a fountain , reminiscent of those of Pope Sixtus V 's " Quattro Fontane " in Rome . However , here in Palermo the Baroque theme continues up three storeys of the buildings , which are adorned with statues in recessed niches depicting the four seasons , the four Spanish kings of Sicily , and the four patronesses of Palermo : Saints Cristina , Ninfa , Olivia , and Agata .
While each façade of Quattro Canti is pleasing to the eye , as a scheme it is both out of proportion with the limited size of the piazza and , like most other examples of early Sicilian Baroque , can be considered provincial , naive and heavy @-@ handed , compared with later developments . Whatever its merit , it is evident that during the 17th century , the Baroque style in the hands of the local architects and sculptors was already deviating from that of mainland Italy . This localised variation on the mainstream Baroque was not peculiar to Sicily , but occurred as far afield as Bavaria , and Russia , where Naryshkin Baroque would be just as eccentric as its Sicilian cousin .
= = Sicilian Baroque from 1693 = =
= = = Earthquake and patrons = = =
The great Sicilian earthquake of 1693 destroyed at least 45 towns and cities , affecting an area of 5600 square kilometres and causing the deaths of about 60 @,@ 000 people . The epicentre of the disaster was offshore , although the exact position remains unknown . Towns which suffered severely were Ragusa , Modica , Scicli , and Ispica . Rebuilding began almost immediately .
The lavishness of the architecture that was to arise from this disaster is connected with the politics of Sicily at the time ; Sicily was still officially under Spanish rule , but rule was effectively delegated to the native aristocracy . This was led by the Duke of Camastra , whom the Spanish had appointed viceroy to appease the aristocracy , who were numerous . The aristocracy was relatively concentrated compared to most of Europe , and a gentry class was missing . In the 18th century , one estimate held that there were 228 noble families , who provided Sicily with a ruling class consisting of 58 princes , 27 dukes , 37 marquesses , 26 Counts , one viscount and 79 barons ; the Golden Book of the Sicilian nobility ( last published in 1926 ) lists even more . In addition to these were the younger scions of the families , with their courtesy titles of nobile or baron .
Architecture was not the only legacy of the Normans . Rule over the peasants ( there was no established middle class ) was also enforced by a feudal system , unchanged since its introduction following the Norman conquest of 1071 . Thus the Sicilian aristocracy had not only wealth but vast manpower at their command , something that had by this time declined in many other parts of Europe . As in Southern Spain , the huge rural estates remained almost as concentrated as when they had been Roman " latifundi " . The Sicilian economy , though very largely agriculturally based , was very strong , and became more so during the 18th century as shipping became more efficient and the threat of Muslim piracy died away . The export markets for lemons ( for the great 18th century fashion for lemonade ) and wines increased greatly , and Sicilian wheat remained , as it had been since Roman times , the backbone of the economy . The disaster that was to give Sicily its modern reputation of poverty , namely the opening @-@ up of the American Middle West to wheat @-@ farming , was a century away . When it came , this permanently more than halved the price of wheat , and destroyed the old economy forever .
The aristocracy shared their power only with the Roman Catholic Church . The Church ruled by fear of damnation in the next life and of the Inquisition in the present , and consequently both upper and lower classes gave as generously as they could on all major saints ' days . Many priests and bishops were members of the aristocracy . The wealth of the Church in Sicily was further enhanced by the tradition of pressing younger children of the aristocracy to enter monasteries and convents , in order to preserve the family estates from division ; a large fee , or dowry , was usually paid to the Church to facilitate this , in the form of property , jewels , or money . Thus the wealth of certain religious orders grew out of all proportion to the economic growth of any other group at this time . This is one of the reasons that so many of the Sicilian Baroque churches and monasteries , such as San Martino delle Scale , were rebuilt after 1693 on such a lavish scale .
Once rebuilding began , the poor rebuilt their basic housing in the same primitive fashion as before . By contrast , the wealthiest residents , both secular and spiritual , became caught in an almost manic orgy of building . Most members of the nobility had several homes in Sicily . For one thing , the Spanish viceroy spent six months of the year in Palermo and six in Catania , holding court in each city , and hence members of the aristocracy needed a town palazzo in each city . Once the palazzi in devastated Catania were rebuilt in the new fashion , the palazzi in Palermo seemed antiquated by comparison , so they too were eventually rebuilt . Following this , from the middle of the 18th century , villas to retire to in the autumn , essentially status symbols , were built at the fashionable enclave at Bagheria . This pattern was repeated , on a smaller scale , throughout the lesser cities of Sicily , each city providing a more entertaining social life and a magnetic draw for the provincial aristocrat than their country estate . The country estate also did not escape the building mania . Often Baroque wings or new façades were added to ancient castles , or country villas were completely rebuilt . Thus the frenzy of building gained momentum until the increasingly fantastical Baroque architecture demanded by these hedonistic patrons reached its zenith in the mid @-@ 18th century .
= = = New cities = = =
Following the quake a program of rebuilding was rapidly put into action , but before it began in earnest some important decisions would permanently differentiate many Sicilian cities and towns from other European urban developments . The Viceroy , the Duke of Camastra , aware of new trends in town planning , decreed that rather than rebuilding in the medieval plan of cramped narrow streets , the new rebuilding would offer piazze and wider main streets , often on a rational grid system . The whole plan was often to take a geometric shape such as a perfect square or a hexagon , typical of Renaissance and Baroque town planning . The city of Grammichele represents an example of these new cities rebuilted with a hexagonal plan .
This concept was still very new in the 1690s , and few new cities had had reason to be built in Europe – Christopher Wren 's city plan after the Great Fire of London in 1666 having been turned down because of the complexities of land ownership there . There were some other examples such as Richelieu , and later Saint Petersburg . The prototype may well have been the new city of Terra del Sole , constructed in 1564 . Another of the first towns to be planned using symmetry and order rather than an evolution of small alleys and streets was Alessandria in southern Piedmont . A little later , from 1711 , this Baroque form of planning was favoured in the Hispanic colonies of South America , especially by the Portuguese in Brazil . In other parts of Europe , lack of finance , complex land ownership and divided public opinion made radical replanning after disaster too difficult : after 1666 , London was rebuilt on its ancient plan , though new extensions to the west were partially on a grid system . In Sicily , public opinion ( the public being anyone not a member of the ruling class ) counted for nothing , and hence these seemingly revolutionary new concepts of town planning could be freely executed .
In Sicily , the decision was taken not just for fashion and appearance but also because it would minimise the damage to property and life likely to be caused in future quakes . In 1693 , the cramped housing and streets had caused buildings to collapse together like dominoes . Although after the earthquake the avenues were broadened and the density of housing was lowered overall , cramped and narrow areas of housing still remained , posing a hazard for the poor . Architecturally and aesthetically , the big advantage of the new order of town planning was that unlike many Italian towns and cities , where one frequently encounters a monumental Renaissance church squeezed terrace fashion between incongruous neighbours , in urban Baroque design one can step back and actually see the architecture in a more conducive setting in relation to its proportions and perspective . This is most notable in the largely rebuilt towns of Caltagirone , Militello in Val di Catania , Catania , Modica , Noto , Palazzolo Acreide , Ragusa , and Scicli .
One of the finest examples of this new urban planning can be seen at Noto ( Illustration 9 ) , the town rebuilt approximately 10 km from its original site on Mount Alveria . The old ruined town now known as " Noto Antica " can still be viewed in its ruinous state . The new site chosen was flatter than the old to better facilitate a linear grid @-@ like plan . The principal streets run east to west so they would benefit from a better light and a sunnier disposition . This example of town planning is directly attributable to a learned local aristocrat , Giovanni Battista Landolina ; helped by three local architects , he is credited with planning the new city himself .
In these new towns , the aristocracy was allocated the higher areas , where the air was cooler and fresher and the views finest . The church was allocated the town centre ( Illustration 8 ) , for convenience to all , and to reflect the church 's global and central position ; round the pairing of cathedral and episcopal Palazzo Vescovile were built the convents . The merchants and storekeepers chose their lots on the planned wider streets leading from the main piazzas . Finally , the poor were allowed to erect their simple brick huts and houses in the areas nobody else wanted . Lawyers , doctors , and members of the few professions including the more skilled artisans - those who fell between the strictly defined upper and lower class - and were able to afford building plots , often lived on the periphery of the commercial and upper class residential sectors , but equally often these people just lived in a larger or grander house than their neighbours in the poorer areas . However , many of the skilled artists working on the rebuilding lived as part of the extended households of their patrons . In this way Baroque town planning came to symbolize and reflect political authority , and later its style and philosophy spread as far as Annapolis and Savannah in English America , and most notbly Haussmann 's 19th century re @-@ designing of Paris . The stage was now set for the explosion of Baroque architecture , which was to predominate in Sicily until the early 19th century .
Later many other Sicilian towns and cities which had been either little damaged or completely untouched by the quake , such as Palermo , were also transformed by the Baroque style , as the fashion spread and aristocrats with a palazzo in Catania came to wish their palazzo in the capital to be as opulent as that in the second city . In Palermo the Church of Santa Caterina , began in 1566 , was one of many in the city to be redecorated inside in the 18th century in the Baroque style , with coloured marbles .
= = = New churches and palazzi = = =
Of Sicily 's own form of Baroque , post 1693 , it has been said , " The buildings conceived in the wake of this disaster expressed a light @-@ hearted freedom of decoration whose incongruous gaiety was intended , perhaps , to assuage the horror " . While this is an accurate description of a style which is almost a celebration of joie de vivre in stone , it is unlikely to be the reason for the choice . As with all architectural styles , the selection of style would have directly linked to current fashion . Versailles had been completed in 1688 in a far sterner Baroque style ; Louis XIV 's new palace was immediately emulated across Europe by any aristocrat or sovereign in Europe aspiring to wealth , taste , or power . Thus it was the obvious choice for the " homeless rich " of Sicily , of whom there were hundreds . The excesses of the Baroque @-@ style palazzi and country villas to be constructed in Sicily , however , were soon to make Versailles seem a model of restraint .
As the 18th century dawned , Sicilian architects were employed to create the new palazzi and churches . These architects , often local , were able to design in a more sophisticated style than those of the late 17th century ; many had been trained in mainland Italy and had returned with a more detailed understanding of the Baroque idiom . Their work inspired less @-@ travelled Sicilian designers . Very importantly , these architects were also assisted by the books of engravings by Domenico de ' Rossi , who for the first time wrote down text with his engravings , giving the precise dimensions and measurements of many of the principal Renaissance and Baroque façades in Rome . In this way , the Renaissance finally came late to Sicily by proxy .
At this stage of its development , Sicilian Baroque still lacked the freedom of style that it was later to acquire . Giovanni Battista Vaccarini was the leading Sicilian architect during this period . He arrived on the island in 1730 bringing with him a fusion of the concepts of Bernini and Borromini , and introduced to the island 's architecture a unified movement and a play of curves , which would have been unacceptable in Rome itself . However , his works are considered of lesser quality than that which was to come . Notable works which date from this period are the 18th century wings of the Palazzo Biscari at Catania ; and Vaccarini 's church of Santa Agata , also in Catania . On this building Vaccarini quite clearly copied the capitals from Guarino Guarini 's Architettura Civile . It is this frequent copying of established designs that causes the architecture from this period , while opulent , also to be disciplined and almost reined in . Vaccarini 's style was to dominate Catania for the next decades .
A second hindrance to Sicilian architects ' fully achieving their potential earlier was that frequently they were only rebuilding a damaged structure , and as a consequence having to match their designs to what had been before , or remained . The Cathedral of San Giorgio at Modica ( Illustration 10 ) is an example . It was badly damaged in the earthquake of 1613 , rebuilt in 1643 in a Baroque style while keeping the medieval layout , then damaged again in 1693 . Rebuilding again began in 1702 , by an unknown architect . Finally , Rosario Gagliardi oversaw the façade 's completion in 1760 , but the compromises he had to make in deference to the existing structure are obvious . While Gagliardi used the same formulae he used so successfully at the church of San Giorgio in Ragusa , here in Modica the building is heavier , and lacks his usual lightness of touch and freedom of design .
There were also at this time other influences at work . Between 1718 and 1734 Sicily was ruled personally by Charles VI from Vienna , and as a result close ties with Austrian architecture can be perceived . Several buildings on the island are shameless imitations of the works of Fischer von Erlach . Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach had begun to rebuild Schönbrunn Palace in 1686 in a simple form of Baroque ; this form was later to be reproduced in Sicily in the final years of its Baroque era . The palace also had an external staircase ( removed in 1746 ) similar to those that later evolved in Sicily . One Sicilian architect , Tommaso Napoli , a monk , visited Vienna twice early in the century , returning with a store of engraving and drawings . He was later the architect of two country villas of the early Sicilian Baroque period , remarkable for their concave and convex walls and the complex design of their external staircases . One villa , his Villa Palagonia begun in 1705 , is the most complex and ingenious of all constructed in Sicily 's Baroque era ; its double staircase of straight flights , frequently changing direction , was to be the prototype of a distinguishing feature of Sicilian Baroque .
Later , a new wave of architects , who would master the Baroque sentiments , aware of Rococo interior styles beginning elsewhere to gain an ascendancy over Baroque , would go on to develop the flamboyance , freedom , and movement that are synonymous with the term Sicilian Baroque today .
= = High Sicilian Baroque = =
Around 1730 , the Baroque style gradually began to break away from the defined Roman style of Baroque and gain an even stronger individuality , for two reasons : the rush to rebuild was subsiding , construction was becoming more leisurely and thoughtful ; and a new clutch of home @-@ grown Sicilian architects came to the forefront . This new generation had watched the rebuilding in the Baroque , and studied the ever more frequent engravings and architectural books and treatises arriving from the mainland . However , they were not like their predecessors ( the former students of the Romans ) , and consequently were able to formulate strong individual styles of their own . They included Andrea Palma , Rosario Gagliardi and Tommaso Napoli . While taking account of the Baroque of Naples and Rome , they now adapted their designs for the local needs and traditions . Their use of resources and exploitation of the sites was often wildly inventive . Napoli and then Vaccarini had promoted the use of the external staircase , which was now taken to a new dimension : churches upon the summits of a hills would be reached by fantastical flights of steps evoking Vaccarini 's mentor Francesco de Sanctis 's Spanish Steps in Rome .
Façades of churches often came to resemble wedding cakes rather than places of worship as the architects grew in confidence , competence , and stature . Church interiors , which until this date had been slightly pedestrian , came especially in Palermo to be decorated in a riot of inlaid marbles of a wide variety of colours . Anthony Blunt has described this decoration as " either fascinating or repulsive , but however the individual spectator may react to it , this style is a characteristic manifestation of Sicilian exuberance , and must be classed amongst the most important and original creations of Baroque art on the island " . This is the key to Sicilian Baroque ; it was ideally matched to the Sicilian personality , and this was the reason it evolved so dramatically on the island . Nowhere in Sicily is the development of the new Baroque style more evident than in Ragusa and Catania .
= = = Ragusa = = =
Ragusa was very badly damaged in 1693 . The town is in two halves , divided by a deep ravine known as the " Valle dei Ponti " : the older town of Ragusa Ibla , and the higher Ragusa Superiore .
Ragusa Ibla , the lower city , boasts an impressive array of Baroque architecture , which includes the Church of San Giorgio by Rosario Gagliardi , designed in 1738 ( Illustration 12 ) . In the design of this church Gagliardi exploited the difficult terrain of the hillside site . The church towers impressively over a massive marble staircase of some 250 steps , a Baroque feature , especially exploited in Sicily due to the island 's topography . The tower seems to explode from the façade , accentuated by the columns and pilasters canted against the curved walls . Above the doorways and window apertures , pediments scroll and curve with a sense of freedom and movement which would have been unthinkable to those earlier architects inspired by Bernini and Borromini . The neoclassical dome was not added until 1820 .
In an alley connecting Ragusa Ibla with Ragusa Superiore is the church of Santa Maria delle Scale . This church is interesting , though badly damaged in the earthquake . Only half the church was rebuilt in Baroque style , while the surviving half was kept in the original Norman ( with Gothic features ) , thus demonstrating in one piece the evolution of Sicilian Baroque .
The Palazzo Zacco is one of the more notable Baroque buildings of the city , its Corinthian columns supporting balconies of amazing wrought iron work , while supports of grotesques mock , shock or amuse the passerby . The palazzo was built in the second half of the 18th century by the Baron Melfi di San Antonio . It was later acquired by the Zacco family , after which it is named . The building has two street façades , each with six wide balconies bearing the coat of arms of the Melfi family , a frame of acanthus leaves from which a puttino leans . The balconies , a feature of the palazzo , are notable for the differing corbels which support them , ranging from putti to musicians and grotesques . The focal points of the principal façade are the three central balconies , divided by columns with Corinthian capitals . Here the balconies are supported by images of musicians with grotesque faces .
The Cathedral of San Giovanni Battista in Ragusa Superiore was built between 1718 and 1778 . Its principal façade is pure Baroque , containing fine carvings and sculptures . The cathedral has a high Sicilian belfry in the same style . The ornate Baroque interior is separated into three colonnaded aisles ( Illustration 3 ) . Ragusa Superiore , the most badly damaged part of the town , was replanned following 1693 around the cathedral and displays an unusual phenomenon of Sicilian Baroque : the palazzi here are peculiar to this town , of only two storeys and long , with the central bay only emphasised by a balcony and an arch to the inner garden . This very Portuguese style , probably designed to minimise damage in future earthquakes , is very different from the palazzi in Ragusa Ibla , which are in true Sicilian style . Unusually , Baroque lingered on here until the early 19th century . The last palazzo built here was in the Baroque form but with columns of Roman Doric and neoclassical balconies .
= = = Catania = = =
Sicily 's second city , Catania , was the most damaged of all the larger cities in 1693 , with only the medieval Castello Ursino and three tribunes of the cathedral remaining . Thus it was replanned and rebuilt . The new design separated the city into quarters , divided by two roads meeting at an intersection known as the Piazza del Duomo ( Cathedral Square ) . Rebuilding was supervised by the Bishop of Catania , and the city 's only surviving architect , Alonzo di Benedetto . Di Benedetto headed a team of junior architects called in from Messina , which quickly began to rebuild , concentrating first on the Piazza del Duomo . Three palazzi are situated here , the Bishop 's Palace , the Seminario and one other . The architects worked in complete harmony and it is impossible to distinguish di Benedetto 's work from that of his junior colleagues . The work is competent but not remarkable , with decorated rustication in the 17th @-@ century Sicilian style , but often the decoration on the upper floors is superficial . This is typical of the Baroque of this period immediately after the earthquake .
In 1730 , Vaccarini arrived in Catania as the appointed city architect and immediately impressed on the architecture the Roman Baroque style . The pilasters lose their rustication and support Roman type cornices and entablatures , or curved pediments , and free @-@ standing columns support balconies . Vaccarini also exploited the local black lava stone as a decorative feature rather than a general building material , using it intermittently with other materials , and spectacularly for an obelisk supported on the back of the Catanian heraldic elephant , for a fountain in the style of Bernini in front of the new Town hall . Vaccarini 's principal façade to Catania 's cathedral , dedicated to Santa Agata , shows strong Spanish influences even at this late stage of Sicilian Baroque . Also in the city is Stefano Ittar 's Church of the Collegiata , built around 1768 . It is an example of Sicilian Baroque at its most stylistically simple .
= = Church interiors = =
Sicilian church exteriors had been decorated in elaborate styles from the first quarter of the 17th century , with profuse use of sculpture , stucco , frescoes , and marble ( Illustration 14 ) . As the post @-@ earthquake churches were becoming completed in the late 1720s , interiors also began to reflect this external decoration , becoming lighter and less intense ( compare illustration 14 to the later interior of illustration 15 ) , with profuse sculpted ornamentation of pillars , cornices , and pediments , often in the form of putti , flora , and fauna . Inlaid coloured marbles on floors and walls in complex patterns are one of the most defining features of the style . These patterns with their roundels of porphyry are often derived from designs found in the Norman cathedrals of Europe , again demonstrating the Norman origins of Sicilian architecture . The high altar is usually the pièce de resistance : in many instances a single block of coloured marble , decorated with gilt scrolls and swags , and frequently inset with other stones such as lapis lazuli and agate . Steps leading to the altar dais are characteristically curving between concave and convex and in many cases decorated with inlaid coloured marbles . One of the finest examples of this is in the church of St Zita in Palermo .
The building of Sicily 's churches would typically be funded not just by individual religious orders but also by an aristocratic family . Contrary to popular belief , the majority of Sicily 's nobility did not choose to have their mortal remains displayed for eternity in the Capuchin catacombs of Palermo , but were buried quite conventionally in vaults beneath their family churches . It has been said , though , that " the funeral of a Sicilian aristocrat was one of the great moments of his life " . Funerals became tremendous shows of wealth ; a result of this ostentation was that the stone memorial slabs covering the burial vaults today provide an accurate barometer of the development of Baroque and marble inlay techniques at any specific time . For instance , those from the first half of the 17th century are of simple white marble decorated with an incised armorial bearing , name , date , etc . From c . 1650 , small quantities of coloured marble inlay appear , forming patterns , and this can be studied developing until , by the end of the century , the coats of arms and calligraphy are entirely of inset coloured marble , with decorative patterned borders . Long after Baroque began to fall from fashion in the 1780s , Baroque decor was still deemed more suitable for Catholic ritual than the new pagan @-@ based neoclassicism .
The Church of San Benedetto in Catania ( Illustrations 15 and 16 ) is a fine example of a Sicilian Baroque interior , decorated between 1726 and 1762 , the period when Sicilian Baroque was at the height of its fashion and individuality . The ceilings were frescoed by the artist Giovanni Tuccari . The most spectacular part of the church 's decoration is the nun 's choir ( Illustrations 16 ) , created c . 1750 , which was designed in such a way that the nuns ' voices could be heard during services , but the nuns themselves were still quite separate from and unseen by the less spiritual world outside .
= = Palazzi interiors = =
With but a few notable exceptions , the interiors of the palazzi were from the start less elaborate than those of Sicily 's Baroque churches . Many were finished without ornate interior decoration , simply because they took so long to build and by the time they were completed Baroque had passed from fashion ; the principal rooms were therefore decorated in the new neoclassical style known as " Pompeian " . Often one can find a fusion of the two styles , as in the ballroom wing of the Palazzo Aiutamicristo in Palermo , built by Andrea Giganti in 1763 , where the ballroom ceiling was frescoed by Giuseppe Cristadoro with allegorical scenes framed by Baroque gilded motifs in plaster . This ceiling was already old @-@ fashioned when it was finished , and the rest of the room was decorated in a far simpler mode . Changing use over the past 250 years has simplified palazzo decor further , as the ground floors are now usually shops , banks , or restaurants , and the upper floors divided into apartments , their interiors lost .
A further reason for the absence of Baroque decoration , and the most common , is that most rooms were never intended for such decoration . Many of the palazzi were vast , meant for huge numbers of people . The household of the Sicilian aristocrat , beginning with himself , his wife and many children , would typically also contain a collection of poorer relatives and other extended family members , all of whom had minor apartments in the house . Moreover , there were paid employees , often including a private chaplain or confessor , a major domo , governesses , secretary , archivist , accountant , librarian , and innumerable lower servants , such as a porter to ring a bell a prescribed number of times according to the rank of an approaching guest . Often the servants ' extended families , especially if elderly , also lived in the palazzo . Thus many rooms were needed to house the household . These everyday living quarters , even for the " Maestro and Maestra di Casa " , were often simply decorated and furnished . Further rooms were required by the Sicilian tradition that it was a sign of poor breeding to permit even mere acquaintances to stay in local inns . Any visiting foreigner , especially an Englishman , was regarded as a special trophy and added social prestige . Hence the Sicilian aristocrat 's home was seldom empty or quiet .
As in the rest of Italy , the finest and most decorated rooms were those on the piano nobile , reserved for guests and entertaining . Entered formally from the external Baroque double staircase , these rooms consisted of a suite of large and small salons , with one very large salon being the principal room of the house , often used as a ballroom . Sometimes the guest bedrooms were sited here too , but by the end of the 18th century they were more often on a secondary floor above . If decorated during the Baroque era , the rooms would be profusely ornamented . Walls were frequently mirrored , the mirrors inset into gilded frames in the walls , often alternating with paintings similarly framed , while moulded nymphs and shepherdesses decorated the spaces between . Ceilings were high and frescoed , and from the ceiling hung huge coloured chandeliers of Murano glass , while further light came from gilded sconces flanking the mirrors adorning the walls . One of the most notable rooms in this style is the Gallery of Mirrors in Palermo 's Palazzo Valguarnera @-@ Gangi ( Illustration 17 ) . This room with its frescoed ceiling by Gaspare Fumagalli is , however , one of the few Baroque rooms in this Baroque palazzo , which was ( from 1750 ) extended and transformed by its owner Marianna Valguarnera , mostly in the later neoclassical style .
Furniture during the Baroque era was in keeping with the style : ornate , gilded and frequently with marble used for tabletops . The furniture was transient within the house , frequently moved between rooms as required , while leaving other rooms unfurnished . Sometimes furniture was specifically commissioned for a certain room , for example to match a silk wall panel within a gilt frame . As in the rest of Europe , the furniture would always be left arranged against a wall , to be moved forward by servants if required , never in the later conversational style in the centre of a room , which in the Baroque era was always left empty so as better to display the marble , or more often ceramic , patterned floor tiles .
The common element to both church and palazzi interior design was the stucco work . Stucco is an important component of the Baroque design and philosophy , as it seamlessly combines architecture , sculpture , and painting in three @-@ dimensional form . Its combination with trompe l 'oeil ceilings and walls in Baroque illusionistic painting confuses reality and art . While in churches the stucco could represent angels and putti linked by swags of flowers , in a private house it might represent the owner 's favourite foods or musical instruments .
= = Final period = =
As with all architectural styles , people eventually tired of Baroque . In some parts of Europe , it metamorphosed into the rococo , but not in Sicily . No longer ruled by Austria , Sicily , from 1735 officially the Kingdom of Sicily , was ruled by the King of Naples , Ferdinand IV . Hence Palermo was in constant association with the principal capital Naples , where there was architecturally a growing reversion to the more classical styles of architecture . Coupled with this , many of the more cultured Sicilian nobility developed a fashionable obsession with all things French , from philosophy to arts , fashion , and architecture . Many of them visited Paris in pursuit of these interests and returned with the latest architectural engravings and theoretical treatises . The French architect Léon Dufourny was in Sicily between 1787 and 1794 to study and analyse the ancient Greek temples on the island . Thus Sicilians rediscovered their ancient past , which with its classical idioms was now the height of fashion . The change in tastes did not come about overnight . Baroque remained popular on the island , but now Sicilian balconies , extravagant as ever , would be placed next to severe classical columns . Dufourny began designing in Palermo , and his " Entrance Temple " ( 1789 ) to the Botanical Gardens was the first building in Sicily in a style based on the Greek Doric order . It is pure neoclassical architecture , as established in England since 1760 , and it was a sign of things to come .
It was Dufourny 's great friend and fellow architect Giuseppe Marvuglia who was to preside over the gradual decline of Sicilian Baroque . In 1784 he designed the Palazzo Riso @-@ Belmonte , the finest example of this period of architectural transition , combining both Baroque and Palladian motifs , built around an arcaded courtyard providing Baroque masses of light and shade , or chiaroscuro . The main façade , punctuated by giant pilasters , also had Baroque features , but the skyline was unbroken . The pilasters were undecorated , simple , and Ionic , and supported an undecorated entablature . Above the windows were classical unbroken pediments . Sicilian Baroque was waning .
Another reason for the gradual decline in the development of Sicily 's Baroque and building in general was that the money was running out . During the 17th century , the aristocracy had lived principally on their landed estates , tending and improving them , and as a result their income also increased . During the 18th century , the nobility gradually migrated towards the cities , in particular Palermo , to enjoy the social delights of the Viceroy 's court and Catania . Their town palazzi grew in size and splendour , to the detriment of the abandoned estates , which were still expected to provide the revenue . The land agents left to run the estates over time became less efficient , or corrupt , often both . Consequently , aristocratic incomes fell . The aristocracy borrowed money using the estates as surety , until the value of the neglected estates fell below the money borrowed against them . Moreover , Sicily was by now as unstable politically as its nobility were financially . Ruled from Naples by the weak Ferdinand IV and his dominant wife , Sicily had declined to the point of no return long before 1798 and again in 1806 when the King was forced by the invading French to flee Naples to Sicily . The French were kept at bay from Sicily only by an expeditionary force of 17 @,@ 000 British troops , and Sicily was now ruled by Britain in effect if not in name . King Ferdinand then in 1811 imposed the first taxes , at a single stroke alienating his aristocracy .
The tax was rescinded by the British in 1812 , who then imposed a British style constitution on the island . One legal innovation of this time of particular consequence for the aristocracy was that creditors , who had previously only been able to enforce repayments of the interest on a loan or mortgage , could now seize property . Property began to change hands in smaller parcels at auctions , and consequently a land @-@ owning bourgeoisie immediately began to flourish . Revolts against the Bourbons in 1821 , and 1848 divided the nobility , and liberalism was in the air . These factors coupled with the social and political upheaval of the following Risorgimento in the 19th century meant the Sicilian aristocracy was a doomed class . Furthermore , because of their neglect and dereliction of noblesse oblige , an essential element of the feudal system , the countryside was often ruled by bandits outside the enclosed villages , and the once grand country villas were decaying . The building mania of the Sicilian upper class was over .
However , the British influence in Sicily was to provide Sicilian Baroque with one last flourish . Marvuglia , recognising the new fashion for all things British , developed the style he had first cautiously used at Palazzo Riso @-@ Belmonte in 1784 , combining some of the plainer , more solid elements of Baroque with Palladian motifs rather than Palladian designs . The late Sicilian Baroque was similar in style to the Baroque popular in England at the beginning of the 18th century , popularised by Sir John Vanbrugh with such edifices as Blenheim Palace . An example is Marvuglia 's Church of San Francesco di Sales , which is almost English in its interpretation of Baroque . However , this was a temporary success and the neoclassical style was soon dominant . Few aristocrats could now afford to build , and the new style was mainly used in public and civil buildings such as those at the Botanical Gardens in Palermo . Sicilian architects — even Andrea Giganti , once a competent architect in Baroque — now began to design in the neoclassical style , but in this case in the version of the neoclassical adopted by fashionable France . Giganti 's Villa Galletti at Bagheria is clearly inspired by the work of Ange @-@ Jacques Gabriel .
As with the early days of Sicilian Baroque , the first buildings of the new neoclassical era were often copies or hybrids of the two styles . The Palazzo Ducezio ( Illustration 19 ) was begun in 1746 , and the ground floor with arcades creating play of light and shadow is pure Baroque . However , when a few years later the upper floor was added , despite the use of Baroque broken pediments above the windows , the neoclassical French influence is very pronounced , highlighted by the central curved bay . The Sicilian Baroque was gradually and slowly being superseded by French neoclassicism .
= = Legacy = =
Sicilian Baroque is today recognised as an architectural style , largely due to the work of Sacheverall Sitwell , whose Southern Baroque Art of 1924 was the first book to appreciate the style , followed by the more academic work of Anthony Blunt .
Most of the Baroque palazzi continued in private ownership throughout the 19th century , as the old aristocracy either married middle @-@ class money or fell further into debt . There were a few exceptions and some of these retain the ancestral palazzo still today . Thanks to the continuing religious devotion of the Sicilian people many of the Sicilian Baroque churches are today still in the use for which they were designed .
However , much of the blame for the decay and ruinous state of preservation of so many palazzi must fall not just on owners unwilling to accept change , but the political agendas of successive socialist governments . Some of the finest Baroque villas and palazzi , including the Palermo palace of the Prince of Lampedusa , are still in ruins following the United States bombing raids of 1943 . In many cases , no attempt has been made to restore or even secure them . Those that survived the raids in good repair are often sub @-@ divided into offices or apartments , their Baroque interiors dismantled , divided , and sold .
The remaining members of the Sicilian aristocracy who still inhabit their ancestral palazzi are unable to make opening their houses to tourism a major source of income , unlike some Northern , especially English , counterparts . The local equivalent of the National Trust is very small , and there is much less local interest among the general population . The Princes , Marquesses , and Counts of Sicily still living in their houses dwell in splendid isolation , surrounded often by beauty and decay . It is only today both owners and the state are awakening to the possibility that if action is not taken soon it will be too late to save this particular part of the Sicilian heritage .
As Sicily now becomes a more politically stable , secure and less corrupt environment , the Baroque palazzi are slowly beginning to open their doors to an eager paying public , American and Northern European as much as Italian . In 1963 , when the movie The Leopard was released the Gangi Palace ballroom was almost unique in its status of having been a film set , but today long unused salons and ballrooms are hosting corporate and public events . Some palazzi are offering a bed and breakfast service to paying guests , once again providing impressive hospitality to visitors to Sicily , the purpose for which they were originally intended .
In 2002 , UNESCO selectively included Baroque monuments of Val di Noto into its World Heritage List as " providing outstanding testimony to the exuberant genius of late Baroque art and architecture " and " representing the culmination and final flowering of Baroque art in Europe .
= = Notable architects of Sicilian Baroque = =
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= Big Thunder Ski Jumping Center =
Big Thunder Ski Jumping Centre was a twin ski jumping hill located in Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario , Canada . It constitutes part of Big Thunder National Training Centre . The first hills were built by Knute and Thor Hansen and opened in 1963 . They were originally known as Lille Norway Ski Area , then Mt . Norway Ski Area , and Sundance Northwest Resort before taking the current name . The large and normal hills were built in 1974 and the venue was taken over by the provincial government in 1985 . The hills hosted 29 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and 50 Canadian Ski Jumping Championships tournaments between 1975 and 1995 , climaxing with the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995 . Funding was then cut and the venue has since been closed and unmaintained .
= = History = =
The location was first identified by Knute Hansen , a ski jumper who felt that a location in Mount McRae in Lakehead would be ideal for a ski jumping hill . He and Thor Hansen built the first jumps , which were opened in 1963 and named Lille Norway Ski Area . In 1969 , after the Hansens had fallen into financial difficulties , the venue was sold and renamed Mt . Norway Ski Area . Additional land for the complex was also leased , and the provincial government provided funding to construct the main twin hill . Construction of the 70 meter and 90 meter ( current K @-@ 90 and K @-@ 120 ) hills was completed in 1974 . The following year , the venue hosted its first Canadian Ski Jumping Championships . Three years later , the venue was again sold , this time being named Sundance Northwest Resort . In 1981 , the Provincial Government of Ontario started redeveloping the site to transform it into a national training center . In 1985 , the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation bought the site . In the course of five years , they built a K @-@ 64 hill , as well as Little Thunder , which consisted of K @-@ 10 , K @-@ 20 and K @-@ 37 hills . The two largest of these were equipped with porcelain in @-@ runs and plastic landing slops , allowing for their use during summer .
In 1990 , the venue was awarded the hosting of the 1995 Nordic World Ski Championships . This required a major upgrade to the infrastructure , including floodlights . World Cup tournaments were placed on hold after 1991 for the upgrades . The venue hosted the Pre @-@ World Championships , part of the World Cup , in 1994 . In the final jumping event in the 1995 World Championships , Tommy Ingebrigtsen set a hill record of 137 @.@ 0 meters ( 449 ft ) , 9 meters ( 30 ft ) beyond the previous hill record .
During the campaigning for the 1995 Ontario provincial election , Conservative Party leader Mike Harris deemed Big Thunder a " cash cow " as part of his Common Sense Revolution . Following the party 's victory in the election , the venue was closed . Even though the venue closed , it sill costs the province several hundred thousand dollars per year . The citizens group Friends of Big Thunder Bay announced on 1 March 2010 , following the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , that they had sent a letter of intent to the provincial government where they stated that they wished to re @-@ open the sports park . They intend to not only reopen the hill , but also the associated sports area and provide year @-@ round training of ski jumping , freestyle skiing , cross @-@ country skiing , mountain biking , event hosting and hiking . Ski Jumping Canada has asked the province to establish a training facility for ski jumping in Ontario , stating that lack a facilities make it difficult for Canada to produce ski jumpers for the world scene , and that this among other things will result in poor performances in the Olympics .
= = Events = =
Big Thunder was a regular site for the FIS Nordic Ski Jumping World Cup , and arranged a world cup round , typically with two jumps , every season from 1980 through 1991 . Nordic combined was , in addition to the World Championships , hosted twice , in 1989 and in 1994 . The last World Cup tournament was held in 1994 as a Pre @-@ World Championship tournament .
Contested between 9 and 19 March 1995 , the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships is the hallmark of the venue , and the only major world championship to be contested in Northern Ontario . The Nordic combined individual took place on 9 March , and was won by Fred Børre Lundberg ahead of Jari Mantila . The following day saw Japan win ahead of Norway and Finland in the Nordic combined team event . In ski jumping , the individual normal hill event took place on 12 March , which saw a double Japanese victory with Takanobu Okabe winning ahead of Hiroya Saito . The team event in the large hill on 16 March saw Finland win ahead of Germany and Japan . In the large hill individual event on 18 March , Tommy Ingebrigtsen set a new hill record and won ahead of Andreas Goldberger .
= = Results = =
The following is a list of all FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and FIS Nordic World Ski Championship tournaments held at Big Thunder , with the date , hill and top three finishing athletes or teams .
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= Battle of the Barracks =
The Battle of the Barracks ( Croatian : Bitka za vojarne ) was a series of engagements that occurred in mid @-@ to @-@ late 1991 between the Croatian National Guard ( Zbor narodne garde – ZNG , later renamed the Croatian Army ) and the Croatian police on one side and the Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) on another . The battle took place around numerous JNA posts in Croatia , starting when Croatian forces blockaded the JNA barracks , weapons storage depots and other facilities . It formally began on 14 September ; its objective was to neutralise the JNA positions in ZNG @-@ held territory and to secure arms and ammunition supplies to the poorly equipped ZNG .
The Battle of the Barracks was an escalation of the conflict between Croatian authorities and the Croatian Serbs who openly revolted in August 1990 and the JNA 's efforts to preserve the Yugoslav federation . At the same time , Croatia made moves towards achieving independence from Yugoslavia . The Battle of the Barracks briefly preceded the start of the JNA 's campaign in Croatia — itself amended in early September to add relief of the blockaded barracks to the operation plans . However , the JNA 's advance was largely curbed by the ZNG and it relieved few JNA facilities .
The ZNG and the police captured small , isolated JNA posts , and a number of large weapons depots and barracks — including the entire 32nd ( Varaždin ) Corps of the JNA . The move provided the Croatian forces with a sizable stock of weapons — including 250 tanks , hundreds of artillery pieces and a large supply of small arms and ammunition — which proved crucial in defending against JNA advances in the early stage of the Croatian War of Independence . Some of the JNA facilities surrendered without fighting , while others put up armed resistance to the takeover . In some places , this caused civilian casualties because the barracks were situated in urban areas . Legal charges of abuse of or killing captured JNA personnel , and charges of war crimes against civilian populations were filed in Croatia , but most defendants remain at large .
In November , the JNA and Croatia reached several agreements to end the blockade and withdraw JNA from Croatia . The pullout was completed by 4 January 1992 , except in areas around Dubrovnik and on the islands of Vis and Lastovo . The JNA maintained its presence there until the summer of 1992 . As the JNA withdrew from the areas it controlled in Croatia , it was replaced by the UN peacekeepers agreed upon by the Vance plan .
= = Background = =
In 1990 , ethnic tensions betweens Serbs and Croats worsened after the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia by the Croatian Democratic Union ( Hrvatska demokratska zajednica , HDZ ) . The Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) confiscated Croatia 's Territorial Defence ( Teritorijalna obrana – TO ) weapons to minimize resistance . On 17 August , the tensions escalated into an open revolt of Croatian Serbs , centred in the predominantly Serb @-@ populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin ( approximately 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) north @-@ east of Split ) , parts of the Lika , Kordun , Banovina and eastern Croatia . Serbia , supported by Montenegro and Serbia 's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo , unsuccessfully tried to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency 's approval of a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces in January 1991 . The request was denied and a bloodless skirmish between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March prompted the JNA itself to ask the federal Presidency to give it wartime authority and declare a state of emergency . Even though the request was backed by Serbia and its allies , the JNA was denied on 15 March . Serbian President Slobodan Milošević , preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit , publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency . The threat caused the JNA to gradually abandon plans to preserve Yugoslavia in favour of expansion of Serbia as the JNA came under Milošević 's control . By the end of March , the conflict had escalated to the first fatalities . In early April , leaders of Serb revolt in Croatia declared their intention to integrate the area under their control with Serbia . The Government of Croatia viewed the area as a breakaway region .
At the beginning of 1991 , Croatia had no regular army . To bolster its defence , Croatia doubled police personnel to about 20 @,@ 000 . The most effective part of the force was 3 @,@ 000 @-@ strong special police deployed in twelve battalions and adopting military organization of the units . There were also 9 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 regionally organized reserve police set up in 16 battalions and 10 companies . The reserve force lacked weapons . As a response to the deteriorating situation , the Croatian government established the Croatian National Guard ( Zbor narodne garde – ZNG ) in May by merging the special police battalions into four all @-@ professional guards brigades together consisting of approximately 8 @,@ 000 troops subordinate to the Ministry of Defence headed by retired JNA General Martin Špegelj . The regional police , by then expanded to 40 @,@ 000 , was also attached to the ZNG and reorganized in 19 brigades and 14 independent battalions . The guards brigades were the only units of the ZNG that were fully armed with small arms ; throughout the ZNG there was a lack of heavier weapons and there was no command and control structure . The shortage of heavy weapons was so severe that the ZNG resorted to use of World War II weapons taken from museums and film studios . At the time , Croatian stockpile of weapons consisted of 30 @,@ 000 small arms purchased abroad and 15 @,@ 000 previously owned by the police . A new 10 @,@ 000 @-@ strong special police was established then to replace the personnel lost to the guards brigades .
= = Prelude = =
Croatian views of the JNA 's role in the Serb revolt gradually evolved in January – September 1991 . Croatian President Franjo Tuđman 's first plan was to win support from the European Community ( EC ) and the United States for Croatia ; he dismissed advice to seize JNA barracks and storage facilities in the country . Capture of the JNA barracks and storage depots was first advocated by Špegelj in late 1990 ; he again urged Tuđman to adopt the plan in early @-@ to @-@ mid 1991 while the JNA fought Slovenia 's TO in the Ten @-@ Day War in June – July 1991 . Špegelj 's calls were echoed by Šime Đodan , who succeeded Špegelj as the Defence Minister in July . Špegelj remained in command of the ZNG .
Tuđman 's stance was motivated by his belief that Croatia could not win a war against the JNA . The ZNG was limited to defence , even though the actions of the JNA appeared to be coordinated with the Croatian Serb military . The impression was reinforced by buffer zones established by the JNA after armed conflicts between the Croatian Serb militia and the ZNG — the JNA intervened after the ZNG lost territory , leaving the Croatian Serbs in control of areas they captured before the JNA arrived . The JNA provided weapons to the Croatian Serbs , although most of the weaponry was provided from Serbia 's TO and Ministry of Internal Affairs stocks .
In July 1991 , Špegelj and Đodan 's demands were backed up by a number of Croatian Parliament members during a parliamentary debate . This led Tuđman to dismiss Đodan the same month he was appointed Defence Minister , and Špegelj resigned his post on 3 August . The deteriorating situation in eastern Croatia — including JNA forces ' removal of the ZNG from Baranja , intermittent fighting around Osijek , Vukovar and Vinkovci — increasing losses and the growing conviction that the JNA actively supported the Croatian Serb revolt — forced Tuđman to act . On 22 August , he issued an ultimatum to the federal Yugoslav authorities demanding the withdrawal of the JNA to its barracks by the end of the month . The ultimatum stated if the JNA failed to comply , Croatia would consider it an army of occupation and take corresponding action . On 1 September , the EC proposed a ceasefire and a peace conference was accepted by Tuđman — despite his ultimatum — and by the Yugoslav Presidency . The conference started on 7 September , but only four days later , the Croatian member and chair of the presidency Stjepan Mesić ordered the JNA to return to its barracks within 48 hours . The move was motivated by Tuđman 's impression that the conference would continue while the ZNG lost ground . Even though the order was disputed by other members of the body , it gave Croatia a justification to openly confront the JNA .
= = Timeline = =
Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić proposed Tuđman to implement Špegelj 's plan . According to General Anton Tus , Tuđman ordered the ZNG to capture JNA barracks on 12 September , but rescinded the order the next day . The order was reinstated on 14 September after Tus pleaded with Tuđman to authorize the move , arguing that the ZNG was running out of time . The same day , the ZNG and the Croatian police blockaded and cut utilities to all JNA facilities it had access to , beginning the Battle of the Barracks . The move blockaded 33 large JNA garrisons in Croatia , and numerous smaller facilities , including border posts and weapons and ammunition storage depots . The blockade forced the JNA to amend its campaign in Croatia plans to accommodate the new development . Several JNA posts were attacked by the ZNG before the blockade was officially sanctioned , largely in response to local battlefield situations . The first such incident was a failed attack on JNA barracks in Sinj on 25 August , in response to the deterioration of ZNG positions in the nearby village of Kijevo . On 3 September , the ZNG captured a barracks in Sisak , and on 13 September a weapons storage depot in Gospić area was captured amid fighting for control of the city . In May , 21 M @-@ 84AB tanks were captured in a Đuro Đaković factory . The tanks were due to be shipped to Kuwait , but a part of the shipment was kept by Croatia . A train transporting JNA weapons from Slovenia to Serbia was captured in Slavonski Brod on 21 August . The ZNG seized its first anti @-@ aircraft weapons , anti @-@ tank weapons , and artillery pieces there while adding to its small stock of mortars . The ZNG forces besieging the JNA facilities were mainly drawn from the local populace ; reinforcements deployed from other cities were relatively few .
= = = September = = =
On 14 September — the day Croatian forces were ordered to blockade the JNA facilities — the ZNG and the police captured the JNA barracks in Ploče , one of several barracks in Gospić , and one in nearby Perušić . The JNA garrison in Otočac — north of Gospić — also came under attack as the ZNG started to assault the barracks in the town . The " Sopnica " JNA depot near Zagreb and a JNA @-@ manned post on the Hungarian border near Pitomača were captured that day . In response to the blockade of their barracks in Vukovar , the JNA dispatched a force to relieve the siege . The next day , the ZNG and the police captured a JNA depot near Popovec — west of Zagreb — and another depot near Slavonski Brod . At the same time , fighting erupted around JNA facilities in Varaždin , and two JNA border posts were captured north of Virovitica .
On 16 September , Croatian forces captured a JNA barracks and another storage depot in Slavonski Brod , and two barracks in Ogulin , while fighting erupted around a JNA post in Oštarije . Croatian forces also captured the Žrnovnica missile base and JNA weapons storage facilities near Daruvar , Otočac , Križevci and Virovitica . On 17 September , Croatian forces captured the JNA barracks in Daruvar , Ogulin , Čakovec , Križevci , Virovitica , Požega , two JNA barracks in the Šibenik – Rogoznica area and one in Varaždin . A JNA depot was captured near Zagreb ( Duboki Jarak ) . On 18 September , three additional barracks in Varaždin , one near Rogoznica and two in Đakovo — together with all remaining JNA facilities in Gospić , a nearby weapons storage facility , a communications facility near Garešnica and dozens of border posts — surrendered to Croatian forces .
On 19 September , the ZNG clashed with the JNA garrison at the Logorište barracks in Karlovac , captured a communications facility at Platak near Rijeka an additional JNA barracks and a storage depot in Varaždin , restricting the JNA to the barracks housing headquarters of the JNA Varaždin Corps . By 20 September , when the JNA launched a campaign against the ZNG throughout Croatia , more than 60 JNA facilities in Croatia — including 15 barracks and 11 storage depots — had surrendered or were captured . The JNA barracks in Našice surrendered on 21 September . The JNA Varaždin Corps surrendered the next day , providing the ZNG with a major caché of weapons . In the first few days of the blockade , the Croatian forces also captured several small JNA posts in Split , but no large JNA facility in the city .
In mid @-@ September , seven JNA facilities in Zadar , including three barracks , were captured . The most significant captured facility was the " Turske kuće " barracks , which contained a large caché of small arms and ammunition . The Yugoslav Air Force carried out air strikes against the facility the next day — following a pattern that was established at the time — to hinder the removal of weapons from captured JNA facilities . On 23 September , a ZNG assault on a large JNA weapons storage site in Sveti Rok — located between Gospić and Zadar — failed . The two remaining JNA barracks under Croatian blockade — in Vinkovci and Osijek — were abandoned by the JNA by 26 September . The Osijek garrison managed to break out from its besieged barracks and joined the JNA troops south and east of the city , while the evacuation of the Vinkovci barracks was negotiated between Croatian authorities and the JNA . The negotiations were initiated after the JNA 1st Guards Mechanised Division reached Vinkovci on 25 September , forcing the ZNG to accept the evacuation . A JNA facility on the island of Korčula surrendered its equipment to the ZNG on 26 September .
On 29 September , Croatian forces captured two barracks and three storage depots in and around Bjelovar after a day @-@ long battle , while the fourth storage facility was blown up by its commanding officer , JNA Major Milan Tepić . The explosion killed Tepić and eleven members of the besieging force . It was heard 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) away and caused damage in nearby villages . The same day , a weapons storage facility in Koprivnica and a border post near Virovitica were captured by the ZNG and the Croatian police . The JNA 73rd Motorized Brigade surrendered in Koprivnica the next day .
On 14 / 15 September , Croatian forces seized a DJČ @-@ 612 landing craft from the Yugoslav Navy while it was undergoing repairs in Vela Luka shipyard ; they sailed the vessel the same night into the Cetina River . Between 16 and 22 September , Croatian forces captured the Kuline barracks in Šibenik and the 15 Yugoslav Navy vessels based there , as well as a further 19 vessels that were being overhauled in the " Velimir Škorpik " shipyard . The vessels , comprising approximately one @-@ quarter of the Yugoslav Navy 's assets , included : the Vlado Ćetković ( RTOP @-@ 402 ) Končar @-@ class fast attack craft ( renamed Šibenik ( RTOP @-@ 21 ) later on ) , the Velimir Škorpik ( RČ @-@ 310 ) Osa @-@ class missile boat , the Partizan II ( TČ @-@ 222 ) Shershen @-@ class torpedo boat and the Biokovo ( PČ @-@ 171 ) , Cer ( PČ @-@ 180 ) and Durmitor ( PČ @-@ 181 ) Mirna @-@ class patrol boats . Also , a ship in the final stages of construction was captured in the Kraljevica Shipyard the same month . She was launched in 1992 as Kralj Petar Krešimir IV ( RTOP @-@ 11 ) missile boat . In September , seven coastal artillery bases near Šibenik and on the islands of Šolta , Brač and Korčula were captured .
= = = October = = =
On 3 October , Croatian forces captured the " Joža Vlahović " JNA barracks in Koprivnica , and a communications post and a border post near the city . The next day , the JNA barracks in Sinj and its nearby land mine storage facility were abandoned after a negotiated agreement . In early October , two JNA artillery regiments based in the " Šepurine " barracks near Zadar broke through a siege of their base and joined the JNA attack on the city . By 5 October , Zadar was completely surrounded by the JNA and the situation prompted Croatian authorities in the city to seek a ceasefire and negotiations . The ceasefire was arranged the same day , while the negotiations , held on 7 – 9 October , brought about the lifting of the JNA siege of Zadar and the evacuation of the remaining JNA garrison and its equipment from the city . The evacuation , involving seven JNA facilities , started on 11 October and took 15 days . The agreement stipulated that the evacuated units would leave Croatian soil and the JNA generally respected the obligation , even though twenty truckloads of weapons were left to the Serbian population in the hinterland around Zadar .
In the wake of the bombing of Banski dvori of 7 October , Croatian authorities instructed the ZNG to assault and capture JNA barracks in the Zagreb area if commanders considered it possible . The instructions did not result in attacks in Zagreb itself , but JNA barracks in Samobor were captured by Croatian forces on the day of the bombing . The declaration of the independence of Croatia came into force the next day .
On 13 October , the JNA mostly destroyed and abandoned its barracks at Oštarije , and a JNA weapons storage facility in Rijeka was damaged in a fire caused by a thunderstorm . The ZNG removed some weapons from the latter while the firefighters were called in to save individual storage structures . The next day , the JNA began moving the remaining weapons from the damaged storage to elsewhere in the city . While a convoy of 18 trucks was moving through Rijeka , 15 vehicles carrying weapons were diverted and captured by the ZNG . At the same time , personnel at the JNA 's Borongaj barracks in Zagreb were allowed to evacuate in return for free passage of a convoy carrying humanitarian aid to Vukovar , where the battle to control the city was in progress .
= = = November = = =
After a period of siege with little or no activity , the JNA forces in the Logorište barracks in the Karlovac area broke through the blockade towards the JNA @-@ held territory to the east of the city in the Battle of Logorište , which lasted from 4 to 6 November . The Croatian forces besieging the barracks were more numerous , but the JNA had superiority in armour and artillery . After it was abandoned by the JNA , the barracks still contained weapons which were taken away by the Croatian troops by November 13 . The ZNG was renamed the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) in early November . It captured the Jamadol barracks and storage facility in Karlovac on 4 November , while the fighting around the Logorište barracks was in progress . The following day , the HV captured JNA barracks and several weapons storage facilities in Delnice . The attacks were ordered to capture ammunition needed by the HV because its stockpile was running low .
On 8 November , Davorin Rudolf representing Croatian authorities , and Lieutenant Colonel General Marijan Čad — JNA commanding officer of the 13th ( Rijeka ) Corps — agreed to evacuate the corps personnel and equipment from Croatia . The agreement , made after negotiations supervised and supported by the European Community Monitor Mission ( ECMM ) would later serve as a model for similar agreements elsewhere in Croatia . Čad made the agreement at his own initiative , with the support of the JNA Fifth Military District , after receiving an order from the JNA Chief of Staff Colonel General Blagoje Adžić to destroy the JNA facilities in Rijeka and to attack industrial plants and infrastructure in or near the city . The agreement was not affected by the HV capture of the Draga barracks and weapons stored there on 9 November . The JNA 13th ( Rijeka ) Corps started to evacuate by sea to Montenegrin ports on 18 November .
Following negotiations , the JNA evacuated its Jastrebarsko barracks on 13 November . The garrison left , under ECMM escort , to Bosnia and Herzegovina . The next day , an agreement to evacuate the JNA from Šibenik was made in the village of Žitnić near Drniš . The Yugoslav Navy 's bombardment of Split , Šolta and Brač on 15 November — in response to the loss of a Mukos ( PČ @-@ 176 ) patrol boat — and the subsequent Battle of the Dalmatian channels appeared to have derailed the Žitnić agreement .
In Žitnić on 21 November , another agreement to evacuate the JNA and the Yugoslav Navy from the Šibenik – Split area and surrender of the confiscated TO weapons stored there was signed by Rudolf and the JNA Maritime @-@ Military District commanding officer Major General Nikola Mladenić . It was followed by another agreement to the same effect which was signed in Split two days later by Mladenić and Croatian Admiral Sveto Letica , defining that the pullout should be completed within 30 days . The agreement also provided for a cease @-@ fire in northern Dalmatia and the lifting of the Yugoslav Navy 's blockade of the Croatian coast . The agreement did not include evacuation of the Yugoslav Navy from its bases on the islands of Vis and Lastovo . Tensions remained high throughout the process and the JNA made contingency plans to break through from Knin to Šibenik and Split and relieve the siege of its forces there — these plans were codenamed Operation Coast @-@ 91 ( Operacija Obala @-@ 91 ) and Operation Hurricane @-@ 91 ( Operacija Orkan @-@ 91 ) respectively .
Amid international pressure on Croatia to end the siege of the JNA garrison in Zagreb , Croatian authorities and the JNA signed an agreement on 22 November to evacuate all remaining JNA forces from Croatia . The agreement was signed in Zagreb , by HV Colonel Imra Agotić and Lieutenant Colonel General Andrija Rašeta in presence of the ECMM monitors . The agreement was confirmed the next day in Geneva when the Geneva Accord was signed by Tuđman , Milošević and the Yugoslav defence minister , JNA General Veljko Kadijević .
= = Aftermath = =
The ZNG quickly captured isolated JNA facilities , depots and several major posts , seizing a large quantity of weapons , including the entire stocks of the JNA 32nd ( Varaždin ) Corps and nearly all the weapons previously confiscated from the Croatia 's TO . The JNA lost control of eight brigades — including one armoured brigade , two mechanized brigades and three artillery regiments — and additional forces in the JNA Fifth Military District and the Military @-@ Maritime District remained pinned down by the blockade . The Significance of the Battle of the Barracks was reinforced by introduction of a United Nations ( UN ) arms embargo on 25 September . The Battle of the Barracks resulted in a large increase of ZNG / HV capabilities — allowing complete arming of its existing units , raising of additional 40 – 42 brigades and fielding 200 @,@ 000 troops and 40 @,@ 000 police by the end of the year . In the battle , the ZNG / HV captured 250 tanks , 400 – 500 heavy artillery pieces , 180 @,@ 000 small arms and 2 million tonnes of ammunition . In addition , 3 @,@ 000 officers left the JNA and joined the HV .
While there is no information on the number of troops involved or casualties sustained on either side , the JNA garrisons in Croatia were significantly undermanned at the time . The JNA order of battle , developed in the 1980s , specified a handful of battalions at full combat readiness in Croatia . Those were elements of the 140th Mechanised Brigade in Zagreb , the 31st Armoured Brigade in Dugo Selo near Zagreb , the 12th Proletarian Mechanised Brigade in Osijek , the 11th Marine Infantry Brigade in Šibenik and the 139th Marine Infantry Brigade in Pula . In 1990 , the " A " classification — requiring 60 – 100 % troop levels , — was assigned to the 4th Armoured Brigade in Jastrebarsko , a battalion of the 622nd Motorised Brigade in Petrinja , the 13th Proletarian Motorised Brigade in Rijeka , and the 265th Mechanised Brigade in Bjelovar and Koprivnica . The 221st Motorised Brigade based in Knin was reinforced with " A " class armoured and mechanised battalions . In addition , an armoured battalion was added to the 622nd Mechanised Brigade , and a mechanised battalion to JNA garrisons in Vinkovci and Vukovar each in May 1991 . Likewise , Croatian forces were strained between maintaining the blockade and manning the positions held against the JNA and Croatian Serb militias elsewhere . Surrendered JNA troops were either transported to Serbia , exchanged for prisoners of war captured elsewhere , or were given civilian clothing and released .
Both in 1991 and years later , Špegelj criticised Tuđman 's decision to disregard his advice to attack the JNA barracks earlier than September — specifically during the Ten @-@ Day War in Slovenia in June – July 1991 . Špegelj said that an earlier move , preempting deterioration of the strategic situation in Croatia , would best serve Croatian defensive needs . Furthermore , he said that the JNA would be unable to respond in force because it would need two months to mobilise the required forces and that all prerequisites for a decisive victory against the JNA were met . Tus thought that Tuđman kept postponing the blockade because of the pressure applied by the international community against confrontation with the JNA . Zdravko Tomac , deputy prime minister of a national unity government in Croatia at the time , and later an opposition leader , stated that while Špegelj 's view was militarily correct , Tuđman 's position was politically better . Kadijević conversely said that the JNA would have fared better if Croatian forces had confronted it earlier because the JNA 's capabilities declined during the summer of 1991 .
= = = Vance plan = = =
The JNA campaign in Croatia ended in a stalemate , leading the belligerents to accept an internationally supervised ceasefire , formulated as the Vance plan — a result of a diplomatic mission by the Special Envoy of the Secretary @-@ General of the United Nations Cyrus Vance , aided by United States diplomat Herbert Okun , and Under @-@ Secretary @-@ General of the United Nations for Special Political Affairs Marrack Goulding , to Yugoslavia aimed at securing a negotiated end to hostilities in Croatia . The plan proposed a ceasefire , the protection of civilians in specific areas designated as UN Protected Areas and deployment of a UN force to Croatia . The Vance plan provided for the end of the Croatian blockade of the JNA barracks , the withdrawal of all JNA personnel and equipment from Croatia , the implementation of a ceasefire and the facilitation of delivery of humanitarian aid . The parties to the accord also agreed to the deployment of a UN peacekeeping mission in Croatia , later initiated through the subsequent United Nations Security Council Resolution 721 of 27 November . As a consequence of organizational problems and breaches of the last ceasefire agreement , the UN peacekeepers only started to deploy on 8 March 1992 .
= = = Evacuation of the JNA = = =
The JNA continued to evacuate following the Geneva Accord . The remaining seven JNA facilities in Rijeka area were evacuated during November , and the last barracks evacuated were those in Trsat on 10 December . In Šibenik , the JNA evacuated two barracks and four depots from 25 November until 24 December , turning the confiscated Croatian TO weapons over to the HV on 10 December — but the weapons remained in a sealed storage under ECMM supervision until 25 December as required by the Žitnić agreement . Most the evacuation took place by rail via Knin , and part of the force was moved by sea to Montenegro . The evacuation agreement required — as in case of the Zadar evacuation — the removal of the evacuated units from Croatian soil ; the JNA only partly fulfilled that criterion . The " Divulje " base of the JNA near Trogir started to evacuate by sea on 4 December , after an additional agreement signed by Rudolf and Mladenić regulating surrender of the TO weapons to the HV and the evacuation of the Lora naval base in Split .
The evacuation was halted again when it was determined that some of the TO weapons were missing from the JNA facilities in Split . The issue was resolved through an agreement of 18 December made between Rašeta and Agotić stipulating that the JNA would provide the HV with the missing weapons from its own stocks , and the evacuation resumed . Since the JNA did not have sufficient weapons to achieve that criterion in Split , a Yugoslav Navy ship delivered 250 tonnes ( 250 long tons ; 280 short tons ) of weapons and ammunition from Kumbor in Montenegro to Split on 1 January 1992 . The last JNA forces left the area of Split on 4 January .
The JNA also evacuated its facilities elsewhere in Croatia . Pullout from the Maršal Tito and Kerestinec barracks in Zagreb started on 30 November , and was completed by the end of 1991 . Istria was evacuated by the JNA and the Yugoslav Navy on 15 December , handing over the Croatian TO weapons to the HV . The quantity of the TO weapons handed over in Istria — where the JNA evacuated 78 facilities — was enough to arm two combat brigades . In December 1991 , only minor clashes occurred around the JNA facilities that were still under the HV blockade , including a minor , unsuccessful HV attack on Mekušje barracks in Karlovac . Despite the Geneva Accord requiring an immediate withdrawal of JNA personnel and equipment , the JNA remained for seven to eight months . When its troops eventually withdrew from Croatia , the JNA left their equipment to the Republic of Serbian Krajina , established in the JNA @-@ held areas of Croatia on 19 December . The JNA and the Yugoslav Navy kept their bases on Vis and Lastovo islands until early June 1992 before pulling out unilaterally . The JNA maintained positions near Dubrovnik until July , while the naval blockade of the city was lifted on 26 May 1992 .
= = War crimes = =
Croatian authorities charged the deputy head of the Bjelovar police operations department and three special police force members with the deaths of five JNA prisoners and the shooting of a civilian following the surrender of the Bjelovar barracks . They were acquitted after 12 years of legal proceedings , after the Supreme Court of Croatia twice ordered a re @-@ trial . The Head of Bjelovar crisis centre was also charged with war crimes in 2012 , but as of 2013 his trial is still pending . Croatia also charged numerous JNA officers who held posts in the blockaded garrisons . In Osijek , 13 JNA officers were charged with war crimes against the civilian population , including causing the deaths of 307 persons and severe injuries to 171 persons , but none were arrested as of 2013 .
War crime charges were brought against JNA commander of the 32nd ( Varaždin ) Corps , General Vladimir Trifunović . He was charged by Croatia with the deaths of six individuals and the wounding of a further 37 . After a trial in absentia , he was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years in prison in 1991 . Three years later , in 1994 , Trifunović was charged in Yugoslavia with treason because he surrendered the entire JNA corps to the ZNG . He was convicted and sentenced to 11 years in prison . In early 1996 , he was pardoned and released , and the Yugoslav authorities paid him € 62 @,@ 000 compensation for spending nearly two years in a prison . In 2013 , Trifunović formally requested re @-@ trial in Croatia .
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= Tomb of Horrors =
Tomb of Horrors is an adventure module written by Gary Gygax for the Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) role @-@ playing game . It was originally written for and used at the 1975 Origins 1 convention . Gygax designed the adventure both to challenge the skill of expert players in his own campaign , and to test players who boasted of having mighty player characters able to best any challenge . The module , coded S1 , was the first in the S @-@ series , or special series of modules . Several versions of the adventure have been published , the first in 1978 , and the most recent , published for the D & D fourth edition , in 2010 . It also served as the basis for a novel published in 2002 .
The module 's plot revolves around the tomb of the demi @-@ lich Acererak . The player characters must battle their way past a variety of monsters and traps , with the ultimate goal of destroying Acererak . Tomb of Horrors is considered one of the greatest Dungeons & Dragons modules of all time , as well as one of the most difficult . The module has influenced later Dungeons & Dragons products , and was followed by three other ( unrelated ) modules in the S @-@ series : S2 White Plume Mountain , S3 Expedition to the Barrier Peaks , and S4 The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth .
= = Plot summary = =
Tomb of Horrors is set in the World of Greyhawk , a D & D campaign setting . In Tomb of Horrors , the adventurers encounter a number of tricks and traps while attempting to penetrate the tomb of a dead wizard . As the scenario begins , the players are told that the evil wizard Acererak is said to linger in his ancient tomb in undead form . Originally a powerful lich , he has ( unbeknownst to the players ) become a demi @-@ lich , a more powerful form of undead that has transcended the need for any physical body apart from its skull . Player characters must survive the deadly traps in the tomb and fight their way into the demi @-@ lich 's elaborately concealed inner sanctum to destroy him once and for all .
The module is divided into thirty @-@ three encounters , beginning with two false entrances to the tomb , and ending with " The Crypt of Acererak the Demi @-@ Lich " . Example encounters are the " Huge Pit Filled with 200 Spikes " ( section 20 ) , or encounter 22 , " The Cavern of Gold and Silver Mists " : " The mists are silvery and shot through with delicate streamers of golden color . Vision extends only 6 ' . There is a dim aura of good if detected for . Those who step into the mist must save versus poison or become idiots until they can breathe the clean air above ground under the warm sun . " The module ends with the destruction of Acererak , without any postscript .
= = Publication history = =
Tomb of Horrors was written by Gary Gygax for official D & D tournament play at the 1975 Origins 1 convention . Gygax developed the adventure from an idea by Alan Lucien , one of his original AD & D playtesters , " and I admit to chuckling evilly as I did so . " Gygax designed the Tomb of Horrors modules for two related purposes . First , Gygax explains , " There were several very expert players in my campaign , and this was meant as yet another challenge to their skill — and the persistence of their theretofore @-@ invincible characters . Specifically , I had in mind foiling Rob Kuntz 's PC , Robilar , and Ernie Gygax 's PC , Tenser . " Second , so that he was " ready for those fans [ players ] who boasted of having mighty PCs able to best any challenge offered by the AD & D game . "
Tomb of Horrors was revised in late 1977 for publication as an AD & D module . In 1978 , TSR , Inc. published the module with a monochrome cover , revised and updated for use with first edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules . The module included a twenty @-@ page book , a twelve @-@ page book , and an outer folder ; the original printing featured a two @-@ color cover . The module features a book of illustrations to show to players as the adventure unfolds . Tomb of Horrors was republished in 1981 as a thirty @-@ two page booklet with identical text but a new , full @-@ color cover . The module has been described as the first of a series of high @-@ level scenarios , and was included as part of the Realms of Horror abridged compilation produced in 1987 .
In 1998 , the module was reprinted as part of the Return to the Tomb of Horrors module — a substantial expansion and sequel to the original adventure , written for 2nd Edition AD & D rules . Wizards of the Coast released an updated version of the original module as a free download for Halloween 2005 , retaining much of the original content ; the updated content is from the Dungeons & Dragons supplement book Libris Mortis . This updated version was designed for use with the Dungeons & Dragons 3 @.@ 5 Edition rules . Tomb of Horrors was also adapted into a novel of the same name by Keith Francis Strohm for the Greyhawk Classics series published by Wizards of the Coast in 2002 .
In July 2010 , Wizards of the Coast released two adventures bearing the Tomb of Horrors name . One is a hardcover super @-@ adventure written by Ari Marmell and Scott Fitzgerald Gray , which builds on and expands the legend of the original Tomb using the canon of Return to the Tomb of Horrors as a starting point . The second Tomb of Horrors is a conversion and update of the original module for 4th Edition rules , written by Scott Fitzgerald Gray and released to members of the RPGA as part of the DM Rewards program .
All four modules of the S @-@ series were included as part of the Dungeons of Dread hardcover collection , released on March 19 , 2013 . Lawrence Schick wrote in the foreword : " The dungeon of the demi @-@ lich Acererak was , for Gary , a kind of thought experiment : If an undead sorcerer really wanted to keep his tomb from being plundered by greedy adventurers , how would he do it ? The answer , of course , was to defend the crypt with tricks and traps designed not to challenge the intruders but to kill them dead . And furthermore , to do it in ways so horrific that all but the most determined party would give up and leave well enough alone . "
= = Reception = =
Tomb of Horrors was ranked the 3rd greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004 . Dungeon Master for Dummies lists Tomb of Horrors as one of the ten best classic adventures , and posits that many of the adventure 's traps would kill a character just for making poor choices . Lawrence Schick , in his 1991 book Heroic Worlds , calls the adventure " A very difficult scenario " .
Don Turnbull reviewed Tomb of Horrors in issue No. 13 of the magazine White Dwarf , and gave the module a rating of 10 out of 10 . Turnbull commented on the adventure 's difficulty , noting that the dungeon is " sprinkled extensively with subtle , insidious and carefully laid traps , and it will be a fortunate adventurer who manages to avoid them " . He felt that the illustration booklet would add a great deal to the adventure 's atmosphere and felt that the pre @-@ generated character roster was useful . Turnbull noted that the module is " very hard and will be hard for the DM to learn in advance , though this is an essential prerequisite of running it properly for it is much more subtle than the G or D modules " , and he said that this module has in common with those modules an " excellent format , for instance , and the comprehensive way in which the scenario is introduced . TSR 's high quality has not been in any way compromised , and in S1 it has even been improved upon . "
Wayne MacLaurin of SF Site describes the module as " a classic " and a " must have " for gamers , saying that when he played the game in high school , most of his group 's characters quickly died . MacLaurin explains that Tomb of Horrors is a classic not because of its difficulty , but because it was the first module that did not involve killing large amounts of monsters ; it was a " collection of puzzles and maps . " Its focus on traps rather than monsters was a surprise to gamers at the time . One technique that some players used to get past the deathtraps was to drive cattle ahead of them , which Lore Sjöberg of Wired described as " a bit less than heroic " , noting that in Lord of the Rings Gandalf did not send " 50 head of cattle into the Mines of Moria to serve as Balrog bait . " David M. Ewalt , in his book Of Dice and Men , discussed the adventure 's reputation as " the deadliest game ever written " , noting that it " unloads a series of complicated puzzles and nightmarish traps " on characters , concluding that " Few survive long enough to collect any treasure , and even fewer manage to find their way back through the deadly maze and escape with their spoils . "
Something Awful presented a humorous article about the ways that Tomb of Horrors is the bane of gamers everywhere since it is basically a series of traps that kills off most of the characters . " One of the best ( worst ) things about this module is that Acererak the demi @-@ lich is a huge asshole . He 's an asshole for filling his tomb with traps AND treasure , he 's an asshole because he leaves little messages throughout his tomb bragging about how he 's going to kill the players . "
Tomb of Horrors has also influenced later Dungeons & Dragons products . Jason Bulmahn used the module , as well as Indiana Jones , as inspiration for some of the traps in the 2007 D & D supplement Dungeonscape . The computer role @-@ playing game Icewind Dale , developed by Black Isle Studios , was influenced by the module ; Black Isle Studios division director Feargus Urquhart said , " We wanted something that reminded everyone of their first foray into dungeons like the Tomb of Horrors , with traps around every corner , and the undead crawling out of the walls . "
Tomb of Horrors is mentioned several times in the novel Ready Player One by Ernest Cline , which is set in a virtual reality world created by a man who was a fan of the module .
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= Amanita exitialis =
Amanita exitialis , also known as the Guangzhou destroying angel , is a mushroom of the large genus Amanita . It is distributed in eastern Asia , and probably also in India where it has been misidentified as A. verna . Deadly poisonous , it is a member of section Phalloideae and related to the death cap A. phalloides . The fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) are white , small to medium @-@ sized with caps up to 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter , a somewhat friable ring and a firm volva . Unlike most agaric mushrooms which typically have four @-@ spored basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) , the basidia of A. exitialis are almost entirely two @-@ spored . Eight people were fatally poisoned in China after consuming the mushroom in 2000 , and another 20 have been fatally poisoned since that incident . Molecular analysis shows that the species has a close phylogenetic relationship with three other toxic white Amanitas : A. subjunquillea var. alba , A. virosa and A. bisporigera .
= = Taxonomy , classification , and phylogeny = =
Zhu @-@ Liang Yang and Tai @-@ Hui Li discovered the species by reexamining various herbarium specimens of white Amanita typically referred to as either A. verna or A. virosa . They realized that collections referred to as these European species actually comprised three taxa new to science or the region . The holotype specimen of A. exitialis is located in the Mycological Herbarium of Guangdong Institute of Microbiology .
In 2005 , Zhang and colleagues performed a phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS sequences of several white @-@ bodied toxic Amanita species . Their results support a clade containing four lethal Amanita species with white fruit bodies . A. exitialis has two @-@ spored basidia similar to the North American species A. bisporigera , but A. exitialis has a closer phylogenetic relationship with Amanita subjunquillea var. alba , a four @-@ spored white lethal species from China . The specific epithet exitialis derives from the Latin word " destructive " , and refers to the lethally poisonous nature of the mushroom .
Amanita exitialis is classified in the section Phalloideae of the genus Amanita . Species of this section share the following characteristics : spores that are not strongly elongated , and never with a cyclindric shape ; flesh not reddening upon bruising ; lamellulae ( short gills that do not reach the edge of the cap ) abruptly cut off ; a well @-@ formed pouch- or sac @-@ like membranous volva . All species of Phalloideae are ectomycorrhizal and contain amatoxins .
= = Description = =
The cap is 4 – 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter , initially egg @-@ shaped , then convex but flattening with age , and sometimes slightly depressed at the center . The cap surface is smooth , white , but cream @-@ colored in the center . The margin ( cap edge ) is non @-@ striate , non @-@ appendiculate ( without any partial veil remnants hanging along the cap margin ) ; the flesh white . The gills are free from attachment to the stem , white to whitish , crowded closely together , and up to 5 mm in height . The lamellulae are long and tapering , plentiful , and arranged in 2 – 3 tiers . The stem is 7 – 9 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) by 0 @.@ 5 – 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 4 in ) , roughly cylindrical or slightly tapering upward , with apex slightly expanded . The surface is white to whitish , smooth , or sometimes with fibrous small scales . The bulb at the base of the stem is roughly spherical and 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) wide . The volva is limbate ( has a distinct edge ) , thin , membranous , with free limb up to 7 mm in height , and both surfaces are white . The ring is near the top of the stem , thin , membranous , white , persistent or may be torn from the stem during expansion of the cap . All tissues of the fruit body will turn yellow if a drop of dilute potassium hydroxide is applied .
The spores are spherical or nearly so , rarely broadly ellipsoid , and measure 9 @.@ 5 – 12 by 9 – 11 @.@ 5 µm . They are hyaline ( translucent ) and colorless , amyloid ( absorbing iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) , thin @-@ walled , smooth , and have a small apiculus . The spore @-@ bearing cells , the basidia , are 27 – 55 by 10 – 15 µm , club @-@ shaped , and two @-@ spored ( rarely one @-@ spored ) . They have sterigmata ( slender projections that attach the spores ) that are 5 – 7 µm long .
= = = Similar species = = =
Amanita exitialis is similar to A. bisporigera , a species originally described by George Francis Atkinson from the United States . In comparison to A. exitialis , A. bisporigera differs by its lower placement of the ring on the stem , smaller spores ( typically 8 – 9 @.@ 5 by 7 – 8 @.@ 5 µm ) , and different structure of the volva . American specimens of A. bisporigera have more abundant inflated cells than that of A. exitialis . Two other white Asian species , A. oberwinklerana and A. subjunquillea var. alba also resemble A. exitialis , but are four @-@ spored .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
The fruit bodies of A. exitialis grow solitarily or in groups on the ground in coniferous forests . It is known only from the type locality , Guangdong Province . In a 2003 survey of Indian Amanita species , the authors mention several collections identified as A. verna , from various locations in the Indian provinces Maharashtra , Orissa , and Rajasthan . As Bhatt et al. explain , the material collected by Dhanchiola in Orissa and identified as A. virosa has two @-@ spored basidia , and his description matches that of A. exitialis .
Field observations suggest that the mushroom associates mycorrhizally with the plant Castanopsis fissa , a deciduous tree found only in the southern provinces of China , such as Guangdong , Yunnan and Hunan . Mushroom fruitings are abundant in the warm spring rains of March and April , although they are also seen in May to July .
= = Toxicity = =
The content and distribution of the main amatoxins ( alpha @-@ amanitin , beta @-@ amanitin ) and phallotoxins ( phallacidin , phallisin , phalloin , phalloidin ) in the three tissues ( cap , stipe and volva ) of Amanita exitialis have been determined using high @-@ performance liquid chromatography . The cap had the highest content of total toxins , reaching over 8000 µg / g dry weight ( µg of toxin per gram of dried tissue ) , the toxins content in the stem was over 3700 µg / g dry weight , whereas the volva had the lowest content of total toxins , with about 1150 µg / g dry weight . Amatoxins content ( alpha @-@ amanitin and beta @-@ amanitins especially alpha @-@ amanitin ) in the cap , stem or volva of A. exitialis was higher than that of Phallotoxins ( Phallacidin , Phallisin , Phalloidin and Phalloin ) , but the content of phallotoxins ( especially phallacidin ) was gradually higher from cap to stem and to volva . A 2011 study reported the presence of additional toxins amaninamide , phallacin , phallisacin and desoxoviridin . A Chinese study concluded that this species had the highest mortality rate of all toxic mushrooms in China . It has been estimated that about 50 grams ( 1 @.@ 8 oz ) of fresh mushrooms contains sufficient toxin to cause the death of a 50 @-@ kilogram ( 110 lb ) adult . In March 2000 , nine people consumed the mushroom in Guangzhou , and only one survived . Since 2000 , another 20 people have died in the southern provinces of China from consuming the mushroom .
Toxic peptides from Amanita species have been widely used in biological research as chemical agents to inhibit RNA polymerase II , an enzyme essential for protein synthesis . However , these toxic peptides can only be obtained from fruit bodies collected from natural habitats , and are consequently expensive . Some success has been reported in extracting peptide toxins directly from the mycelia of Amanita exitialis grown in liquid culture . Although the toxin concentration in the mycelium is only about 10 % of that in fruiting bodies , the authors suggest that is possible to increase the amatoxin production by optimizing the growth conditions .
= = Bioactive compounds = =
The fruit bodies of Amanita exitialis contain a unique purine nucleoside that is coupled with an amino acid derivative named N2- ( 1 @-@ methoxycarbonylethyl ) guanosine . The discovery and identification of this chemical was the first report of a naturally occurring nucleoside in which an amino acid derivative is bonded through its α @-@ amino nitrogen ( the nitrogen bonded to the α @-@ carbon ) to a nucleobase aglycone by a C @-@ N ( carbon to nitrogen ) bond . The new compound was determined to be toxic in the brine shrimp lethality test , but it did not have cytotoxic activity against a variety of human cancer cell lines . Other compounds isolated from the fungus include β @-@ carboline and russulaceramide ( a ceramide formerly found in some Russula mushrooms ) .
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= Knights of Columbus =
The Knights of Columbus is the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization . Founded by Father Michael J. McGivney in New Haven , Connecticut , in 1882 , it was named in honor of the mariner Christopher Columbus . Originally serving as a mutual benefit society to low @-@ income immigrant Catholics , it developed into a fraternal benefit society dedicated to providing charitable services , promoting Catholic education and Catholic public policy positions , and actively defending Roman Catholicism in various nations .
There are 1 @,@ 883 @,@ 598 members in nearly 15 @,@ 000 councils , with 302 councils on college campuses . Membership is limited to " practical " Catholic men aged 18 or older . Membership consists of four different degrees , each exemplifying a different principle of the Order . The Order is a member of the International Alliance of Catholic Knights .
Councils have been chartered in the United States ( including the territories of Puerto Rico , the Virgin Islands and Guam ) , Canada , the Philippines , Mexico , Poland , the Dominican Republic , Panama , the Bahamas , Cuba , Guatemala , Saipan , South Korea , Ukraine , Lithuania , and on US military bases around the world . The Knights ' official junior organization , the Columbian Squires , has over 5 @,@ 000 circles and the Order 's patriotic arm , the Fourth Degree , has more than 2 @,@ 500 assemblies .
For their support for the Church and local communities , as well as for their philanthropic efforts , Pope John Paul II referred to the Order as a " strong right arm of the Church . " In 2014 , the Order gave over US $ 173 million directly to charity and performed over 71 @.@ 5 million man @-@ hours of voluntary service . Over 413 @,@ 000 US pints ( 195 @,@ 000 l ; 344 @,@ 000 imp pt ) of blood were donated in 2010 .
The Order 's insurance program has more than 2 million insurance contracts , totaling more than US $ 100 billion of life insurance in force . This is backed up by $ 21 billion in assets as of 2014 . Within the United States on the national and state level , the Order is active in the political arena lobbying for laws and positions that uphold the Catholic Church 's positions on public policy and social issues .
= = History = =
= = = Founding = = =
Michael J. McGivney , an Irish @-@ American Catholic priest , founded the Knights of Columbus in New Haven , Connecticut . He gathered a group of men from St. Mary 's Parish for an organizational meeting on October 2 , 1881 , and the Order was incorporated under the laws of the state of Connecticut on March 29 , 1882 . Although the first councils were all in that state , the Order spread throughout New England and the United States in subsequent years . By 1889 , there were 300 councils comprising 40 @,@ 000 knights . Twenty years later , in 1909 , there were 230 @,@ 000 knights in 1 @,@ 300 councils .
The Order was intended as a mutual benefit society . These organizations , which combined social aspects and ritual were especially flourishing during the latter third of the nineteenth century , the so @-@ called " Golden Age of Fraternalism . " As a parish priest in an immigrant community , McGivney saw what could happen to a family when the main income earner died , and wanted to provide insurance to care for the widows and orphans left behind . He also had to temporarily leave his seminary studies to care for his family when his father died . However , Roman Catholics In the late 19th century were regularly excluded from labor unions , popular fraternal organizations and other organized groups that provided social services and papal encyclicals issued by the Holy See prohibited Roman Catholics participating as lodge members within Freemasonry . McGivney wished to provide them an alternative . He also believed that Catholicism and fraternalism were not incompatible and wanted to found a society to encourage men to be proud of their American @-@ Catholic heritage .
McGivney traveled to Boston to examine the Massachusetts Catholic Order of Foresters and to Brooklyn to learn about the recently established Catholic Benevolent League , both of which offered insurance benefits . He found the latter to be lacking the excitement he thought was needed if his organization were to compete with the secret societies of the day . He expressed an interest in establishing a New Haven Court of the Foresters , but the charter of Massachusetts Foresters prevented them from operating outside their Commonwealth . McGivney 's committee of St. Mary 's parishioners decided to form a club that was entirely original .
The name of Columbus was also partially intended as a mild rebuke to Anglo @-@ Saxon Protestant leaders , who upheld the explorer ( a Catholic Genovese Italian working for Catholic Spain ) as an American hero , yet simultaneously sought to marginalize recent Catholic immigrants . In taking Columbus as their patron , they were expressing their belief that not only could Catholics be full members of American society , but were instrumental in its foundation . McGivney had originally conceived of the name " Sons of Columbus " , but James T. Mullen , who would become the first Supreme Knight , successfully suggested that " Knights of Columbus " would better capture the ritualistic nature of the new organization .
By the time of the first annual convention in 1884 , the Order was prospering . The five councils throughout Connecticut had a total of 459 members . Groups from other states were requesting information . The Charter of 1899 included four statements of purpose , including : " To promote such social and intellectual intercourse among its members as shall be desirable and proper , and by such lawful means as to them shall seem best . " The new charter showed members ' desire to expand the organization beyond a simple mutual benefit insurance society .
The original insurance system devised by McGivney gave a deceased Knight 's widow a $ 1 @,@ 000 death benefit . Each member was assessed $ 1 upon a death , and when the number of Knights grew beyond 1 @,@ 000 , the assessment decreased according to the rate of increase . Each member , regardless of age , was assessed equally . As a result , younger , healthier members could expect to pay more over the course of their lifetimes than those men who joined when they were older . There was also a Sick Benefit Deposit for members who fell ill and could not work . Each sick Knight was entitled to draw up to $ 5 a week for 13 weeks ( roughly equivalent to $ 125 @.@ 75 in 2009 dollars ) . If he remained sick after that , the council to which he belonged regulated the sum of money given to him .
= = = Creation of the Fourth Degree = = =
From the very early days of the Order , members wanted to create a form of hierarchy and recognition for senior members ; this issue was discussed at the National Meeting of 1899 . As early as 1886 Supreme Knight James T. Mullen had proposed a patriotic degree with its own symbolic dress . The K of C established the Grand Cross of the Knights of Columbus but awarded it only to Cristobal Colón y de La Cerda , Duke of Veragua and descendant of Columbus , when he visited the US in 1893 .
About 1 @,@ 400 members attended the first exemplification of the Fourth Degree at the Lenox Lyceum in New York on February 22 , 1900 . The event was infused with Catholic and patriotic symbols and imagery that " celebrated American Catholic heritage " . The two knights leading the ceremony , for example , were the Expositor of the Constitution and the Defender of the Faith . The ritual soon spread to other cities . The new Fourth Degree members returned to their councils , forming assemblies composed of members from several councils . Those assemblies chose the new members .
In 1903 , the Board of Directors officially approved a new degree exemplifying patriotism Order @-@ wide , using the New York City model . There was from early on a " desire to receive within its ranks only the best " , and each candidate was required to produce a certificate from his parish priest attesting that he had received Holy Communion within the past two weeks .
= = = Persecution by the Ku Klux Klan = = =
Not long after the establishment of the Fourth Degree , during the nadir of American race relations , a bogus oath was circulated claiming that Fourth Degree Knights swore to exterminate Freemasons and Protestants , as well as flay , burn alive , boil , kill , and otherwise torture anyone , including women and children , when called upon to do so by church authorities . " It is a strange paradox " , according to some commentators , that the degree devoted to patriotism should be accused of anti @-@ Americanism .
The " bogus oath " was based on a previous oath falsely attributed to the Jesuits more than three centuries earlier . The Ku Klux Klan , which was growing into a powerful force through the 1920s , spread the bogus oath far and wide as part of their campaign against Catholics . During the 1928 Presidential election , the Klan printed and distributed a million copies of the oath in an effort to defeat Catholic Democratic candidate Al Smith . Thomas S. Butler , US Representative from Pennsylvania , read it into the Congressional Record . The bogus oath was refuted by the Committee of Public Information , a war @-@ time propaganda agency of the US Government .
Misunderstanding Catholicism , the Klan alleged that Knights were only loyal to the Pope and that they advocated the overthrow of the United States government . Across the country , local , state , and the Supreme Councils offered rewards to anyone who could prove that the widely circulated oath was authentic . No one could , but that did not stop the Klan from continuing to publish and distribute copies . Numerous state councils and the Supreme Council believed that this " violent wave of religious prejudice was actuated by mercenary motives " , and that publication would stop if fines were imposed and jail time assessed ; they began suing distributors for libel . This caused an end to such publication . As the Order did not wish to appear motivated by a " vengeful spirit " , it asked for leniency from judges when sentencing offenders .
To help combat this misconception of what the Fourth Degree was about , the actual oath taken by Fourth Degree members was submitted to various groups of prominent non @-@ Catholic men around the country for them to examine . Many made public declarations attesting to the loyalty and patriotism of the Knights . After examining the true oath , a committee of high @-@ ranking California Freemasons , a group singled out for violence in the bogus oath , declared in 1914 :
The ceremonial of the Order [ of the Knights of Columbus ] teaches a high and noble patriotism , instills a love of country , inculcates a reverence of civic duty and holds up the Constitution of our Country as the richest and most precious possession of a Knight of the Order .
= = = Pierce v. Society of Sisters = = =
After World War I , many Americans had a revival of concerns about assimilation of immigrants and worries about " foreign " values ; they expected public schools to teach children to be American . Numerous states drafted laws designed to use schools to promote a common American culture , and in 1922 , the voters of Oregon passed the Oregon Compulsory Education Act . The law was primarily aimed at eliminating parochial schools , including Catholic schools . It was promoted by groups such as the Knights of Pythias , the Federation of Patriotic Societies , the Oregon Good Government League , the Orange Order , and the Ku Klux Klan .
The Compulsory Education Act required almost all children in Oregon between eight and sixteen years of age to attend public school by 1926 . Roger Nash Baldwin , an associate director of the ACLU and a personal friend of then @-@ Supreme Advocate and future Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart , offered to join forces with the Order to challenge the law . The Knights of Columbus pledged an immediate $ 10 @,@ 000 to fight the law and any additional funds necessary to defeat it .
The case became known as Pierce v. Society of Sisters , a seminal United States Supreme Court decision that significantly expanded coverage of the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment . In a unanimous decision , the Court held that the act was unconstitutional and that parents , not the state , had the authority to educate children as they thought best .
= = = Racial integration in the U.S. = = =
In the 1920s there was growing anti @-@ Semitism in the United States , a lingering anti @-@ German sentiment left over from World War I , and anti @-@ black violence was prevalent throughout the country . To combat the animus targeted at racial and religious minorities , including Catholics , the Order formed a historical commission which published a series of books , among other activities . The " Knights of Columbus Racial Contributions Series " of books included three titles : The Gift of Black Folk , by W. E. B. Du Bois , The Jews in the Making of America by George Cohen , and The Germans in the Making of America by Frederick Schrader .
As the 20th century progressed , some councils in the United States became integrated , but many were not . Church officials and organizations encouraged integration . By the end of the 1950s , Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart was actively encouraging councils to accept black candidates . In 1963 , Hart attended a special meeting at the White House hosted by President John F. Kennedy to discuss civil rights with other religious leaders . A few months later , a Notre Dame alumnus ' application was rejected by a local council because he was black . Six council officers resigned in protest , and the incident made national news . Hart declared that the process for membership would be revised at the next Supreme Convention , but died before he could see it take place .
The 1964 Supreme Convention was scheduled to be held at the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans . A few days before the Convention , new Supreme Knight John W. McDevitt learned the hotel only admitted white guests and immediately threatened to move to another venue . The hotel changed its policy and so did the Order . The Convention amended the admissions rule to require one @-@ third of those voting to reject a new member . In 1972 the Supreme Convention amended its rules again , requiring a majority of members voting to reject a candidate .
= = = Recent history = = =
In 1997 , the cause for McGivney 's canonization was opened in the Archdiocese of Hartford , and then was placed before the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in 2000 . The Father Michael J. McGivney Guild was formed in 1997 to promote his cause and currently has more than 140 @,@ 000 members . Membership in the Knights of Columbus does not automatically make one a member of the guild , nor is membership restricted to Knights ; members must elect to join .
On March 15 , 2008 , Pope Benedict XVI approved a decree recognizing McGivney 's " heroic virtue " , significantly advancing the priest 's process toward sainthood . McGivney may now be referred to as the " Venerable Servant of God " . If the cause is successful , he would be the first priest born in the United States to be canonized as a saint .
= = Degrees and principles = =
The Order is dedicated to the principles of Charity , Unity , Fraternity , and Patriotism . A First Degree exemplification ceremony , by which a man joins the Order , explicates the virtue of charity . He is then said to be a First Degree Knight of Columbus ; after participating the subsequent degrees , each of which focuses on another virtue , he rises to that status . Upon reaching the Third Degree , a gentleman is a full member . Priests do not participate directly in Degree exemplifications as laymen do , but rather take the degree by observation .
The first ritual handbook was printed in 1885 , but contained only sections teaching Unity and Charity . Supreme Knight Mullen , along with primary ritual author Daniel Colwell , believed that the initiation ceremony should be held in three sections " in accord with the ' Trinity of Virtues , Charity , Unity , and Brotherly love ' " . The third section , expounding Fraternity , was officially adopted in 1891 .
= = = Fourth degree = = =
After taking their third degree , knights are eligible to receive their fourth degree , the primary purpose of which is to foster the spirit of patriotism and to encourage active Catholic citizenship . Fourth degree members , in addition to being members of their individual councils , are also members of Fourth Degree assemblies which typically comprise members of several councils . As of 2013 , there were 3 @,@ 109 assembilies worldwide .
Fewer than 18 % of Knights join the Fourth Degree , which is optional , and whose members are referred to as " Sir Knight " . Of a total 1 @,@ 703 @,@ 307 Knights in 2006 , there were 292 @,@ 289 Fourth Degree Knights . This number increased to 335 @,@ 132 in 2013 . A waiting period of one year from the time the third degree was taken was eliminated in 2013 , and now any Third Degree Knight is eligible to join the Fourth Degree .
A new Military Overseas Europe Special District was established in 2013 to oversee assemblies of military personnel serving on that continent . Over 100 Department of Defense civilian employees and active @-@ duty personnel based in Germany , Italy , and Britain took part in a special Fourth Degree Exemplification Ceremony at Ramstein Air Force Base in Germany in 2013 , and in that year exemplifications were also held in Camp Zama , Japan , and Yongsan Garrison in Seoul , Korea , where there are existing assemblies .
Knights volunteer at 136 of the 153 Veteran 's Affairs Medical Centers .
= = = = Color corps = = = =
Fourth Degree Knights may optionally purchase and wear the full regalia and join an assembly 's Color Corps . The Color Corps is the most visible arm of the Knights , as they are often seen in parades and other local events wearing their colorful regalia . Official dress for the Color Corps is a black tuxedo , baldric , white gloves , cape , and naval chapeau . In warm climates and during warm months , a white dinner jacket may be worn , if done as a unit .
Baldrics are worn from the right shoulder to left hip and are color specific by nation . In the United States , Panama , and the Philippines , baldrics are red , white , and blue . Red and white baldrics are used in Canada and Poland ; red , white , and green in Mexico ; and blue and white in Guatemala . Service baldrics include a scabbard for a sword and are worn over the coat while social baldrics are worn under the coat .
The colors on a Fourth Degree Knight 's cape and chapeau denote the office he holds within the Degree . Faithful Navigators and Past Faithful Navigators are permitted to carry a white handled silver sword . Masters and Vice Supreme Masters , as well as Former Masters and Former Vice Supreme Masters , are also denoted by their gold swords .
= = Charitable giving = =
Charity is the foremost principle of the Knights of Columbus . In 2013 , the Order gave more than $ 170 @.@ 1 million directly to charity and performed over 70 @.@ 5 million man hours in volunteer service . According to Independent Sector , this service has a value of more than $ 1 @.@ 6 billion . The total charitable contributions , from the past decade , ending December 31 , 2013 rose to $ 13 @.@ 8 Billion . Finally in 2013 , Knights of Columbus , on an average per member basis , donated $ 91 @.@ 80 and contributed 38 hours of community service .
More than $ 1 @.@ 2 million were donated to Habitat for Humanity in 2012 , in addition to 1 @.@ 4 million volunteer hours . Over 42 @,@ 000 winter coats were distributed in 2012 to children in cold weather areas as well .
The very first ever national blood drive was sponsored by the Order in 1938 . In 2012 , council blood drives attracted more than 423 @,@ 000 donors .
United in Charity , a general , unrestricted endowment fund , was introduced at the 2004 Supreme Council meeting to support and ensure the overall long @-@ term charitable and philanthropic goals of the Order . The fund is wholly managed , maintained , and operated by Knights of Columbus Charities , Inc . , a 501 ( c ) ( 8 ) charitable organization . Before United in Charity was formed , all requests for funds were met with the general funds of the Order or in combination with specific appeals .
= = = Global Catholic donations = = =
The Vicarius Christi Fund has an endowment of $ 20 million and has earned more than $ 35 million since its establishment in 1981 for the Pope 's personal charities . The Knights ' Satellite Uplink Program has provided funding to broadcast a number of papal events , including the annual Easter and Christmas Masses , as well as the World Day of Peace in Assisi , World Youth Days , the opening of the Holy Door at St. Peter 's Basilica for the Millennial Jubilee , Pope John Paul II 's visit to Nazareth , and several other events . In missionary territories the Order also pays for the satellite downlink .
The Order also has eleven separate funds totaling $ 18 million to assist men and women who are discerning religious vocations pay tuition and other expenses . The multimillion @-@ dollar Pacem in Terris Fund aids the Catholic Church 's efforts for peace in the Middle East . In 2012 , $ 1 @.@ 8 million was given by state and local councils to seminaries , with an additional $ 5 @.@ 9 million in direct assistance to seminarians . A further $ 20 million went to church facilities and $ 7 @.@ 4 million to Catholic schools from state and local councils .
= = = The disabled = = =
The Knights have a tradition of supporting those with physical and developmental disabilities . More than $ 382 million has been given over the past three decades to groups and programs that support the intellectually and physically disabled , with $ 4 @.@ 1 million donated in 2012 alone .
One of the largest recipients of funds in this area is the Special Olympics . In 2012 , there were more than 107 @,@ 000 Knights who donated 315 @,@ 000 hours of service at nearly 20 @,@ 000 Special Olympics events . Individual councils donated $ 3 @.@ 7 million to the Special Olympics in 2013 . The Order 's support for the Special Olympics goes back to the very first games in 1968 .
In 2012 , more than 5 @,@ 000 wheelchairs were distributed in 10 countries in a partnership with the Global Wheelchair Mission .
= = = Disaster relief = = =
Aside from their other charitable activities , The Knights of Columbus gave significant charitable contributions to the people of Haiti in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake in January 2010 . The Order also donated 1 @,@ 000 wheelchairs to the people of Haiti in partnership with the Global Wheelchair Mission . Recognizing that the need was still great in Haiti some seven months after the disaster , the Knights of Columbus partnered with Project Medishare in August 2010 for an initiative entitled , " Healing Haiti 's Children " . The initiative , backed by a more than $ 2 @.@ 5 million commitment from the Knights of Columbus provides free prosthetic limbs and a minimum of two years of rehab to every child who suffered an amputation from injuries sustained during the earthquake . As of 2013 , more than 800 children had already been aided by the program .
After the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , a local council in Newtown , Connecticut , established a program asking people to pray a minimum of three Hail Marys for the victims and their families . Over 100 @,@ 000 people pledged to say 3 @.@ 25 million prayers .
More than $ 500 @,@ 000 was donated to Hurricane Sandy relief efforts , and $ 202 @,@ 000 to victims of the April 2012 tornadoes in Oklahoma . After West Fertilizer Company explosion in Texas , nearly a quarter of a million dollars were raised . In total , more than $ 3 @.@ 3 million were donated by individual councils for disaster relief in 2012 .
= = Insurance program = =
The Order offers a modern , professional insurance operation with more than $ 100 billion of life insurance policies in force and $ 19 @.@ 8 billion in assets as of June 2013 , a figure more than double the 2000 levels . Nearly 80 @,@ 000 life certificates were issued in 2013 , almost 30 @,@ 000 more than the Order 's closest competitor , to bring the total to 1 @.@ 73 million . The program has a $ 1 @.@ 8 billion surplus .
Over $ 286 million in death benefits were paid in 2012 and $ 1 @.@ 7 billion were paid between 2000 and 2010 . This is large enough to rank 49th on the A. M. Best list of all life insurance companies in North America . Since the founding of the Order , $ 3 @.@ 5 billion in death benefits have been paid . Premiums in 2012 were nearly $ 1 @.@ 2 billion , and dividends paid out totaled more than $ 274 million . Over the same time period , annuity deposits rose 4 @.@ 2 % , compared to an 8 % loss for the industry as a whole .
Every day in 2012 more than $ 10 million was invested , for a total of $ 2 @.@ 7 billion on the year , and an annual income of $ 905 million . The Order maintains a two prong investment strategy . A company must first be a sound investment before stock in it is purchased , and secondly the company 's activities must not conflict with Catholic social teaching . The Order also provides mortgages to churches and Catholic schools at " very competitive rates " through its ChurchLoan program .
Products include permanent and term life insurance , as well as annuities , long term care insurance , and disability insurance . The insurance program is not a separate business offered by the Order to others but is exclusively for the benefit of members and their families . According to the Fortune 1000 list , the Knights of Columbus ranked 900 in total revenue in 2011 and , with 1 @,@ 504 agents , was 909th in size in 2013 . All agents are members of the Order .
The Order 's insurance program is the most highly rated program in North America . For 38 consecutive years , the Order has received A. M. Best 's highest rating , A + + . Only two other insurers in North America have received the highest ratings from both A. M. Best and Standard & Poor 's . Additionally , the Order is certified by the Insurance Marketplace Standards Association for ethical sales practices . Standard & Poor 's downgraded the insurance program 's financial strength / credit rating from AAA to AA + in August 2011 not due to the Order 's financial strength , but due to its lowering of the long @-@ term sovereign credit rating of the United States to AA + . Additionally , the insurance program has a low 3 @.@ 5 % lapse rate of the 1 @.@ 7 million members and their families who are insured .
= = Organization = =
As of 2013 there were 1 @,@ 843 @,@ 587 knights , and membership has grown each year for 41 consecutive years . Each member belongs to one of 14 @,@ 606 councils around the world . In the 2012 fraternal year , 229 new councils were established , including two in the Ukraine , eight in Mexico , 10 in Poland , 13 in Canada , 80 in the Philippines , and 117 in the United States . In addition , there is a " round table " presence in Lithuania .
Knights of Columbus councils , Fourth Degree assemblies , and Columbian Squire circles have similar officers . In the councils , officer titles are prefixed with " Worthy " , while in assemblies officer titles are prefixed with " Faithful " . In addition to the Columbian Squires ' officers listed below , there is an adult position of " Chief Counselor " that helps oversee the circle .
( * Appointed annually by each council 's Grand Knight or assembly 's Navigator )
( * * Appointed for a 3 @-@ year term by the Supreme Knight )
= = = Supreme Council = = =
The Supreme Council is the governing body of the Order and is composed of elected representatives from each jurisdiction . In a manner similar to shareholders at an annual meeting , the Supreme Council elects seven members each year to the Supreme Board of Directors for three @-@ year terms . The twenty @-@ one member board then chooses from its own membership the senior operating officials of the Order , including the Supreme Knight .
= = = Assemblies = = =
Fourth degree members belong to one of 3 @,@ 109 assemblies , including 75 created in 2012 . The first assembly in Europe was established in 2012 , and in 2013 a new assembly for Boston @-@ area college councils was created at Harvard University . As of 2013 there were 335 @,@ 132 Fourth Degree members , including 15 @,@ 709 who joined the ranks of the Patriotic Degree the year before .
= = = College councils = = =
In 1898 , Keane Council 353 was established at The Catholic University of America , though in later years it moved off campus . The University of Notre Dame Council 1477 was founded in 1910 , and was followed by the councils at Saint Louis University and Benedictine College . In 1919 , Mount St. Mary 's College and Seminary Council 1965 became the first council attached to a college and seminary , at what is now Mount St. Mary 's University .
In each autumn since 1966 , the Supreme Council has hosted a College Council Conference at their headquarters in New Haven , Connecticut . Awards are given for the greatest increases in membership , the best Youth , Community , Council , Family , and Church activities , and the overall Outstanding College Council of the year . The most recent winner of the Outstanding College Council Award was The Catholic University of America Council .
= = Evangelization = =
Since its founding , the Knights of Columbus has been involved in evangelization . In 1948 , the Knights started the Catholic Information Service ( CIS ) to provide low @-@ cost Catholic publications for the general public as well as for parishes , schools , retreat houses , military installations , correctional facilities , legislatures , the medical community , and for individuals who request them . Since then , CIS has printed millions of booklets , and thousands of people have enrolled in CIS correspondence and on @-@ line courses .
= = Awards = =
The Order sponsors a number of international awards . The first , the Gaudium et Spes Award , is named after the document from the Second Vatican Council , and is the highest honor bestowed by the Order . It " is awarded only in special circumstances and only to individuals of exceptional merit " and comes an honorarium of $ 100 @,@ 000 . Since its institution in 1992 , it has only been awarded five times . The award " recognizes individuals for their exemplary contributions to the realization of the message of faith and service in the spirit of Christ as articulated in the document for which it is named " .
The second international award , also only given " when merited " , is the Caritas Award . Named for the theological virtue alternatively translated as either charity or love , it recognizes " extraordinary works of charity and service " . It has been awarded once since its establishment in 2013 . The Saint Michael Award was established in conjunction with the Caritas Award to recognize members of the Order who have exemplified a lifetime of service on behalf of the Knights of Columbus .
Additionally , at its annual convention each year , the Order recognizes other individuals and councils with awards . These include the Family of the Year award , and prizes for the best activities in the categories of church , community , council , culture of life , family , and youth . Additionally , top selling general and field insurance agents are recognized , as are top recruiting individuals and councils .
= = Political activities = =
While the Knights of Columbus support political awareness and activity , United States councils are prohibited by tax laws from engaging in candidate endorsement and partisan political activity due to their non @-@ profit status . Public policy activity is limited to issue @-@ specific campaigns , typically dealing with Catholic family and life issues . The Order has adopted resolutions advocating a Culture of Life , defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman , in defense of religious liberty , and promoting faithful citizenship .
= = = United States = = =
In 1926 , a delegation of Supreme Council officers met with President Calvin Coolidge to share with him their concerns about the persecution of Catholics in Mexico . The Order subsequently launched a $ 1 million campaign to educate Americans about the attacks on Catholics and the Church in the Cristero War . Twenty @-@ five martyrs from the conflict would eventually be canonized , including six knights .
Several decades later , in 1954 , lobbying by the Order helped convince the U.S. Congress to add the phrase " under God " to the Pledge of Allegiance . President Dwight Eisenhower wrote to Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart thanking the Knights for their " part in the movement to have the words ' under God ' added to our Pledge of Allegiance " . Similar lobbying convinced many state legislatures to adopt October 12 as Columbus Day and led to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's confirmation of Columbus Day as a federal holiday in 1937 .
On April 9 , 2006 , the Board of Directors commented on the " U.S. immigration policy [ which ] has become an intensely debated and divisive issue on both sides of the border between the U.S. and Mexico " . They called " upon the President and the U.S. Congress to agree upon immigration legislation that not only gains control over the process of immigration , but also rejects any effort to criminalize those who provide humanitarian assistance to illegal immigrants , and provides these immigrants an avenue by which they can emerge from the shadows of society and seek legal residency and citizenship in the U.S. " .
The Knights have also been active in political campaigns across the United States in the area of gay marriage , contributing over $ 14 million to help maintain the definition of marriage as a union between one man and one woman . In 2008 , they were the largest single donor in support of Proposition 8 . A financial contribution of over $ 1 million was made to support the successful initiative to define marriage within the California State Constitution as a union solely between a man and a woman . The Knights have also made financial contributions of $ 1 million to support similar ballot campaigns in Maine , Maryland , Minnesota , and Washington .
= = = Canada = = =
In a 2005 attempt to stop the Canadian parliament from legalizing gay marriage , the Order funded a campaign that included 800 @,@ 000 postcards encouraging members of parliament to reject the measure . As it was in the United States , this effort was criticized by some gay marriage supporters .
Also in 2005 , a local Knights of Columbus council in Canada was fined $ 2 @,@ 000 by the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal . The council 's Hall Manager signed a contract for the use of their facilities with Tracey Smith and Deborah Chymyshyn , but canceled it and returned their money after they became aware that it was for a lesbian wedding reception . The tribunal found that the local council did not have to rent the hall if in so doing they would violate their religious beliefs , but " could have taken additional steps that would have recognized the inherent dignity of the complainants and their right to be free from discrimination " . Instead of simply canceling the appointment , the court said , the council could have directed the complainants to other halls and assisted them in finding another place to hold their event .
= = = Mexico = = =
Following the Mexican Revolution , the new government began persecuting the Church . To destroy the Church 's influence over the Mexican people , anti @-@ clerical statutes were inserted into the Constitution , beginning a 10 @-@ year persecution of Catholics which resulted in the death of thousands , including several knights who were later canonized .
Leaders of the Order began speaking out against the Mexican government , and Columbia , the official magazine of the Knights , also ran articles critical of the regime . The November 1926 cover of Columbia portrayed Knghts carrying a banner of liberty and warning of " The Red Peril of Mexico " , the Mexican legislature banned both the Order and the magazine throughout the country .
= = = Heads of state = = =
The Knights of Columbus invites the head of state of every country they operate in to the Supreme Convention each year . In 1971 , U.S. President Richard Nixon gave the keynote address at the States Dinner ; Secretary of Transportation and Knight John Volpe was responsible for this first appearance of a U.S. President at a Supreme Council gathering . President Ronald Reagan spoke at the Centennial Convention in 1982 . President George H.W. Bush appeared in 1992 . President Bill Clinton sent a written message while he was in office , and President George W. Bush sent videotaped messages before he attended in person at the 2004 convention . President Barack Obama has also sent written messages during his term in office .
John F. Kennedy , the only Catholic to be elected President of the United States , was a Fourth Degree member of Bunker Hill Council No. 62 and Bishop Cheverus General Assembly . Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart visited Kennedy at the White House on Columbus Day , 1961 . The president told Hart that his younger brother , Ted Kennedy , had received " his Third Degree in our Order three weeks before " . Hart presented Kennedy with a poster of the American Flag with the story of how the Order got the words " under God " inserted in the Pledge of Allegiance .
In 1959 , Fidel Castro sent an aide to represent him at a Fourth Degree banquet in honor of the Golden Jubilee of the Order 's entry into Cuba . Supreme Knight Hart attended a banquet in the Cuban Prime Minister 's honor in April of that year sponsored by the Overseas Press Club and later sent him a letter expressing regret that they were not able to meet in person . Reagan also presented the Order with a President 's Volunteer Action Award at the White House in 1984 .
The Knights of Columbus were among the groups that welcomed Pope Benedict XVI on the South Lawn of the White House on April 16 , 2008 , the pontiff 's 81st birthday , during his visit to the U.S.
= = Famous Knights = =
Many famous Catholic men from all over the world have been Knights of Columbus . In the United States , some of the most notable include John F. Kennedy ; Ted Kennedy ; Al Smith ; Sargent Shriver ; Samuel Alito ; John Boehner ; Ray Flynn ; Jeb Bush ; and Sergeant Major Daniel Daly , a two @-@ time Medal of Honor recipient , once described by the commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps as " the most outstanding Marine of all time " .
Many notable clerics are also Knights , including Cardinal William Joseph Levada , prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ; Cardinal Sean O 'Malley , Archbishop of Boston ; and Cardinal Jaime Sin , former Archbishop of Manila . In the world of sports , Vince Lombardi , the famed former coach of the Green Bay Packers ; wrestler Lou Albano ; James Connolly , the first Olympic gold @-@ medal champion in modern times ; Floyd Patterson , former heavyweight boxing champion ; and baseball legend Babe Ruth were all knights .
On October 15 , 2006 , Bishop Rafael Guizar Valencia ( 1878 – 1938 ) was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in Rome . In 2000 , six other Knights were declared saints by Pope John Paul II .
= = Emblems of the Order = =
= = = Emblem of the Order = = =
The emblem of the Order was designed by Past Supreme Knight James T. Mullen and adopted at the second Supreme Council meeting on May 12 , 1883 . Shields used by medieval knights served as the inspiration , and the emblem consists of a shield mounted on a Formée cross , which is an artistic representation of the cross of Christ . This represents the Catholic identity of the Order .
Mounted on the shield are three objects : a fasces ; an anchor ; and a dagger . In ancient Rome , the fasces was carried before magistrates as an emblem of authority . The Order uses it as " symbolic of authority which must exist in any tightly @-@ bonded and efficiently operating organization " . The anchor represents Christopher Columbus , patron of the Order . The short sword , or dagger , was a weapon used by medieval knights . The shield as a whole , with the letters " K of C " , represents " Catholic Knighthood in organized merciful action " .
= = = Fourth Degree emblem = = =
The Fourth Degree emblem features a dove , a cross , and a globe . In the tradition of the Knights these symbols " typify the union of the three Divine Persons in one Godhead , referred to as the most Blessed Trinity " . The red , white , and blue are taken from the American flag and represent patriotism , the basic principle of the Fourth Degree . Styled with the continents of the western hemisphere in white , the blue globe represents God the Father . A red Isabella cross , for the queen who sponsored Columbus , serves as a symbol of God the Son . The white dove is a symbol of peace and God the Holy Spirit . Columbus ' name in Italian ( Colombo ) also means " dove " .
= = = Colombian Squires emblem = = =
The emblem of the Squires symbolizes the ideals which identify a squire . On the arms of a Maltese cross are the letters " P " , which represents the physical development necessary to make the body as strong as the spirit ; " I " , which stands for the intellectual development needed for cultural and mental maturity ; " S " , which represents the spiritual growth and practice of our faith ; and " C " , which stands for the development of citizenship and civic life . The larger letters : " C " , representing Christ and also Christopher Columbus ; " S " , the Squires ; and " K " , the Knights of Columbus , by whom the Squires program is sponsored , are intertwined in the center of the cross . They are the three foundations of the program .
The Latin motto , " Esto Dignus " , encircles the emblem . Translated into English , it means " Be Worthy " .
= = Auxiliary groups = =
= = = Women 's auxiliaries = = =
Many councils also have women 's auxiliaries . At the turn of the 20th century two were formed by local councils and each took the name the Daughters of Isabella . Using the same name , both groups expanded and issued charters to other circles but never merged . The newer organization renamed itself the Catholic Daughters of the Americas in 1921 and both have structures independent of the Knights of Columbus . Other groups are known as the Columbiettes . In the Philippines , the ladies ' auxiliary is known as the Daughters of Mary Immaculate .
= = = Columbian Squires = = =
The Knights ' official junior organization is the Columbian Squires . Founded in 1925 in Duluth , Minnesota , this international fraternity for boys 10 – 18 has grown to over 5 @,@ 000 circles . According to Brother Barnabas McDonald , F.S.C. , the Squires ' founder : " The supreme purpose of the Columbian Squires is character building . "
Squires have fun and share their Catholic faith , help people in need , and enjoy the company of friends in social , family , athletic , cultural , civic and spiritual activities . Through their local circle , Squires work and socialize as a group of friends , elect their own officers , and develop into Catholic leaders . When Squires process in a color guard , they wear blue cape , similar to those worn by members of the Fourth Degree , and black berets .
Each circle is supervised by a Knights of Columbus council or assembly , and has an advisory board made up of either the Grand Knight , the Deputy Grand Knight and Chaplain , or the Faithful Navigator , the Faithful Captain , and Faithful Friar . Circles are either council based , parish based , or school based , depending on the location of the circle and the Knight counselors .
= = = Squire Roses = = =
The Squire Roses are a youth sorority run by individual state councils for Catholic girls between the ages of 10 and 19 . Founded by Russell DeRose and the Virginia State Council of the Knights of Columbus in 1996 , the Roses are a sister organization to the Squires .
= = Similar organizations = =
The Knights of Columbus is a member of the International Alliance of Catholic Knights , which includes fifteen fraternal orders such as the Knights of Saint Columbanus in Ireland , the Knights of Saint Columba in the United Kingdom , the Knights of Peter Claver in the United States , the Knights of the Southern Cross in Australia and New Zealand , the Knights of Marshall in Ghana , the Knights of Da Gama in South Africa , and the Knights of Saint Mulumba in Nigeria . The Loyal Orange Institution , also known as the Orange Order , is a similar organization for Protestant Christians .
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= It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) =
" It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " is a song written and performed by Bob Dylan and first released on his 1965 album , Bringing It All Back Home . It was written in the summer of 1964 , first performed live on October 10 , 1964 , and recorded on January 15 , 1965 . Described by Dylan biographer Howard Sounes as a " grim masterpiece , " the song features some of Dylan 's most memorable lyrical images . Among the well @-@ known lines sung in the song are " He not busy being born is busy dying , " " Money doesn 't talk , it swears , " " Although the masters make the rules , for the wisemen and the fools " and " But even the president of the United States sometimes must have to stand naked . " The lyrics express Dylan 's anger at what he sees as the hypocrisy , commercialism , consumerism , and war mentality inherent in contemporary American culture , but unlike those in some of his earlier protest songs , do not express optimism in the possibility of political or social solutions . Dylan 's preoccupations in the lyrics , nevertheless , extend beyond the socio @-@ political , expressing existential concerns , touching on urgent matters of personal experience .
Dylan has stated that " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " is one of his songs that means the most to him , and he has played the song often in live concerts . Since its original release on Bringing It All Back Home , live versions of the song have been issued on The Bootleg Series Vol . 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall , Before the Flood and Bob Dylan at Budokan . Dylan can also be seen performing the song in the film Dont Look Back and the video of the HBO special Hard to Handle . The song has been covered by a number of other artists , including Roger McGuinn , The Byrds , Billy Preston , Hugo Race , Terence Trent D 'Arby , Mick Farren , Caetano Veloso , Marilyn Scott , and The Duhks .
= = Bob Dylan 's version = =
Dylan wrote " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " in the summer of 1964 . Although he was prepared to take his time developing the song , as he did with " Mr. Tambourine Man " , he finished it in time for inclusion on the Bringing It All Back Home album , which was recorded in January 1965 . Dylan first performed " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " live on October 10 , 1964 at Philadelphia Town Hall . The version included on Bringing It All Back Home was recorded on January 15 , 1965 , the same day that the other three songs on side 2 of the album ( " Mr. Tambourine Man " , " Gates of Eden " and " It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue " ) were recorded , with Tom Wilson producing .
It was long thought that the four songs that make up side 2 of Bringing It All Back Home were recorded in one long take . This is not true , but " Gates of Eden " was recorded in a single take and " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " was recorded in one take after a single false start ( the false start can be heard on both the 6 @-@ disc and 18 @-@ disc versions of The Bootleg Series Vol . 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 – 1966 , released in 2015 ) .
Dylan biographer Howard Sounes described " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " as a " grim masterpiece . " The only accompaniment is Dylan 's guitar , playing folk @-@ blues riffs and up and down chord progressions . Author Sean Wilentz has noted that the song 's chord structure is similar to that used by the Everly Brothers ' in their hit recording of " Wake Up Little Susie " . The lyrics of " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " express Dylan 's anger at what he sees as the hypocrisy , commercialism , consumerism , and war mentality inherent in contemporary American culture , but unlike those in his earlier protest songs , do not express optimism in the possibility of political solutions . In his book Bob Dylan , Performing Artist , author Paul Williams has suggested that the song addresses " the possibility that the most important ( and least articulated ) political issue of our times is that we are all being fed a false picture of reality , and it 's coming at us from every direction . " Williams goes on to say that the song successfully paints a portrait of an " alienated individual identifying the characteristics of the world around him and thus declaring his freedom from its ' rules ' . " As such , a major target in the song is the old , established concepts which give a false picture of reality and hinder new worldviews from being accepted .
While it shares a sense of prevailing entropy with the previous song on the album , " Gates of Eden " , the critique in " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " is more direct and less allusive . Author Michael Gray has commented that although the vitriol Dylan unleashes towards his targets is similar to his earlier political protest songs , " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " is a transitional song in that it does not express optimism in the possibility of political solutions . Instead , Dylan sings in a new prophetic voice that would become his trademark . However , with the political pessimism comes a more poetic vision than in his earlier protest songs , along with a more complex figurative language . Howard Sounes notes that the song features some of Dylan 's most memorable images . The opening lines begin the song 's torrent of apocalyptic images :
Darkness at the break of noon
Shadows even the silver spoon
The handmade blade , the child 's balloon
Eclipses both the sun and moon
To understand you know too soon
There is no sense in trying
Critic Andy Gill links the opening line of the song to the title of Arthur Koestler 's bleak novel Darkness at Noon , set in the Great Stalinist purge of 1938 in Soviet Russia . For Gill , Dylan is suggesting that the human spirit can be cast into darkness by the dead hand of communism as well as by American capitalism .
According to Seth Rogovoy , this opening echoes the Book of Ecclesiastes , where the author states ( 1 : 17 ) " I observed all deeds beneath the sun , and behold all is futile . There are echoes of Ecclesiastes throughout the song . Another example is :
The masters make the rules
For the wise man and the fools .
The author of Ecclesiastes laments ( 2 : 15 – 16 ) " The fate of the fool will befall me also ; to what advantage , then , have I become wise ? But I come to the conclusion that this , too , was futility , because the wise man and the fool are both forgotten . The wise man dies , just like the fool . "
One of the most famous lines from the song reminds listeners that even the most powerful people will ultimately be judged :
But even the president of the United States
Sometimes must have to stand naked
These lines seemed particularly prescient when Dylan performed the song on his 1974 tour with the Band , a few months before Richard Nixon resigned as President of the United States as a result of the Watergate crisis . After the song has confronted sex , religion and politics , it ends with the lines :
And if my thought @-@ dreams could be seen
They 'd probably put my head in a guillotine
But it 's alright , Ma , it 's life and life only
Dylan 's preoccupations in the lyrics extend beyond socio @-@ political commentary , and touch on urgent matters of personal experience--the challenge to live and grow in the face of uncertainty .
He not busy being born is busy dying
Jimmy Carter would later refer to the line in his presidential nomination speech at the 1976 Democratic National Convention , though it addresses matters of the self which supersede politics , in the process displaying certain themes associated with existentialism . Throughout the song , the words pour out quickly , with Dylan barely taking a breath between lines , so that the intricate rhyming structure is often missed : AAAAAB CCCCCB DDDDDB in the verses and AAB in the chorus .
Dylan has cited " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " as one of his songs that means the most to him . In 1980 he stated that " I don 't think I could sit down now and write ' It 's Alright , Ma ' again . I wouldn 't even know where to begin , but I can still sing it . " In 1997 , Dylan told The New York Times , " I 've written some songs that I look at , and they just give me a sense of awe . Stuff like , ' It 's Alright , Ma , ' just the alliteration in that blows me away . "
" It 's Alright Ma " song has featured in Dylan 's live concerts throughout his long career . Dylan 's website records that , as of March 2015 , the song has been performed 772 times by Dylan in live performance . Concert performances of the songs have been released on The Bootleg Series Vol . 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall ( recorded on October 31 , 1964 ) , Before the Flood ( recorded on February 14 , 1974 ) and Bob Dylan at Budokan ( recorded on February 28 , 1978 ) . Dylan also played the song on his Rolling Thunder Revue Tour in 1975 and 1976 , as well as on his 1978 tour and his Never Ending Tour from the late 1980s up to the present . Footage of Dylan playing " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " in May 1965 is included in the film Dont Look Back , and a live performance of Dylan playing the song with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on February 25 , 1986 is included in the video of the HBO special Hard to Handle . Dylan also sang this song at his October 16 , 1992 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration at Madison Square Garden , which was released on The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration album . The studio recording was re @-@ released on the 2008 compilation album Playlist : The Very Best of Bob Dylan ' 60s .
= = Cover versions = =
A widely known cover of " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding " ) is that performed by Roger McGuinn for the soundtrack of the 1969 film , Easy Rider . The film 's scriptwriter and star , Peter Fonda , had originally intended to use Dylan 's version of the song in the film but after failing to secure the appropriate licensing he asked McGuinn to record a cover of it instead . McGuinn 's version of the song included on the Easy Rider soundtrack album , features McGuinn on guitar and vocals , accompanied by his bandmate from The Byrds , Gene Parsons , on harmonica .
The Byrds also recorded a version of the song during the 1970 recording sessions for their album ( Untitled ) but it was not included in the final track listing . The Byrds occasionally performed the song in concert during 1970 and a live recording of it , from a March 1 , 1970 appearance at the Felt Forum , was included on the 2000 remaster of the ( Untitled ) album , which was re @-@ titled as ( Untitled ) / ( Unissued ) . This version also appears as a bonus track on the 2002 remastered version of the compilation album , The Byrds Play Dylan , and on the 2006 4 @-@ disc box set There Is a Season .
In 1971 , Nannie Parres included " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " on her album I Thought About You and in 1973 Billy Preston included the song on Everybody Likes Some Kind Of Music . Bettina Jonic included a cover of the song on her 1975 album The Bitter Mirror . Artists who have covered the song since then include Hugo Race , Terence Trent D 'Arby , Mick Farren , Caetano Veloso , Marilyn Scott , The Duhks , and Ground Components .
In 2014 , Lee Abramson covered " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " on his band 's album Blood .
= = Influence = =
Clinton Heylin , in his biography Bob Dylan : Behind the Shades Revisited , wrote that the recording " opened up a whole new genre of finger @-@ pointing song , not just for Dylan but for the entire panoply of pop . " Heylin adds that " It 's Alright , Ma " probably contained more " memorable aphorisms " than any of Dylan 's songs . One of these lines is " he not busy being born is busy dying , " from the song 's second verse , which was used by Jimmy Carter in his 1976 presidential nomination acceptance speech at the Democratic National Convention . During his presidential campaign for in 2000 , Al Gore told talk show host Oprah Winfrey that this was his favorite quotation . Writer and journalist Christopher Hitchens quoted from the song 's lyrics in his last article for Vanity Fair , written shortly before his death from esophageal cancer . Hitchens posted at the top of his essay the verse of " It 's Alright Ma " that ends with the words " That he who is not busy being born is busy dying " .
Another memorable line is " Money doesn 't talk , it swears , " which appears in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . In addition , the Columbia Dictionary of Quotations lists this as well as three other lines from the song : " Although the masters make the rules , for the wisemen and the fools , " " But even the president of the United States sometimes must have to stand naked " and " Everything from toy guns that spark to flesh @-@ colored Christs that glow in the dark , it 's easy to see without looking too far that not much is really sacred . " Other well @-@ known lines include " Propaganda , all is phony " and " Advertising signs they con you into thinking you 're the one . "
In a 2005 reader 's poll reported in Mojo magazine , " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " was listed as the # 8 all @-@ time greatest Bob Dylan song , and a similar poll of artists ranked the song at # 21 . In 2002 , Uncut magazine listed it as the # 5 all @-@ time Dylan song . The song was featured in the final episode of The Sopranos . It has also been referenced by other songwriters . For instance , the indie @-@ rocker Stephen Malkmus quotes " It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " at the end of his song " Jo @-@ Jo 's Jacket " from Malkmus ' debut solo album .
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= Kinzie Street railroad bridge =
The Chicago and North Western Railway 's Kinzie Street railroad bridge ( also known as the Carroll Avenue bridge ) is a single leaf bascule bridge across the north branch of the Chicago River in downtown Chicago , Illinois . At the time of its opening in 1908 it was the world 's longest and heaviest bascule bridge . Previous bridges on the same site included the first bridge to cross the Chicago River , Chicago 's first railroad bridge , and one of the first all @-@ steel bridges in the United States .
The Chicago Sun @-@ Times , the last railroad customer to the east of the bridge , moved their printing plant out of downtown Chicago in 2000 , and the bridge has been unused since . It was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007 .
= = Location = =
Kinzie Street railroad bridge is located at 41 ° 53 ′ 18 @.@ 7 ″ N 87 ° 38 ′ 21 ″ W , it runs in an east @-@ west orientation , spanning the north branch Chicago River between the Near North Side and Near West Side community areas of Chicago . To the south is the historic area of Wolf Point at the confluence of the main stem of the Chicago River with the north and south branches , and to the east is 350 West Mart Center and Merchandise Mart . The railroad track across the bridge is a spur line of the Union Pacific Railroad , that branches off from the route of the Union Pacific / North Line about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north @-@ west of the bridge . The railroad to the east of the bridge has been abandoned since 2000 .
= = Previous bridges = =
Through the 1820s a small settlement grew around Wolf Point , at the forks of the Chicago River . In June 1829 , Samuel Miller — who owned a tavern on the north shore of the river beside the forks — and Archibald Clybourne were authorized to run a ferry across the mouth of the north branch of the river , just south of the present Kinzie Street . By 1832 the ferry had been replaced with a pedestrian bridge that was the first bridge to be constructed across the Chicago River .
On October 10 , 1848 the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad — Chicago 's first railroad — began operating out of a depot on the west side of the Chicago River , near the corner of Canal and Kinzie Streets . Though the City of Chicago had authorized the railroad to construct a bridge across the north branch of the river as early as July 17 , 1848 , it was not until 1851 that the railroad began to purchase the land needed to build the Wells Street Station to the east of the river . In order to access the new station a floating pontoon bridge designed by Jenks D. Perkins was built across the north branch at roughly the same location as the earlier pedestrian bridge . This bridge — the first railroad bridge in Chicago — was completed in 1852 , allowing trains to access the railroad 's new Wells Street Station and subsequently industry on the north bank of the Chicago River as far as the Ogden Slip and Navy Pier .
The original railroad bridge was replaced by a swing bridge in 1879 that , along with the Glasgow Railroad Bridge across the Missouri River , was one of the United States ' first all steel railroad bridges . This bridge was constructed from Bessemer steel , which proved too brittle and so the bridge was replaced again in 1898 . The replacement bridge was constructed on land and floated into position , allowing the old structure to be removed and the new one put in place in 27 ½ hours on March 13 and March 14 , 1898 .
= = Bascule bridge = =
River traffic and railroad traffic were increasingly in competition with each other . In October 1879 a disaster was narrowly avoided when a seven @-@ coach passenger train with 800 people on board approached the open swing bridge too fast and was barely able to stop in time , ending up with its front wheels hanging off the approach road over the river . Meanwhile , boats on the river were getting larger and finding it increasingly difficult to navigate the bridges at the mouth of the north branch , so the Army Corps of Engineers ordered the clearing of three swing bridges near Kinzie Street that were obstructing river traffic . Therefore , in 1907 construction started on a new bascule bridge that would allow more space for boats to pass by on the river .
= = = Design and construction = = =
The bridge is designed to carry two railroad tracks across the river . Its superstructure consists of two spans constructed by the Strauss Bascule & Concrete Bridge Company : a 26 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) plate @-@ girder span on the west bank of the river and the 170 @-@ foot ( 52 m ) movable main span that rests on the east trunnion pier . The size and weight of the main span , which , when completed would be world 's longest and heaviest bascule span , required the trunnion pier to be constructed on foundations that extend to the bedrock 94 feet ( 29 m ) below the river bed . To achieve this caissons were sunk to a depth of 29 feet ( 8 @.@ 8 m ) below the river bed and then 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) diameter wells were sunk the remaining 65 feet ( 20 m ) . The substructure of the bridge was constructed by the Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company .
= = = Usage = = =
The Chicago and North Western Railway originally planned for two bridges side @-@ by @-@ side that could carry four railroad tracks into the Wells Street Station . However , by the time that the first bridge opened on September 19 , 1908 an alternative scheme was already underway that led to the closure of Wells Street Station and its replacement with a new terminal on the west bank of the river . When the new station ( now the Ogilvie Transportation Center ) opened in 1911 , Kinzie Street railroad bridge was left to handle freight traffic only . In 1930 the Merchandise Mart was opened on the site of the old Wells Street Station . Merchandise Mart was built on air rights of the Chicago and North Western , and in the spring of 1932 the railroad opened a new freight house underneath the building that was designed to handle 1 @,@ 000 short tons ( 910 @,@ 000 kg ) of outbound and 600 short tons ( 540 @,@ 000 kg ) of inbound freight per day .
= = = Abandonment = = =
During the second half of the 20th century the number of companies using the railroad for shipping on Chicago 's near north side declined severely . In the 1970s customers at the east end of the line included the Curtiss candy factory and the Jardine Water Purification Plant . The construction of the Columbus Drive Bridge in 1982 wiped out part of the right of way and the spur to Navy Pier was abandoned . Service to the Tribune Tower also ended in the 1980s , and by the 1990s traffic along the remaining section of the spur served only one customer , the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , with only one train per day . The newspaper moved their printing plant out of downtown Chicago in early 2001 leaving no traffic across the bridge and it has since been permanently raised in the open position . On December 12 , 2007 the bridge was one of 12 historic Chicago railroad bridges to be designated as Chicago Landmarks .
= = = Proposals for reuse = = =
Tests were conducted in 1953 to see if the spur could be used as a part of a commuter line with stops at Merchandise Mart , State Street , and Michigan Avenue , but the plan was dropped in 1954 for financial reasons . In the 1970s architect Harry Weese suggested a light rail line along the spur to connect Chicago 's downtown stations with the River North neighborhoods . In 2008 the City of Chicago Department of Transportation commissioned an alternatives analysis to look at a proposal to create a transit link from Union Station and the Ogilvie Transportation Center to Michigan Avenue using the Union Pacific train tunnel running under the Apparel Center , the Merchandise Mart and other buildings east toward North Michigan Avenue . The proposed Carroll Avenue Transitway would include the retrofitting of Kinzie Street railroad bridge to carry buses or trams .
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= Sarcófago =
Sarcófago was an influential Brazilian extreme metal band . They were fronted by Sepultura 's original singer , Wagner Lamounier , and Geraldo Minelli .
The front cover of the band 's debut album , I.N.R.I. , is regarded as a great influence on black metal 's corpse paint style make @-@ up . That record is also considered one of the " first wave " albums that helped shape the genre . Their second LP , The Laws of Scourge , was one of the first technical death metal records to be released .
The band broke up in 2000 , after releasing the Crust EP . Former members , minus Wagner , played throughout Brazil in 2006 under the moniker Tributo ao Sarcófago ( Tribute to Sarcófago ) . In 2009 , rumors surfaced that the original I.N.R.I. line @-@ up were reuniting for a small , high @-@ profile tour , but proved to be a false . A reissue of their back catalogue is in the works , a joint effort between Cogumelo Records and American label Greydaze .
= = History = =
= = = Early days ( 1985 – 1988 ) = = =
Sarcófago ( Portuguese and Spanish for ' sarcophagus ' ) was formed in 1985 in Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil . Equally indebted to early extreme metal groups such as Bathory , Celtic Frost , Slayer , and Finnish hardcore punk , Sarcófago 's goal was to create the most aggressive music ever . Wagner Lamounier , who parted acrimoniously from Sepultura in March of that same year , was invited to join the band . Although Sepultura never recorded anything with Lamounier , he contributed the lyrics to the song " Antichrist " on their Bestial Devastation EP . Sarcófago 's vinyl debut was on the Cogumelo Produções split album Warfare Noise I , originally released in 1986 . Sarcófago contributed the three tracks " Recrucify " , " The Black Vomit " and " Satanas " . Their music and lyrics were considered shocking at the time , something which brought them a considerable amount of attention . The band 's line @-@ up at that point consisted of " Butcher " ( guitars ) , " Antichrist " ( Lamounier ; vocals ) , " Incubus " ( Geraldo Minelli ; bass ) and " Leprous " ( Armando Sampaio ; drums ) .
With new drummer " D.D. Crazy " — hailed as a pioneer in the metal world for his extensive use of blast beats on this album — Sarcófago released I.N.R.I in July 1987 . The band 's attire on the album 's cover — corpsepaint , leather jackets , and bullet belts — is considered the first definite statement of black metal 's visual presentation and style . The music has been equally influential , a milestone in the development of the genre . Despite the record 's now @-@ legendary status , Lamounier was unsatisfied with the end results , voicing complaints over the quality of the recording sessions and the band being plagued by inner strife . After the release of I.N.R.I. , Sarcófago briefly disbanded . Lamounier moved to Uberlândia to study economics on the Federal University of Uberlândia ( UFU ) , while Butcher and his brother D.D. Crazy left the group . The latter would play drums on Sextrash 's debut , 1989 's Sexual Carnage .
= = = Rotting ( 1989 – 1990 ) = = =
When Rotting first came out it stirred a huge amount of controversy due to its cover art — a traditional grim reaper figure licking what appears to be Jesus Christ 's face . It was based upon a medieval painting . The cover artist himself , Kelson Frost , refused to paint a crown of thorns over the man 's head , which would readily identify him as the Christian messiah .
Rotting musically differs from the raw , hyper @-@ speed black metal of I.N.R.I. Session drummer " Joker " brought a different set of influences to the band ( such as crossover thrash ) ; Wagner also learned to play guitar in record time , and contributed many of the album 's guitar riffs . Rotting also marked their first change of aliases : the group 's core duo renamed themselves " Wagner Antichrist " and " Gerald Incubus " . Their visual department went through changes as well — they dropped the arm and leg spikes because they made playing live difficult .
Rotting was Sarcófago 's first release to have international distribution , handled in Europe by British label Music for Nations , and by Maze / Kraze in America . Maze Records released a censored version of Rotting , blacking out the original cover and adding a sticker which read " Featuring the Original Lead Singer of Sepultura " without consulting the band . Infuriated by the label 's actions , Sarcófago sued them .
= = = The Laws of Scourge ( 1991 – 1993 ) = = =
Next came The Laws of Scourge ( 1991 ) , considered a " revolution " in the band 's career . A combination of better musicianship , improved production values , and more sophisticated songwriting landed them into technical death metal territory . Sarcófago 's new direction in music was partly influenced by new members Fábio " Jhasko " ( guitar ) and Lúcio Olliver ( drums ) , and inspired by a newer crop of extreme metal bands such as Godflesh , Paradise Lost , Bolt Thrower , Deicide , and Morbid Angel .
The Laws of Scourge became Sarcófago 's best selling record , and responsible for their most extensive touring schedule to this date . Their tour trek also included their first international dates : they visited South American countries such as Peru and Chile , and in Europe they played shows in Portugal and Spain . In Brazil , their most important gig was to open for Texas hardcore punk pioneers the Dirty Rotten Imbeciles in São Paulo .
= = = Hate ( 1994 – 1996 ) = = =
Musically speaking , Hate is notable for its stripped @-@ down , straightforward approach and the use of a drum machine , the latter sparking some controversy . Lamounier claimed to have no qualms about using this device , on the basis that most death metal drummers use trigger pads for recording purposes , which in the end produces the same homogenized sound as that of a drum machine .
The band cut their hair short , in protest of the masculine long hair style becoming popular due to the massive success of grunge in the early 1990s . Men sporting long hair has traditionally been associated with counterculture groups , and it is especially present in the metalhead subculture . Wagner declared :
In late 1996 , Sarcófago released the Decade of Decay compilation which , amongst other things , featured demo versions of their early songs and rare backstage photographs . The band described the CD as a " gift " to their fans .
= = = The Worst ( 1997 – 2000 ) = = =
Sarcófago 's fourth and final album , The Worst ( 1997 ) , sees the band slowing down in relation to the speed @-@ oriented Hate , and having a better grasp of drum programming . Minelli and Lamounier saw this record as a " summation " of their career .
With the turn of the millennium came the Crust EP , Sarcófago 's swansong release . It was meant to be a preview of an upcoming album , but the band 's core duo parted ways before commencing its recording .
= = = Sarcófago Tribute tour ( 2006 – 2009 ) = = =
In celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Warfare Noise split album , Cogumelo Records and Gerald Incubus organized a comeback show with Sarcófago in Belo Horizonte . Along with Minelli , the line @-@ up for that event was Fábio Jhasko on guitars , Manu Joker and old @-@ time friend Juarez " Tibanha " on vocals . That performance was recorded and there are plans to release it in DVD format . Lamounier opted not to join this " Sarcófago Tribute " band for the lack in desire to play professionally . However , Wagner still pursues his musical interests — he plays in the crust punk band Commando Kaos .
In October 2007 , Sarcófago flew to Santiago , Chile to play in the Black Shadows Festival , alongside death metal pioneers Possessed .
In March 2009 , Wagner supposedly announced that Sarcófago would reunite , and their tour itinerary would include appearances at the Wacken Open Air and Hole in the Sky festivals , as well as dates in London , New York , Los Angeles and Tokyo . He stated it would be the original I.N.R.I. line @-@ up , but that this would be the only tour they would be doing and there would be no new material . A couple of days later , Lamounier himself wrote to the music press exposing this news report as a hoax .
= = Lyrical approach = =
Inspired by Venom and Hellhammer , Sarcófago 's early lyrics were openly Satanic . These lyrics frequently employed curse words and crude , obscene scenarios , such as in the case of " Desecration of ( the ) Virgin " , a blasphemous take on Mother Mary 's virgin birth .
Whilst still polemical , by 1989 's Rotting the band 's stance on Christianity was more agnostic than Satanic . The original vinyl release came with a lengthy manifesto written by Lamounier , in which he criticized the alienating effect that Catholicism had on Brazilian society . The band also questioned the divine nature of Christ , declaring he was just a regular man who died for his ideas . On a less serious note the album featured " Sex , Drinks and Metal " , a hedonistic ode to the headbanger lifestyle .
Their next album , The Laws of Scourge , continued their new @-@ found focus on more " reality @-@ based " themes , with lyrics generally covering such death @-@ related topics as suicide and homicide . The band had trouble again with American censors , with the lyrics of the re @-@ recorded version of " The Black Vomit " being forcibly omitted from the CD booklet as well as the entire " Prelude to Suicide " track .
= = Legacy = =
The band left a widespread influence on black metal circles worldwide , particularly among the Scandinavian portion of the so @-@ called " second wave " of the genre . " It is sobering " , claimed Terrorizer magazine , " to think of what wouldn 't have happened had ' I.N.R.I. ' not been released " .
Fenriz , drummer of Darkthrone , included a Sarcófago track ( " Satanic Lust " ) in his The Best of Old @-@ School Black Metal compilation , released by Peaceville Records . Of Sarcófago 's I.N.R.I. , he said it was an " album " that " you buy or die " . Euronymous , the deceased guitarist of Mayhem and erstwhile leader of the so @-@ called " Inner Circle " , traded correspondence with Lamounier in the early days of Norway 's scene . In the Lords of Chaos book , Metalion ( Slayer fanzine , ex @-@ Head Not Found ) stated that Euronymous was " obsessed with them because wore lots of spikes and corpsepaint . He said he wanted every band to be like this [ … ] . " Satyricon covered Sarcófago 's " I.N.R.I. " on their Intermezzo II EP , also featured on the Tribute to Sarcófago album , released by Cogumelo Records in 2001 . Key Gorgoroth members Infernus and King were also influenced by Sarcófago .
Notable black metal groups from neighbouring Finland were also affected by Sarcófago 's early output . Beherit founder Nuclear Holocausto said Sarcófago was one of " the greatest influences " for the band ; Mika Luttinen from Impaled Nazarene said that " nothing tops Slayer 's Reign in Blood or Sarcofago 's I.N.R.I. , you know " . Their version of " The Black Vomit " was included in Tribute to Sarcófago .
Lamounier , however , has been critical of several of the bands influenced by Sarcófago , especially bands from the Norwegian black metal scene , wondering how one of the wealthiest countries in the world could have produced such a scene . Although he liked Immortal , Wagner dubbed Euronymous a " nutcase " and considered Burzum " shit " . He also criticized black metal 's purposely lo @-@ fi recording aesthetic ; Lamounier said that Burzum 's guitar timbre " sounded like it was recorded through a transistor radio " .
= = Conflict with Sepultura = =
An oft @-@ cited aspect of Sarcófago 's history is their long @-@ lasting feud with Sepultura . Although former Sepultura drummer Igor Cavalera eventually dismissed the entire affair as " child 's play " , the music press fuelled their bitter rivalry for many years . Their conflict partially contributed to Sarcofágo 's fame as the perennial " black sheep " of Brazilian heavy metal .
Tensions started after Lamounier parted ways with Sepultura , which led to a temporarily awkward situation . In Minelli 's assessment , " everybody had forgotten it " until two years later , when D.D. Crazy smashed a bottle over Andreas Kisser 's head , who had been recently recruited as Sepultura 's new lead guitarist . Kisser was being " too much of a douchebag " . Sílvio " Bibica " Gomes , Sepultura roadie and co @-@ author of the band 's Toda a História biography , was one of the prime instigators of that fight .
During an interview from The Worst era , Lamounier was asked to comment on Sepultura 's well @-@ publicized break @-@ up , when Max Cavalera left the band in January 1997 . Lamounier declared he was not surprised that things turned out the way they did as , in his words , " with what I knew of them , I think it 's quite normal that one brother should betray another in that family , they don 't measure the consequences to get what they want . So , a brother backstabbing the other , deceiving their mother , cheating a friend ... For money , I 'll bet they 're capable of anything . "
Annoyed by Lamounier meddling in " private family business " , Max Cavalera 's answer came through " Bumbklaatt " , a song on Soulfly 's debut album .
Max explained that , in Jamaican patois , " Bumbklatt " means " blood clot " and it is also " a big insult ... It means motherfucker or a piece of shit in Jamaica " .
The animosity between the two groups eventually reached another major Brazilian band , crossover thrash act Ratos de Porão . The band got involved in the affair after a 1987 Belo Horizonte gig , when a portion of the audience kept jeering at the band . One version of that story states that Lamounier and Ratos de Porão singer João Gordo were antagonizing each other during the show . Another one tells that when Gordo asked Sepultura frontman Max Cavalera who was " gobbing " at his band , Max accused Sarcófago .
Tensions flared up once again five years later when Sarcófago , instead of Ratos de Porão , were picked up to be the opening band of DRI 's first Brazilian shows . Ratos de Porão and friends from São Paulo thrash metal group Korzus invaded Sarcófago 's backstage area ; João Gordo then proceeded to sucker @-@ punch Lamounier while he was lying drunk on the floor , and Gordo 's friends attacked the rest with motorcycle chains . A massive brawl ensued , with a member of DRI 's road crew getting his arm broken .
= = Discography = =
= = Members = =
Last known line @-@ up
Wagner " Antichrist " Lamounier – vocals , guitar ( 1985 – 2000 )
Geraldo " Gerald Incubus " Minelli – bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1986 – 2000 )
Session
Manoel Henriques " Manu Joker " – drums , backing vocals ( 1989 – 1991 )
Vanir Jr . – keyboards ( 1991 – 1993 )
Eugênio " Dead Zone " – drum programming , keyboards ( 1994 – 2000 )
Former
Armando " Leprous " Sampaio – drums ( 1985 – 1986 )
Juninho " Pussy Fucker " – bass guitar ( 1985 – 1986 )
Zéder " Butcher " – guitar ( 1985 – 1987 )
Eduardo " D.D. Crazy " – drums ( 1986 – 1987 )
Fábio Jhasko " Jhasko " – guitar ( 1991 – 1993 )
Lucio Olliver – drums ( 1991 – 1993 )
= = = Timeline = = =
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= That We Can Play =
That We Can Play is the debut EP of the American electronic @-@ music project Games , consisting of producers Daniel Lopatin and Joel Ford . Lopatin and Ford ( who had made electronic music together since their school days ) produced That We Can Play in an apartment studio , using vintage synthesizers and sequencers to recapture the sound and style of 1980s power pop .
That We Can Play contains six songs , including four original Games tracks ( one , the opener " Strawberry Skies " , with vocals by Laurel Halo ) . It also has two remixes : a remix of " Strawberry Skies " by the Chicago duo Gatekeeper and a reprise of a song by Canadian musician CFCF . The EP , released in November 2010 on the Hippos in Tanks label , was promoted with music videos and singles . It was well @-@ received by critics , who appreciated the duo 's use of its 1980s power @-@ pop influences , and made the top ten of MP3 blog Gorilla vs. Bear 's year @-@ end list .
= = Background = =
Ford and Lopatin , who met in a science class , began playing music together in high school . During their practice sessions they experimented with electronic music using a Roland Juno @-@ 60 ( belonging to Lopatin 's father ) and their high school 's Ensoniq SQ @-@ 2 , which Ford used as a drum machine . During these sessions , the two became serious about composing electronic music together . For a time they had separate careers , with Ford moving to New York City to play in soft @-@ rock group Tigercity and Lopatin remaining in Boston to produce and compose music as Oneohtrix Point Never . In the summer of 2009 , they developed an idea for a group they called " Games " after what Lopatin described as " an intense 72 @-@ hour internet writing frenzy " . Lopatin and Ford spent a week recording demos at Ford 's home in Massachusetts , developing their sound with " a ridiculously sick collection of vintage synths " they collected during their years as musicians . Other musical commitments slowed the work , but by 2010 they had moved into an apartment ( lacking heat and hot water ) to focus on the project .
= = Production and composition = =
That We Can Play was recorded with a single stereo Pro Tools track and " outboard , secondhand vintage synths and sequencers " . Ford explained the process of making each song in an interview with XLR8R : " It 's almost like we just sit down with gear and are like , ' Whoa , this sounds sweet , ' and then we 'll make a beat , and be like , ' What if we do this ? ' and something comes out and we move from there . Where it gets really complex — and you can 't be a slacker — is you have to inventorize all these tiny sounds and constantly be trying to fit all of these moving parts together and see what sticks — and it 's a lot of repetitive , careful @-@ listening kind of work . "
The writing , recording and mixing of That We Can Play is rooted in 1980s power pop . On a technical level , according to Steve Shaw of Fact magazine , Games 's instrumentation includes everything expected in 1980 's music and is executed correctly : bass lines , strings , keytar and arpeggiators . Instead of merely reproducing the sound from that era , the band pushes the music into unfamiliar territory . According to Pitchfork Media 's Joe Colly , the EP has a nostalgic sound – due , in part , to the analog synths ( " not just vintage but almost aged " instrumentation ) and their " glitchy electro jams . "
= = Songs = =
That We Can Play 's opening track , " Strawberry Skies " , the only cut on the release that was produced in a real studio , was inspired by the theme of the American television show Law & Order . Critics compared it to Bananarama 's " Cruel Summer " . The track features dream @-@ like vocals by Laurel Halo , mixed with reverb ; according to Fact , it reflects the " cloud @-@ like " sounds of previous releases by Oneohtrix Point Never . In writing the lyrics to the song , Ford and Lopatin came up with several senseless phrases in writing the melody for the lead vocal , the former saying that he " made them about Shaq and Kobe and eating steak sandwiches and pies , " and the latter saying " Anything just to get the sounds . " " Strawberry Skies " is followed by " MIDI Drift " , which features an Italo bass line , " pitch @-@ bent keytar " and " square wave synths " , and was compared by Michael Brodeur of The Boston Globe to the music of Ratatat .
The third track , " Planet Party " , called " Apple IIe funk " by Joe Colly of Pitchfork Media , contains " wailing guitar synths " , " fist @-@ pumping bass " , " scattergun freestyle drums " and " sudden , surprisingly violent orchestral stabs " . Produced in the summer of 2010 and the first song to be chosen for inclusion on That We Can Play , Ford recalled , " We were making this smooth @-@ rock , Alan Parsons Project @-@ style shit , and then it completely got sliced and diced , mistakes happened in Pro Tools , and it became something else . " " Shadows in Bloom " , a reprise of Secret Service 's " Flash in the Night " , is a melancholy , mid @-@ tempo power ballad featuring bass , snare and synth harmonies described by a reviewer as violent , cavernous , and harsh .
That We Can Play also includes two remixes ; Chicago duo Gatekeeper 's version of " Strawberry Skies " contains a sample of the PlayStation start @-@ up sound and , according to Fact 's Steve Shaw , " ups the ' 80s ante and slows the pace with their trademark industrial sex club character ( sampling Boards of Canada in the process ) , the result sounding far more like a real computer game than any of the UK club tracks currently referencing them " . The EP ends with Games 's version of CFCF 's " It Was Never Meant to Be " , which Shaw described it as a " lush affair " with " chopped DX7 pads and afro @-@ new age staccato melodies " .
= = Promotion = =
The first song released from That We Can Play was " Midi Drift " , which was posted on Games 's blog in April 2010 . " Shadows in Bloom " premiered on the MP3 blog Gorilla vs. Bear and Pitchfork Media 's Altered Zones website on September 29 , 2010 . On December 14 , a remix of " Strawberry Skies " by electronic musician Hudson Mohawke ( not included on the EP ) became available for download on Fact 's website ; according to the magazine , it " manages to be totally malevolent while also sounding like an amazing street party , which is quite an achievement " . A Stereogum writer called the Hudson Mohawke remix " nice " , but preferred Gatekeeper 's " strangulation " of the song .
That We Can Play was also promoted with several music videos . A video for " Planet Party " was released on Delicious Scopitone in August 2010 , which Larry Fitzmaurice of Pitchfork Media described as " a stutteringly smooth , been @-@ around @-@ for @-@ a @-@ few @-@ minutes " production with " jet skis , killer whales , water slides , wind surfing , track racing , and tape @-@ warped women " . A video for " Shadows in Bloom " by WEIRDCORE was released on November 11 and , according to Fitzmaurice , " showcases a warped take on airline attendants and air travel that has to be seen to be believed . " On December 13 a video for " Strawberry Skies " , directed by Josef Kraska and described by Gorilla vs. Bear as an " ' 80s chat line @-@ shower montage " , premiered on the blog .
= = Release and reception = =
In August 2010 , Games stated that That We Can Play would be released in late September or early October 2010 . However , when the release date and track list were announced on September 9 the release date had been pushed back to November 2 . The EP , distributed by Hippos in Tanks with cover artwork by Christian " Megazord " Oldham and cover design by Rasmus Emanuel Svensson , was positively received by critics . In a November 3 , 2010 review Steve Shaw praised That We Can Play for its accurate references to 1980s music , writing that the EP " resides in a both unsettled and an unsettling state , with hints of something very strong and unique perhaps being tied down by exploring more recognisable formats " . Shaw recommended it to his readers , giving it a rating of four out of five . In a Boston Globe review Michael Brodeur described the EP as " unrelentingly retro , but intriguingly interstitial " , with a smoothness which " sounds like a familiar future " . Joe Colly of Pitchfork Media called That We Can Play " a quirky and technical treat " but criticized the EP 's brevity , lamenting the omission of previous Games singles " Everything Is Working " and " Heartlands " . That We Can Play was ranked eighth on Gorilla vs. Bear 's list of the top 30 albums of 2010 ; according to Chris Cantalini , " The run time here is slight , but the EP 's brevity works in its favor , as there 's not a wasted second on this thing . "
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Daniel Lopatin and Joel Ford .
Sample credits
" Shadows In Bloom " samples " Flash In The Night " by Secret Service .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits and personnel from liner notes :
Personnel
Production , songwriting , performers – Daniel Lopatin and Joel Ford
Mastering , additional mixing on " Strawberry Skies " – Al Carlson
Additional vocals on " Strawberry Skies " – Laurel Halo
Artwork – Christian " Megazord " Oldham
Artwork design – Rasmus Emanuel Svensson
Equipment
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