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= 1 , t − 2 =
0
s − 1 |
= 0 , t − 1 =
1 .
Using this recursion , Bézout 's integers s and t are given by s |
= sN and t =
tN , where N + 1 is the step on which the algorithm terminates with rN + 1
= 0 .
The validity of this approach can be shown by induction . Assume that the recursion formula is correct up to step k − 1 of the algorithm ; in other words , assume that
rj =
sj a + tj b
for all j less than k . The kth step of the algorithm gives the equation
rk
= rk − 2 − qkrk − 1 .
Since the recursion formula has been assumed to be correct for rk − 2 and rk − 1 , they may be expressed in terms of the corresponding s and t variables
rk =
( sk − 2 a + tk − 2 b ) − qk ( sk − 1 a + tk − 1 b ) .
Rearranging this equation yields the recursion formula for step k , as required
rk |
= sk a + tk b =
( sk − 2 − qksk − 1 ) a + ( tk − 2 − qktk − 1 ) b .
= = = Matrix method = = =
The integers s and t can also be found using an equivalent matrix method . The sequence of equations of Euclid 's algorithm
a
= q0 b + r0
b =
q1 r0 + r1
…
rN − 2
= qN rN − 1 + 0
can be written as a product of 2 @-@ by @-@ 2 quotient matrices multiplying a two @-@ dimensional remainder vector
<formula>
Let M represent the product of all the quotient matrices
<formula>
This simplifies the Euclidean algorithm to the form
<formula>
To express g as a linear sum of a and b , both sides of this equation can be multiplied by the inverse of the matrix M. The determinant of M equals ( − 1 ) N + 1 , since it equals the product of the determinants of the quotient matrices , each of which is negative one . Since the determinant of M is never zero , the vector of the final remainders can be solved using the inverse of M
<formula>
Since the top equation gives
g =
( − 1 ) N + 1 ( m22 a − m12 b ) ,
the two integers of Bézout 's identity are s |
= ( − 1 ) N + 1m22 and t =
( − 1 ) Nm12 . The matrix method is as efficient as the equivalent recursion , with two multiplications and two additions per step of the Euclidean algorithm .
= = = Euclid 's lemma and unique factorization = = =
Bézout 's identity is essential to many applications of Euclid 's algorithm , such as demonstrating the unique factorization of numbers into prime factors . To illustrate this , suppose that a number L can be written as a product of two factors u and v , that is , L
= uv . If another number w also divides L but is coprime with u , then w must divide v , by the following argument : If the greatest common divisor of u and w is 1 , then integers s and t can be found such that
1 =
su + tw .
by Bézout 's identity . Multiplying both sides by v gives the relation
v |
= suv + twv =
sL + twv .
Since w divides both terms on the right @-@ hand side , it must also divide the left @-@ hand side , v. This result is known as Euclid 's lemma . Specifically , if a prime number divides L , then it must divide at least one factor of L. Conversely , if a number w is coprime to each of a series of numbers a1 , a2 , … , an , then w is also coprime to their product , a1 × a2 × … × an .
Euclid 's lemma suffices to prove that every number has a unique factorization into prime numbers . To see this , assume the contrary , that there are two independent factorizations of L into m and n prime factors , respectively
L |
= p1p2 … pm =
q1q2 … qn .
Since each prime p divides L by assumption , it must also divide one of the q factors ; since each q is prime as well , it must be that p = q . Iteratively dividing by the p factors shows that each p has an equal counterpart q ; the two prime factorizations are identical except for their order . The unique factorization of numbers into primes has many applications in mathematical proofs , as shown below .
= = = Linear Diophantine equations = = =
Diophantine equations are equations in which the solutions are restricted to integers ; they are named after the 3rd @-@ century Alexandrian mathematician Diophantus . A typical linear Diophantine equation seeks integers x and y such that
ax + by
= c
where a , b and c are given integers . This can be written as an equation for x in modular arithmetic :
ax ≡ c mod b .
Let g be the greatest common divisor of a and b . Both terms in ax + by are divisible by g ; therefore , c must also be divisible by g , or the equation has no solutions . By dividing both sides by c / g , the equation can be reduced to Bezout 's identity
sa + tb =
g
where s and t can be found by the extended Euclidean algorithm . This provides one solution to the Diophantine equation , x1 |
= s ( c / g ) and y1 =
t ( c / g ) .
In general , a linear Diophantine equation has no solutions , or an infinite number of solutions . To find the latter , consider two solutions , ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) , where
ax1 + by1 |
= c =
ax2 + by2
or equivalently
a ( x1 − x2 )
= b ( y2 − y1 ) .
Therefore , the smallest difference between two x solutions is b / g , whereas the smallest difference between two y solutions is a / g . Thus , the solutions may be expressed as
x =
x1 − bu / g
y = y1 + au / g .
By allowing u to vary over all possible integers , an infinite family of solutions can be generated from a single solution ( x1 , y1 ) . If the solutions are required to be positive integers ( x > 0 , y > 0 ) , only a finite number of solutions may be possible . This restriction on the acceptable solutions allows some systems of Diophantine equations with more unknowns than equations to have a finite number of solutions ; this is impossible for a system of linear equations when the solutions can be any real number ( see Underdetermined system ) .
= = = Multiplicative inverses and the RSA algorithm = = =
A finite field is a set of numbers with four generalized operations . The operations are called addition , subtraction , multiplication and division and have their usual properties , such as commutativity , associativity and distributivity . An example of a finite field is the set of 13 numbers { 0 , 1 , 2 , … , 12 } using modular arithmetic . In this field , the results of any mathematical operation ( addition , subtraction , multiplication , or division ) is reduced modulo 13 ; that is , multiples of 13 are added or subtracted until the result is brought within the range 0 – 12 . For example , the result of 5 × 7 |
= 35 mod 13 =
9 . Such finite fields can be defined for any prime p ; using more sophisticated definitions , they can also be defined for any power m of a prime p m . Finite fields are often called Galois fields , and are abbreviated as GF ( p ) or GF ( p m ) .
In such a field with m numbers , every nonzero element a has a unique modular multiplicative inverse , a − 1 such that aa − 1
= a − 1a ≡ 1 mod m . This inverse can be found by solving the congruence equation ax ≡ 1 mod m , or the equivalent linear Diophantine equation
ax + my =
1 .
This equation can be solved by the Euclidean algorithm , as described above . Finding multiplicative inverses is an essential step in the RSA algorithm , which is widely used in electronic commerce ; specifically , the equation determines the integer used to decrypt the message . Note that although the RSA algorithm uses rings rather than fields , the Euclidean algorithm can still be used to find a multiplicative inverse where one exists . The Euclidean algorithm also has other applications in error @-@ correcting codes ; for example , it can be used as an alternative to the Berlekamp – Massey algorithm for decoding BCH and Reed – Solomon codes , which are based on Galois fields .
= = = Chinese remainder theorem = = =
Euclid 's algorithm can also be used to solve multiple linear Diophantine equations . Such equations arise in the Chinese remainder theorem , which describes a novel method to represent an integer x . Instead of representing an integer by its digits , it may be represented by its remainders xi modulo a set of N coprime numbers mi :
<formula>
The goal is to determine x from its N remainders xi . The solution is to combine the multiple equations into a single linear Diophantine equation with a much larger modulus M that is the product of all the individual moduli mi , and define Mi as
<formula>
Thus , each Mi is the product of all the moduli except mi . The solution depends on finding N new numbers hi such that
<formula>
With these numbers hi , any integer x can be reconstructed from its remainders xi by the equation
<formula>
Since these numbers hi are the multiplicative inverses of the Mi , they may be found using Euclid 's algorithm as described in the previous subsection .
= = = Stern – Brocot tree = = =
The Euclidean algorithm can be used to arrange the set of all positive rational numbers into an infinite binary search tree , called the Stern – Brocot tree . The number 1 ( expressed as a fraction 1 / 1 ) is placed at the root of the tree , and the location of any other number a / b can be found by computing gcd ( a , b ) using the original form of the Euclidean algorithm , in which each step replaces the larger of the two given numbers by its difference with the smaller number ( not its remainder ) , stopping when two equal numbers are reached . A step of the Euclidean algorithm that replaces the first of the two numbers corresponds to a step in the tree from a node to its right child , and a step that replaces the second of the two numbers corresponds to a step in the tree from a node to its left child . The sequence of steps constructed in this way does not depend on whether a / b is given in lowest terms , and forms a path from the root to a node containing the number a / b . This fact can be used to prove that each positive rational number appears exactly once in this tree .
For example , 3 / 4 can be found by starting at the root , going to the left once , then to the right twice :
<formula>
The Euclidean algorithm has almost the same relationship to another binary tree on the rational numbers called the Calkin – Wilf tree . The difference is that the path is reversed : instead of producing a path from the root of the tree to a target , it produces a path from the target to the root .
= = = Continued fractions = = =
The Euclidean algorithm has a close relationship with continued fractions . The sequence of equations can be written in the form
<formula>
The last term on the right @-@ hand side always equals the inverse of the left @-@ hand side of the next equation . Thus , the first two equations may be combined to form
<formula>
The third equation may be used to substitute the denominator term r1 / r0 , yielding
<formula>
The final ratio of remainders rk / rk − 1 can always be replaced using the next equation in the series , up to the final equation . The result is a continued fraction
<formula>
In the worked example above , the gcd ( 1071 , 462 ) was calculated , and the quotients qk were 2 , 3 and 7 , respectively . Therefore , the fraction 1071 / 462 may be written
<formula>
as can be confirmed by calculation .
= = = Factorization algorithms = = =
Calculating a greatest common divisor is an essential step in several integer factorization algorithms , such as Pollard 's rho algorithm , Shor 's algorithm , Dixon 's factorization method and the Lenstra elliptic curve factorization . The Euclidean algorithm may be used to find this GCD efficiently . Continued fraction factorization uses continued fractions , which are determined using Euclid 's algorithm .
= = Algorithmic efficiency = =
The computational efficiency of Euclid 's algorithm has been studied thoroughly . This efficiency can be described by the number of division steps the algorithm requires , multiplied by the computational expense of each step . The first known analysis of Euclid 's algorithm is due to A.-A.-L. Reynaud in 1811 , who showed that the number of division steps on input ( u , v ) is bounded by v ; later he improved this to v / 2 + 2 . Later , in 1841 , P.-J.-E. Finck showed that the number of division steps is at most 2 log2 v + 1 , and hence Euclid 's algorithm runs in time polynomial in the size of the input . Émile Léger , in 1837 , studied the worst case , which is when the inputs are consecutive Fibonacci numbers . Finck 's analysis was refined by Gabriel Lamé in 1844 , who showed that the number of steps required for completion is never more than five times the number h of base @-@ 10 digits of the smaller number b .
In the uniform cost model ( suitable for analyzing the complexity of gcd calculation on numbers that fit into a single machine word ) , each step of the algorithm takes constant time , and Lamé 's analysis implies that the total running time is also O ( h ) . However , in a model of computation suitable for computation with larger numbers , the computational expense of a single remainder computation in the algorithm can be as large as O ( h2 ) . In this case the total time for all of the steps of the algorithm can be analyzed using a telescoping series , showing that it is also O ( h2 ) . Modern algorithmic techniques based on the Schönhage – Strassen algorithm for fast integer multiplication can be used to speed this up , leading to quasilinear algorithms for the GCD .
= = = Number of steps = = =
The number of steps to calculate the GCD of two natural numbers , a and b , may be denoted by T ( a , b ) . If g is the GCD of a and b , then a |
= mg and b =
ng for two coprime numbers m and n . Then
T ( a , b )
= T ( m , n )
as may be seen by dividing all the steps in the Euclidean algorithm by g . By the same argument , the number of steps remains the same if a and b are multiplied by a common factor w : T ( a , b ) =
T ( wa , wb ) . Therefore , the number of steps T may vary dramatically between neighboring pairs of numbers , such as T ( a , b ) and T ( a , b + 1 ) , depending on the size of the two GCDs .
The recursive nature of the Euclidean algorithm gives another equation
T ( a , b ) |
= 1 + T ( b , r0 ) =
2 + T ( r0 , r1 ) |
= … =
N + T ( rN − 2 , rN − 1 )
= N + 1
where T ( x , 0 ) =
0 by assumption .
= = = = Worst @-@ case = = = =
If the Euclidean algorithm requires N steps for a pair of natural numbers a > b > 0 , the smallest values of a and b for which this is true are the Fibonacci numbers FN + 2 and FN + 1 , respectively . This can be shown by induction . If N |
= 1 , b divides a with no remainder ; the smallest natural numbers for which this is true is b =
1 and a |
= 2 , which are F2 and F3 , respectively . Now assume that the result holds for all values of N up to M − 1 . The first step of the M @-@ step algorithm is a =
q0b + r0 , and the second step is b |
= q1r0 + r1 . Since the algorithm is recursive , it required M − 1 steps to find gcd ( b , r0 ) and their smallest values are FM + 1 and FM . The smallest value of a is therefore when q0 =
1 , which gives a |
= b + r0 =
FM + 1 + FM
= FM + 2 . This proof , published by Gabriel Lamé in 1844 , represents the beginning of computational complexity theory , and also the first practical application of the Fibonacci numbers .
This result suffices to show that the number of steps in Euclid 's algorithm can never be more than five times the number of its digits ( base 10 ) . For if the algorithm requires N steps , then b is greater than or equal to FN + 1 which in turn is greater than or equal to φN − 1 , where φ is the golden ratio . Since b ≥ φN − 1 , then N − 1 ≤ logφb . Since log10φ > 1 / 5 , ( N − 1 ) / 5 < log10φ logφb =
log10b . Thus , N ≤ 5 log10b . Thus , the Euclidean algorithm always needs less than O ( h ) divisions , where h is the number of digits in the smaller number b .
= = = = Average = = = =
The average number of steps taken by the Euclidean algorithm has been defined in three different ways . The first definition is the average time T ( a ) required to calculate the GCD of a given number a and a smaller natural number b chosen with equal probability from the integers 0 to a − 1
<formula>
However , since T ( a , b ) fluctuates dramatically with the GCD of the two numbers , the averaged function T ( a ) is likewise " noisy " .
To reduce this noise , a second average τ ( a ) is taken over all numbers coprime with a
<formula>
There are φ ( a ) coprime integers less than a , where φ is Euler 's totient function . This tau average grows smoothly with a
<formula>
with the residual error being of order a − ( 1 / 6 ) + ε , where ε is infinitesimal . The constant C ( Porter 's Constant ) in this formula equals
<formula>
where γ is the Euler – Mascheroni constant and ζ ' is the derivative of the Riemann zeta function . The leading coefficient ( 12 / π2 ) ln 2 was determined by two independent methods .
Since the first average can be calculated from the tau average by summing over the divisors d of a
<formula>
it can be approximated by the formula
<formula>
where Λ ( d ) is the Mangoldt function .
A third average Y ( n ) is defined as the mean number of steps required when both a and b are chosen randomly ( with uniform distribution ) from 1 to n
<formula>
Substituting the approximate formula for T ( a ) into this equation yields an estimate for Y ( n )
<formula>
= = = Computational expense per step = = =
In each step k of the Euclidean algorithm , the quotient qk and remainder rk are computed for a given pair of integers rk − 2 and rk − 1
rk − 2
= qk rk − 1 + rk .
The computational expense per step is associated chiefly with finding qk , since the remainder rk can be calculated quickly from rk − 2 , rk − 1 , and qk
rk =
rk − 2 − qk rk − 1 .
The computational expense of dividing h @-@ bit numbers scales as O ( h ( ℓ + 1 ) ) , where ℓ is the length of the quotient .
For comparison , Euclid 's original subtraction @-@ based algorithm can be much slower . A single integer division is equivalent to the quotient q number of subtractions . If the ratio of a and b is very large , the quotient is large and many subtractions will be required . On the other hand , it has been shown that the quotients are very likely to be small integers . The probability of a given quotient q is approximately ln | u / ( u − 1 ) | where u = ( q + 1 ) 2 . For illustration , the probability of a quotient of 1 , 2 , 3 , or 4 is roughly 41 @.@ 5 % , 17 @.@ 0 % , 9 @.@ 3 % , and 5 @.@ 9 % , respectively . Since the operation of subtraction is faster than division , particularly for large numbers , the subtraction @-@ based Euclid 's algorithm is competitive with the division @-@ based version . This is exploited in the binary version of Euclid 's algorithm .
Combining the estimated number of steps with the estimated computational expense per step shows that the Euclid 's algorithm grows quadratically ( h2 ) with the average number of digits h in the initial two numbers a and b . Let h0 , h1 , … , hN − 1 represent the number of digits in the successive remainders r0 , r1 , … , rN − 1 . Since the number of steps N grows linearly with h , the running time is bounded by
<formula>
= = = Alternative methods = = =
Euclid 's algorithm is widely used in practice , especially for small numbers , due to its simplicity . For comparison , the efficiency of alternatives to Euclid 's algorithm may be determined .
One inefficient approach to finding the GCD of two natural numbers a and b is to calculate all their common divisors ; the GCD is then the largest common divisor . The common divisors can be found by dividing both numbers by successive integers from 2 to the smaller number b . The number of steps of this approach grows linearly with b , or exponentially in the number of digits . Another inefficient approach is to find the prime factors of one or both numbers . As noted above , the GCD equals the product of the prime factors shared by the two numbers a and b . Present methods for prime factorization are also inefficient ; many modern cryptography systems even rely on that inefficiency .
The binary GCD algorithm is an efficient alternative that substitutes division with faster operations by exploiting the binary representation used by computers . However , this alternative also scales like O ( h ² ) . It is generally faster than the Euclidean algorithm on real computers , even though it scales in the same way . Additional efficiency can be gleaned by examining only the leading digits of the two numbers a and b . The binary algorithm can be extended to other bases ( k @-@ ary algorithms ) , with up to fivefold increases in speed . Lehmer 's GCD algorithm uses the same general principle as the binary algorithm to speed up GCD computations in arbitrary bases .
A recursive approach for very large integers ( with more than 25 @,@ 000 digits ) leads to quasilinear integer GCD algorithms , such as those of Schönhage , and Stehlé and Zimmermann . These algorithms exploit the 2 × 2 matrix form of the Euclidean algorithm given above . These quasilinear methods generally scale as O ( h ( log h ) 2 ( log log h ) ) .
= = Generalizations = =
Although the Euclidean algorithm is used to find the greatest common divisor of two natural numbers ( positive integers ) , it may be generalized to the real numbers , and to other mathematical objects , such as polynomials , quadratic integers and Hurwitz quaternions . In the latter cases , the Euclidean algorithm is used to demonstrate the crucial property of unique factorization , i.e. , that such numbers can be factored uniquely into irreducible elements , the counterparts of prime numbers . Unique factorization is essential to many proofs of number theory .
= = = Rational and real numbers = = =
Euclid 's algorithm can be applied to real numbers , as described by Euclid in Book 10 of his Elements . The goal of the algorithm is to identify a real number g such that two given real numbers , a and b , are integer multiples of it : a |
= mg and b =
ng , where m and n are integers . This identification is equivalent to finding an integer relation among the real numbers a and b ; that is , it determines integers s and t such that sa + tb
= 0 . Euclid uses this algorithm to treat the question of incommensurable lengths .
The real @-@ number Euclidean algorithm differs from its integer counterpart in two respects . First , the remainders rk are real numbers , although the quotients qk are integers as before . Second , the algorithm is not guaranteed to end in a finite number N of steps . If it does , the fraction a / b is a rational number , i.e. , the ratio of two integers
a / b =
mg / ng
= m / n
and can be written as a finite continued fraction [ q0 ; q1 , q2 , … , qN ] . If the algorithm does not stop , the fraction a / b is an irrational number and can be described by an infinite continued fraction [ q0 ; q1 , q2 , … ] . Examples of infinite continued fractions are the golden ratio φ =
[ 1 ; 1 , 1 , … ] and the square root of two , √ 2
= [ 1 ; 2 , 2 , … ] . The algorithm is unlikely to stop , since almost all ratios a / b of two real numbers are irrational .
An infinite continued fraction may be truncated at a step k [ q0 ; q1 , q2 , … , qk ] to yield an approximation to a / b that improves as k is increased . The approximation is described by convergents mk / nk ; the numerator and denominators are coprime and obey the recurrence relation
mk =
qk mk − 1 + mk − 2
nk
= qk nk − 1 + nk − 2
where m − 1 =
n − 2 |
= 1 and m − 2 =
n − 1 = 0 are the initial values of the recursion . The convergent mk / nk is the best rational number approximation to a / b with denominator nk :
<formula>
= = = Polynomials = = =
Polynomials in a single variable x can be added , multiplied and factored into irreducible polynomials , which are the analogs of the prime numbers for integers . The greatest common divisor polynomial g ( x ) of two polynomials a ( x ) and b ( x ) is defined as the product of their shared irreducible polynomials , which can be identified using the Euclidean algorithm . The basic procedure is similar to integers . At each step k , a quotient polynomial qk ( x ) and a remainder polynomial rk ( x ) are identified to satisfy the recursive equation
rk − 2 ( x )
= qk ( x ) rk − 1 ( x ) + rk ( x )
where r − 2 ( x ) =
a ( x ) and r − 1 ( x )
= b ( x ) . The quotient polynomial is chosen so that the leading term of qk ( x ) rk − 1 ( x ) equals the leading term of rk − 2 ( x ) ; this ensures that the degree of each remainder is smaller than the degree of its predecessor deg [ rk ( x ) ] < deg [ rk − 1 ( x ) ] . Since the degree is a nonnegative integer , and since it decreases with every step , the Euclidean algorithm concludes in a finite number of steps . The final nonzero remainder is the greatest common divisor of the original two polynomials , a ( x ) and b ( x ) .
For example , consider the following two quartic polynomials , which each factor into two quadratic polynomials
a ( x ) =
x4 − 4x3 + 4 x2 − 3x + 14
= ( x2 − 5x + 7 ) ( x2 + x + 2 )
and
b ( x ) =
x4 + 8x3 + 12x2 + 17x + 6
= ( x2 + 7x + 3 ) ( x2 + x + 2 ) .
Dividing a ( x ) by b ( x ) yields a remainder r0 ( x ) =
x3 + ( 2 / 3 ) x2 + ( 5 / 3 ) x − ( 2 / 3 ) . In the next step , b ( x ) is divided by r0 ( x ) yielding a remainder r1 ( x ) = x2 + x + 2 . Finally , dividing r0 ( x ) by r1 ( x ) yields a zero remainder , indicating that r1 ( x ) is the greatest common divisor polynomial of a ( x ) and b ( x ) , consistent with their factorization .
Many of the applications described above for integers carry over to polynomials . The Euclidean algorithm can be used to solve linear Diophantine equations and Chinese remainder problems for polynomials ; continued fractions of polynomials can also be defined .
The polynomial Euclidean algorithm has other applications , such as Sturm chains , a method for counting the zeros of a polynomial that lie inside a given real interval . This in turn has applications in several areas , such as the Routh – Hurwitz stability criterion in control theory .
Finally , the coefficients of the polynomials need not be drawn from integers , real numbers or even the complex numbers . For example , the coefficients may be drawn from a general field , such as the finite fields GF ( p ) described above . The corresponding conclusions about the Euclidean algorithm and its applications hold even for such polynomials .
= = = Gaussian integers = = =
The Gaussian integers are complex numbers of the form α
= u + vi , where u and v are ordinary integers and i is the square root of negative one . By defining an analog of the Euclidean algorithm , Gaussian integers can be shown to be uniquely factorizable , by the argument above . This unique factorization is helpful in many applications , such as deriving all Pythagorean triples or proving Fermat 's theorem on sums of two squares . In general , the Euclidean algorithm is convenient in such applications , but not essential ; for example , the theorems can often be proven by other arguments .
The Euclidean algorithm developed for two Gaussian integers α and β is nearly the same as that for normal integers , but differs in two respects . As before , the task at each step k is to identify a quotient qk and a remainder rk such that
rk =
rk − 2 − qk rk − 1
where rk − 2 |
= α , rk − 1 =
β , and every remainder is strictly smaller than its predecessor , | rk | < | rk − 1 | . The first difference is that the quotients and remainders are themselves Gaussian integers , and thus are complex numbers . The quotients qk are generally found by rounding the real and complex parts of the exact ratio ( such as the complex number α / β ) to the nearest integers . The second difference lies in the necessity of defining how one complex remainder can be " smaller " than another . To do this , a norm function f ( u + vi ) = u2 + v2 is defined , which converts every Gaussian integer u + vi into a normal integer . After each step k of the Euclidean algorithm , the norm of the remainder f ( rk ) is smaller than the norm of the preceding remainder , f ( rk − 1 ) . Since the norm is a nonnegative integer and decreases with every step , the Euclidean algorithm for Gaussian integers ends in a finite number of steps . The final nonzero remainder is the gcd ( α , β ) , the Gaussian integer of largest norm that divides both α and β ; it is unique up to multiplication by a unit , ± 1 or ± i .
Many of the other applications of the Euclidean algorithm carry over to Gaussian integers . For example , it can be used to solve linear Diophantine equations and Chinese remainder problems for Gaussian integers ; continued fractions of Gaussian integers can also be defined .
= = = Euclidean domains = = =
A set of elements under two binary operations , + and − , is called a Euclidean domain if it forms a commutative ring R and , roughly speaking , if a generalized Euclidean algorithm can be performed on them . The two operations of such a ring need not be the addition and multiplication of ordinary arithmetic ; rather , they can be more general , such as the operations of a mathematical group or monoid . Nevertheless , these general operations should respect many of the laws governing ordinary arithmetic , such as commutativity , associativity and distributivity .
The generalized Euclidean algorithm requires a Euclidean function , i.e. , a mapping f from R into the set of nonnegative integers such that , for any two nonzero elements a and b in R , there exist q and r in R such that a
= qb + r and f ( r ) < f ( b ) . An example of this mapping is the norm function used to order the Gaussian integers above . The function f can be the magnitude of the number , or the degree of a polynomial . The basic principle is that each step of the algorithm reduces f inexorably ; hence , if f can be reduced only a finite number of times , the algorithm must stop in a finite number of steps . This principle relies heavily on the natural well @-@ ordering of the non @-@ negative integers ; roughly speaking , this requires that every non @-@ empty set of non @-@ negative integers has a smallest member .
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic applies to any Euclidean domain : Any number from a Euclidean domain can be factored uniquely into irreducible elements . Any Euclidean domain is a unique factorization domain ( UFD ) , although the converse is not true . The Euclidean domains and the UFD 's are subclasses of the GCD domains , domains in which a greatest common divisor of two numbers always exists . In other words , a greatest common divisor may exist ( for all pairs of elements in a domain ) , although it may not be possible to find it using a Euclidean algorithm . A Euclidean domain is always a principal ideal domain ( PID ) , an integral domain in which every ideal is a principal ideal . Again , the converse is not true : not every PID is a Euclidean domain .
The unique factorization of Euclidean domains is useful in many applications . For example , the unique factorization of the Gaussian integers is convenient in deriving formulae for all Pythagorean triples and in proving Fermat 's theorem on sums of two squares . Unique factorization was also a key element in an attempted proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem published in 1847 by Gabriel Lamé , the same mathematician who analyzed the efficiency of Euclid 's algorithm , based on a suggestion of Joseph Liouville . Lamé 's approach required the unique factorization of numbers of the form x + ωy , where x and y are integers , and ω =
e2iπ / n is an nth root of 1 , that is , ωn = 1 . Although this approach succeeds for some values of n ( such as n = 3 , the Eisenstein integers ) , in general such numbers do not factor uniquely . This failure of unique factorization in some cyclotomic fields led Ernst Kummer to the concept of ideal numbers and , later , Richard Dedekind to ideals .
= = = = Unique factorization of quadratic integers = = = =
The quadratic integer rings are helpful to illustrate Euclidean domains . Quadratic integers are generalizations of the Gaussian integers in which the imaginary unit i is replaced by a number ω . Thus , they have the form u + v ω , where u and v are integers and ω has one of two forms , depending on a parameter D. If D does not equal a multiple of four plus one , then
<formula>
If , however , D does equal a multiple of four plus one , then
<formula>
If the function f corresponds to a norm function , such as that used to order the Gaussian integers above , then the domain is known as norm @-@ Euclidean . The norm @-@ Euclidean rings of quadratic integers are exactly those where D |
= − 11 , − 7 , − 3 , − 2 , − 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 29 , 33 , 37 , 41 , 57 or 73 . The quadratic integers with D =
− 1 and − 3 are known as the Gaussian integers and Eisenstein integers , respectively .
If f is allowed to be any Euclidean function , then the list of possible D values for which the domain is Euclidean is not yet known . The first example of a Euclidean domain that was not norm @-@ Euclidean ( with D = 69 ) was published in 1994 . In 1973 , Weinberger proved that a quadratic integer ring with D > 0 is Euclidean if , and only if , it is a principal ideal domain , provided that the generalized Riemann hypothesis holds .
= = = Noncommutative rings = = =
The Euclidean algorithm may be applied to noncommutative rings such as the set of Hurwitz quaternions . Let α and β represent two elements from such a ring . They have a common right divisor δ if α |
= ξδ and β =
ηδ for some choice of ξ and η in the ring . Similarly , they have a common left divisor if α |
= δξ and β =
δη for some choice of ξ and η in the ring . Since multiplication is not commutative , there are two versions of the Euclidean algorithm , one for right divisors and one for left divisors . Choosing the right divisors , the first step in finding the gcd ( α , β ) by the Euclidean algorithm can be written
ρ0 |
= α − ψ0β =
( ξ − ψ0η ) δ
where ψ0 represents the quotient and ρ0 the remainder . This equation shows that any common right divisor of α and β is likewise a common divisor of the remainder ρ0 . The analogous equation for the left divisors would be
ρ0 |
= α − βψ0 =
δ ( ξ − ηψ0 ) .
With either choice , the process is repeated as above until the greatest common right or left divisor is identified . As in the Euclidean domain , the " size " of the remainder ρ0 must be strictly smaller than β , and there must be only a finite number of possible sizes for ρ0 , so that the algorithm is guaranteed to terminate .
Most of the results for the GCD carry over to noncommutative numbers . For example , Bézout 's identity states that the right gcd ( α , β ) can be expressed as a linear combination of α and β . In other words , there are numbers σ and τ such that
Γright
= σα + τβ
The analogous identity for the left GCD is nearly the same :
Γleft =
ασ + βτ .
Bézout 's identity can be used to solve Diophantine equations . For instance , one of the standard proofs of Lagrange 's four @-@ square theorem , that every positive integer can be represented as a sum of four squares , is based on quaternion GCDs in this way .
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= Tropical Storm Leslie ( 2000 ) =
Tropical Storm Leslie was a weak , short @-@ lived tropical cyclone that was never well @-@ organized ; however , its precursor was costlier than any other tropical cyclone in the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season . The twelfth named storm of the season , Leslie formed on October 4 over eastern Florida as a subtropical cyclone , out of a trough of low pressure . Strengthening over open waters , it attained enough tropical characteristics to be reclassified as Tropical Storm Leslie on October 5 . The storm reached peak winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) before wind shear weakened it , and on October 7 transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over the open Atlantic Ocean . Leslie lasted three more days before losing its identity .
The precursor to Leslie produced torrential rainfall across Florida , peaking at 17 @.@ 5 in ( 440 mm ) . The flooding damaged thousands of houses and caused three indirect deaths . Damage in southern Florida totaled $ 950 million ( 2000 USD ) , around half of which was from agricultural damage . After the flooding , portions of south Florida were declared a disaster area . Because of the limited impact as a tropical cyclone , the name Leslie was not retired in the Spring of 2001 .
= = Meteorological history = =
On September 27 , a tropical wave entered the eastern Caribbean Sea , believed to be the same that spawned Hurricane Isaac . It moved generally westward , and remained weak with sporadic thunderstorm activity . The wave traversed around the periphery of Hurricane Keith , and by October 2 , the system produced a mid @-@ level circulation just south of western Cuba . It continued to organize , prompting a reconnaissance aircraft to investigate the area . The system lacked a surface circulation center and remained an elongated trough of low pressure . The tropical wave interacted with an approaching frontal trough , while its mid @-@ level center turned to the northeast and made landfall near Sarasota , Florida on October 4 .
While over land , a surface circulation developed near Orlando , and the National Hurricane Center designated the system as Subtropical Depression One . The subtropical designation was because the convection was far @-@ removed from the center . Additionally , an upper @-@ level trough provided outflow , instead of an anticyclone as found in tropical cyclones . The subtropical depression moved to the east @-@ northeast , and steadily organized as deep convection developed closer to the center . Initially , the strongest winds were 175 mi ( 280 km ) from the center , but by the morning of October 5 , the distance decreased to 85 mi ( 135 km ) . Based on its organization and winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , the system was re @-@ designated as Tropical Storm Leslie .
The National Hurricane Center initially forecast further intensification to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) , although the agency also noted that the circulation could dissipate , due its fast forward motion toward the east @-@ northeast . Ultimately , wind shear prohibited significant strengthening , and Leslie attained peak winds of 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) . The storm interacted with an approaching cold front and became extratropical on October 7 , 375 mi ( 600 km ) north of Bermuda . It accelerated to the northeast and passed over Newfoundland on October 8 . The remnants of Leslie turned to the east , then southeast , strengthening to near @-@ hurricane @-@ force winds before losing its identity near Ireland on October 10 .
= = Preparations = =
The National Hurricane Center predicted the trough of low pressure to drop very heavy rainfall across western Cuba and Florida . The National Weather Service in Miami issued a flood watch for southern Florida , stating that the system could produce flooding on roads and in low @-@ lying areas . In general , however , there was little warning for the flooding in South Florida . While Leslie was moving east @-@ northeastward , it posed a threat to Bermuda , prompting officials to issue a tropical storm watch at 0300 UTC on October 6 . Six hours later , tropical storm watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning . However , the storm passed well to the west , and the warnings were dropped by late on October 6 .
= = Impact = =
The precursor disturbance of Leslie dropped heavy rainfall across central and western Cuba , peaking at 8 @.@ 25 in ( 210 mm ) in the province of Havana . Numerous other areas reported over four in ( 100 mm ) , as well . In southern Florida , the disturbance produced torrential rainfall , with a maximum of 17 @.@ 5 in ( 440 mm ) in South Miami . Two areas , one to the south of Lake Okeechobee and the other being the Miami area , received over 10 in ( 255 mm ) of rain . The torrential rainfall was described as similar to Hurricane Irene one year prior . The system produced two weak F0 tornadoes in Miami @-@ Dade County , one of which tore off a roof of a fire station in Hialeah .
The torrential rainfall in Florida flooded about 93 @,@ 000 homes , affecting 214 @,@ 000 residents in Miami @-@ Dade County . An incomplete damage survey of Miami @-@ Dade County indicated the flooding destroyed 1 @,@ 005 houses , severely damaged 1 @,@ 358 , and caused minor damage to 3 @,@ 443 . The flood waters , which were four ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) deep in places , stranded many in their houses , forcing them to use canoes or inflatable rafts to move to higher grounds . All schools in the Miami area were closed , and all non @-@ essential Miami @-@ Dade County employees were asked to stay home . Numerous flights in Miami International Airport were canceled or delayed , although the airport remained opened . The flooding , which was greatest in Sweetwater , West Miami , Hialeah , Opa @-@ locka , and Pembroke Park , lasted up to a week in areas . The extreme flooding damaged electrical stations , leaving more than 27 @,@ 000 without power . The flooding indirectly killed three people , two from drowning as a result of driving vehicles into deep water , and one when a man fell from a tall building while trying to unclog a roof drain . Property damage totaled $ 450 million .
Flood waters in Miami @-@ Dade County covered about 40 @,@ 000 acres ( 160 km ² ) of farmland . The damage was worsened since the flooding occurred at the beginning of the planting period for the winter season . Flooded nurseries and fields resulted in about $ 500 million in agricultural damage , including $ 60 million in tropical fruit and $ 397 million in ornamental crops . The U.S. Department of Agriculture declared 16 Florida counties , including Miami @-@ Dade , Collier , and Palm Beach , as primary disaster areas due to flooding , making farmers and their families there eligible for USDA emergency farm loans . The same agency made 22 other counties , including Broward , eligible for loans due to their proximity to the disaster areas .
As an extratropical storm , Leslie produced winds of around 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) while making landfall in Newfoundland . It also caused waves of up to 16 ft ( five m ) in height , and brought up to one in ( 30 mm ) of rain . The overall impact in this region was minor .
= = Aftermath = =
In the immediate aftermath , cleanup workers could not work until the flood waters receded . In addition , abandoned cars blocked the path of utility workers . Following the storm , President Bill Clinton declared Broward , Collier , Miami @-@ Dade , and Monroe Counties as disaster areas , allowing for the use of federal funds for the disaster victims . In addition , Miami @-@ Dade and Broward Counties were declared eligible for Federal Infrastructure Assistance , which provided for 75 % of the debris removal cost and the repairing or replacement of public roads , buildings , parks , and treatment plants . By ten days after the storm , government agencies distributed 105 @,@ 000 meals , 141 @,@ 000 US gal ( 530 @,@ 000 L ) of water , and 357 @,@ 000 lb ( 162 @,@ 000 kg ) of ice . Thousands visited the five Disaster Recovery Centers , where information on disaster @-@ related issues was given . By around two months after the flooding , over 51 @,@ 000 people applied for federal aid , with assistance totaling to more than $ 170 million .
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= Maya Angelou =
Maya Angelou ( / ˈmaɪ.ə ˈændʒəloʊ / ; born Marguerite Annie Johnson ; April 4 , 1928 – May 28 , 2014 ) was an American poet , memoirist , and civil rights activist . She published seven autobiographies , three books of essays , several books of poetry , and was credited with a list of plays , movies , and television shows spanning over 50 years . She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees . Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies , which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences . The first , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1969 ) , tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim .
She became a poet and writer after a series of occupations as a young adult , including fry cook , sex worker , nightclub dancer and performer , cast member of the opera Porgy and Bess , coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , and journalist in Egypt and Ghana during the decolonization of Africa . She was an actor , writer , director , and producer of plays , movies , and public television programs . In 1982 , she earned the first lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston @-@ Salem , North Carolina . She was active in the Civil Rights movement and worked with Martin Luther King , Jr. and Malcolm X. Beginning in the 1990s , she made around 80 appearances a year on the lecture circuit , something she continued into her eighties . In 1993 , Angelou recited her poem " On the Pulse of Morning " ( 1993 ) at President Bill Clinton 's inauguration , making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at President John F. Kennedy 's inauguration in 1961 .
With the publication of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Angelou publicly discussed aspects of her personal life . She was respected as a spokesperson for black people and women , and her works have been considered a defense of Black culture . Attempts have been made to ban her books from some U.S. libraries , but her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide . Angelou 's major works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction , but many critics have characterized them as autobiographies . She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing , changing , and expanding the genre . Her books center on themes such as racism , identity , family , and travel .
= = Life and career = =
= = = Early years = = =
Marguerite Annie Johnson was born in St. Louis , Missouri , on April 4 , 1928 , the second child of Bailey Johnson , a doorman and navy dietitian , and Vivian ( Baxter ) Johnson , a nurse and card dealer . Angelou 's older brother , Bailey Jr . , nicknamed Marguerite " Maya " , derived from " My " or " Mya Sister " . When Angelou was three and her brother four , their parents ' " calamitous marriage " ended , and their father sent them to Stamps , Arkansas , alone by train , to live with their paternal grandmother , Annie Henderson . In " an astonishing exception " to the harsh economics of African Americans of the time , Angelou 's grandmother prospered financially during the Great Depression and World War II because the general store she owned sold needed basic commodities and because " she made wise and honest investments " .
Four years later , the children 's father " came to Stamps without warning " and returned them to their mother 's care in St. Louis . At the age of eight , while living with her mother , Angelou was sexually abused and raped by her mother 's boyfriend , a man named Freeman . She told her brother , who told the rest of their family . Freeman was found guilty but was jailed for only one day . Four days after his release , he was murdered , probably by Angelou 's uncles . Angelou became mute for almost five years , believing , as she stated , " I thought , my voice killed him ; I killed that man , because I told his name . And then I thought I would never speak again , because my voice would kill anyone ... " According to Marcia Ann Gillespie and her colleagues , who wrote a biography about Angelou , it was during this period of silence when Angelou developed her extraordinary memory , her love for books and literature , and her ability to listen and observe the world around her .
Shortly after Freeman 's murder , Angelou and her brother were sent back to their grandmother . Angelou credits a teacher and friend of her family , Mrs. Bertha Flowers , with helping her speak again . Flowers introduced her to authors such as Charles Dickens , William Shakespeare , Edgar Allan Poe , Douglas Johnson , and James Weldon Johnson , authors who would affect her life and career , as well as black female artists like Frances Harper , Anne Spencer , and Jessie Fauset .
When Angelou was 14 , she and her brother moved in with their mother once again , who had since moved to Oakland , California . During World War II , Angelou attended the California Labor School . Before graduating , she worked as the first black female streetcar conductor in San Francisco . Three weeks after completing school , at the age of 17 , she gave birth to her son , Clyde ( who later changed his name to Guy Johnson ) .
= = = Adulthood and early career : 1951 – 61 = = =
In 1951 , Angelou married Greek electrician , former sailor , and aspiring musician Tosh Angelos , despite the condemnation of interracial relationships at the time and the disapproval of her mother . She took modern dance classes during this time , and met dancers and choreographers Alvin Ailey and Ruth Beckford . Angelou and Ailey formed a dance team , calling themselves " Al and Rita " , and performed modern dance at fraternal black organizations throughout San Francisco , but never became successful . Angelou , her new husband , and her son moved to New York City so she could study African dance with Trinidadian dancer Pearl Primus , but they returned to San Francisco a year later .
After Angelou 's marriage ended in 1954 , she danced professionally in clubs around San Francisco , including the nightclub the Purple Onion , where she sang and danced to calypso music . Up to that point she went by the name of " Marguerite Johnson " , or " Rita " , but at the strong suggestion of her managers and supporters at the Purple Onion she changed her professional name to " Maya Angelou " , a " distinctive name " that set her apart and captured the feel of her calypso dance performances . During 1954 and 1955 , Angelou toured Europe with a production of the opera Porgy and Bess . She began her practice of learning the language of every country she visited , and in a few years she gained proficiency in several languages . In 1957 , riding on the popularity of calypso , Angelou recorded her first album , Miss Calypso , which was reissued as a CD in 1996 . She appeared in an off @-@ Broadway review that inspired the 1957 film Calypso Heat Wave , in which Angelou sang and performed her own compositions .
Angelou met novelist John Oliver Killens in 1959 and , at his urging , moved to New York to concentrate on her writing career . She joined the Harlem Writers Guild , where she met several major African @-@ American authors , including John Henrik Clarke , Rosa Guy , Paule Marshall , and Julian Mayfield , and was published for the first time . In 1960 , after meeting civil rights leader Martin Luther King , Jr. and hearing him speak , she and Killens organized " the legendary " Cabaret for Freedom to benefit the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , and she was named SCLC 's Northern Coordinator . According to scholar Lyman B. Hagen , her contributions to civil rights as a fundraiser and SCLC organizer were successful and " eminently effective " . Angelou also began her pro @-@ Castro and anti @-@ apartheid activism during this time .
= = = Africa to Caged Bird : 1961 – 69 = = =
In 1961 , Angelou performed in Jean Genet 's play The Blacks , along with Abbey Lincoln , Roscoe Lee Brown , James Earl Jones , Louis Gossett , Godfrey Cambridge , and Cicely Tyson . Also in 1961 , she met South African freedom fighter Vusumzi Make ; they never officially married . She and her son Guy moved with Make to Cairo , where Angelou worked as an associate editor at the weekly English @-@ language newspaper The Arab Observer . In 1962 , her relationship with Make ended , and she and Guy moved to Accra , Ghana , he to attend college , but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident . Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965 . She became an administrator at the University of Ghana , and was active in the African @-@ American expatriate community . She was a feature editor for The African Review , a freelance writer for the Ghanaian Times , wrote and broadcast for Radio Ghana , and worked and performed for Ghana 's National Theatre . She performed in a revival of The Blacks in Geneva and Berlin .
In Accra , she became close friends with Malcolm X during his visit in the early 1960s . Angelou returned to the U.S. in 1965 to help him build a new civil rights organization , the Organization of Afro @-@ American Unity ; he was assassinated shortly afterward . Devastated and adrift , she joined her brother in Hawaii , where she resumed her singing career , and then moved back to Los Angeles to focus on her writing career . She worked as a market researcher in Watts and witnessed the riots in the summer of 1965 . She acted in and wrote plays , and returned to New York in 1967 . She met her lifelong friend Rosa Guy and renewed her friendship with James Baldwin , whom she had met in Paris in the 1950s and called " my brother " , during this time . Her friend Jerry Purcell provided Angelou with a stipend to support her writing .
In 1968 , Martin Luther King , Jr. asked Angelou to organize a march . She agreed , but " postpones again " , and in what Gillespie calls " a macabre twist of fate " , he was assassinated on her 40th birthday ( April 4 ) . Devastated again , she was encouraged out of her depression by her friend James Baldwin . As Gillespie states , " If 1968 was a year of great pain , loss , and sadness , it was also the year when America first witnessed the breadth and depth of Maya Angelou 's spirit and creative genius " . Despite having almost no experience , she wrote , produced , and narrated Blacks , Blues , Black ! , a ten @-@ part series of documentaries about the connection between blues music and black Americans ' African heritage , and what Angelou called the " Africanisms still current in the U.S. " for National Educational Television , the precursor of PBS . Also in 1968 , inspired at a dinner party she attended with Baldwin , cartoonist Jules Feiffer , and his wife Judy , and challenged by Random House editor Robert Loomis , she wrote her first autobiography , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , published in 1969 , which brought her international recognition and acclaim .
= = = Later career = = =
Angelou 's Georgia , Georgia , produced by a Swedish film company and filmed in Sweden , the first screenplay written by a black woman , was released in 1972 . She also wrote the film 's soundtrack , despite having very little additional input in the filming of the movie . Angelou married Welsh carpenter and ex @-@ husband of Germaine Greer , Paul du Feu , in San Francisco in 1973 . Over the next ten years , as Gillespie has stated , " She [ Angelou ] had accomplished more than many artists hope to achieve in a lifetime " . Angelou worked as a composer , writing for singer Roberta Flack , and composing movie scores . She wrote articles , short stories , TV scripts , documentaries , autobiographies , and poetry , produced plays , and was named visiting professor at several colleges and universities . She was " a reluctant actor " , and was nominated for a Tony Award in 1973 for her role in Look Away . As a theater director , in 1988 she undertook a revival of Errol John 's play Moon on a Rainbow Shawl at the Almeida Theatre in London .
In 1977 , Angelou appeared in a supporting role in the television mini @-@ series Roots . She was given a multitude of awards during this period , including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world . In the late 1970s , Angelou met Oprah Winfrey when Winfrey was a TV anchor in Baltimore , Maryland ; Angelou would later become Winfrey 's close friend and mentor . In 1981 , Angelou and du Feu divorced . She returned to the southern United States in 1981 because she felt she had to come to terms with her past there , and despite having no bachelor 's degree , accepted the lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston @-@ Salem , North Carolina , where she was one of only a few full @-@ time professors . From that point on , she considered herself " a teacher who writes " . Angelou taught a variety of subjects that reflected her interests , including philosophy , ethics , theology , science , theater , and writing . The Winston @-@ Salem Journal reported that even though she made many friends on campus , " she never quite lived down all of the criticism from people who thought she was more of a celebrity than an intellect ... [ and ] an overpaid figurehead " . The last course she taught at Wake Forest was in 2011 , but she was planning to teach another course in late 2014 . Her final speaking engagement at the university was in late 2013 . Beginning in the 1990s , Angelou actively participated in the lecture circuit in a customized tour bus , something she continued into her eighties .
In 1993 , Angelou recited her poem " On the Pulse of Morning " at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton , becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at President John F. Kennedy 's inauguration in 1961 . Her recitation resulted in more fame and recognition for her previous works , and broadened her appeal " across racial , economic , and educational boundaries " . The recording of the poem won a Grammy Award . In June 1995 , she delivered what Richard Long called her " second ' public ' poem " , entitled " A Brave and Startling Truth " , which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations .
Angelou achieved her goal of directing a feature film in 1996 , Down in the Delta , which featured actors such as Alfre Woodard and Wesley Snipes . Also in 1996 , she collaborated with R & B artists Ashford & Simpson on seven of the eleven tracks of their album Been Found . The album was responsible for three of Angelou 's only Billboard chart appearances . In 2000 , she created a successful collection of products for Hallmark , including greeting cards and decorative household items . She responded to critics who charged her with being too commercial by stating that " the enterprise was perfectly in keeping with her role as ' the people 's poet ' " . More than thirty years after Angelou began writing her life story , she completed her sixth autobiography A Song Flung Up to Heaven , in 2002 .
Angelou campaigned for the Democratic Party in the 2008 presidential primaries , giving her public support to Senator Hillary Clinton . In the run @-@ up to the January Democratic primary in South Carolina , the Clinton campaign ran ads featuring Angelou 's endorsement . The ads were part of the campaign 's efforts to rally support in the Black community ; but Obama won the South Carolina primary , finishing 29 points ahead of Clinton and taking 80 % of the Black vote . When Clinton 's campaign ended , Angelou put her support behind Senator Barack Obama , who went on to win the election and become the first African @-@ American president of the United States . She stated , " We are growing up beyond the idiocies of racism and sexism . "
In late 2010 , Angelou donated her personal papers and career memorabilia to the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem . They consisted of over 340 boxes of documents that featured her handwritten notes on yellow legal pads for I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , a 1982 telegram from Coretta Scott King , fan mail , and personal and professional correspondence from colleagues such as her editor Robert Loomis . In 2011 , Angelou served as a consultant for the Martin Luther King , Jr . Memorial in Washington , D.C. She spoke out in opposition to a paraphrase of a quotation by King that appeared on the memorial , saying , “ The quote makes Dr. Martin Luther King look like an arrogant twit " , and demanded that it be changed . Eventually , the paraphrase was removed .
In 2013 , at the age of 85 , Angelou published the seventh autobiography in her series , titled Mom & Me & Mom , that focuses on her relationship with her mother .
= = = Personal life = = =
Evidence suggests that Angelou was partially descended from the Mende people of West Africa . A 2008 PBS documentary found that Angelou 's maternal great @-@ grandmother Mary Lee , who had been emancipated after the Civil War , became pregnant by her white former owner , John Savin . Savin forced Lee to sign a false statement accusing another man of being the father of her child . After Savin was indicted for forcing Lee to commit perjury , and despite the discovery that Savin was the father , a jury found him not guilty . Lee was sent to the Clinton County poorhouse in Missouri with her daughter , Marguerite Baxter , who became Angelou 's grandmother . Angelou described Lee as " that poor little Black girl , physically and mentally bruised . "
The details of Angelou 's life described in her seven autobiographies and in numerous interviews , speeches , and articles tended to be inconsistent . Critic Mary Jane Lupton has explained that when Angelou spoke about her life , she did so eloquently but informally and " with no time chart in front of her " . For example , she was married at least twice , but never clarified the number of times she had been married , " for fear of sounding frivolous " ; according to her autobiographies and to Gillespie , she married Tosh Angelos in 1951 and Paul du Feu in 1973 , and began her relationship with Vusumzi Make in 1961 , but never formally married him . Angelou had one son Guy , whose birth was described in her first autobiography , one grandson , and two great @-@ grandchildren , and according to Gillespie , a large group of friends and extended family . Angelou 's mother Vivian Baxter died in 1991 and her brother Bailey Johnson , Jr . , died in 2000 after a series of strokes ; both were important figures in her life and her books . In 1981 , the mother of her son Guy 's child disappeared with Angelou 's grandson ; it took four years to find him .
In 2009 , the gossip website TMZ erroneously reported that Angelou had been hospitalized in Los Angeles when she was alive and well in St. Louis , which resulted in rumors of her death and according to Angelou , concern among her friends and family worldwide . In 2013 , Angelou told her friend Oprah Winfrey that she had studied courses offered by the Unity Church , which were spiritually significant to her . She did not earn a university degree , but according to Gillespie it was Angelou 's preference that she be called " Dr. Angelou " by people outside of her family and close friends . She owned two homes in Winston @-@ Salem , North Carolina , and a " lordly brownstone " in Harlem , which was purchased in 2004 and was full of her " growing library " of books she collected throughout her life , artwork collected over the span of many decades , and well @-@ stocked kitchens . Younge reported that in her Harlem home resides several African wall hangings and Angelou 's collection of paintings , including ones of several jazz trumpeters , a watercolor of Rosa Parks , and a Faith Ringgold work entitled " Maya 's Quilt Of Life " .
According to Gillespie , she hosted several celebrations per year at her main residence in Winston @-@ Salem ; " her skill in the kitchen is the stuff of legend — from haute cuisine to down @-@ home comfort food " . The Winston @-@ Salem Journal stated , " Securing an invitation to one of Angelou ’ s Thanksgiving dinners , Christmas tree decorating parties or birthday parties was among the most coveted invitations in town " . The New York Times , describing Angelou 's residence history in New York City , stated that she regularly hosted elaborate New Year 's Day parties . She combined her cooking and writing skills in her 2004 book Hallelujah ! The Welcome Table , which featured 73 recipes , many of which she learned from her grandmother and mother , accompanied by 28 vignettes . She followed up with her second cookbook , Great Food , All Day Long : Cook Splendidly , Eat Smart in 2010 , which focused on weight loss and portion control .
Beginning with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Angelou used the same " writing ritual " for many years . She would wake early in the morning and check into a hotel room , where the staff was instructed to remove any pictures from the walls . She would write on legal pads while lying on the bed , with only a bottle of sherry , a deck of cards to play solitaire , Roget 's Thesaurus , and the Bible , and would leave by the early afternoon . She would average 10 – 12 pages of written material a day , which she edited down to three or four pages in the evening . Angelou went through this process to " enchant " herself , and as she said in a 1989 interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation , " relive the agony , the anguish , the Sturm und Drang . " She placed herself back in the time she wrote about , even traumatic experiences like her rape in Caged Bird , in order to " tell the human truth " about her life . Angelou stated that she played cards in order to get to that place of enchantment and in order to access her memories more effectively . She stated , " It may take an hour to get into it , but once I 'm in it — ha ! It 's so delicious ! " She did not find the process cathartic ; rather , she found relief in " telling the truth " .
= = = Death = = =
Angelou died on the morning of May 28 , 2014 . She was found by her nurse . Although Angelou had reportedly been in poor health and had canceled recent scheduled appearances , she was working on another book , an autobiography about her experiences with national and world leaders . During her memorial service at Wake Forest University , her son Guy Johnson stated that despite being in constant pain due to her dancing career and respiratory failure , she wrote four books during the last ten years of her life . He said , " She left this mortal plane with no loss of acuity and no loss in comprehension " .
Tributes to Angelou and condolences were paid by artists , entertainers , and world leaders , including President Bill Clinton , and President Barack Obama , whose sister was named after Angelou . Harold Augenbraum , from the National Book Foundation , said that Angelou 's " legacy is one that all writers and readers across the world can admire and aspire to . " The week after Angelou 's death , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings rose to # 1 on Amazon.com 's bestseller list .
On May 29 , 2014 , Mount Zion Baptist Church in Winston @-@ Salem , of which Angelou was a member for 30 years , held a public memorial service to honor Angelou . On June 7 , a private memorial service was held at Wait Chapel on the campus of Wake Forest University in Winston @-@ Salem . The memorial was shown live on local stations in the Winston @-@ Salem / Triad area and streamed live on the university web site with speeches from her son , Oprah Winfrey , Michelle Obama , and Bill Clinton . On June 15 , a memorial was held at Glide Memorial Church in San Francisco , where Angelou was a member for many years . Rev. Cecil Williams , Mayor Ed Lee , and former mayor Willie Brown spoke .
In 2015 a United States Postal Service stamp was issued commemorating Maya Angelou with the Joan Walsh Anglund quote " A bird doesn ’ t sing because it has an answer , it sings because it has a song " , though the stamp mistakenly attributes the quote to Angelou . The quote is from Anglund 's book of poems A Cup of Sun ( 1967 ) .
= = Works = =
Angelou wrote a total of seven autobiographies . According to scholar Mary Jane Lupton , Angelou 's third autobiography Singin ' and Swingin ' and Gettin ' Merry Like Christmas marked the first time a well @-@ known African @-@ American autobiographer had written a third volume about her life . Her books " stretch over time and place " , from Arkansas to Africa and back to the U.S. , and take place from the beginnings of World War II to the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . She published her seventh autobiography Mom & Me & Mom in 2013 , at the age of 85 . Critics have tended to judge Angelou 's subsequent autobiographies " in light of the first " , with Caged Bird receiving the highest praise . Angelou wrote five collections of essays , which writer Hilton Als called her " wisdom books " and " homilies strung together with autobiographical texts " . Angelou used the same editor throughout her writing career , Robert Loomis , an executive editor at Random House ; he retired in 2011 and has been called " one of publishing 's hall of fame editors . " Angelou said regarding Loomis : " We have a relationship that 's kind of famous among publishers " .
Angelou 's long and extensive career also included poetry , plays , screenplays for television and film , directing , acting , and public speaking . She was a prolific writer of poetry ; her volume Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie ( 1971 ) was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize , and she was chosen by President Bill Clinton to recite her poem " On the Pulse of Morning " during his inauguration in 1993 .
Angelou 's successful acting career included roles in numerous plays , films , and television programs , including her appearance in the television mini @-@ series Roots in 1977 . Her screenplay , Georgia , Georgia ( 1972 ) , was the first original script by a black woman to be produced and she was the first African @-@ American woman to direct a major motion picture , Down in the Delta , in 1998 .
= = = Chronology of autobiographies = = =
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1969 ) : Up to 1944 ( age 17 )
Gather Together in My Name ( 1974 ) : 1944 – 48
Singin ' and Swingin ' and Gettin ' Merry Like Christmas ( 1976 ) : 1949 – 55
The Heart of a Woman ( 1981 ) : 1957 – 62
All God 's Children Need Traveling Shoes ( 1986 ) : 1962 – 65
A Song Flung Up to Heaven ( 2002 ) : 1965 – 68
Mom & Me & Mom ( 2013 ) : overview
= = Reception and legacy = =
= = = Influence = = =
When I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published in 1969 , Angelou was hailed as a new kind of memoirist , one of the first African @-@ American women who were able to publicly discuss their personal lives . According to scholar Hilton Als , up to that point , black female writers were marginalized to the point that they were unable to present themselves as central characters in the literature they wrote . Scholar John McWhorter agreed , seeing Angelou 's works , which he called " tracts " , as " apologetic writing " . He placed Angelou in the tradition of African @-@ American literature as a defense of black culture , which he called " a literary manifestation of the imperative that reigned in the black scholarship of the period " . Writer Julian Mayfield , who called Caged Bird " a work of art that eludes description " , argued that Angelou 's autobiographies set a precedent for not only other black women writers , but also African @-@ American autobiography as a whole . Als said that Caged Bird marked one of the first times that a black autobiographer could , as he put it , " write about blackness from the inside , without apology or defense " . Through the writing of her autobiography , Angelou became recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for blacks and women . It made her " without a doubt , ... America 's most visible black woman autobiographer " , and " a major autobiographical voice of the time " . As writer Gary Younge said , " Probably more than almost any other writer alive , Angelou 's life literally is her work . "
Als said that Caged Bird helped increase black feminist writings in the 1970s , less through its originality than " its resonance in the prevailing Zeitgeist " , or the time in which it was written , at the end of the American Civil Rights movement . Als also claimed that Angelou 's writings , more interested in self @-@ revelation than in politics or feminism , have freed other female writers to " open themselves up without shame to the eyes of the world " . Angelou critic Joanne M. Braxton stated that Caged Bird was " perhaps the most aesthetically pleasing " autobiography written by an African @-@ American woman in its era . Angelou 's poetry has influenced the modern hip @-@ hop music community , including artists such as Kanye West , Common , Tupac Shakur , and Nicki Minaj .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Reviewer Elsie B. Washington , most likely due to President Clinton 's choice of Angelou to recite her poem " On the Pulse of Morning " at his 1993 inauguration , called her " the black woman 's poet laureate " . Sales of the paperback version of her books and poetry rose by 300 – 600 % the week after Angelou 's recitation . Random House , which published the poem later that year , had to reprint 400 @,@ 000 copies of all her books to keep up with the demand . They sold more of her books in January 1993 than they did in all of 1992 , accounting for a 1200 % increase . Angelou famously said , in response to criticism regarding using the details of her life in her work , " I agree with Balzac and 19th @-@ century writers , black and white , who say , ' I write for money ' " . Younge , speaking after the publication of Angelou 's third book of essays , Letter to My Daughter ( 2008 ) , has said , " For the last couple of decades she has merged her various talents into a kind of performance art — issuing a message of personal and social uplift by blending poetry , song and conversation " .
Angelou 's books , especially I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , have been criticized by many parents , causing their removal from school curricula and library shelves . According to the National Coalition Against Censorship , parents and schools have objected to Caged Bird 's depictions of lesbianism , premarital cohabitation , pornography , and violence . Some have been critical of the book 's sexually explicit scenes , use of language , and irreverent depictions of religion . Caged Bird appeared third on the American Library Association ( ALA ) list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 – 2000 and sixth on the ALA 's 2000 – 2009 list .
= = = Awards and honors = = =
Angelou was honored by universities , literary organizations , government agencies , and special interest groups . Her honors included a Pulitzer Prize nomination for her book of poetry , Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie , a Tony Award nomination for her role in the 1973 play Look Away , and three Grammys for her spoken word albums . She served on two presidential committees , and was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1994 , the National Medal of Arts in 2000 , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011 . Angelou was awarded over fifty honorary degrees .
= = = Uses in education = = =
Angelou 's autobiographies have been used in narrative and multicultural approaches in teacher education . Jocelyn A. Glazier , a professor at George Washington University , has trained teachers how to " talk about race " in their classrooms with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Gather Together in My Name . According to Glazier , Angelou 's use of understatement , self @-@ mockery , humor , and irony have left readers of Angelou 's autobiographies unsure of what she left out and how they should respond to the events she described . Angelou 's depictions of her experiences of racism have forced white readers to explore their feelings about race and their own " privileged status " . Glazier found that critics have focused on where Angelou fits within the genre of African @-@ American autobiography and on her literary techniques , but readers have tended to react to her storytelling with " surprise , particularly when [ they ] enter the text with certain expectations about the genre of autobiography " .
Educator Daniel Challener , in his 1997 book Stories of Resilience in Childhood , analyzed the events in Caged Bird to illustrate resiliency in children . Challener argued that Angelou 's book has provided a " useful framework " for exploring the obstacles many children like Maya have faced and how their communities have helped them succeed . Psychologist Chris Boyatzis has reported using Caged Bird to supplement scientific theory and research in the instruction of child development topics such as the development of self @-@ concept and self @-@ esteem , ego resilience , industry versus inferiority , effects of abuse , parenting styles , sibling and friendship relations , gender issues , cognitive development , puberty , and identity formation in adolescence . He found Caged Bird a " highly effective " tool for providing real @-@ life examples of these psychological concepts .
= = Poetry = =
Angelou is best known for her seven autobiographies , but she was also a prolific and successful poet . She was called " the black woman 's poet laureate " , and her poems have been called the anthems of African Americans . Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age , and used poetry and other great literature to cope with her rape as a young girl , as described in Caged Bird . According to scholar Yasmin Y. DeGout , literature also affected Angelou 's sensibilities as the poet and writer she became , especially the " liberating discourse that would evolve in her own poetic canon " .
Many critics consider Angelou 's autobiographies more important than her poetry . Although all her books have been best @-@ sellers , her poetry has not been perceived to be as serious as her prose and has been understudied . Her poems were more interesting when she recited and performed them , and many critics emphasized the public aspect of her poetry . Angelou 's lack of critical acclaim has been attributed to both the public nature of many of her poems and to Angelou 's popular success , and to critics ' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a verbal , performed one . Zofia Burr has countered Angelou 's critics by condemning them for not taking into account Angelou 's larger purposes in her writing : " to be representative rather than individual , authoritative rather than confessional " .
= = Style and genre in autobiographies = =
Angelou 's use of fiction @-@ writing techniques such as dialogue , characterization , and development of theme , setting , plot , and language has often resulted in the placement of her books into the genre of autobiographical fiction . Angelou made a deliberate attempt in her books to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing , changing , and expanding the genre . Scholar Mary Jane Lupton argues that all of Angelou 's autobiographies conform to the genre 's standard structure : they are written by a single author , they are chronological , and they contain elements of character , technique , and theme . Angelou recognizes that there are fictional aspects to her books ; Lupton agrees , stating that Angelou tended to " diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth " , which parallels the conventions of much of African @-@ American autobiography written during the abolitionist period of U.S. history , when as both Lupton and African @-@ American scholar Crispin Sartwell put it , the truth was censored out of the need for self @-@ protection . Scholar Lyman B. Hagen places Angelou in the long tradition of African @-@ American autobiography , but claims that Angelou created a unique interpretation of the autobiographical form .
According to African @-@ American literature scholar Pierre A. Walker , the challenge for much of the history of African @-@ American literature was that its authors have had to confirm its status as literature before they could accomplish their political goals , which was why Angelou 's editor Robert Loomis was able to dare her into writing Caged Bird by challenging her to write an autobiography that could be considered " high art " . Angelou acknowledged that she followed the slave narrative tradition of " speaking in the first @-@ person singular talking about the first @-@ person plural , always saying I meaning ' we ' " . Scholar John McWhorter calls Angelou 's books " tracts " that defend African @-@ American culture and fight negative stereotypes . According to McWhorter , Angelou structured her books , which to him seem to be written more for children than for adults , to support her defense of black culture . McWhorter sees Angelou as she depicts herself in her autobiographies " as a kind of stand @-@ in figure for the black American in Troubled Times " . McWhorter views Angelou 's works as dated , but recognizes that " she has helped to pave the way for contemporary black writers who are able to enjoy the luxury of being merely individuals , no longer representatives of the race , only themselves " . Scholar Lynn Z. Bloom compares Angelou 's works to the writings of Frederick Douglass , stating that both fulfilled the same purpose : to describe black culture and to interpret it for their wider , white audiences .
According to scholar Sondra O 'Neale , Angelou 's poetry can be placed within the African @-@ American oral tradition , and her prose " follows classic technique in nonpoetic Western forms " . O 'Neale states that Angelou avoided using a " monolithic black language " , and accomplished , through direct dialogue , what O 'Neale calls a " more expected ghetto expressiveness " . McWhorter finds both the language Angelou used in her autobiographies and the people she depicted unrealistic , resulting in a separation between her and her audience . As McWhorter states , " I have never read autobiographical writing where I had such a hard time summoning a sense of how the subject talks , or a sense of who the subject really is " . McWhorter asserts , for example , that key figures in Angelou 's books , like herself , her son Guy , and mother Vivian do not speak as one would expect , and that their speech is " cleaned up " for her readers . Guy , for example , represents the young black male , while Vivian represents the idealized mother figure , and the stiff language they use , as well as the language in Angelou 's text , is intended to prove that blacks can use standard English competently .
McWhorter recognizes that much of the reason for Angelou 's style was the " apologetic " nature of her writing . When Angelou wrote Caged Bird at the end of the 1960s , one of the necessary and accepted features of literature at the time was " organic unity " , and one of her goals was to create a book that satisfied that criterion . The events in her books were episodic and crafted like a series of short stories , but their arrangements did not follow a strict chronology . Instead , they were placed to emphasize the themes of her books , which include racism , identity , family , and travel . English literature scholar Valerie Sayers has asserted that " Angelou 's poetry and prose are similar " . They both rely on her " direct voice " , which alternates steady rhythms with syncopated patterns and uses similes and metaphors ( e.g. , the caged bird ) . According to Hagen , Angelou 's works were influenced by both conventional literary and the oral traditions of the African @-@ American community . For example , she referenced over 100 literary characters throughout her books and poetry . In addition , she used the elements of blues music , including the act of testimony when speaking of one 's life and struggles , ironic understatement , and the use of natural metaphors , rhythms , and intonations . Angelou , instead of depending upon plot , used personal and historical events to shape her books .
= = = Explanatory notes = = =
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= Hurricane Karen ( 2007 ) =
Hurricane Karen was the eleventh named storm and fourth hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season . Karen was a Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane that developed in the eastern tropical Atlantic out of a large tropical wave . The storm briefly reached Category 1 hurricane intensity before slowly weakening due to increased wind shear . As the storm remained away from land , no damages or fatalities were reported in association with Karen .
= = Meteorological history = =
The system began as a tropical wave that emerged off the west coast of Africa on September 21 . The wave was not well @-@ organized with only scattered thunderstorm activity and large area of low pressure . As the system tracked westward south of Cape Verde , deep convection gradually increased , curved banding features became defined , and a poorly defined circulation became evident . Early on September 23 , Dvorak classification estimates were introduced . Little change in organization took place until the evening of September 24 . That evening , the low @-@ level circulation and banding features became better defined as the system tracked west @-@ northwest . Late that evening , the system was declared Tropical Depression Twelve while west @-@ southwest of the Cape Verde islands .
The tropical depression quickly intensified into early on September 25 as the system continued to organize , and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Karen that morning . The strengthening trend was temporarily halted , and Karen remained a weak tropical storm with relatively shallow convection . Late that evening , new bursts of deep convection developed with the storm . Early on September 26 , Karen intensified significantly and an inner core began to develop . That morning , a ragged eye developed and the system strengthened into a hurricane with 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) winds . The intensification trend was short @-@ lived , and the storm leveled off that afternoon as upper @-@ level wind shear increased substantially due to the presence of a nearby tropical upper tropospheric trough . The storm became less organized that evening . Hurricane Karen weakened to a tropical storm as flight data from NOAA Hurricane Hunters confirmed surface winds of 72 mph ( 115 km / h ) and a very large wind field late that evening . Operationally , Karen was classified as a strong tropical storm , but was reclassified as a Category 1 hurricane based on data from the reconnaissance flight late on September 26 and the less organized structure of the storm at that time .
A slow weakening trend began early on September 27 due to the increased shear while remaining on a west @-@ northwest track . At the same time , the center of circulation became exposed at times due to the southwesterly wind shear . As a result , an unusual wind field was observed in that the strongest winds were recorded well to the east and to the northwest of the center . The weakening trend remained fairly slow that evening as the storm continued to produce persistent deep convection . The weakening trend accelerated on September 28 as the convection weakened and the circulation became more disorganized in the high @-@ shear environment . By that morning , Karen weakened to a minimal tropical storm with 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) winds . Karen also turned abruptly to the north for a short while , as convection interacted with the low @-@ level center and southerly winds increased in the low @-@ level environment . The weakening trend slowed that afternoon as deep convection returned to the disorganized storm . Early on September 29 , the high wind shear continued and Karen weakened to a tropical depression with a very poorly defined center . That afternoon , the circulation dissipated while east of the Lesser Antilles . Remnant squalls continued across the area east of the Lesser Antilles for a few days after dissipation .
= = Impact = =
The National Hurricane Center briefly assessed a minimal threat to the Lesser Antilles , with one forecaster noting a 5 % probability for the cyclone to produce tropical storm winds on Barbuda . However , Karen stayed in the open Atlantic Ocean and never affected any land area . No incidents of damage or casualties were reported . No ship reports of tropical storm @-@ force or stronger were received . Some of the vorticity from Karen 's remnants may have been responsible for the development of the short @-@ lived Tropical Depression Fifteen on October 11 .
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= Hurricane Ioke =
Hurricane Ioke , also referred to as Typhoon Ioke , was the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Central Pacific . The first storm to form in the Central Pacific in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season , Ioke was a record breaking , long @-@ lived and extremely powerful storm that traversed the Pacific for 17 days , reaching the equivalent of Category 5 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale three times .
The cyclone developed from the Intertropical Convergence Zone on August 20 far to the south of Hawaii . Encountering warm waters , little wind shear , and well @-@ defined outflow , Ioke intensified from a tropical depression to Category 4 status within 48 hours . Late on August 22 it rapidly weakened to Category 2 status before crossing over Johnston Atoll . Two days later favorable conditions again allowed for rapid strengthening , and Ioke attained Category 5 status on August 25 before crossing the International Date Line . As it continued westward its intensity fluctuated , and on August 31 it passed near Wake Island with winds of 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) . Ioke gradually weakened as it turned northwestward and northward , and by September 6 it had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants of Ioke accelerated northeastward and ultimately crossed into Alaska .
Ioke did not affect any permanently populated areas in the Central Pacific or Western Pacific basins as a hurricane or a typhoon . A crew of 12 people rode out the hurricane in a hurricane @-@ proof bunker on Johnston Atoll ; the crew estimated winds reached over 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , which damaged trees on the island but did not impact the island 's bird population . The typhoon left moderate damage on Wake Island totaling $ 88 million ( 2006 USD ) , including blown off roofs and damaged buildings , though the infrastructure of the island was left intact ; all military personnel were evacuated from the island . Later , the extratropical remnants of Ioke produced a severe storm surge along the Alaskan coastline , causing beach erosion .
= = Meteorological history = =
The Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) spawned a tropical disturbance with a low @-@ level circulation far to the southeast of Hawaiʻi in the middle of August 2006 . Under the influence of a strong westward @-@ moving subtropical ridge to its north , the disturbance tracked nearly due westward , with deep convection in the region increasing and decreasing on a daily basis . It slowly became better organized , and early on August 20 the disturbance developed into Tropical Depression One @-@ C while located about 775 mi ( 1 @,@ 247 km ) south of Honolulu , Hawaii . At the time , there was no convection associated with the ITCZ within 10 ° Longitude . With wind shear practically non @-@ existent and sea surface temperatures of around 82 ° F ( 28 ° C ) , conditions favored strengthening , and operationally the cyclone was forecast to reach minimal hurricane status within four days before beginning to weaken . The depression attained tropical storm status within six hours of developing . The Central Pacific Hurricane Center designated the system with the name Ioke / iːˈoʊkeɪ / , Hawaiian for the name Joyce . Subsequently , Ioke quickly strengthened , and by late on August 20 the storm developed a central dense overcast and the beginnings of an eyewall ; early on August 21 the storm intensified into a hurricane , just 24 hours after first developing .
Hurricane Ioke steadily deepened as it continued west @-@ northwestward , with better definition of the eye and deepening of the eyewall convection . Near the International Date Line a frontal trough turned the hurricane to the northwest , and after a period of rapid deepening Ioke attained winds of 135 mph ( 217 km / h ) early on August 22 while located about 280 mi ( 450 km ) southeast of Johnston Atoll . After maintaining Category 4 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale for about 18 hours , southwesterly wind shear slightly disrupted the inner core of the hurricane , and Ioke quickly weakened to winds of about 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) . Late on August 22 , the hurricane passed about 30 mi ( 48 km ) south of Johnston Atoll , with the northeastern portion of the eyewall crossing the atoll early on August 23 . After turning westward later in the day , wind shear began to decrease , allowing a second period of rapid deepening . By August 24 the hurricane maintained a 23 mi ( 37 km ) closed eyewall , and on August 25 Ioke attained Category 5 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale while located about 970 mi ( 1 @,@ 560 km ) west @-@ southwest of the Hawaiian Island of Kauaʻi .
After maintaining Category 5 status for about 18 hours , Hurricane Ioke weakened slightly due to an eyewall replacement cycle . Completing the cycle on August 26 , the hurricane restrengthened to Category 5 status . The trough to its west tracked further away from the hurricane , allowing the subtropical ridge to build ahead of the hurricane which turned Ioke to the southwest . The overall environment remained very favorable for sustainment of the powerful cyclone . Strong upper @-@ level cyclones far to its northwest provided outflow channels and light wind shear , with warm water temperatures along its path . With the conditions , the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory hurricane model predicted Ioke to reach winds of 220 mph ( 350 km / h ) , with a predicted minimum pressure of 860 mbar ( hPa ) . Early on August 27 , the pressure dropped to 915 mbar ( hPa ) , and shortly thereafter Ioke crossed the International Date Line , becoming a 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) typhoon .
Unofficially referred as a super typhoon by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , Ioke remained at the equivalence of a Category 5 hurricane for about 12 hours after crossing the Date Line . It then began a slight weakening trend on August 28 , due to increased inflow from the ridge to its north . On August 29 , the cyclone turned to the west and west @-@ northwest while tracking around the periphery of the subtropical ridge , and Ioke again reached the equivalence of Category 5 status . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) assessed Ioke as attaining peak 10 ‑ minute sustained winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) on August 30 . Later that day , the typhoon weakened to the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane for the final time , and on August 31 Ioke passed very near Wake Island with winds of about 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) .
By September 1 , increased wind shear and drier air caused the eye of Ioke to become cloud @-@ filled and elongated , and by September 2 Ioke was undergoing another eyewall replacement cycle . On September 2 , Ioke passed about 50 mi ( 80 km ) north of Minami @-@ Tori @-@ shima with winds of about 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) . Gradual weakening continued , and the typhoon steadily shifted its track to the northwest around the subtropical ridge . A deepening trough turned Ioke to the north @-@ northwest and north , and the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm a few hundred miles east of Japan . After accelerating northeastward , the cyclone began losing tropical characteristics , and the JTWC declared Ioke as an extratropical cyclone on September 5 . The JMA maintained Ioke as a typhoon until a day later , and maintained Ioke as a tropical cyclone until it was declared extratropical midday on September 6 . The extratropical remnants of Ioke were tracked by the JMA until September 7 when it was located near the Aleutian Islands of Alaska . The storm deepened as it approached the Aleutians , and re @-@ developed winds of hurricane @-@ force . It entered the Bering Sea on September 8 , and after turning eastward crossed the Aleutian Islands and entered the Gulf of Alaska . The extratropical remnants of Ioke dissipated near southeastern Alaska on September 12 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Johnston Atoll = = =
Late on August 21 , about 24 hours prior to its closest approach , the Central Pacific Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning for uninhabited territory of Johnston Island , due to the uncertainty of whether anyone was on the island . A United States Air Force vessel and a 12 person crew were on the island , and after securing their ship the crew took shelter in a hurricane @-@ proof concrete bunker . There were no meteorological observations on the island , but the crew estimated tropical storm force winds lasted for about 27 hours with hurricane @-@ force winds lasting six to eight hours ; peak wind gusts were estimated at 110 to 130 mph ( 180 to 210 km / h ) . The crew sustained no injuries , and their ship received only minor damage . Hurricane Ioke , with a portion of its eye crossing the atoll , left an estimated 15 % of the palm trees on the island with their tops blown off , with some ironwood trees blown over ; the island bird population was unaffected . The hurricane produced rough surf which washed away a portion of a sea wall and an adjacent road .
= = = Wake Island = = =
Under the threat of the typhoon for several days , two C @-@ 17 Globemaster III airlifters evacuated between 188 – 200 military personnel from Wake Island to Hawaii , the first full @-@ scale evacuation of the island since Typhoon Sarah in 1967 . A buoy just east of the island recorded a pressure of 921 @.@ 5 mbar as Ioke crossed directly over it . Before the typhoon passed just north of the island , an anemometer recorded hurricane @-@ force winds with a peak wind gust of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) before the instrument stopped reporting . Sustained winds were estimated to have reached 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) , with gusts to 190 mph ( 310 km / h ) . The minimum central pressure recorded on the island was 934 mbar at 0906 UTC on August 31 . The typhoon was expected to produce a storm surge of 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) and wave heights of 40 ft ( 12 m ) along Wake Island , where the highest point is 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) . Additionally , heavy rainfall from the typhoon left buildings flooded , with 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) of standing water found several days after its passage .
The powerful winds of Typhoon Ioke caused extensive damage to the island 's power grid , leaving most power lines to buildings and backup generators damaged . The combination of the winds and storm surge flooding damaged 70 % of the buildings in the territory , many of which with moderate roof damage . All low @-@ lying areas were described as being covered with sea water or sand , and the territory was left without running water . Communications were downed on the island , with satellite dishes and cables destroyed . Damage to the infrastructure was extensive , though repairable and less than expected . Damage on the island was estimated at $ 88 million ( 2006 USD , $ 90 million 2007 USD ) .
= = = Japan and Alaska = = =
On September 1 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ordered the temporary evacuation of its staff on Minami @-@ Tori @-@ shima , under threat of the typhoon . The agency expected high waves and winds on the island . Facilities on the island were damaged , although it was repaired and fully operational within three weeks after the storm .
The extratropical remnant of Ioke produced a storm surge and high surf in excess of 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) along the southwestern coastline of Alaska , which coincided with the astronomical high tide ; the combination led to minor flooding along Bristol Bay and Yukon @-@ Kuskokwim Delta . Wind gusts peaked at 84 mph ( 135 km / h ) in Unalaska . The system produced moderate to heavy rainfall across the western portion of Alaska , including daily rainfall records of 1 @.@ 15 inches ( 29 mm ) at Bethel and 0 @.@ 67 inches ( 17 mm ) at Kotzebue . Rainfall continued into the southeastern portion of the state , contributing to above @-@ normal rainfall totals near Juneau .
= = Records and aftermath = =
Hurricane Ioke became one of five hurricanes to reach Category 5 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale in the Central North Pacific Ocean , and the only one originating in the basin . With an estimated minimum central pressure of 915 mbar ( 27 @.@ 019 inHg ) , the cyclone attained the lowest estimated surface pressure for any hurricane within the basin , surpassing the previous minimum set by Hurricane Gilma in 1994 . Ioke maintained at least Category 4 status , or wind speeds greater than 131 mph ( 211 km / h ) , for 198 consecutive hours , which was the longest continuous time period at that intensity ever observed for any tropical cyclone anywhere on Earth . Additionally , the cyclone remained at the equivalence of a super typhoon for 174 consecutive hours , which was also a record . As a result of its extended duration and intensity , Hurricane / Typhoon Ioke accrued an Accumulated cyclone energy index of 82 which set a new worldwide record .
The United States Coast Guard first performed an aerial assessment of damage on Wake Island on September 2 , three days after the typhoon struck . The flight indicated an overall damage smaller than expected , and reported a lack of oil spill or hazardous material leak . The U.S. Coast Guard arrived by boat with a team on September 7 , with a preliminary damage assessment completed four days later ; the team repaired a generator to provide power . United States Navy USNS San Jose T @-@ AFS @-@ 7 and Sixteen members United States Airforce 36th Contingency Response Group arrived September 8 and analyzed the stability of the airfield along with assisting in clean @-@ up efforts , and after core tests workers cleared the runway to allow flights onto the territory . On September 13 , a group of engineers restored power on the island . About two weeks after the cyclone , several buildings were operational .
The Central Pacific Hurricane Center requested the retirement of the name , and in April 2007 , the name Ioke was retired , and replaced with Iopa .
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= Bad Girls Club =
Bad Girls Club ( abbreviated BGC ) is an American reality television series created by Jonathan Murray for the Oxygen network in the United States . The show focuses on the altercations and physical confrontations of seven highly aggressive , quarrelsome , and unruly women . Each of the women tend to have psychological and behavioral problems . Mischievously sexual and rascally moments are also captured among the women . All seven women have different backgrounds and personalities . They are introduced to the show based on their capacity to be a " charismatic , tough chick . " The cast , deemed " bad girls " , enjoy a luxurious lifestyle in a fine mansion for three months , during which they must obey specified rules . Their lives inside and outside of the house are chronicled and recorded by the production team .
Bad Girls Club airs in three nations besides the United States ; MTV Australia , RTL 5 in The Netherlands , and TV11 in Sweden . Bunim @-@ Murray has never licensed the show 's format to a broadcaster in another nation for a local version of the series . The format of the show has changed from earlier seasons . If a cast member violates production rules , she is evicted from the show and , if it is early in the season , replaced by a new cast member . The fourth season is considered the series ' " breakthrough season " , becoming Oxygen 's first series ever to average over one million viewers per episode .
There have been four spin @-@ offs including Bad Girls Road Trip , Tanisha Gets Married , Love Games : Bad Girls Need Love Too – where past cast members seek true love , and Bad Girls All @-@ Star Battle . Of all the contestants , Kerry Harvick ( of season one ) was a successful country singer before the show . Tanisha Thomas ( of season two ) later hosted Oxygen 's OxygenLive ! and the subsequent seasons of Love Games : Bad Girls Need Love Too . Thomas , who has been dubbed the " godmother " to all contestants , had her own series entitled Tanisha Gets Married .
Bad Girls Club : Social Disruption will premiere on September 20 , 2016 .
= = Format = =
Lasting until the final day without ever being kicked out or leaving for another reason is treated as an impressive feat on the series due to the level of violence and hostility . If the cast members engage in violence towards each other or break other rules , they may or may not be evicted under the show 's policy , which is enforced by the producers . Security guards apparently live in the house behind the scenes as they jump into camera shot to break up the many violent altercations that break out on the series . Beyond the common occurrence of violence and combat , other reasons for the premature exits of cast members have been from bullying , ostracism and alienation from the rest of the housemates , problems at home , court proceedings , or their own narcissism . On some occasions , multiple " bad girls " may wish to leave the show ; this has happened in all seasons . If a " bad girl " departs early in the season , a " replacement Bad Girl " is introduced within one or two episodes . The replacement housemate is commonly hazed , aggressed at , and treated with prejudice .
All or most of the girls typically form cliques between each other ; create havoc and antagonize each other ; book parties in night clubs ; and engage in sexual antics and other mischief , all awhile attempting to maintain their personal lives . Bullying and outnumbering abuse ( where multiple cast members intimidate one cast member or some other fewer number of cast members ) are among regular occurrences on the program . The girls , deemed " bad girls " , come from different backgrounds and all different walks of life . Earlier on in the series , they 'd often try to cope with one another and change their rebellious behavior to become role models for young women . Some cast members try to accomplish specific goals .
Throughout the show , the " Bad Girls " must adapt to the frequent mood and behavior changes of their housemates . The girls must undergo interviews in reality TV confessionals . They are allowed to contact their families and friends using landline telephones and a computer connected to a large @-@ screen television ; however , the cast is prohibited from watching nationally and locally televised programming and using mobile phones .
The Bad Girls Club creed , introduced in season three , is :
= = = Seasons 1 and 2 = = =
The format for the first season of Bad Girls Club was different from that of subsequent seasons . The age range for season one was from 21 to 31 . The use of nicknames was not introduced until the third season . Season one was the first in which multiple " replacement Bad Girls " entered the show .
Although there were differences in season one , the current rules have applied in all subsequent seasons . One feature continued from season one was the way the show opened : viewers were shown the biggest and most intense physical altercation of the season , and the program then went back to a time before it happened . This fight usually gives you an idea of who is going to be the baddest , or one of the baddest , girls in the house . This altercation draws in many viewers and keeps them wondering what will happen next .
In the second season , the format of the show changed drastically . The maximum age dropped from 31 to 28 . The cast of season two were given mandatory non @-@ profit jobs to help them build a work ethic and to experience the stabilizing effect of being interdependent with others , for example in teamwork and commitment , to equip them for success in later life . Quitting the job or failure to attend resulted in mandatory removal from the show . The girls were given the jobs of planning , decision making , and building cooperation . Season two was the first and only season of the Bad Girls Club to do this , and was also the last to air 30 @-@ minute episodes .
= = = Live shows = = =
On August 3 , 2010 , during the OxygenLive TV recap episode , the show combined Facebook and Twitter with a live broadcast . Fans submitted opinions and comments about the show and its cast , which were aired during the 10 pm hour .
In January 2011 , Oxygen released OxygenLive ! , an online talk show hosted by Tanisha Thomas , one of the " bad girls " of season two . It was broadcast after season six debuted on Oxygen , and focused on the cast of season six , occasionally bringing in " Bad Girls " from earlier seasons . Thomas asked the girls several questions to prompt rumors and confessions .
= = Seasons = =
= = Reception = =
Many homophobic slurs have caught the attention of media outlets . Mary Mitchell of Sun Times stated that the show was " hazardous to the female psyche " and wrote , " Just like some teens try to emulate rappers in their dress and behavior , the same is true for ' bad girls . ' " She also commented that the show gives a " distorted picture " of how to live the good life , calling the cast " wannabes " who are " sleeping in a mansion they can 't pay for " . Mitchell believes that most people know the cast are living " a bogus lifestyle " , and assesses the message of the Bad Girls Club as " disturbing " .
Many adolescents have emulated The Bad Girls Club . The show has also received negative criticism from African @-@ American viewers , believing that it is " not what being a black woman is all about . " Mary Chase Breedlove of Reflector objected that " there are several TV programs devoted to acting as trashy and mean as possible ( ' Bad Girls ' Club , ' ... ) " . The New York Daily News suggested that Bad Girls Club was the equivalent of professional wrestling . Kris De Leon of BuddyTV described the show as " crude , rude and pointless , but sort of addictive to some people . "
Brian Lowry of Variety thought that the producers made the " wrong decision " when they created the show . He believed that the cast of Bad Girls Club auditioned for the show for their " 15 minutes of fame " . He said that Bad Girls Club " arrived a little late in this game , on a channel lacking the kind of exposure or public footprint to qualify the show even as the stuff guilty pleasures are made of " . Lowry believed that the show " loses " and that Oxygen attracts viewers who generally get drunk at bars and make a scene . He also suggested that " maybe it 's time to " BAG " these bad @-@ attitude girls and beat a hasty retreat back to the real world " .
Anita Gates of The New York Times referred to Bad Girls Club as " a great argument for bringing back programming with actors " . She believed that the " average emotional age " appeared to be 15 , in contrast to the girls ' real ages . She stated that the " unpleasant villains cancel one another out and actually make badness uninteresting " , commenting that their behavior might not be " bad enough " . Gates concluded by suggesting that Bad Girls Club is the on @-@ location equivalent of The Jerry Springer Show . Kelly West of Cinemablend stated that Bad Girls Club is " so much fun to watch " .
= = Controversies = =
= = = Season 4 = = =
During " Off The Wall " , the first episode of the fourth season , Natalie Nunn told Annie Andersen that Chris Brown was at a night club that she wanted to attend , and asked Anderson if she was a fan . Anderson said not , because of the domestic violence case that Brown was involved in . Nunn defended Brown , saying " Who cares , Rihanna was a punk bitch , and she got her ass beat for a reason " . Nunn called Rihanna a " crazy bitch " and claimed to know her , unlike Anderson . After the episode aired , Brown reportedly stated that he did not know who Nunn was . Nunn questioned this during the reunion show , claiming that Brown had said it because the cast of the show had not yet been revealed . Perez Hilton , the host of the reunion , asked Nunn if Rihanna had confronted her about her comments . Nunn answered yes , stating that the two had argued during a dinner party in New York City . During the reunion , Nunn claimed to have had a " fling " with Brown before the show . Shortly before the end of the reunion , Nunn said that she did not condone domestic violence and apologized if her comment had enraged fans and people who had been victims of it .
= = = Season 5 = = =
During the episode " The Wicked Witch Of Key West " , a stranger at a bar offered to buy drinks for Kristen Guinane and Christina Marie Hopkins . He spiked the drinks with PCP hallucinogenic pills , and Guinane became intoxicated . She claimed to have suffered bruises on her body when the man grabbed her and handled her roughly . Guinane reported that the producers of the show did not want to identify the man on television for fear of a lawsuit . She blamed the drug for her hitting cast @-@ member , Lea Beaulieu , in the face , leading to a fight .
After season five had wrapped , Catya Washington was sentenced to jail for possession of a concealed weapon and illegal use of drugs .
= = = Season 6 = = =
During season six production , residents of Sherman Oaks , Los Angeles , complained that noise levels and swearing were unbearable and inappropriate for them and their children to listen to during the night . The residents called local law enforcement agencies four or five times to deal with the late @-@ night disturbances . Clarissa Keller , a Sherman Oaks resident , complained that she had a six @-@ year @-@ old son and didn 't want him to listen to the swearing . She set up a petition calling for a ban on all production companies in the Sherman Oaks hills . Location managers and production crew declined to discuss the neighbors ' complaints . The Bad Girls Club permit required the entire production to abide by a " minimum outdoor activity and noise " rule , but local residents claimed that the show did not keep noise levels down . The house for season six was rented for $ 20 @,@ 000 a month . The owner said that he would not allow this type of production to rent his home in the future .
= = = Season 7 = = =
On April 12 , 2011 , cast member Tasha Malek complained to an on @-@ duty police officer outside the Bad Girls house about the conduct of fellow cast member Nastasia Townsend . She claimed that Townsend had placed her personal belongings into a garbage bag , telling her " she needed to leave the house " , and that the incident had escalated into a fight . The two were issued summonses by the police for disturbing the peace and disorderly conduct .
Malek released a statement saying " I don 't think it ’ s right to be gay " , offending many fans of the show .
= = = Season 12 = = =
The twelfth season of the Bad Girls Club sparked a debate with The Village Board of Trustees in Illinois on whether the show should be filmed in the Chicago area of Highland Park after previous concerns were raised .
= = Cast = =
= = Spin @-@ offs = =
= = = Bad Girls Road Trip = = =
Bad Girls Road Trip premiered on June 12 , 2007 . It featured season one cast members Zara Sprankle , Aimee Landi , and Leslie Ramsue touring their respective hometowns in search of casting opportunities for the second season of Bad Girls Club . On the series , they also visited their former housemates .
= = = Love Games : Bad Girls Need Love Too = = =
Love Games : Bad Girls Need Love Too premiered on March 16 , 2010 . The show follows three past " bad girls " in their search for true love . The first of the Bad Girls Club , Amber Meade and Sarah Michaels from the third season and Kendra Jones from the fourth season . The season concluded on April 27 , 2010 .
Oxygen renewed the show for a second run , with Tanisha Thomas ( from season two of the Bad Girls Club ) as the host . In this season , Natalie Nunn ( season four ) , Amber Buell ( season three ) and Lea Beaulieu ( season five ) competed for true love . The second season consisted of eight one @-@ hour episodes aired between April 18 , 2011 , and June 13 , 2011 .
The third season aired on December 5 , 2011 , with Thomas as host once more , and Kori Koether , Sydney Steinfeldt , and Judi Jai as cast members . Kori Koether and Sydney Steinfeldt were on season six of Bad Girls Club ; while Jai was on Season 7 .
Season 4 aired on November 5 , 2012 with Tanisha Thomas as the host yet again . This marked Tanisha 's third time being the host in the series . This season also featured Season 8 girls , Danielle " Danni " Victor , Amy Cieslowski , and Camilla Poindexter as the cast members looking for love .
= = = Bad Girls Club : Flo Gets Married = = =
Bad Girls Club : Flo Gets Married is a one @-@ hour special that centers on season @-@ four cast member Florina " Flo " Kaja , who had a traditional Albanian wedding , and on her pregnancy . It aired on Oxygen on February 28 , 2011 and was watched by 859 @,@ 000 viewers .
= = = Tanisha Gets Married = = =
A documentary series titled Tanisha Gets Married premiered on May 7 , 2012 . It follows Bad Girls Club season two cast member Tanisha Thomas as she prepares for her wedding . With preparations for the wedding in order issues arise between Tanisha and her soon @-@ to @-@ be husband Clive and the show entails the family drama that occurs . Former " Bad Girls " featured in the series include Natalie Nunn and Florina from season four plus Amber M. from the third season ; all appeared as bridesmaids . The series also shows how Natalie and Florina 's issues with each other turn violent and it shows how their actions effect Tanisha . The series was produced by 495 Productions with SallyAnn Salsano as executive producer .
= = = Bad Girls All @-@ Star Battle = = =
Bad Girls All @-@ Star Battle show features " Bad " Girls competing for $ 100 @,@ 000 and the title of " Baddest Bad Girl of All Time . " The series has the girls divided into two teams and they are put to the test every week in an array of physical and mental challenges . It is hosted by R & B singer , Ray J.
Bad Girls All @-@ Star Battle premiered on May 21 , 2013 . Bad Girls Club season 10 alumni Jenniffer " Jenn " Hardwick won the competition and season 4 alumni Florina " Flo " Kaja being the runner @-@ up . The second season premiered on January 7 , 2014 . Season 11 alumni Tiana Small won the competition and season 11 alumni Sarah Oliver being the runner @-@ up .
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= K @-@ 1 ( Kansas highway ) =
K @-@ 1 is a 13 @.@ 363 @-@ mile ( 21 @.@ 506 km ) state highway in Comanche County in the U.S. state of Kansas . Its southern terminus is at the Oklahoma border south of Buttermilk , where it continues as Oklahoma State Highway 34 . Its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 160 and U.S. Route 183 south of Coldwater . The highway is not a part of the United States National Highway System . The highway has annual average daily traffic values between 600 and 645 , and the entire route of K @-@ 1 is paved with partial design bituminous pavement .
= = Route description = =
K @-@ 1 begins at the border with Oklahoma , where it is a continuation of Oklahoma State Highway 34 . It heads in a northerly direction , turning slightly to the northwest before heading directly northward again . It passes through the unincorporated community of Buttermilk , which is the only community on the route . From Buttermilk , K @-@ 1 continues northward until it terminates at an intersection with U.S. Route 160 ( US @-@ 160 ) and U.S. Route 183 ( US @-@ 183 ) south of Coldwater . The route length is 13 @.@ 363 miles ( 21 @.@ 506 km ) . The entire route of K @-@ 1 is paved with partial design bituminous pavement , a type of bituminous pavement which is not designed or constructed to carry the highway 's expected traffic . Annual average daily traffic values for the highway rise slowly from 600 over the southernmost 4 @.@ 000 miles ( 6 @.@ 437 km ) of the route to 645 over the northernmost 5 @.@ 363 miles ( 8 @.@ 631 km ) of the route . K @-@ 1 highway is not a part of the United States National Highway System .
= = History = =
K @-@ 1 highway was originally established sometime between 1918 and 1932 . Originally , K @-@ 1 ran much farther to the north than its current terminus , passing from the Oklahoma – Kansas border south of Coldwater north through Greensburg , Kinsley , western sections of Pawnee County , La Crosse , Hays , Plainville , Stockton , and Phillipsburg to a northern terminus just northeast of the town of Woodruff . It would terminate at K @-@ 22 , which was later known as U.S. Route 83 , close to the border with Nebraska . In 1941 , K @-@ 1 became began to be replaced with US Route 183 , beginning with the section between Rozel and Plainville . By 1950 , US Route 183 had replaced all but the current alignment of K @-@ 1 . It was not until 1953 that the entirety of K @-@ 1 was paved , as the section of K @-@ 1 that comprises the current alignment was not paved until between 1950 and 1953 . Since 1953 , K @-@ 1 has remained at its current alignment .
= = Junction list = =
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= The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time =
The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time ( Japanese : ゼルダの伝説 時のオカリナ , Hepburn : Zeruda no Densetsu : Toki no Okarina ) is an action @-@ adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 . It was released in Japan and North America in November 1998 , and in Europe and Australia in December 1998 . Originally developed for the 64DD peripheral , the game was instead released on a 256 @-@ megabit ( 32 @-@ megabyte ) cartridge , the largest @-@ capacity cartridge Nintendo produced at that time . Ocarina of Time is the fifth game in the The Legend of Zelda series , and the first with 3D graphics . It was followed by a direct sequel , The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask , in 2000 .
In Ocarina of Time , the player controls Link in the land of Hyrule . Link sets out on a quest to stop Ganondorf , king of the Gerudo tribe , from obtaining the Triforce , a sacred relic that grants the wishes of its holder . He travels through time and navigates various dungeons to awaken the sages , who have the power to seal Ganondorf away forever . Music plays an important role : To progress , the player must learn to play several songs on an ocarina . The game was responsible for increased interest in and rise in sales of the instrument .
Ocarina of Time 's gameplay introduced features such as a target @-@ lock system and context @-@ sensitive buttons that have since become common in 3D adventure games . In Japan , more than 820 @,@ 000 copies were sold in 1998 , making it the tenth best @-@ selling game of that year . During its lifetime , 1 @.@ 14 million copies of Ocarina of Time were sold in Japan , and over 7 @.@ 6 million copies were sold worldwide . The game won the Grand Prize in the Interactive Art division at the Japan Media Arts Festival , and won six honors at the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards . As of 2016 , it is the highest @-@ rated game on review @-@ aggregating site Metacritic , with a score of 99 / 100 ; in 2008 and 2010 , Guinness World Records listed Ocarina of Time as the highest @-@ rated game ever reviewed . It is considered by many critics and gamers to be one of the greatest video games of all time .
Ocarina of Time has had four major rereleases . It was originally ported to the GameCube alongside Ocarina of Time Master Quest , which featured reworked dungeons with new puzzles , and was included in The Legend of Zelda : Collector 's Edition . It was also ported to the iQue Player in 2003 , and was made available via the Virtual Console service for the Wii and Wii U in 2007 and 2015 respectively . The rereleases were well received ; although some critics considered the game outdated even during the initial rerelease , other reviewers believed it had aged well . A remake for the Nintendo 3DS , Ocarina of Time 3D , was released in 2011 with updated graphics and new autostereoscopic 3D effects ; it includes Master Quest 's rearranged dungeons , which are absent from the Wii , Wii U , and iQue versions .
= = Gameplay = =
The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time is an action @-@ adventure game with role @-@ playing and puzzle elements set in a large open @-@ world environment . The player controls series protagonist Link from a third @-@ person perspective , in a three @-@ dimensional world . Link primarily fights with a sword and shield , but he can also use other weapons such as projectiles , bombs , and magic spells . The control scheme introduced techniques such as context @-@ sensitive actions and a targeting system called " Z @-@ targeting " . In combat , Z @-@ targeting allows the player to have Link focus and latch onto an enemy or other objects . When using this technique , the camera follows the target and Link constantly faces it . Projectile attacks are automatically directed at the target and do not require manual aiming . Context @-@ sensitive actions allow multiple tasks to be assigned to one button , simplifying the control scheme . The on @-@ screen display shows what will happen when the button is pushed and changes depending on what the character is doing . For example , the same button that causes Link to push a box if he is standing next to it will have him climb on the box if the analog stick is pushed toward it . Much of the game is spent in battle , but some parts require the use of stealth . Exploration is another important aspect of gameplay ; the player may notice inaccessible areas and return later to find them explorable after obtaining a new item , such as the bomb , to blast through walls , or the hookshot , to reach distant places . In addition , the player can plant magic plants throughout the world , and later return to find the plant full @-@ grown and able transport Link to secret places with valuable items . When playing certain songs , Link is able to travel over vast distances in a short amount of time .
Link collects items and weapons throughout the game , whose abilities allow him to access , navigate and complete dungeons to advance the story . Each dungeon is a dense , self @-@ contained area in which Link solves puzzles and defeats enemies , and ends in a battle with the dungeon 's boss , a powerful unique enemy . Each dungeon and its boss share a major item and common theme ; for example Link must use the Fairy Bow to complete the Forest Temple and defeat its boss , Phantom Ganon , both of which involve trickery and misdirection . Defeat of a dungeon 's boss grants Link a special item and advances the main quest .
Ocarina of Time has several optional side @-@ quests , or minor objectives , that the player can choose to complete or ignore . Completing the side @-@ quests usually results in rewards , normally in the form of weapons or abilities . In one side @-@ quest , Link trades items he cannot use himself among non @-@ player characters . This trading sequence features ten items that must be delivered within their individual time limits , and ends with Link receiving an item he can use , the two @-@ handed Biggoron Sword , the largest and strongest sword in the game . In another side @-@ quest , Link can acquire a horse named Epona . This allows him to travel faster and jump over fences , but attacking while riding is restricted to arrows . In order to get Epona , Link must learn her song while he is a child . However , he is only able to ride her seven years later when he and Epona are both adults .
Link can travel between two points in time . Part way through the main quest , Link claims the Master Sword in the Temple of Time ; when Link takes the sword , he is sealed for seven years , until he becomes an adult , and therefore strong enough to wield the Master Sword . Young Link and adult Link have different abilities , and are restricted to certain items and weapons . For example , only adult Link can use the Fairy Bow and only young Link can fit through certain small passages . After completing the Forest Temple , Link can travel freely between the two time periods by replacing or taking the sword .
Link is given the Fairy Ocarina near the beginning of the game , which is later replaced by the Ocarina of Time , given to him by Princess Zelda . Throughout the game , Link learns twelve melodies that allow him to solve various puzzles and teleport to previously visited locations in the game . The melodies and notes are played with the C and A buttons on the Nintendo 64 controller or the C analog stick on the GameCube controller .
= = Plot = =
The events of Ocarina of Time are set in the fictional kingdom of Hyrule , the setting of most The Legend of Zelda games . Hyrule Field serves as the central hub connected to several outlying areas with diverse topography . Most of these areas are populated by the races of Hyrule : Hylians , Kokiri , Gorons , Zoras , Gerudo , and Sheikah .
The fairy Navi awakens Link from a nightmare in which he witnesses a man in black armor pursuing a young girl on horseback . Navi brings Link to the Great Deku Tree , who is cursed and near death . The Deku Tree tells Link a " wicked man of the desert " cursed him and seeks to conquer the world , and that Link must stop him . Before dying , the Great Deku Tree gives Link the Spiritual Stone of the Forest and sends him to Hyrule Castle to speak with Hyrule 's princess .
At the Hyrule Castle garden , Link meets Princess Zelda , who believes Ganondorf , king of the Gerudo , is seeking the Triforce , a holy relic that gives its holder godlike power . Zelda asks Link to obtain the three Spiritual Stones so he can enter the Sacred Realm and claim the Triforce before Ganondorf reaches it . Link collects the other two stones : the first from Darunia , leader of the Gorons , and the second from Ruto , princess of the Zoras . Link returns to Hyrule Castle , where he sees Ganondorf chase Zelda and her caretaker Impa on horseback , and unsuccessfully attempts to stop him . Inside the Temple of Time , he uses the Ocarina of Time , a gift from Zelda , and the Spiritual Stones to open the door to the Sacred Realm . There he finds the Master Sword , but as he pulls it from its pedestal , Ganondorf appears and claims the Triforce .
Seven years later , an older Link awakens in an area of the Sacred Realm known as the Chamber of Sages and is met by Rauru , one of the seven sages who protect the entrance to the Sacred Realm . Rauru explains that Link 's spirit was sealed for seven years until he was old enough to wield the Master Sword and defeat Ganondorf , who has now taken over Hyrule . The seven sages can imprison Ganondorf in the Sacred Realm , but five are unaware of their identities as sages . Link is returned to the Temple of Time ; there he meets the mysterious Sheik , who guides him to free five temples from Ganondorf 's control , allowing each temple 's sage to awaken . Link befriended all five sages as a child : Saria , the Sage of the Forest Temple ; Darunia , the Sage of the Fire Temple ; Ruto , the Sage of the Water Temple ; Impa , the Sage of the Shadow Temple ; and Nabooru , the Sage of the Spirit Temple . After the five sages awaken , Sheik reveals herself to be Zelda in disguise , and the seventh sage . She tells Link that Ganondorf 's heart was unbalanced , causing the Triforce to split into three pieces . Ganondorf acquired only the Triforce of Power , while Zelda received the Triforce of Wisdom and Link the Triforce of Courage .
Ganondorf kidnaps Zelda and imprisons her in his castle . The other six sages help Link infiltrate the stronghold , where he frees Zelda after nearly defeating Ganondorf , who destroys the castle in an attempt to kill Link and Zelda . After they escape the collapsing castle , Ganondorf emerges from the rubble and , using the Triforce of Power , transforms into a boar @-@ like monster named Ganon and knocks the Master Sword from Link 's hand . With Zelda 's aid , Link retrieves the Master Sword and defeats Ganon . The seven sages seal Ganondorf in the Dark Realm ; still holding the Triforce of Power , he vows to take revenge on their descendants . Zelda uses the Ocarina of Time to send Link back to his childhood . Navi departs and young Link meets Zelda in the castle garden once more .
= = Development = =
First shown as a technical demo at Nintendo 's Shoshinkai trade show in December 1995 , Ocarina of Time was developed concurrently with Super Mario 64 by Nintendo 's Entertainment Analysis & Development ( EAD ) division . Both were the first free @-@ roaming 3D game in their respective series . Nintendo planned to release Super Mario 64 as a launch game for the Nintendo 64 ( N64 ) and later release Ocarina of Time for the 64DD , a disk drive peripheral for the system . Nintendo eventually migrated the development of Ocarina of Time from disk to cartridge media due to the high data performance requirements imposed by continuously reading 500 motion @-@ captured character animations throughout gameplay , intending to follow its release with a 64DD expansion disk . At its release the 32 @-@ megabyte game was the largest game Nintendo had ever created . Early in the game 's development , concerns over the memory constraints of the N64 cartridge led producer and supervisor Shigeru Miyamoto to imagine a worst @-@ case scenario in which Ocarina of Time would follow a similar structure to Super Mario 64 with Link being restricted to Ganondorf 's castle as a central hub , and using a portal system similar to the paintings that Mario uses to traverse the realm . An idea that arose from this stage of development , a battle with a doppelganger of Ganondorf that rides through paintings , ultimately made its way into the finished game as the boss of the Forest Temple dungeon .
While Shigeru Miyamoto had been the principal director of Super Mario 64 , he was now in charge of several directors as a producer and supervisor of Ocarina of Time . During its development , individual parts of Ocarina of Time were handled by multiple directors — a new strategy for Nintendo EAD . However , when things were progressing slower than expected , Miyamoto returned to the development team with a more hands @-@ on directorial role . Although the development team was new to 3D games , assistant director Makoto Miyanaga recalls a sense of " passion for creating something new and unprecedented " . A " medieval tale of sword and sorcery , " Miyamoto intended the game to be in the chanbara genre of Japanese sword fighting . The development crew involved more than 120 people , including stunt performers used to capture the effects of sword fighting and Link 's movement . Some of Miyamoto 's ideas for the new Zelda title were instead used in Super Mario 64 , since it was to be released first . Other ideas were not used due to time constraints .
Miyamoto initially intended Ocarina of Time to be played in a first @-@ person perspective to enable players to take in the vast terrain of Hyrule Field better , as well as to be able to focus more on developing enemies and environments . However , the development team did not go through with it once the idea of having a child Link was introduced , and Miyamoto believed it necessary for Link to be visible on screen . Ocarina of Time originally ran on the same engine as Super Mario 64 , but was so heavily modified that designer Shigeru Miyamoto considers the final products entirely different engines . One major difference between the two is camera control ; the player has a lot of control over the camera in Super Mario 64 , but the camera in Ocarina of Time is largely controlled by the game 's AI . Miyamoto says the camera controls for Ocarina of Time are intended to reflect a focus on the game 's world , whereas those of Super Mario 64 are centered on the character of Mario . Miyamoto wanted to make a game that was cinematic , but still distinguished from actual films . Takumi Kawagoe , who creates cutscenes for Nintendo , says that his top priority is to have the player feel in control of the action . To promote this feeling , cut scenes in Ocarina of Time are completely generated with real @-@ time computing and do not use pre @-@ recorded or full @-@ motion video . Toru Osawa created the scenario for the game , based on a story idea by Miyamoto and Yoshiaki Koizumi . He was given support by A Link to the Past and Link 's Awakening script writer Kensuke Tanabe . The dungeons were designed by Eiji Aonuma .
In 1997 and 1998 , the Nintendo 64 was said to be critically lacking in first party hit releases . Next Generation magazine stated that " Nintendo absolutely can 't afford another holiday season without a real marquee title " and that Zelda was " one of the most anticipated games of the decade " , upon which the Nintendo 64 's fate depends . Chairman Howard Lincoln insisted at E3 1998 that Zelda would be shipped on time and would instantly become the company 's reinvigorating blockbuster akin to a major Hollywood hit movie .
Customers in North America who pre @-@ ordered the game received a limited edition box with a golden plastic card affixed , reading " Collector 's Edition " . This edition contained a gold @-@ colored cartridge , a tradition for the Zelda series that began with the original game for the Nintendo Entertainment System . Demand was so great that Electronics Boutique stopped pre @-@ selling the title on November 3 , 1998 . Several versions of Ocarina of Time were produced , with later revisions featuring minor changes such as glitch repairs , the recoloring of Ganondorf 's blood from crimson to green , and the alteration of the music heard in the Fire Temple dungeon to remove a sample of an Islamic prayer chant . The sample was taken from a commercially available sound library , but the developers did not realise it contained Islamic references . Although popularly believed to have been changed due to public outcry , the chanting was in fact removed after the company discovered it violated their own policy to avoid religious material in games , and the altered versions of Ocarina of Time were made prior to the game 's original release .
= = = Ports and rereleases = = =
Ocarina of Time was rereleased for the GameCube as a port of the Nintendo 64 ROM image in conjunction with The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time Master Quest and as a part of The Legend of Zelda : Collector 's Edition . The former was released as Zeruda no Densetsu : Toki no Okarina GC in Japan , with the Master Quest side named Zeruda no Densetsu : Toki no Okarina GC Ura ( ゼルダの伝説 時のオカリナ GC裏 ) . The " Ura " name stems from Master Quest 's origins , as an expansion to the Ocarina of Time cartridge in the form of a 64DD disk , under the working title Ura Zelda . The Master Quest compilation was given as a premium for pre @-@ ordering The Wind Waker in Japan and North America , as well as in a special GameCube bundle at Walmart wherein the disc came in the same case . In Europe and Australia , the disc came in the same case as the initial pressings of The Wind Waker . In Europe , it was available for a limited time through a special offer on the Nintendo website . The Ocarina of Time Master Quest box contains a single disc that includes the original game ; the Master Quest version ; six video demos for various GameCube games , including one for The Wind Waker ; and a video demo for the Game Boy Advance games A Link to the Past and Four Swords . Master Quest uses the same engine and plot of Ocarina of Time , but dungeons have been altered . Collector 's Edition was available in GameCube bundles in Europe , Australia , and North America , as well as by registering hardware and software , or by subscribing to official magazines or clubs . In addition to Ocarina of Time , the disc also contains the original The Legend of Zelda , The Adventure of Link , Majora 's Mask , a demo of The Wind Waker , and a Zelda retrospective featurette . The original game is displayed on the Nintendo 64 with a resolution of 320 × 240 , but the GameCube ports run at 640 × 480 and support progressive scan .
The game was released for the Wii 's Virtual Console service for 1000 Wii Points in Europe and Australia on February 23 , 2007 ; in North America on February 26 ; and in Japan on February 27 . This particular release is an emulation of the Nintendo 64 version , true to the original except for the elimination of support for controller vibrations . Thus , an item called the " Stone of Agony " , which employs physical vibrations via the Nintendo 64 's Rumble Pak controller accessory during certain in @-@ game events , has been made useless . The Wii can play the GameCube compilation versions with this feature intact . A five @-@ minute demo of the game is included as an unlockable item in Super Smash Bros. Brawl . The game was rereleased on the Wii U Virtual Console worldwide on July 2 , 2015 , this time including the Nintendo 64 's original Rumble Pak feature .
= = = = Ura Zelda = = = =
After the completion of Ocarina of Time , an expansion disk for the yet unreleased 64DD peripheral was developed with the working title Ura Zelda , commonly translated as " Another Zelda " . Described as " Ocarina 's second version with rearranged dungeon gameplay " , it contains some new content and some which had been cut from Ocarina due to constraints on development time and on cartridge storage size .
We will make [ Ura Zelda ] once the system has been switched over to the 64DD . Fundamentally , once the cartridge version of Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time has been out for awhile , I 'd like to bring the 64DD version out . It 's too early to release just yet , and I don 't want to have the 64DD and the cartridge sold at the same time . It 's troubling . After we release the cartridge version of F @-@ ZERO X , we 'll release the 64DD expansion disc .
However , Ura Zelda was delayed indefinitely since 1998 due to the uncertain and protracted development status of the requisite 64DD device , and then was never released in its originally planned form due to the 64DD 's ultimate commercial failure .
A fairly intact equivalent to Ura Zelda , as confirmed by designers Shigeru Miyamoto and Eiji Aonuma , was released for the GameCube in 2002 in Japan as Zeruda no Densetsu : Toki no Okarina GC Ura ( ゼルダの伝説 時のオカリナ GC裏 ) and in 2003 in North America and Europe as The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time Master Quest . Miyamoto explained in 2002 , " [ Ura ] didn 't use many of the special [ 64DD ] features . So it was very easy to port over to the GameCube without cutting any features . Ura Zelda isn 't very different from the Ocarina of Time ; it 's more of a second quest ... it will not unlock anything special . " Aonuma concluded in 2004 , " It was finally bundled in the GameCube version of Ocarina and released as Master Quest . "
In 2003 , IGN 's Peer Schneider gave Master Quest positive reviews , with caveats . Based upon Ocarina which has " aged extremely well " , he likened the Ura concept to the second quest of the original Zelda game for NES . The game is " far more difficult than the original " , though the integrity of some areas suffer as if " ' second quest ' most likely meant ' second choice ' during the Nintendo design process " . He found the GameCube port to be somewhat visually improved though " lazy " , with a clumsy translation to the new controller and no substantial improvement in the original game 's low frame rate . Summarizing it as " a sweet , sweet surprise for any Zelda fan " , he recommended this complimentary compilation release even if it had been at full price .
= = = = Nintendo 3DS version = = = =
Shigeru Miyamoto originally maintained that a version of the game for the Nintendo 3DS was merely a technical demo with the possibility of being developed into a full game , but Nintendo of America announced the game in June 2010 . Ocarina of Time 3D was developed by Nintendo EAD in partnership with Grezzo , an independent Japanese studio headed by Koichi Ishii . The game was released in Japan on June 16 , 2011 ; Europe on June 17 , 2011 ; the United States on June 19 , 2011 ; and Australia on June 30 , 2011 ( June 24 , 2011 , at some stores ) .
New features include the ability to quickly equip items using the touchscreen and to use the handheld 's built in gyroscope to aim precisely in first @-@ person point of view while using items such as the slingshot . The fixed 3D is no longer present , and is made with a full 3D rendering of previously fixed 3D areas . In addition to the original game , the Master Quest is included , as well as a new " Boss Challenge " mode that allows players to fight all of the bosses one at a time , or in sequential order . However , this version of Master Quest differs in the fact that the entire map is mirrored , similar to what Nintendo did for the Wii port of The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess . Instructional videos are built into the 3DS version to guide the players who are lost or stuck in certain puzzles . The original Water Temple was noted for its difficulty , being described as " arguably the greatest challenge of spatial awareness in a 3D adventure game " . The 3DS version contains new elements to reduce this difficulty .
= = = Music = = =
Ocarina of Time 's music was written by Koji Kondo , the composer in charge of music for most of the games in the The Legend of Zelda series . In addition to characters having musical themes , areas of Hyrule are also associated with pieces of music . This has been called leitmotif in reverse — instead of music announcing an entering character , it now introduces a stationary environment as the player approaches . In some locations , the music is a variation of an ocarina tune the player learns , related to that area .
Beyond providing a backdrop for the setting , music plays an integral role in gameplay . The button layout of the Nintendo 64 controller resembles the holes of the ocarinas in the game , and players must learn to play several songs to complete the game . All songs are played using the five notes available on an ocarina , although by bending pitches via the analog stick , players can play additional tones . Kondo said that creating distinct themes on the limited scale was a " major challenge " , but feels that the end result is very natural . The popularity of Ocarina of Time led to an increase in ocarina sales .
The official soundtrack of Ocarina of Time was published by Pony Canyon and released in Japan on December 18 , 1998 . It comprises one compact disc with 82 tracks . A US version was also released , although with fewer tracks and different packaging artwork . Many critics praised the music in Ocarina of Time , although IGN was disappointed that the traditional Zelda overworld theme was not included . In 2001 , three years after the initial release of Ocarina of Time , GameSpot labeled it as one of the top ten video game soundtracks . The soundtrack , at the time , was not released in Europe or Australia . In 2011 , however , a 51 @-@ track limited edition soundtrack for the 3DS version was available in a free mail out through a Club Nintendo offer to owners of the 3DS edition , as an incentive to register the product .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Ocarina of Time was released to widespread critical acclaim and strong commercial success worldwide . In the United States , over 500 @,@ 000 preorders were placed , more than tripling the number of preorders for any previous video game , and more than 1 million copies were sold there in less than a week . In 1998 , 2 @.@ 5 million copies were sold , although it was released only 39 days before the end of the year ; it earned $ 150 million in US revenues , higher than any Hollywood film in the last six weeks of 1998 . In Japan , 820 @,@ 000 copies were sold in 1998 , becoming the tenth best @-@ selling game of that year ; a reported 386 @,@ 234 copies were sold in its first week there , surpassing the 316 @,@ 000 first @-@ week sales of Metal Gear Solid . In the United Kingdom , 61 @,@ 232 copies were sold during its first weekend . During its lifetime , Ocarina of Time saw 1 @.@ 14 million copies sold in Japan , and 7 @.@ 6 million copies worldwide .
On its initial Nintendo 64 release , Ocarina of Time received perfect review scores from the majority of gaming publications that reviewed it , including Famitsu , Edge , Electronic Gaming Monthly , GameSpot , and IGN . As of January 2013 , the review aggregator websites Metacritic and GameRankings respectively rank the original Nintendo 64 version as the highest and second highest reviewed game of all time , with average scores of 99 / 100 from Metacritic and 97 @.@ 54 % from GameRankings ; it held the highest score on GameRankings for 10 years , when it was succeeded by Super Mario Galaxy . The reviews praised multiple aspects of the game , particularly its level design , gameplay mechanics and sound . GameSpot reviewer Jeff Gerstmann wrote that Ocarina of Time is " a game that can 't be called anything other than flawless " , and IGN called it " the new benchmark for interactive entertainment " that could " shape the action RPG genre for years to come " . GameTrailers ' editors called it a " walking patent office " due to the number of features that became " industry standard " . Rockstar Games vice president of creativity Dan Houser stated in 2012 , " Anyone who makes 3 @-@ D games who says they 've not borrowed something from Mario or Zelda [ on the Nintendo 64 ] is lying . "
After publication , Ocarina of Time was featured on a number of compiled lists of best or most influential games , including those of Electronic Gaming Monthly , IGN , and Nintendo Power . Ocarina of Time has consistently been placed at number one in Edge magazine 's " top 100 games " lists : a staff @-@ voted list in January 2000 , a staff- and reader @-@ voted list in July 2007 , a list of " The 100 Best Games to Play Today " in March 2009 , and a 2013 readers ' poll selecting the 20 best games released since the magazine 's launch in 1993 . Game Informer ranked it as its 11th favorite game of all time and described it as " untouchable " . In May 2011 , IGN held a tournament @-@ style competition celebrating the 25th anniversary of the original The Legend of Zelda 's release in which fans voted Ocarina of Time the greatest Zelda game ; it beat Majora 's Mask in the final round .
The graphics were praised for their depth and detail , although reviewers noted they were not always the best the console had to offer . Game Revolution noted the characters ' faces , the " toughest graphical challenge on 3D characters " , saying that the characters ' expressions and animation featured " surprising grace " . IGN believed that Ocarina of Time improved on the graphics of Super Mario 64 , giving a larger sense of scale . Impressive draw distances and large boss characters were also mentioned as graphical highlights . Although excelling in the use of color and the visibility and detail of the environment , reviewers noted that some graphical elements of Ocarina of Time did not perform as well as Banjo @-@ Kazooie , a game released for the same platform earlier that year . IGN said that the frame rate and textures of Ocarina of Time were not as good as those of Banjo @-@ Kazooie , particularly in the marketplace of Hyrule Castle , which was called " blurry " .
Gameplay was generally praised as detailed , with many side quests to occupy players ' time . IGN said players would be " amazed at the detail " of the environment and the " amount of thought that went into designing it " . EGM enjoyed that Nintendo was able to take the elements of the older , 2D Zelda games and " translate it all into 3D flawlessly " . Nintendo Power cited Ocarina of Time , along with Super Mario 64 , as two games that " blazed trails " into the 3D era . The context @-@ sensitive control system was seen as one of the strongest elements of the gameplay . Reviewers noted that it allowed for simpler control using fewer buttons , but that it occasionally caused the player to perform unintended actions . The camera control was quoted as making combat " second nature " , although the new system took time for the player to get used to .
The game 's audio was generally well received , with IGN comparing some of Koji Kondo 's pieces to the work of Philip Glass . Many atmospheric sounds and surround sound were designed to effectively immerse the player in the game world . Some reviewers complained that the audio samples used in the game sounded dated ; others considered this a benefit , calling them " retro " . Game Revolution called the sound " good for the Nintendo , but not great in the larger scheme of things " and noted that the cartridge format necessitated " MIDI tunes that range from fair to terrible " .
In 1998 , Ocarina of Time won the Grand Prize in the Interactive Art division at the Japan Media Arts Festival . It also won six honors at the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards , including " Game of the Year " , " Outstanding Achievement in Interactive Design " , " Outstanding Achievement in Software Engineering " , " Console Game of the Year " , " Console Adventure Game of the Year " and " Console RPG of the Year " . Electronic Gaming Monthly gave it both the editors ' choice and readers ' choice awards for " Game of the Year for All Systems " , " Nintendo 64 Game of the Year " and " Action RPG of the Year " as well as the readers ' choice awards for " Best Music " and " Best Graphics " , and it was runner @-@ up for the reader 's choice " Best Sound Effects " award . Edge gave it the awards for " Game of the Year " and " Gameplay Innovation " and placed it 2nd place for " Graphical Achievement " ( behind Virtua Fighter 3tb ) . The game was placed second in Official Nintendo Magazine 's " 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time " , behind only Super Mario Bros.
Reception for the Master Quest and Virtual Console rereleases was positive ; while some considered aspects of the graphics and audio to be outdated , most thought that the game has aged well . The Master Quest version holds an average score of 89 @.@ 50 % on GameRankings and 91 / 100 on Metacritic . IGN said in their review , " Ocarina of Time has aged extremely well " , and noted in regard to the game 's graphics , " While the textures and models look dated , the game 's wonderful visual presentation stood the test of time . " Game Revolution said that although the game has " noticeably aged compared to brand new RPGs [ ... ] it 's still a terrific game " , awarding 91 out of 100 . Former GameSpot editor Jeff Gerstmann gave the Virtual Console port 8 @.@ 9 out of 10 , writing , " Even after nine years , Ocarina of Time holds up surprisingly well , offering a lengthy and often @-@ amazing adventure " . Edge magazine commented in its 2007 " The 100 Best Games " special issue , " [ Ocarina of Time ] was an astonishing achievement in 1998 and , almost a decade later , still serves as the landmark for its successors and 3D adventure games in general ... In a series composed of awfully big adventures , Ocarina may no longer be the prettiest , or even the biggest , but it 's still the best of all . "
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= U.S. Route 220 in Maryland =
U.S. Route 220 ( US 220 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Rockingham , North Carolina to Waverly , New York . In Maryland , the federal highway runs 27 @.@ 30 miles ( 43 @.@ 94 km ) from the West Virginia state line at the Potomac River in McCoole north to the Pennsylvania state line in Dickens . Known as McMullen Highway for much of its length in Maryland , US 220 is the primary north – south route in central Allegany County , connecting Cumberland with its southern suburbs and Keyser , West Virginia to the south and Bedford , Pennsylvania to the north . The federal highway is part of the National Highway System between the West Virginia state line and Maryland Route 53 ( MD 53 ) in Cresaptown and between Interstate 68 ( I @-@ 68 ) , with which it is concurrent through Cumberland , and the Pennsylvania state line .
The road to Bedford was paved within the city of Cumberland by 1910 and constructed north to Pennsylvania in the 1910s . This highway comprised the southernmost portion of US 220 when the U.S. Highway System was established in 1927 . McMullen Highway was constructed starting from Cumberland and finishing in McCoole in the 1920s . When that highway was completed around 1930 , US 220 was extended south into West Virginia . Both the northern and southern portions of the federal highway were reconstructed in the 1940s and 1950s , including a new bridge over the Potomac River . US 220 was rerouted within Cumberland multiple times before being placed on I @-@ 68 in the early 1980s to bypass downtown Cumberland . The bypass of Bedford Road between I @-@ 68 and the Pennsylvania state line opened in 2000 . A new bridge over the Potomac River is currently under construction . In addition , relocation of the highway from I @-@ 68 south into West Virginia is under consideration .
= = Route description = =
US 220 enters Maryland in southwestern Allegany County , crossing the Potomac River and its own old alignment on a bridge from Keyser to McCoole . The highway meets the eastern terminus of MD 135 ( Paxton Street ) before gaining a climbing lane and ascending a hill . US 220 crosses over its old alignment again , then meets the old alignment , unsigned MD 135A , at the top of the hill . The federal highway turns northeast as McMullen Highway , a two @-@ lane road paralleling the Potomac River north to Cumberland . The highway passes through the hamlet of Dawson , where it passes a curve of its old alignment designated MD 830A and closely parallels CSX 's Mountain Subdivision . US 220 splits away from the railroad tracks to follow the valley of Deep Hollow Creek between Fort Hill immediately to the east and Dans Mountain further to the west . After passing through the hamlet of Danville , the federal highway passes into the valley of Mill Run . After passing another curve of old alignment designated MD 830B , US 220 leaves Fort Hill and Mill Run behind .
US 220 passes through the villages of Rawlings and Bier before intersecting the western end of MD 956 ( Patriot Parkway ) near Pinto . Beyond MD 956 , US 220 enters a more densely populated area , passing through the community of Bel Air . The federal highway enters Cresaptown , where US 220 intersects MD 53 ( Winchester Road ) , which is also the southern terminus of US 220 Truck . Access to northbound MD 53 is provided by unsigned MD 636 ( Warrior Drive ) shortly after .
After crossing Warrior Run , Haystack Mountain flanks US 220 to the west as the federal highway passes through Amcelle , the former site of the Celanese chemical plant that is now the location of the North Branch Correctional Institution . The federal highway curves through Potomac Park , home of the Allegany County Fairgrounds . After passing the Upper Potomac Industrial Park , US 220 parallels CSX 's Mountain Subdivision again before entering the city of Cumberland , where the highway is municipally @-@ maintained . Shortly after , US 220 meets I @-@ 68 and US 40 ( National Freeway ) at Exit 42 . Trucks and buses are prohibited from using the ramp in the diamond interchange from eastbound I @-@ 68 to southbound US 220 ; those vehicles must follow US 220 Truck instead . Greene Street , the old alignment of US 220 , continues north from the interchange as a municipal street toward downtown Cumberland .
US 220 becomes concurrent with eastbound I @-@ 68 and US 40 , passing through downtown Cumberland on a narrow , curvaceous viaduct where the highway meets the northern end of MD 51 and the east end of US 40 ALT . After passing through the eastern part of the city , US 220 exits the freeway at Exit 46 onto MD 144 ( Ali Ghan Road ) , which it follows east a short distance before turning north over I @-@ 68 onto a two @-@ lane limited access highway with a speed limit of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . MD 144 , the old alignment of US 40 , continues east toward Rocky Gap State Park . The southbound direction of US 220 joins westbound I @-@ 68 via a long ramp on a sweeping curve . After crossing Evitts Creek , Mason Road , and Bealls Mill Road , the federal highway reaches the intersection with MD 807 ( Bedford Road ) and MD 807E ( Smouses Mill Road ) in Dickens , the former being the old alignment of US 220 . US 220 turns northeast , passing MD 807D ( Pine Ridge Road ) and MD 807C before crossing the Pennsylvania state line , where the route continues north as Bedford Valley Road toward Bedford .
= = History = =
Bedford Street was paved in the city of Cumberland from downtown to Naves Cross Road by 1910 . Bedford Road was paved between Naves Cross Road and roughly the present intersection of US 220 and Bedford Road by 1915 , with the final segment to the Pennsylvania state line completed shortly thereafter . When the U.S. Highway System was organized in 1926 , Bedford Road and Bedford Street were designated the southernmost portion of US 220 . The first section of McMullen Highway — named for Hugh A. McMullen , an Allegany County miner , merchant , and banker who was Comptroller of Maryland from 1916 to 1920 — was completed between Cumberland and Cresaptown in 1920 . The highway was extended to Rawlings by 1927 and to Dawson in 1928 . McMullen Highway was completed to McCoole by 1930 . The US 220 designation was extended south of Cumberland into West Virginia at the same time . Within Cumberland , US 220 followed Greene Street north and east to Wills Creek . The federal highway crossed Wills Creek via Baltimore Street , which the highway followed east to Henderson Avenue . US 220 was concurrent with US 40 on Henderson Avenue before turning northeast onto Bedford Street . In McCoole , US 220 followed a twisty route down to the Potomac River . The federal highway followed what is today MD 135A to MD 135 , then turned east on the present MD 135 and past the present bridge to Parkland Drive , where the highway crossed the river on a bridge in line with Main Street in Keyser .
The first round of improvements to US 220 began around 1936 when the highway was widened from McMullen to Amcelle . The widened highway was extended south through Cresaptown by 1938 and to McCoole by 1942 , making all of McMullen Highway at least 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) wide . A second round of widening occurred during World War II as a military access project ; the highway was expanded to at least 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) in width from Cumberland to Pinto to improve access to the many wartime manufacturing centers along the highway , including the Allegany Ordnance Plant in West Virginia across the Potomac River from Pinto .
Improvements to US 220 continued after the war . Bedford Road was rebuilt between 1946 and 1950 . McMullen Highway from Cumberland to Cresaptown was widened a third time in a project completed in 1950 . The present bridge between McCoole and Keyser was completed in 1951 , with the approach road on the Maryland side completed in 1952 . Reconstruction of US 220 between Cresaptown and Rawlings occurred between 1952 and 1954 . The final segment of McMullen Highway to be rebuilt , from Rawlings to McCoole , was completed in 1956 .
The first rerouting of US 220 within Cumberland occurred in 1956 , when Frederick Street was reconstructed and became the northbound direction of a one @-@ way pair in conjunction with Bedford Street . By 1964 , the federal highway followed Mechanic Street north to the Frederick / Bedford pair instead of Henderson Avenue . In 1977 , a viaduct was completed to carry US 220 over the railroad tracks and US 40 ALT . US 220 was moved off of surface streets in downtown Cumberland when the highway was placed on the Cumberland Thruway ( now I @-@ 68 ) between McMullen Highway and Naves Cross Road in 1982 . The highway used Naves Cross Road to reconnect with Bedford Road , which was designated MD 807 between Naves Cross Road and the Cumberland city line . In 2000 , the two @-@ lane , limited @-@ access bypass of Bedford Road was completed northeast of Cumberland ; MD 807 was extended north along the bypassed part of Bedford Road . The portion of US 220 between the southern city limit of Cumberland and I @-@ 68 was transferred from municipal maintenance to state maintenance in 2010 .
= = Future = =
The 1951 bridge over the Potomac River between McCoole and Keyser is presently being replaced . Construction on the new bridge , which will be located immediately to the east of the present bridge , began in 2010 and is expected to conclude in 2013 . A study is underway concerning upgrading or relocating US 220 between I @-@ 68 and the Potomac River . The proposed routing would involve MD 53 between I @-@ 68 and Cresaptown , and is part of a larger study of a highway to connect Cumberland with Corridor H near Scherr , West Virginia .
= = Junction list = =
The entire route is in Allegany County .
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= American paddlefish =
The American paddlefish ( Polyodon spathula ) is a species of basal ray @-@ finned fish closely related to sturgeons in the order Acipenseriformes . Fossil records of paddlefish date back over 300 million years , nearly 50 million years before dinosaurs first appeared . American paddlefish are smooth @-@ skinned freshwater fish commonly called paddlefish , but are also referred to as Mississippi paddlefish , spoon @-@ billed cats , or spoonbills . They are one of only two extant species in the paddlefish family , Polyodontidae . The other is the critically endangered Chinese paddlefish ( Psephurus gladius ) endemic to the Yangtze River basin in China . American paddlefish are often referred to as primitive fish , or relict species because they retain some morphological characteristics of their early ancestors , including a skeleton that is almost entirely cartilaginous , a paddle @-@ shaped rostrum ( snout ) that extends nearly one @-@ third their body length , and a heterocercal tail or caudal fin , much like that of sharks . American paddlefish are a highly derived fish because they have evolved with adaptations such as filter feeding . Their rostrum and cranium are covered with tens of thousands of sensory receptors for locating swarms of zooplankton , which is their primary food source .
American paddlefish are native to the Mississippi River basin and once moved freely under the relatively natural , unaltered conditions that existed prior to the early 1900s . They commonly inhabited large , free @-@ flowing rivers , braided channels , backwaters , and oxbow lakes throughout the Mississippi River drainage basin , and adjacent Gulf drainages . Their peripheral range extended into the Great Lakes , with occurrences in Lake Huron and Lake Helen in Canada until about 90 years ago . American paddlefish populations have declined dramatically primarily because of overfishing , habitat destruction , and pollution . Poaching has also been a contributing factor to their decline and will continue to be as long as the demand for caviar remains strong . Naturally occurring American paddlefish populations have been extirpated from most of their peripheral range , as well as from New York , Maryland , Virginia , and Pennsylvania . The current range of American paddlefish has been reduced to the Mississippi and Missouri River tributaries and Mobile Bay drainage basin . They are currently found in twenty @-@ two states in the U.S. , and those populations are protected under state , federal and international laws .
= = Taxonomy , etymology and evolution = =
American paddlefish are closely related to sturgeons in the order Acipenseriformes , an order of basal ray @-@ finned fishes that includes sturgeon and paddlefish , several species of which are now extinct . Paddlefish are among the oldest of fishes as evidenced in the fossil record which dates their first appearance approximately 300 to 400 million years ago , almost 50 million years before the dinosaurs . Fossils of a second extinct species , P. tuberculata , which date back approximately 60 million years ago , were found in the Lower Paleocene Tullock Formation in Montana .
In 1797 , French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède established the genus Polyodon for paddlefish , which today includes a single extant species , Polyodon spathula . Lacépède disagreed with Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre 's description in Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique ( 1788 ) , which suggested paddlefish were a species of shark . Lacépède noted , " The country and habits of this fish are still unknown . " When Lacépède established the binomial , Polydon feuille , he was unaware the species had already been named in 1772 by taxonomist , Johann Julius Walbaum , who described paddlefish as Squalus spathula . As a result of Lacépède 's inadvertent double naming , Polyodon spathula became the preferred scientific name of American paddlefish , and Squalus spathula became the synonym as one of two names applied to the group . Walbuam , 1792 , is recognized and cited as the authority .
The family Polyodontidae comprises five known taxa ; three extinct taxa from western North America , and two extant taxa including the American paddlefish ( Polyodon spathula ) native to the Mississippi River Basin in the United States , and the critically endangered Chinese paddlefish ( Psephurus glades ) endemic to the Yangtze River Basin in China . American paddlefish are the only living species in the genus Polyodon . They are often referred to as primitive fish , or relict species , because of morphological characteristics they retain from some of their early ancestors as evidenced in the fossil record which dates them back to the Late Cretaceous , 70 to 75 million years ago . Some of their primitive characteristics include a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage , and a deeply forked heterocercal caudal fin similar to that of sharks , although they are not closely related .
Fossil paddlefishes with recognizable rostrums date from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene periods 65 million years ago . An elongated rostrum is a morphological characteristic of Polyodontidae , but only the genus Polyodon ( P. spathula and the extinct P. tuberculata ) have characteristics adapted specifically for filter feeding , including the jaw , gill arches , and cranium . The gill rakers of American paddlefish are composed of extensive comb @-@ like filaments believed to have inspired the etymology of the genus name , Polyodon , a Greek compound word meaning " many toothed " . Adult American paddlefish are actually toothless , although numerous small teeth less than 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 039 in ) were found in a juvenile paddlefish measuring 630 mm ( 25 in ) . Spathula references the elongated , paddle shaped snout or rostrum . Compared to Chinese paddlefish and fossil genera , American paddlefish ( and by extension , a fossil relative , P. tuberculata ) are considered to be a highly derived species because of their novel adaptations .
Chinese paddlefish are the closest extant relative of American paddlefish . They are currently listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List . Several reports have suggested that Chinese paddlefish may now be extinct . The primary reasons for their decline are similar to those of American paddlefish and include overfishing , the construction of dams , and destruction of habitat . Unlike the planktivorous American paddlefish , Chinese paddlefish are strong swimmers , grow larger , and are opportunistic piscivores that feed on small fishes and crustaceans . Some distinct morphological differences of Chinese paddlefish include a narrower , sword @-@ like rostrum , and a protrusible mouth . They also have fewer , thicker gill rakers than American paddlefish . The last confirmed sighting of a live Chinese paddlefish was made on the Yangtzee River on January 24 , 2003 . From 2006 to 2008 , scientists conducted surveys in an effort to locate the fish . They used several boats , deployed 4762 setlines , 111 anchored setlines and 950 drift nets covering 488 @.@ 5 km ( 303 @.@ 5 mi ) on the upper Yangtze River , most of which lies within the protected area of the Upper Yangtze National Nature Reserve . They did not catch a single fish . They also used hydroacoustic equipment to monitor active sound in water ( sonar ) , but were unable to confirm the presence of paddlefish .
= = Description = =
American paddlefish are among the largest and longest lived freshwater fishes in North America . They have a shark @-@ like body , average 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) in length , weigh 27 kilograms ( 60 lb ) , and can live in excess of thirty years . For most populations the median age is five to eight years and the maximum age is fourteen to eighteen years . The age of American paddlefish is best determined by dentary studies , a process which usually occurs on fish harvested during snagging season , a popular sport fishing activity in certain parts of the U.S. The dentary is removed from the lower jawbone , cleaned of any remaining soft tissue , and cross @-@ sectioned to expose the annual rings . The dentary rings are counted in much the same way a tree is aged . Dentary studies suggest that some individuals can live 60 years or longer , and that females typically live longer and grow larger than males .
American paddlefish are smooth @-@ skinned and almost entirely cartilaginous . Their eyes are small and directed laterally . They have a large , tapering operculum flap , a large mouth , and a flat , paddle @-@ shaped rostrum that measures approximately one @-@ third of their body length . During the initial stages of development from embryo to hatchling , American paddlefish have no rostrum . It begins to form shortly after hatching . The rostrum is an extension of the cranium , not of the upper and lower jaws or olfactory system as with the long snouts of other fishes . Other distinguishing characteristics include a deeply forked heterocercal caudal fin and dull coloration , often with mottling , ranging from bluish @-@ gray to black dorsally grading to a whitish underbelly .
= = Feeding ecology and physiology = =
Scientists began to debate the function of the American paddlefish 's rostrum when the species was described in the late 1700s . They had once believed it was used to excavate bottom substrate or functioned as a balancing mechanism and navigational aid . However , laboratory experiments in 1993 that utilized advanced technology in the field of electron microscopy have established conclusively that the rostrum of American paddlefish is covered with tens of thousands of sensory receptors . These receptors are morphologically similar to the ampullae of Lorenzini of sharks and rays , and are indeed passive ampullary @-@ type electroreceptors used by American paddlefish to detect plankton . Clusters of electroreceptors also cover the head and operculum flaps . The American paddlefish 's diet consists primarily of zooplankton . Their electroreceptors can detect weak electrical fields , which signal not only the presence of zooplankton , but also the individual feeding and swimming movements of zooplankton appendages . When a swarm of zooplankton is detected , the paddlefish swims forward continuously with their mouth wide open , forcing water over the gill rakers to filter out prey . Such feeding behavior is considered ram suspension @-@ feeding . Further research has indicated that their electroreceptors may also serve as a navigational aid for obstacle avoidance .
American paddlefish have small undeveloped eyes that are directed laterally . Unlike most fishes , American paddlefish hardly respond to overhead shadows or changes in illumination . Electroreception appears to have largely replaced vision as a primary sensory modality , which indicates a reliance on electroreceptors for detecting prey . However , the rostrum is not their only means of food detection . Some reports suggest a damaged rostrum would render American paddlefish less capable of foraging efficiently to maintain good health , but laboratory experiments and field research indicate otherwise . As well as electroreceptors on the rostrum , American paddlefish have sensory pores covering nearly half of the skin surface extending from the rostrum to the top of the head down to the tips of the operculum flaps . Studies have indicated that American paddlefish with damaged or abbreviated rostrums are still able to forage and maintain good health .
= = Reproduction and life cycle = =
American paddlefish are long @-@ lived , sexually late maturing pelagic fish . Females do not begin spawning until they are seven to ten years old , some as late as sixteen to eighteen years old . Females do not spawn every year , rather they spawn every second or third year . Males spawn more frequently , usually every year or every other year beginning around age seven , some as late as nine or ten years of age .
American paddlefish begin their upstream spawning migration sometime during early spring ; some begin in late fall . They spawn on silt @-@ free gravel bars that would otherwise be exposed to air or covered by very shallow water were it not for the rises in the river from snow melt and annual spring rains that cause flooding . Although availability of preferred spawning habitat is essential , there are three precise environmental events that must occur before American paddlefish will spawn . The water temperature must be from 55 to 60 ° F ( 13 to 16 ° C ) ; the lengthened photoperiod which occurs in spring triggers biological and behavioral processes that are dependent on increasing day length ; and there must be a proper rise and flow in the river before a successful spawn can occur . Historically , American paddlefish did not spawn every year because the precise environmental events only occurred once every 4 or 5 years .
American paddlefish are broadcast spawners , also referred to as mass spawners or synchronous spawners . Gravid females release their eggs into the water over bare rocks or gravel at the same time males release their sperm . Fertilization occurs externally . The eggs become sticky after they are released into the water and will attach to the bottom substrate . Incubation varies depending on water temperature , but in 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) water the eggs will hatch into larval fish in about seven days . After hatching , the larval fish drift downstream into areas of low flow velocity where they forage on zooplankton .
Young American paddlefish are poor swimmers which makes them susceptible to predation . Therefore , rapid first @-@ year growth is important to their survival . Fry can grow about 1 in ( 2 @.@ 5 cm ) per week , and by late July the fingerlings are around 5 – 6 in ( 13 – 15 cm ) long . Their rate of growth is variable and highly dependent on food abundance . Higher growth rates occur in areas where food is not limited . The feeding behavior of fingerlings is quite different from that of older juveniles and adults . They capture individual plankton one by one , which requires detection and location of individual Daphnia on approach , followed by an intercept maneuver to capture the selected prey . By late September fingerlings have developed into juveniles , and are around 10 – 12 in ( 25 – 30 cm ) long . After the 1st year their growth rate slows and is highly variable . Studies indicate that by age 5 their growth rate averages around 2 in ( 5 @.@ 1 cm ) per year depending on the abundance of food and other environmental influences .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
American paddlefish are highly mobile and well adapted to living in rivers . They inhabit many types of riverine habitats throughout much of the Mississippi Valley and adjacent Gulf slope drainages . They occur most frequently in deeper , low current areas such as side channels , oxbows , backwater lakes , bayous , and tailwaters below dams . They have been observed to move more than 2 @,@ 000 mi ( 3 @,@ 200 km ) in a river system .
American paddlefish are endemic to the Mississippi River Basin , historically occurring from the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers in the northwest to the Ohio and Allegheny rivers of the northeast ; the headwaters of the Mississippi River south to its mouth , from the San Jacinto River in the southwest to the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers of the southeast . They were extirpated from New York , Maryland and Pennsylvania , as well as from much of their peripheral range in the Great Lakes region , including Lake Huron and Lake Helen in Canada . In 1991 , Pennsylvania implemented a reintroduction program utilizing hatchery @-@ reared American paddlefish in an effort to establish self @-@ sustaining populations in the upper Ohio and lower Allegheny rivers . In 1998 , New York initiated a stocking program upstream in the Allegheny Reservoir above Kinzua Dam , and a second stocking in 2006 in Conewango Creek , a relatively unaltered section of their historic range . Reports of free ranging adults captured by gill nets have since been documented in Pennsylvania and New York , but there is no evidence of natural reproduction . They are currently found in 22 states in the US , and are protected under state and federal laws . There are 13 states that allow commercial or sport fishing for American paddlefish .
= = Human interaction = =
= = = Propagation and culture = = =
The artificial propagation of American paddlefish began with the efforts of the Missouri Department of Conservation during the early 1960s , and focused primarily on maintenance of the sport fishery . However , it was the growing importance of American paddlefish for their meat and roe that became the catalyst for further development of culture techniques for aquaculture in the United States . Artificial propagation requires broodstock which , because of the late sexual maturation of American paddlefish , are initially obtained from the wild and brought into a hatchery environment . The fish are injected with LH @-@ RH hormone to stimulate spawning . The number of eggs a female may produce depends on the size of the fish and can range anywhere from 70 @,@ 000 – 300 @,@ 000 eggs . Unlike most teleosts , the oviduct branches of American paddlefish and sturgeons are not directly attached to the ovaries ; rather , they open dorsally into the body cavity . To determine the status of progression toward maturation , ova staging is performed . The process begins with a minor procedure that involves a small abdominal incision from which to extract a few sample oocytes . The oocytes are boiled in water for a few minutes until the yolk is hardened , and then they are cut in half to expose the nucleus . The exposed nucleus is examined under a microscope to determine stage of maturity .
Once maturation is confirmed , one of three procedures is used to extract the eggs from a female paddlefish . The three procedures are ( 1 ) the traditional hand @-@ stripping method , considered to be time consuming and laborious ; ( 2 ) Caesarean section , a relatively quick surgical method of extracting eggs through a 4 in ( 10 cm ) abdominal incision ; considered faster than hand stripping , suturing can be time consuming and the incision may result in muscular stress and poor suture retention which lowers survival rate ; and ( 3 ) MIST , ( minimally invasive surgical technique ) which is the fastest of the three procedures because it requires less handling of the fish and eliminates the need for suturing . A small internal incision is made in the dorsal area of the oviduct , which allows direct stripping of eggs from the body cavity through the gonopore bypassing the oviductal funnels .
A spermiating male indicates successful production of mature spermatozoa which results in the release of large volumes of milt over the course of three to four days . Milt is collected by inserting a short plastic tube with syringe attached into the urogenital opening of the male and applying light suction with the syringe to draw the milt . The collected milt is diluted in water just prior to adding it to the eggs and the combination is gently stirred for about a minute to achieve fertilization . Fertilized eggs are adhesive and demersal , therefore if incubation is to take place in a flow @-@ through hatching jar , the eggs must be treated to prevent clumping . Incubation usually takes anywhere from five to twelve days .
= = = Global commercial market = = =
Advancements in biotechnology have created a global commercial market for the polyculture of American paddlefish . In 1970 , American paddlefish were stocked in several rivers in Europe and Asia . Introduction began when five thousand hatched larvae from Missouri hatcheries in the United States were exported to the former USSR for aquacultural utilization . Reproduction was successful in 1988 and 1989 , and resulted in the exportation of juveniles to Romania and Hungary . American paddlefish are now being raised in Ukraine , Germany , Austria , the Czech Republic , and the Plovdiv and Vidin regions in Bulgaria . In May 2006 , specimens of different sizes and weights were caught by professional fisherman near Prahovo in the Serbian part of the Danube River .
In 1988 , fertilized American paddlefish eggs and larvae from Missouri hatcheries were first introduced into China . Since that time , China imports approximately 4 @.@ 5 million fertilized eggs and larvae every year from hatcheries in Russia and the United States . Some American paddlefish are polycultured in carp ponds and sold to restaurants while others are cultured for brood stock and caviar production . China has also exported American paddlefish to Cuba , where they are farmed for caviar production .
= = = Sport fishing = = =
American paddlefish are a popular sport fish where their populations are sufficient to allow such activity . Areas where there are no self @-@ sustaining populations rely on state and federal restocking programs to maintain a viable fishery . A 2009 report includes the following states as allowing American paddlefish sport fishing per their respective state and federal regulations : Arkansas , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , Nebraska , Oklahoma , Montana , South Dakota and Tennessee . Since American paddlefish are filter @-@ feeders , they will not take bait or lures , and must be caught by snagging . The official state record in Kansas is a 144 lb ( 65 kg ) American paddlefish snagged in 2004 ; Montana , a 142 @.@ 5 lb ( 64 @.@ 6 kg ) American paddlefish snagged in 1973 ; and in North Dakota , a 130 lb ( 59 kg ) American paddlefish snagged in 2010 . The largest American paddlefish on record was captured in West Okoboji Lake , Iowa in 1916 by a spear fisherman , and measured 85 in ( 2 @.@ 2 m ) long , and weighed an estimated 198 lb ( 90 kg ) .
= = Population declines = =
= = = Overfishing and habitat destruction = = =
American paddlefish populations have declined dramatically , primarily as a result of overfishing and habitat destruction . In 2004 they were listed as Vulnerable ( VU A3de ver 3 @.@ 1 ) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . They are currently proposed for listing as VU 3de throughout their range as the result of a U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service assessment . The assessment concluded that " an overall population size reduction of at least 30 % may occur within the next 10 years or three generations due to actual or potential levels of exploitation and the effects of introduced taxa , pollutants , competitors or parasites . " American paddlefish are filter feeding pelagic fish that require large , free @-@ flowing rivers with braided channels , backwater areas , oxbow lakes that are rich in zooplankton , and gravel bars for spawning . Series of dams on rivers such as those constructed on the Missouri River have impounded large populations of American paddlefish , and blocked their upstream migration to spawning shoals . Channelization and groynes or wing dykes have caused the narrowing of rivers and altered flow , destroying crucial spawning and nursery habitat . As a result , most impounded populations are not self @-@ sustaining and must be stocked to maintain a viable sport fishery .
= = = Zebra mussels = = =
Zebra mussel infestations in the Mississippi River , Great Lakes and other Midwest rivers are also negatively affecting American paddlefish populations . Zebra mussels are an invasive species well adapted for explosive population growth as a result of high rates of fecundity and recruitment . As filter feeders , zebra mussels rely on plankton and can filter significant amounts of phytoplankton and zooplankton from the water , altering the availability of an important food source for paddlefish and native unionidae . A few days after the fertilization of zebra mussel eggs , a microscopic larva emerges called a veliger . During this initial stage of development , which usually lasts a few weeks , veligers are able to swim freely in the water column with other microscopic animals comprising zooplankton . Veligers are poor swimmers , making them susceptible to predation by any animal that feeds on zooplankton . However , natural predation of zebra mussels at any stage of development has not made a significant contribution to the long @-@ term reduction of zebra mussel populations .
= = = Poaching = = =
Poaching is also a contributing factor to declining populations of American paddlefish in the states where they are commercially exploited , particularly while the demand for caviar remains strong . Since the 1980s , a trade embargo on Iran restricted imports of the highly sought after and most expensive beluga caviar from the Caspian Sea , limiting U.S. sources of caviar . The most sought after caviar is produced by sturgeons in the Northern Caspian Sea , but overfishing and poaching have exhausted the supply . American sturgeon and paddlefish populations were targeted as likely substitutes .
The roe of American paddlefish can be processed into caviar similar in taste , color , size and texture to sevruga sturgeon caviar from the Caspian Sea . Several cases of mislabeled American paddlefish roe sold as Caspian Sea caviar have been prosecuted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS ) . State and federal regulations restricting the harvest of American paddlefish populations in the wild , and the illegal trafficking of their roe are strictly enforced . Related violations such as the illegal transport of American paddlefish roe have resulted in convictions with substantial fines and prison sentences . Paddlefish are also protected under CITES , ( Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora ) .
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= Battle of Orbetello =
The Battle of Orbetello , also known as the Battle of Isola del Giglio , was a major naval engagement of the Franco @-@ Spanish War of 1635 . It was fought on 14 June 1646 off the Spanish @-@ ruled town of Orbetello , on the coast of Tuscany , Italy , between a French fleet led by Admiral Armand de Maillé , Marquis of Brézé , and a Spanish fleet commanded by Miguel de Noronha , 4th Count of Linhares sent to break the blockade of Orbetello and relieve the town , besieged since 12 May by a French army under the command of Prince Thomas of Savoy . The Battle of Orbetello was tactically very unusual , since it was fought by sailing ships towed by galleys in a light breeze .
After a hard but inconclusive fight during which Admiral Brézé was killed , the French fleet withdrew to Toulon leaving the sea to the Spanish , who decided not to pursue them to relieve Orbetello . The land forces disembarked by Count of Linhares a few days later , however , failed to dislodge the French lines , and the siege could be undertaken until 24 July , when another Spanish army led by the Marquis of Torrecuso and the Duke of Arcos , which had come from the Kingdom of Naples across the Papal States , defeated the besieging French troops , forcing them to retreat with heavy losses .
= = Background = =
In 1646 , after several naval successes against Spain along the Mediterranean , Cardinal Mazarin planned a naval expedition to conquer the Spanish @-@ held State of Presidi with the aim of interrupting Spanish communications with the Kingdom of Naples , threatening the initial stage of the Spanish military corridor , the so @-@ called Spanish Road , and also to frighten pope Innocent X , whose Spanish sympathies displeased him . For this purpose , a fleet commanded by young Admiral Marquis of Brézé was assembled at Toulon . Made of 36 galleons , 20 galleys and a large complement of minor vessels , it had on board an army of some 8 @,@ 000 infantry and 800 cavalry with baggage under the command of Thomas Francis of Savoy , who had previously been at the employ of the Spanish Crown .
Orbetello was erected in a spit between two inner bays of a big lagoon . Various fortified positions made it a strong defensive position : Porto Ercole at the east , San Stefano at the west , and the fort San Filippo on the Monte Argentario island , linked to the mainland by a narrow isthmus . In the end , the French army landed at Talamone , where Brézé left to the Prince a half @-@ dozen of vessels and galleys to bombard the forts of the town . Meanwhile , he went to Porto San Stefano with 5 sailing ships and 4 galleys and bombarded the fort until it surrendered . After the loss of those positions , Don Carlo de la Gatta , the castillan of Orbetello , retreated to the hermitage of Cristo . The isthmus was occupied thanks to a battery mounted aboard the French galleys , and soon the lagoon was filled with armed boats gathered by Jean @-@ Paul de Saumeur , Chevalier Paul . Don Carlo de la Gatta , supported by just 200 Spanish and Italian soldiers , had very few opportunities to resist without help . An early relief force of 35 boats and 5 escort galleys sent from Naples with munitions and supplies was beaten , so a major fleet action was expected .
When news of the siege reached Spain , Philip IV gave orders to assemble a relief fleet . Second @-@ hand goods were purchased in the Netherlands and extraordinary levies were carried out across the country . The command of the expedition was entrusted to the Portuguese loyalist Miguel de Noronha , Count of Linhares , who was Captain General of the Galleys of the Mediterranean , and therefore supreme commander of the Spanish naval forces of this sea . He received orders to sail to Orbetello in command of 22 men @-@ of @-@ war of the Silver fleet and the Dunkirk squadron ; the later providing 8 frigates . At least 3 @,@ 300 soldiers were brought aboard these ships for the relief . Linhares ' second in command was Admiral General Francisco Díaz de Pimienta , who displeased by his always secondary role , had recently resigned , claiming ill health . While Pimienta would be in charge of the sailing ships , Linhares would do so with the galleys . Once at sea , the Spanish fleet was joined off the Sardinian Cape Carbonara by 18 galleys from the squadrons of Naples , Sardinia , Genoa , and Sicily , which drove up its strength to 22 galleons and frigates and 30 galleys . Grand Admiral Jean Armand de Maillé @-@ Brézé , Admiral de Maille Brézé , in the meantime , could be reinforced by the divisions of Montade and Saint @-@ Tropez , and was able to oppose Linhares and Pimienta with 24 sailing ships and 20 galleys .
= = Battle = =
At dawn on June 14 the Spanish fleet bore down off the Giglio Island in a line astern with the galleons and the galleys at the forefront and 8 lagging vessels closing the formation . Admiral Brézé formed his fleet in a line shortly after , alternating galleons and galleys , and sailed westward in a gentle breeze , closed with Linhares ' ships . At 9 : 00 PM . Brézé had approached four miles to the Spanish , when , due to the lightness of the wind , the galleons of the two fleets had to be towed by the galleys while awaiting to be at windward . Brézé , aboard his flagship Grand Saint @-@ Louis , stood in front of the line flanked by Vice @-@ admiral Louis de Foucault de Saint @-@ Germain Beaupré , comte du Daugnon 's la Lune and Rear @-@ admiral Jules de Montigny 's le Soleil . His ship was in tow of Lieutenant @-@ General Vinguerre 's Patrone galley . Fifteen other vessels composed the French line of battle , each one towed by a galley . Montade 's six @-@ ship division was left in reserve . Both fleets sailed along each other until Linhares , thanks to the superior number of galleys that he had , gained the windward and was able to move towards the French line , attempting to overrun its line to catch it between two fires . Linhares had in tow Pimienta 's flag galleon Santiago ; don Álvaro de Bazán del Viso , general of the Neapolitan galleys , the galleon Trinidad , flagship of Admiral Pablo de Contreras ; and Enrique de Benavides , general of the Sicilian galleys , other large Spanish galleons .
Brézé , unable to dispatch his fireships over the Spanish vessels , as he had done in his victories at Cádiz , Barcelona and Cartagena , lunged over Pimienta 's galleon Santiago and riddled the ship with his artillery Santiago lost its main @-@ mast and had to be succored by Linhares and Pablo de Contreras . Fearing the attack of the French fireships or the boarding of Brézé 's galleys , Contreras covered the damaged galleon at the head of six vessels , while Linhares flag galley towed it out of danger . The remaining ships engaged Brézé in an inconclusive action which lasted until both fleets separated at dusk . The Spanish lost the frigate Santa Catalina , burnt by its own crew to avoid capture when she was surrounded by the French la Mazarine and three other vessels . The foremost Spanish galleons Testa de Oro , León Rojo and Caballo marino received heavy damage , while a French fireship blew up . Two French galleons were also badly damaged . The human loss aboard the Spanish fleet is unknown . Forty men were killed or wounded aboard the French fleet One of them was Admiral Brézé , cut in half by a cannonball which hit the stern of his flagship Grand Saint Louis .
The following morning the Spanish and French fleets were 12 miles apart . Comte du Daugnon , Brézé 's successor , decided set sail to Porto Ercole to make repairs instead of pursuing the Spanish fleet , which had sought refuge behind the Giglio island . Linhares chased him during all the 15th and part of the 16th . 4 French storeships , unaware of the main fleet 's departure , fell amidst the Spanish fleet the first night , but managed to escape by following Linhares maneuvers . The Spanish admiral finally abandoned the pursuit to relieve Orbetello . This proved to be impossible because a storm dispersed most of the ships during the night . Some of them took refuge in Sardinia ; others at Giglio and Montecristo . The galley Santa Bárbara sank off Giglio , causing the death of 46 rowers . The French also suffered from the storm . One of their galleys , la Grimaldi , sank off Piombino , although its crew and artillery was taken aboard the Spanish fleet . Another ship , Saint @-@ Dominique , lagged behind along with a fireship and was captured by Pimienta off Cape Corse .
= = Aftermath = =
On 23 June the Spanish fleet anchored off Porto Longone , where it was decided during a war council to relieve Orbetello after the most essential repairs had been made . Two days later several Dunkirkers were dispatched to force the Talamone 's port mouth , and 8 ships arrived from Naples at Porto Santo Stefano , destroying or capturing about 70 tartanes and barges which contained the supplies of Thomas of Savoy 's army during the operation . Du Daugnon , meanwhile , returned to Toulon . Despite his failure , reinforcements could later be carried to Talamone aboard five ships , and Linhares ' attempts to dislodge the French siege lines were unsuccessful . Linhares disembarked 3 @.@ 300 soldiers led by Pimienta , who divided them in two corps and advanced upon the French lines . The first one managed to occupy a hill on which a French cavalry attack was repulsed , but the second corps was dislodged after a 6 @-@ hour battle and forced to reembark . 400 wounded men were evacuated ; the killed were left on the battlefield . The siege was not lifted until an army under the Duke of Arcos and the Marquis of Torrecuso stormed the besieger camp a month later , killing or capturing over 7 @,@ 000 men and taking all the artillery and the baggage , which turned the whole French campaign into a failure .
Dissatisfied with the outcome of the naval battle , Philip IV , who expected that the French fleet would have been destroyed , and the honour of his navy restored , dismissed and imprisoned Count of Linhares and Admiral Pimienta , among other officers , accusing them of mismanagement and abandonement of their forces . Linhares was replaced by Luis Fernández de Córdoba , Pimienta by Jerónimo Gómez de Sandoval , and Bazán del Viso by Giannettino Doria . Philip IV also appointed his 17 years old illegitimate son John of Austria as Príncipe de la mar , commander of all the Hispanic maritime forces , giving them widespread orders and powers in order to end with the misrule of the Spanish Navy . The French failure at Orbetello , nevertheless , contributed greatly to the reduction the French pressure in Italy . 6 @,@ 000 soldiers from Naples could be consequently carried to Valencia to fight against the French armies in Catalonia . On September , a French expedition led by Charles de la Porte de la Meilleraye , with Portuguese help , succeeded in capturing both the presidi of Piombino and Porto Longone , which encouraged the Francesco I d 'Este , Duke of Modena , to change his allegiance from the Spanish monarchy to France .
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= Drive ( 2011 film ) =
Drive is a 2011 American neo @-@ noir crime thriller film directed by Nicolas Winding Refn . The screenplay by Hossein Amini is based on the 2005 novel of the same name by James Sallis . It stars Ryan Gosling , Carey Mulligan , Bryan Cranston , Christina Hendricks , Ron Perlman , Oscar Isaac and Albert Brooks .
Like the book , the film is about an unnamed Hollywood stunt driver ( Gosling ) who moonlights as a getaway driver . After he becomes attracted to a female neighbor ( Mulligan ) whose husband ( Isaac ) owes money to local gangsters , he is drawn deeper into the dangerous underworld . Prior to its September 2011 release , it had been shown at a number of film festivals . At the 2011 Cannes Film Festival , Drive was praised and received a standing ovation . Winding Refn won the festival 's Best Director Award for the film . Reviews from critics have been positive , and many drew comparisons to work from previous eras . The film was nominated for Best Film and Best Direction at the 65th British Academy Film Awards .
= = Plot = =
The unnamed driver ( Ryan Gosling ) , who lives in an Echo Park , Los Angeles apartment , works repairing cars and as a part @-@ time movie double . Managed in both jobs by auto shop owner Shannon ( Bryan Cranston ) , the duo also provides a getaway driver service . With Shannon organizing the schemes , the driver gives criminals only five minutes to perpetrate robberies and reach his car . After meeting his new neighbor , Irene ( Carey Mulligan ) , the driver soon becomes close to her and befriends her young son , Benicio ( Kaden Leos ) , while Irene 's husband , Standard Gabriel ( Oscar Isaac ) , is in prison . After her husband is freed , Irene still asks the driver to visit them .
Shannon persuades Jewish mobsters Bernie Rose ( Albert Brooks ) and Nino ( Ron Perlman ) to purchase a stock car chassis and build it for the driver to race . Irene 's husband , owing protection money from his time in prison , is beaten up by Albanian gangster Cook ( James Biberi ) , who demands that Standard rob a pawnshop for $ 40 @,@ 000 to pay the debt . The gangster gives the young boy Benicio a bullet as a symbol that he and his mother are in danger . The driver , concerned for the safety of Irene and Benicio , steals a Ford Mustang and offers to act as the getaway driver for the pawnshop job .
While waiting for Standard and Cook 's accomplice Blanche ( Christina Hendricks ) to complete the heist , the driver sees a custom Chrysler 300 pull into the parking lot . Blanche returns with a large bag , but Standard is shot in the back several times and killed by the pawnshop owner . The driver flees with Blanche and the money . They are pursued by the Chrysler , which bumps them but skids in the fast turns and eventually spins out . Eluding the other vehicle , the driver hides with Blanche in a motel . Learning that the bag contains a million dollars , yet the TV news reports the robbery as no money stolen , the driver threatens to beat Blanche , forcing her to admit she and Cook planned to re @-@ steal the mysterious money with the Chrysler . Minutes later , two of Cook 's men ambush them in the motel room , killing Blanche and injuring the driver before he manages to kill them both .
At the auto shop , the driver 's arm is bandaged from the shotgun pellets ; Shannon offers to hide the money , but the driver refuses . He hunts down Cook in a strip club , smashes his fingers with a hammer , and threatens to kill him , forcefeeding him the bullet that was given to Benicio ; Cook reveals that Nino was behind the robbery . The driver decides to return the million but Nino dismisses the offer and instead sends a hitman ( Jeff Wolfe ) to the driver 's apartment building . Entering the elevator with Irene , the driver encounters the hitman and spots his pistol . The driver kisses Irene and then brutally beats the hitman to death . Irene exits horrified and stunned .
In his pizzeria , Nino reveals to Bernie that the money was stashed at the pawn shop by a low level Philadelphia wise guy from the " East Coast mob " and since anyone tied to the robbery could lead the East Coast Mafia to them , they need to kill everyone involved . Bernie warns Nino that nobody steals from the Italian Mob . Nino becomes angered and explains how the Italian Mob has , in part due to his Jewish heritage , continually marginalized and insulted him . At the end , he convinces Bernie to follow his plan . Bernie then proceeds to murder Cook with knives from the restaurant , as he is the sole witness to their agreement . After Shannon refuses to divulge the whereabouts of the driver , Bernie kills him at the auto shop with a straight razor from his collection of blades .
The driver , disguising himself with a rubber mask from his stuntman job , follows Nino from the pizzeria to the Pacific Coast Highway and T @-@ bones Nino 's car onto a beach , then chases him from the wreck to the ocean and drowns him . The driver goes to meet Bernie at a Chinese restaurant . He makes a phone call to Irene to tell her he is leaving , saying that meeting her and Benicio was the best thing that ever happened to him . At the restaurant , Bernie promises that Irene will be safe in exchange for the money , but warns the driver must always be on the run . At his car , the driver gives Bernie the money but Bernie attempts to kill him , stabbing him in the stomach . The driver survives and fatally stabs Bernie in the neck , then drives away , abandoning the money bag alongside Bernie 's body . Irene knocks at the driver 's apartment , but gets no response . The driver is shown driving away into the night .
= = Cast = =
Ryan Gosling as The Driver
Carey Mulligan as Irene
Bryan Cranston as Shannon
Albert Brooks as Bernie Rose
Oscar Isaac as Standard Gabriel
Ron Perlman as Nino
Christina Hendricks as Blanche
Kaden Leos as Benicio
James Biberi as Cook
Jeff Wolfe as the Assassin in the Tan Suit
Russ Tamblyn as Doc
Andy San Dimas as dancer
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
The novel Drive by James Sallis was published in 2005 . Producers Marc Platt and Adam Siegel of Marc Platt Productions optioned the novel after Siegel read a review in Publishers Weekly . The driver intrigued Siegel because he was " the kind of character you rarely see anymore – he was a man with a purpose ; he was very good at one thing and made no apologies for it . " The character interested Platt , because he reminded him of movie heroes he looked up to as a child , characters typically portrayed by Steve McQueen or Clint Eastwood .
Academy Award @-@ nominated screenwriter Hossein Amini adapted the novel for the screen . He felt it was a rare book to receive from a studio because it was short , gloomy , and like a poem . Because the novel does not present a linear story but has many flashbacks and jumps around in time , Amini found the adaptation challenging . He felt the non @-@ linear structure made it " a very tricky structure " for a feature film .
A film adaptation of Drive was first announced in early 2008 , with Neil Marshall set to direct what was then being described as " an L.A.-set action mystery " that would be a starring vehicle for Hugh Jackman . Universal Studios , who had been trying to make a film version for some time , was also on board . By February 2010 , Marshall and Jackman were no longer attached to the project . When Ryan Gosling signed on as the leading role , he was allowed to choose the director . A fan of his work , the actor chose the Danish filmmaker Nicolas Winding Refn . When Refn read the first screenplay for Drive , he was more intrigued by the concept of a man having a split personality , being a stuntman by day and a getaway driver at night , than the story itself .
= = = Casting = = =
Producer Marc E. Platt contacted actor Ryan Gosling regarding Drive early on . Platt explained : “ I have this list that I ’ ve created of very talented individuals whose work inspire me – writers , directors , actors whom I have to work with before I go onto another career or do something else with my life . " Near the top of Platt 's list was Gosling , who , despite having starred in several films of diverse genres , had never starred in anything like Drive . He had always been interested in doing an action @-@ oriented project ; Gosling claimed that he was simply put off from the genre , believing that the action films of today put more focus on stunts instead of characters . Despite this , Platt heard back from the actor around 48 hours later . Gosling has stated that his strong attraction to the plot led him to take on the leading role of the unnamed driver , saying that he was drawn to the " very strong character " at its core , as well as the " powerful " romance .
In an interview with Rotten Tomatoes , Gosling was asked , " What was it about the film ? Had you read the script when Hugh Jackman and director Neil Marshall were attached to make it ? " He replied :
" I think that might be the original one I read . I read a few drafts . I read one as well where he wasn 't a stunt driver at all , which was a newer draft – maybe that 's the one Hugh Jackman had ; I 'm not sure exactly . Basically when I read it , in trying to figure out who would do something like this , the only way to make sense of this is that this is a guy that 's seen too many movies , and he 's started to confuse his life for a film . He 's lost in the mythology of Hollywood and he 's become an amalgamation of all the characters that he admires . "
Gosling was given the opportunity to choose the film 's director , a first in his career : " And I thought , ' It had to be Nicolas [ Winding Refn ] . ' There was no other choice . " Believing that the director might be intimidated by the script as it was unlike anything he had done before , Gosling had concerns about Refn 's desire to participate . Refn took on the project without hesitation .
When casting roles in his movies , Refn doesn 't watch casting tapes or have his actors audition for him . He meets with them and casts them on the spot if he feels they 're right . Drive was the first film Carey Mulligan signed on to after being nominated for an Academy Award for her role in An Education , which was directed by another Danish filmmaker , Lone Scherfig . Scherfig is a good friend of Refn and she used to babysit him when he was a child . At the time of Mulligan ’ s casting , Refn hadn ’ t seen An Education , but his wife was big fan of the film and Mulligan ’ s performance , and she urged him to cast her . In the original script , the character was a Hispanic woman name Irina . The character was changed to Irene after Mulligan was cast . While working on the film , Mulligan moved in with Refn , his wife and two daughters in their home in Los Angeles . Hossein Amini , the film ’ s screenwriter , also lived with Refn ’ s family during the duration of the film ’ s shoot . Refn and Amini made significant changes to the original script during this time .
Bryan Cranston plays the role of Shannon . Cranston was one of the first actors Winding Refn looked to cast , as he was a fan of the TV series Breaking Bad . Knowing Cranston had other opportunities , Winding Refn tried to interest him by asking how he would like to develop the role . After not hearing back , Winding Refn called him , at the very same time that Cranston was writing on a piece of paper the pros and cons of doing Drive . Moved by Winding Refn 's interest , he accepted the part . Christina Hendricks plays the small role of Blanche . " Trying to work in a more reality arena for a character like that , " Winding Refn originally auditioned porn stars for Blanche . He was unable to find anyone with the necessary acting talent . After meeting with Hendricks , he decided to cast her , feeling her " powerhouse " persona would click with the character .
Albert Brooks plays the foul @-@ mouthed , morose Bernie Rose . When Winding Refn suggested him , Gosling agreed but thought the actor would not be up for playing a character who is violent and sullen , or for appearing in a film that he did not work on himself . Brooks accepted the role to go against type and because he loved that Bernie was not a cliché . " There are six people you could always get to play this kind of part , and I like that the director was thinking outside of the box . For me , it was an opportunity to act outside the box . I liked that this mobster had real style . Also , he doesn ’ t get up in the morning thinking about killing people . He ’ s sad about it . Upset about it . It ’ s a case of , ' Look what you made me do . ' "
Nino , a key villain , is portrayed by Ron Perlman , one of the last actors to join the cast . Regarding the casting of Perlman , Winding Refn said , " The character of Nino was originally not particularly interesting , so I asked Ron why he wanted to be in my movie when he 's done so many great films . When Ron said , ' I always wanted to play a Jewish man who wants to be an Italian gangster ' , and I asked why , and he said , ' because that 's what I am – a Jewish boy from New York ' , well , that automatically cemented it for me . " Oscar Isaac portrays a Latino convict named Standard who is married to Irene and is just released from prison a week after Irene meets The driver . He found the role to be a bit unappealing and chose to turn the archetypal character into something more . He said of the role ,
" As soon as I sat down with Nicolas , he explained this universe and world of the story , so we made the character into someone interested in owning a restaurant , someone who made some wrong decisions in his life , ending up in a bad place . By making ‘ Standard ’ more specific and more interesting , we found that it made the story that more compelling . "
= = = Filming and cinematography = = =
The film was made on a production budget of about $ 15 million and shot in various parts of Los Angeles , California , beginning on September 25 , 2010 . Locations were picked by Winding Refn while Gosling drove him around the city at night . Under the director 's request , Los Angeles was picked as the shooting site due to budget concerns . Winding Refn moved into a plush Los Angeles home and insisted that the cast members and screenwriter Amini move in with him . They would work on the script and film all day , then watch films , edit or drive at night . Refn requested that the editing suite be placed in his home as well . With a shooting script of 81 pages , Winding Refn and Gosling continued to trim down dialog during filming .
Its opening chase scene involving Gosling 's character was primarily filmed by Winding Refn within the car 's interior . In an interview , Winding Refn revealed the idea for this scene was to emulate the feeling of a " diver in an ocean of sharks " , never leaving the vehicle during a car chase so that the audience can see what 's happening from the character 's point of view . Tight on money and time , he shot the scene in two days . With two different set @-@ ups prepared in the car , the director found it difficult to have mobility with the camera , so he would then switch the camera to two additional set @-@ ups nearby . As downtown Los Angeles had changed for the better , Refn avoided certain areas to preserve the gloomy atmosphere . Additionally , the scene was shot at low @-@ angles with minimal light .
One scene in the film that has no dialog is the elevator sequence , " a series of stunning visuals and graphic imagery that ’ s a prime example of how the film conveys so many ideas and emotions through images rather than words . " For this , he spoke to Gaspar Noé and asked him how he did the head @-@ smashing scene in Noé 's Irréversible ( 2002 ) . Crossing the line from romance to violence , the scene starts off with the driver and Irene tenderly kissing . What they share is really a goodbye kiss , as he then becomes a " werewolf , " violently stomping the hit @-@ man 's head in . Subsequently , Irene sees the driver in a new light . " Every movie has to have a heart — a place where it defines itself — and in every movie I 've made there 's always a scene that does that . On Drive , it was hard for me to wrap my head around it . I realized I needed to show in one situation that driver is the hopelessly romantic knight , but he 's also completely psychotic and is willing to use any kind of violence to protect innocence . But that scene was never written . As I was going along , it just kind of popped up , " Refn said . In March 2012 , Interiors , an online journal that is concerned with the relationship between architecture and film , released an issue that discussed how space is used in this scene . The issue highlights Nicolas Winding Refn 's use of constricted space and his way of creating a balance between romance and violence .
Car scenes were filmed with a " biscuit rig " , a camera car rig developed for the film Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , which allowed stunt driver Robert Nagle to steer the car , freeing Gosling to concentrate on acting . Consistent with Winding Refn 's usual visual style , wide @-@ angle lenses were heavily used by cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel . Handheld camerawork was avoided . Preferring to keep the film more " grounded " and authentic , he also avoided use of computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) . Inability to afford CGI due to budgeting restrictions also played a factor in this decision . Although many stunt drivers are credited , Gosling did a number of stunts himself , after completing a stunt driving car crash course . During production , Gosling re @-@ built the 1973 Chevrolet Malibu used in the film , taking it apart and putting it back together . Filming concluded on November 12 , 2010 .
Beth Mickle was hired as Drive 's production designer on Gosling 's recommendation ; they had worked together on 2006 's Half Nelson . Prior to filming , Mickle supervised a crew of 40 , routinely working 16- to 18 @-@ hour days . This was her most expensive film to date , and Mickle felt freer since , compared to Half Nelson , " there was another zero added to the budget . " The crew built the driver 's apartment building , which included a hallway and elevator that linked his unit to Irene 's . Mickle also built a strip club set and Bernie Rose 's apartment in an abandoned building . Turning a " run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill " Los Angeles auto body shop into a grandiose dealership was one of the most challenging . Painting the walls an electric blue color , she brought in a showroom full of vintage cars .
Using an Arri Alexa camera , the film was shot digitally . According to executive producer David Lancaster , the film contains abundant , evocative , intense images of Los Angeles that are not often seen . " From the little seen back streets of downtown LA to the dry arid outposts on the peaks of the desert landscape surrounding it , Siegel has re @-@ imagined an LA all the way down to the rocky cliffs by the sea . "
While Drive is set in the present day , it carries a heavy 1980s atmosphere that is cautiously set from beginning to end and is underlined not only by the vehicles or music and clothes , but also by its architecture . The parts of the city seen in the Valley and by downtown Los Angeles are cheap stucco and mirrored glass , often leaving out more contemporary buildings . Drab background settings include the Southern California commercial strip . As the Los Angeles Times pointed out , whenever gleaming buildings are shown , it is because they are being seen from a distance . Refn shot those scenes from a helicopter at night in Bunker Hill , Los Angeles .
= = = Style and inspiration = = =
Journalists and reviewers have called Drive a " classic Los Angeles heist @-@ gone @-@ wrong story " , a " tribute to the genre of car films " in the vein of movies like Bullitt ( 1968 ) . As a character study , Drive examines themes of " loyalty , loneliness and the dark impulses that rise up even when we try our hardest to suppress them . " It combines comic gore , film noir and B @-@ movie style and Hollywood spectacle , resulting in " a bizarre concoction ... reminiscent of David Lynch 's Mulholland Drive ... Quentin Tarantino 's Pulp Fiction , and [ with ] angst @-@ laden love scenes that would not be out of place in a Scandinavian drama " . Other comparisons have been to the works of Walter Hill , John Carpenter , Michael Mann , Nathanael West , J.G. Ballard , and Mike Davis . According to Refn , Drive is dedicated to filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky and includes some of Jodorowsky 's existentialism .
Drive has been called a tough , hard @-@ edged neo @-@ noir art house feature , extremely violent and very stylish , with European art and grindhouse influences . According to Refn , Drive turns into a superhero film during the elevator scene when The Driver kills the villain . Drive also references 1970s and 1980s cult hits such as The Day of the Locust ( 1975 ) and To Live and Die in L.A. ( 1985 ) . Other influences can be seen in the neon @-@ bright opening credits and the retro song picks – " a mix of tension @-@ ratcheting synthesizer tones and catchy club anthems that collectively give the film its consistent tone . " Drive 's title sequence is hot @-@ pink , which was inspired by 1983 's Risky Business ' editing table . Refn has also indicated that the film 's romance was partially inspired by the films of John Hughes .
Winding Refn 's inspiration for Drive came partly from reading Grimm 's Fairy Tales , and his goal was to make " a fairy tale that takes Los Angeles as the background , " with The Driver as the hero . To play with the common theme of fairy tales , The Driver protects what is good while at the same time killing degenerate people in violent ways . Refn was also inspired by films such as Point Blank ( 1967 ) , Two @-@ Lane Blacktop ( 1971 ) , The Driver ( 1978 ) and Thief ( 1981 ) . Jean @-@ Pierre Melville ’ s crime productions influenced the cinematography . Amini 's script propensity imposes " a kind of sideways moral code , " where even those who comply with it are almost never rewarded for their efforts , as seen when The Driver helps Standard with Irene and her son 's best interests in mind . Within their vehicles , the characters not only make escapes or commit murder , but try to obtain peace and search for romance .
The film 's main character , The Driver , has been compared to the Man With No Name , a character Clint Eastwood portrayed in the Sergio Leone Westerns , because he almost never speaks , communicating mostly non @-@ verbally . The Driver 's meagre dialogue is not designed to present him as tough , but to soften him . Winding Refn chose to give the Driver very little dialogue and instead have him drive around listening to synthpop music , taking control when it counts . One reviewer noted that what The Driver lacks in psychology , he makes up through action and stylish costuming . The Driver 's wardrobe , in particular the satin jacket with the logo of a golden scorpion on the back , was inspired by the band KISS and Kenneth Anger 's 1964 experimental film Scorpio Rising . Refn sees the former as the character 's armor and the logo a sign of protection . According to reviewer Peter Canavese , the jacket is a reference to the fable of the scorpion and the frog , mentioned in the movie , which in turn evokes the use of the fable in the Orson Welles film Mr. Arkadin .
It 's also mainly inspired by Grand theft Auto computergame series .
= = = Music = = =
Most of its ethereal electronic @-@ pop score was composed by Cliff Martinez . Refn was a particular fan of his ambient work on the Sex , Lies , and Videotape soundtrack . The score contains tracks with vintage keyboards and bluntly descriptive titles . Refn wanted electronic music for the film and to have the music occasionally be abstract so viewers can see things from the driver 's perspective . He gave composer Martinez a sampling of songs he liked and asked Martinez to emulate the sound , resulting in " a kind of retro , 80ish , synthesizer europop " . Editor Matt Newman suggested Drive 's opening credits song – " Nightcall " by French electronic musician Kavinsky .
Winding Refn wanted a score by Johnny Jewel of Desire and Chromatics , whose music was used in the film , but the studio had other plans . They instead hired Martinez at the last minute to imitate the style and feel of Jewel 's bands Chromatics and Glass Candy .
As Winding Refn was going through mixer Johnny Jewel 's catalog , he picked out " Under Your Spell " and " Tick of the Clock " because he thought of Drive being a fairytale . During Drive 's climax , " A Real Hero " ' s keynote melody , about becoming " a real human being , and a real hero " , refrains because that is when the driver changes into both those statuses ' . At first , Jewel worried that " Under Your Spell " might be too literal but soon realized it is used in Drive " in the exact same way that I was feeling it when I wrote it . He definitely got the nuance of the song , and understood what it was supposed to mean , and he wanted to give that emotion to the viewer , that same feeling . "
Thinking of music in terms of basic elements , Jewel would tell the director that for certain scenes , it should not have bass since , as an earth tone , it usually is used for a more emotional or ominous part . Jewel thought the music should be upper register and relaxing for the " dreamlike " scene . To help himself with the writing process and conjure up melodies , the producer would perform a procedure where he highlighted many phrases from the novel , then printed those words in large font and hung them on his walls or drew pictures during viewings of Drive .
The soundtrack from Drive was listed on Spin magazine 's list of " 40 Movie Soundtracks That Changed Alternative Music " .
A re @-@ scored soundtrack for the film was produced for the BBC by Zane Lowe for its television broadcast in October 2014 . The soundtrack included original music from Chvrches , Banks , Bastille , Eric Prydz , SBTRKT , Bring Me the Horizon , The 1975 and Laura Mvula .
= = Release = =
Prior to principal photography , Refn went to the 2010 Cannes Film Festival in an effort to sell the rights to Drive and released promotional posters for the film . In November 2010 , FilmDistrict acquired North American distribution rights . The owners were so eager to get their hands on Drive , they started negotiating to buy it before seeing any footage , believing it could appeal to people who enjoy a genre movie , as well as the arthouse crowd . The film had a release date of September 16 , 2011 , in the United States .
The film premiered on May 20 , in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . At its first showing to the media , it received abundant praise and received " some of the best responses of the festival " , but one positive review said it " can 't win , won 't win " Cannes 's top prize . It was greeted with hoots and howls of joy from the media , with viewers cheering on some of the scenes featuring extreme violence . Drive also received a 15 @-@ minute standing ovation from the crowd . Xan Brooks of The Guardian called the film his guilty pleasure of the 2011 competition , labeling it an enjoyable affair . " Over the past 10 days we 've witnessed great art and potent social commentary ; the birth of the cosmos and the end of the world . Turns out what we really wanted all along was a scene in which a man gets his head stomped in a lift . They welcome it in like a long @-@ lost relation , " he wrote . The festival named Refn best director for Drive .
Drive was also screened at the Los Angeles Time 's Los Angeles Film Festival ( LAFF ) on June 20 at its gala screenings program . It was among more than 200 feature films , short projects , and music videos , from more than 30 countries , to be shown at the festival . After Red Dog 's release date was pushed up by several days , Drive replaced it as the Melbourne International Film Festival 's closing night film . Additionally , the movie was screened during FilmDistrict 's studio panel presentation at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con function . A secret screening for Drive was held at London 's Empire Big Screen during the middle of August . In September , Drive screened as a special presentation during the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival , alongside another movie starring Gosling , The Ides of March .
= = = Home media = = =
Drive was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on January 30 , 2012 ; and it was released early on iTunes , the PlayStation Store , and Xbox Live on January 17 , 2012 .
Drive was re @-@ released on a Blu @-@ ray / DVD and Digital Copy combo Mondo x SteelBook on December 2 , 2014 , as a proof of concept title for an upcoming series of collaborative releases between Justin Ishmael ( Mondo ) and Nick Coughlan ( SteelBook ) utilizing artwork by Tyler Stout .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Drive received critical acclaim upon its release in 2011 . Critics lauded Refn 's direction , the cast ( especially Gosling and Brooks ) , Martinez 's score , the visual style and action sequences , though some critics found the violence off @-@ putting . The film has an approval score of 92 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 238 reviews and an average rating of 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 . The critical consensus states : " With its hyper @-@ stylized blend of violence , music , and striking imagery , Drive represents a fully realized vision of arthouse action . " The film also has a score of 78 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 43 reviews indicating " generally favorable reviews " .
It was one of the highest @-@ ranked and most @-@ featured films on critics ’ year @-@ end top 10 lists . It ranked as fourth best film of the year , behind The Tree of Life , The Artist , and Melancholia on Metacritic 's tally of top 10 lists . On Movie City News ’ tally it ranked third , behind The Tree of Life and The Descendants .
The writers for the film magazine Empire listed Drive as their number one film of 2011 . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , declaring that Drive was “ a brilliant piece of nasty business , ” and that “ Refn is a virtuoso , blending tough and tender with such uncanny skill that he deservedly won the Best Director prize at Cannes . " It was his top film of 2011 . Richard Roeper said that " Drive is an adrenalin shot to the senses . I love this movie and as soon as it was over , I wanted to see it again . ” James Rocchi , writing for The Playlist , gave the film an A letter grade and said , " Drive works as a great demonstration of how , when there ’ s true talent behind the camera , entertainment and art are not enemies but allies . ” Both Roeper and Rocchi also placed Drive as their number one film of 2011 .
Stephanie Zacharek of Movieline complimented the film 's action and wrote that it “ defies all the current trends in mainstream action filmmaking . The driving sequences are shot and edited with a surgeon ’ s clarity and precision . Refn doesn ’ t chop up the action to fool us into thinking it ’ s more exciting than it is . ” She also admired Refn ’ s skill in handling the film ’ s violence and the understated romance between Gosling and Mulligan . Her score for the film was 9 @.@ 5 / 10 Drive was Roger Ebert 's seventh best film of 2011 . In praising the film , he wrote , “ Here is a movie with respect for writing , acting , and craft . It has respect for knowledgeable moviegoers . ” Like Zacharek , Ebert admired Drive ’ s action sequences , which were practically made and didn ’ t rely on CGI .
The Wall Street Journal ’ s Joe Morgenstern called Albert Brooks ' villainous performance " sensational " . " Prepare to be blown away by Albert Brooks , " said Peter Travers , " Brooks ' performance , veined with dark humor and chilling menace ( watch him with a blade ) , deserves to have Oscar calling . " Albert Brooks won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor . He was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Supporting Actor – Motion Picture .
Joshua Rothkopf , writing for Time Out ( New York ) , stated , " Danish director Nicolas Winding Refn ( Bronson ) has taken the opportunity to work in America and pushed it to delirious limits ; his effort , a foreigner 's impassioned take on ’ 80s @-@ synth @-@ scored romance and highway mayhem , plays like the work of a student graduating with highest honors . ” Drive was Rothkopf ’ s choice for film of the year . Salon.com 's Andrew O 'Hehir lauded Albert Brooks against @-@ type performance as the film 's villain and called it " unforgettable " . On the elevator sequence in the film , which juxtaposes romance with violence , O 'Herir commended it and proclaimed that it is a sequence that " film students will be deconstructing , shot by shot , for years to come . "
The violence of the film was off @-@ putting for some reviewers . In a negative review by Anthony Lane in The New Yorker , he wrote that Drive 's violence was far too graphic , and it ultimately was a detriment to the film . Referring to the violence , he said , " In grabbing our attention , he diverts it from what matters . The horror lingers and seeps ; the feelings are sponged away . " The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Philips felt similarly , and while he enjoyed the film early on , Drive became " one garishly sadistic set piece after another . " Additionally , Phillips thought the film relied too much on " stylistic preening " and did not have enough substance . In 2014 , The Huffington Post included Drive on its " 8 Movies From The Last 15 Years That Are Super Overrated " list .
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a score of C − ; this was attributed to audiences feeling tricked , having expected more driving and more action based on the marketing .
= = = Top ten lists = = =
Drive was listed on many critics ’ top ten lists of 2011 .
= = = Box office = = =
Drive grossed $ 76 @,@ 175 @,@ 166 worldwide , making more than five times its 15 million dollar budget . In North America , Drive grossed a total of $ 35 @,@ 060 @,@ 689 . Drive opened in North America to $ 11 @,@ 340 @,@ 461 on the weekend of 16 September 2011 and played at 2 @,@ 866 theatres . It was one of four wide releases that opened that weekend , and came in second . Drive closed its North American theatrical run on 9 February 2012 .
In the international marketplace , Drive grossed $ 41 @,@ 114 @,@ 477 . Drive had its highest @-@ grossing box office in France , where it earned a total of € 10 @,@ 346 @,@ 427 @.@ 87 ( $ 13 @,@ 264 @,@ 311 ) . It opened in France on the weekend of 5 October 2011 at 246 theatres , eventually expanding to 360 . The film opened in second place and had the highest per @-@ screen theatre gross for the weekend € 10 @,@ 722 ( $ 13 @,@ 746 ) . Its second @-@ highest overseas gross came in the United Kingdom , where it earned a total of £ 3 @,@ 089 @,@ 790 ( $ 4 @,@ 693 @,@ 696 ) . Drive opened in the U.K. on 27 September 2011 at 176 theatres , eventually expanding to 190 . The film opened in Australia on October 27 , 2011 and grossed a total of $ 2 @,@ 286 @,@ 388 in the country .
= = = Accolades = = =
Drive was nominated for four British Academy Film Awards , which included Best Film , Best Direction , Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Carey Mulligan ) , and Best Editing . It was one of the most @-@ nominated films by critics ’ groups in 2011 . Albert Brooks had the most critics ’ groups nominations . Nicholas Winding Refn won the Best Director Award ( Prix de la mise en scène ) at the 64th Cannes Film Festival .
= = Soundtrack = =
Drive ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released in CD format to stores on September 27 , 2011 by Lakeshore Records , and owned by Cutting Edge Film Scores . Prior to that , thanks to viral reviews , such as those found on social networking website Twitter , the soundtrack sold well on iTunes , climbing as high as number four on the sales charts . The album was released on vinyl in June 2012 , by Mondo . The nineteen @-@ track album has amassed positive reviews . James Verniere of the Boston Herald graded it an A , stating , " The cool crowd isn 't just watching Drive ; they 're listening to it , too ... The Drive soundtrack is such an integral part of the experience of the film , once you see it , you can 't imagine the film without it . " AllMusic reviewer James Christopher Monger selected opening track " Nightcall " , " I Drive " , " Hammer " and " Bride of Deluxe " as highlights on it . Digital Spy 's Mayer Nissim gave it a four out of five star rating , finding it to be as important as the film itself . She stated the album beginning with non @-@ Martinez songs instead of mixing it up for a more enjoyable listening experience cost it a star .
= = = Track listing = = =
= = = Charts = = =
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= Elliott Smith =
Steven Paul " Elliott " Smith ( August 6 , 1969 – October 21 , 2003 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and musician . Smith was born in Omaha , Nebraska , raised primarily in Texas , and lived for much of his life in Portland , Oregon , where he first gained popularity . Smith 's primary instrument was the guitar , though he was also proficient with piano , clarinet , bass guitar , drums , and harmonica . Smith had a distinctive vocal style , characterized by his " whispery , spiderweb @-@ thin delivery " , and used multi @-@ tracking to create vocal layers , textures , and harmonies .
After playing in the rock band Heatmiser for several years , Smith began his solo career in 1994 , with releases on the independent record labels Cavity Search and Kill Rock Stars ( KRS ) . In 1997 , he signed a contract with DreamWorks Records , for which he recorded two albums . Smith rose to mainstream prominence when his song " Miss Misery " — included in the soundtrack for the film Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) — was nominated for an Oscar in the Best Original Song category in 1998 .
Smith suffered from depression , alcoholism , and drug dependence , and these topics often appear in his lyrics . In 2003 , aged 34 , he died in Los Angeles , California from two stab wounds to the chest . The autopsy evidence was inconclusive as to whether the wounds were self @-@ inflicted . At the time of his death , Smith was working on his sixth studio album , From a Basement on the Hill , which was posthumously completed and released in 2004 .
= = Early life = =
Steven Paul Smith was born at the Clarkson Hospital in Omaha , Nebraska , the only child to Gary Smith , a student at the University of Nebraska Medical Center , and Bunny Kay Berryman , an elementary school music teacher . His parents divorced when he was six months old , and Smith moved with his mother to Duncanville , Texas . Smith later had a tattoo of a map of Texas drawn on his upper arm and said : " I didn 't get it because I like Texas , kind of the opposite . But I won 't forget about it , although I 'm tempted to because I don 't like it there . "
Smith endured a difficult childhood and a troubled relationship with his stepfather Charlie Welch . Smith stated he may have been sexually abused by Welch at a young age , an allegation which Welch has denied . He wrote about this part of his life in " Some Song " : " How they beat you up week after week , and when you grow up you 're going to be a freak . " The name " Charlie " also appears in songs " Flowers for Charlie " and " No Confidence Man . " In a 2004 interview , Jennifer Chiba , Smith 's partner at the time of his death , said that Smith 's difficult childhood was partly why he needed to sedate himself with drugs as an adult : " He was remembering traumatic things from his childhood – parts of things . It 's not my place to say what . "
For much of his childhood , Smith 's family was a part of the Community of Christ but began attending services at a local Methodist Church . Smith felt that going to church did little for him , except make him " really scared of Hell " . In 2001 , he said : " I don 't necessarily buy into any officially structured version of spirituality . But I have my own version of it . "
Smith began playing piano at age nine , and at ten began learning guitar on a small acoustic guitar bought for him by his father . At this age he composed an original piano piece , " Fantasy " , which won him a prize at an arts festival . Many of the people on his mother 's side of the family were non @-@ professional musicians ; his grandfather was a Dixieland drummer , and his grandmother sang in a glee club .
At fourteen , Smith left his mother 's home in Texas and moved to Portland , Oregon to live with his father , then working as a psychiatrist . It was around this time that Smith began using drugs , including alcohol , with friends . He also began experimenting with recording for the first time after borrowing a four @-@ track recorder . At high school , Smith played clarinet in the school band and played guitar and piano ; he also sang in the bands Stranger Than Fiction and A Murder of Crows , billed as either Steven Smith or " Johnny Panic " . He graduated from Lincoln High School as a National Merit Scholar .
After graduation , Smith began calling himself " Elliott " , saying that he thought " Steve " sounded too much like a " jock " name , and that " Steven " sounded " too bookish " . According to friends , he had also used the pseudonym " Elliott Stillwater @-@ Rotter " during his time in the band A Murder of Crows . Biographer S. R. Shutt speculates that the name was either inspired by Elliott Avenue , a street that Smith had lived on in Portland , or that it was suggested by his then @-@ girlfriend . A junior high acquaintance of Smith speculates Smith changed his name so as not to be confused with Steve Smith , the drummer of Journey .
= = Career = =
= = = 1991 – 93 : Heatmiser = = =
Smith graduated from Hampshire College in Amherst , Massachusetts in 1991 with a degree in philosophy and political science . " Went straight through in four years " , he explained to Under the Radar in 2003 . " I guess it proved to myself that I could do something I really didn 't want to for four years . Except I did like what I was studying . At the time it seemed like , ' This is your one and only chance to go to college and you had just better do it because some day you might wish that you did . ' Plus , the whole reason I applied in the first place was because of my girlfriend , and I had gotten accepted already even though we had broken up before the first day . " After he graduated , he " worked in a bakery back in Portland with a bachelor 's degree in philosophy and legal theory " .
While at Hampshire , Smith formed the band Heatmiser with classmate Neil Gust . After Smith graduated from Hampshire , the band added drummer Tony Lash and bassist Brandt Peterson and began performing around Portland in 1992 . The group released the albums Dead Air ( 1993 ) and Cop and Speeder ( 1994 ) as well as the Yellow No. 5 EP ( 1994 ) on Frontier Records . They were then signed to Virgin Records to release what became their final album , Mic City Sons ( 1996 ) .
Around this time , Smith and Gust worked a number of odd jobs around Portland , including installing drywall , spreading gravel , transplanting bamboo trees , and painting the roof of a warehouse with heat reflective paint . The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time , which they considered an " artist grant " .
Smith had begun his solo career while still in Heatmiser , and the success of his first two releases created distance and tension with his band . Heatmiser disbanded prior to the release of Mic City Sons , prompting Virgin to put the album out inauspiciously through its independent arm , Caroline Records . A clause in Heatmiser 's record contract with Virgin meant that Smith was still bound to it as an individual . The contract was later bought out by DreamWorks prior to the recording of his fourth album , XO .
= = = 1994 : Roman Candle = = =
His first release , Roman Candle ( 1994 ) , came about when Smith 's girlfriend at the time convinced him to send a tape of " the most recent eight songs that [ he 'd ] recorded on borrowed four @-@ tracks and borrowed guitar " to Cavity Search Records . Owner Christopher Cooper immediately requested to release the entire album of songs , which surprised Smith , as he was expecting only a deal for a seven @-@ inch record . Regarding the record , Smith said : " I thought my head would be chopped off immediately when it came out because at the time it was so opposite to the grunge thing that was popular ... The thing is that album was really well received , which was a total shock , and it immediately eclipsed [ Heatmiser ] , unfortunately . "
Smith felt his solo songs were not representative of the music Heatmiser was making : " The idea of playing [ my music ] for people didn 't occur to me ... because at the time it was the Northwest — Mudhoney and Nirvana — and going out to play an acoustic show was like crawling out on a limb and begging for it to be sawed off . "
The instrumentation of the recordings was primarily acoustic guitar , occasionally accompanied by brief electric guitar riffs or a small drum set played with brushes . Only the final track , an instrumental titled " Kiwi Maddog 20 / 20 " ( a reference to the low @-@ end fortified wine ) , had full band instrumentation .
One of Smith 's first solo performances was at the now @-@ defunct Umbra Penumbra on September 17 , 1994 . Only three songs from Roman Candle were performed , with the majority of the ten @-@ song set being B @-@ sides , Heatmiser tunes and unreleased tracks . Soon after this performance , Smith was asked to open for Mary Lou Lord on a week @-@ long U.S. tour . She later recorded one of his songs , " I Figured You Out " , which he had discarded for sounding " too much like the Eagles " .
The same year , Smith released a split 7 " single with Pete Krebs , contributing the track " No Confidence Man " as the single 's B @-@ side .
= = = 1995 – 96 : Elliott Smith and Either / Or = = =
In 1995 , Smith 's self @-@ titled album was released on Kill Rock Stars ; the record featured a style of recording similar to Roman Candle , but with hints of growth and experimentation . Though the majority of the album was recorded by Smith alone , friend and The Spinanes vocalist Rebecca Gates sang harmony vocals on " St. Ides Heaven " , and Heatmiser guitarist Neil Gust played guitar on " Single File " . Several songs made reference to drugs , but Smith explained that he used the theme of drugs as a vehicle for conveying dependence rather than the songs being about drugs specifically . Looking back , Smith felt that the album 's pervasive mood gave him " a reputation for being a really dark , depressed person " and said that he later made a conscious move toward more diverse moods in his music .
In 1996 , filmmaker Jem Cohen recorded Smith playing acoustic songs for the short film Lucky Three : An Elliott Smith Portrait . Two of these songs would appear on his next album , Either / Or , which was another Kill Rock Stars release . Either / Or came out in 1997 to favorable reviews . The album found Smith venturing further into full instrumentation , with several songs containing bass guitar , drums , keyboards , and electric guitars , all played by Smith . The album title was derived from the two @-@ volume book of the same name by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard , whose works generally deal with themes such as existential despair , angst , death , and God .
By this time , Smith 's already @-@ heavy drinking was being compounded with use of anti @-@ depressants . At the end of the Either / Or tour , some of his close friends staged an intervention in Chicago , but it proved ineffective . Shortly after , Smith relocated from Portland to Brooklyn , New York .
= = = 1997 – 98 : " Miss Misery " and the Oscars = = =
In 1996 , Smith was selected by director and fellow Portland resident Gus Van Sant to be a part of the soundtrack to his film , Good Will Hunting . Smith recorded an orchestral version of " Between the Bars " with composer Danny Elfman for the movie . Smith also contributed a new song , " Miss Misery " , and three previously released tracks ( " No Name # 3 " , from Roman Candle , and " Angeles " and " Say Yes " , from Either / Or ) . The film was a commercial and critical success , and Smith was nominated for an Academy Award for " Miss Misery " . Not eager to step into the limelight , he agreed to perform the song at the ceremony only after the producers informed him that his song would be played live that night — either by him or another musician of their choosing .
On March 5 , 1998 , Smith made his network television debut on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien performing " Miss Misery " solo on acoustic guitar . A few days later , wearing a white suit , he played an abridged version of the song at the Oscars , accompanied by the house orchestra . James Horner and Will Jennings won the award that night for best song with " My Heart Will Go On " ( sung by Celine Dion ) from the film Titanic . Smith did not voice disappointment about not winning the award .
Smith commented on the surrealism of the Oscars experience : " That 's exactly what it was , surreal ... I enjoy performing almost as much as I enjoy making up songs in the first place . But the Oscars was a very strange show , where the set was only one song cut down to less than two minutes , and the audience was a lot of people who didn 't come to hear me play . I wouldn 't want to live in that world , but it was fun to walk around on the moon for a day . "
= = = 1998 – 2000 : XO and Figure 8 = = =
In 1998 , after the success of Either / Or and " Miss Misery " , Smith signed to a bigger record label , DreamWorks Records . Around the same time , Smith fell into depression , speaking openly of considering suicide , and on at least one occasion made a serious attempt at ending his own life . While in North Carolina , he became severely intoxicated and ran off a cliff . He landed on a tree , which badly impaled him but broke his fall . When questioned about his suicide attempt , he told an interviewer , " Yeah , I jumped off a cliff , but let 's talk about something else . "
Christopher Cooper , head of Cavity Search Records ( which released Roman Candle ) , said about this time in Smith 's life , " I talked him out of thinking that he wanted to kill himself numerous times when he was in Portland . I kept telling him that he was a brilliant man , and that life was worth living , and that people loved him . " Pete Krebs also agreed : " In Portland we got the brunt of Elliott 's initial depression ... Lots of people have stories of their own experiences of staying up with Elliott ' til five in the morning , holding his hand , telling him not to kill himself . "
Smith 's first release for DreamWorks was later that year . Titled XO , it was conceived and developed while Smith wrote it out over the winter of 1997 / 1998 , night after night seated at the bar in Luna Lounge . It was produced by the team of Rob Schnapf and Tom Rothrock . XO also contained some instrumentation from Los Angeles musicians Joey Waronker and Jon Brion . It contained a more full @-@ sounding , baroque pop sound than any of his previous efforts , with songs featuring a horn section , Chamberlins , elaborate string arrangements , and even a drum loop on the song " Independence Day " . His familiar double @-@ tracked vocal and acoustic guitar style were still apparent while his somewhat personal lyrical style survived . The album went on to peak at number 104 on the Billboard 200 and number 123 on the UK Album Charts , while selling 400 @,@ 000 copies ( more than double that of each of his two Kill Rock Stars releases ) , becoming the best @-@ selling release of his career . Smith 's backing band during most of this period was the Portland @-@ based group Quasi , consisting of former bandmate Sam Coomes on bass guitar and Coomes 's ex @-@ wife Janet Weiss on drums . Quasi also performed as the opening act at many shows on the tour , with Smith sometimes contributing bass guitar , guitar , or backing vocals . On October 17 , 1998 , Smith appeared on Saturday Night Live and performed " Waltz # 2 ( XO ) " . His backing band for this appearance was John Moen , Jon Brion , Rob Schnapf , and Sam Coomes .
In response to whether the change to a bigger record label would influence his creative control , Smith said , " I think despite the fact that sometimes people look at major labels as simply money @-@ making machines , they 're actually composed of individuals who are real people , and there 's a part of them that needs to feel that part of their job is to put out good music . " Smith also claimed in another interview that he never read his reviews for fear that they would interfere with his songwriting . It was during this period that Smith appeared on Dutch television in 1998 and provided a candid interview in which he spoke of his assessment of his music career until that point :
Yeah , I don 't know . I mean , I mostly only know things are different because people ask me different questions , but I don 't feel like things are very changed . I mean , I still , I do the same things that I did before … I think about the same things , so … I 'm the wrong kind of person to be really big and famous .
As part of the Dutch television special , Smith played live versions of " Waltz # 2 ( XO ) " , " Miss Misery " , and " I Didn 't Understand " — the latter two songs were performed solely on piano , while the first song was cut short by Smith , as he explained : " I had to stop it because it 's … you know , what 's the point of playing a song badly ? It 'd be better to play it and mean it , than to just walk through it . "
Smith relocated from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1999 , taking up residence at a cabin in the Silver Lake section of town . That fall , his cover of The Beatles ' " Because " was featured in the end credits of DreamWorks ' Oscar @-@ winning drama American Beauty , and also appeared on the film 's soundtrack album .
The final album Smith completed in his lifetime , Figure 8 , was released on April 18 , 2000 . It featured the return of Rothrock , Schnapf , Brion , and Waronker and was partially recorded at Abbey Road Studios in England , with an obvious Beatles influence in the songwriting and production . The album garnered very favorable reviews , peaking at number 99 on the Billboard 200 and 37 on the UK Album Charts . The album received praise for its power pop style and complex arrangements , described as creating a " sweeping kaleidoscope of layered instruments and sonic textures " . However , some reviewers felt that Smith 's trademark dark and melancholy songwriting had lost some of its subtlety , with one reviewer likening some of the lyrics to " the self @-@ pitying complaints of an adolescent venting in his diary " .
Album art and promotional pictures from the period showed Smith looking cleaned @-@ up and put @-@ together . An extensive tour in promotion of the record ensued , book @-@ ended by television appearances on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien and the Late Show with David Letterman . However , Smith 's condition began to deteriorate as he had become addicted to heroin either towards the end of or just after the Figure 8 tour .
= = = 2001 – 02 : Addiction and scrapped recordings = = =
Around the time he began recording his final album , Smith began to display signs of paranoia , often believing that a white van followed him wherever he went . He would have friends drop him off for recording sessions almost a mile away from the studio , and to reach the location , he would trudge through hundreds of yards of brush and cliffs . He started telling people that DreamWorks was out to get him : " Not long ago my house was broken into , and songs were stolen off my computer which have wound up in the hands of certain people who work at a certain label . I 've also been followed around for months at a time . I wouldn 't even want to necessarily say it 's the people from that label who are following me around , but it was probably them who broke into my house . " During this period , Smith hardly ate , subsisting primarily on ice cream . He would go without sleeping for several days and then sleep for an entire day .
A follow @-@ up to Smith 's 2000 album was originally planned to happen with Rob Schnapf , but their sessions were abandoned . Smith also began distancing himself from manager Margaret Mittleman , who had handled him since the Roman Candle days . He finally began recording a new album with only himself and Jon Brion as producers sometime during 2001 . The pair had recorded a substantial amount of music for the album when Brion confronted Smith about his drug and alcohol abuse . Their friendship promptly ended , and Smith scrapped all of their work until that point . He later said " There was even a little more than half of a record done before this new one that I just scrapped because of a blown friendship with someone that made me so depressed I didn 't want to hear any of those songs . He was just helping me record the songs and stuff , and then the friendship kind of fell apart all of a sudden one day . It just made it kind of awkward being alone in the car listening to the songs . "
When Brion sent a bill for the abandoned sessions to DreamWorks , executives Lenny Waronker and Luke Wood scheduled a meeting with Smith to determine what went wrong with the sessions . The singer complained of intrusion upon his personal life from the label , as well as poor promotion for the Figure 8 album . The talks proved to be fruitless , and soon after , Smith sent a message to the executives , stating that if they did not release him from his contract , he would take his own life . In May 2001 , Smith set out to re @-@ record the album , mostly on his own , but with some help from David McConnell of Goldenboy . McConnell told Spin that , during this time , Smith would smoke over $ 1 @,@ 500 worth of heroin and crack per day , would often talk about suicide , and on numerous occasions tried to give himself an overdose . Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips and Scott McPherson played a few drum tracks , Sam Coomes contributed some bass guitar and backing vocals , but almost every other instrument was recorded by Smith .
Smith 's song " Needle in the Hay " was included in Wes Anderson 's 2001 dark comedy film The Royal Tenenbaums during a suicide attempt scene . Smith was originally supposed to contribute a cover of The Beatles ' " Hey Jude " for the film , but when he failed to do so in time , Anderson had to use The Mutato Muzika Orchestra 's version of the track instead . Anderson would later say that Smith " was in a bad state " at the time .
Smith 's live performances during 2001 and 2002 were infrequent , typically in the Pacific Northwest or Los Angeles . A review of his December 20 , 2001 show at Portland 's Crystal Ballroom expressed concern over his appearance and performance : his hair was uncharacteristically greasy and long , his face was bearded and gaunt , and during his songs he exhibited alarming signs of " memory @-@ loss and butterfingers " . At another performance in San Francisco that month , the audience began shouting out lyrics when Smith could not remember them .
In the first of only three concerts performed in 2002 , Smith co @-@ headlined Northwestern University 's A & O Ball with Wilco on May 2 in Chicago . He was onstage for nearly an hour but failed to complete half of the songs . He claimed that his poor performance was due to his left hand having fallen asleep and told the audience it felt " like having stuff on your hand and you can 't get it off " . Smith 's performance was reviewed as " undoubtedly one of the worst performances ever by a musician " and an " excruciating [ … ] nightmare " . A reporter for the online magazine Glorious Noise wrote , " It would not surprise me at all if Elliott Smith ends up dead within a year . "
On November 25 , 2002 , Smith was involved in a brawl with the Los Angeles Police Department at a concert where The Flaming Lips and Beck were performing . Smith later said he was defending a man he thought the police were harassing . Assuming that Smith was homeless , the officers allegedly beat and arrested him and Chiba . The two spent the night in jail . Smith 's hand and back were injured in the incident , causing him to cancel a number of shows . Wayne Coyne , lead singer of The Flaming Lips and a friend of Smith 's , stated concern over Smith 's appearance and actions , saying that he " saw a guy who had lost control of himself . He was needy , he was grumpy , he was everything you wouldn 't want in a person . It 's not like when you think of Keith Richards being pleasantly blissed out in the corner . "
= = = 2003 : Reemergence and From a Basement on the Hill = = =
Smith had attempted to go to rehab several times , but found that he was unable to relate to the popular treatments for addicts that used a Twelve @-@ Step Program basis for treatment . " I couldn 't do the first step [ … ] I couldn 't say what you were supposed to say and mean it . " In 2002 , Smith went to the Neurotransmitter Restoration Center in Beverly Hills to start a course of treatment for his drug addiction . In one of his final interviews , he spoke about the center , " What they do is an IV treatment where they put a needle in your arm , and you 're on a drip bag , but the only thing that 's in the drip bag is amino acids and saline solution . I was coming off of a lot of psych meds and other things . I was even on an antipsychotic , although I 'm not psychotic . "
Two sold @-@ out solo acoustic concerts at Hollywood 's Henry Fonda Theater , on January 31 and February 1 , 2003 , saw Smith attempting to reestablish his credibility as a live performer . Before the show , Smith scrawled " Kali – The Destroyer " ( the Hindu goddess associated with time and change ) in large block letters with permanent ink on his left arm , which was visible to the crowd during the performance . On several songs , he was backed by a stripped @-@ down drum kit played by Robin Peringer ( of the band 764 @-@ HERO ) , and on one track , members of opening band Rilo Kiley contributed backing vocals . Smith then played two more live shows in his adopted hometown : three months later at The Derby and once at the L.A. Weekly Music Awards in June .
After his 34th birthday on August 6 , 2003 , he gave up alcohol , caffeine , red meat , refined sugar and his longtime ( sometimes abused ) regimen of psychiatric medication . Director Mike Mills had been working with Smith during his final years and described Smith 's troubles and apparent recovery : " I gave the script to him , then he dropped off the face of the earth [ … ] he went through his whole crazy time , but by the time I was done with the film , he was making From a Basement on the Hill and I was shocked that he was actually making music . "
With things improving for Smith after several troubled years , he began experimenting with noise music and worked on his girlfriend Jennifer Chiba 's iMac with the intent of learning how to record with computers , noting that it was the only method with which he was still unfamiliar . Smith jokingly labeled his experimental way of recording " The California Frown " ( a play on the Beach Boys ' " California Sound " ) . He said of the songs , " They 're kind of more noisy with the pitch all distorted . Some are more acoustic , but there aren 't too many like that . Lately I 've just been making up a lot of noise . "
He was also in the process of recording songs for the Thumbsucker soundtrack , including Big Star 's " Thirteen " and Cat Stevens 's " Trouble " . In August 2003 , Suicide Squeeze Records put out a limited @-@ edition vinyl single for " Pretty ( Ugly Before ) " , a song that Smith had been playing since the Figure 8 tour .
Elliott 's final show was at Redfest at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City on September 19 , 2003 . The final song ever played by Elliott live , was Long , Long , Long by The Beatles . However , the last original song Smith played live was " Say Yes " .
= = Death = =
Smith died on October 21 , 2003 at the age of 34 years from two stab wounds to the chest . At the time of the stabbing , he was at his Lemoyne Street home in Echo Park , California , where he lived with his partner , Jennifer Chiba . According to Chiba , the two were arguing , and she locked herself in the bathroom to take a shower . Chiba heard him scream and upon opening the door saw Smith standing with a knife in his chest . She pulled the knife out , after which he collapsed and she called 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 . Smith died in the hospital with the time of death listed as 1 : 36 p.m. A possible suicide note , written on a Post @-@ it note , read : " I 'm so sorry — love , Elliott . God forgive me . "
The name " Elliott " is misspelled as " Elliot " in the coroner 's report ; however , a coroner informed the Smoking Gun website " that Smith 's first name was misspelled in the report " , not on the Post @-@ it note . While Smith 's death was originally reported as a suicide , the official autopsy report released in December 2003 left open the question of homicide .
According to Pitchfork Media , record producer Larry Crane reported on his Tape Op message board that he had planned to help Smith mix his album in mid @-@ November . Crane wrote , " I hadn 't talked to Elliott in over a year . His girlfriend , Jennifer , called me [ last week ] and asked if I 'd like to come to L.A. and help mix and finish [ Smith 's album ] . I said ' yes , of course ' , and chatted with Elliott for the first time in ages . It seems surreal that he would call me to finish an album and then a week later kill himself . I talked to Jennifer this morning , who was obviously shattered and in tears , and she said , ' I don 't understand , he was so healthy . ' "
The coroner reported that no traces of illegal substances or alcohol were found in Smith 's system at the time of his death but did find prescribed levels of antidepressant , anxiolytic , and ADHD medications , including Clonazepam , Mirtazapine , Atomoxetine , and Amphetamine . There were no hesitation wounds , which are typical of suicide by self @-@ infliction . However , the authorities do not seem to be investigating the case further .
Smith 's body was cremated and a public burial site or memorial was never formally announced .
= = = Reaction = = =
Shortly after Smith 's death , a fan memorial was initiated outside Solutions Audio ( 4334 Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles , California ) , the site at which the cover of the Figure 8 album was shot . Farewell messages to Smith were written on the wall , and flowers , photos , candles , and empty bottles of alcohol mentioned in Smith 's songs were left . Since then , the wall has been a regular target for graffiti but is regularly restored by fans .
Memorial concerts were held in several cities in the United States and the United Kingdom . A petition was soon put forth with intent to make part of the Silver Lake area a memorial park in Smith 's honor . It received over 10 @,@ 000 signatures , but no plans to establish the park have been announced . A memorial plaque located inside Smith 's former high school , Lincoln High , was hung in July 2006 . The plaque has the line " I 'm never gonna know you now , but I 'm gonna love you anyhow " from Smith 's song " Waltz # 2 ( XO ) " .
Since Smith 's death , many musical acts have paid him tribute . Songs in tribute to , or about , Smith have been released by Pearl Jam ( " Can 't Keep " on the Live at Benaroya Hall concert album ) ; Sparta ( " Bombs and Us " ) ; Third Eye Blind ( " There 's No Hurry to Eternity " , originally titled " Elliott Smith " , on the Live from Nowhere Near You , Volume Two : Pacific Northwest compilation ) ; Ben Folds ( " Late " on Songs for Silverman ) ; Brad Mehldau ( " Sky Turning Grey ( for Elliott Smith ) " on Highway Rider ) ; Rilo Kiley ( " It Just Is " , and " Ripchord " from the album More Adventurous ) ; Rhett Miller ( " The Believer " on The Believer ) ; Earlimart ( " Heaven Adores You " on Treble and Tremble ) ; Joan As Police Woman ( " We Don 't Own It " on Real Life ) ; and Pete Yorn ( " Bandstand in the Sky " on Nightcrawler , a song jointly dedicated to Jeff Buckley ) . Several tribute albums have also been released since his death , including Christopher O 'Riley 's Home to Oblivion : An Elliott Smith Tribute .
The band Grandaddy played the track " Oh Well , OK " in the encore of its reunion tour ( August to September 2012 ) . During the song , images of Smith and the Solutions Audio Memorial were displayed on a screen behind the band . Smith sang live with Jason Lytle and Grandaddy on a mesmerizing rendition of " He 's Simple , He 's Dumb , He 's the Pilot " at Benaroya Hall Seattle on June 18 , 2001 .
On July 30 , 2004 , Chiba filed a lawsuit against the Smith family for 15 % of his earnings ( over $ 1 million ) , claiming that she and Smith lived as " husband and wife " , that the singer pledged to take care of her financially for the rest of her life , and that she worked as his manager and agent from around 2000 until his death . A state labor commissioner ruled her claim as manager to be invalid , as she had worked as an " unlicensed talent agent " under California 's Talent Agencies Act . The case made it to the California appellate court in October 2007 , but was defeated 2 – 1 ; Chiba could potentially appeal the case to the Supreme Court of California .
In an October 2013 SPIN magazine article — a reflection at the ten @-@ year anniversary of Smith 's death — drummer McPherson stated that Smith was " a sick man without his medicine " during the last 31 days of his life , when he was not only sober , but had also given up red meat and sugar . In the same article , Chiba recalls thinking , " Okay , you 're asking a lot of yourself . You 're giving up a lot at once . " Chiba further explained that " anyone who understands drug abuse knows that you use drugs to hide from your past or sedate yourself from strong , overwhelming feelings . So when you 're newly clean and coming off the medications that have been masking all those feelings , that 's when you 're the most vulnerable . " Writing for SPIN , Liam Gowing also encountered a local musician who stated that Smith had said to him : " The people who try to intervene , they 're good people who genuinely care about you . But they don 't know what you 're going through . Do what you need to do . " According to the musician , Smith had adamantly dissuaded him from suicide .
= = Posthumous releases = =
From a Basement on the Hill , almost four years in production , was released on October 19 , 2004 , by ANTI- Records ( a part of Epitaph Records ) . With Smith 's family in control of his estate , they chose to bring in Rob Schnapf and Smith 's ex @-@ girlfriend Joanna Bolme to sort through the recordings and mix the album . Although Smith had voiced his desire for it to be a double album or a regular album with a bonus disc , it was not clear whether it would have been possible for him to release it that way had he completed it . As completed by Schnapf and Bolme , it was released as a 15 @-@ track single album . Many songs from the sessions ( later leaked onto the Internet ) were not included , such as " True Love " , " Everything 's OK " , " Stickman " , and " Suicide Machine " ( a reworking of the Figure 8 @-@ era unreleased instrumental " Tiny Time Machine " ) . There has been unconfirmed speculation that Smith 's family made the decision not to include some songs on the record due to their lyrical content , although songs such as " King 's Crossing " that deal with darker subjects did make the album .
Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing , a biography by Benjamin Nugent , was rushed to publication and hit stores shortly after From a Basement on the Hill , barely beyond the first anniversary of the musician 's death . Smith 's family , as well as Joanna Bolme , Jennifer Chiba , Neil Gust , Sam Coomes , and Janet Weiss , all declined to be interviewed . It contained interviews with Rob Schnapf , David McConnell , and Pete Krebs . The book received mixed reviews , with Publishers Weekly remarking that while " Nugent manages to patch together the major beats of Smith 's life , he can offer little meaningful insight . "
In 2005 , a tribute album , A Tribute to Elliott Smith , was released . It featured various bands performing tributes to Smith .
On May 8 , 2007 , a posthumous two @-@ disc compilation album entitled New Moon was released by Kill Rock Stars . The album contained 24 songs recorded by Smith between 1994 and 1997 during his tenure with the label , songs that were not included on albums , as well as a few early versions and previously released B @-@ sides . In the United States , the album debuted at number 24 on the Billboard 200 , selling about 24 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . The record received favorable reviews and was Metacritic 's 15th best @-@ reviewed album of 2007 . A portion of the proceeds from album sales were to go to Outside In , a social service agency for low @-@ income adults and homeless youth in Portland , Oregon .
On October 25 , 2007 , a book titled Elliott Smith was released by Autumn de Wilde , which consists of photographs , handwritten lyrics , and " revealing talks with Smith 's inner circle " . De Wilde was responsible for the Figure 8 sleeve art , making a landmark and de facto Smith memorial of the Solutions Audio mural . A five @-@ song CD featuring previously unreleased live recordings of Smith performing acoustically at Largo in Los Angeles was included in the release .
Following the singer 's death , the Smith estate licensed his songs for use in a number of film and television projects , such as One Tree Hill , The Girl Next Door , Georgia Rule , and Paranoid Park .
In a March 2009 interview , Larry Crane said that the estate of Elliott Smith was now " defunct " and all rights previously held by the singer are now in the control of " his parents " . Crane went on to say that his parents own the rights to Smith 's high school recordings , some of the Heatmiser material , all solo songs recorded until his 1998 record deal with DreamWorks Records , and From a Basement on the Hill . DreamWorks Records was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2003 , and Interscope Records currently " owns all studio and live recording from Jan 1998 to his passing , except for the songs on From a Basement on the Hill . "
In December 2009 , Kill Rock Stars announced that it had obtained the rights to re @-@ release Roman Candle and From a Basement on the Hill , originally released by Cavity Search and ANTI- , respectively . Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane . Along with the press release , Kill Rock Stars posted a previously unreleased track of Smith 's , titled " Cecilia / Amanda " , as a free download . Roman Candle and From a Basement on the Hill were re @-@ released on April 6 , 2010 , in the US .
A greatest hits compilation titled An Introduction to ... Elliott Smith was released in November 2010 by Domino Records ( UK ) and Kill Rock Stars ( US ) .
In August 2013 , there was a memorial concert in Portland , Oregon and three other cities . Attending the Portland show were several musicians Smith had performed with , friends , and an appearance by film director Gus Van Sant .
In 2014 , director Paul Thomas Anderson posted a video of the pilot episode for a show called The Jon Brion Show , featuring an acoustic set by Smith including accompaniment by Brion and pianist Brad Mehldau .
On July 17 , 2015 , a documentary about Smith 's life titled Heaven Adores You saw a limited theatrical release . The documentary enlisted a number of close friends and family members , as well as hours of audio interviews throughout Smith 's short career . The film was directed by Nickolas Rossi and released through Eagle Rock Entertainment . Heaven Adores You received positive reviews from Consequence of Sound , The Guardian , and The Hollywood Reporter .
= = Musical style and influences = =
Smith respected and was inspired by many artists and styles , including Big Star , The Clash , The Who , Led Zeppelin , The Kinks , Pink Floyd , Rush , Elvis Costello , Oasis , Television , Motown and flamenco records , AC / DC , Hank Williams , and Scorpions , Smith claimed to listen exclusively to selected albums ( such as The Marble Index by Nico ) for months . Sean Croghan , a former roommate of Smith 's , said that the singer " listened almost exclusively to slow jams " in his senior year at college . Smith was also known to gain inspiration from novels , religion , and philosophy . He liked classic literature , especially Samuel Beckett , T. S. Eliot , and Fyodor Dostoyevsky ( and other Russian novelists ) .
Smith mentioned his admiration for Bob Dylan in several interviews , citing him as an early musical influence . He once commented : " My father taught me how to play ' Don 't Think Twice , It 's All Right ' . I love Dylan 's words , but even more than that , I love the fact that he loves words . " Smith covered Dylan 's " When I Paint My Masterpiece " several times in concert . Smith has also been compared to folk legend Nick Drake , due to his fingerpicking style and vocals . Darryl Cater of AllMusic called references to " the definitive folk loner " Drake " inevitable " , and Smith 's lyrics have been compared to those in Drake 's minimalist and haunting final album .
Smith was a dedicated fan of The Beatles ( as well as their solo projects ) , once noting that he had been listening to them frequently since he was about " four years old " and also claimed that hearing The White Album was his original inspiration to become a musician . In 1998 , Smith contributed a cover of the Beatles song " Because " to the closing credits and soundtrack of the film American Beauty . Although this was the only Beatles song that Smith ever officially released , he is known to have recorded at least two others ( " Revolution " and " I 'll Be Back " ) and played many songs by both the band and the members ' solo projects at live concerts .
Regarding his songwriting , Smith said :
The way I think about it is ... I don 't really think about it in terms of language , I think about it more like shapes . That 's an interesting thing to talk about but it 's difficult . I 'm really into chord changes . That was the thing that I liked when I was a kid . So , I 'm not like a ... I don 't make up " a riff " really . It 's usually like ... that sequence that has some implied melody in it or something like that .
Smith said that transitions were his favorite part of songs and that he preferred to write broader , more impressionistic music closer to pop rather than folk music . Smith compared his songs to stories or dreams , not purely confessional pieces that people could relate to . When asked about the dark nature of his songwriting and the cult following he was gaining , Smith said he felt it was merely a product of his writing songs that were strongly meaningful to him rather than anything contrived . Larry Crane , Smith 's posthumous archivist , has said that he was surprised at the amount of " recycling of musical ideas " that he has encountered while cataloging the singer 's private tapes : " I found songs recorded in high school reworked 15 years on . Lyrics became more important to him as he became older , and more time was spent working on them . "
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Roman Candle ( 1994 )
Elliott Smith ( 1995 )
Either / Or ( 1997 )
XO ( 1998 )
Figure 8 ( 2000 )
Posthumous albums
From a Basement on the Hill ( 2004 )
New Moon ( 2007 )
Heaven Adores You ( 2016 )
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= Mari Lwyd =
The Mari Lwyd is a wassailing folk custom found in South Wales . The tradition entails the use of an eponymous hobby horse which is made from a horse 's skull mounted on a pole and carried by an individual hidden under a sackcloth . It represents a regional variation of a " hooded animal " tradition that appears in various forms throughout Britain .
The custom was first recorded in 1800 , with subsequent accounts of it being produced into the early twentieth century . According to these , the Mari Lwyd was a tradition performed at Christmas time by groups of men . They would form into teams to accompany the horse on its travels around the local area , and although the makeup of such groups varied , they typically included an individual to carry the horse , a leader , and individuals dressed as stock characters such as Punch and Judy . The team would carry the Mari Lwyd to local houses , where they would request entry through the medium of song . The householders would be expected to deny them entry , again through song , and the two sides would continue their responses to one another in this manner . If the householders eventually relented , then the team would be permitted entry and given food and drink .
Although the custom was given various names , it was best known as the Mari Lwyd ; the etymology of this term remains the subject of academic debate . The folklorist Iorwerth C. Peate believed that the term meant " Holy Mary " and thus was a reference to the Virgin Mary , while fellow folklorist E. C. Cawte thought it more likely that the term had originally meant " Grey Mare " , thus referring to the heads ' equine appearance . A number of earlier folklorists to examine the topic , such as Peate and Ellen Ettlinger , believed that the tradition had once been a pre @-@ Christian religious rite , although scholarly support for this interpretation has declined amid a lack of supporting evidence .
Although the tradition declined in the early to mid @-@ twentieth century , in part due to opposition from some local Christian clergy and changing social conditions , it was revived in new forms in the mid @-@ to @-@ latter part of the century . The tradition has also inspired various artistic depictions , appearing , for instance , in the work of the painter Clive Hicks @-@ Jenkins and the poet Vernon Watkins .
= = Description = =
The Mari Lwyd itself consists of a horse 's skull that is decorated with ribbons and affixed to a pole ; to the back of the skull is attached a white sheet , which drapes down to conceal both the pole and the individual carrying this device . On occasion , the horse 's head was represented not by a skull but was instead made from wood or even paper . In some instances , the horse 's jaw was able to open and close as a result of string or lever attached to it , and there are accounts of pieces of glass being affixed into the eye sockets of some examples , representing eyes . An observer of the tradition as it was performed at Llangynwyd during the nineteenth century noted that preparation for the activity was a communal event , with many locals involving themselves in the decorating of the Mari Lwyd .
The Mari Lwyd custom was performed during wither festivities , specifically around the dates of Christmas and New Year . However , the precise date on which the custom was performed varied between villages , and in a number of cases the custom was carried out for several consecutive nights . There is a unique example provided by an account from Gower in which the head was kept buried throughout the year , only being dug up for use during the Christmas period .
The custom used to begin at dusk and often lasted late into the night . The Mari Lwyd party consisted of four to seven men , who often had coloured ribbons and rosettes attached to their clothes and sometimes wore a broad sash around the waist . There was usually a smartly dressed " Leader " who carried a staff , stick , or whip , and sometimes other stock characters , such as the " Merryman " who played music , and Punch and Judy ( both played by men ) with blackened faces ; often brightly dressed , Punch carried a long metal poker and Judy had a besom .
The Mari Lwyd party would approach a house and sing a song in which they requested admittance . The inhabitants of the house would then offer excuses for why the team could not enter . The party would sing a second verse , and the debate between the two sides – known as the pwnco – would continue until the house 's inhabitants ran out of ideas , at which time they were obliged to allow the party entry and to provide them with ale and food . An account from Nantgarw described such a performance , in which the Punch and Judy characters would cause a noise , with Punch tapping the ground to the rhythm of the music and rapping on the door with a poker , while Judy brushed the ground , house walls , and windows with a broom . The householders had to make Punch promise that he would not touch their fireplace before he entered the building , otherwise it was the local custom that before he left he would rake out the fire with his poker . In the case from Llangynwyd , however , there was no interplay between the householders and troupe , but rather the latter were typically granted entry automatically after singing the first verse of their song .
Once inside , the entertainment continued with the Mari Lwyd running around neighing and snapping its jaws , creating havoc , frightening children ( and perhaps even adults ) while the Leader pretended to try to restrain it . The Merryman played music and entertained the householders . The folklorist Iorwerth C. Peate believed that in recorded examples from Glamorganshire it was apparent that the Mari Lwyd custom had become " indistinguishable " from the practice of wassailing , although added that there were still some examples of wassailing that did not involve the Mari Lwyd . He added that links between Mari Lwyd and wassailing were also apparent from recorded examples in other part of Wales , thus opining that Mari Lwyd represented a variant of the wider wassailing custom that was found throughout Britain .
The Mary Lwyd was part of a wider " hooded animal " tradition that the folklorist E. C. Cawte identified as existing in different forms in various parts of Britain . Features common to these customs were the use of a hobby horse , the performance at Christmas time , a song or spoken statement requesting payment , and the use of a team who included a man dressed in women 's clothing . A related example is the hoodening custom of East Kent in south @-@ eastern England .
= = Early development = =
= = = Etymology = = =
Most recorded sources term this particular custom Mari Lwyd . Jones considered this to be a translation of " Blessed Mary " , and thus a reference to the Virgin Mary , a key religious figure in Roman Catholicism . Although translating it slightly differently , as " Holy Mary " , Peate endorsed this viewpoint . Although some of his acquaintances later suggested that the use of Mari for Mary was unknown in Wales prior to the Protestant Reformation , he countered these criticisms with the observation that the term Mari was being used in reference to the Virgin in the mid @-@ 14th century Black Book of Carmarthen , thus attesting to its early usage in Welsh . He nevertheless accepted that during the medieval period the term might have been restricted largely to poets , given that there is no evidence of its usage among the common dialect in this period .
Given that llwyd is the usual word for " grey " in the Welsh language and that Welsh speakers would have been exposed to the English word " mare " , an alternative suggestion considered by Peate was that the term Mari Lwyd had originally meant " Grey Mare " . This etymological explanation would have parallels with the name of a similar hooded horse tradition found in Ireland and the Isle of Man , which is known in the former as the Láir Bhán and in the latter as the Laare Vane , in both cases meaning " White Mare " . Initially believing that " there is much to be said for this suggestion " , Peate later embraced it fully . Cawte similarly believed that that " Grey Mare " was the most likely original meaning of the term , noting that the Mari Lwyd appeared to represent a horse and that similar hobby horse customs in neighbouring England , such as the hoodening tradition of East Kent , also made reference to horses with their name . Peate suggested that even if the term Mari Lwyd had originally referred to a " Grey Mare " , it could still have come to be associated with the Virgin Mary in popular folk culture following the Reformation , thus explaining why the Virgin Mary is referred to in the lyrics of some surviving Welsh wassailing songs .
A further suggestion is that Mari Lwyd derives from the English term Merry Lude , referring to a merry game . Peate opposed this idea , arguing that if the latter was converted into Welsh then the result would be merri @-@ liwt or merri @-@ liwd . Peate also dismissed the idea that had been suggested to him that the term Mari in this context had derived from Morris , a reference to Morris dancing . Another reason to doubt this idea is that there is no known historical link between the Mari Lwyd , which was found in South Wales , and the Morris dance , which was concentrated in the north of the country .
In other recorded instances , the Mary Lwyd custom is given different names , with it being recorded as Y Wasail ( " The Wassail " ) in parts of Carmarthenshire . In the first half of the 19th century it was recorded in Pembrokeshire under the name of Y March ( " The Horse " ) and Y Gynfas @-@ farch ( " The Canvas Horse " ) . One account from West Glamorgan has the head termed the aderyn bee [ bi ? ] y llwyd , meaning the " Grey Magpie " , although this may be due to an error on the part of the recorder , who could have confused the horse 's head for the aderyn pica llwyd , an artificial bird in a tree that was carried by wassailers in the same area .
= = = Origins = = =
Positing the custom to be " the survival of some ancient popular rite or ceremony " , in 1888 David Jones suggested that its origins were Christian , and that it had once been part of the festivities of the Feast of the Ass , a commemoration of the Biblical flight of the Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph into Egypt that was historically marked on 14 January . According to Jones ' idea , the Mari Lwyd itself represented the donkey on which Mary rode during the story .
Peate was of the opinion that the Mari Lwyd was " no doubt a survival of a pre @-@ Christian tradition " that had once been spread across Britain and other parts of Europe , and which – having survived the Christianisation of Britain – had been renamed Mari Lwyd in reference to the Virgin Mary during the Middle Ages . He expressed the view that the original custom had been " horrific in origin and intention " and that from an early date it had been connected to wassailing . Cawte concurred that it was " reasonable to accept " that the Mari Lwyd head had become attached to an independent wassailing tradition , but said that the connection to the Virgin Mary was unnecessary . Pearce also suggested the possibility that in parts of Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire the Mari Lwyd tradition came under the influence of Miracle plays , thus explaining why later recorded examples from those counties contained characters known as " the Sergeant " and the " Merryman " .
The folklorist Trefor M. Owen also suggested that the Mari Lwyd was a practice " which probably had a religious ( if pre @-@ Christian ) origin " , adding that by the time it had been recorded , it had become " emptied of its religious content " . Also embracing Peate 's suggestion of ancient origins , Ellen Ettlinger believed that the Mari Lwyd represented a " death horse " , as symbolised by the white cloth worn by its carrier , suggesting that it was originally employed in a pre @-@ Christian ritual to mark the festival of Samhain . The folklorist Christina Hole suggested that this " ancient character " was once " a bringer of fertility " . However , after 1970 the folkloric trend for interpreting such hobby horse traditions as pre @-@ Christian survivals had ended , as scholars came to express greater caution about proposing origins for such customs .
= = Regional coverage = =
In mapping the distribution of Mari Lwyd appearances , Cawte noted that it was principally a custom associated with Glamorganshire , with two @-@ thirds of instances falling within that county . The custom stretched east into the industrial valleys of Monmouthshire , with the most easterly account coming from Monmouth itself ; this account is also one of the earliest . A number of examples were also found in Carmarthenshire , with a single example found in both Brecknockshire and Cardiganshire . There is a single record of the custom being performed in North Wales , in an example from Wrexham , which Cawte believed was the result of a Glamorgan man bringing the custom with him as he moved north . Previously , Peate had cautioned that the comparative absence of recorded examples from Mid and North Wales was not proof that the Mari Lwyd custom had never been present in those areas .
Cawte opined that there was " no clear reason " for the distribution of the Mari Lwyd custom , which cut through various local cultural features . Those areas where it was found did not correlate with any distinction between English @-@ speaking and Welsh @-@ speaking areas in South Wales . He acknowledged however that there was a " reasonable correspondence " between the areas in which the Mari Lwyd was recorded and the areas which were used for mineral production in the 14th century . He therefore suggested the possibility that it might have been performed by coal and iron miners in western Glamorganshire , Carmarthenshire , and western Monmouthshire , and that from there it could have spread into those villages where goods were manufactured using those minerals .
= = Recorded appearances = =
= = = 18th and 19th centuries = = =
The earliest published account of the Mari Lwyd appeared in 1800 in J. Evans ' A Tour through Part of North Wales , in the year 1798 , and at Other Times . Although the book itself focused on North Wales , the chapter in which the passage was included discussed the language and customs of Wales more generally . In this section , Evans related that :
A man on new year 's day , dressing himself in blankets and other trappings , with a factitious head like a horse , and a party attending him , knocking for admittance , this obtained , he runs about the room with an uncommon frightful noise , which the company quit in real or pretended fright ; they soon recover , and by reciting a verse of some cowydd , or , in default , paying a small gratuity , they gain admission .
Evans returned to the custom in his 1804 work Letters Written During a Tour Through South Wales , in the year 1803 , and at Other Times . Here he provided a clearer discussion than before , making it apparent that teams accompanying a man dressed as a horse or bull toured the local area from Christmas until after Twelfth Day , and that they were given food or money to leave the householders alone .
The Mari Lwyd next appeared in an 1819 account from West Glamorgan , where the Mari Lwyd itself was termed an Aderyn Bee y llwyd ( roughly " Grey Magpie " ) and was accompanied by " three or four partners in the profits of the expedition , who are by turns horse , groom , or attendants " .
It has been suggested that the Welsh Methodist revival contributed to the decline of both the Mari Lwyd and a number of other Welsh folk customs . In 1802 , the harpist Edward Jones of Merioneth published a book in which he lamented the destructive impact that Christian preachers were having on Welsh folk customs , which they were criticising as sinful . In his view , " the consequence is , Wales , which was formerly one of the merriest and happiest countries in the World , is now becoming one of the dullest " . Reflecting such a view , in 1852 the Reverend William Roberts , a Baptist minister at Blaenau Gwent , condemned the Mari Lwyd and other related customs as " a mixture of old Pagan and Popish ceremonies ... I wish of this folly , and all similar follies , that they find no place anywhere apart from the museum of the historian and antiquary . "
Owen suggested that the custom 's decline was also a result of changing social conditions in South Wales . He argued that the Mari Lwyd wassailing custom " gave an approved means of entering the houses of neighbours in a culture in which there were few public assemblies – at least in the heart of winter – in which the convivial spirit of the season could be released " . Further , he suggested that the gifts of food , drink , and sometimes money " no doubt helped to further the feeling of community among country folk while at the same time manifesting it " . He argued that the changing social conditions altered the ways that people in southern Wales celebrated Christmas , hence contributing to the folk custom 's decline .
= = = 20th century revival = = =
In a 1935 article on the subject of the Mari Lwyd , Peate stated that the tradition " is still met with ; it is practised in the Cardiff district , Bridgend , Llangynwyd , Neath and other Glamorgan districts " . He highlighted an example from Christmas Eve 1934 , in which a Mari Lwyd was observed performing alongside at least twelve singers in a chemist 's shop in the Mumbles , Swansea . Ettlinger subsequently expressed the view that " Dr. Peate deserves the sincerest gratitude of all folk @-@ lore students for having so valiantly penetrated the mysteries surrounding the Mari Lwyd . "
The historian Ronald Hutton stated that the Mari Lwyd tradition appeared to have become defunct in the early 20th century . In the middle of that century it was revived in Llangynwyd . In 1967 , Lois Blake published a letter in the journal English Dance and Song in which she noted that the Mari Lwyd appeared each Christmas Eve at the Barley Mow Inn at Graig Penllyn , near Cowbridge , where a man named John Williams had kept the custom alive for the past sixty years . Blake also explained that she believed that the custom was still performed at several villages in the Maesteg area of Glamorgan . During the 1970s , Hole commented that the tradition was still found in Glamorganshire and Carmathenshire .
During the 1980s , further revived forms of the Mari Lwyd tradition emerged in Caerphilly , Llantrisant , and St Fagans , all of which are in the same borderland between Vale and mountains . Commenting on the example of Llantrisant , which was inaugurated in 1980 , Mick Tems noted that the custom had " re @-@ established herself so strongly that there are complaints if she misses any of her regular calls " . He noted that in 1991 the Llantrisant Mari Lwyd was taken to Yn Chruinnaght , a Pan @-@ Celtic festival on the Isle of Man , and that it had also been taken to the Lowender Peran festival at Perranporth in Cornwall . Hutton believed that the custom re @-@ emerged in the borderlands between Vale and the mountains in part because people in Glamorgan sought to reaffirm their sense of cultural identity during the termination of their traditional industries , and partly because the Welsh Folk Museum was located in the area . More widely , he believed that the revival of the Mari Lwyd was in large part due to the " forces of local patriotism " , noting that a similar situation had resulted in the resurrection of the hoodening tradition in East Kent .
The town council of Aberystwyth organised " The World 's Largest Mari Lwyd " for the Millennium celebrations in 2000 . A mixture of the Mari Lwyd and Wassail customs occurs in the border town of Chepstow , South Wales , every January . A band of English Wassailers meet with the local Welsh Border Morris Side , The Widders , on the bridge in Chepstow .
= = In culture = =
The Mari Lwyd has prompted responses from the arts in Wales . The poet Vernon Watkins published his " Ballad of the Mari Lwyd " in 1941 . The Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams has written that this , " one of the outstanding poems of the century , draws together the folk @-@ ritual of the New Year , the Christian Eucharist , the uneasy frontier between living and dead , so as to present a model of what poetry itself is — frontier work between death and life , old year and new , bread and body . "
The Mari Lwyd was utilised by the artist Clive Hicks @-@ Jenkins in a series of drawings from around 2000 that focused on a metamorphosing horse / man as a nightmarish harbinger of his father 's death . Catriona Urquhart wrote a sequence of poems titled The Mare 's Tale which were published alongside Hicks @-@ Jenkins ' images in 2001 . In her 1977 novel Silver on the Tree , the author Susan Cooper included an appearance from the Mari Lwyd .
= = Related Welsh customs = =
In 1919 , H. W. Evans recorded the existence of a similar custom which had existed in Solva , Pembrokeshire circa 1840 , during his mother 's childhood . He stated that this custom entailed the use of what he termed a " Mari Lwyd " , furthermore providing a drawing of it using his mother 's recollections as a basis , although was unaware of how this costume had been used . According to Evans ' description , this Mari Lwyd consisted of a sheet that had been sewn together along two adjacent sides to make a cone , which was then stuffed with hay and decorated with buttons for eyes and harvest gloves for ears , thus resembling an animal 's snout . An individual could conceal themselves under the sheet and use a hay fork inserted into the hay to hold it up . A similar custom appears in an account from 1897 , in which an entity known as the Bwca Llwyd ( " Grey Bogy " ) was described ; it involved an imitation horse 's head being made from canvas and stuffed with hay , being carried about using a hay fork on All Hallow 's Eve .
Cawte also noted the example of other Welsh folk customs featuring the head of a horse , however he opined that these " so not seem to be closely related to the mari lwyd " . A horse 's head was prepared in a manner akin to the Mari Lwyd for a spring festival known as the mynwenta or pynwenta , which took place in Pembrokeshire circa 1820 . As part of this festival , young men and women gathered at a mill for a night 's entertainment . In the late nineteenth century , a tradition was recorded in North Wales that was known as " giving a skull " , in which the skull of a horse or donkey was placed over the front door of a woman 's house on May Day as a sign of contempt . In parts of Wales a horse 's head – sometimes with horns attached – was featured as part of the charivari processions designed to shame those who were deemed to have behaved in an immoral manner .
= = = Audio recordings = = =
Recordings of the Mari Lwyd custom @-@ made during the 1940s and 1950s by Peter Kennedy and others . Available at the Folktrax website here
" The Mari Lwyd " , by David Thomas , David Jenkins , and Thomas Jenkins , recorded by Peter Kennedy , on The Folk Songs of Britain , Vol . 9 Songs of Ceremony ( 1971 ) , Topic Records : TOPIC 12 @-@ T @-@ 197 .
" The Mari Lwyd " , available on Hyn : Traditional Celtic Music of Wales ( 1998 ) by Carreg Lafar , Marquis Music : B00004SZT2 .
" The Mari Lwyd " , written by Hugh Lupton , sung by Chris Wood , on Ghosts ( 2005 ) by the English Acoustic Collective , R.U.F. Records : RUFCD09 .
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= Alatskivi Castle =
Alatskivi Castle ( Estonian : Alatskivi loss , German : Schloss Allatzkiwwi ) is a Neo @-@ Gothic castle in Alatskivi , Estonia . Dating to the 17th century , it is situated in Alatskivi Parish , Tartu County . It was rebuilt in the late 19th century by Baron Arved von Nolcken , modeled on the royal residence of Balmoral in Scotland . A renovation occurred between 2005 and 2011 . Five rooms on the first floor house the Eduard Tubin museum , which documents his accomplishments as a music composer and conductor .
Alatskivi Castle is surrounded by various ancillary buildings and a forested park of 130 hectares ( 320 acres ) area , the largest in Tartu County . The park contains many oaks , ashes , maples , alders and an approach road lined with linden trees .
= = Location = =
Alatskivi Castle is located 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Tartu and 205 kilometres ( 127 mi ) from Tallinn . It is built on the high bank of Lake Alatskivi at the foot of the Alatskivi valley . An arched entrance leads to the castle along a road lined with linden trees .
= = History = =
The earliest mention of the manor was in 1601 . King Gustav Adolf II of Sweden gave it to his secretary , Johan Adler Salvius , in 1628 . In 1642 , its ownership passed on to Hans Detterman Cronman ( c.1600 @-@ c.1645 ) . In 1753 , it was purchased by the Stackelbergs and inherited by the Nolckens in 1870 . Baron Arved George de Nolcken ( 1845 – 1909 ) rebuilt the castle between 1876 – 1885 according to his own designs , in the Scottish baronial style , designed as a smaller version of Queen Victoria 's Balmoral Castle in Scotland , which he had visited in 1875 . After nationalization occurred in 1919 , the castle complex was taken over by the government under the Ministry of Agriculture and became a school , cavalry barracks , state controlled farm land , council offices , cinema and library . It has been fully refurbished to its original form based on the original pictures of the aristocracy and their descendants who resided here . After the 2011 restoration , the castle was opened to the public with the Alatskivi Castle Foundation administrating the castle and the manor complex .
= = Features = =
The writer Ain Hinsberg refers to the manor house having been designed as a mock @-@ English castle . The castle is built to an asymmetrical plan , with single- and double @-@ storied wings , turrets and a slate roof . The building has both single- and double @-@ storied floors . It hosts seminars , training programmes and small conferences , and is fitted with three meeting rooms and dining facilities .
Completed in 2011 , the Eduard Tubin Museum is located in five rooms on the first floor of the castle . The main feature is devoted to the life and work of Eduard Tubin who was one of Estonia 's most esteemed composers . The initial exhibits are of members of the Tartu school who studied with Tubin , including Heino Eller , Eduard Oja , Alfred Karindi , Olav Roots , and Karl Leichter . Tubin 's music scores , manuscripts , books , records , films and photos , musical instruments , records , books , and sketches of theatre costumes are all part of the display . The museum also houses a large @-@ scale model of the castle and plays the music of Tubin .
= = Manor Park = =
The 130 hectares ( 320 acres ) large Manor Park consists of oaks , ashes , maples , alders and an approach road lined with linden trees , some trees being grown on terraces . It is the largest in the Tartu County . A hiking track is laid through the park and the Alatskivi Nature Reserve . There are two artificial reservoirs along the Alatskivi River . There is a large boulder at the extreme end of the park in Kõdesi Forest where Apollo Belvedere 's statue existed in the past , although the statue has been moved to Kadriorg Park in Tallinn . The main castle is surrounded by many stone buildings . During the 19th century , the manor had 57 buildings , of which 41 remain . These are grouped in four areas connected by roads . The first contains the castle , coaching house and cheese cellar ; the second , the economic circle , contains the laundry , kitchen , stables and sheds ; the third or border circle , contains the barn , mills , church and cemetery ; the outer fourth circle contains the Apollo Belvedere statue and the final resting place of the Estonian folklore figure Kalevipoeg .
= = Gallery = =
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= Brachytherapy =
Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy where a sealed radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment . Brachytherapy is commonly used as an effective treatment for cervical , prostate , breast , and skin cancer and can also be used to treat tumours in many other body sites . Treatment results have demonstrated that the cancer cure rates of brachytherapy are either comparable to surgery and EBRT or are improved when used in combination with these techniques . Brachytherapy can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery , external beam radiotherapy ( EBRT ) and chemotherapy .
Brachytherapy contrasts with unsealed source radiotherapy in which a therapeutic radionuclide ( radioisotope ) is injected into the body to chemically localize to the tissue requiring destruction . It also contrasts to EBRT , in which high @-@ energy x @-@ rays ( or occasionally gamma @-@ rays from a radioisotope like cobalt @-@ 60 ) are directed at the tumour from outside the body . Brachytherapy instead involves the precise placement of short @-@ range radiation @-@ sources ( radioisotopes ) directly at the site of the cancerous tumour . These are enclosed in a protective capsule or wire , which allows the ionizing radiation to escape to treat and kill surrounding tissue but prevents the charge of radioisotope from moving or dissolving in body fluids . The capsule may be removed later , or ( with some radioisotopes ) it may be allowed to remain in place . A feature of brachytherapy is that the irradiation affects only a very localized area around the radiation sources . Exposure to radiation of healthy tissues farther away from the sources is therefore reduced . In addition , if the patient moves or if there is any movement of the tumour within the body during treatment , the radiation sources retain their correct position in relation to the tumour . These characteristics of brachytherapy provide advantages over EBRT - the tumour can be treated with very high doses of localised radiation whilst reducing the probability of unnecessary damage to surrounding healthy tissues .
A course of brachytherapy can be completed in less time than other radiotherapy techniques . This can help reduce the chance for surviving cancer cells to divide and grow in the intervals between each radiotherapy dose . Patients typically have to make fewer visits to the radiotherapy clinic compared with EBRT , and the treatment is often performed on an outpatient basis . This makes treatment accessible and convenient for many patients . These features of brachytherapy mean that most patients are able to tolerate the brachytherapy procedure very well .
The global market for brachytherapy reached US $ 680 million in 2013 , of which the High @-@ Dose Rate ( HDR ) and LDR segments accounted for 70 % . Microspheres and electronic brachytherapy commanded the remaining 30 % . The brachytherapy market is expected to reach over US $ 2 @.@ 4 billion in 2030 , growing by 8 % annually , mainly driven by the microspheres market as well as electronic brachytherapy , which is gaining significant interest worldwide as a user @-@ friendly technology . The word is from the Greek word βραχύς brachys , meaning " short @-@ distance " .
= = Medical uses = =
Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cancers of the cervix , prostate , breast , and skin .
Brachytherapy can also be used in the treatment of tumours of the brain , eye , head and neck region ( lip , floor of mouth , tongue , nasopharynx and oropharynx ) , respiratory tract ( trachea and bronchi ) , digestive tract ( oesophagus , gall bladder , bile @-@ ducts , rectum , anus ) , urinary tract ( bladder , urethra , penis ) , female reproductive tract ( uterus , vagina , vulva ) , and soft tissues .
As the radiation sources can be precisely positioned at the tumour treatment site , brachytherapy enables a high dose of radiation to be applied to a small area . Furthermore , because the radiation sources are placed in or next to the target tumour , the sources maintain their position in relation to the tumour when the patient moves or if there is any movement of the tumour within the body . Therefore , the radiation sources remain accurately targeted . This enables clinicians to achieve a high level of dose conformity – i.e. ensuring the whole of the tumour receives an optimal level of radiation . It also reduces the risk of damage to healthy tissue , organs or structures around the tumour , thus enhancing the chance of cure and preservation of organ function .
The use of HDR brachytherapy enables overall treatment times to be reduced compared with EBRT . Patients receiving brachytherapy generally have to make fewer visits for radiotherapy compared with EBRT , and overall radiotherapy treatment plans can be completed in less time . Many brachytherapy procedures are performed on an outpatient basis . This convenience may be particularly relevant for patients who have to work , older patients , or patients who live some distance from treatment centres , to ensure that they have access to radiotherapy treatment and adhere to treatment plans . Shorter treatment times and outpatient procedures can also help improve the efficiency of radiotherapy clinics .
Brachytherapy can be used with the aim of curing the cancer in cases of small or locally advanced tumours , provided the cancer has not metastasized ( spread to other parts of the body ) . In appropriately selected cases , brachytherapy for primary tumours often represents a comparable approach to surgery , achieving the same probability of cure and with similar side effects . However , in locally advanced tumours , surgery may not routinely provide the best chance of cure and is often not technically feasible to perform . In these cases radiotherapy , including brachytherapy , offers the only chance of cure . In more advanced disease stages , brachytherapy can be used as palliative treatment for symptom relief from pain and bleeding .
In cases where the tumour is not easily accessible or is too large to ensure an optimal distribution of irradiation to the treatment area , brachytherapy can be combined with other treatments , such as EBRT and / or surgery . Combination therapy of brachytherapy exclusively with chemotherapy is rare .
= = = Cervical cancer = = =
Brachytherapy is commonly used in the treatment of early or locally confined cervical cancer and is a standard of care in many countries . Cervical cancer can be treated with either LDR , PDR or HDR brachytherapy . Used in combination with EBRT , brachytherapy can provide better outcomes than EBRT alone . The precision of brachytherapy enables a high dose of targeted radiation to be delivered to the cervix , while minimising radiation exposure to adjacent tissues and organs .
The chances of staying free of disease ( disease @-@ free survival ) and of staying alive ( overall survival ) are similar for LDR , PDR and HDR treatments . However , a key advantage of HDR treatment is that each dose can be delivered on an outpatient basis with a short administration time providing greater convenience for many patients .
= = = Prostate cancer = = =
Brachytherapy to treat prostate cancer can be given either as permanent LDR seed implantation or as temporary HDR brachytherapy .
Permanent seed implantation is suitable for patients with a localised tumour and good prognosis and has been shown to be a highly effective treatment to prevent the cancer from returning . The survival rate is similar to that found with EBRT or surgery ( radical prostatectomy ) , but with fewer side effects such as impotence and incontinence . The procedure can be completed quickly and patients are usually able to go home on the same day of treatment and return to normal activities after 1 to 2 days . Permanent seed implantation is often a less invasive treatment option compared to the surgical removal of the prostate .
Temporary HDR brachytherapy is a newer approach to treating prostate cancer , but is currently less common than seed implantation . It is predominately used as to provide an extra dose in addition to EBRT ( known as ‘ ” boost ” therapy ) as it offers an alternative method to deliver a high dose of radiation therapy that conforms to the shape of the tumour within the prostate , while sparing radiation exposure to surrounding tissues . HDR brachytherapy as a boost for prostate cancer also means that the EBRT course can be shorter than when EBRT is used alone .
= = = Breast cancer = = =
Radiation therapy is standard of care for women who have undergone lumpectomy or mastectomy surgery , and is an integral component of breast @-@ conserving therapy . Brachytherapy can be used after surgery , before chemotherapy or palliatively in the case of advanced disease . Brachytherapy to treat breast cancer is usually performed with HDR temporary brachytherapy . Post surgery , breast brachytherapy can be used as a “ boost ” following irradiation of the whole breast using EBRT . More recently , brachytherapy alone is applied in a technique called APBI ( accelerated partial breast irradiation ) , involving delivery of radiation to only the immediate region surrounding the original tumour .
The main benefit of breast brachytherapy compared to EBRT is that a high dose of radiation can be precisely applied to the tumour while sparing radiation to healthy breast tissues and underlying structures such as the ribs and lungs . APBI can typically be completed over the course of a week . The option of brachytherapy may be particularly important in ensuring that working women , the elderly or women without easy access to a treatment centre , are able to benefit from breast @-@ conserving therapy due to the short treatment course compared with EBRT ( which often requires more visits over the course of 1 – 2 months ) . Brachytherapy has demonstrated excellent local control of breast cancer at follow @-@ up of up to 6 years post treatment . A study is underway to compare patient outcomes of APBI in comparison to EBRT at up to 10 years after treatment .
There are two methods that can be used to deliver breast brachytherapy :
Interstitial breast brachytherapy using multiple catheters
Intracavitary breast brachytherapy using a balloon catheter
Interstitial breast brachytherapy involves the temporary placement of several flexible plastic catheters in the breast tissue . These are carefully positioned to allow optimal targeting of radiation to the treatment area while sparing the surrounding breast tissue . The catheters are connected to an afterloader , which delivers the planned radiation dose to the treatment area . Interstitial breast brachytherapy can be used as “ boost ” after EBRT , or as APBI .
Intracavitary breast brachytherapy ( also known as “ balloon brachytherapy ” ) involves the placement of a single catheter into the breast cavity left after the removal of the tumour ( lumpectomy ) . The catheter can be placed at the time of the lumpectomy or postoperatively . Via the catheter , a balloon is then inflated in the cavity . The catheter is then connected to an afterloader , which delivers the radiation dose through the catheter and into the balloon . Currently , intracavitary breast brachytherapy is only routinely used for APBI .
There are also devices that combine the features of interstitial and intracavitary breast brachytherapy ( e.g. SAVI ) . These devices use multiple catheters but are inserted through a single @-@ entry point in the breast . Studies suggest the use of multiple catheters enables physicians to target the radiation more precisely .
= = = Skin cancer = = =
HDR brachytherapy for nonmelanomatous skin cancer , such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma , provides an alternative treatment option to surgery . This is especially relevant for cancers on the nose , ears , eyelids or lips , where surgery may cause disfigurement or require extensive reconstruction . Various applicators can be used to ensure close contact between the radiation source ( s ) and the skin , which conform to the curvature of the skin and help ensure precision delivery of the optimal irradiation dose .
Brachytherapy for skin cancer provides good cosmetic results and clinical efficacy ; studies with up to 5 years follow @-@ up have shown that brachytherapy is highly effective in terms local control , and is comparable to EBRT . Treatment times are typically short , providing convenience for patients . It has been suggested that brachytherapy may become a standard of treatment for skin cancer in the near future .
= = = Blood vessels = = =
Brachytherapy can be used in the treatment of coronary in @-@ stent restenosis , in which a catheter is placed inside blood vessels , through which sources are inserted and removed . In treating In @-@ stent restenosis ( ISR ) Drug Eluting stents ( DES ) have been found to be superior to Intracoronary Brachytherapy ( ICBT ) . However , there is continued interest in vascular brachytherapy for persistent restenosis in failed stents and vein grafts . The therapy has also been investigated for use in the treatment of peripheral vasculature stenosis and considered for the treatment of atrial fibrillation .
= = Side effects = =
The likelihood and nature of potential acute , sub @-@ acute or long @-@ term side @-@ effects associated with brachytherapy depends on the location of the tumour being treated and the type of brachytherapy being used .
= = = Acute = = =
Acute side effects associated with brachytherapy include localised bruising , swelling , bleeding , discharge or discomfort within the implanted region . These usually resolve within a few days following completion of treatment . Patients may also feel fatigued for a short period following treatment .
Brachytherapy treatment for cervical or prostate cancer can cause acute and transient urinary symptoms such as urinary retention , urinary incontinence or painful urination ( dysuria ) . Transient increased bowel frequency , diarrhoea , constipation or minor rectal bleeding , may also occur . Acute and subacute side effects usually resolve over a matter of days or a few weeks . In the case of permanent ( seed ) brachytherapy for prostate cancer , there is a small chance that some seeds may migrate out of the treatment region into the bladder or urethra and be passed in the urine .
Brachytherapy for skin cancer may result in a shedding of the outer layers of skin ( desquamation ) around the area of treatment in the weeks following therapy , which typically heals in 5 – 8 weeks . If the cancer is located on the lip , ulceration may occur as a result of brachytherapy , but usually resolves after 4 – 6 weeks .
Most of the acute side effects associated with brachytherapy can be treated with medication or through dietary changes , and usually disappear over time ( typically a matter of weeks ) , once the treatment is completed . The acute side effects of HDR brachytherapy are broadly similar to EBRT .
= = = Long @-@ term = = =
In a small number of people , brachytherapy may cause long @-@ term side effects due to damage or disruption of adjacent tissues or organs . Long @-@ term side effects are usually mild or moderate in nature . For example , urinary and digestive problems may persist as a result of brachytherapy for cervical or prostate cancer , and may require ongoing management .
Brachytherapy for prostate cancer may cause erectile dysfunction in approximately 15 @-@ 30 % of patients . However , the risk of erectile dysfunction is related to age ( older men are at a greater risk than younger men ) and also the level of erectile function prior to receiving brachytherapy . In patients who do experience erectile dysfunction , the majority of cases can successfully be treated with drugs such as Viagra . Importantly , the risk of erectile dysfunction after brachytherapy is less than after radical prostatectomy .
Brachytherapy for breast or skin cancer may cause scar tissue to form around the treatment area . In the case of breast brachytherapy , fat necrosis may occur as a result of fatty acids entering the breast tissues . This can cause the breast tissue to become swollen and tender . Fat necrosis is a benign condition and typically occurs 4 – 12 months after treatment and affects about 2 % of patients .
= = Safety around others = =
Patients often ask if they need to have special safety precautions around family and friends after receiving brachytherapy . If temporary brachytherapy is used , no radioactive sources remain in the body after treatment . Therefore , there is no radiation risk to friends or family from being in close proximity with them .
If permanent brachytherapy is used , low dose radioactive sources ( seeds ) are left in the body after treatment - the radiation levels are very low and decrease over time . In addition , the irradiation only affects tissues within a few millimeters of the radioactive sources ( i.e. the tumour being treated ) . As a precaution , some people receiving permanent brachytherapy may be advised to not hold any small children or be too close to pregnant women for a short time after treatment . Radiation oncologists or nurses can provide specific instructions to patients and advise for how long they need to be careful .
= = Types = =
Different types of brachytherapy can be defined according to ( 1 ) the placement of the radiation sources in the target treatment area , ( 2 ) the rate or ‘ intensity ’ of the irradiation dose delivered to the tumour , and ( 3 ) the duration of dose delivery .
= = = Source placement = = =
The two main types of brachytherapy treatment in terms of the placement of the radioactive source are interstitial and contact .
In the case of interstitial brachytherapy , the sources are placed directly in the target tissue of the affected site , such as the prostate or breast .
Contact brachytherapy involves placement of the radiation source in a space next to the target tissue . This space may be a body cavity ( intracavitary brachytherapy ) such as the cervix , uterus or vagina ; a body lumen ( intraluminal brachytherapy ) such as the trachea or oesophagus ; or externally ( surface brachytherapy ) such as the skin . A radiation source can also be placed in blood vessels ( intravascular brachytherapy ) for the treatment of coronary in @-@ stent restenosis .
= = = Dose rate = = =
The dose rate of brachytherapy refers to the level or ‘ intensity ’ with which the radiation is delivered to the surrounding medium and is expressed in Grays per hour ( Gy / h ) .
Low @-@ dose rate ( LDR ) brachytherapy involves implanting radiation sources that emit radiation at a rate of up to 2 Gy · h − 1 . LDR brachytherapy is commonly used for cancers of the oral cavity , oropharynx , sarcomas and prostate cancer
Medium @-@ dose rate ( MDR ) brachytherapy is characterized by a medium rate of dose delivery , ranging between 2 Gy · h − 1 to 12 Gy · h − 1 .
High @-@ dose rate ( HDR ) brachytherapy is when the rate of dose delivery exceeds 12 Gy · h − 1 . The most common applications of HDR brachytherapy are in tumours of the cervix , esophagus , lungs , breasts and prostate . Most HDR treatments are performed on an outpatient basis , but this is dependent on the treatment site .
Pulsed @-@ dose rate ( PDR ) brachytherapy involves short pulses of radiation , typically once an hour , to simulate the overall rate and effectiveness of LDR treatment . Typical tumour sites treated by PDR brachytherapy are gynaecological and head and neck cancers .
= = = Duration of dose delivery = = =
The placement of radiation sources in the target area can be temporary or permanent .
Temporary brachytherapy involves placement of radiation sources for a set duration ( usually a number of minutes or hours ) before being withdrawn . The specific treatment duration will depend on many different factors , including the required rate of dose delivery and the type , size and location of the cancer . In LDR and PDR brachytherapy , the source typically stays in place up to 24 hours before being removed , while in HDR brachytherapy this time is typically a few minutes .
Permanent brachytherapy , also known as seed implantation , involves placing small LDR radioactive seeds or pellets ( about the size of a grain of rice ) in the tumour or treatment site and leaving them there permanently to gradually decay . Over a period of weeks or months , the level of radiation emitted by the sources will decline to almost zero . The inactive seeds then remain in the treatment site with no lasting effect . Permanent brachytherapy is most commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer .
= = Procedure = =
= = = Initial planning = = =
In order to accurately plan the brachytherapy procedure , a thorough clinical examination is performed to understand the characteristics of the tumour . In addition , a range of imaging modalities can be used to visualise the shape and size of the tumour and its relation to surrounding tissues and organs . These include x @-@ ray radiography , ultrasound , computed axial tomography ( CT or CAT ) scans and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . The data from many of these sources can be used to create a 3D visualisation of the tumour and the surrounding tissues .
Using this information , a plan of the optimal distribution of the radiation sources can be developed . This includes consideration of how the source carriers ( applicators ) , which are used to deliver the radiation to the treatment site , should be placed and positioned . Applicators are non @-@ radioactive and are typically needles or plastic catheters . The specific type of applicator used will depend on the type of cancer being treated and the characteristics of the target tumour .
This initial planning helps to ensure that ‘ cold spots ’ ( too little irradiation ) and ‘ hot spots ’ ( too much irradiation ) are avoided during treatment , as these can respectively result in treatment failure and side @-@ effects .
= = = Insertion = = =
Before radioactive sources can be delivered to the tumour site , the applicators have to be inserted and correctly positioned in line with the initial planning .
Imaging techniques , such as x @-@ ray , fluoroscopy and ultrasound are typically used to help guide the placement of the applicators to their correct positions and to further refine the treatment plan . CAT scans and MRI can also be used . Once the applicators are inserted , they are held in place against the skin using sutures or adhesive tape to prevent them from moving . Once the applicators are confirmed as being in the correct position , further imaging can be performed to guide detailed treatment planning .
= = = Creation of a virtual patient = = =
The images of the patient with the applicators in situ are imported into treatment planning software and the patient is brought into a dedicated shielded room for treatment . The treatment planning software enables multiple 2D images of the treatment site to be translated into a 3D ‘ virtual patient ’ , within which the position of the applicators can be defined . The spatial relationships between the applicators , the treatment site and the surrounding healthy tissues within this ‘ virtual patient ’ are a copy of the relationships in the actual patient .
= = = Optimizing the irradiation plan = = =
To identify the optimal spatial and temporal distribution of radiation sources within the applicators of the implanted tissue or cavity , the treatment planning software allows virtual radiation sources to be placed within the virtual patient . The software shows a graphical representation of the distribution of the irradiation . This serves as a guide for the brachytherapy team to refine the distribution of the sources and provide a treatment plan that is optimally tailored to the anatomy of each patient before actual delivery of the irradiation begins . This approach is sometimes called ‘ dose @-@ painting ’ .
= = = Treatment delivery = = =
The radiation sources used for brachytherapy are always enclosed within a non @-@ radioactive capsule . The sources can be delivered manually , but are more commonly delivered through a technique known as ‘ afterloading ’ .
Manual delivery of brachytherapy is limited to a few LDR applications , due to risk of radiation exposure to clinical staff .
In contrast , afterloading involves the accurate positioning of non @-@ radioactive applicators in the treatment site , which are subsequently loaded with the radiation sources . In manual afterloading , the source is delivered into the applicator by the operator .
Remote afterloading systems provide protection from radiation exposure to healthcare professionals by securing the radiation source in a shielded safe . Once the applicators are correctly positioned in the patient , they are connected to an ‘ afterloader ’ machine ( containing the radioactive sources ) through a series of connecting guide tubes . The treatment plan is sent to the afterloader , which then controls the delivery of the sources along the guide tubes into the pre @-@ specified positions within the applicator . This process is only engaged once staff are removed from the treatment room . The sources remain in place for a pre @-@ specified length of time , again following the treatment plan , following which they are returned along the tubes to the afterloader .
On completion of delivery of the radioactive sources , the applicators are carefully removed from the body . Patients typically recover quickly from the brachytherapy procedure , enabling it to often be performed on an outpatient basis .
Between 2003 and 2012 in United States community hospitals , the rate of hospital stays with brachytherapy ( internal radiation therapy ) had a 24 @.@ 4 percent average annual decrease among adults aged 45 – 64 years and a 27 @.@ 3 percent average annual decrease among adults aged 65 – 84 years . Brachytherapy was the OR procedure with the greatest change in occurrence among hospital stays paid by Medicare and private insurance .
= = Radiation sources = =
Commonly used radiation sources ( radionuclides ) for brachytherapy
= = Electronic brachytherapy = =
Electronic brachytherapy involves placement of miniature low energy x @-@ ray tube sources into a pre @-@ positioned applicator within body / tumour cavities to rapidly deliver high doses to target tissues while maintaining low doses to distant non @-@ target tissues .
= = History = =
Brachytherapy dates back to 1901 ( shortly after the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896 ) when Pierre Curie suggested to Henri @-@ Alexandre Danlos that a radioactive source could be inserted into a tumour . It was found that the radiation caused the tumour to shrink . Independently , Alexander Graham Bell also suggested the use of radiation in this way . In the early twentieth century , techniques for the application of brachytherapy were pioneered at the Curie institute in Paris by Danlos and at St Luke 's and Memorial Hospital in New York by Robert Abbe .
Interstitial radium therapy was common in the 1930s . Gold seeds filled with radon were used as early as 1942 until at least 1958 . Gold shells were selected by Gino Failla around 1920 to shield beta rays while passing gamma rays . Cobalt needles were also used briefly after world war II . Radon and cobalt were replaced by radioactive tantalum and gold , before iridium rose in prominence . First used in 1958 , iridium is the most commonly used artificial source for brachytherapy today .
Following initial interest in brachytherapy in Europe and the US , its use declined in the middle of the twentieth century due to the problem of radiation exposure to operators from the manual application of the radioactive sources . However , the development of remote afterloading systems , which allow the radiation to be delivered from a shielded safe , and the use of new radioactive sources in the 1950s and 1960s , reduced the risk of unnecessary radiation exposure to the operator and patients . This , together with more recent advancements in three @-@ dimensional imaging modalities , computerised treatment planning systems and delivery equipment has made brachytherapy a safe and effective treatment for many types of cancer today .
= = Environmental hazard = =
Due to the small size of brachytherapy sources and low control in early decades , there is a risk that some of these have escaped into the environment to become orphaned sources . A radium needle was found in a Prague playground in 2011 , radiating 500 µSv / h from one metre away .
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= Life Is Strange =
Life Is Strange is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Dontnod Entertainment and published by Square Enix . It is available for Linux , Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 and Xbox One , and consists of five episodes released periodically throughout 2015 .
The game 's plot focuses on Maxine Caulfield , a photography student who discovers that she has the ability to rewind time at any moment , leading her every choice to enact the butterfly effect . After having foreseen an approaching storm , Max must take on the responsibility to prevent it from destroying her town . The player 's actions will adjust the narrative as it unfolds , and reshape it once allowed to travel back in time . Fetch quests and making environmental changes represent the forms of puzzle solving in addition to using branching choices for conversation .
Development of Life Is Strange began in April 2013 . It was formed with an episodic format in mind , for reasons both financial and creative . The developers conducted research on the setting by travelling to the Pacific Northwest , and subverted known archetypes to make the characters . Player feedback influenced the adjustments made to the episodes . Story and character arc serve as the central point in the game rather than traditional graphic adventure tropes like point @-@ and @-@ click puzzles . The voice recording sessions took place in Los Angeles , California .
During its release , Life Is Strange received generally favourable reviews commending the character development , rewind game mechanic and tackling of taboo subjects . Common criticisms included the slang that was used , poor lip @-@ syncing in earlier episodes , and tonal inconsistencies in the story . It had sold one million digital copies by the end of July 2015 .
= = Gameplay = =
Life Is Strange is a graphic adventure played from a third @-@ person view . The mechanic of rewinding time allows the player to redo any action that has been taken . The player can examine and interact with objects , which enables puzzle solving in the form of fetch quests and making changes to the environment . Items that are collected before time travelling will be kept in the inventory after the fact .
The player can explore various locations in the fictional setting of Arcadia Bay and communicate with non @-@ playable characters . Dialogue exchanges can be rewound while branching options are used for conversation . Once an event is reset , the details provided earlier are permitted to avail themselves in the future . In some instances , choices in dialogue will alter and affect the story through short or long @-@ term consequences . For each one of the choices , something good in the short @-@ term could turn out worse later .
= = Plot = =
Life Is Strange takes place during the week of 7 October 2013 and is told from the perspective of Maxine Caulfield , a twelfth grade student of Blackwell Academy in the fictional town of Arcadia Bay , Oregon .
The prologue begins with Max ( Hannah Telle ) being thrown into the vision of a lighthouse destroyed by a swelling tornado . She awakes instantly in the class of her teacher Mark Jefferson ( Derek Phillips ) . To restore her composure , she proceeds to the restroom . There , Max witnesses classmate Nathan Prescott ( Nik Shriner ) murder a girl . In a single , sudden effort , she rewinds time and is moved back into the classroom from before . Informed of the following outcome , she hurries off to rescue the girl using her recently developed ability . It is revealed that the person Max saved was her childhood friend Chloe Price ( Ashly Burch ) . The two reunite and go for a walk to the same lighthouse from her nightmare . Max then reveals to Chloe her capacity to travel back in time . It is made known that what she thought was a dream is rather the reckoning of a future event , and the storm , an approaching disaster headed for the town .
The following day , Max observes fellow student Kate Marsh ( Dayeanne Hutton ) being subjected to bullying for a viral video depicting her kissing several students at a party . It is suggested that she may have been drugged , and Max suspects Nathan as the perpetrator . Max visits the diner where Chloe 's mother Joyce ( Cissy Jones ) works as a waitress and meets Chloe there . They decide to experiment with Max 's power at Chloe 's secret hideout , a scrapyard . However , this strains Max and results in her having a nosebleed and fainting . Chloe takes her back to Blackwell Academy . During class , everyone is called out to the courtyard . Kate is up on the roof of the girls ' dorm with the intention to jump . Max stops time unexpectedly and uses the ability in an attempt to reach Kate . At this point , she has the opportunity to convince Kate to get down from the roof and come with her . Ultimately , Max vows to uncover what happened to Kate and Chloe 's missing friend Rachel Amber .
Max and Chloe break into the principal 's office that night to investigate . After they search through his files , Chloe insists on entering the pool for a swim . The campus security — now alerted — comes to inspect the activity inside . They flee back to Chloe 's place . The next morning , Max and Chloe depart for the diner to sneak into the motorhome of Frank Bowers ( Daniel Bonjour ) , a drug dealer and Rachel 's friend . They learn that Rachel was having a romantic relationship with Frank and lied to Chloe about it . Chloe storms off feeling betrayed . Back at the dormitory , Max examines a childhood photo of her and Chloe . Without notice , she is transported to the day that picture was taken . Faced with the chance to save Chloe 's father William ( Joe Ochman ) from dying in a traffic collision , she conceals the keys to his car , which inadvertently creates an alternative reality where Chloe has been paralysed from the neck down .
In the alternative reality , Max comes across the photo that let her save Chloe 's father , but now instead uses it to undo her decision and restore Chloe to health . It manages to re @-@ establish the original timeline . Max and Chloe continue their investigation and obtain clues that lead them to an abandoned barn owned by the influential Prescott family . They discover a bunker hidden underneath that contains pictures of Kate and Rachel tied up and intoxicated — Rachel is shown in one image being buried at Chloe 's secret hideout . They speed in the direction of the scrapyard . Rachel is found dead and buried , much to Chloe 's despair . Max follows Chloe to a school party to confront Nathan , believing he will target another student there as his next victim . They receive a text message from Nathan threatening to destroy the evidence , which returns them to the scrapyard . There , they are ambushed by Jefferson , who anaesthetises Max and shoots Chloe in the head .
Max is held captive inside the bunker with Jefferson , who reveals that he has been drugging and kidnapping young girls in order to photograph them and , as such , capture their innocence . Max uses her powers to escape into a photograph . Emerging back at the beginning in Jefferson 's class , she informs Chloe 's stepfather David Madsen ( Don McManus ) , the head of security at Blackwell , of her kidnapper 's identity . Jefferson is caught , Chloe is rescued and Max is afforded the opportunity to go to San Francisco and have one of her photos displayed in an art gallery . She calls Chloe from the event , realising that , for all her effort , the storm has reached Arcadia Bay . Max teleports to the time she took the gallery photo , which eventually leads her to sojourn alternative realities as they devolve into a dreamscape nightmare . By the story 's end , Max arrives at the lighthouse with Chloe . They confront the fact that Max brought the approaching superstorm into existence by availing herself of the time travel abilities in the first place , and the only way to prevent it is for her to go back in time once more and allow Chloe to be killed by Nathan . Max must make a choice : sacrifice Chloe 's life to save Arcadia Bay , or sacrifice Arcadia Bay in order to spare Chloe .
= = Development = =
Life Is Strange was Dontnod Entertainment 's second title starring a female protagonist ( the first being Remember Me ) . It was disclosed in a developer diary that , as with its first project , efforts were made by potential publishers to have a male protagonist put in place instead . Square Enix was the only publisher with no intention to change it . Dontnod co @-@ founder Jean @-@ Maxime Moris brought up the Gamergate controversy in the same context as an example of " a great debate to have " , but put emphasis on that they were not using the issue to stand out from the rest .
The development of Life Is Strange was started in April 2013 with a team of 15 people , which expanded once collaborations with Square Enix1 commenced . It was originally codenamed What If but then retitled to distinguish itself from the film of the same name . The game was born of the idea for the rewind mechanic , which the developer had already experimented on with their last game Remember Me . The lead character Max was created with the ability to rewind time to supplement this mechanism . The episodic format was chosen by the studio for creative reasons , financial restrictions and marketing purposes , allowing them to tell the story in its preferred slow pace . The Pacific Northwest was picked as the setting for the purpose of conveying a nostalgic and autumnal feel to the game . The development team visited the region , took photographs , looked at local newspapers and used Google Street View to make sure the environment was accurately portrayed .
It was decided early on that most of the budget be spent on the writing and voice actors . The original story was written in French by Jean @-@ Luc Cano , and converted into a game script by the co @-@ directors and design team . It was subsequently handed over to Christian Divine and Cano to be fine tuned in English . Story and character development were highlighted over point @-@ and @-@ click puzzles , making choice and consequence integral to how the narrative unfolds . Hannah Telle auditioned for Max Caulfield in July 2014 and was offered the part ; Ashly Burch auditioned for both Max and her given role Chloe Price . The recording sessions were done in Los Angeles , California , with the French developer brought in via Skype .
Although it holds significant differences from Remember Me , the game addresses similar themes of memory and identity . Life Is Strange was specified as an analogue look at human identity in contrast to Remember Me , the digital view of the same theme . Running on an improved version of Unreal Engine 3 , it makes use of the tools and special effects like lighting and depth of field engineered for Remember Me as well as subsequent advances . Visual effects like post @-@ processes , double exposure and overlapping screen space particles were used as an artistic approach to be displayed while the lead character rewinds time . The textures seen in the game were entirely hand painted , adapted to achieve what art director Michel Koch called " impressionistic rendering " . Elements were adjusted based on player feedback , with influences like The Walking Dead , Gone Home2 and Heavy Rain in mind . The Catcher in the Rye was an additional source of inspiration , whose protagonist Holden Caulfield shares a surname with Max , the game 's lead . The characters were created using known archetypes , at first to establish an entry point for the player , and then to subvert them . For the sake of serving the realism , the supernatural elements were designed as a metaphor for the characters ' inner conflict , and experts were consulted to tackle the subject of teen suicide .
The score was composed by Jonathan Morali of the band Syd Matters . Inspired by modern indie folk music , the soundtrack was intended to inform the mood of the game . The music contains a blend of licensed tracks and composed pieces , considered by Dontnod creative director Jean @-@ Maxime Moris as " 50 % of the experience " . Featured artists include José González , Mogwai , Breton , Amanda Palmer , Brian Viglione , Bright Eyes , Message to Bears , Local Natives , Syd Matters , Sparklehorse , Angus & Julia Stone , alt @-@ J , Mud Flow and Foals .
= = = Release = = =
Square Enix and Dontnod announced Life Is Strange on 11 August 2014 . The episodes were released digitally on PC via Steam , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 via PlayStation Network , and Xbox 360 and Xbox One via Xbox Live between 30 January 2015 and 20 October 2015 . In November 2014 , the publisher expressed interest in having physical copies released of the game , but at the time added that they were 100 % focused on the digital release . One year later , the retail edition was set to be released for the PC , PS4 and Xbox One in North America on 19 January 2016 and in Europe on 22 January 2016 ; the limited edition featured an artbook , the soundtrack , score and a director 's commentary .
A Japanese version was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 on 3 March 2016 . Feral Interactive was tasked with porting Life Is Strange for OS X , released on 16 June 2016 , and Linux , released on 21 July 2016 . That same day , the first episode was made indefinitely available for free on Linux , PC , OS X , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 and Xbox One .
= = Reception = =
Life Is Strange received generally favourable reviews , having aggregated a Metacritic score of 85 / 100 on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . While criticised for its lip @-@ syncing and use of dialogue , critics notably lauded the character development and time travel component , suggesting that there should be more games like it . Eurogamer thought of it as " one of the best interactive story games of this generation " and Hardcore Gamer declared it the sleeper hit of 2015 .
Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot called Episode 1 : Chrysalis " an involving slice of life that works because its situations eloquently capture a peculiar early @-@ college state of mind " , while Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace stated that she found the tackling of " subjects that are usually taboo for video games " impressive . Destructoid 's Brett Makedonski noticed that the episode 's strongest characteristic was exploration — both " self- and worldly " . However , Mitch Dyer of IGN wrote that the story was ultimately obstructed by its " laughable " script and " worse performances " . In response to Episode 2 : Out of Time , Polygon 's Megan Farokhmanesh echoed the view that the emphasis on self @-@ exploration had considerable impact on the enjoyment of the game . Critics opined that the ending was an " emotional high point " and that it brought meaning to the choices from both the first and second episodes . Writing for USgamer , Mike Williams disparaged the pacing of Episode 2 : Out of Time as " slower and less exciting " than that of episode one .
Episode 3 : Chaos Theory was thought by Adnan Riaz of Hardcore Gamer to be a dramatic improvement that presented a " thrilling , poignant , fascinating and ... enticing " narrative whose outcome from past decisions also added a sense of realism . Additionally , Peter Paras of Game Revolution complimented the character beats , particularly the development of Chloe Price , who he said " really comes into her own as [ a ] fully @-@ formed character " . Though GameSpot 's Alexa Ray Corriea said that the fetch quests interfered with its emotional quality , the episode built up to a " killer cliffhanger " according to Farokhmanesh . GameZone 's Matt Liebl deemed Episode 4 : Dark Room " easily the most emotional episode " and said that the mystery of Rachel Amber had done a " tremendous job in keeping us hooked " . Tom Hoggins of The Telegraph regarded the developer 's venture into subjects like social division , online bullying , parental conflict and suicide as " bold " . Criticism was directed at its " cheap ways " of progressing the plot — character inconsistency and superfluous shock value — resulting in tonal problems , with the episode 's puzzles and relationships given more approval . The final episode , Polarized , was commended for having offered a " fitting conclusion " to the coming of age story of Max Caulfield and the relationship between the two leads was similarly noted as having been carried out successfully . One stealth sequence was described as " tedious " and " out @-@ of @-@ place " while other aspects inhabiting the same course of events were favoured . Reviewers were essentially divided on the ending , citing the episode 's subtitle as something that mirrored their own feelings toward it .
= = = Sales = = =
The first episode was ranked fifth among the best selling PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 video games of February 2015 . Life Is Strange reached one million sales in July 2015 , having accumulated over 1 @.@ 2 million unique players worldwide . The attach rate to units between the complete season and season pass proved to be " extremely strong " , divulged Square Enix . The retail edition made seventh place in the top ten UK game sales chart for the week ending 23 January 2016 .
= = = Awards = = =
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= William Beach Thomas =
Sir William Beach Thomas , KBE ( 22 May 1868 – 12 May 1957 ) was a British author and journalist known for his work as a war correspondent and his writings about nature and country life .
Beach Thomas was the son of a rural clergyman . He attended Shrewsbury School and the University of Oxford before embarking on a short @-@ lived career as a schoolmaster . Finding that work unpleasant , he turned his attention to writing articles for newspapers and periodicals , and began to write books .
During the early part of the First World War Beach Thomas defied military authorities to report news stories from the Western Front for his employer , the Daily Mail . As a result , he was briefly imprisoned before being granted official accreditation as a war correspondent . His reportage for the remainder of the war received national recognition , despite being criticised by some and parodied by soldiers . His book With the British on the Somme ( 1917 ) portrayed the English soldier in a very favourable light . Both France and Britain rewarded him with knighthoods after the war , but Beach Thomas regretted some of his wartime output .
Beach Thomas 's primary interest as an adult was in rural matters . He was conservative in his views , and feared that the post – Second World War socialist governments regarded the countryside only from an economic perspective . He was an advocate for the creation of national parks in England and Wales , and mourned the decline of traditional village society . He wrote extensively , particularly for The Observer newspaper and The Spectator , a conservative magazine . His book The English Landscape ( 1938 ) includes selections from his contributions to Country Life magazine .
= = Childhood and education = =
William Beach Thomas was born on 22 May 1868 in Godmanchester , in the county of Huntingdonshire , England . He was the second son of Daniel George Thomas , appointed rector of Hamerton in 1872 , and Rosa Beart . The countryside location of his father 's parish inspired an affection in Beach Thomas , which greatly influenced his later observational writings about natural history and rural subjects . Beach Thomas was not a hyphenated double @-@ barrelled name ; he used his second name as part of his surname .
Beach Thomas attended Shrewsbury School from 1882 . He was a keen sportsman there and was appointed huntsman to the Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt , the world 's oldest cross @-@ country running club . He continued his interest in sports after earning an exhibition to Christ Church , Oxford in 1887 and became a Blue , representing the university in various running events over several years . He became president of the Oxford University Athletics Club and played association football , rugby union and cricket at college level . J. B. Atkins , who competed against him for the Cambridge University athletics team , said : " With his stately height and gigantic stride , he was magnificent in action ; his final effort , always , triumphant , when he saw the goal of all , the tape , waiting for him , was a sight never to be forgotten – though I had a strong reason for regretting it at the time . " His exhibition was superseded by a scholarship but he was not academically successful , managing only a third @-@ class degree .
= = Early career = =
Athletic prowess and the time spent in achieving it may have contributed to Beach Thomas 's poor academic performance but probably also assisted him in getting his first job . He taught at Bradfield School , a public school , after leaving Oxford in 1891 . Although he described teaching as " uncongenial " , he subsequently took a similar position at Dulwich College in 1897 , where he remained until the following year . Journalism became the object of his interest ; he contributed columns for The Globe , The Outlook and The Saturday Review , as well as for many other publications of which he was not a member of staff . He also wrote a book entitled Athletics , published by Ward Lock & Co in 1901 , following his 1900 contribution of a chapter titled Athletics and Schools to the Athletics volume in the Badminton Library series , published by Longman , Green & Co and edited by Montague Shearman . He became a regular reviewer for The Times Literary Supplement from its formation in 1902 .
The Daily Mail took on Beach Thomas as a writer of material relating to the countryside . Lord Northcliffe , who owned the newspaper , recognised that Beach Thomas would need to live in a rural environment if he was to perform his duties well . This understanding delighted Beach Thomas because it meant he could limit his visits to London . He moved to the Mimram Valley in Hertfordshire , and thereafter held Northcliffe in high regard .
Beach Thomas 's From a Hertfordshire Cottage was published in 1908 , followed by a three @-@ volume collaboration with A. K. Collett , The English Year ( 1913 – 14 ) . He did not entirely abandon his interest in athletics and was one of those in Britain who criticised his country 's poor performance in the 1912 Olympic Games . Writing that the Olympics were by then being seen as a measure of " national vitality " , he explained
We could not run , so it appeared , either long distances or short ; we could not jump either broad or high ; we could not throw the javelin ... The men accepted defeat as if the Olympic Games were a competition of parlour tricks in a provincial drawing @-@ room .
= = War correspondent = =
The Daily Mail sent Beach Thomas to France as a war correspondent during the First World War . Many newspapers were keen to support the war effort and to take advantage of the demand for news from the front . The British military authorities were opposed to the presence of journalists , preferring instead to control the media by issuing official press releases . Lord Kitchener in particular was opposed to their presence , having had bad experiences of journalists during the Boer War . He formed a press bureau headed by F. E. Smith , and demanded that all reports be channelled through the bureau for review by censors ; the resulting output was bland and impersonal . The newspapers countered with subterfuge . Beach Thomas was one of several journalists who managed to reach the front lines in Belgium . He was discovered there and imprisoned for some time by the British Army . He described the episode as " the longest walking tour of my life , and the queerest . " Even these early unapproved reports , which consisted mostly of human interest stories because there was little opportunity for contact with the British Expeditionary Force , were censored at home owing to a paradox that Beach Thomas described : " the censors would not publish any article if it indicated that the writer had seen what he wrote of . He must write what he thought was true , not what he knew to be true . "
When the British government relented in mid @-@ 1915 , having been warned by Theodore Roosevelt that the reporting limitations were affecting public opinion in the United States , Valentine Williams became the Daily Mail 's first accredited war correspondent . No longer in prison , Beach Thomas resumed his war reporting in December of the same year , when Williams enlisted in the Irish Guards . As with the other accredited journalists , he was paid by the War Office rather than by his newspaper and they were all assured that they would be able to publish memoirs of their service to offset the differential between an officer 's pay and that of a journalist . Beach Thomas filed reports from places such as the Somme in a format matching that of his colleagues , who regularly downplayed the unpleasant aspects of the conflict such as the nature of death . His reports were published in the Daily Mirror as well as the Daily Mail .
The soldiers derided the attempts that were made to indoctrinate them , but the British public was more susceptible . Philip Gibbs , a fellow war correspondent , noted that he and his colleagues " identified absolutely with the Armies in the field ... There was no need of censorship in our despatches . We were our own censors . " The journalistic support for the cause was appreciated by military commanders such as Douglas Haig , who saw the propaganda generated by the correspondents as an integral part of the Allies ' efforts . Haig eventually went so far as to ask Gibbs and Beach Thomas to produce his own weekly news @-@ sheet . Public opinion at home may have been mollified , even uplifted , by the efforts of the correspondents but the troops were not , despite the high demand among them for newspapers from home . One soldier , Albert Rochester , was court martialled for attempting to send to the Daily Mail a letter that stated the realities as he saw them and was critical of Beach Thomas 's work , noting the " ridiculous reports regarding the love and fellowship existing between officers and men . " Beach Thomas himself later regretted his wartime reports of the Somme , saying , " I was thoroughly and deeply ashamed of what I had written for the good reason that it was untrue ... the vulgarity of enormous headlines and the enormity of one 's own name did not lessen the shame . "
Northcliffe 's brother , Lord Rothermere , expressed frustration with the war correspondents : " They don 't know the truth , they don 't speak the truth , and we know that they don 't " . Stephen Badsey , a historian who specialises in World War I , has noted that their situation was not easy as they " found themselves as minor players trapped in a complicated hierarchical structure dominated by politicians , generals and newspaper owners . " Beach Thomas , however , received particular opprobrium . Paul Fussell , the historian , describes him as " notoriously fatuous " during the war period . Peter Stothard , editor of The Times between 1992 and 2002 , describes him as " a quietly successful countryside columnist and literary gent who became a calamitous Daily Mail war correspondent " and believes that he may have been the inspiration for the character of William Boot in Evelyn Waugh 's Scoop . John Simpson , a war correspondent , describes him as " charming but unlovable " and thinks that the troops despised Beach Thomas more than they did the other British war correspondents , even though all those journalists were playing a similar disinformation role . They considered his writing to be a trivialisation of the realities of war , jingoistic , pompous and particularly self @-@ promoting , often giving the reader an impression that he was writing from the battlefield when in fact he was being fed information of dubious value by the authorities while based in their headquarters .
An example of his reporting is :
Soon after 6pm the spasmodic barking of the night @-@ time cannonade ( now normal in spite of its intensity ) gave place to a " kettle @-@ drum bombardment " . The " fun " was " fast and furious " and two minutes after the orchestra opened our men leaped from their trenches . They were not unaccompanied . In spite of the harvest moon , we had brought up a certain number of armoured cars which the moonlight transformed into fantastic monsters ... " Autos blindés " is the French term . They looked like blind creatures emerged from the primeval slime . To watch one crawling round a battered wood in the half @-@ light was to think of " the Jabberwock , with eyes of flame " that : " Came whiffling through the tulgey wood , / And burbled as it came ! "
His style was parodied using the by @-@ line of Teech Bomas in the Wipers Times , a trench newspaper , but he was lauded by the readership back in Britain . One example from the Wipers Times , based on a report published in the Daily Mail of 18 September 1916 , was :
In the grey and purple light of a September morn [ the first tanks used in war ] went over . Like great prehistoric monsters they leapt and skipped with joy when the signal came . It was my great good fortune to be a passenger on one of them . How can I clearly relate what happened ? All is one chaotic mingling of joy and noise . No fear ! How could one fear anything in the belly of a perambulating , peripatetic progolodymythorus . Wonderful , epic , on we went , whilst twice a minute the 17in. gun on the roof barked out its message of defiance . At last we were fairly in amongst the Huns . They were round us in millions and in millions they died ... With a triumphant snort we went through Bapaume pushing over the church in a playful moment and then steering a course for home , feeling that our perspiring proglodomyte had thoroughly enjoyed its run over the disgruntled , discomfited , disembowelled earth . And so to rest in its lair ready for the morrow and what that morrow might hold . I must get back to the battle .
Beach Thomas published a book based on his wartime experiences in 1917 , entitled With the British on the Somme . It was a favourable depiction specifically of the English soldier , somewhat contrary to the official line that tried to emphasise that this was a British war rather than an English one . A review in The Times Literary Supplement noted that Beach Thomas
rightly emphasised the feats of the English soldier ... as distinct from the Scot , the Irishman or the Colonial . This is as it should be , for the average newspaper reader of late months , even years , has been saturated with epics of different Colonials , Irish regiments and Kilted Companies ... the plain Thomas Atkins [ has been ] overlooked to a great extent for far too long .
In 1918 Northcliffe asked Beach Thomas to travel to the US . According to Beach Thomas , the rationale was that " he didn 't know what the Americans were doing , and they did not know what we were thinking " . He met with influential people such as Henry Ford , Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson during this visit .
Beach Thomas sometimes accompanied George V and the Prince of Wales on their visits to France , noting on one occasion a situation he considered reminiscent of Henry II and Thomas à Beckett :
We were walking to see a new heavy howitzer installed in its camouflage in an open grove . About us ran and skipped , appeared and disappeared , round this tree and that , the conscientious wielder of a cinema . The thing got more and more on the Prince 's nerves until the irritation was irrepressible , and he turned to me and said with a sort of angry humour : " Will no @-@ one kill that photographer ? "
Beach Thomas 's war work led to state recognition , as it did for many of the correspondents and newspaper owners ; France appointed him a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1919 and he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) in 1920 . In 1923 , Gibbs said of the KBE award , which he too received : " I was not covetous of that knighthood and indeed shrank from it so much that I entered into a compact with Beach Thomas to refuse it . But things had gone too far , and we could not reject the title with any decency . " This quandary was caused by realisation of the gulf between what they had reported and what had actually happened .
= = Later years = =
After the war , Beach Thomas stayed in Germany until 1919 and returned there in 1923 at the time of the Occupation of the Ruhr . He also undertook a tour of the world for the Daily Mail and The Times in 1922 . His main focus , however , returned to his lifelong interest in matters of the countryside , notably in his writings for The Observer from 1923 to 1956 . Beach Thomas was also a regular contributor of notes on nature , gardening and country life to The Spectator for almost 30 years , with some short breaks between 1935 and 1941 , when H. E. Bates took responsibility . In 1928 he produced a history of the magazine under the title of The Story of the ' Spectator ' , in commemoration of its centenary . He wrote many more books and articles in his later years , as well as two autobiographical books : A Traveller in News ( 1925 ) and The Way of a Countryman ( 1944 ) . Fond of peppering quotations throughout his writing , his style was considered to be clear but his hand was poor ; a profile of him in The Observer said " perhaps he gave less pleasure to those who had to decipher his handwriting . Rarely has more limpid English been conveyed in a script more obscure . "
George Orwell wrote in the Manchester Evening News :
It is uncertain whether the general public would think of Sir William Beach Thomas primarily as a war correspondent or as a naturalist , but he is in no doubt about the matter himself . The world , as he sees it , really centres round the English village , and round the trees and hedges of that village rather than the houses and the people .
Even as traditional English village living was in collapse , he saw the romanticised paternalism and general life of the village as the epitome of English society and equivalent to anything that might be found elsewhere in the world . He said that one of the aspects of village life he admired was that " comparative wealth [ there ] is admired , not envied " . He also viewed the natural world as something to be wondered at rather than scientifically examined . In his last column for The Spectator , written in September 1950 , he wrote :
The country scene is a department of art , not of science . The essential is the discovery of beauty , not of knowledge . Science comes second , and a bad second , to art . We do not listen to the nightingale in order to find out whether his song is erotic or polemic . We listen for the pleasure of the mood that the song and the scene engender . Flight matters more than its mechanics . The prime value of knowledge itself is to enlarge the circle of wonder . The chronicler does a better deed if he helps someone to enjoy the country more than if he botanises or ornithologises or entomologises or meteorologises .
In his desire to encourage a love of the countryside , especially during the Second World War , Beach Thomas was similar to other writers on rural matters , such as G. M. Trevelyan and H. J. Massingham . He described Massingham as " perhaps the best of all present writers on Rural England " and considered him among those writers who were " so fond of the past that they seem sometimes almost to despair of the future . " Malcolm Chase , a historian , says that these authors , including Beach Thomas himself , advocated an ultra @-@ conservative , socially reactionary and idealistic philosophy that formed an important part of a national debate about the future of the land and agriculture . This attitude was coupled with an increasing public interest in pastimes such as cycling , motoring and walking ; it was supported by the publication of popular , fairly cheap and colourful articles , books and maps that catered both to those pursuing such interests and those who were concerned about conservation and the effects of the influx of urban and suburban visitors . John Musty , in his comparative literary review of the works of Beach Thomas and Massingham , believes that Beach Thomas had a more " gentle touch " than Massingham , whose writings have " frequently been judged as narrow and reactionary " ; he quotes Beach Thomas as saying of the likes of Massingham that they " preach an impossible creed , albeit an attractive one . "
Much of one book , The English Landscape ( 1938 ) , had previously appeared in various issues of Country Life magazine , and in part echoed concerns raised by Clough Williams @-@ Ellis in works such as England and the Octopus ( 1928 ) . Williams @-@ Ellis believed that building on greenfield land was too great a price to pay for socio @-@ economic progress . Beach Thomas argued in favour of protecting open spaces by creating national parks , for which he thought that the coastline would be the most suitable candidate . He stressed the relationship between the people and the land and saw a need for planning control to manage human ingress into areas that remained mostly untouched . In 1934 he supported the Nature Lovers Association in their appeal to make the mountainous Snowdonia region , near the coast of North Wales , such an entity . He also supported the Commons , Open Spaces and Footpaths Preservation Society .
In 1931 Beach Thomas lamented the inability of the National Farmers Union of England and Wales to arrest what he saw as the decline of the farming industry . In A Countryman 's Creed ( 1946 ) he harked back to a lost world , perhaps even a world that was more of his imagination than it ever was fact . As F. R. Leavis had done before him , Beach Thomas sought a rural revival to curtail what he perceived to be the rapid changes to traditional modes of living that had been evident in particular in the aftermath of the First World War and which were now ideologically challenged following the substantial victory of the socialist Labour Party in the 1945 general election . The new government was a threat to Beach Thomas 's view of the world because , in the words of literary critic Robert Hemmings , it saw the countryside " as merely a giant dairy and granary for the city . "
Beach Thomas was opposed to the use of the toothed steel trap for catching rabbits , supporting the RSPCA in its efforts to outlaw the device and noting that it both inflicted unnecessary pain and was indiscriminate in nature , sometimes trapping other animals such as domesticated cattle and pet dogs .
= = Personal life and death = =
Beach Thomas married Helen Dorothea Harcourt , a daughter of Augustus George Vernon Harcourt , in April 1900 , and with her had three sons and a daughter . One of the sons was killed while serving as a naval officer during the Second World War , predeceasing his parents . Helen survived her husband , who died on 12 May 1957 at their home , " High Trees " , Gustardwood , Wheathampstead , Hertfordshire . He was buried in the village churchyard . Among the obituaries to Beach Thomas were those published in Nature and The Times .
= = Books = =
Aside from his journalism , Beach Thomas wrote and contributed to many books , all published in London and some also in places such as New York . These include :
Athletics at School ( chapter in Athletics , ed . Montague Shearman , Longmans , Green & Co . : 1898 )
Athletics ( Ward , Lock & Co . : 1901 )
The Road to Manhood ( G. Allen : 1904 )
On Taking a House ( Edward Arnold : 1905 )
From a Hertfordshire Cottage ( Alston Rivers : 1908 )
Preface to C. D. McKay 's The French Garden : a diary and manual of intensive cultivation ( Associated Newspapers : 1908 , reprinted as The French Garden In England , 1909 )
Our Civic Life ( Alston Rivers : 1908 )
The English Year ( three volumes , co @-@ authored with A. K. Collett ; T. C. & E. C. Jack , 1913 – 14 )
With the British on the Somme ( Methuen : 1917 )
Birds Through The Year ( co @-@ authored with A. K. Collett ; T. C. & E. C. Jack , 1922 )
An Observer 's Twelvemonth ( Collins : 1923 )
A Traveller in News ( Chapman and Hall : 1925 )
England Becomes Prairie ( Ernest Benn : 1927 )
The Story of the ' Spectator ' ( Methuen : 1928 )
The Happy Village ( Ernest Benn : 1928 )
Events of the Great War ( G. Routledge & Sons : 1930 )
A Letter to My Dog ( G. Routledge & Sons : 1931 )
Why the Land Dies ( Faber & Faber : 1931 )
Introduction to Land and Life : The Economic National Policy for Agriculture ( Viscount Astor and Keith Murray . , Gollancz : 1932 )
The Yeoman 's England ( A. Maclehose & Co . : 1934 )
Village England ( A. Maclehose & Co . : 1935 )
The Squirrel 's Granary : A Countryman 's Anthology ( A. Maclehose & Co . : 1936 , republished by A. & C. Black in 1942 as A Countryman 's Anthology )
Hunting England : a survey of the sport and of its chief grounds etc ( B. T. Batsford : 1936 )
The Home Counties ( chapter in Britain and the Beast , ed . Clough Williams @-@ Ellis , B. T. Batsford : 1937 )
The English Landscape ( Country Life : 1938 )
The Way of a Countryman ( M. Joseph : 1944 )
The Poems of a Countryman ( M. Joseph : 1945 )
A Countryman 's Creed ( M. Joseph : 1946 )
In Praise of Flowers ( Evans Bros. : 1948 )
The English Counties Illustrated ( Odhams : 1948 , ed . C.E.M. Joad ; chapters on Hertfordshire and Huntingdonshire )
The Way of a Dog ( M. Joseph : 1948 )
Hertfordshire ( R. Hale : 1950 )
A Year in the Country ( A. Wingate : 1950 )
Gardens ( Burke : 1952 )
Introduction to The New Forest and Hampshire in Pictures ( Odhams : 1952 )
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= False catshark =
The false catshark or sofa shark ( Pseudotriakis microdon ) is a species of ground shark in the family Pseudotriakidae , and the sole member of its genus . It has a worldwide distribution , and has most commonly been recorded close to the bottom over continental and insular slopes , at depths of 500 – 1 @,@ 400 m ( 1 @,@ 600 – 4 @,@ 600 ft ) . Reaching 3 @.@ 0 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) in length , this heavy @-@ bodied shark can be readily identified by its elongated , keel @-@ like first dorsal fin . It has long , narrow eyes and a large mouth filled with numerous tiny teeth . It is usually dark brown in color , though a few are light gray .
With flabby muscles and a large oily liver , the false catshark is a slow @-@ moving predator and scavenger of a variety of fishes and invertebrates . It has a viviparous mode of reproduction , featuring an unusual form of oophagy in which the developing embryos consume ova or egg fragments released by the mother and use the yolk material to replenish their external yolk sacs for later use . This species typically gives birth to two pups at a time . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) presently lacks sufficient data to assess the conservation status of the false catshark . While neither targeted by fisheries nor commercially valuable , it is caught incidentally by longlines and bottom trawls , and its low reproductive rate may render it susceptible to population depletion .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The false catshark was first described by Portuguese ichthyologist Félix de Brito Capelo in the Jornal do Sciências Mathemáticas , Physicas e Naturaes in 1868 . He based his account on a 2 @.@ 3 m ( 7 @.@ 5 ft ) long adult male caught off Setubal , Portugal . Brito Capelo thought the specimen resembled a member of the genus Triakis , except lacking a nictitating membrane ( though it is now known that this species does in fact have this trait ) . Thus , he assigned it to the new genus Pseudotriakis , from the Greek pseudo ( " false " ) . At the time , Triakis was classified with the catsharks , hence " false catshark " . The specific name microdon comes from the Greek mikros ( " small " ) and odontos ( " tooth " ) . Other common names for this species are dumb shark ( from its Japanese name oshizame ) and keel @-@ dorsal shark .
Pacific populations of the false catshark were once regarded as a separate species , P. acrales . However , morphological comparisons have failed to find any consistent differences between P. microdon and P. acrales , leading to the conclusion that there is only one species of false catshark . The closest relatives of the false catshark are the gollumsharks ( Gollum ) . Pseudotriakis and Gollum share a number of morphological similarities . Phylogenetic analysis using protein @-@ coding genes has found that the amount of genetic divergence between these taxa is less than that between some other shark species within the same genus . This result suggests that the many autapomorphies ( unique traits ) of the false catshark evolved relatively recently , and supports the grouping of Pseudotriakis and Gollum together in the family Pseudotriakidae .
= = Description = =
Bulky and soft @-@ bodied , the false catshark has a broad head with a short , rounded snout . The nostrils have large flaps of skin on their anterior rims . The narrow eyes are over twice as long as high , and are equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes ; behind the eyes are large spiracles . The huge mouth is arched and bears short furrows at the corners . There are over two hundred rows of tiny teeth in each jaw , arranged in straight lines in the upper jaw and diagonal lines in the lower jaw ; each tooth has a pointed central cusp flanked by one or two smaller cusplets on either side . The five pairs of gill slits are fairly small .
The pectoral fins are small and rounded , with fin rays only near the base . The first dorsal fin is highly distinctive , being very long ( roughly equal to the caudal fin ) and low , resembling the keel of a ship ; it originates over the pectoral fin rear tips and terminates over the pelvic fin origins . The second dorsal fin is larger than , and originates ahead of , the anal fin ; both these fins are positioned very close to the caudal fin . The caudal fin has a long upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip , and an indistinct lower lobe . The dermal denticles are shaped like arrowheads with a central ridge , and are sparsely distributed on the skin . This species is typically plain dark brown in color , darkening at the fin margins . However , a few individuals are instead light gray with irregular darker mottling made from fine dots . The false catshark grows up to 3 @.@ 0 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) long and 125 kg ( 276 lb ) in weight .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Though rarely encountered , the false catshark has been caught from locations scattered around the world , indicating a wide circumglobal distribution . In the western Atlantic , it has been reported from Canada , the United States , Cuba , and Brazil . In the eastern Atlantic , it is known from the waters of Iceland , France , Portugal , and Senegal , as well as the islands of Madeira , the Azores , the Canaries , and Cape Verde . Records from the Indian Ocean have come from off Madagascar , the Aldabra Group , Mauritius , Indonesia , and Australia . In the Pacific Ocean , it has been documented from Japan , Taiwan , Indonesia , the Coral Sea , New Zealand , and the Hawaiian Islands .
Inhabiting continental and insular slopes , the false catshark mostly occurs between the depths of 500 and 1 @,@ 400 m ( 1 @,@ 600 and 4 @,@ 600 ft ) , though it has been recorded as deep as 1 @,@ 900 m ( 6 @,@ 200 ft ) . Individuals occasionally wander into relatively shallower waters over the continental shelf , perhaps following submarine canyons or suffering from an abnormal condition . The false catshark generally swims close to the sea floor and has been found at seamounts , troughs , and deepwater reefs .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The soft fins , skin , and musculature of the false catshark suggest a sluggish lifestyle . An enormous oil @-@ filled liver makes up 18 – 25 % of its total weight , allowing it to maintain near @-@ neutral buoyancy and hover off the bottom with little effort . This species likely captures prey via quick bursts of speed , with its large mouth allowing it to consume food of considerable size . It feeds mainly on bony fishes such as cutthroat eels , grenadiers , and snake mackerel , and also takes lanternsharks , squids , octopodes , and Heterocarpus shrimp . It likely also scavenges , as examination of stomach contents have found surface @-@ dwelling fishes such as frigate mackerel , needlefishes , and pufferfishes . One specimen caught off the Canary Islands had swallowed human garbage , including potatoes , a pear , a plastic bag , and a soft drink can . There is a record of a false catshark found with bite marks from a great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) .
Unusual among the ground sharks , the false catshark is viviparous with the developing embryos practicing intrauterine oophagy . Adult females have a single functional ovary , on the right , and two functional uteruses . A female 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) long was found to contain an estimated 20 @,@ 000 ova in her ovary , averaging 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 35 in ) across . During gestation , the developing embryos are initially nourished by yolk , and later transition to feeding on ova or egg fragments ovulated by the mother . Excess egg material ingested by the embryo is stored within its external yolk sac ; when close to birth , the embryo then transfers the yolk from the external yolk sac into an internal yolk sac to serve as a post @-@ birth food reserve . The typical litter size is two pups , one per uterus , though litters of four may be possible . The gestation period is probably longer than one year , possibly lasting two or three years . Newborns measure 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 5 m ( 3 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 9 ft ) long . Males and females probably mature sexually at around 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 6 m ( 6 @.@ 6 – 8 @.@ 5 ft ) and 2 @.@ 1 – 2 @.@ 5 m ( 6 @.@ 9 – 8 @.@ 2 ft ) long respectively .
= = Human interactions = =
The false catshark is an infrequent bycatch of longlines and bottom trawls . It has minimal economic value , though its meat , fins , and liver oil may be utilized . In Okinawa , its oil is traditionally used to seal the hulls of wooden fishing boats . Like other deepwater sharks , this species is thought to be highly susceptible to overfishing due to its slow reproductive rate . However , it is rarely caught and there is no information available on its population . Therefore , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed it as Data Deficient .
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= Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) =
" Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead . The band wrote and recorded the song as a tribute to the British supercentenarian Harry Patch , the last surviving soldier to have fought in the trenches during World War I. The song was self @-@ released on 5 August 2009 as a downloadable single and sold for £ 1 from the band 's website , with all proceeds donated to The Royal British Legion .
Recorded in an abbey shortly after Patch 's death , the song consists of Thom Yorke 's singing and a string arrangement composed by Jonny Greenwood , absent of Radiohead 's typical mix of rock and electronic instrumentation . The lyrics are from the perspective of a soldier in the First World War , and include modifications of quotations from Patch . While reception to the song was generally positive , with many critics praising the song 's message , others panned the song as overly sombre . The Patch family voiced their approval of the song 's message and the band 's charitable use of the proceeds .
= = Recording and music = =
According to a post by Yorke on Radiohead 's blog Dead Air Space , " Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " was inspired by a " very emotional " 2005 interview with Harry Patch on the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 . Yorke wrote that " The way he talked about war had a profound effect on me . " The song was recorded live in an abbey , only a few weeks before Patch died on 25 July 2009 at the age of 111 . Along with follow @-@ up single " These Are My Twisted Words " , " Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " represents the earliest releases from the recording sessions that would result in Radiohead 's next album , The King of Limbs , although neither song is included on that album .
The song has no standard rock instrumentation , and instead comprises an orchestral string arrangement composed by Jonny Greenwood and Yorke 's vocals . Strings introduce the song with a series of repeated arpeggiated notes , which continue as Yorke 's singing begins . There is a bridge described as a " grim , delicately furious peak " halfway through the song . Pitchfork Media 's Mark Richardson compared the track to Gavin Bryars ' 1971 composition Jesus ' Blood Never Failed Me Yet and Samuel Barber 's 1936 Adagio for Strings . Critics from Rolling Stone , The Village Voice , and The Daily Telegraph drew comparisons between the song 's string arrangements and the score to the film There Will Be Blood , primarily composed by Greenwood ; however , Jim Fusilli of The Wall Street Journal believed that the two works " [ bear ] no resemblance " to each other . Andrea Rice of American Songwriter simply noted that the song 's style was far removed from " anything emblematic of Radiohead " .
While Radiohead has expressed anti @-@ war sentiments in the past — including a contribution to the 1995 War Child charity compilation The Help Album — " Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " marks the first time that a Radiohead song explicitly refers to war in its lyrics . For this reason , the song marks a departure from Yorke 's typically abstract writing . The lyrics are from the perspective of a soldier in the midst of First World War trench warfare . Several of the lines , including " Give your leaders each a gun and then let them fight it out themselves " and " The next will be chemical but they will never learn " , are adapted from quotations by Patch . Both Luke Lewis of NME and Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly compared the lyrics to Wilfred Owen 's First World War @-@ era poem Dulce et Decorum est . Rice referred to Yorke 's voice in the song as an " innocent and youthful falsetto " and the NME said his singing is " subdued to the point where you really need to read the lyrics " .
= = Release = =
" Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " premiered on BBC Radio 4 's Today programme on the morning of 5 August 2009 , one day before Patch 's burial . It became available for purchase later that day on Radiohead 's online store W.A.S.T.E. as a download for £ 1 , or US $ 1 @.@ 68 at the time of release . All proceeds from the song are donated to The Royal British Legion , a charity supporting those who are serving or have served in the British Armed Forces . The track can also be streamed from the Today section of BBC Online , where it was posted along with a description and the lyrics . Based on internet traffic data for Radiohead 's website taken from Alexa Internet , The Guardian 's Chris Salmon believed that if the single had been released conventionally it would have likely cracked the UK Singles Chart 's top ten .
The song 's unconventional release , carried out " in classic Radiohead fashion " according to Mehan Jayasuriya of PopMatters , was praised by The Guardian 's John Harris : " Welcome , once again , to the future of popular music : no need for albums , or marketing campaigns , or grand announcements — just a song by Radiohead , recorded mere weeks ago , premiered on yesterday 's Today programme , and now available to download . " Caleb Garning of Wired noted the song 's " abrupt creation " and the sudden announcement of The King of Limbs as part of Radiohead 's move towards an unpredictable release schedule for new recorded material . In a feature for The Quietus , Wyndham Wallace argues that the track 's release is in line with broader music industry trends towards " instant gratification " , kick @-@ started by the digital release of Radiohead 's previous album In Rainbows .
= = Reception = =
Critical reception was generally positive . Jim Fusilli of The Wall Street Journal referred to the song as " a masterly achievement " , highlighting Yorke 's " eerie " vocals and Greenwood 's " elegant " arrangement , and concluding that " with Radiohead , the unexpected isn 't merely a ploy . It 's a new approach to modern music that 's often thrilling . " Dan Martin of The Guardian described the song as " a desolate lament over bleak , circling strings that build as the song progresses " and wrote that " considering the solemnity of the subject , the song finds Radiohead at their most understated and serene " . Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly called the song " a gorgeous anti @-@ war ballad " and said that " Needless to say , it 's very much worth any Radiohead fan 's pound , regardless of the exchange rate . " NME named the track as one of the ten best tracks of the week and called it an " elegaic " , " affecting , slow @-@ burn statement " that " rather than hectoring , [ ... ] states simply the horrors of war that Patch spoke so movingly about " .
Critic Allan Raible of ABC News compared the song to earlier Radiohead songs " How to Disappear Completely " and " Pyramid Song " and called it " one of the most beautiful compositions Thom Yorke and company have ever released . " Richardson gave the song a score of seven out of ten in Pitchfork 's song review feature The Playlist , and wrote that while it could be criticized as " a noble but failed experiment , overly maudlin and sentimental even if it is surface @-@ level pretty " , the song 's " simplicity and unsubtle affect , especially coming from this band , wind up being strengths . " In a later column , Richardson would further defend the song from charges of excessive sentimentality and attributes the song 's emotional success to its severe subject , death : " If these pieces were connected to thoughts of breaking up with a girlfriend or getting fired or lamenting cold weather or any of a million other of life 's tragedies , they wouldn 't work , at least not in the same way . They need that huge weight [ of death ] [ ... ] on the other end to balance them out . " Kyle Anderson of MTV.com called the song a " slow , florid affair " and placed its " typically dark " lyrics in the context of Radiohead 's previous political activism , such as their participation in the anti @-@ human trafficking MTV EXIT campaign .
Praise for the song was not universal . Rob Harvilla of Village Voice wrote that the track offered " nothing terribly earth @-@ shattering " and thought that " the contrast between Thom 's dolphin @-@ soothing calm and lyrics like ' I 've seen hell upon this earth / The next one will be chemical / But they will never learn ' might just ruin your lunch . " David Malitz of The Washington Post complained : " It 's a little too Sigur Ros @-@ y and doesn 't really go anywhere " but acknowledged it " [ s ] till kept my interest for five and half minutes " .
Patch 's grandson Roger Patch voiced his family 's approval of the song , saying :
" Our family is very touched that Radiohead has reached out to its followers and especially the younger generation through the single that echoes Harry 's interview in 2005 . Harry loved music and would be 100 per cent behind Radiohead in raising awareness of the suffering of conflict — not least the futility of it — in a way that can also benefit the Legion . It 's a great idea which we support wholeheartedly . "
Peter Cleminson , national chairman of The Royal British Legion , thanked Radiohead for their support and said " Radiohead has picked up the torch from Harry Patch to hold it high . [ ... ] Radiohead uses Harry 's own words to remind us of the horrors of war , and we believe Harry would be pleased . "
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= NSB El 18 =
NSB El 18 is a class of 22 electric locomotives built by Adtranz and Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works ( SLM ) for the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) . The class is a modification of the Swiss Federal Railways Re 460 locomotive and built at Adtranz Strømmen in 1996 and 1997 . The class remains the only mainline electric locomotive used by NSB , and is predominantly used on some intercity services and all night trains on the Bergen Line , Dovre Line and Sørland Line , as well as some regional trains .
The locomotives are 18 @.@ 5 metres ( 61 ft ) long and weigh 83 tonnes ( 82 long tons ; 91 short tons ) . They have three @-@ phase asynchronous motors with a maximum power output of 5 @,@ 880 kilowatts ( 7 @,@ 890 hp ) , giving a tractive effort of 275 kilonewtons ( 62 @,@ 000 lbf ) and a maximum speed of 200 km / h ( 120 mph ) . They have a Bo 'Bo ' wheel arrangement and regenerative brakes . The exterior was designed by Pininfarina and the cabs have pressurization . The units are numbered 2241 through 2262 .
= = History = =
During the early 1990s , NSB was in need of new electric haulage for their passenger trains , as both classes El 11 and El 13 were in need of replacement . El 17 , the latest purchase , had proved unreliable , and NSB wanted to remove them from mainline service . In 1993 , Re 460 and EuroSprinter locomotives were tested in Norway , with the Re 460 being tested from 28 August through 8 October . NSB was satisfied with both units , and stated that it would be possible to increase the train weight on the intercity services from 700 to 800 t ( 690 to 790 long tons ; 770 to 880 short tons ) . During the first half of 1994 , NSB leased two Re 460s to have sufficient locomotives for operation during the 1994 Winter Olympics .
When the deadline for bids for the units was reached on 8 May 1994 , five bids had been received . GEC Alsthom offered a modification of the French SNCF Class BB 36000 and AEG offered a variation of the German prototype 12X . Siemens offered two models , the EuroSprinter and an adaptation of the Austrian ÖBB Class 1014 . Siemens ' proposal for the former was branded Dovresprinter and was a cooperation between Kværner and NSB 's workshop at Sundland in Drammen . Siemens would deliver the overall design and electrical components , Kværner would build the mechanical components and the assembly would occur in Drammen . The final offer was from Asea Brown Boveri ( ABB , which by delivery would merge to become Adtranz ) and SLM for " Lok 2000 " , a modification of the Swiss Re 460 .
Prior to the final negotiations , union representatives for the train drivers stated that Lok 2000 was their preference , and that NSB could expect a dispute if they chose a different model . The representatives stated that they were " tired of experimenting with Norwegian solutions " . Another important aspect for NSB was that as much of the production as possible take place in Norway . The final negotiations were made with ABB / SLM and AEG and on 2 September , and NSB approved the agreement with ABB / SLM for a purchase of 22 units . The contract was signed on 27 September , and the 22 units cost approximately 700 million Norwegian krone .
NSB considered ordering the units with support for both the Norwegian and Swedish 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC system , and the Danish 25 kV 50 Hz AC system . This would have allowed the trains to operate directly to Denmark via the Øresund Bridge , which was then under construction . The dual @-@ voltage system was dropped during the procurement process , but NSB stated that if they needed such units , compatibility could be provided in future orders of the class . The units were built by Adtranz Strømmen at Strømmen outside Oslo , and delivered between 3 September 1996 and 12 June 1997 . The units are numbered 2241 through 2262 . When entering service , the locomotives replaced NSB 's oldest units , El 13 , which were then retired . This reduced NSB 's average locomotive age from 31 to 18 1 ⁄ 2 years at the time of the end of the delivery .
During 1997 , there were five incidents where NSB 's Nordic Mobile Telephone equipment interfered with the locomotive 's electronics , causing the emergency brakes to activate . This caused a temporary halt until the motorman had unlocked the brakes . The problem was fixed by moving NSB 's mobile senders . The units were taken into use on the Bergen Line from 5 January 1997 . Later they entered into use on the Dovre and Sørland Lines , and then on regional trains around Oslo , such as the Vestfold Line . In August 1998 , NSB stated that El 18 used more power than some of the substation transformers along the line could handle , particularly along the Vestfold Line . Part of the problem was caused by a mechanism in the locomotives whereby the motor was turned off if the wheels spin . The result was that the full power output of the El 18 along parts of the railway network could not be utilized .
= = Specifications = =
The locomotives have a maximum power output of 5 @,@ 880 kW ( 7 @,@ 890 hp ) , and are capable of a continual power output of 5 @,@ 400 kW ( 7 @,@ 200 hp ) . This gives a maximum speed of 200 km / h ( 120 mph ) and a tractive effort of 275 kN ( 62 @,@ 000 lbf ) . The locomotive is fed 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC power from the pantograph . This is then converted to direct current before being converted to three @-@ phase electricity through one of three gate turn @-@ off thyristors . Each bogie has three rectifiers , each connected to a transformer that is again connected to two inverters . The motors are three @-@ phase asynchronous motors located in the bogie frame and equipped with regenerative brakes . There is also an auxiliary three @-@ phase power supply which powers the compressor , pumps , ventilators and other auxiliary equipment , operated by four separate inverters . The controller is a 16 @-@ bit microprocessor that communicates using optical fibre cables . The rectifier , auxiliary rectifiers , controllers and the error and diagnostic system is of the same type as used on the NSB Class 70 multiple units .
Each unit weighs 83 t ( 82 long tons ; 91 short tons ) . The body is 18 @,@ 500 millimeters ( 60 ft 8 in ) long , 3 @,@ 000 mm ( 9 ft 10 in ) wide and 4 @,@ 322 mm ( 14 ft 2 @.@ 2 in ) tall . The center distance between the bogies is 11 @,@ 000 mm ( 36 ft 1 in ) and the center wheel distance in the bogies is 2 @,@ 800 mm ( 9 ft 2 in ) . The wheel diameter is 1 @,@ 125 mm ( 3 ft 8 @.@ 3 in ) — this is 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) larger than the Re 460 . The El 18 has a Knorr HSM mechanical braking system , but unlike the Swiss versions does not have a rail brake . The design of the locomotive was by the Italian company Pininfarina . The machine room is designed with a center aisle , the driver 's cabs have pressurization applied to avoid air pressure dropping when running through tunnels , and the cabs are equipped with air conditioning .
El 18 is a modification of the Swiss Re 460 . The class was originally built in 119 units from 1992 to 1995 for the Swiss State Railways , where it was given the brand Lok 2000 . It was part of a project to create a series of new intercity locomotives and cars . Bern – Lötschberg – Simplon @-@ Bahn received eight units in 1994 ( as Re 465 ) , the Finnish State Railways received 46 units between the years 1995 @-@ 2003 ( as Sr2 ) and the Kowloon – Canton Railway Corporation received 2 units in 1997 . The units are designed to haul heavy passenger trains along existing curved railways at high speeds . It is designed as a universal locomotive , so it is also suitable for freight trains .
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= Tropical Storm Hermine ( 1980 ) =
Tropical Storm Hermine caused significant flooding in Mexico during September 1980 . The eleventh tropical cyclone and eight named storm of the 1980 Atlantic hurricane season , Hermine developed from a tropical wave that emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 11 . After uneventfully crossing the Atlantic Ocean , the system developed a well @-@ defined circulation while in the Caribbean Sea on September 20 and was then classified as a tropical depression . After becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression steadily strengthened as it tracked nearly due westward . By September 21 , it strengthened into Tropical Storm Hermine and brushed the northern coast of Honduras shortly thereafter . It nearly became a hurricane before it made landfall in Belize on September 22 . After weakening over the Yucatan Peninsula , Hermine restrengthened to near @-@ hurricane status again over the Gulf of Mexico before making landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz . Hermine steadily weakened inland and eventually dissipated on September 26 .
In Belize , the storm knocked out communications , though damage in that country was minimal . Heavy rainfall in Guatemala triggered landslides , causing eight fatalities . Additionally , portions of the Pan @-@ American Highway were shut down due to flooding . In Mexico , many areas reported at least 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of precipitation , while a few locations experience more than 30 inches ( 760 mm ) of rain . At the capital city of Mexico City , ten districts reported significant street flooding . As a result of torrential rainfall , at least 30 fatalities occurred , with dozens more missing , and leaving 25 @,@ 000 homeless . However , no estimates of damage associated with the storm were produced .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 11 , though the system lacked a well @-@ defined circulation . The tropical wave tracked westward for several days with minimal development , until reaching near the Lesser Antilles where a low @-@ level cloud banding feature appeared , along with an increase in central convection . This suggested a possible low @-@ level circulation , though an Air Force Reserve Flight on September 17 indicated little evidence of a circulation . On the following day , the system crossed the Lesser Antilles and entered the Caribbean Sea . As it passed near Jamaica on September 20 , a low @-@ level circulation became more apparent on satellite imagery . It is estimated that Tropical Depression Eleven developed at 1200 UTC on that day , while it was centered about 240 miles ( 385 km ) south of Kingston , Jamaica . However , the National Hurricane Center did not initiate advisories until 2200 UTC on September 20 . The depression tracked just north of due west , and by September 21 , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Hermine .
Later on September 21 , Hermine passed only 5 miles ( 8 km ) offshore of northeast Honduras . An Air Force Reserve flight investigated if landfall occurred , though Hermine had remained offshore . After the storm moved to the northwest away from Honduras , it began to significantly strengthen . By September 22 , maximum sustained winds had increased to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Shortly thereafter , Hermine made landfall near Belize City at the same intensity . The storm weakened somewhat over the Yucatán Peninsula , and sustained winds were 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) when Hermine emerged into the Bay of Campeche on September 23 . The storm quickly began to re @-@ strengthen as it tracked generally westward in the Gulf of Mexico . Although several computer models suggested a northward turn , Hermine drifted southwestward , possibly due to high terrain over Mexico . Hermine attained its peak intensity with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 993 mbar ( 29 @.@ 3 inHg ) early on September 24 , as measured by reconnaissance aircraft . After peak intensity , Hermine weakened slightly to a 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) tropical storm . At 1200 UTC on September 24 , the storm made landfall near Coatzacoalcos , Veracruz , Mexico . Hermine steadily weakened inland and by late 1500 UTC on September 25 , it was downgraded to a tropical depression . Later that day , the National Hurricane Center noted that a low @-@ level circulation could no longer be located , and by early on the following day , Hermine dissipated over the Mexican state of Oaxaca .
= = Impact = =
On September 21 , the government of Belize issued a gale warning , as well as a hurricane watch , for most of the eastern coast of the country . It was canceled after Tropical Storm Hermine had moved inland . In eastern Mexico , an estimated 15 @,@ 000 people evacuated from low @-@ lying areas . Additionally , the Government of Mexico sent " advices " to " interests " in the Yucatan Peninsula . Officials in Mexico urged numerous residents along the southern Gulf of Mexico coast and surrounding states to evacuate prior to the storm 's arrival . Timely warnings were later credited for reducing the loss of life .
While crossing the southern Yucatán Peninsula , Hermine brought locally heavy rains and strong winds to eastern Mexico and much of Belize – then a colony of the United Kingdom . Between 9 and 10 inches ( 230 and 250 mm ) of rain fell at the Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport . In Quintana Roo , more than 7 in ( 180 mm ) of precipitation fell in localized areas , leading to floods . The storm also temporarily knocked out communication to all of Belize and Chetumal , Mexico . According to officials in the region , little damage took place during Hermine 's passage . Heavy rains in Guatemala triggered landslides , killing at least eight people after crushing a bus . Portions of the Pan American Highway were shut down due to debris .
Tropical Storm Hermine and the remnants caused heavy rainfall across along most of the southern and eastern parts of Mexico . Rainfall totals from Hermine peaked at 31 @.@ 15 in ( 791 mm ) in San Pedro Tapanatepec , Oaxaca . When the remnants of Hermine reached the Pacific coast of Mexico , several inches of rain were recorded . Throughout the country , the hardest hit areas were Veracruz , Oaxaca , Chiapas and Guerrero . More than 30 people were killed by the storm and dozens more left missing . Ten districts in Mexico City were brought to a standstill as flood waters blocked off streets . In the small towns of Cintalapa and Jiquiplan , flooding killed eight people and left twenty more missing . In addition to the loss of life , at least 25 @,@ 000 residents were left homeless due to severe flooding . Two small dams broke due to excessive rains near Tuxtla Gutiérrez , prompting the evacuation of 2 @,@ 000 residents in nearby areas . In response to the storm , an estimated 15 @,@ 000 personnel were deployed to assist in relief efforts .
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= Attack on the USNS Card =
The Attack on the USNS Card was a Viet Cong operation during the Vietnam War . It took place in the port of Saigon in the early hours of May 2 , 1964 , and mounted by commandos from the 65th Special Operations Group ( Đội Biệt động 65 ) .
The Card was first commissioned into the United States Navy during World War II , playing a significant role in destroying German Navy submarines as the flagship of Task Group 21 @.@ 14 . Decommissioned in 1945 , the Card was reactivated in 1958 and entered service with the Military Sea Transport Service , transporting military equipment to South Vietnam as part of the United States military commitment to that country .
With the USNS Card a regular visitor to the port , it became a target for local Viet Cong commando units . Shortly after midnight on May 2 , 1964 , two Viet Cong commandos climbed out of the sewer tunnel near the area where the Card was anchored , and they attached two loads of explosives to the ship ’ s hull . The attack was a success and the Card sank 48 feet , and five civilian crew members were killed by the explosions . The ship was refloated 17 days later , and was towed to the Philippines for repairs .
= = Background = =
The USNS Card was a Bogue class escort carrier that had served in the United States Navy with distinction . The Card ’ s hull was laid down on October 27 , 1941 ; originally intended as a cargo ship , the ship was reclassified ACV @-@ 11 and converted into an escort carrier with a displacement of 9 @,@ 800 tons . On July 15 , 1943 , the Card was reclassified CVE @-@ 11 and became the flagship of Task Group 21 @.@ 14 ( TG21.14 ) , a hunter @-@ killer group formed to destroy German submarines in the North Atlantic . During the periods between July and November , the Card ’ s aircraft and the escort vessels of TG21.14 destroyed a total of five German submarines . On November 11 , 1943 , the Card and her escort destroyers were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for their success as part of TG21.14 , and the Card became the first escort carrier to receive such an award for combating German submarines . By the end of World War II , the Card and her aircraft destroyed a total of 11 German submarines , which made it the second most successful ship of its class .
After 1945 the Card was decommissioned and briefly put out of service when it was transferred to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet . On May 16 , 1958 , the Card re @-@ entered service with the Military Sea Transport Service , under the control of the United States Navy . The ship was manned by a civilian crew and was prefixed " USNS " ( United States Naval Ship ) instead of " USS " ( United States Ship ) as it was in service but not commissioned . With the war 's escalation , the United States government stepped up military support for South Vietnam 's fight against the Communist National Liberation Front ( also known as the Viet Cong ) . On December 15 , 1961 , the USNS Card left Quonset Point , Rhode Island , with a cargo of H @-@ 21 Shawnee helicopters and U.S. soldiers from Fort Devens , Massachusetts , bound for Vietnam . At Subic Bay in the Philippines , the cargo and troops were transferred to the USS Princeton , which arrived and unloaded off the coast of Da Nang the following month .
From 1961 onwards , the Card and the USNS Core regularly docked in Saigon to unload heavy artillery , M @-@ 113 armored personnel carriers , aircraft , helicopters and ammunition for the South Vietnamese government . The Port of Saigon was situated between the Te and Ben Nghe Canals , and was about 700 meters ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) wide from one side to the other . To facilitate the arrival of the Card and other American ships which pulled into Saigon , the South Vietnamese military often deployed navy vessels to conduct patrols around the port , while the surrounding shores were protected by an elite Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( " ARVN " ) airborne battalion . The port itself was guarded round the clock by South Vietnamese police , as undercover South Vietnamese agents operated across the river in the Thu Thiem area to disrupt Viet Cong activities there . Undeterred by the level of protection which the South Vietnamese government normally afforded to American ships , Tran Hai Phung — commander of the Viet Cong ’ s Saigon @-@ Gia Dinh Military District — ordered the 65th Special Operations Group to attack the USNS Card .
= = Sinking of the USNS Card = =
= = = Failed attempt on the USNS Core = = =
Despite their best efforts to control Viet Cong activities across the river in the Thu Thiem area , the South Vietnamese military and police could not stop Viet Cong agents from operating there . So Viet Cong members of the 65th Special Operations Group were able to watch U.S. and South Vietnamese military activities at the port , while they were preparing to attack American targets . Lam Son Nao , a commando of the 65th Special Operations Group , was also an employee at the port facility . As his unit was assigned with the mission to attack the American escort carrier , Nao took advantage of his position as an employee at the port facility , to reconnoitre the Card to design the best strategy to sabotage the ship and all the military hardware on board . Nao ’ s father had previously worked at the port facility as a tradesman , so he memorised all the underground tunnels and sewerage systems which ran in and out of the facility . He advised Nao that the best way to enter the area where the American ships normally anchored , was via the sewer tunnel opposite Thu Thiem .
On one occasion while he was bathing in the Saigon River , Nao decided to inspect the sewer tunnel which his father had advised him to use . Nao concluded that the tunnel would provide the best way to get in and out of the American area , but using it also presented challenges . The sewerage tunnel contained both wastes and toxic oils which could cause blindness , so Nao and his men would have to close their eyes as they move through the tunnel , in order to avoid blindness . Furthermore , Nao and his men must wash their bodies to get rid of the deadly odours to avoid detection , and probably arrest , by South Vietnamese authorities . After Nao had surveyed the tunnels which lead into the port , he presented his plan of attack to the Saigon @-@ Gia Dinh Military District Headquarters . Nao decided to utilise high explosives , enough to sink a ship , and detonate it using a timer so that his men could get away safely . Nao ’ s superiors approved the plan , and they ordered him to launch the attack before sunrise to avoid killing local Vietnamese civilians .
Nao then returned to Saigon and began assembling the equipment required for the attack which included C4 plastic explosives , TNT , wires , mine detonators and batteries . Nao also trained new commandos , namely Nguyen Phu Hung and Nguyen Van Cay , to support his operation . To ensure that his operation would go smoothly , Nao measured the height , length and width of the sewer tunnel to assemble the bomb devices to the right size , so it could be carried through the tunnel unhindered . Towards the end of 1963 , Nao received news that the Card had arrived in Saigon with another load of armoured personnel carriers , artillery and aircraft . But the aircraft carrier turned out to be the sister @-@ ship the USNS Core . On the evening of December 29 , 1963 , Nao and Cay managed to carry their bomb devices through the sewer tunnel which had about 80 kilograms ( 180 lb ) of explosives . The commandos attached the explosives to Core ’ s hull , set the timer and retreated back into the sewer to wait for the outcome .
However , the bombs failed to explode as planned , because the battery had expired due to long periods of storage . Determined the operation would remain a secret , the commandos snuck back to the Core and retrieved the explosive devices . Not long afterwards , the Core and its crew sailed out of Saigon , intact without any damage . Nao , on the other hand , reported the failure of his mission to the Saigon @-@ Gia Dinh Military District Headquarters ; his superiors did not express disappointment in the failure of the operation , but instead they encouraged Nao and his men to destroy the Card at all costs . Finally on May 1 , 1964 , Viet Cong reconnaissance teams spotted the USNS Card sailed through Ganh Rai Bay and entered Long Tau River , so they immediately reported the information to the 65th Special Operations Group in Saigon . As usual , the Card docked at the commercial port district in the city to unload another shipment of cargo and military helicopters , as well as upload a batch of helicopters scheduled to be returned to the United States .
= = = Successful attack = = =
When Nao received news the Card had arrived in Saigon , he inspected the equipment which now included a new battery and a redesigned bomb . Again , Nao decided to set off the bombs during the early hours of May 2 , so that he and his fellow operative could escape safely and avoid inflicting casualties on the local population . But due to illness , Cay declined to take part in the operation , so Hung had to replace him . At around 9am on May 1 , Nao rushed to Hung ’ s home , where the latter was given a hand grenade and was notified of an upcoming operation without much detail . At 6pm , after Nao had finished unloading the bombs onto one canoe , he and Hung traveled down the Saigon River in two separate canoes , towards the commercial port district . Both men than pulled over in the Thu Thiem area , to avoid detection from South Vietnamese authorities by intermingling with the local workers who lived there . While waiting for the right time , Nao briefed Hung on the objectives of the operation , which was to sink the largest American ship at the Saigon Port , and promptly report the results back to headquarters .
Shortly after 6 : 30pm as both men headed towards Warehouse Number 0 at the commercial port district , a police patrol boat spotted them and quickly gave chase . Nao than ordered Hung to throw the hand grenade and both men would retreat towards the local village , if their bombs were discovered by the police . The police patrol stopped about 20 meters ( 66 ft ) away from Nao ’ s canoe , and the patrol boat commander questioned both men about their activities during that time of the evening . In response , Nao claimed that he and Hung intended to go to the other side of the river , to buy some new clothes at the market . To avoid delaying the operation , Nao bribed the patrol boat commander 1000 Vietnamese dong , as the South Vietnamese police were widely known for their corruption . When the patrol boat commander received the bribe , he gave both Nao and Hung permission to move on but demanded another bribe when they return . When the commandos arrived at the sewer tunnel , they assembled the bomb device with each man carrying 40 kilograms ( 88 lb ) of explosives down through the tunnel .
Once the commandos finally got out of the tunnel , they both swam towards the broadside of the Card which anchored near the opening of the sewer . As planned , Nao and Hung attached two bombs on the ship , with one near the bilge and one at the engine compartment , just above the water surface . After the bombs had been attached to the Card ’ s hull , Nao inspected both bombs to ensure they had been assembled properly . After that Nao stuck the battery onto a pole and connected it to the bombs with wires , then set the timer . At 1.10am , the bombs were completed and both commandos retreated back into the sewer tunnel , and climbed into their canoes on the other side and rowed back to Thu Thiem . Again , the police patrol boat was waiting for Nao and Hung to arrive , because the commander wanted another bribe . As Nao and Hung approached the patrol boat , an explosion was heard and a bright light could be seen in the commercial port area . The South Vietnamese police patrol boat than started its engine and raced towards the Card , instead of extracting another bribe .
= = Aftermath = =
For the Viet Cong commandos of the 65th Special Operations Group , the explosion on the Card signalled a successful mission . By the time the sun rose over Saigon , the Card had sunk 48 feet ( 15 m ) into the river with its engine compartment completely flooded . Furthermore , five American civilians who worked on the ship died as a result of the attack . Due to the rapid response from the ship ’ s crew and the local authorities , flooding inside the ship was quickly stopped and it was stabilized . An inspection later revealed that the explosion had torn open a hole which measured 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) long and 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) high , on the starboard side of the ship . In the days that followed , five U.S. Navy divers were deployed to Saigon from the Philippines , in addition to several salvage teams from U.S. bases in Japan and the Military Sea Transport Service Command . Amongst the divers was founding US Navy Seals member Roy Boehm , who claimed to have recovered the remains of a Hagerson Demolition Pack , a specialised explosive charge used by US navy frogmen . Bohem speculated that the explosives used in the attack had actually been stolen from his own South Vietnamese Navy unit by a group of deserters who had been mistreated by a South Vietnamese officer .
The USS Reclaimer rescue and salvage ship , which was heading for the Philippines at the time , was ordered to change course and sailed for Saigon . Meanwhile , the tug boat USS Tawakoni based at Subic Bay in the Philippines was placed on standby , and later received similar orders to head for South Vietnam . Upon their arrival in Saigon , U.S. Navy divers and salvage teams tried to pump water out from the Card ’ s flooded compartments , but their initial attempts were hindered by a combination of malfunctions in the pumping equipment , and the poor diving conditions in the river . Ultimately it took the salvors 17 days to refloat the Card , and when that was completed they began the process of moving the ship out of Saigon by installing a 6 @-@ inch pump and a load of generators inside the Card to get rid of excess water while at sea . The Reclaimer and the Tawakoni then towed the damaged Card out of Saigon , and headed for Subic Bay where it underwent further repairs .
Shortly after the Card was sunk , North Vietnam made full use of the incident for propaganda purposes . On October 20 , 1964 , the North Vietnamese government issued a postage stamp which proclaimed an " Aircraft Carrier of America sunk in the Harbor of Saigon " , to praise the Viet Cong commandos who carried out the attack . The U.S. Navy refused to admit the Card had been sunk even for a brief period of time , instead it simply stated the Card was damaged and quickly repaired . For the remainder of 1964 , the Viet Cong launched further attacks on U.S. targets such as the Brinks Hotel and Bien Hoa Air Base , but there were no significant responses from the U.S. military . The Card was returned to service by 11 December 1964 and remained in service until 1970 , when she was placed into the Reserve Fleet .
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= Typhoon Nelson ( 1985 ) =
Typhoon Nelson , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ibiang , was the worst tropical cyclone to affect Southern China in 16 years . Typhoon Nelson , which developed on August 16 , originated from an area of thunderstorm activity well east of the Philippines . It gradually intensified over the next several days while moving northwest . Nelson reached typhoon intensity early on August 20 and two days later , attained peak intensity before turning west . The cyclone brushed northern Taiwan early on August 23 after weakening slightly . Nelson then briefly restrengthened to peak intensity . During the afternoon of August 23 , it made landfall in eastern China before dissipating on August 25 .
Nelson brought heavy rains to Taiwan . Approximately 900 @,@ 000 families were left without power and 100 @,@ 000 telephone lines lost service . More than 20 @,@ 000 trees were uprooted . Across the country , five people were killed . Affecting a country already inundated by summer rains , Typhoon Nelson brought additional flooding and significant damage to much of Southern China . There , the storm killed 48 individuals and hurt 329 others . More than 5 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed while another 6 @,@ 000 were damaged . Around 2 @,@ 000 travelers were stranded due to flooding . Throughout China , losses from the storm totaled to $ 53 million ( 1985 USD ) .
= = Meteorological history = =
The origins of Nelson can be traced back to a small and disorganized , but persistent area of disturbed weather , which was first observed on August 15 . At this time , the convection was located 280 km ( 175 mi ) northwest of Saipan . Initially , the system was located near the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) , which enhanced the disturbance 's convection . The disturbance was also located near a cold core upper @-@ level low and a tropical upper @-@ tropospheric trough ( TUTT ) . By 0300 UTC on August 15 , the system had become slightly more organized . Three hours later , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) started watching the system . Thereafter , a dramatic increase in convection occurred over the northeast quadrant of the system . As such , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) started watching the system early on August 16 . Several hours later , a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) was issued , even though a Hurricane Hunter aircraft did not locate a surface circulation . Early on August 17 , the TCFA was re @-@ issued . That afternoon , the disturbance became more organized , with classifications via the Dvorak technique yielding winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . Based on this , both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded the disturbance into Tropical Storm Nelson .
During the evening , a Hurricane Hunter aircraft reported a barometric pressure of 989 mbar ( 30 inHg ) ; however , they noted that the strongest winds were 170 km ( 105 mi ) north @-@ northwest from the center . Early on August 18 , data from another aircraft also noted that a subtropical ridge had extended west of Nelson ; consequently , the JTWC correctly anticipated Nelson to move west @-@ northwest . At midday , the JMA upgraded Nelson to a severe tropical storm . Subsequently , data from the JMA indicated that Nelson began to level off in intensity as the stronger winds remained displaced form the center . However , the JTWC upgraded Nelson to typhoon intensity following Hurricane Hunter reports of a 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) eye , winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , and a pressure of 979 mbar ( 28 @.@ 9 inHg ) . At 0000 UTC on August 20 , the JMA estimated that Nelson attained typhoon strength , with winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) . Nearing Taiwan , Nelson once again held on to its intensity for 36 hours before strengthening slightly . Late on August 21 , the JTWC announced that Nelson reached peak intensity , with 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) , equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the United States @-@ based Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale ( SSHWS ) . Early on August 22 , the JMA reported that Nelson attained peak winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) .
Shortly after its peak , the storm weakened slightly thereafter as the typhoon passed between the Yaeyama Islands and the Miyako Islands . According to the JMA , the storm re @-@ attained peak intensity at 0000 UTC on August 23 . At this time , the agency assessed the pressure of the system at 955 mbar ( 28 @.@ 2 inHg ) . Shortly thereafter , Nelson skirted northern Taiwan , passing 45 km ( 30 mi ) from Taipei . After entering the Formosa Strait , the storm moved ashore southwest of Fuchou at 1400 UTC on August 23 . At the time of landfall , the JMA estimated winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . By August 25 , both the JMA and JTWC had ceased tracking Nelson , as it had moved inland over China .
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Taiwan = = =
Due to the threat of Nelson , a typhoon warning was issued for the island . After the storm battered the island , rail and street traffic in the northern part of the island was halted due to mudslides . Both Chiang Kai @-@ shek International Airport and the Taipei Songshan Airport in Taipei were closed for about 12 hours . Approximately 900 @,@ 000 families were left without electrical service and 100 @,@ 000 telephone lines were disrupted . Water supplies in many areas were also affected and about 20 @,@ 000 trees in Taipei were damaged . As much as 440 mm ( 17 in ) of rain fell in some parts of the island of Taiwan .
Five people perished in the country . Three men were killed in Taipei , two when they were struck by wind @-@ blown objects and one when a house collapsed . Elsewhere , a fatality was reported because of a landslide in Taichung . Moreover , at least 15 other people were reportedly injured throughout Taiwan . A woman in the harbor city of Keelung was struck in the head and seriously injured by a broken window .
= = = China = = =
Already affecting an area that was inundated by prior flooding partially caused by Typhoon Mamie , Nelson brought additional flooding and significant damage to much of Southern China . The storm was accountable for 48 lives and 329 injuries in the province of Fujian . More than 5 @,@ 000 dwellings were destroyed ; 6 @,@ 000 others were damaged . Around 2 @,@ 000 travelers were stranded . A total of 969 fishing boats sunk , and about 178 @,@ 500 acres ( 72 @,@ 235 ha ) of crops were lost . Power lines were downed in 11 counties , which included Putian and the provincial capital of Fuzhou . Many highways received flooding . Water and electrical supplies were cut in Putian City . Along Pingtan Island and Fuqing , many houses were demolished and considerable damaged occurred to crops such as sugar cane . The offshore island of Yangtan was the hardest hit , where 15 villages lost power . Typhoon Nelson was considered the worst typhoon to hit China in 16 years , but also helped relieve drought conditions in the southern portion of the nation .
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= Fringe ( season 3 ) =
The third season of the American science fiction television series Fringe commencing airing on the Fox network on September 23 , 2010 , and concluded on May 6 , 2011 . Twenty @-@ two episodes long , the season was produced by Bad Robot Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television , and its showrunners were Jeff Pinkner and J.H. Wyman . Lead actors Anna Torv , John Noble , and Joshua Jackson reprised their roles as FBI agent Olivia Dunham and the father @-@ son duo Walter and Peter Bishop . Previous series regulars Lance Reddick , Jasika Nicole , and Blair Brown also returned , along with recurring guest stars Kirk Acevedo , Seth Gabel , and Ryan McDonald .
Building off the finale from the previous season , Fringe 's third season dealt with a war between the prime and parallel universes . During the first part of the season , odd @-@ numbered episodes mostly took place in the parallel universe and have a red title sequence , while even @-@ numbered episodes mostly took place in the prime universe and have the original blue title sequence . In episode eight , " Entrada " , the title sequence is a mixture of blue and red , and since have been either blue or red or both to signify the universal focus of the episode . In the rest of the season , however , the episodes focus on the prime universe with brief shifts to the parallel universe .
Wyman and Pinkner saw Fringe as two shows , where they could provide a detailed mythology that was equally compelling in both universes . Eager to explore " what @-@ if " moments , historical idiosyncrasies and other differences were inserted to help disambiguate the two worlds . Much of the season was designed around a doomsday device , as they believed its mysteriousness was " a great story engine for us . " The nineteenth episode , " Lysergic Acid Diethylamide " , contained long sequences of animation in order to facilitate guest actor 's Leonard Nimoy 's retirement from acting . While the writers had attempted to continue the idea of the " mythalone " for both casual and devoted fans , Fringe mythology became more visible in the last episodes of the season . Equating the final three episodes to a chapter in a novel , the writers " linked [ them ] in one continuous story arc . "
The third season was positively received by television critics , and it earned 77 out of 100 on the aggregate review website Metacritic , indicating critical reception as " generally favorable . " Reviewers reacted well to the exploration of the parallel universe , and the performances of Torv and Noble , who each played differing versions of their original characters , were lauded . Fringe ended its third season with an average of 5 @.@ 83 million viewers per episode , placing 99th for the network television season . The New York Times called the series " the best major @-@ network show that no one is watching . " Despite its low ratings , Fox renewed the series for a fourth season on March 24 , 2011 .
= = Season summary = =
Following Peter 's rescue from the parallel universe , the prime universe Fringe team comes to learn of the Wave Sink Device , the machine that Walternate was attempting to use to destroy the prime universe . They are unaware that Fauxlivia has replaced Olivia , and she works to help the Fringe Division to identify the components hidden across the globe for a similar Wave Form Device in the prime universe . She also gets romantically close to Peter .
Olivia is held in Walternate 's laboratories in the parallel universe , and given drugs and conditioning to make her believe she is Fauxlivia , and subsequently a willing test subject for Walternate 's tests of the powers of Cortexiphan . Olivia slowly breaks this conditioning , and on one trial , is able to cross over to the prime universe to relay a warning to Peter about Fauxilivia . Her identity exposed , Fauxilivia is extracted back to the parallel universe by Walternate 's shapeshifters , while Olivia gets help from Broyles to cross back to the prime universe . Olivia is distraught after her return , knowing about Peter 's relationship with Fauxilivia . However , after some time , the two reconcile and admit they have feelings for each other .
In the prime universe , the Fringe team learn more of the Wave Sink Device from Sam Weiss , understanding it was created by a long @-@ advanced race known as the First People , with the power to destroy or create universes , but is only powered by Peter 's biology . The two devices in both universes are quantumly entangled , allows one to alter the other universe . Walter surmises that Walternate wants to engage the device to destroy the prime universe in hopes of healing the parallel universe damaged by his crossing in 1985 . In the parallel universe , Walternate discovers Fauxilivia is pregnant with Peter 's child and discreetly accelerates the pregnancy , as to obtain a sample of the child 's blood to activate the Device . The effects on the prime universe are numerous but the parallel universe shows no sign of healing . Walter directs teams to move the prime universe Device to Liberty Island , the same location where the parallel device , as to minimize the affected areas , and then instructs Peter to use the device to counteract the parallel version . Instead , when Peter enters the device , he witnesses a future where the parallel universe was destroyed and the prime universe on verge of the same collapse , and finds that Walter would set a plan in motion to send the Device back into the far past via a wormhole ( creating the First People myth ) , and having it trigger this memory when Peter uses it . After this experience , Peter uses the device to link the two together , fusing the two rooms from the prime and parallel universe into a bridge , allowing the two sides to meet one another . However , shortly after this , Peter disappears to the apparent obliviousness of both Fringe teams ; the Observers , looking on , assert that Peter has erased himself from the timeline to let this event happen .
= = Episodes = =
= = Production = =
= = = Crew = = =
Fringe is produced by Bad Robot Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television . Co @-@ creator J.J. Abrams continued to work as executive producer along with fellow co @-@ creators Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , who returned as consulting producers . Bryan Burk and Joe Chappelle also returned as executive producers , while Akiva Goldsman worked as consulting producer . Executive producers Jeff Pinkner and J.H. Wyman continued in their role as showrunners for the third season , which involved overseeing every episode and sometimes directly contributing episode scripts . As with every season , they laid out the third season 's storyline a year in advance .
= = = Writing and filming = = =
The season finale of the second season introduced the parallel universe to viewers . Fringe 's producers debated over how much of this universe to depict in the third season , but ultimately decided that showing the doppelgangers would " fit more into our own character ’ s lives and show different aspects of their personalities " . As a result , Fringe began its third season by alternating between episodes , with each depicting one universe . The Fox network was initially resistant to this design , as executives were " really concerned that if the episodes didn 't have [ ' over here ' ] Walter or Peter in them , it wouldn ’ t feel like our show anymore . " Jeff Pinkner and J.H. Wyman explained that the series had to constantly evolve , " otherwise we ’ ll get bored , the cast will get bored , the audience will get bored " ; after the first several episodes of the season , Fox agreed it was a positive change .
The producers saw the season as " two shows " ; Wyman noted , " It 's on us to make the mythology over there just as compelling as the mythology here , so we will enjoy both of them . We have our characters going back and forth , there or here , but there 's a whole set of nice characters that you 'll become very interested in very quickly . It 's interesting because it gives you that gearshift . " Wyman later added that parallel universe plot device " really allowed us to explore the characters deeper via their doppelgängers , to illuminate characters we already know . It ’ s been a real gas for all of us involved in making the show . " Historical idiosyncrasies were inserted into the parallel universe , such as a still @-@ living John F. Kennedy , the non @-@ existence of the FBI , and the Back to the Future franchise starring Eric Stoltz rather than Michael J. Fox . The writers loved creating an entire new world , and asked themselves what life would have been like in its most mundane forms , such as within daily routines . Pinkner thought it allowed them to create and explore many " what @-@ if " moments , such as if the September 11 attacks had occurred against the White House instead of the Twin Towers , or if the Statue of Liberty still possessed its shiny copper sheen . " Entrada " , the eighth episode , was the first of the season to divide its time between both universes .
Many of the episodes involved the discovery and construction of a doomsday device , which Pinkner believed to be " a good thing to design a season around " because its mysteriousness was " a great story engine for us . " While the writers tried to maintain the concept of the " mythalone , " a storyline that was attractive to both casual and devoted Fringe fans , the series became more invested in its mythology towards the end of the third season . " Lysergic Acid Diethylamide " , the season 's nineteenth episode , was the first of the series to contain sequences of animation . While previous guest actor Leonard Nimoy had retired , the writers still had storylines involving his character , William Bell . They were able to record his voice , and consequently worked with Zoic Studios to develop the episode . This unorthodox storytelling device was consistent with the nineteenth episodes of other seasons , including " Brown Betty " and " Letters of Transit " .
The final three episodes of the season were " linked in one continuous story arc , " and meant to seem like " you 're turning the last page of a chapter in a novel . And usually in a good novel , the last pages [ of a chapter ] compels you forward with a new understanding of what the subject matter is and you get deeper and you can ’ t wait to turn that page . " The crew wrote the finale before the season was officially renewed , but deigned to leave it unchanged once discovering that a fourth season had been approved . Pinkner explained that " we wrote the episode , perhaps foolishly , assuming that we would be on for Season 4 . We never for one second entertained that it would be the end of the series . So therefore , we didn 't have to change a word ! " The finale was designed to establish the groundwork by " open [ ing ] a new chapter " for the new season , which included Peter having never existed . Its futuristic storyline was meant to " inform the present of the show with some thematic elements , " establishing to viewers that " our world is going to break down . "
Different title sequences were inputted to help disambiguate the two universes , as well as establish other versions of their world . Blue and red represented the prime and parallel universes , respectively while " Entrada " featured a mixture of blue and red in its title sequence . An episode set in 1985 began with a retro title sequence , and the finale 's version of the title sequence was silver @-@ gray and black . Each opening credit sequence contained specific words that were meant to serve as " signposts " for both current and future episodes , such as the finale sequences ' use of " thought extraction " and " dual maternity " . Like the previous season , the third season was filmed in Vancouver . Because of its heritage buildings and antique storefronts , many of the scenes set in the alternate universe were shot in New Westminster , an area outside Vancouver . Filming of the live action parts of " Lysergic Acid Diethylamide " were shot along west Hastings Street . Executive producer Joe Chappelle returned to direct five episodes , while producer Brad Anderson was responsible for directing four . Other new and returning directors included Thomas Yatsko , Jeffrey Hunt , Kenneth Fink , David Straiton , Frederick E. O. Toye , Chuck Russell , and Charles Beeson ; they each directed one episode . In addition , Dennis Smith and Jeannot Szwarc each directed two episodes .
= = Cast = =
= = = Main cast = = =
Anna Torv as Olivia Dunham ( 21 episodes )
Joshua Jackson as Peter Bishop ( 19 episodes )
Lance Reddick as Phillip Broyles ( 19 episodes )
Blair Brown as Nina Sharp ( 10 episodes )
Jasika Nicole as Astrid Farnsworth ( 21 episodes )
John Noble as Dr. Walter Bishop ( 22 episodes )
Most of the series ' main cast returned for the third season . Anna Torv portrayed two versions of Olivia Dunham , each from their own universe , while Joshua Jackson returned as her love interest , Peter Bishop , and John Noble played Peter 's father , Dr. Walter Bishop . Lance Reddick starred as FBI agent Phillip Broyles , and Jasika Nicole played junior FBI agent / Walter 's lab assistant Astrid Farnsworth . Lastly , Blair Brown returned as Massive Dynamic executive Nina Sharp .
= = = Recurring cast = = =
Michael Cerveris depicted September / The Observer in every episode of the season , while Eugene Lipinski played another Observer , December , for two episodes . Seth Gabel and Kirk Acevedo returned as parallel universe Fringe agents Lincoln Lee ( 10 episodes ) and Charlie Francis ( 6 episodes ) , respectively . The parallel universe also featured Andre Royo as Henry Higgins , Amy Madigan as Marilyn Dunham , and Philip Winchester as Frank Stanton , all for three episodes . Ryan McDonald played two versions of Brandon Fayette for twelve episodes , and Orla Brady guest starred as Elizabeth Bishop for one episode . Sebastian Roché returned from the second season to play one of the season 's antagonists Thomas Jerome Newton for two episodes , along with Gerard Plunkett as Senator Van Horn . Kevin Corrigan depicted Samuel Weiss for three episodes , Karen Holness played Diane Broyles for two , Clark Middleton played Edward Markham and J. R. Bourne played Agent Edwards , each for one episode .
The season featured single episodes with special guest appearances by Christopher Lloyd as Roscoe Joyce , Jorge Garcia as Massive Dynamic security guard Kevin , Paula Malcomson as Dana Gray , Emily Meade as Ella Dunham , Brad Dourif as Moreau , and Leonard Nimoy as William Bell .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings and broadcast = = =
Fringe 's second season ended with an average of 6 @.@ 252 million viewers per episode and a 2 @.@ 3 ratings share for adults 18 – 49 , causing the series to finish in 79th place out of all the season 's network television shows . Despite its middling ratings , Fringe received a full third season renewal on March 6 , 2010 .
At the beginning of the 2010 – 11 United States network television schedule , Fringe remained in its Thursday timeslot for the first nine episodes of the third season , where it faced tough competition from the high @-@ rated Grey 's Anatomy and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . The season premiere aired on September 23 , 2010 to 5 @.@ 83 million viewers in the United States , earning a 2 @.@ 1 rating for viewers 18 – 49 . This was thirty percent down from the previous season 's premiere , " A New Day in the Old Town " . On its initial broadcast on November 4 , the fifth episode hit a then @-@ season low of 1 @.@ 8 / 5 in the adult demographic . Fox moved Fringe to a new Friday night timeslot on January 21 , 2011 , where it typically broadcast opposite Supernatural , Dateline NBC , and CSI : NY . Because of the night 's " death slot " status , this move made television critics and fans nervous that Fringe was near cancellation . For the first few episodes in its new timeslot , its ratings remained consistent with previous Thursday episodes , but soon began to drop .
There were some positive aspects of the third season 's ratings however . Among adults aged 18 to 49 , Fringe placed first in its Friday timeslot . Total viewers , as well as the ratings share for adults and teenagers , surpassed Fox 's average for that same timeslot . Furthermore , the average household income of Fringe 's adult viewers was higher than the total U.S. adult population average , and its adult viewers also had a higher index of having four or more years of college . Despite its low ratings , Fringe was officially renewed for a fourth season on March 24 , 2011 to the surprise of observers – six days before the renewal , Fringe had reached a new series ratings low . The renewal came in the wake of campaigns conducted by Fringe actors , fans of the series , and television critics . Kevin Reilly , Fox 's entertainment president , commented that " the series ' ingenious producers , amazingly talented cast and crew , as well as some of the most passionate and loyal fans on the planet , made this fourth @-@ season pickup possible . "
Fringe ended its third season with an average of 5 @.@ 83 million viewers per episode , finishing in 99th place for the American network television season . Time shifted viewing played a significant part in Fringe 's third season ratings . According to a report released by Nielsen Company , Fringe was the only network television series among the top ten of most time @-@ shifted shows of 2011 . The report continued that time shifting increased the series ' overall audience by eighty percent .
= = = Reviews = = =
Film aggregate review site Metacritic gave the third season 77 out of 100 based on six critical reviews , indicating the critical reception was " generally favorable " . Critic Josh Wigler , writing for Comic Book Resources , lauded the season 's first two episodes , explaining " For the third season of the critically acclaimed Fox series , executive producers and co @-@ showrunners Jeff Pinkner and J.H. Wyman have responded to their audience 's demands by creating a new kind of episode : the mythalone , designed to propel the story and characters forward while still keeping the show accessible to new viewers on a weekly basis ... it 's nothing short of amazing that the new mythalone approach to Fringe works wonders , if only in the first two episodes of the new season . "
After watching the first three episodes , Aaron Riccio of Slant Magazine also praised the new season , writing " The plots have generally been the " fringe " of Fringe ; the meat has been in the characters ' developing feelings for one another . Now the two are not only on equal footing , but they 're both firing on full cylinders ... Afraid , perhaps , to toy with viewers the way that Lost did , Fringe keeps the action moving , rapidly unspooling its mysteries , and that decision proves to be a wise one . Rather than waiting for a future payoff , Fringe is cashing in with every episode , showing us the escalating war between worlds — and with likeable characters and compelling cases to boot . Ironically , it 's by branching out in two different directions that the show has become , more than ever , the centerpiece of a hypercompetitive Thursday night lineup . "
In December 2010 , the New York Times wrote Fringe " has kept its plates spinning entertainingly well into its third season " and called it " the best major @-@ network show that no one is watching " . Because of its " ultra @-@ daring " and " bold " storylines , IGN gave Fringe their award for " Best Sci @-@ Fi Series " in 2010 . They noted , " With stellar performances , sci @-@ fi intrigue and a newly introduced Doomsday machine in play that almost guarantees the two worlds will face off Thunderdome @-@ style , this series just keeps getting better and better . " For 2011 , Fringe 's third season helped the show place sixth on Digital Spy 's top 25 television shows of the year , which described the season as " exemplary " . Similarly , The A.V. Club named Fringe the sixteenth best television series of 2011 , in particular highlighting " Lysergic Acid Diethylamide " and " The Firefly " .
As the third season involved doppelgangers of known characters , specific actors were selected for praise from critics . Lead actress Anna Torv was lauded from multiple quarters for portraying two Olivias , one from each universe . Critics were more divided about her performance as William Bell ( Leonard Nimoy ) , with some praising it and others remaining undecided or critical . John Noble 's performances as Walter Bishop and his doppelganger " Walternate " received positive recognition from critics , with one noting he was " astonishing me with every performance . " Specific episodes that were isolated for praise among critics included " Entrada " , " Subject 13 " , and " The Day We Died " . " Lysergic Acid Diethylamide " was lauded for its risky premise .
In her 2011 book Into the Looking Glass : Exploring the Worlds of Fringe , author Sarah Clarke Stuart noted that the third season 's " apocalyptic nature was fitting for an audience in the midst of such seemingly world @-@ ending economic turmoil in 2010 – 2011 . " To Clarke Stuart , Walter 's remark in the episode " 6B " that the world is tearing apart reflected " the sentiments of American viewers who were facing job loss and displacement at an unprecedented level . "
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
For the 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards , it was nominated for Best Drama Series and Anna Torv was nominated for Best Actress in Drama Series . John Noble won for Best Supporting Actor in Drama Series . At Entertainment Weekly 's annual viewer @-@ voted EWwy awards , Fringe won for Best Drama , while Torv won for Best Actress in a Drama . Fringe won accolades at the 37th Saturn Awards for Best Network Television Series , Best Actress in Television for Torv , and Best Supporting Actor in Television for Noble .
= = Home video releases = =
The third season of Fringe was released on Blu @-@ ray and DVD in region 1 on September 6 , 2011 , in region 2 on September 26 , 2011 and in region 4 on October 26 , 2011 . The sets includes all 22 episodes of season three on a 4 @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set and a 6 @-@ disc DVD presented in anamorphic widescreen . Special features include two commentary tracks — " The Plateau " with Monica Owusu @-@ Breen , Jeff Pinkner and Timothy Good , and " Lysergic Acid Diethylamide " with Jay Worth , Luyen Vu , and Tanya Swerling . Behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurettes include " Duality of Worlds " , a four @-@ part featurette , exploring The Other You , Visualizing an Alternate World , A Machine of Destiny and The Psychology of Duality . Other featurettes include " Animating the ' Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ' Episode " , " Constructing an Extrasensory Soundscape " and " Experience ' Os ' ( Episode 316 ) in Selectable Maximum Episode Mode with Pop @-@ Up Experience @-@ Enhancing Commentaries and Featurettes . Also included are a gag reel and trailers . Exclusive to the Blu @-@ ray release is a featurette titled " Glimmer to the Other Side " .
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= Natasha Falle =
Natasha Falle ( born 1973 ) is a Canadian professor at Humber College in Toronto , Ontario , Canada who was forcibly prostituted from the ages of 15 to 27 and now opposes prostitution in Canada . Falle grew up in a middle @-@ class home and , when her parents divorced , her new single @-@ parent home became unsafe , and Falle ran away from home . At the age of 15 , Falle became involved in the sex industry in Calgary , Alberta .
Falle 's pimp kept her falsely imprisoned and trafficked her across the country . He married her and tortured her , breaking several of her bones and burning her body . In order to cope with the trauma of prostitution and violence , Falle became dependent on cocaine and almost died . Eventually , she got out of prostitution and , with her mother 's support , went through drug rehabilitation , finished high school , and eventually received a diploma in Wife Assault and Child Advocacy from George Brown College .
In 2001 , Falle began counselling women in prostitution at Streetlight Support Services , and counselled more than 800 women in the subsequent decade , 97 % of whom wrote on their intake surveys that they wanted to exit the sex industry . In order to make this statistic more widely known , Falle founded Sex Trade 101 . She began offering training for police and she partners with the Toronto Police Service 's sex crimes unit . Falle was one of the main proponents of Member of Parliament ( MP ) Joy Smith 's private member 's bill , Bill C @-@ 268 , which was passed in June 2010 as An Act to amend the Criminal Code ( minimum sentence for offences involving trafficking of persons under the age of eighteen years ) , and she helped the Canadian government formulate their appeal of the decision of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in Bedford v. Canada to strike down various prostitution laws . Falle advocates adopting a law in Canada analogous to Sweden 's Sex Purchase Act , which would decriminalize the selling of sex and criminalize the purchasing of sex .
= = Early life = =
Natasha Falle grew up in a middle @-@ class home in Nova Scotia ; a suburb of Toronto , Ontario ; and a suburb of Calgary , Alberta . Her mother managed stores in the wedding industry and her father was a police officer with a vice squad , arresting drug dealers and pimps . While she was growing up , Falle had multiple family members with addictions . Through verbal and psychological abuse , Falle 's parents divorced when she was a young teenager , and she subsequently lived in a single @-@ parent home with her mother . They moved into an apartment in downtown Toronto . Falle 's father did not pay her mother alimony . There was often no money for food , so Falle began stealing food to survive .
Falle had no role models . She began writing poetry about suicide and wearing black clothing . She acted out by stealing cars and using drugs recreationally . She started out with soft drugs and then moved on to using psychedelic mushrooms and LSD . Her associates in these criminal activities , who came from similarly dysfunctional backgrounds , provided her with a sense of belonging that she no longer found at home . Falle 's mother had a series of boyfriends who abused her and made the house unsafe , so Falle ran away from home . She slept at friends ' houses , on their couches and in tents in their backyards , concealing her presence from her friends ' parents .
= = Prostitution = =
= = = Initiation = = =
Shortly before she turned 15 , Falle met two child prostitutes who were also in their early teens . One of these girls was pregnant by her 42 @-@ year @-@ old pimp . The two girls offered Falle a place to sleep at their apartment while their pimp was away ; feeling there was no alternative , she accepted . Out of concern for Falle 's safety , they taught her how to put a condom on a penis by practicing on a cucumber . These children effectively groomed Falle . She stayed at the apartment for several days , and she was watched by various men . By the time the pimp returned , Falle had moved on .
After she turned 15 , Falle had her first experience in the sex industry at a party in a bar in Chinatown , Calgary . A 25 @-@ year @-@ old man at the party who had forged identity documents convinced her to sell sex for money and give him half of her earnings . Falle found this man well @-@ dressed and attractive and did not think that he fit the stereotypical image of a pimp . She had nowhere to sleep that night and had no money for food , so she accepted his offer . The man to whom she sold sex that night had teeth that were rotten . They had sex on a soiled mattress in a poorly ventilated restaurant attic , and she received $ 100 .
Falle convinced five of her friends who came from dysfunctional homes to join her in prostitution . Falle said that she and the other girls she knew her age who had gone into prostitution had felt as though that was their only remaining option . She said they all tried to stay free of pimps , organized crime , and drugs , but eventually succumbed . Falle later said , " We were prey for every paedophile , pervert , pimp and drug dealer that was out there . " The man who had recruited Falle in Chinatown became her pimp . Adults began advertising Falle 's sexual services in newspapers . Falle engaged in both indoor and outdoor prostitution , working as an escort , in strip clubs , and at massage parlours . At the legal establishments where she engaged in prostitution , escort drivers engaged in organized crime , selling guns , alcohol , cocaine , and stolen goods and pimping children in massage parlours .
= = = Abuse = = =
Falle 's pimp kept her imprisoned for the years that he prostituted her , and trafficked her across Canada to Edmonton , Vancouver , and Kelowna . Falle later said of herself and the other women in prostitution she knew , " I couldn 't admit that I was not there by choice . We couldn 't live in our own skin if we admitted that . We needed to believe that it was our choice . " Falle 's pimp told her he would marry her if she made enough money for him through prostitution . When she had made the amount of money her pimp required , she was 17 years old . The two got married that year .
Falle 's pimp regularly beat her and she began to suffer from battered person syndrome . The worst beating she received was in a brothel where she and four other teenagers engaged in prostitution . Over the years that she was married to her pimp , she hoped he would change . She later said that she " wanted to love him , believe he 'd never do it again . " She tried to make him enough money through prostitution to convince him not to find another girl . He threatened her family , and conditioned her not to call the police when he did so . Fear of being labelled a " snitch " or " rat " prevented her from going to the police . None of the other women she knew in the sex industry were in healthy relationships . At her peak , Falle owned a Ford Mustang , bought her pimp a Mercedes @-@ Benz , and lived in a four @-@ bedroom penthouse apartment , but she continued to experience violence . She used her material possessions to elevate herself above the women around her who were dependent on cocaine ; she dismissed them as " crackheads " and " crackhoes " .
Some of the men who purchased sex with Falle were police officers , and she knew girls who used drugs with their drug counselors . Falle was brainwashed to believe that her only worth lay in prostitution , which she later said was why it took her so long to exit prostitution . While engaging in prostitution , Falle was frequently threatened by other women in the sex industry , she was verbally abused by her clients , she was stalked , and she was threatened with guns on multiple occasions , including by her pimp . She was also drugged several times , and was once sexually assaulted by an escort driver after having been drugged by him . At one point , she was kidnapped . She had to resort to pulling a knife on people at times when she was threatened with violence . Because of various instances of violence during her time in prostitution , Falle was injured in a variety of ways . Her pimp broke several of her bones and burned her body .
= = = Effects and aftermath = = =
In order to cope with the psychological trauma of prostitution and violence , Falle became dependent on cocaine . Within two years , she was spending $ 500 per night on cocaine . Her drug use resulted in delusions and caused her to become schizophrenic , and subsequently distrustful of those around her , fearing that people were coming to take away her drugs .
Eventually , the personal horror stories Falle heard from other women in her situation convinced her that she needed to get out of prostitution . Her substance dependence became so severe that she almost died . Her best friend was killed by her pimp . By this point , many of her friends in the sex industry had died , and she thought that she would be next . One night , Falle was hiding alone in a hotel room when she found a Bible placed there by Gideons International . She began reading the Psalms and later said , " For the first time I understood what God was saying to me . That night my life began to move in a new direction . " On her 27th birthday , Falle left her husband and returned to her mother . Because of the delusions , Falle did not recognize her mother , thinking she had been replaced with a clone . Falle told her mother about being dependent on cocaine , entering prostitution , and marrying her pimp . Her mother accepted her back . It took several more years before Falle gave up hope that her husband would change .
Falle participated in a diversion program that allowed her to return to school . She said that she required a lot of support in order to fully exit prostitution , and found that support in her mother , her school , and Streetlight Support Services . Falle underwent a month of drug rehabilitation , which convinced her to become a counsellor . She then spent 90 days at the Toronto West Detention Centre and took seven months to finish high school . She went on to graduate from a college and a university . She received a diploma in Wife Assault and Child Advocacy from George Brown College and graduated with honours . To remove the burns her pimp had inflicted on her , she had laser surgery that cost thousands of dollars .
Falle uses the term " sex trade survivor " to describe herself . In 2012 , Falle sought to bring a lawsuit against her former pimp to demonstrate to other women who are or have been forcibly prostituted that it is possible to oppose one 's pimp . In 2013 , she said that , while she has left much aggression and profanity behind since leaving the sex industry , some of the issues that she developed will stick with her until the end of her life . Jonathan Migneault of the Sudbury Star wrote that " Falle 's story about her descent in and escape from prostitution is so horrific you almost don 't believe the details . " Sam Pazzano of the Toronto Sun wrote that , after 12 years of prostitution , Falle still has " attractive looks and [ a ] sharp mind . "
= = Activism = =
= = = Streetlight Support Services = = =
In 2001 , Falle began counselling women in prostitution at Streetlight Support Services . Once she received her diploma from George Brown College , she redeveloped the organization 's Choices program , a four @-@ week program that helps women leave prostitution . Between 1997 and 2005 , Choices helped 325 women out of the sex trade . Women entered into the program through the criminal justice system after being arrested for offences related to prostitution . By 2011 , Falle had conselled more than 800 women . Of these women , 97 % wrote on their intake surveys that they wanted to exit the sex industry , and 95 % wrote that they had been physically abused by either a pimp , a client , or another woman in the sex industry . Falle believed these statistics to be representative of women in prostitution in Canada because the women she counselled did not come to her by choice ; they were required to undergo the counselling by court order . In 2010 , Falle said that hundreds of the women she had met were controlled by pimps , either as sexual partners or as traffickers . She also said that women in prostitution tend to be moved around a lot because they tend to fetch higher prices when they are new to a region . One of the women she counselled through Streetlight Support Services had been kept in a closet when she was not providing sexual services to men .
= = = Sex Trade 101 = = =
Because Streetlight Support Services is administered by the office of the Attorney General of Ontario , Falle could not be politically active in her capacity as a counsellor with them . Falle said , " I couldn 't be silent anymore , because the strong voices that we were hearing were the minority few saying [ prostitution ] is liberating , it 's a job choice ... I couldn 't stand that lie anymore . " She said that this minority only want to continue in prostitution because " they 've never had a healthy comparison . " Falle founded and became the director of Sex Trade 101 , a Toronto @-@ based nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting the rights of women who have been in prostitution . She founded Sex Trade 101 because she saw women in the sex industry as victims rather than as criminals , and she believed that the Criminal Code depicted them as criminals . She founded the organization in order to make it more widely known that the vast majority of women in the sex industry want to leave . She met many women who had no family to support them in exiting the sex industry , and she decided to found an organization to provide that support . The organization helps prostitution victims exit the sex industry and improve their lives .
Sex Trade 101 calls itself " Toronto 's only sex trade survivors and abolitionist organization " and is composed of 12 women who had escaped forced prostitution and who offer training for police in order to change perceptions about people involved in the sex trade . The organization is also involved in prevention work in high schools . The organization offers mentorship and peer support groups for women who are currently or were formerly in prostitution . It also partners with other organizations including the Servants Anonymous Society of Calgary and Sheatre , an Owen Sound @-@ based interactive theatre company . In 2012 , Falle and Bridget Perrier represented Sex Trade 101 in Owen Sound where they launched ReStart , a mentorship program to aid women and youth who are at risk of sexual victimization , to help people exit the sex trade , and to provide support once they have exited . At the workshop that launched this program , Falle said that some people in the sex industry engage in survival sex — trading sex for food , a place to sleep , alcohol , drugs , or the feeling that they are loved . She said that rural communities are common places for women and children to be groomed into prostitution . She identified Bruce — Grey — Owen Sound as particularly vulnerable because of the substance abuse in the area . By 2013 , Sex Trade 101 had served more than 1 @,@ 000 women . In May 2012 , Falle spoke about human trafficking at high schools in Vancouver primarily because of the influence of a parent concerned about human trafficking in the area and its dangers to children .
= = = Police = = =
Falle is a professor at Humber College in Toronto , where she teaches in the police foundations program , educating on the subject of social justice . One of her students , Brittany Swartzentruber , said that Falle 's lectures would have a significant impact on Swartzentruber 's career as a police officer , saying , " She was one of the best speakers I have ever heard . " Falle partners with the Toronto Police Service 's sex crimes unit , which developed the statistic that the average age for a girl to become involved in prostitution in Canada is 14 . According to Falle 's research , the average age is between 13 and 16 . York Regional Police drugs and vice unit Detective Thai Truong said that all law enforcement personnel should hear stories like Falle 's because " they remind us that they are not just prostitutes or escorts , but they are somebody 's daughter , somebody 's sister , somebody 's wife . "
= = = Bill C @-@ 268 = = =
In June 2010 , Kildonan — St. Paul Member of Parliament ( MP ) Joy Smith 's private member 's bill , Bill C @-@ 268 , was passed as An Act to amend the Criminal Code ( minimum sentence for offences involving trafficking of persons under the age of eighteen years ) . Falle was one of the bill 's five main proponents , the others being Timea Nagy , a woman who was trafficked from Hungary to Canada at the age of 20 and kept as a sex slave in a strip club ; Tamara Cherry , a Toronto Sun journalist who writes about human trafficking in Canada ; Brian McConaghy , a former RCMP officer who works with Ratanak International — another anti @-@ human @-@ trafficking organization ; and Grand Chief of the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs Ron Evans , who raised awareness about victims of the sex industry in Manitoba . Later that year , Falle said that the best way to fight human trafficking is to influence public opinion .
Later in 2010 in Winnipeg , Falle received an award at the first annual Honouring Heroes ceremony , which was organized by Joy Smith , who is also an anti @-@ human @-@ trafficking activist . Falle called Smith an angel , saying , " It 's only been in the last few years since all those missing and murdered aboriginal women turned up dead did anybody care about us . So to have her speak out the way she is against [ prostitution ] is so empowering . " Falle was one of five award recipients at the ceremony , the other four being the other primary proponents of Bill C @-@ 268 .
= = = Bedford v. Canada = = =
Falle took a sustained interest in Bedford v. Canada , a case that began in the fall of 2010 when laws against keeping a brothel , communicating in order to facilitate prostitution , and living off the avails of prostitution were struck down by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice as unconstitutional . When Falle first heard about this decision , she cried , and expressed surprise and disappointment . She said that she did not believe that the average Canadian realized the implications of striking down these laws , which she said were that " your next door neighbours can run a brothel right beside you . Your children could be exposed to condoms left on their driveway , johns propositioning them . " She also expressed her concern that striking down anti @-@ prostitution laws normalizes prostitution as a career option for children to consider . She also said that , without the laws , " pimps will be legitimate businesspeople [ and ] billboards advertising brothels could start appearing on roadsides . " Ron Marzel , a lawyer attempting to have the anti @-@ prostitution laws declared unconstitutional , said , " the reality is there are consenting adults who want to go into " prostitution . Falle was angered by this statement , and replied that 97 % of women in the sex industry are not engaging in prostitution by choice , and that " the voices of the overwhelming majority of women who want to get out of prostitution are being drowned out by a vocal few . "
The Government of Canada disagreed with Ontario 's ruling and announced that the decision would be appealed . Falle helped the Crown formulate their case . That November , Falle was a panelist at a debate about the case . At the debate , which was hosted by the Queen 's Law and Public Policy Club at Queen 's University , Falle said that , whatever the outcome of the appeal , she was glad that the case was removing the taboos surrounding talking about prostitution . The following June , Falle and more than twelve others intervened in the case , arguing that the laws should be reinstated to protect women from pimps . As part of this anti @-@ prostitution coalition , Falle said that all areas of the sex industry are unsafe , including escort agencies and strip clubs . Falle testified in the lower courts , saying that " the more they say the women are there by choice , the harder it is for us to convince police , social workers and everyone else that these people are vulnerable . " She also said that striking down anti @-@ prostitution laws sends a message to men that it is acceptable to harass women . Falle said that all the applicants in Bedford v. Canada — including Terri @-@ Jean Bedford , the dominatrix seeking to have the anti @-@ brothel law struck down — entered the sex industry as children . For this reason , Falle argued that neither of these women chose a life of prostitution as a consenting adult ; that life had already been chosen for them by the time that they had reached the age of consent . Falle encouraged Canadians to take an interest in Bedford v. Canada because any Canadian girl can become a victim of prostitution .
Eventually , the laws against pimping and communicating provisions were determined to be constitutional and were retained . As of 2013 , the constitutionality of the law against brothels was still under review . Falle said that brothels should not be legalized , saying , " I know firsthand and ... from the disclosures of the many women that I 've been able to counsel over the years that most violence happens behind closed doors . " Falle said that if brothels were legalized , the police would have less legal ability to find women and children victimized by human trafficking . Bedford said that legalizing brothels would make prostitution safer for women because it would allow prostitution to take place indoors . Falle responded that most prostitution has already moved indoors , as the internet has made most street solicitation unnecessary , and argues that the move indoors has not made the women safer . She said that when she was in prostitution , she was even a little safer outdoors because of the added visibility to the public . In discussion of the case , Falle said , " I don 't know anyone in the prostitution business who hasn ’ t ended up dead , in jail , or on drugs . " She intended to bring a pimp stick to the Supreme Court of Canada in June 2013 as a visual aid in explaining how pimps often abuse the women they prostitute .
= = = Advocacy events = = =
In October 2010 , Falle picketed a courthouse in downtown Toronto in recognition of International Day of No Prostitution . She was joined by Trisha Baptie , Bridget Perrier , Katarina MacLeod , and Christine Barkhouse ; all were former human trafficking victims and sex workers . At the protest , Falle said that " only 1 % of prostitutes say they enjoy sex with johns and 97 % say they want to get out . "
In January 2011 , Falle appeared at the Party for Freedom at York University in Toronto , which launched the Alliance Against Modern Slavery , a nonprofit organization seeking to combat human trafficking through partnerships , education , and research . Falle was joined by Glendene Grant , human trafficking victim Jessie Foster 's mother ; Kevin Bales , co @-@ founder and president of Free the Slaves ; Kate Todd , a singer @-@ songwriter and actor ; Janelle Belgrave of Samba Elégua Drummers and Peace Concept ; Roger Cram of Hiram College ; and Jeff Gunn , a guitarist . That September , Falle attended Toronto 's second annual Freedom Walk , which was hosted by Stop Child Trafficking Now , Freedom Relay Canada , and Oakville 's Free @-@ Them . At this event aimed at raising awareness about human trafficking nationally and internationally , Falle was joined by other abolitionists including Tara Teng , who was Miss Canada at the time ; Trisha Baptie , co @-@ founder of EVE ; Shae Invidiata , founder of Free @-@ Them ; Timea Nagy ; Constable Lepa Jankovic ; MP Joy Smith ; MP Olivia Chow ; and MP Terence Young .
In October 2012 , Falle was the keynote speaker at a symposium on street prostitution and human trafficking , which took place at Croatian Hall in Greater Sudbury and was attended by approximately 100 people . Sergeant Corinne Fewster of the Greater Sudbury Police Service said that the manner in which Falle was aided in her transition out of prostitution is a good example for local social and health services to follow in helping other women exit the sex industry . The following month , Falle told her story at a lunch hosted by The Salvation Army in Vancouver . That year , Falle said , " Where there 's high @-@ track prostitutes , escorts , strippers and masseuses ; there 's pimp violence . "
In March 2013 , Falle spoke at the 57th Session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women , where she sat on a panel called " Survivors Speak : Prostitution and Sex Trafficking " that was sponsored by Coalition Against Trafficking in Women . That May , Falle spoke at a fundraiser for the Servants Anonymous Society of Calgary , an organization that supports sex workers in the city . It was her first time in Calgary since she had been part of the sex industry there . The fundraiser was called " Cry of the Streets : An Evening for Freedom " and raised money for Servants Anonymous Facilitates Exit , a women 's shelter for those seeking to leave the sex industry . At the fundraiser , Falle advocated adopting a law in Canada analogous to Sweden 's Sex Purchase Act , which decriminalized the selling of sex and criminalized pimping and the purchasing of sex . Falle argued in support of modelling prostitution law in Canada after Sweden 's laws because she believes that prostitution cannot be regulated . At another time , she had said that " it 's not Canada 's laws that make prostitution unsafe , it 's the johns who are raping and abusing the women and their pimps . " Also in 2013 , Falle said that the average age at which girls get involved in prostitution in Canada is 14 , and that their emotional intelligence does not develop while in prostitution , preventing many of them from leaving . She also said that prostitution has grown significantly in Canada since she left the sex industry , and that most human trafficking victims in Canada were born and raised in Canada .
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= Mascarene grey parakeet =
The Mascarene grey parakeet or Thirioux ’ s grey parrot ( Psittacula bensoni ) , is an extinct species of parrot which was endemic to the Mascarene islands of Mauritius and Réunion in the western Indian Ocean . It has been classified as a member of the tribe Psittaculini , along with other parrots from the islands .
Subfossil bones of the Mascarene grey parakeet found on Mauritius were first described in 1973 as belonging to a smaller relative of the broad @-@ billed parrot in the genus Lophopsittacus . Apart from their size , the bones were very similar to those of other Mascarene parrots . The subfossils were later connected with 17th- and 18th @-@ century descriptions of small grey parrots on Mauritius and Réunion , together with a single illustration published in a journal describing a voyage in 1602 , and the species was instead reassigned to the genus Psittacula .
The Mascarene grey parakeet was grey , had a long tail , and was larger than other species of the Psittacula genus , which are usually green . The grey parrots were said to be easy to hunt , as the capture of one would result in its calling out to summon the whole flock . They were also considered to be crop pests and being such easy prey meant that they were extensively hunted . Coupled with deforestation , this pushed them into extinction . This had happened by the 1730s on Réunion and by the 1760s on Mauritius .
= = Taxonomy = =
In 1973 , English ornithologist Daniel T. Holyoak described some small parrot bones that he had discovered among a collection of broad @-@ billed parrot ( Lophopsittacus mauritianus ) subfossils in the Zoology Museum of Cambridge University . These remains had been collected by Louis Etienne Thirioux in the early 20th century , who had found them in a cave on Le Pouce mountain , on the Mascarene island of Mauritius . They were placed in the zoology museum by 1908 . Apart from their size and robustness , Holyoak did not find the bones to be distinct from those of the Mascarene parrot genera Lophopsittacus , Mascarinus ( the Mascarene parrot ) , Necropsittacus ( the Rodrigues parrot ) , and Psittacula ( which had two or three other species inhabiting the Mascarene islands ) . Because of their similarities , Holyoak considered all these genera to be closely related .
Holyoak provisionally placed the new species in the same genus as the broad @-@ billed parrot , naming it Lophopsittacus bensoni ; the name honours the English ornithologist Constantine W. Benson , for his work on birds from the Indian Ocean , and in classifying bird collections at Cambridge . Holyoak also mentioned the possibility that the remains could represent a small subspecies of Necropsittacus or a wide @-@ beaked form of Mascarinus , but maintained that they were best considered as belonging to a distinct species . The holotype specimen is a mandibular symphysis , with the specimen number UMZC 577a . Other known remains include upper mandibles , a palatine bone , and tarsometatarsi . The species has since been excavated from the Mare aux Songes swamp on Mauritius , from which subfossils of most of the other endemic bird species have been identified as well .
Old , vague accounts of several different now @-@ extinct Mascarene parrots have created much confusion for the scientists who subsequently examined them . In 1967 , American ornithologist James Greenway speculated that 17th- and 18th @-@ century reports of then @-@ unidentified grey parrots on Mauritius referred to the broad @-@ billed parrot . In 1987 , English ecologist Anthony S. Cheke correlated the L. bensoni subfossils with the grey parrots reported from Mauritius and Réunion , which had previously been ignored , or considered references to broad @-@ billed parrots . Further study of contemporary accounts indicates that the broad @-@ billed parrot was not grey , but had multiple colours .
In 2007 , the English palaeontologist Julian P. Hume reclassified L. bensoni as a member of the genus Psittacula , as he found it to be generically distinct from Lophopsittacus , but morphologically similar to the Alexandrine parakeet ( Psittacula eupatria ) . Hume also pointed out that an engraving accompanying the 1648 published version of Dutch Captain Willem Van West @-@ Zanen 's journal may be the only definite depiction of this species . The engraving shows the killing of dodos ( depicted as penguin @-@ like ) , a dugong , and parrots on Mauritius in 1602 ; the depicted method of catching parrots matches that used on Mascarene grey parakeets according to contemporary accounts . Hume coined the new common name " Thirioux 's grey parrot " in honour of the original collector . The IOC World Bird List instead used the common name " Mascarene grey parakeet " .
The population of grey parrots described from the island of Réunion ( referred to as Psittacula cf. bensoni by Hume ) is thought to have been conspecific with that on Mauritius . Until subfossils of P. bensoni are found on Réunion , it cannot be confirmed whether the grey parrots of the two islands belonged to the same species . In the 1860s , French naturalists Charles Coquerel and Auguste Vinson suggested these could have been parrots of the genus Coracopsis , but fossils of neither that genus nor Psittacula have ever been found on Réunion . Whilst Coracopsis parrots are known to have been introduced to that island in the 1700s , a population did not become established . While no live or dead Mascarene grey parakeets are known with certainty to have been exported , Hume has suggested that a brown parrot specimen — once housed in Cabinet du Roi but now lost — may have been a discoloured old Mascarene grey parakeet , or perhaps a lesser vasa parrot ( Coracopsis nigra ) . This specimen was described by Comte de Buffon in 1779 .
= = = Evolution = = =
Based on morphological features , the Alexandrine parakeet has been proposed as the founder population for all Psittacula species on Indian Ocean islands , with new populations settling during the species 's southwards colonisation from its native South Asia . Features of that species gradually disappear in species further away from its range . Many endemic Mascarene birds , including the dodo , are descended from South Asian ancestors , and Hume has proposed that this may also be the case for all the parrots there . Sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene , so it was possible for species to colonise some of these less isolated islands .
Although most extinct parrot species of the Mascarenes are poorly known , subfossil remains show that they shared common features such as enlarged heads and jaws , reduced pectoral bones , and robust leg bones . Hume has suggested that they all have a common origin in the radiation of the Psittaculini tribe , basing this theory on morphological features and the fact that Psittacula parrots have managed to colonise many isolated islands in the Indian Ocean . The Psittaculini could have invaded the area several times , as many of the species were so specialised that they may have evolved significantly on hotspot islands before the Mascarenes emerged from the sea . Other members of the Psittacula genus from the Mascarenes include the extant echo parakeet ( Psittacula eques echo ) of Mauritius , as well as the extinct Réunion parakeet ( Psittacula eques eques ) , and Newton 's parakeet ( Psittacula exsul ) of Rodrigues . A 2011 genetic study found that the Mascarene parrot ( Mascarinus mascarinus ) of Réunion was most closely related to the lesser vasa parrot from Madagascar and nearby islands , and therefore unrelated to the Psittacula parrots , undermining the theory of their common origin . A 2015 genetic study by Jackson et al. found the other Mascarene Psittacula taxa to group within a clade of rose @-@ ringed parakeet ( Psittacula krameri ) subspecies from Asia and Africa .
= = Description = =
Contemporary accounts describe the Mascarene grey parakeet as a grey , long @-@ tailed parrot . Subfossils show that its beak was about 30 % longer than that of the sympatric echo parakeet , and that it had a comparatively broad beak . Members of the Psittacula genus commonly have large , red beaks , and long tail feathers , with the central ones being the longest . It also differed from its congeners in other osteological details . It was skeletally similar to the Alexandrine parakeet , but some of its bones were larger and more robust . Its colouration also separated it from all other members of Psittacula , the majority of which are green or partially green .
Based on subfossils , the Mascarene grey parakeet was smaller than the broad @-@ billed parrot and the Rodrigues parrot , but similar in size to the Mascarene parrot , though with a wider beak . The mandibular symphysis ( central jaw ridge ) was 2 @.@ 7 – 2 @.@ 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 11 – 0 @.@ 11 in ) thick along the mid @-@ line , the palatine ( part of the palate ) was 31 @.@ 1 mm ( 1 @.@ 22 in ) , and the tarsometatarsus ( bone in the lower leg ) was 22 – 22 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 87 – 0 @.@ 89 in ) . The grey parrots from Réunion were described as being larger than the sympatric Réunion parakeet .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
According to Anthony S. Cheke and Julian Hume , the anatomy of the Mascarene grey parakeet suggests that its habits were largely terrestrial . Like the extinct Mauritian duck and the Mascarene coot , it appears that the Mascarene grey parakeet inhabited both Mauritius and Réunion . Both populations were said to be easy to hunt by capturing one individual and making it call out , which would summon an entire flock .
Willem van West @-@ Zanen , who visited Mauritius in 1602 , was the first to mention grey parrots there , and he also described the hunting methods used :
... some of the people went bird hunting . They could grab as many birds as they wished and could catch them by hand . It was an entertaining sight to see . The grey parrots are especially tame and if one is caught and made to cry out , soon hundreds of the birds fly around ones ’ ears , which were then hit to the ground with little sticks .
The Dutch sailor Willem Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe was on Réunion in 1618 , and described the same behaviour , in the first account of the grey parrots there :
Coming further inland we found [ a ] great number of geese , doves , grey parrots and other birds , also many land @-@ turtles ... And what we most did marvel at , when we held one of the parrots and other birds and squeezed it till it screamed , there came all the others from thereabout as if they would free it and let themselves be caught as well , so we had enough of them to eat .
In 1705 , Jean Feuilley gave a more detailed description of the parrots of Réunion and their ecology :
There are several sorts of parrot , of different sizes and colours . Some are the size of a hen , grey , the beak red [ Mascarene parrot ] ; others the same colour the size of a pigeon [ Mascarene grey parakeet ] , and yet others , smaller , are green [ Réunion parakeet ] . There are great quantities , especially in the Sainte @-@ Suzanne area and on the mountainsides . They are very good to eat , especially when they are fat , which is from the month of June until the month of September , because at that time the trees produce a certain wild seed that these birds eat .
Many other endemic species of Mauritius and Réunion were lost after the arrival of humans , so that the ecosystems of these islands are severely damaged and hard to reconstruct . Before humans arrived , the islands were entirely covered in forests , very little of which remains today , because of deforestation . The surviving endemic fauna is still seriously threatened . On Mauritius , the Mascarene grey parakeet lived alongside other recently extinct birds such as the dodo , the red rail , the broad @-@ billed parrot , the Mauritius blue pigeon , the Mauritius owl , the Mascarene coot , the Mauritian shelduck , the Mauritian duck , and the Mauritius night heron . On Réunion , it lived alongside the Réunion ibis , the hoopoe starling , the Mascarene parrot , the Réunion parakeet , the Réunion swamphen , the Réunion owl , the Réunion night heron , and the Réunion pink pigeon .
= = Extinction = =
To the sailors who visited the Mascarene islands from 1598 onwards , the fauna was mainly interesting from a culinary standpoint . Of the eight or so parrot species endemic to the Mascarenes , only the echo parakeet has survived . The others likely all vanished due to a combination of extensive hunting and deforestation . Due to being easily caught , the Mascarene grey parakeet was often hunted in abundance by early visitors to Mauritius and Réunion . As they fattened themselves from June to September , they were particularly sought after at this time of the year . An account by Admiral Steven van der Hagen from 1606 even suggests that the grey parrots of Mauritius were sometimes killed for amusement .
In the 1720s , Sieur Dubois stated that the grey parrots on Réunion were especially sought after during their fat season , and also claimed they were crop @-@ pests :
Grey parrots , as good [ to eat ] as the pigeons ... All the birds of this island have their season at different times , being six months in the low country and six months in the mountains , when returning , they are very fat and good to eat ... The sparrows [ Foudia ] , grey parrots , pigeons and other birds , bats [ Pteropus sp . ] , cause plenty of damage , some to cereals others to fruit .
The fact that they were said to damage crops probably contributed to them being hunted . The French settlers began to clear forests using the slash @-@ and @-@ burn technique for deforestation in the 1730s , which in itself would have had a large effect on the parrot population and on the other animals that nest in tree cavities .
The grey parrots appear to have been common on Mauritius until the 1750s in spite of the pressure from humans , but since they were last mentioned by Charpentier de Cossigny in 1759 ( published in 1764 ) , they had probably become extinct shortly after this time . The grey parrots of Réunion were last mentioned in 1732 , also by Cossigny . This final account gives an insight as to how he regarded the culinary quality of parrots from Réunion :
The woods are full of parrots , either completely grey [ Mascarene grey parrot ] or completely green [ Réunion parakeet ] . They were eaten a lot formerly , the grey especially , but both are always lean and very tough whatever sauce one puts on them .
The 1648 engraving possibly depicting this species was captioned with a Dutch poem , here in English naturalist Hugh Strickland 's 1848 translation :
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= Sweet Sacrifice =
" Sweet Sacrifice " is a song by American rock band Evanescence . It was released on May 25 , 2007 , as the third single from their second studio album , The Open Door . It was written by Amy Lee and Terry Balsamo while the production was handled by Dave Fortman . " All That I 'm Living For " was initially planned to be the third single , as announced at live concerts and online . However , due to requests from the band and fan reaction , Wind @-@ up reconsidered its release and announced that " Sweet Sacrifice " would be the band 's third single from The Open Door . Evanescence 's lead singer Amy Lee wrote the song about the abusive relationship that inspired all of the songs on the group 's debut record Fallen ( 2003 ) .
" Sweet Sacrifice " is a rock song written in a moderate tempo . Several critics found a metaphor to Evanescence 's former guitarist Ben Moody in the song . Upon its release , " Sweet Sacrifice " received mostly positive reviews by critics ; many deemed the song as a highlight on the album and praised Lee 's vocals , which some described as " haunting " . Although the song failed to chart as highly as the band 's previous singles , it appeared on the charts in Turkey and Germany , as well as the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . " Sweet Sacrifice " was nominated in the category for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards . A music video for the song , directed by Paul R. Brown , was filmed in California between March 9 and March 10 , 2007 ; It contained mostly live performances . " Sweet Sacrifice " was also added on the set @-@ list on Evanescence 's The Open Door Tour .
= = Background and release = =
" Sweet Sacrifice " was written by Amy Lee and Terry Balsamo while the production was handled by Dave Fortman . It was recorded in Record Plant Studios , Los Angeles , mixed by Dave Fortman at Ocean Way Studios , Los Angeles and mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound , New York . The programming was done by DJ Lethal . Talking about The Open Door , Lee said that lot of people expected the new songs on the album to be similar with " My Immortal " ( 2003 ) before adding that " ' Weight of the World ' , ' Sweet Sacrifice ' and ' All That I 'm Living For ' are so amazing to me because of the adrenaline . Especially when we play them live . " She further revealed the inspiration behind the song ,
It 's the one song on The Open Door that 's about the same abusive relationship which was the source of all the songs on Fallen . It was appropriate to put this song at the beginning , but it comes from a much stronger standpoint than Fallen . It 's not saying , " I 'm trapped in fear and somebody save me . " It 's saying , " Fear is only in our minds ... I 'm not afraid anymore . "
The band announced at live concerts and online that their upcoming third single from The Open Door would be " All That I 'm Living For , " however , due to requests from the band and fan reaction , Wind @-@ up announced that " Sweet Sacrifice " would be the band 's third single from The Open Door . The original single was released in Germany on May 25 , 2007 , featuring a basic and premium version . Elsewhere , it was scheduled for a release on May 8 , 2007 through Amazon.com but it was later canceled .
= = Composition = =
According to the sheet music published on the website Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , " Sweet Sacrifice " is an alternative metal and gothic metal song , set in common time and performed in moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute . It is written in the key of F # minor and Lee 's vocals for the song range from the musical note of A # 3 to G5 . According to IGN 's Ed Thompson , Lee sings the lines " It 's true we 're all a little insane / But it 's so clear now that I 'm unchained " , with her " haunting vocals " . Some critics found dark lyrics like " I dream in darkness , I sleep to die , erase the silence , erase my life , our burning ashes darken the day , a world of nothingness , blow me away " accompanied with " rumbling guitars " and a string section . A writer for the website Sputnikmusic found similarities between the songs on Fallen and " Sweet Sacrifice " . The main theme for the song is getting over from an abusive relationship . Jordan Reimer of The Daily Princetonian concluded that Lee sings the lines " You know you live to break me " and " Are you still too weak to survive your mistakes ? " to Evanescence 's past guitarist Ben Moody . That was somehow echoed by Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone who said that the lyrics " One day I 'm gonna forget your name / And one sweet day , you 're gonna drown in my lost pain " are aimed at Moody .
= = Critical reception = =
Bill Lamb of the website About.com , put the song on his list of Top Tracks on The Open Door alongside " Lacrymosa " , " Call Me When You 're Sober " , " Your Star " and " Good Enough " . In his review of The Open Door , Ed Thompson of IGN , highlighted the song as the " best track " on the album and put it on his list " Definitely Download " . The Washington Post 's Richard Harrington wrote that " There 's no shortage of soaring , dynamic rockers on ' The Open Door , ' including ' Sweet Sacrifice , ' " among others . Brendan Butler of Cinema Blend concluded that " Call Me When You 're Sober and " Sweet Sacrifice " were the only " radio @-@ friendly " songs on the album before adding that " those are the only songs that don 't excruciatingly wane after a minute . "
Sara Berry of St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch wrote " the CD 's opening track , ' Sweet Sacrifice , ' features disquieting lines like ' I dream in darkness / I sleep to die / Erase the silence / Erase my life . ' The lyrics are par for the course on this lineup of overwhelmingly melancholy compositions . Still , it 's well @-@ executed music , and it 's an ideal soundtrack for life 's moodier moments . " Jon Dolan of the magazine Entertainment Weekly found the song to be a " bruising breakup lament that turns into an anthem of freedom . " Giving the song a negative review , Alex Nun of musicOMH wrote that " Sweet Sacrifice " was " a turgid attempt to recapture past glories , the heard @-@ before riffs and shockingly average vocals act as a slap from the proverbial wet fish . " The song was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards .
= = Promotion = =
= = = Music video = = =
A music video directed by Paul R. Brown was filmed in Burbank , California between March 9 and March 10 , 2007 . The music video leaked onto the Internet on April 4 , 2007 , after briefly being available for digital download on iTunes Store . It initially premiered on Yahoo ! Music on April 5 . The video was compared with the psychological thriller film directed by Tarsem Singh , The Cell ( 2000 ) . Lee said that the main inspiration is " like we 're in the walls of our minds , sort of " . During an interview with MTV News , she further revealed the concept of the video , " It 's mostly live performance . It 's not so much fluff and flying and tricks and wolves and stuff . It 's more really just about the song , and that is unique for us . We usually do crazy stuff . It 's gonna be sort of like a video within the video . Since the song is our heaviest single , we really wanted to focus on mostly performance but still have something about it that 's really unique . And I think [ Paul ] really hit the nail on the head . " The video starts with Lee laying on a couch and as the song progresses , she starts singing the lyrics " It 's true , we 're all a little insane , but it 's so clear now that I am unchained " while getting up from it . She wears a red dress and red make @-@ up on her face . Later another scenes , show her singing in a room similar to The Cell , while the band is performing in another room .
= = = Live performances and usage in media = = =
" Sweet Sacrifice " was part of the set list during the band 's second worldwide The Open Door Tour ( 2006 ) . Some of the performances included those in The Great Saltair in Saltair , Utah on October 25 , 2006 , and on April 4 , 2007 in Dunkin ' Donuts Center in Providence , Rhode Island . It was later played live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Sydney , Australia on March 29 , 2012 . The song is used in the direct @-@ to @-@ video film Smokin ' Aces 2 : Assassins ' Ball .
= = Track listing = =
There are two versions of the single that have been released , they have different photos by Amy V. Cooper .
Basic Maxi CD ( Part 1 )
" Sweet Sacrifice " ( Album version ) - 3 : 05
" Weight of the World " ( Live from Tokyo ) - 3 : 44
Premium Maxi CD ( Part 2 )
" Sweet Sacrifice " ( Album version ) - 3 : 05
" Weight of the World " ( Live from Tokyo ) - 3 : 44
" Sweet Sacrifice " ( Radio mix ) - 3 : 03
Interview with Amy Lee and John LeCompt * - 5 : 07
Note
( * ) The interview was filmed for AOL Music at SonyBMG Studios in New York on August 3 , 2006 . It touches on the creative process of recording The Open Door as well as Lee and LeCompt 's musical opinions .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for " Sweet Sacrifice " are taken from The Open Door liner notes .
= = Chart performance = =
On the German Singles Chart , " Sweet Sacrifice " peaked at number 75 , where it stayed one week . However , the song fell out of the chart on July 8 , 2007 , spending a total of 4 weeks on the chart . It also peaked at number 11 on the Turkish Singles Chart , and number 24 on Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks .
= = Release history = =
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= John Le Mesurier =
John Le Mesurier ( / lə ˈmɛʒərər / , born John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley ; 5 April 1912 – 15 November 1983 ) was an English actor . He is perhaps best remembered for his comedic role as Sergeant Arthur Wilson in the BBC television situation comedy Dad 's Army ( 1968 – 77 ) . A self @-@ confessed " jobbing actor " , Le Mesurier appeared in more than 120 films across a range of genres , normally in smaller supporting parts .
Le Mesurier became interested in the stage as a young adult and enrolled at the Fay Compton Studio of Dramatic Art in 1933 . From there he took a position in repertory theatre and made his stage debut in September 1934 at the Palladium Theatre in Edinburgh in the J. B. Priestley play Dangerous Corner . He later accepted an offer to work with Alec Guinness in a John Gielgud production of Hamlet . He first appeared on television in 1938 as Seigneur de Miolans in the BBC broadcast of The Marvellous History of St Bernard . During the Second World War Le Mesurier was posted to British India , as a captain with the Royal Tank Regiment . He returned to acting and made his film debut in 1948 , starring in the second feature comedy short Death in the Hand , opposite Esme Percy and Ernest Jay . He undertook a number of roles on television in 1951 including Educating Archie alongside Tony Hancock .
Le Mesurier had a prolific film career , appearing mostly in comedies , usually in roles portraying figures of authority such as army officers , policemen and judges . As well as Hancock 's Half Hour , Le Mesurier appeared in Hancock 's two principal films , The Rebel and The Punch and Judy Man . In 1971 Le Mesurier received his only award : a British Academy of Film and Television Arts " Best Television Actor " award for his lead performance in Dennis Potter 's television play Traitor ; it was one of the few lead roles he played during the course of his career .
He took a relaxed approach to acting and felt that his parts were those of " a decent chap all at sea in a chaotic world not of his own making " . Le Mesurier was married three times , most notably to the actress Hattie Jacques . A heavy drinker of alcohol for most of his life , Le Mesurier died in 1983 , aged 71 , from a stomach haemorrhage , brought about by a complication of cirrhosis of the liver . After his death , critics reflected that , for an actor who normally took minor roles , the viewing public were " enormously fond of him " .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Le Mesurier was born John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley , in Bedford on 5 April 1912 . His parents were Charles Elton Halliley , a solicitor , and Amy Michelle ( née Le Mesurier ) , whose family were from Alderney in the Channel Islands ; both families were affluent , with histories of government service or work in the legal profession . While John was an infant the family settled in Bury St Edmunds , in West Suffolk . He was sent to school , first to Grenham House in Kent , and later to Sherborne School in Dorset where one of his fellow @-@ pupils was Alan Turing . Le Mesurier disliked both schools intensely , citing insensitive teaching methods and an inability to accept individualism . He later wrote : " I resented Sherborne for its closed mind , its collective capacity for rejecting anything that did not conform to the image of manhood as portrayed in the ripping yarns of a scouting manual " .
From an early age Le Mesurier had been interested in acting and performing ; as a child he had frequently been taken to the West End of London to watch Ralph Lynn and Tom Walls perform in the popular series of farces at the Aldwych Theatre . These experiences fuelled an early desire to make a career on the stage . After leaving school he was initially persuaded to follow his father 's line of work , as an articled clerk at Greene & Greene , a firm of solicitors in Bury St Edmunds ; in his spare time he took part in local amateur dramatics . In 1933 he decided to leave the legal profession , and in September of that year enrolled at the Fay Compton Studio of Dramatic Art ; a fellow @-@ student was Alec Guinness , with whom he became close friends . In July 1934 , the studio staged their annual public revue in which both Le Mesurier and Guinness took part ; among the judges for the event were John Gielgud , Leslie Henson , Alfred Hitchcock and Ivor Novello . Le Mesurier received a Certificate of Fellowship , while Guinness won the Fay Compton prize . After the revue , rather than remain at the studio for further tuition Le Mesurier took an opportunity to join the Edinburgh @-@ based Millicent Ward Repertory Players at a salary of £ 3.10s ( £ 3 @.@ 50 ) a week .
= = = Career = = =
= = = = 1934 – 46 = = = =
The Millicent Ward repertory company typically staged evening performances of three @-@ act plays ; the works changed each week , and rehearsals were held during the daytime for the following week 's production . Under his birth name John Halliley , Le Mesurier made his stage debut in September 1934 at the Palladium Theatre in Edinburgh in the J. B. Priestley play Dangerous Corner , along with three other newcomers to the company . The reviewer for The Scotsman thought that Le Mesurier was well cast in the role . Appearances in While Parents Sleep and Cavalcade were followed by a break , as problems arose with the lease of the theatre . Le Mesurier then accepted an offer to appear with Alec Guinness in a John Gielgud production of Hamlet , which began in Streatham in the spring of 1935 and later toured the English provinces . Le Mesurier understudied Anthony Quayle 's role of Guildenstern , and otherwise appeared in the play as an extra .
In July 1935 , Le Mesurier was hired by the Oldham repertory company , based at the Coliseum Theatre ; his first appearance with them was in a version of the Wilson Collison play , Up in Mabel 's Room ; he was sacked after one week for missing a performance after oversleeping . In September 1935 , he moved to the Sheffield Repertory Theatre to appear in Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary , and also played Malvolio in Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night . Le Mesurier later commented on the slow progress of his career : " had I known it was going to take so long , I might well have given the whole thing up " . In 1937 he joined the Croydon Repertory Theatre , where he appeared in nine productions in 1936 and 1937 . During this period Le Mesurier changed his professional name from John Halliley to John Le Mesurier ; his biographer Graham McCann observes that " he never bothered , at least in public , to explain the reason for his decision " . Le Mesurier used his new name for the first time in the September 1937 production of Love on the Dole .
Le Mesurier first appeared on television in 1938 , thus becoming one of the medium 's pioneering actors . His initial appearance was in a production of The Marvellous History of St Bernard in which he appeared as Seigneur de Miolans in a play adapted from a 15th @-@ century manuscript by Henri Ghéon . Alongside the television appearance , he continued to appear on stage in Edinburgh and Glasgow with the Howard and Wyndham Players , at least until late 1938 when he returned to London and re @-@ joined Croydon Repertory Theatre . His second spell with the troupe ended a few months later when , from May to October 1939 he appeared in Gas Light , first in London and subsequently on tour . The reviewer in The Manchester Guardian considered that Le Mesurier gave " a faultless performance " , and that " the character is not overemphasised . One may praise it best by saying that Mr. Le Mesurier gives one a really uncomfortable feeling in the stomach " .
From November to December 1939 , Le Mesurier toured Britain in a production of Goodness , How Sad , during which time he met the director 's daughter , June Melville , whom he married in April 1940 . After spending January and February 1940 in French Without Tears at the Grand Theatre in Blackpool , he returned to London where he was employed by the Brixton Theatre , appearing in a series of productions . In his time in repertory , Le Mesurier took on a variety of roles across a number of genres ; his biographer Graham McCann observed that his range included " comedies and tragedies , thrillers and fantasies , tense courtroom dramas and frenzied farces , Shakespeare and Ibsen , Sheridan and Wilde , Molière and Shaw , Congreve and Coward . The range was remarkable " .
In September 1940 Le Mesurier 's rented home was hit by a German bomb , destroying all his possessions , including his call @-@ up papers . In the same bombing raid , the theatre in Brixton in which he was working was also hit . A few days later he reported for basic training with the Royal Armoured Corps ; in June 1941 he was commissioned into the Royal Tank Regiment . He served in Britain until 1943 when he was posted to British India where he spent the rest of the war . Le Mesurier later claimed that he had had " a comfortable war , with captaincy thrust upon me , before I was demobbed in 1946 " .
= = = = 1946 – 59 = = = =
On his return to Britain , Le Mesurier returned to acting , although he initially struggled for work , finding only a few minor roles . In February 1948 he made his film debut in the second feature comedy short Death in the Hand , which starred Esme Percy and Ernest Jay . He followed this with equally small roles in the 1949 film Mother Riley 's New Venture — although his name was misspelt on the credits as " Le Meseurier " — and the 1950 crime film Dark Interval . During the same period he also frequently appeared on stage in Birmingham .
Le Mesurier undertook a number of roles on television in 1951 , including that of Doctor Forrest in The Railway Children , the blackmailer Eduardo Lucas in Sherlock Holmes : The Second Stain , and Joseph in the nativity play A Time to be Born . In the same year Tony Hancock joined Le Mesurier 's second wife , Hattie Jacques ( the couple had married in 1949 following his divorce from June Melville earlier that year ) in the radio series Educating Archie . Le Mesurier and Hancock became friends ; they would often go for drinking sessions around Soho , where they ended up in jazz clubs . When Hancock left Educating Archie in 1954 to work on his own radio show , Hancock 's Half Hour , he maintained his friendship with Le Mesurier , and Jacques joined the cast for the fourth series of Hancock 's show , in 1956 .
In 1952 , as well as appearing in the films Blind Man 's Bluff and Mother Riley Meets the Vampire , Le Mesurier also appeared as the doctor in Angry Dust at the New Torch Theatre , London . Parnell Bradbury , writing in The Times , thought Le Mesurier had played the role extraordinarily well , although Harold Hobson , writing in The Sunday Times , thought that " the trouble with Mr. John Le Mesurier 's Dr. Weston is that he approaches the man too snarlingly ... [ it is ] a notion of genius that would be unacceptable anywhere outside Victorian melodrama " . In 1953 , he had a role as a bureaucrat in the short film The Pleasure Garden , which won the Prix de Fantasie Poetique at the Cannes Film Festival in 1954 . After a long run of small roles in second features , his 1955 portrayal of the registrar in Roy Boulting 's comedy Josephine and Men , " jerked him out of the rut " , according to Philip Oakes .
Following his appearance in Josephine and Men , John and Roy Boulting cast Le Mesurier as a psychiatrist in their 1956 Second World War film , Private 's Progress . The cast featured many leading British actors of the time , including Ian Carmichael and Richard Attenborough . Dilys Powell , reviewing for The Sunday Times , thought that the cast was " embellished " by Le Mesurier 's presence , among others . Later in 1956 Le Mesurier again appeared alongside Attenborough , with small roles in Jay Lewis 's The Baby and the Battleship and Roy Boulting 's Brothers in Law , the latter which also featured Carmichael and Terry @-@ Thomas . He was also active in television , in a variety of roles in episodes of Douglas Fairbanks Presents , a series of short dramas .
Le Mesurier 's friendship with Tony Hancock provided a further source of work when Hancock asked him to be one of the regular supporting actors in Hancock 's Half Hour , when it moved from radio to television . Le Mesurier subsequently appeared in seven episodes of the show between 1957 and 1960 , and then in two episodes of a follow @-@ up series entitled Hancock . In 1958 he appeared in ten films , among them Roy Boulting 's comedy Happy Is the Bride , about which Dilys Powell wrote in The Sunday Times : " [ M ] y vote for the most entertaining contributions ... goes to the two fathers , John Le Mesurier and Cecil Parker " . In 1959 , the busiest year of his career , Le Mesurier took part in 13 films , including I 'm All Right Jack , which was critically and commercially the most successful of Le Mesurier 's credited films that year , although he also had an uncredited role as a doctor in Ben @-@ Hur .
= = = = 1960 – 68 = = = =
Le Mesurier appeared in nine films in 1960 , as well as nine television programmes , including episodes of Hancock 's Half Hour , Saber of London and Danger Man . His work the following year included a part in Peter Sellers 's directorial debut Mr. Topaze , a film which failed both critically and commercially . He provided the voice of Mr. Justice Byrne in a recording of excerpts from the transcript of R v Penguin Books Ltd . — the court case concerning the publication of D. H. Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley 's Lover — which also featured Michael Hordern and Maurice Denham . J.W. Lambert , reviewing for The Sunday Times , wrote that Le Mesurier gave " precisely the air of confident incredulity which the learned gentleman exhibited in court " . Later that year he played Hancock 's office manager in the first of Tony Hancock 's two principal film vehicles , The Rebel .
In 1962 he appeared in Wendy Toye 's comedy film We Joined the Navy before teaming up again with Peter Sellers in Only Two Can Play , Sidney Gilliat 's film of the novel That Uncertain Feeling by Kingsley Amis ; Powell noted with pleasure " the armour of his gravity pierced by polite bewilderment " . She compared Le Mesurier with the well @-@ known American straight @-@ face comedian , John McGiver . After appearing in another Sellers film in 1962 — Waltz of the Toreadors — Le Mesurier joined him in the 1963 comedy The Wrong Arm of the Law . Powell again reviewed the pair 's film , commenting that " I thought I knew by now every shade in the acting of John Le Mesurier ( not that I could ever get tired of any of them ) ; but there seems a new shade here " . In the same year he appeared in a third Sellers film , The Pink Panther , as a defence lawyer , and in the second Tony Hancock vehicle , The Punch and Judy Man . Le Mesurier played Sandman in the latter film ; Powell wrote that the role " allowed a gentler and subtler character than usual " . He also appeared in a series of advertisements for Homepride flour in 1964 , providing the voice @-@ over for the animated character Fred the Flourgrader ; he continued as the voice until 1983 .
In a change from his usual comedic roles , Le Mesurier portrayed the Reverend Jonathan Ives in Jacques Tourneur 's 1965 science fiction film , City Under the Sea , before returning to comedy in Where the Spies Are , a comedy @-@ adventure film directed by Val Guest , which starred David Niven . In 1966 Le Mesurier also played the role of Colonel Maynard in the ITV sitcom George and the Dragon , with Sid James and Peggy Mount . The programme ran to four series between 1966 and 1968 , totalling 26 episodes . He also took a role in four episodes of a Coronation Street spin @-@ off series , Pardon the Expression , in which he starred opposite Arthur Lowe .
= = = = 1968 – 77 = = = =
In 1968 Le Mesurier was offered a role in a new BBC situation comedy playing an upper @-@ class Sergeant Arthur Wilson in Dad 's Army , although he was the second choice after Robert Dorning . Le Mesurier was unsure about taking the part as he was finishing the final series of George and the Dragon and did not want another long @-@ term television role . He was persuaded both by an increase in his fee — to £ 262 10s ( £ 262 @.@ 50 ) per episode — and by the casting of his old friend Clive Dunn as Corporal Jones . Le Mesurier was initially unsure of how to portray his character , and was advised by series writer Jimmy Perry to make the part his own . Le Mesurier decided to base the character on himself , later writing that " I thought , why not just be myself , use an extension of my own personality and behave rather as I had done in the army ? So I always left a button or two undone , and had the sleeve of my battle dress slightly turned up . I spoke softly , issued commands as if they were invitations ( the sort not likely to be accepted ) and generally assumed a benign air of helplessness " . Perry later observed that " we wanted Wilson to be the voice of sanity ; he has become John " .
Nicholas de Jongh , in a tribute written after Le Mesurier 's death , suggested that it was in the role of Wilson that Le Mesurier became a star . His interaction with Arthur Lowe 's character Captain George Mainwaring was described by The Times as " a memorable part of one of television 's most popular shows " . Tise Vahimagi , writing for the British Film Institute 's Screenonline , agreed , and commented that " it was the hesitant exchanges of one @-@ upmanship between Le Mesurier 's Wilson , a figure of delicate gentility , and Arthur Lowe 's pompous , middle class platoon leader Captain Mainwaring , that added to its finest moments " . Le Mesurier enjoyed making the series , particularly the fortnight the cast would spend in Thetford each year filming the outside scenes . The programme lasted for nine series over nine years , and covered eighty episodes , ending in 1977 .
During the filming of the series in 1969 , Le Mesurier was flown to Venice over a series of weekends to appear in the film Midas Run , an Alf Kjellin @-@ directed crime film that also starred Richard Crenna , Anne Heywood and Fred Astaire . Le Mesurier became friends with Astaire during the filming and they often dined together in a local cafe while watching horse @-@ racing on television . In 1971 Norman Cohen directed a feature film of Dad 's Army ; Le Mesurier also appeared as Wilson in a stage adaptation , which toured the UK in 1975 – 76 . Following the success of Dad 's Army , Le Mesurier recorded the single " A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square " with " Hometown " on the reverse side ( the latter with Arthur Lowe ) . This , and an album , Dad 's Army , featuring the whole cast , was released on the Warner label in 1975 .
In between the annual shooting of Dad 's Army , Le Mesurier acted in films , including the role of the prison governor opposite Noël Coward in the 1969 Peter Collinson @-@ directed The Italian Job . The cinema historian Amy Sargeant likened Le Mesurier 's role to the " mild demeanour " of his Sergeant Wilson character . In 1970 , Le Mesurier appeared in Ralph Thomas 's Doctor in Trouble as the purser ; he also made an appearance in Vincente Minnelli 's On a Clear Day You Can See Forever , a romantic fantasy musical .
In 1971 Le Mesurier played the lead role in Dennis Potter 's television play Traitor , in which he portrayed a " boozy British aristocrat who became a spy for the Soviets " ; his performance won him a British Academy of Film and Television Arts " Best Television Actor " award . Writing for the British Film Institute , Sergio Angelini considered " Le Mesurier is utterly compelling throughout in an atypical role " . Chris Dunkley , writing in The Times , described the performance as " a superbly persuasive portrait , made vividly real by one of the best performances Mr Mesurier [ sic ] has ever given " . The reviewer for The Sunday Times agreed , saying that Le Mesurier , " after a lifetime supporting other actors with the strength of a pit @-@ prop , gets the main part ; he looks , sounds and feels exactly right " . Reviewing for The Guardian , Nancy Banks @-@ Smith called the role " his Hamlet " , and said that it was worth waiting for . Although delighted to have won the award , Le Mesurier commented that the aftermath proved " something of an anticlimax . No exciting offers of work came in " .
Le Mesurier made a cameo appearance in Val Guest 's 1972 sex comedy Au Pair Girls , and starred alongside Warren Mitchell and Dandy Nichols in Bob Kellett 's The Alf Garnett Saga . In 1974 he played a police inspector in a similar Val Guest comedy , Confessions of a Window Cleaner , alongside Robin Askwith and Antony Booth . The following year he also narrated Bod , an animated children 's programme from the BBC ; there were thirteen episodes in total .
= = = = 1977 – 83 = = = =
In 1977 Le Mesurier portrayed Jacob Marley in a BBC television adaptation of A Christmas Carol , which starred Michael Hordern as Ebenezer Scrooge ; Sergio Angelini , writing for the British Film Institute about Le Mesurier 's portrayal , considered that " although never frightening , he does exert a strong sense of melancholy , his every move and inflection seemingly tinged with regret and remorse " . In 1979 he portrayed Sir Gawain in Walt Disney 's Unidentified Flying Oddball , directed by Russ Mayberry , and co @-@ starring Dennis Dugan , Jim Dale and Kenneth More . The film , an adaptation of Mark Twain 's novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court , was hailed by Time Out as " an intelligent film with a cohesive plot and an amusing script " and cited it as " one of the better Disney attempts to hop on the sci @-@ fi bandwagon " . The reviewers praised the cast , particularly Kenneth More 's Arthur and Le Mesurier 's Gawain , which they said were " rather touchingly portrayed as friends who have grown old together " .
Le Mesurier played The Wise Old Bird in the 1980 BBC Radio 4 series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy and appeared on the same station as Bilbo Baggins in the 1981 radio version of The Lord of the Rings . In the spring of 1980 he took the role of David Bliss alongside Constance Cummings — as Judith Bliss — in a production of Noël Coward 's 1920s play Hay Fever . Writing for The Observer , Robert Cushman thought that Le Mesurier played the role with " deeply grizzled torpor " , while Michael Billington , reviewing for The Guardian , saw him as a " grey , gentle wisp of a man , full of half @-@ completed gestures and seraphic smiles " .
He took on the role of Father Mowbray in Granada Television 's 1981 adaptation of Brideshead Revisited . He guest @-@ starred in episodes of the British comedy television series The Goodies , and in an early episode of Hi @-@ de @-@ Hi ! . His final film appearance was also Peter Sellers 's final cinema role , The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu , which was completed just months before Sellers 's death in July 1980 .
In 1982 Le Mesurier reprised the role of Arthur Wilson for It Sticks Out Half a Mile , a radio sequel to Dad 's Army , in which Wilson had become bank manager of the Frambourne @-@ on @-@ Sea branch , while Arthur Lowe 's character , Captain George Mainwaring , was trying to apply for a loan to renovate the local pier . The death of Lowe in April 1982 meant that only a pilot episode was recorded , and the project was suspended . It was revived in 1982 with Lowe 's role replaced by two other Dad 's Army cast members : Pike , played by Ian Lavender , and Hodges , played by Bill Pertwee . A pilot and twelve episodes were subsequently recorded , and broadcast in 1984 . Le Mesurier also teamed up with another ex @-@ Dad 's Army colleague , Clive Dunn , to record a novelty single , " There Ain 't Much Change from a Pound These Days " / " After All These Years " , which had been written by Le Mesurier 's stepson , David Malin . The single was released on KA Records in 1982 .
He appeared opposite Anthony Hopkins in a four @-@ part television series , A Married Man , in March 1983 , before undertaking the narration on the short film The Passionate Pilgrim , an Eric Morecambe vehicle , which was Morecambe 's last film before his death .
= = = Personal life = = =
In 1939 , Le Mesurier accepted a role in the Robert Morley play Goodness , How Sad ! , directed by June Melville — whose father Frederick owned a number of theatres , including the Lyceum , Prince 's and Brixton . Melville and Le Mesurier soon began a romance , and were married in April 1940 . Le Mesurier was conscripted into the army in September 1940 ; after his demobilisation in 1946 , he discovered that his wife had become an alcoholic : " She became careless about appointments and haphazard professionally " . As a result , the couple separated and were divorced in 1949 .
In June 1947 , Le Mesurier went with fellow actor Geoffrey Hibbert to the Players ' Theatre in London , where among the performers was Hattie Jacques . Le Mesurier and Jacques began to see each other regularly , although Le Mesurier was still married , albeit estranged from his wife . In 1949 , when his divorce came through , Jacques proposed to Le Mesurier , asking him , " Don 't you think it 's about time we got married ? " . The couple married in November 1949 and had two sons , Robin and Kim .
Jacques began an affair in 1962 with her driver , John Schofield , who gave her the attention and support that Le Mesurier did not . When Jacques decided to move Schofield into the family home , Le Mesurier moved into a separate room and tried to repair the marriage . He later commented about this period : " I could have walked out , but , whatever my feelings , I loved Hattie and the children and I was certain — I had to be certain — that we could repair the damage " . The affair caused a downturn in his health ; he collapsed on holiday in Tangier in 1963 and was hospitalised in Gibraltar . He returned to London to find the situation between his wife and her lover was unchanged , which caused a relapse .
During the final stages of the breakdown of his marriage , Le Mesurier met Joan Malin at the Establishment club in Soho in 1963 . The following year he moved out of his marital house , and that day proposed to Joan , who accepted his offer . Le Mesurier allowed Jacques to bring a divorce suit on grounds of his own infidelity , to ensure that the press blamed him for the break @-@ up , thus avoiding any negative publicity for Jacques . Le Mesurier and Malin married in March 1966 . A few months after they were married , Joan began a relationship with Tony Hancock , and left Le Mesurier to move in with the comedian . Hancock was a self @-@ confessed alcoholic by this time , and was verbally and physically abusive to Joan during their relationship . After a year together , with Hancock 's violence towards her worsening , Joan attempted suicide ; she subsequently realised that she could no longer live with Hancock and returned to her husband . Despite this , Le Mesurier remained friends with Hancock , calling him " a comic of true genius , capable of great warmth and generosity , but a tormented and unhappy man " .
Le Mesurier was a heavy drinker , but was never noticeably drunk . In 1977 he collapsed in Australia and flew home , where he was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver and ordered to stop drinking . Until then he had not considered himself an alcoholic , although he accepted that " it was the cumulative effect over the years that had done the damage " . It was a year and a half before he drank alcohol again , when he avoided spirits and drank only beer . Jacques claimed that his calculated vagueness was the result of his dependence on cannabis , although according to Le Mesurier the drug was not to his taste ; he smoked it only during his period of abstinence from alcohol . Le Mesurier 's favoured pastime was visiting the jazz clubs around Soho , such as The Establishment or Ronnie Scott 's , and he observed that " listening to artists like Bill Evans , Oscar Peterson or Alan Clare always made life seem that little bit brighter " .
Towards the end of his life Le Mesurier wrote his autobiography , A Jobbing Actor ; the book was published in 1984 , after his death . Le Mesurier 's health visibly declined from July 1983 when he was hospitalised for a short time after suffering a haemorrhage . When the condition recurred later in the year he was taken to Ramsgate Hospital ; after saying to his wife , " It 's all been rather lovely " , he slipped into a coma and died on 15 November 1983 , aged 71 . His remains were cremated , and the ashes buried at the Church of St. George the Martyr , Church Hill , Ramsgate . His epitaph reads : " John Le Mesurier . Much loved actor . Resting . " His self @-@ penned death notice in The Times of 16 November 1983 stated that he had " conked out " and that he " sadly misses family and friends " .
After Le Mesurier 's death fellow comedian Eric Sykes commented : " I never heard a bad word said against him . He was one of the great drolls of our time " . Le Mesurier 's fellow Dad 's Army actor Bill Pertwee mourned the loss of his friend , saying , " It 's a shattering loss . He was a great professional , very quiet but with a lovely sense of humour " . Director Peter Cotes , writing in The Guardian , called him one of Britain 's " most accomplished screen character actors " , while The Times obituarist observed that he " could lend distinction to the smallest part " .
The Guardian reflected on Le Mesurier 's popularity , observing that " No wonder so many whose lives were very different from his own came to be so enormously fond of him " . A memorial service was held on 16 February 1984 at the " Actors ' Church " , St Paul 's , Covent Garden , at which Bill Pertwee gave the eulogy .
= = Approach to acting = =
Le Mesurier took a relaxed approach to acting , saying , " You know the way you get jobbing gardeners ? Well , I 'm a jobbing actor ... as long as they pay me I couldn 't care less if my name is billed above or below the title " . Although Le Mesurier played a wide range of parts , he became known as " an indispensable figure in the gallery of second @-@ rank players which were the glory of the British film industry in its more prolific days " . He felt his characterisations owed " a lot to my customary expression of bewildered innocence " and tried to stress for many of his roles that his parts were those of " a decent chap all at sea in a chaotic world not of his own making " .
Philip French of The Observer considered that when playing a representative of bureaucracy , Le Mesurier " registered something ... complex . A feeling of exasperation , disturbance , anxiety [ that ] constantly lurked behind that handsome bloodhound face " . The impression he gave in these roles became an " inimitable brand of bewildered persistence under fire which Le Mesurier made his own " . The Times noted of him that although he was best known for his comedic roles , he , " could be equally effective in straight parts " , as evidenced by his BAFTA @-@ award @-@ winning role in Traitor . Director Peter Cotes agreed , adding , " he had depths unrealised through the mechanical pieces in which he generally appeared " ; while Philip Oakes considered that , " single @-@ handed , he has made more films watchable , even absorbing , than anyone else around " .
= = Portrayals = =
Le Mesurier 's second and third marriages have been the subject of two BBC Four biographical films , the 2008 Hancock and Joan on Joan Le Mesurier 's affair with Tony Hancock — with Le Mesurier played by Alex Jennings — and the 2011 Hattie on Jacques 's affair with John Schofield — with Le Mesurier played by Robert Bathurst .
= = Filmography and other works = =
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= Strawberry Panic ! =
Strawberry Panic ! ( ストロベリー ・ パニック ! , Sutoroberī Panikku ! ) is a series of Japanese illustrated short stories written by Sakurako Kimino , which focus on a group of teenage girls attending three affiliated all @-@ girl schools on Astraea Hill . A common theme throughout the stories is the intimate lesbian relationships between the characters . The original artist was Chitose Maki , who was succeeded by Namuchi Takumi when production of the manga and light novels began .
Following Strawberry Panic ! ' s first run in Dengeki G 's Magazine it was six months before results began to indicate that the series was a success , and that its fans were growing in number ; the manga and light novels which followed were a reflection of its popularity . The series became sufficiently popular for Seven Seas Entertainment to license the manga series and light novels for English language distribution . Strawberry Panic ! was one of the debut titles on the company 's light novel and yuri manga production lines . An anime series was produced in 2006 by Madhouse and is licensed by Media Blasters . A visual novel was produced in 2006 by MediaWorks for the PlayStation 2 .
There is a slight difference in the title of the series between media and national affiliation . The original short stories , manga , light novels , and video game used the exclamation mark in the title ; the anime excluded it . When the manga and light novel series were licensed for English language distribution , Seven Seas Entertainment did not use the exclamation mark in the title . The appearance of the logo for Strawberry Panic ! has changed four times . The subtitle " Girls ' School in Fullbloom " was added during the short stories stage , and later appeared on the Japanese covers of the light novels , manga , and video game version , but was excluded from the anime adaptation and the English covers of the light novels and manga .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
The setting for Strawberry Panic ! is Astraea Hill ( アストラエアの丘 , Asutoraea no Oka ) , a very large hilltop where the three affiliated schools of Miator , Spica and Lulim , are located . Each school has its own student council , which governs the matters of each respective school . Periodically the three student councils , along with the Etoiles , meet in the Astraea Joint Student Council . The Astraea Hill school system employs the Scottish system of grade numbering . Students are ranged from grades one through six , the equivalent of the three years of junior @-@ high and high school in Japan , and seventh through twelfth grade in North America .
The hill is known as a sacred area which no men are allowed to enter . A prominent feature is a very large Catholic church in the center of the hill near a small lake ; the church can be seen from a long distance away . There is a horse ranch at Spica . The students may go and study for their classes at a library on the lake 's shore . Although only implied in the anime , the manga explains that the library building has another name , " The Secret Garden " . It is well @-@ known on campus as a rendezvous for secret lovers .
Students living on campus occupy a dormitory referred to as the " Strawberry Dorms " ( いちご舎 , Ichigo Sha , lit . " Strawberry House " ) , although its correct name is Astraea Dormitory , named after Astraea Hill . The building is a triangular shape , allowing for the segregation of students from the three schools ; each section is about the same size . It was built about 100 years before the story begins , around the same time that Miator was established , for students whose homes are far away . Each student is assigned a roommate in their year until graduation . If there is an odd number of students enrolled in a given year , one of the new students must live alone until a student in their year transfers into their school .
The building 's name is based on its similarity to the cross @-@ section of a strawberry viewed from above . When Strawberry Panic ! was initially created , the three schools were arranged in a triangle , with the Strawberry Dorms in the center , and the dormitory was not a single building but three separate dormitories also arranged in a triangle around a central courtyard .
= = = Story = = =
The plot of Strawberry Panic ! revolves around the lives of the adolescents who attend one of three affiliated all @-@ girl schools which share a campus and dormitories . The schools are : St. Miator 's Girls ' Academy , St. Spica 's Girls ' Institute , and St. Lulim 's Girls ' School . There are twelve characters the story revolves around , four at each school . The story 's main character is Nagisa Aoi , a young girl entering her fourth year at St. Miator after being transferred from another school . On first entering the campus grounds , she is overcome with joy by the overall appearance of the surrounding area , but her joy is soon turned to sorrow as she accidentally stumbles down a hill , causing her to be lost and disoriented . While walking around the grounds trying to work out where she is , Nagisa comes across an older student named Shizuma Hanazono , who happens to be Astraea Hill 's Etoile , a very important person who acts as a representative between the different schools and has specific duties that she must fulfill . Nagisa is instantly overcome by Shizuma 's beauty , and after Shizuma kisses her on the forehead , Nagisa loses consciousness and awakens in the school 's infirmary . In an adjacent chair is another girl of the same age , Tamao Suzumi , who informs her that they are to be roommates in the dormitory .
In the ensuing story , Nagisa is introduced to other students from each of the three schools ; some she admires , some she is intimidated by , and some are merely friends encountered while attending St. Miator . The series encompasses the relationships the characters build with each other , climaxing whenever two of the characters start dating . The central focuses of Strawberry Panic ! are the lesbian relationships and friendships between the girls from the three schools and the Etoile position and competition ; the anime is more relationship @-@ heavy while the manga is more competition @-@ heavy . The story of what happens to the other half of St. Miator 's Etoile pairing is explored in the latter portion of the anime . Depending on the media type , the depiction of the relationships between the girls is variously presented , with more explicit fan service – appealing visuals of the girls in provocative situations – in the anime adaptation than in the manga or light novels . A hint of astronomical star imagery is seen throughout the series , as well as minor Catholic religious undertones including a St. Mary statue on campus and a large Catholic church in the center of Astraea Hill .
= = = Main characters and schools = = =
At each of the three schools , there are four main characters , who comprise the original twelve characters created for the short stories when the series began . Only those twelve appear in the subsequently adapted visual novel version . Other characters were introduced in the manga and light novel versions to create plotlines and conflict , and these additional characters are also featured in the anime adaptation .
St. Miator 's Girls ' Academy
St. Miator 's Girls ' Academy ( 聖ミアトル女学園 , Sei Miatoru Jogakuen ) , the oldest of the three schools which has a history of over 100 years , is known for upholding old traditions . It was founded on a monastery and is seen as the school for " brides " , reinforced by the existence of extracurricular classes including tea ceremony , flower arrangement , and Japanese dancing . It is not unusual for students to be engaged before graduation . The school uniform is a long black dress , designed in the Gothic Lolita fashion . At Miator , the class names are associated with objects from nature , such as moon ( 月 , tsuki ) , flower ( 花 , hana ) and snow ( 雪 , yuki ) . In the Strawberry Dorms , there is a concept called the room temp system for students from Miator . Every underclassman entering the dormitories , if they are chosen to serve the upperclassman as room temps , perform maid duties , which include cleaning the room of the students they are assigned to serve .
Nagisa Aoi is the main character of the story . She is a cheerful girl who finds pleasure in making new friends , which she finds easy to do because of her open personality and sociable attitude . The first person she meets at Miator is Shizuma Hanazono , a mysterious upperclassman and the Etoile as the story begins , which gives Miator significant influence . Nagisa at first finds that she is strangely affected when in the presence of Shizuma , who in turn is extremely interested in Nagisa in both the manga and the anime . The next girl she meets is Tamao Suzumi , who becomes her close friend and roommate . Tamao is well regarded among her fellow Miator students ; among the first @-@ years , she is seen as a viable Etoile candidate . She expresses some light and playful interest in Nagisa , but it is much less overt than Shizuma 's interest and is very downplayed in the manga . The last main character from Miator is Chiyo Tsukidate , a timid first year student who is employed as the room temp for Nagisa and Tamao ; in the anime , she deeply admires Nagisa .
St. Spica 's Girls ' Institute
St. Spica 's Girls ' Institute ( 聖スピカ女学院 , Sei Supika Jogakuin ) has the white colored buildings and uniforms , and was built after Miator . The school prides itself in advancing the independence of women who play a role in improving society . It is well known for its culture and the accomplishments of its sports program compared to the other two schools . Spica has what is known as the St. Spica Choir , or the " Saintly Chorus , " which consists of students from Spica who perform at special events and even concerts for students at Astraea Hill . At Spica , the class names are numbers in French , such as un ( one ) , deux ( two ) , and trois ( three ) . Spica and Miator compete with each other quite aggressively , which often ends in dispute when students from these two schools get together .
Hikari Konohana , a shy and quiet girl , is the main focus among the main characters who attend Spica . The next Spica character is Yaya Nanto , a rebellious girl who is Hikari 's best friend and roommate in the dormitory . In the anime , she is very much enamored with Hikari , but Hikari sees her as a friend ; in the manga , Yaya is not a prominent character . Both she and Hikari are members of the St. Spica Choir . Hikari meets an older girl named Amane Ohtori early on in the story who is seen much like a prince from a fairy tale by other Spica students due to often riding a white horse named Star Bright . Amane is admired by many of the students from Spica as well as students from the other two schools , although she does not enjoy the attention . In the anime , Hikari admires her deeply , and she and Amane have mutual interest in each other . The final girl from Spica is Tsubomi Okuwaka , a young first year student who acts maturely for her age and gets on Yaya 's nerves . She too is in the St. Spica Choir , although Hikari was her main motivation for joining . In the anime , her interest in Hikari seems to purely be one of friendship ; in the manga , she , like Yaya , is not a prominent character . Tsubomi once remarked that Yaya was more skilled than Hikari at singing in the choir .
St. Lulim 's Girls ' School
St. Lulim 's Girls ' School ( 聖ル ・ リム女学校 , Sei Ru Rimu Jogakkō ) ( originally Le Lim ) is the newest of the three schools , and has pink colored buildings and uniforms . Its uniform is modeled after a traditional Japanese school uniform style . At Lulim , the class names are the letters from the Latin alphabet : A , B , C , etc . Students at St. Lulim 's are traditionally free and relaxed , and are rarely seen fighting . The students enjoy a lot of freedom in terms of activities , or the clubs they are allowed to form . In effect , there are a wide range of clubs at St. Lulim 's ranging from dancing , to cooking , to anything else a group of at least three people can think up .
Of the three schools , St. Lulim has the least emphasis on romance between characters , although the Lulim characters are typically found together . The leader of their friendly group is Chikaru Minamoto , the student council president of Lulim , and a born leader . She has a friendly and supportive personality which she often uses to offer advice or simply a shoulder to cry on . The other three girls include Kizuna Hyūga , a very outgoing and excitable girl who enjoys following Chikaru 's decisions , finding fun in doing so . She is very expressive in her actions and words , not wasting a chance to introduce herself to anyone new . Her close friend is Remon Natsume , who is much like Kizuna in personality , but is not as accident @-@ prone as her . Of the pair , Kizuna is the more talkative ; Remon often agrees with her companion and will offer up an opinion when need be . Lastly , there is Kagome Byakudan , the youngest of the group , who is typically accompanied by her stuffed bear Percival ( パーシバル , Pāshibaru ) which she often talks to as if it were alive . Although she does not talk or express her emotions much , she has a heightened perception of others ' emotions and can tell when those around her are distraught or in emotional pain .
= = = Etoile system = = =
Etoile ( エトワール , Etowāru ) is a French word meaning star . The Etoile system of Astraea Hill is employed as the internal politics between the schools and governs school operations . Little is shown as to the influence the teachers and sisters have on the inter @-@ school politics . The system is designed for two Etoiles to be instated at the same time in order to work as a team . In the anime , Shizuma Hanazono is the sole Etoile , the other Etoile having died , which is explained in the latter part of the story . The two Etoiles are seen as figureheads for Astraea Hill . Although Astraea has three schools , both Etoiles must come from the same school . They have certain specific duties , such as greeting new students arriving at Astraea Hill , participating in important school events , and serving as mediator between disputes in student council meetings of the three schools , among others . They are given a private greenhouse in which to grow flowers for use during school events .
The Etoiles are elected after going through what is known as The Etoile Election ( エトワール選 , Etowāru @-@ sen ) , which consists of three competitions in the light novels and the manga versions . The higher scoring pairs from the first two competitions carry on to the third competition , and the pair that wins the third competition becomes the Etoile Couple . In the anime , the competition aspect of the story is toned down . Still , it facilitates the culmination of the story in the finale , and thus serves an important purpose . Once the winners have been named , a special ceremony marks the end of the election , at which the president of the student council from the school that won the election presents two necklaces for the winners to wear during their tenure as Etoiles . They are both identical except for the colors of the pendants : one is red , the other is blue . The older student receives the blue pendant and the younger of the two is given the red pendant .
= = Production = =
Since the first issue of ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki G 's Magazine was published , the editors of the magazine have hosted reader participation games whose outcome is directly influenced by the people who read the magazine . Strawberry Panic ! ' s origin was in the October 2003 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine where it was announced after the ending of Sakurako Kimino 's previous work Sister Princess that a new reader participation project would start the following month . In the November 2003 issue , the first batch of characters from St. Miator were introduced ( Nagisa , Shizuma , Tamao , and Chiyo ) and it was revealed how readers could participate in the project . The initial system had the three main girls of Nagisa , Hikari , and Kizuna ( given without surnames ) who were sisters and at the same time younger sisters of the readers of the magazine , effectively putting the reader in the position of the elder brother . Each girl entered her respective school and became the main character of that school . It was explained that the coupling of the main characters could be to an upperclassman , a classmate , or an underclassman , but had to stay within the school they attended . For example , Nagisa , who attended Miator could not be coupled with another character from either Spica or Lulim at first . Playing the role of the elder brother , the reader gave advice to the younger sisters who were bewildered by their new lives at each of the schools . Thus , the readers had the ability to influence the coupling formations which would later be written by Kimino as short stories serialized in Dengeki G 's Magazine .
In December 2003 , the characters from Spica ( Hikari , Amane , Yaya , and Tsubomi ) and Lulim ( Kizuna , Chikaru , Remon , and Kagome ) were introduced and in the January 2004 issue the first illustrations of the three schools and the Strawberry Dorms were published , drawn by Chitose Maki ; the reader participation game began in this issue . Polls were posted in the January 2004 issue where the readers could vote on how the story would start and progress in the following months . Before the votes were counted , the first three short stories were written and published in the February 2004 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine . Each story featured an illustration of the two girls who were the couple paired in each respective story .
When the results of the polls were printed in the March 2004 issue , the rules of the game had been changed from the original concept , showing that readers wanted to focus on the relationships between the girls , and in this respect , the readers could vote on who they wanted to be coupled together . The number of votes for this first round were less than 2000 . Noting this , the editorial staff lifted the restriction on only coupling within the same school , along with the restriction of only allowing the three main girls of Nagisa , Hikari , and Kizuna to couple . This resulted in a total of 66 different possibilities between the twelve characters in the series . In this issue , it was explained that four events were planned for the stories that followed : Easter , Athletic Carnival , Cultural Festival , and Christmas Bazaar . The " Etoile " title was born in this issue , which was initially used to crown the best couple voted first by the readers in each of the four events to follow . These events were going to be carried out by the three schools in cooperation . It became such that the planning of the schools resulted in them in a triangle position , having the dormitories at the center . The reader 's position as the elder brother was canceled in this issue , and the game became a simple popularity vote for coupling . Due to this new system , Nagisa , Hikari , and Kizuna ceased to be sisters ; surnames were later added to clarify this . After the first story arc of the short stories concluded , it was shown that the number of votes had increased sharply due to the new voting mechanisms . The Etoile voting was announced in the July 2004 issue to take place every month as opposed to every two months which had been the case beforehand . The deadline for voting was shifted to the middle of every month , and online voting was introduced . In September 2004 , the voting for the next Etoile was shifted to be online @-@ only ; the voting for the Dormitory Panic arc became mail voting only .
The reader participation game ended after ten rounds of voting in the February 2005 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine where it was announced that the series would be continued in other forms , such as the light novels and manga that followed . The original short stories and the poll results of the reader participation game were used as a basis for subsequent releases of Strawberry Panic ! .
= = Media = =
= = = Short stories = = =
The first results of the polls from the reader participation project appeared in the form of the first three short stories which resulted from direct fan involvement in the March 2004 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine . The stories were written by Sakurako Kimino and illustrated by Chitose Maki . Over the following months , the stories continued , producing the first story arc named the Etoile Chapter ( エトワール編 , Etowāru @-@ hen ) containing eighteen stories which ran between March and July 2004 . Due to the concerns that there was not enough time between the Athletic Festival ( an early summer event ) and the Cultural Festival ( an autumn event ) , the second , and last , story arc named the Dormitory Panic Chapter ( 寄宿舎パニック編 , Kishukusha Panikku @-@ hen ) containing seven stories began the next month , running between August 2004 and January 2005 . The second arc 's stories , which were longer than the earlier pieces , involved taking one of the three main characters , performing coupling for them with one of the other eleven girls and presenting them in various situations . None of the original stories were ever published again in bound volumes . The stories themselves were more or less vignettes , in which each gave a brief glimpse into what was referred to as a " yuri coupling " .
Between May and September 2005 , a revised series of the short stories was produced ; once per month , five more supplementary short stories were published during this time period , each of which was longer than any of the previous pieces . Although each individual story had its own title , the stories were under the collective title of " The Girls , who art in heaven " . After the ending of this short compilation in September 2005 , it was decided that the original illustrator , Chitose Maki , would be replaced by Namuchi Takumi for future Strawberry Panic ! projects .
= = = Internet radio show = = =
Between November 2005 and December 2006 , Lantis Web Radio hosted a radio show entitled Mai & Ai no Dengeki G 's Radio Strawberry Panic ! : Oneesama to Ichigo Sōdō ( 麻衣 & 愛の電撃G ’ sラジオ ストロベリー ・ パニック ! ~ お姉様といちごそうどう ~ ) . The show was hosted by Mai Nakahara , who voiced Nagisa Aoi in the anime edition , and Ai Shimizu , who voiced both Tamao Suzumi and Kizuna Hyūga in the anime . The show contained sixty @-@ one episodes , which were divided between three CDs ; the first went on sale on March 8 , 2006 . The other two releases came out on July 5 , 2006 and January 11 , 2007 in Japan . The radio show included nine guests who had played other voice acting roles in the anime version , and Rino , singer of the opening theme " Sweetest " in the PlayStation 2 game version .
= = = Manga = = =
The Strawberry Panic ! manga , written by Sakurako Kimino and illustrated by Namuchi Takumi , was serialized in Dengeki G 's Magazine between September 30 , 2005 and February 28 , 2007 with a new chapter released once a month . Two bound volumes have been published in Japan under MediaWorks ' Dengeki Comics label . The first went on sale on March 27 , 2006 featuring Nagisa and Shizuma on the cover , and the second volume came out on October 27 , 2006 featuring Nagisa and Tamao on the cover . While the manga 's story is unfinished , Strawberry Panic ! has not made an appearance in Dengeki G 's Magazine since the publication of the April 2007 issue on February 28 , 2007 . Major differences between the anime and manga center around the plot and character interaction . Characters have vastly different character designs , such as Shion Tōmori and Kaname Kenjō . The manga introduces the Etoile election early on while the anime waits until the latter part of the series for dramatic effect . The first volume was released in English on December 23 , 2007 , the second in March 2008 , and the omnibus with two additional chapters in October 2010 , published by Seven Seas Entertainment .
= = = Light novels = = =
The announcement that a Strawberry Panic ! light novel series was to be written based on the original short stories appeared in the April 2005 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine . Work on writing and illustrating the novels began in May 2005 , by the same two people who worked on the manga . The announcement that the writing was finished appeared in the September 2005 issue of the same magazine , although the first novel was published by MediaWorks on their Dengeki Bunko publishing label , on March 10 , 2006 . The first volume had Shizuma and Nagisa on the cover and the second volume , released on August 9 , 2006 , had Amane and Hikari on the cover . The third and last volume , released on December 10 , 2006 , had Chikaru and Kizuna on the cover .
Seven Seas Entertainment announced on September 13 , 2006 that they had licensed the right to release the English translations of the Strawberry Panic ! light novels and the manga series . After several delays , the English version of the first light novel was released in March 2008 , and the second volume light novel was released on July 8 , 2008 . An omnibus volume containing the three light novels was released in June 2011 .
= = = Anime = = =
The anime series , entitled Strawberry Panic ( without the exclamation mark ) , was produced by the Japanese animation studio Madhouse and directed by Masayuki Sakoi . The series was composed by Tatsuhiko Urahata , and featured two other screenwriters Hideo Takayashiki and Kazuyuki Fudeyasu . The character design was done by Kyūta Sakai , working from the original designs by Chitose Maki and later Namuchi Takumi . The twenty @-@ six episode anime aired in Japan between April 3 and September 25 , 2006 , and has a central yuri theme .
The anime series is mainly based on the short stories and manga which preceded it . The anime focuses on Nagisa Aoi and , to a slightly lesser extent , Hikari Konohana , and the three girls that they each are or become close to at their respective schools ; some admire them or wish to be their friend , and others are vying for their affections . Of particular focus are the romantic relationships between Nagisa and Shizuma Hanazono and between Hikari and Amane Ōtori . The series culminates in the election of the new Etoile pairing , although this aspect of the story is downplayed compared to the manga . Fan service , or giving appealing visuals of the girls nude or in provocative situations , is seen in the anime , but only briefly .
In Japan , eight DVD compilations , in regular and special editions , were released containing three episodes each , between June 23 , 2006 , and January 25 , 2007 . The regular and special editions are similar in content , but the special editions are packaged in jacket sleeve , and contain an original booklet which includes additional merchandise such as portable plates and straps . The special edition includes different versions of the opening and closing themes , and deleted scenes . Media Blasters released five English @-@ subtitled DVDs of Strawberry Panic between March 4 , 2007 and November 11 , 2008 . The English @-@ subtitled DVDs contain five episodes , except for its first release , which contains six . The series premiered on Toku in the United States on December 31 , 2015 .
= = = Audio CDs = = =
The original soundtrack for the anime adaptation was first released on September 6 , 2006 by Lantis . On September 21 , 2006 , the soundtrack for the video game was released by the same company . The two opening themes for the anime , " Shōjo Meiro de Tsukamaete " and " Kuchibiru Daydream " were sung by Aki Misato . The " Shōjo Meiro de Tsukamaete " single was released on April 26 , 2006 , and reached an Oricon chart position of thirty @-@ eight ; " Kuchibiru Daydream " was released on August 9 , 2006 , and achieved forty @-@ seven in the charts . The two main closing themes for the anime , " Himitsu Dolls " ( released on May 24 , 2006 ) and " Ichigo Tsumi Monogatari " ( released on August 23 , 2006 ) , were sung by Mai Nakahara and Ai Shimizu as a duet . The final closing theme in the last episode was a slower remix version of " Shōjo Meiro de Tsukamaete " , sung by Aki Misato .
There have been three drama CDs released based on the anime adaptation . The first , entitled Strawberry Panic Lyric 1 " Miator volume " was released in Japan on July 26 , 2006 . It featured the same voice actresses from the anime , and featured thirteen characters . It came with a CD containing twelve tracks of small scenes involving the characters in various situations . The second drama CD , Strawberry Panic Lyric 2 " Spica volume " was released on October 25 , 2006 and a third was released on December 6 , 2006 titled Strawberry Panic Lyric 3 " Lulim volume " .
= = = Visual novel = = =
A visual novel named Strawberry Panic ! Girls ' School in Fullbloom was released on the PlayStation 2 on August 24 , 2006 in Japan by MediaWorks . Two versions of the game were released , a regular edition and a limited edition which included a drama CD ; there is a different cover for each of the versions . The drama CD contained three tracks , one for students of each school .
There are three playable characters , one from each of the schools : Nagisa , Hikari , and Kizuna . They have no family names in the game , as when the series of short stories were first published . While Ai Shimizu maintained her role for Kizuna in the game , Miyuki Sawashiro performed the voice for Tamao Suzumi . The game features a " boy mode " and a " girl mode " . Choosing the male version means that the story is told via emails from the player 's younger sister ; choosing the female version means that the story is told in the player 's own diary . The player is given the chance to pair their chosen character with one of the other nine available girls , not including the other possible playable characters . There are twenty @-@ seven different combinations depending on which girl the player chooses at the start of the game .
The game is played over the course of a school semester ; the first day of school is on April 1 . In " boy mode " , each day concludes with a super deformed image of the heroine the player chose at the onset of the game slumped over her computer in her room ; an email message from a girl that she interacted with during the day in on the monitor . As the heroine sleeps , the object of her affection appears in a thought bubble above her head . In " girl mode " , she is seen writing in her diary instead . The first day in the game requires no interaction from the player . The player gets through the first day by reading the text and getting acquainted with the girls . The game uses an angel and devil system where miniature angel and devil versions of each girl float beside her when critical decisions have to be made ; this is not restricted to the three playable characters . It also features a " Strawberry chance " system , where the outcome of some scenes changes if the player presses one of the analog sticks fast enough after the message " Chance ! " ( チャンス ! , Chansu ! ) is displayed in the upper right screen corner .
= = Reception = =
During the reader participation game running in Dengeki G 's Magazine , voting polls were first posted in the January 2004 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine , which were to determine who would be the subjects in the couplings between the characters of each respective school . The results were printed in the March 2004 issue , after about 1 @,@ 979 votes had been cast . The three couples with the highest number of votes were Nagisa / Tamao at 481 votes , Hikari / Amane at 343 votes , and Kizuna / Chikaru at 260 votes . The results from the second round of voting were published in the May 2004 issue of the magazine which included the figures for the sixty @-@ four different combinations between the twelve girls . The three couples with the highest number of votes this time were Nagisa / Tamao again at 150 votes , Nagisa / Amane at 114 votes , and Hikari / Amane for a second time at 102 votes . In the third round of voting in the July 2004 issue , the number of votes increased dramatically ; the number one voted couple for the third time in a row was Nagisa / Tamao at 1 @,@ 215 votes .
The Strawberry Panic ! short stories were initially panned by Erica Friedman as being " distinctly derivative of Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru " . Friedman is the president of Yuricon , an anime convention geared towards fans of yuri anime and manga , and ALC Publishing , a publishing house dedicated to yuri . Friedman described the stories as , " candy apples without the apples - all sugary , and gooey and sweet , with not much of anything else to support it " . After initially having this stance for the entire series , including an early opinion on the anime version , Friedman later changed her opinion slightly , writing that " [ the anime ] turned out pretty good " . She went on to say , " There 's no denying that Strawberry Panic ! wasn 't brilliant , but considering that it was meant to be trashy , it pulled out a few moments of dignity and elegance out of the trash heap . " Jason Thompson regarded the Strawberry Panic ! manga as " a nearly plotless cascade [ where ] everything seems rushed , and it is difficult to keep track of the characters and plot . "
The five subtitled DVDs released by Media Blasters were reviewed by Anime News Network ( ANN ) . The first DVD was declared rental @-@ worthy by ANN , citing the characters as being " a lot of fun " and the series as being a " very laid @-@ back show " that would work well as a relaxing watch over a weekend . The content , however , was described as getting the series off to a " slow start " , with limitations of the first six episodes being the lack in fan service , humor , and that it " struggles to find any other reason to be compelling " . The second DVD , containing episodes seven through eleven , was reviewed as failing to " materialize much real plot " and content of the episodes was described as existing " only to appeal to otaku who can get excited about moe content " . The third DVD , compiling episodes twelve through sixteen , shows " signs of an actual plot " and contains a " sudden explosion of fan service " , which are noted as " noteworthy developments " in the review . In the fourth DVD , containing episodes seventeen through twenty @-@ one , " the series ' romantic side does finally pay off with a romantic arc that actually engages " . In the fifth and final DVD containing the last five episodes , the Hikari and Amane relationship is described as lacking chemistry , although the Nagisa and Shizuma pairing is regarded as satisfying .
Strawberry Panic ! was one of the premier titles in the Light Novel and Strawberry ( for yuri manga ) production lines when it was licensed for English language distribution by Seven Seas Entertainment . In an interview with Seven Seas Entertainment founder Jason DeAngelis , he was posed the question , " How do you attract a fan base for a novel before its release in English ? " His response was , " We try to choose titles that are already well @-@ known , like Pita @-@ Ten , Shinigami no Ballad or Strawberry Panic ! .... In terms of attracting a fan base , though , in the end it 's all about word @-@ of @-@ mouth . If the material is great , it will stand out on its own and find its audience . The small format that we 're publishing these books in is frankly stunning , and it will definitely attract fans who may not have heard of the property otherwise . "
Strawberry Panic ! Girls ' School in Fullbloom received a total review score of 26 / 40 ( out of the four individual review scores of 6 , 7 , 7 , and 6 ) from the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu . The game is listed by MediaWorks as one of their most @-@ popular game titles .
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= Where 's Herb ? =
Where 's Herb ? was an advertising campaign for the fast food chain Burger King in 1985 and 1986 . The television commercials featured a fictional character named Herb , who was described as never having eaten a Burger King burger in his life . They called on fans to visit their local Burger King in the hope of finding Herb and winning a prize . The campaign also included an " I 'm not Herb " promotion , in which customers could get a discounted Whopper by including the phrase in their order . At first , people were confused because they did not know what Herb looked like . When his appearance was revealed , however , many people lost interest in the promotion . The promotion was poorly received and was the last campaign that the J. Walter Thompson firm was hired to design for Burger King .
= = Campaign = =
When the commercials were created , Burger King was suffering due to their marketing efforts . The promotion was designed to counter the marketing efforts of McDonald 's , which was spending an estimated US $ 80 to 100 million to promote the McDLT ( McDonald 's Lettuce and Tomato ) , and Wendy 's , which had found success with its " Where 's the beef ? " commercials . The Herb commercials , launched in November 1985 , were created by the J. Walter Thompson advertising firm at an expense of approximately US $ 40 million . Donald Dempsey , J. Walter Thompson 's Executive Vice President of Marketing , oversaw the creation of the campaign , and it continued under the direction of Tom Sawyer , the company 's Vice President of Marketing . Before settling on the name Herb , the firm considered such names as Mitch and Oscar .
The campaign began with three weeks of " cryptic " messages designed to create interest in the promotion . Herb was mentioned in newspaper advertisements , on banners at football games , and in flyers distributed to the public . On November 24 , 1985 , the first commercials were aired on CBS , NBC , and ABC . The premise of the commercials was that Herb was the only person in the United States who had not eaten a burger from Burger King . The advertising agency created a fictional biography for the character , claiming that he was raised in Wisconsin , had worked in a cheese factory , and had also sold decoy ducks . The character is commonly referred to as " Herb the Nerd " .
The Herb character was played by actor Jon Menick , who would randomly appear at Burger King restaurants nationwide . Herb 's identity was not revealed until Super Bowl XX in January 1986 ; he was shown to be wearing white socks , black " flood pants " , and thick @-@ rimmed glasses . If a customer spotted Herb at a Burger King , he or she would win $ 5 @,@ 000 . Everyone in the restaurant when Herb was discovered was also entered into a draw for the promotion 's grand prize of $ 1 million . The draw was won by Christopher Kelly of Louisville , Kentucky , who was present when Herb was spotted at the Burger King in the city 's Oxmoor Center mall .
In addition to encouraging people to search for Herb , Burger King added an " I 'm not Herb " promotion to their marketing campaign . Because Burger King claimed to be angry at Herb for not eating at their restaurants , they offered a 99 @-@ cent Whopper hamburger to everybody except Herb . To get the discounted price , customers had to say , " I 'm not Herb " while ordering . Customers named Herb were told to say , " I 'm not the Herb you 're looking for " .
= = Reception = =
The campaign led to controversy in early 1986 . A 15 @-@ year @-@ old boy spotted Herb at the Burger King restaurant in Bessemer , Alabama and believed that he had won $ 5 @,@ 000 . Because he was under the age of 16 , the minimum age for participating in the promotion , the prize money was given to the boy 's older friend , who was with him at the time . Burger King defended their decision , stating that the restriction was intended to dissuade students from skipping school to search for Herb . The boy 's parents complained to their representative in the Alabama State Senate . The matter was then brought before the full State Senate , which passed a resolution condemning Burger King 's actions as " consumer fraud " .
The World Wrestling Federation had Herb appear as a guest timekeeper during the boxing match between Roddy Piper and Mr. T at WrestleMania 2 at the Nassau Coliseum on April 7 , 1986 . Clara Peller , the star of the " Where 's the beef ? " commercials from Wendy 's , also appeared at the event , working as guest timekeeper during a battle royal .
The promotion met with some positive reviews . Time called it " clever " , and a columnist for the Chicago Tribune stated that Herb was " one of the most famous men in America " . Ultimately , however , the Herb promotion has been described as a flop . The advertising campaign lasted three months before it was discontinued . One Burger King franchise owner stated that the problem was that " there was absolutely no relevant message " . Although some initial results were positive , the mystique was lost after Herb 's appearance was revealed during the Super Bowl . Burger King 's profits fell 40 % in 1986 . As a result of the poorly received campaign , Burger King dropped J. Walter Thompson from their future advertising . The US $ 200 million account was initially given to N. W. Ayer . After 18 months it went to another agency , as Ayer was having problems , and Burger King wanted to improve the bottom line .
Other restaurants , including Wendy 's , capitalized on the promotion by advertising that Herb ate at their locations .
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= The D 'oh @-@ cial Network =
" The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " , also known as The ( Annoyed Grunt ) -cial Network , is the eleventh episode of the twenty @-@ third season of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 15 , 2012 . In the episode , Lisa is sad that she has no real friends . She discovers that it is easier to make friends on the Internet and therefore creates a social networking website called SpringFace . It becomes incredibly popular in Springfield and Lisa gets many online friends . However , they still ignore her in real life , and the website starts to cause trouble in the town when people use it while driving and cause accidents . Lisa is put on trial and the court orders her to close down SpringFace .
The episode is a satire of the social networking website Facebook and parodies the film The Social Network , which tells the story of how Facebook was founded . The Winklevoss twins , who sued Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg for stealing their idea , are featured in the episode . Actor Armie Hammer portrayed the twins in both The Social Network and " The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " . This episode also features a guest appearance by talk show host David Letterman as himself , appearing in the Simpsons opening sequence . Around 11 @.@ 48 million Americans tuned in to watch the episode during its original broadcast .
= = Plot = =
The episode starts in a courtroom where Lisa is on trial . The Blue @-@ Haired Lawyer is accusing her of bringing devastation upon Springfield because of her selfish desire to be accepted by others . Lisa starts telling everyone in the courtroom about her side of the story . A few months ago , she and her family went to the new mall in town . There , she encountered her schoolmates Sherri and Terri and asked them if she could spend some time with them at the mall . The two twins said no to Lisa , which made her realize that she has no real friends . Later , Lisa went on Homer 's computer and discovered that it is easier to make friends online than in real life , and thus she started a social networking website called SpringFace to get friends . The site became instantly popular among all the citizens of Springfield and Lisa made over a thousand friends in a short period of time . However , Lisa soon noticed that these friends only talked to her on SpringFace and not in real life . She also discovered that the website grew too big to control , with people becoming so addicted to it that they even used it while driving their cars . This caused chaos in the town after numerous car crashes and deaths .
In the present time , the court orders Lisa to shut down SpringFace , and Lisa agrees to do this . The people of Springfield throw away their smartphones and computers soon after the website is closed . When Lisa looks outside her window , she sees Sherri and Terri and a bunch of their friends playing Marco Polo , and they invite Lisa to join them . Patty and Selma are then seen competing in a rowing race against the Winklevoss twins at the London 2012 Olympics , with Patty and Selma winning . This is followed by a short entitled " A Simpsons ' Show 's Too Short ' Story " , animated in the dark , grim style of American artist Edward Gorey . It tells the story of how Bart was a troublemaker from the day he was born , and shows him and Milhouse wrapping Springfield Elementary School in toilet paper .
= = Production = =
" The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " was written by J. Stewart Burns and directed by Chris Clements as part of the twenty @-@ third season of The Simpsons ( 2011 – 2012 ) . It was the second episode written by Burns that season , the first being " Holidays of Future Passed " . According to Hayden Childs of The A.V. Club , the episode satirizes the phenomenon of the social networking website Facebook . He commented that " the thrust of the satire can be summed up with the age @-@ old cry of parents to their offspring to put that damn thing down and go outside already . " Childs added that the episode points out " the most blatant of the many faults of Facebook — namely , its hypnotic ability to distract people in a semi @-@ narcissistic haze [ ... ] " .
" The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " also parodies the 2010 drama film The Social Network , which portrays the founding of Facebook by Mark Zuckerberg and the subsequent lawsuit by American rowers Cameron Winklevoss and Tyler Winklevoss who claimed Zuckerberg stole their idea . The Social Network , like the episode , features a scene in which the Winklevoss twins are seen rowing . In July 2011 , it was announced in Entertainment Weekly that American actor Armie Hammer would make a guest appearance in " The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " , playing the Winklevoss twins . Hammer previously attained that role in The Social Network . According to The Simpsons showrunner Al Jean , the staff of the show decided not to ask the Winklevoss twins to guest star in the episode as themselves because " We [ the staff ] were like , ' Wait , [ Hammer ] played them , that 's who people think they are , we should just get him . ' " Hammer met with the producers of the series in May 2011 to record his lines .
American talk show host David Letterman also guest starred in " The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " , appearing as himself in the couch gag in the Simpsons opening sequence at the beginning of the episode . The couch gag sees the Simpson family arriving in New York City to the tune of " Rhapsody in Blue " to be guests on Late Show with David Letterman . The Simpsons music editor Chris Ledesma wrote on his blog that there was originally a discussion among the staff of the show about how the sequence would be scored . According to Ledesma , Jean " wanted something hustly @-@ bustly that represented New York City . Thoughts immediately turned to the music of George Gershwin . Woody Allen had used ' Rhapsody in Blue ' to great effect in Manhattan and probably connected forever in people ’ s minds the black & white images of New York with the melodies of that piece . " Ledesma wrote that acquiring the license to use the musical piece was expensive , but Jean thought " it would be the perfect piece to use for the couch gag . " The dark cabaret band Tiger Lillies performed their version of the Simpsons theme over the closing credits of the episode . The Simpsons creator Matt Groening , a fan of the band , was responsible for recruiting its members to the show .
= = Release = =
The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 15 , 2012 . It was watched by approximately 11 @.@ 48 million people during this broadcast , and in the demographic for adults aged 18 – 49 , the episode received a 5 @.@ 4 Nielsen rating and a thirteen percent share . This was a large increase over the previous episode of the series , " Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson " , which received a 2 @.@ 3 rating . However , " The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " was preceded by a popular National Football League playoffs game that helped improve its rating . The episode became the highest @-@ rated broadcast in Fox 's Animation Domination lineup that night in terms of both total viewers and in the 18 – 49 demographic , finishing ahead of new episodes of Family Guy and Napoleon Dynamite . For the week of January 9 – 15 , 2012 , " The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " placed third in the ratings among all prime @-@ time broadcasts in the 18 – 49 demographic , being beaten only by two football games . This meant The Simpsons was the top scripted show among adults aged 18 – 49 that week .
The reception of " The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " by television critics has been generally mixed . The Guardian reviewer Sam Wollaston called the episode " lovely " , arguing that while " The Simpsons perhaps doesn 't deliver as often as it once did , " this episode proved " it still can , after all this time . " The Evening Herald 's Pat Stacey wrote that it has " been a while since The Simpsons delivered a gold medal @-@ standard performance , yet at least there were satisfying flashes of silver [ in this episode ] . " She added that she " liked the moment when Hans Moleman is hit by Homer 's car and frantically hammers the ' Dislike ' button as he sails through the air . "
Hayden Childs of The A.V. Club thought the episode was less successful at satirizing Facebook compared to the episode " Holidays of Future Passed " . He explained that there is " a moment in ' Holidays ' when Lisa steps into the future version of the Internet and is immediately besieged by a mountain of friend requests . That was a small yet sharp parody of Facebook ’ s ubiquity , but [ ' The D 'oh @-@ cial Network ' ] lays into the same topic with a less deft touch . " Childs added that the episode " has a few good jokes to keep the proceedings moving along , but not enough to rescue [ it ] from mediocrity . " He concluded that he thought the story ended too fast with Lisa shutting down her website and the citizens of Springfield returning to their everyday technology @-@ lacking life : " That ’ s a bit too quick a turn , [ ... ] slapping a moralistic tone onto all of the preceding satire . " David Crawford of Radio Times commented that " The D 'oh @-@ cial Network " features " a rather thin attempt to parody The Social Network " . Yahoo ! TV 's Brian Davis criticized the episode for being too " straightforward in terms of the satire " as it was " generally obvious [ ... ] what each reference and joke was referring to . "
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= Sinking of the RMS Titanic =
The sinking of the RMS Titanic occurred on the night of 14 April through to the morning of 15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean , four days into the ship 's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . The largest passenger liner in service at the time , Titanic had an estimated 2 @,@ 224 people on board when she struck an iceberg at around 23 : 40 ( ship 's time ) on Sunday , 14 April 1912 . Her sinking two hours and forty minutes later at 02 : 20 ( 05 : 18 GMT ) on 15 April resulted in the deaths of more than 1 @,@ 500 people , which made it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history .
Titanic received six warnings of sea ice on 14 April but was travelling near her maximum speed when her lookouts sighted the iceberg . Unable to turn quickly enough , the ship suffered a glancing blow that buckled her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen compartments to the sea . Titanic had been designed to stay afloat with four of her forward compartments flooded but not more , and the crew soon realised that the ship would sink . They used distress flares and radio ( wireless ) messages to attract help as the passengers were put into lifeboats . In accordance with existing practice , Titanic 's lifeboat system was designed to ferry passengers to nearby rescue vessels , not to hold everyone on board simultaneously . So with the ship sinking fast and help still hours away , there was no safe refuge for many of the passengers and crew . Compounding this , poor management of the evacuation meant many boats were launched before they were totally full .
Titanic sank with over a thousand passengers and crew still on board . Almost all those who jumped or fell into the water drowned within minutes due to the effects of hypothermia . RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene about an hour and a half after the sinking and had rescued the last of the survivors by 09 : 15 on 15 April , some nine and a half hours after the collision . The disaster caused widespread outrage over the lack of lifeboats , lax regulations , and the unequal treatment of the three passenger classes during the evacuation . Subsequent inquiries recommended sweeping changes to maritime regulations , leading to the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today .
= = Background = =
At the time of her entry into service on 2 April 1912 , Royal Mail Ship ( RMS ) Titanic was the second of three Olympic @-@ class ocean liner sister ships , and was the largest ship in the world . She and her sister , RMS Olympic , were almost one and half times the gross register tonnage of Cunard 's RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania , the previous record holders , and were nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) longer . Titanic could carry 3 @,@ 547 people in speed and comfort , and was built on a hitherto unprecedented scale . Her reciprocating engines were the largest that had ever been built , standing 40 feet ( 12 m ) high and with cylinders 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) in diameter requiring the burning of 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of coal per day .
Her passenger accommodations , especially those of the ship 's First Class section , were said to be " of unrivalled extent and magnificence " , indicated by the fares that First Class accommodation commanded . The Parlour Suites ( the most @-@ expensive and most @-@ luxurious suites on the ship ) with private promenade cost over $ 4 @,@ 350 ( equivalent to $ 106 @,@ 660 today ) for a one @-@ way transatlantic passage . Even Third Class , though considerably less luxurious than Second and First Classes , was unusually comfortable by contemporary standards and was supplied with plentiful quantities of good food , providing its passengers with better conditions than many of them had experienced at home .
Titanic 's maiden voyage began shortly after noon on 10 April 1912 when she left Southampton on the first leg of her journey to New York . A few hours later she called at Cherbourg in northern France , a journey of 80 nautical miles ( 148 km ; 92 mi ) , where she took on passengers . Her next port of call was Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland , which she reached around midday on 11 April . She left in the afternoon after taking on more passengers and stores .
By the time she departed westwards across the Atlantic she was carrying 892 crew members and 1 @,@ 320 passengers . This was only about half of her full passenger capacity of 2 @,@ 435 , as it was the low season and shipping from the UK had been disrupted by a coal miners ' strike . Her passengers were a cross @-@ section of Edwardian society , from millionaires such as John Jacob Astor and Benjamin Guggenheim , to poor emigrants from countries as disparate as Armenia , Ireland , Italy , Sweden , Syria and Russia seeking a new life in America .
The ship was commanded by 62 @-@ year @-@ old Captain Edward John Smith , the most senior of the White Star Line 's captains . He had four decades of seafaring experience and had served as captain of the RMS Olympic , from which he was transferred to command Titanic . The vast majority of the crew who served under him were not trained sailors , but were either engineers , firemen , or stokers , responsible for looking after the engines ; or stewards and galley staff , responsible for the passengers . The 6 watch officers and 39 able @-@ bodied seamen constituted only around 5 percent of the crew , and most of these had been taken on at Southampton so had not had time to familiarise themselves with the ship .
The ice conditions were attributed to a mild winter that caused large numbers of icebergs to shift off the west coast of Greenland . In addition , it is now known that in January 1912 , the Moon came closer to the Earth than at any time in the previous 1 @,@ 400 years , at the same time as the Earth made its closest annual approach to the Sun . This caused exceptionally high tides that may have resulted in a larger number of icebergs than usual reaching the shipping lanes a few months later . The weather improved significantly during the course of the day , from brisk winds and moderate seas in the morning to a crystal @-@ clear calm by evening , as the ship entered an arctic high pressure system . There was no moon on the clear night .
= = 14 April 1912 = =
= = = Iceberg warnings ( 09 : 00 – 23 : 39 ) = = =
During 14 April 1912 , Titanic 's radio operators received six messages from other ships warning of drifting ice , which passengers on Titanic had begun to notice during the afternoon . The ice conditions in the North Atlantic were the worst for any April in the previous 50 years ( which was the reason why the lookouts were unaware that they were about to steam into a line of drifting ice several miles wide and many miles long ) . Not all of these messages were relayed by the radio operators . At the time , all wireless operators on ocean liners were employees of the Marconi Company and not members of their ship 's crew ; their primary responsibility was to send messages for the passengers , with weather reports as a secondary concern .
The first warning came at 09 : 00 from RMS Caronia reporting " bergs , growlers and field ice " . Captain Smith acknowledged receipt of the message . At 13 : 42 , RMS Baltic relayed a report from the Greek ship Athenia that she had been " passing icebergs and large quantities of field ice " . This too was acknowledged by Smith , who showed the report to J. Bruce Ismay , the chairman of the White Star Line , aboard Titanic for her maiden voyage . Smith ordered a new course to be set , to take the ship farther south .
At 13 : 45 , the German ship SS Amerika , which was a short distance to the south , reported she had " passed two large icebergs " . This message never reached Captain Smith or the other officers on Titanic 's bridge . The reason is unclear , but it may have been forgotten because the radio operators had to fix faulty equipment .
SS Californian reported " three large bergs " at 19 : 30 , and at 21 : 40 , the steamer Mesaba reported : " Saw much heavy pack ice and great number large icebergs . Also field ice . " This message , too , never left the Titanic 's radio room . The radio operator , Jack Phillips , may have failed to grasp its significance because he was preoccupied with transmitting messages for passengers via the relay station at Cape Race , Newfoundland ; the radio set had broken down the day before , resulting in a backlog of messages that the two operators were trying to clear . A final warning was received at 22 : 30 from operator Cyril Evans of the Californian , which had halted for the night in an ice field some miles away , but Phillips cut it off and signalled back : " Shut up ! Shut up ! I 'm working Cape Race . "
Although the crew was aware of ice in the vicinity , the ship 's speed was not reduced , and she continued to steam at 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) , only 2 knots ( 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 2 @.@ 3 mph ) short of her maximum speed of 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) . Titanic 's high speed in waters where ice had been reported was later criticised as reckless , but it reflected standard maritime practice at the time . According to Fifth Officer Harold Lowe , the custom was " to go ahead and depend upon the lookouts in the crow 's nest and the watch on the bridge to pick up the ice in time to avoid hitting it . "
The North Atlantic liners prioritised time @-@ keeping above all other considerations , sticking rigidly to a schedule that would guarantee their arrival at an advertised time . They were frequently driven at close to their full speed , treating hazard warnings as advisories rather than calls to action . It was widely believed that ice posed little risk ; close calls were not uncommon , and even head @-@ on collisions had not been disastrous . In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner , had rammed an iceberg and suffered a crushed bow , but was still able to complete her voyage . That same year , Titanic 's future captain , Edward Smith , declared in an interview that he could not " imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder . Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that . "
= = = " Iceberg right ahead ! " ( 23 : 39 ) = = =
= = = = Collision = = = =
As Titanic approached her fatal crash , most passengers had gone to bed and command of the bridge had passed from Second Officer Charles Lightoller to First Officer William Murdoch . Lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee were occupying the crow 's nest , 29 metres ( 95 ft ) above the deck . The air temperature had fallen to near freezing and the ocean was completely calm . Colonel Archibald Gracie , one of the survivors of the disaster , later wrote that " the sea was like glass , so smooth that the stars were clearly reflected . " It is now known that such exceptionally calm water is a sign of nearby pack ice .
Although the air was clear , there was no moon , and with the sea so calm , there was nothing to give away the position of the nearby icebergs ; had the sea been rougher , waves breaking against the icebergs would have made them more visible . Because of a mix @-@ up at Southampton the lookouts had no binoculars ; but reportedly binoculars would not have been effective in darkness which was total except for starlight and the ship 's own lights . The lookouts were nonetheless well aware of the ice hazard , as Lightoller had ordered them and other crew members to " keep a sharp look @-@ out for ice , particularly small ice and growlers " .
At 23 : 30 , Fleet and Lee noticed a slight haze on the horizon ahead of them , but did not make anything of it . Nine minutes later , at 23 : 39 , Fleet spotted an iceberg in Titanic 's path . He rang the lookout bell three times and telephoned the bridge to inform Sixth Officer James Moody . Fleet asked " Is there anyone there ? " Moody replied , " Yes , what do you see ? " Fleet replied : " Iceberg , right ahead ! " After thanking Fleet , Moody relayed the message to Murdoch , who ordered Quartermaster Robert Hichens to change the ship 's course . Murdoch is generally believed to have given the order " Hard a 'starboard " which would result in the ship 's tiller being moved all the way to starboard ( the right side of the ship ) in an attempt to turn the ship to port ( left ) . He also rang " Full Astern " on the ship 's telegraphs .
According to Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall , Murdoch told Captain Smith that he was attempting to " hard @-@ a @-@ port around [ the iceberg ] " , suggesting that he was attempting a " port around " manoeuvre – to first swing the bow around the obstacle , then swing the stern so that both ends of the ship would avoid a collision . There was a delay before either order went into effect ; the steam @-@ powered steering mechanism took up to 30 seconds to turn the ship 's tiller , and the complex task of setting the engines into reverse would also have taken some time to accomplish . Because the centre turbine could not be reversed , both it and the centre propeller , positioned directly in front of the ship 's rudder , were simply stopped . This reduced the rudder 's effectiveness , therefore impairing the turning ability of the ship . Had Murdoch simply turned the ship while maintaining her forward speed , Titanic might have missed the iceberg with feet to spare .
In 2010 , Louise Patten asserted that her grandfather Charles Lightholler claimed that the helmsman Robert Hitchins initially panicked and turned the rudder the wrong way and that subsequently Bruce Ismay ordered the boat to continue " Slow Ahead " in the belief that Titanic was unsinkable . This had never been revealed because of the insurance implications .
In the event , Titanic 's heading changed just in time to avoid a head @-@ on collision , but the change in direction caused the ship to strike the iceberg with a glancing blow . An underwater spur of ice scraped along the starboard side of the ship for about seven seconds ; chunks of ice dislodged from upper parts of the berg fell onto her forward decks . A few minutes later , all of Titanic 's engines were stopped , leaving the ship facing north and drifting in the Labrador Current .
= = = = Effects of the collision = = = =
The impact with the iceberg was long thought to have produced a huge opening in Titanic 's hull , " not less than 300 feet ( 91 m ) in length , 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) above the level of the keel " , as one writer later put it . At the British enquiry following the accident , Edward Wilding ( chief naval architect for Harland and Wolff ) , calculating on the basis of the observed flooding of forward compartments forty minutes after the collision , testified that the area of the hull opened to the sea was " somewhere about 12 square feet " . He also stated that " I believe it must have been in places , not a continuous rip " , but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet , to account for the flooding in several compartments . The findings of the enquiry state that the damage extended about 300 feet , and hence many subsequent writers followed this statement . Modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck have found that the damage consisted of six narrow openings in an area of the hull covering only about 12 to 13 square feet ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 2 m2 ) in total . According to Paul K. Matthias , who made the measurements , the damage consisted of a " series of deformations in the starboard side that start and stop along the hull ... about 10 feet [ 3 @.@ 0 m ] above the bottom of the ship . "
The gaps , the longest of which measures about 39 feet ( 12 m ) long , appear to have followed the line of the hull plates . This suggests that the iron rivets along the plate seams snapped off or popped open to create narrow gaps through which water flooded . An engineer from Titanic 's builders , Harland and Wolff , suggested this scenario at the British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry following the disaster but his view was discounted . Titanic 's discoverer Robert Ballard has commented that the assumption that the ship had suffered a major breach was " a byproduct of the mystique of the Titanic . No one could believe that the great ship was sunk by a little sliver . " Faults in the ship 's hull may have been a contributing factor . Recovered pieces of Titanic 's hull plates appear to have shattered on impact with the iceberg , without bending .
The plates in the central 60 % of the hull were held together with triple rows of mild steel rivets , but the plates in the bow and stern were held together with double rows of wrought iron rivets which were – according to materials scientists Tim Foecke and Jennifer McCarty – near their stress limits even before the collision . These " Best " or No. 3 iron rivets had a high level of slag inclusions , making them more brittle than the more usual " Best @-@ Best " No. 4 iron rivets , and more prone to snapping when put under stress , particularly in extreme cold . But Tom McCluskie , a retired archivist of Harland & Wolff , pointed out that Olympic , Titanic 's sister ship , was riveted with the same iron and served without incident for nearly 25 years , surviving several major collisions , including being rammed by a British cruiser . When the Olympic rammed and sank the U @-@ boat U @-@ 103 with her bow , the stem was twisted and hull plates on the starboard side were buckled without impairing the hull 's integrity .
Above the waterline , there was little evidence of the collision . The stewards in the first class dining room noticed a shudder , which they thought might have been caused by the ship shedding a propeller blade . Many of the passengers felt a bump or shudder but did not know what it was . Those on the lowest decks , nearest the site of the collision , felt it much more directly . Engine Oiler Walter Hurst recalled being " awakened by a grinding crash along the starboard side . No one was very much alarmed but knew we had struck something " . Fireman George Kemish heard a " heavy thud and grinding tearing sound " from the starboard hull .
The ship began to flood immediately , with water pouring in at an estimated rate of 7 long tons ( 7 @.@ 1 t ) per second , fifteen times faster than it could be pumped out . Second Engineer J. H. Hesketh and Leading Stoker Frederick Barrett were both struck by a jet of icy water in No. 6 boiler room and escaped just before the room 's watertight door closed . This was an extremely dangerous situation for the engineering staff ; the boilers were still full of hot high @-@ pressure steam and there was a substantial risk that they would explode if they came into contact with the cold seawater flooding the boiler rooms . The stokers and firemen were ordered to reduce the fires and vent the boilers , sending great quantities of steam up the funnel venting pipes . They were waist @-@ deep in freezing water by the time they finished their work .
Titanic 's lower decks were divided into sixteen compartments . Each compartment was separated from its neighbour by a bulkhead running the width of the ship ; there were fifteen bulkheads in all . Each bulkhead extended at least to the underside of E Deck , nominally one deck , or about 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) , above the waterline . The two nearest the bow and the six nearest the stern went one deck further up .
Each bulkhead could be sealed by watertight doors . The engine rooms and boiler rooms on the tank top deck had vertically closing doors that could be controlled remotely from the bridge , lowered automatically by a float if water was present , or closed manually by the crew . These took about 30 seconds to close ; warning bells and alternate escape routes were provided so that the crew would not be trapped by the doors . Above the tank top level , on the Orlop Deck , F Deck and E Deck , the doors closed horizontally and were manually operated . They could be closed at the door itself or from the deck above .
Although the watertight bulkheads extended well above the water line , they were not sealed at the top . If too many compartments were flooded , the ship 's bow would settle deeper in the water , and water would spill from one compartment to the next in sequence , rather like water spilling across the top of an ice cube tray . This was what happened to Titanic , which had suffered damage to the forepeak tank , the three forward holds and No. 6 boiler room , a total of five compartments . Titanic was only designed to float with any two compartments flooded , but it could remain afloat with certain combinations of three or even four compartments ( the first four ) open to the ocean . With five compartments , the tops of the bulkheads would be submerged and the ship would continue to flood .
Captain Smith felt the collision in his cabin and immediately came to the bridge . Informed of the situation , he summoned Thomas Andrews , Titanic 's builder , who was among a party of engineers from Harland and Wolff observing the ship 's first passenger voyage . The ship was listing five degrees to starboard and was two degrees down by the head within a few minutes of the collision . Smith and Andrews went below and found that the forward cargo holds , the mailroom and the squash court were flooded , while No. 6 boiler room was already filled to a depth of 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) . Water was spilling over into No. 5 boiler room , and crewmen there were battling to pump it out .
Within 45 minutes of the collision , at least 13 @,@ 500 long tons ( 13 @,@ 700 t ) of water had entered the ship . This was far too much for Titanic 's ballast and bilge pumps to handle ; the total pumping capacity of all the pumps combined was only 1 @,@ 700 long tons ( 1 @,@ 700 t ) per hour . Andrews informed the captain that the first five compartments were flooded , and therefore Titanic was doomed . By his estimate , she could remain afloat for no longer than about two hours .
From the time of the collision to the moment of her sinking , at least 35 @,@ 000 long tons ( 36 @,@ 000 t ) of water flooded into Titanic , causing her displacement to nearly double from 48 @,@ 300 long tons ( 49 @,@ 100 t ) to over 83 @,@ 000 long tons ( 84 @,@ 000 t ) . The flooding did not proceed at a constant pace , nor was it distributed evenly throughout the ship , due to the configuration of the flooded compartments . Her initial list to starboard was caused by asymmetrical flooding of the starboard side as water poured down a passageway at the bottom of the ship . When the passageway was fully flooded , the list corrected itself but the ship later began to list to port by up to ten degrees as that side also flooded asymmetrically .
Titanic 's down angle altered fairly rapidly from zero degrees to about four and a half degrees during the first hour after the collision , but the rate at which the ship went down slowed greatly for the second hour , worsening only to about five degrees . This gave many of those aboard a false sense of hope that the ship might stay afloat long enough for them to be rescued . By 1 : 30 , the sinking rate of the front section increased until Titanic reached a down angle of about ten degrees .
= = 15 April 1912 = =
= = = Preparing to abandon ship ( 00 : 05 – 00 : 45 ) = = =
At 00 : 05 on 15 April , Captain Smith ordered the ship 's lifeboats uncovered and the passengers mustered . He also ordered the radio operators to begin sending distress calls , which wrongly placed the ship on the west side of the ice belt and directed rescuers to a position that turned out to be inaccurate by about 13 @.@ 5 nautical miles ( 15 @.@ 5 mi / 25 km ) . Below decks , water was pouring into the lowest levels of the ship . As the mail room flooded , the mail sorters made an ultimately futile attempt to save the 400 @,@ 000 items of mail being carried aboard Titanic . Elsewhere , air could be heard being forced out by inrushing water . Above them , stewards went door to door , rousing sleeping passengers and crew – Titanic did not have a public address system – and told them to go to the Boat Deck .
The thoroughness of the muster was heavily dependent on the class of the passengers ; the first @-@ class stewards were in charge of only a few cabins , while those responsible for the second- and third @-@ class passengers had to manage large numbers of people . The first @-@ class stewards provided hands @-@ on assistance , helping their charges to get dressed and bringing them out onto the deck . With far more people to deal with , the second- and third @-@ class stewards mostly confined their efforts to throwing open doors and telling passengers to put on lifebelts and come up top . In third class , passengers were largely left to their own devices after being informed of the need to come on deck .
Many passengers and crew were reluctant to comply , either refusing to believe that there was a problem or preferring the warmth of the ship 's interior to the bitterly cold night air . The passengers were not told that the ship was sinking , though a few noticed that she was listing . Around 00 : 15 , the stewards began ordering the passengers to put on their lifebelts , though again , many passengers took the order as a joke . Some set about playing an impromptu game of association football with the ice chunks that were now strewn across the foredeck .
On the boat deck , as the crew began preparing the lifeboats , it was difficult to hear anything over the noise of high @-@ pressure steam being vented from the boilers and escaping via the valves on the funnels above . Lawrence Beesley described the sound as " a harsh , deafening boom that made conversation difficult ; if one imagines 20 locomotives blowing off steam in a low key it would give some idea of the unpleasant sound that met us as we climbed out on the top deck . " The noise was so loud that the crew had to use hand signals to communicate .
Titanic had a total of 20 lifeboats , comprising 16 wooden boats on davits , 8 on either side of the ship , and 4 collapsible boats with wooden bottoms and canvas sides . The collapsibles were stored upside down with the sides folded in , and would have to be erected and moved to the davits for launching . Two were stored under the wooden boats and the other two were lashed atop the officers ' quarters . The position of the latter would make them extremely difficult to launch , as they weighed several tons each and had to be manhandled down to the boat deck . On average , the lifeboats could take up to 68 people each , and collectively they could accommodate 1 @,@ 178 – barely half the number of people on board and a third of the number the ship was licensed to carry . The shortage of lifeboats was not because of a lack of space nor because of cost . Titanic had been designed to accommodate up to 68 lifeboats – enough for everyone on board – and the price of an extra 32 lifeboats would only have been some $ 16 @,@ 000 , a tiny fraction of the $ 7 @.@ 5 million that the company had spent on Titanic . In an emergency , lifeboats at the time were intended to be used to transfer passengers off the distressed ship and onto a nearby vessel . It was therefore commonplace for liners to have far fewer lifeboats than needed to accommodate all their passengers and crew , and of the 39 British liners of the time of over 10 @,@ 000 long tons ( 10 @,@ 000 t ) , 33 had too few lifeboat places to accommodate everyone on board . The White Star Line desired the ship to have a wide promenade deck with uninterrupted views of the sea , which would have been obstructed by a continuous row of lifeboats .
Captain Smith was an experienced seaman who had served for 40 years at sea , including 27 years in command . He would certainly have known that even if all the boats were fully occupied , a thousand people would remain on the ship as she went down . As Smith began to grasp the enormity of what was about to happen , he appeared to have become paralysed by indecision . He had ordered passengers and crew to muster , but now failed to order his officers to put the passengers into the lifeboats ; he did not adequately organise the crew ; he failed to convey crucial information to his officers and crew ; he sometimes gave ambiguous or impractical orders and he never gave the command to abandon ship . Even some of his bridge officers were unaware for some time after the collision that the ship was sinking ; Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall did not find out until 01 : 15 , barely an hour before the ship went down , while Quartermaster George Rowe was so unaware of the emergency that after the evacuation had started , he phoned the bridge from his watch station to ask why he had just seen a lifeboat go past . Smith did not advise his officers that the ship did not have enough lifeboats to save everyone . He did not supervise the loading of the lifeboats and seemingly made no effort to find out if his orders were being followed .
The crew was likewise unprepared for the emergency , as lifeboat training had been minimal . Only one lifeboat drill had been conducted while the ship was docked at Southampton . It was a cursory effort , consisting of two boats being lowered , each manned by one officer and four men who merely rowed around the dock for a few minutes before returning to the ship . The boats were supposed to be stocked with emergency supplies , but Titanic 's passengers later found that they had only been partially provisioned despite the efforts of the ship 's chief baker , Charles Joughin and his staff to do so . No lifeboat or fire drills had been conducted since Titanic left Southampton . A lifeboat drill had been scheduled for the Sunday morning before the ship sank , but was cancelled for unknown reasons by Captain Smith .
Lists had been posted on the ship assigning crew members to specific lifeboat stations , but few appeared to have read them or to have known what they were supposed to do . Most of the crew were not seamen , and even some of those had no prior experience of rowing a boat . They were now faced with the complex task of coordinating the lowering of 20 boats carrying a possible total of 1 @,@ 100 people 70 feet ( 21 m ) down the sides of the ship . Thomas E. Bonsall , a historian of the disaster , has commented that the evacuation was so badly organised that " even if they had the number [ of ] lifeboats they needed , it is impossible to see how they could have launched them " given the lack of time and poor leadership .
By about 00 : 20 , 40 minutes after the collision , the loading of the lifeboats was under way . Second Officer Lightoller recalled afterwards that he noticed Smith standing near the bridge looking out at the ocean in a trance @-@ like daze . According to Lightoller , " I yelled at the top of my voice , ' Hadn 't we better get the women and children into the boats , sir ? ' He heard me and nodded reply . " Smith then ordered Lightoller and Murdoch to " put the women and children in and lower away " . Lightoller took charge of the boats on the port side and Murdoch took charge of those on the starboard side . The two officers interpreted the " women and children " evacuation order differently ; Murdoch took it to mean women and children first , while Lightoller took it to mean women and children only . Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were no women and children waiting to board , while Murdoch allowed a limited number of men to board if all the nearby women and children had embarked . Neither officer knew how many people could safely be carried in the boats as they were lowered and they both erred on the side of caution by not filling them . They could have been lowered quite safely with their full complement of 68 people , especially with the highly favourable weather and sea conditions . Had this been done , an extra 500 people could have been saved ; instead , hundreds of people , predominantly men , were left on board as lifeboats were launched with many seats vacant .
Few passengers at first were willing to board the lifeboats and the officers in charge of the evacuation found it difficult to persuade them . The millionaire John Jacob Astor declared : " We are safer here than in that little boat . " Some passengers refused flatly to embark . J. Bruce Ismay , realising the urgency of the situation , roamed the starboard boat deck urging passengers and crew to board the boats . A trickle of women , couples and single men were persuaded to board starboard lifeboat No. 7 , which became the first lifeboat to be lowered .
= = = Departure of the lifeboats ( 00 : 45 – 02 : 05 ) = = =
At 00 : 45 , lifeboat No. 7 was rowed away from Titanic with 28 passengers on board ( despite a capacity of 65 ) . Lifeboat No. 6 , on the port side , was the next to be lowered at 00 : 55 . It also had 28 people on board , among them the " unsinkable " Margaret " Molly " Brown . Lightoller realised there was only one seaman on board ( Quartermaster Robert Hichens ) and called for volunteers . Major Arthur Godfrey Peuchen of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club stepped forward and climbed down a rope into the lifeboat ; he was the only male passenger whom Lightoller allowed to board during the port side evacuation . Peuchen 's role highlighted a key problem during the evacuation : there were hardly any seamen to man the boats . Some had been sent below to open gangway doors to allow more passengers to be evacuated , but they never returned . They were presumably trapped and drowned by the rising water below decks .
Meanwhile , other crewmen fought to maintain vital services as water continued to pour into the ship below decks . The engineers and firemen worked to vent steam from the boilers to prevent them from exploding on contact with the cold water . They re @-@ opened watertight doors in order to set up extra portable pumps in the forward compartments in a futile bid to reduce the torrent , and kept the electrical generators running to maintain lights and power throughout the ship . Steward F. Dent Ray narrowly avoided being swept away when a wooden wall between his quarters and the third @-@ class accommodation on E deck collapsed , leaving him waist @-@ deep in water . Two engineers , Herbert Harvey and Jonathan Shepherd ( who had just broken his left leg after falling into a manhole minutes earlier ) , died in boiler room No. 5 when , at around 00 : 45 , the bunker door separating it from the flooded No. 6 boiler room collapsed and they were swept away by " a wave of green foam " according to leading fireman Frederick Barrett who barely escaped from the boiler room .
In boiler room No. 4 , at around 01 : 20 , water began flooding in from below , possibly indicating that the bottom of the ship had also been holed by the iceberg . The flow of water soon overwhelmed the pumps and forced the firemen and trimmers to evacuate the forward boiler rooms . Further aft , Chief Engineer William Bell , his engineering colleagues , and a handful of volunteer firemen and greasers stayed behind in the unflooded No. 1 , 2 and 3 boiler rooms and in the turbine and reciprocating engine rooms . They continued working on the boilers and the electrical generators in order to keep the ship 's lights and pumps operable and to power the radio so that distress signals could be sent . They remained at their posts until the very end , thus ensuring that Titanic 's electrics functioned until the final minutes of the sinking . None of the ship 's 35 engineers and electricians survived . Neither did any of the Titanic 's five postal clerks , who were last seen struggling to save the mail bags they had rescued from the flooded mail room . They were caught by the rising water somewhere on D deck .
Many of the third @-@ class passengers were also confronted with the sight of water pouring into their quarters on E , F and G decks . Carl Jansson , one of the relatively small number of third @-@ class survivors , later recalled :
Then I run down to my cabin to bring my other clothes , watch and bag but only had time to take the watch and coat when water with enormous force came into the cabin and I had to rush up to the deck again where I found my friends standing with lifebelts on and with terror painted on their faces . What should I do now , with no lifebelt and no shoes and no cap ?
The lifeboats were lowered every few minutes on each side , but most of the boats were greatly under @-@ filled . No. 5 left with 41 aboard , No. 3 had 32 aboard , No. 8 left with 39 and No. 1 left with just 12 out of a capacity of 40 . The evacuation did not go smoothly and passengers suffered accidents and injuries as it progressed . One woman fell between lifeboat No. 10 and the side of the ship but someone caught her by the ankle and hauled her back onto the promenade deck , where she made a second successful attempt at boarding . First @-@ class passenger Annie Stengel broke several ribs when an overweight German @-@ American doctor and his brother jumped into No. 5 , squashing her and knocking her unconscious . The lifeboats ' descent was likewise risky . No. 6 was nearly flooded during the descent by water discharging out of the ship 's side , but successfully made it away from the ship . No. 3 came close to disaster when , for a time , one of the davits jammed , threatening to pitch the passengers out of the lifeboat and into the sea .
By 01 : 20 , the seriousness of the situation was now apparent to the passengers above decks , who began saying their goodbyes , with husbands escorting their wives and children to the lifeboats . Distress flares were fired every few minutes to attract the attention of any ships nearby and the radio operators repeatedly sent the distress signal CQD . Radio operator Harold Bride suggested to his colleague Jack Phillips that he should use the new SOS signal , as it " may be your last chance to send it " . The two radio operators contacted other ships to ask for assistance . Several responded , of which RMS Carpathia was the closest , at 58 miles ( 93 km ) away . She was a much slower vessel than Titanic and , even driven at her maximum speed of 17 kn ( 20 mph ; 31 km / h ) , would have taken four hours to reach the sinking ship . Another to respond was SS Mount Temple , which set a course and headed for Titanic 's position but was stopped en @-@ route by pack ice .
Much nearer was the SS Californian , which had warned Titanic of ice a few hours earlier . Apprehensive at his ship being caught in a large field of drift ice , the Californian 's captain , Stanley Lord , had decided at about 22 : 00 to halt for the night and wait for daylight to find a way through the ice field . At 23 : 30 , 10 minutes before Titanic hit the iceberg , Californian 's sole radio operator , Cyril Evans , shut his set down for the night and went to bed . On the bridge her Third Officer , Charles Groves , saw a large vessel to starboard around 10 to 12 mi ( 16 to 19 km ) away . It made a sudden turn to port and stopped . If the radio operator of the Californian had stayed at his post fifteen minutes longer , hundreds of lives might have been saved . A little over an hour later , Second Officer Herbert Stone saw five white rockets exploding above the stopped ship . Unsure what the rockets meant , he called Captain Lord , who was resting in the chartroom , and reported the sighting . Lord did not act on the report , but Stone was perturbed : " A ship is not going to fire rockets at sea for nothing , " he told a colleague .
By this time , it was clear to those on Titanic that the ship was indeed sinking and there would not be enough lifeboat places for everyone . Some still clung to the hope that the worst would not happen : Lucien Smith told his wife , " It is only a matter of form to have women and children first . The ship is thoroughly equipped and everyone on her will be saved . " Charlotte Colyer 's husband Harvey called to his wife as she was put in a lifeboat , " Go , Lottie ! For God 's sake , be brave and go ! I 'll get a seat in another boat ! "
Other couples refused to be separated . Ida Straus , the wife of Macy 's department store co @-@ owner Isidor Straus , told her husband : " We have been living together for many years . Where you go , I go . " They sat down in a pair of deck chairs and waited for the end . The industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim changed out of his life vest and sweater into top hat and evening dress , and declared his wish to go down with the ship like a gentleman .
At this point , the vast majority of passengers who had boarded lifeboats were from first- and second @-@ class . Few third @-@ class ( steerage ) passengers had made it up onto the deck , and most were still lost in the maze of corridors or trapped behind barriers and partitions that segregated the accommodation for the steerage passengers from the first- and second @-@ class areas . This segregation was not simply for social reasons , but was a requirement of United States immigration laws , which mandated that third @-@ class passengers be segregated to control immigration and to prevent the spread of infectious diseases . First- and second @-@ class passengers on transatlantic liners disembarked at the main piers on Manhattan Island , but steerage passengers had to go through health checks and processing at Ellis Island . In at least some places , Titanic 's crew appear to have actively hindered the steerage passengers ' escape . Some of the barriers were locked and guarded by crew members , apparently to prevent the steerage passengers from rushing the lifeboats . Irish survivor Margaret Murphy wrote in May 1912 :
Before all the steerage passengers had even a chance of their lives , the Titanic 's sailors fastened the doors and companionways leading up from the third @-@ class section ... A crowd of men was trying to get up to a higher deck and were fighting the sailors ; all striking and scuffling and swearing . Women and some children were there praying and crying . Then the sailors fastened down the hatchways leading to the third @-@ class section . They said they wanted to keep the air down there so the vessel could stay up longer . It meant all hope was gone for those still down there .
A long and winding route had to be taken to reach topside ; the steerage @-@ class accommodation , located on C through G decks , was at the extreme ends of the decks , and so was the farthest away from the lifeboats . By contrast , the first @-@ class accommodation was located on the upper decks and so was nearest . Proximity to the lifeboats thus became a key factor in determining who got in them . To add to the difficulty , many of the steerage passengers did not understand or speak English . It was perhaps no coincidence that English @-@ speaking Irish immigrants were disproportionately represented among the steerage passengers who survived . Many of those who did survive owed their lives to third @-@ class steward John Edward Hart , who organised three trips into the ship 's interior to escort groups of third @-@ class passengers up to the boat deck . Others made their way through open barriers or climbed emergency ladders .
Some , perhaps overwhelmed by it all , made no attempt to escape and stayed in their cabins or congregated in prayer in the third @-@ class dining room . Leading Fireman Charles Hendrickson saw crowds of third @-@ class passengers below decks with their trunks and possessions , as if waiting for someone to direct them . Psychologist Wynn Craig Wade attributes this to " stoic passivity " produced by generations of being told what to do by social superiors . August Wennerström , one of the male steerage passengers to survive , commented later that many of his companions had made no effort to save themselves . He wrote :
Hundreds were in a circle [ in the third @-@ class dining saloon ] with a preacher in the middle , praying , crying , asking God and Mary to help them . They lay there and yelled , never lifting a hand to help themselves . They had lost their own will power and expected God to do all the work for them .
= = = = Launching of the last lifeboats = = = =
By 01 : 30 , Titanic 's downward angle in the water was increasing and the ship was now listing slightly more to port , but not more than 5 degrees . The deteriorating situation was reflected in the tone of the messages sent from the ship : " We are putting the women off in the boats " at 01 : 25 , " Engine room getting flooded " at 01 : 35 , and at 01 : 45 , " Engine room full up to boilers . " This was Titanic 's last intelligible signal , sent as the ship 's electrical system began to fail ; subsequent messages were jumbled and broken . The two radio operators nonetheless continued sending out distress messages almost to the very end .
The remaining boats were filled much closer to capacity and in an increasing rush . No. 11 was filled with five people more than its rated capacity . As it was lowered , it was nearly flooded by water being pumped out of the ship . No. 13 narrowly avoided the same problem but those aboard were unable to release the ropes from which the boat had been lowered . It drifted astern , directly under No. 15 as it was being lowered . The ropes were cut in time and both boats made it away safely .
The first signs of panic were seen when a group of passengers attempted to rush port @-@ side lifeboat No. 14 as it was being lowered with 40 people aboard . Fifth Officer Lowe in charge of the boat fired three warning shots in the air to control the crowd , without causing injuries . No. 16 was lowered five minutes later . Among those aboard was stewardess Violet Jessop , who would repeat the experience four years later when she survived the sinking of one of Titanic 's sister ships , Britannic , in the First World War . Collapsible boat C was launched at 01 : 40 from a now largely deserted area of the deck , as most of those on deck had moved to the stern of the ship . It was aboard this boat that White Star chairman and managing director J. Bruce Ismay , Titanic 's most controversial survivor , made his escape from the ship , an act later condemned as cowardice .
At 01 : 45 , lifeboat No. 2 was lowered . While it was still at deck level , Lightoller had found the boat occupied by a number of men who , he wrote later , " weren 't British , nor of the English @-@ speaking race ... [ but of ] the broad category known to sailors as ' dagoes ' . " After he evicted them by threatening them with his revolver , he was unable to find enough women and children to fill the boat and lowered it with only 25 people on board out of a possible capacity of 40 . John Jacob Astor saw his wife off to safety in No. 4 boat at 01 : 55 but was refused entry by Lightoller , even though 20 of the 60 seats aboard were unoccupied .
The last boat to be launched was collapsible D , which left at 02 : 05 with 25 people aboard ; two more men jumped on the boat as it was being lowered . The sea had reached the boat deck and the forecastle was deep underwater . First class passenger Edith Evans gave up her place in the boat , and ultimately died in the disaster . She was one of only four women in first class to perish in the sinking . Captain Smith carried out a final tour of the deck , telling the radio operators and other crew members : " Now it 's every man for himself . "
As passengers and crew headed to the stern , where Father Thomas Byles was hearing confessions and giving absolutions , Titanic 's band played outside the gymnasium . The Titanic had two separate bands of musicians . One was a quintet led by Wallace Hartley that played after dinner and at religious services while the other was a trio who played in the reception area and outside the café and restaurant . The two bands had separate music libraries and arrangements and had not played together before the sinking . Around 30 minutes after colliding with the iceberg , the two bands were called by Captain Smith who ordered them to play in the first class lounge . Passengers present remember them playing lively tunes such as " Alexander 's Ragtime Band " . It is unknown if the two piano players were with the band at this time . The exact time is unknown , but the musicians later moved to the boat deck level where they played before moving outside onto the deck itself .
Part of the enduring folklore of the Titanic sinking is that the musicians played the hymn " Nearer , My God , to Thee " as the ship sank , but this appears to be dubious . The claim surfaced among the earliest reports of the sinking , and the hymn became so closely associated with the Titanic disaster that its opening bars were carved on the grave monument of Titanic 's bandmaster , Wallace Hartley , one of those who perished . Violet Jessop said in her 1934 account of the disaster that she had heard the hymn being played . In contrast , Archibald Gracie emphatically denied it in his own account , written soon after the sinking , and Radio Operator Harold Bride said that he had heard the band playing ragtime then " Autumn " , by which he may have meant Archibald Joyce 's then @-@ popular waltz " Songe d 'Automne " ( Autumn Dream ) . George Orrell , the bandmaster of the rescue ship , Carpathia , who spoke with survivors , related : " The ship 's band in any emergency is expected to play to calm the passengers . After Titanic struck the iceberg the band began to play bright music , dance music , comic songs – anything that would prevent the passengers from becoming panic @-@ stricken ... various awe @-@ stricken passengers began to think of the death that faced them and asked the bandmaster to play hymns . The one which appealed to all was ' Nearer My God to Thee ' . " According to Gracie , who was near the band until that section of deck went under , the tunes played by the band were " cheerful " but he didn 't recognise any of them , claiming that if they had played ' Nearer , My God , to Thee ' as claimed in the newspaper " I assuredly should have noticed it and regarded it as a tactless warning of immediate death to us all and one likely to create panic . " Several survivors who were among the last to leave the ship claimed that the band continued playing until the slope of the deck became too steep for them to stand , Gracie claimed that the band stopped playing at least 30 minutes before the vessel sank . Several witnesses support this account including A. H. Barkworth , a first class passenger who testified : " I do not wish to detract from the bravery of anybody , but I might mention that when I first came on deck the band was playing a waltz . The next time I passed where the band was stationed , the members had thrown down their instruments and were not to be seen . "
Bride heard the band playing as he left the radio cabin , which was by now awash , in the company of the other radio operator , Jack Phillips . He had just had a fight with a man who Bride thought was " a stoker , or someone from below decks " , who had attempted to steal Phillips ' lifebelt . Bride wrote later : " I did my duty . I hope I finished [ the man ] . I don 't know . We left him on the cabin floor of the radio room , and he was not moving . " The two radio operators went in opposite directions , Phillips aft and Bride forward towards collapsible lifeboat B.
Archibald Gracie was also heading aft , but as he made his way towards the stern he found his path blocked by " a mass of humanity several lines deep , covering the boat deck , facing us " – hundreds of steerage passengers , who had finally made it to the deck just as the last lifeboats departed . He gave up on the idea of going aft and jumped into the water to get away from the crowd . Others made no attempt to escape . The ship 's designer , Thomas Andrews , was reportedly last seen in the first @-@ class smoking room , having removed his lifebelt , staring at the painting above the fireplace . Captain Smith 's fate is unclear as there are conflicting accounts of his death ; he either entered the wheelhouse on the bridge and died there when it was engulfed or jumped into the water just before the bridge was submerged and subsequently perished in the water , possibly near Collapsible B.
= = = Last minutes of sinking ( 02 : 15 – 02 : 20 ) = = =
At about 02 : 15 , Titanic 's angle in the water began to increase rapidly as water poured into previously unflooded parts of the ship through deck hatches . Her suddenly increasing angle caused what one survivor called a " giant wave " to wash along the ship from the forward end of the boat deck , sweeping many people into the sea . The parties who were trying to lower collapsible boats A and B , including Chief Officer Henry Wilde , First Officer Murdoch , Second Officer Charles Lightoller and Colonel Archibald Gracie , were swept away along with the two boats ( boat B floated away upside @-@ down with Harold Bride trapped underneath it , and boat A ended up partly flooded and with its canvas not raised ) . Bride , Gracie and Lightoller made it onto boat B , but Murdoch and Wilde perished in the water .
Lightoller opted to abandon his post to escape the growing crowds , and dived into the water from the roof of the officers ' quarters . He was sucked into the mouth of a ventilation shaft but was blown clear by " a terrific blast of hot air " and emerged next to the capsized lifeboat . The forward funnel collapsed under its own weight , crushing several people as it fell into the water and only narrowly missing the lifeboat . It closely missed Lightoller and created a wave that washed the boat 50 yards ( 46 m ) clear of the sinking ship . Those still on Titanic felt her structure shuddering as it underwent immense stresses . As first @-@ class passenger Jack Thayer described it :
Occasionally there had been a muffled thud or deadened explosion within the ship . Now , without warning she seemed to start forward , moving forward and into the water at an angle of about fifteen degrees . This movement with the water rushing up toward us was accompanied by a rumbling roar , mixed with more muffled explosions . It was like standing under a steel railway bridge while an express train passes overhead mingled with the noise of a pressed steel factory and wholesale breakage of china .
Eyewitnesses saw Titanic 's stern lifting high into the air as the ship tilted down in the water . It was said to have reached an angle of 30 – 45 degrees , " revolving apparently around a centre of gravity just astern of midships , " as Lawrence Beesley later put it . Many survivors described a great noise , which some attributed to the boilers exploding . Beesley described it as " partly a groan , partly a rattle , and partly a smash , and it was not a sudden roar as an explosion would be : it went on successively for some seconds , possibly fifteen to twenty " . He attributed it to " the engines and machinery coming loose from their bolts and bearings , and falling through the compartments , smashing everything in their way " .
After another minute , the ship 's lights flickered once and then permanently went out , plunging Titanic into darkness . Jack Thayer recalled seeing " groups of the fifteen hundred people still aboard , clinging in clusters or bunches , like swarming bees ; only to fall in masses , pairs or singly as the great afterpart of the ship , two hundred fifty feet of it , rose into the sky . "
Titanic was subjected to extreme opposing forces – the flooded bow pulling her down while the air in the stern kept her to the surface – which were concentrated at one of the weakest points in the structure , the area of the engine room hatch . Shortly after the lights went out , the ship split apart . The submerged bow may have remained attached to the stern by the keel for a short time , pulling the stern to a high angle before separating and leaving the stern to float for a few minutes longer . The forward part of the stern would have flooded very rapidly , causing it to tilt and then settle briefly until sinking . The ship disappeared from view at 02 : 20 , 2 hours and 40 minutes after striking the iceberg . Thayer reported that it rotated on the surface , " gradually [ turning ] her deck away from us , as though to hide from our sight the awful spectacle ... Then , with the deadened noise of the bursting of her last few gallant bulkheads , she slid quietly away from us into the sea . "
Titanic 's surviving officers and a number of prominent survivors testified that the ship had sunk in one piece , a belief that was affirmed by the British and American inquiries into the disaster . Archibald Gracie , who was on the promenade deck with the band ( by the second funnel ) , stated that " Titanic 's decks were intact at the time she sank , and when I sank with her , there was over seven @-@ sixteenths of the ship already under water , and there was no indication then of any impending break of the deck or ship " . Ballard argued that many other survivors ' accounts indicated that the ship had broken in two as it was sinking . As the engines are now known to have stayed in place along with most of the boilers , the " great noise " heard by witnesses and the momentary settling of the stern were presumably caused by the break @-@ up of the ship rather than the loosening of her fittings or boiler explosions .
After they went under , the bow and stern took only a few minutes to sink 3 @,@ 795 metres ( 12 @,@ 451 ft ) , spilling a trail of heavy machinery , tons of coal and large quantities of debris from Titanic 's interior . The two parts of the ship landed about 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) apart on a gently undulating area of the seabed . The streamlined bow section continued to descend at about the angle it had taken on the surface , striking the seabed prow @-@ first at a shallow angle at an estimated speed of 25 – 30 mph ( 40 – 48 km / h ) . Its momentum caused it to dig a deep gouge into the seabed and buried the section up to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) deep in sediment before it came to an abrupt halt . The sudden deceleration caused the bow 's structure to buckle downwards by several degrees just forward of the bridge . The decks at the rear end of the bow section , which had already been weakened during the break @-@ up , collapsed one atop another .
The stern section seems to have descended almost vertically , probably rotating as it fell . Empty tanks and cofferdams imploded as it descended , tearing open the structure and ripping off the poop deck . The section landed with such force that it buried itself about 15 metres ( 49 ft ) deep at the rudder . The decks pancaked down on top of each other and the hull plating splayed out to the sides . Debris continued to rain down across the seabed for several hours after the sinking .
= = = Passengers and crew in the water ( 02 : 20 – 04 : 10 ) = = =
In the immediate aftermath of the sinking , hundreds of passengers and crew were left dying in the icy sea , surrounded by debris from the ship . Titanic 's disintegration during her descent to the seabed caused buoyant chunks of debris – timber beams , wooden doors , furniture , panelling and chunks of cork from the bulkheads – to rocket to the surface . These injured and possibly killed some of the swimmers ; others used the debris to try to keep themselves afloat .
With a temperature of 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) , the water was lethally cold . Second Officer Lightoller described the feeling of " a thousand knives " being driven into his body as he entered the sea . Some of those in the water would have died almost instantly from heart attacks caused by the sudden stress on their cardiovascular systems . Others progressed through the classic symptoms of hypothermia : extreme shivering at first , followed by a slowing and weakening pulse as body temperature dropped , before losing consciousness and dying .
Those in the lifeboats were horrified to hear the sound of what Lawrence Beesley called " every possible emotion of human fear , despair , agony , fierce resentment and blind anger mingled – I am certain of those – with notes of infinite surprise , as though each one were saying , ' How is it possible that this awful thing is happening to me ? That I should be caught in this death trap ? ' " Jack Thayer compared it to the sound of " locusts on a summer night " , while George Rheims , who jumped moments before Titanic sank , described it as " a dismal moaning sound which I won 't ever forget ; it came from those poor people who were floating around , calling for help . It was horrifying , mysterious , supernatural . "
The noise of the people in the water screaming , yelling , and crying was a tremendous shock to the occupants of the lifeboats , many of whom had up to that moment believed that everyone had escaped before the ship sank . As Beesley later wrote , the cries " came as a thunderbolt , unexpected , inconceivable , incredible . No one in any of the boats standing off a few hundred yards away can have escaped the paralysing shock of knowing that so short a distance away a tragedy , unbelievable in its magnitude , was being enacted , which we , helpless , could in no way avert or diminish . "
Only a few of those in the water survived . Among them were Archibald Gracie , Jack Thayer and Charles Lightoller , who made it to the capsized collapsible boat B. Around 12 crew members climbed on board Collapsible B , and they rescued those they could until some 35 men were clinging precariously to the upturned hull . Realising the risk to the boat of being swamped by the mass of swimmers around them , they paddled slowly away , ignoring the pleas of dozens of swimmers to be allowed on board . In his account , Gracie wrote of the admiration he had for those in the water ; " In no instance , I am happy to say , did I hear any word of rebuke from a swimmer because of a refusal to grant assistance ... [ one refusal ] was met with the manly voice of a powerful man ... ' All right boys , good luck and God bless you ' . " Several other swimmers ( probably 20 or more ) reached Collapsible boat A , which was upright but partly flooded , as its sides had not been properly raised . Its occupants had to sit for hours in a foot of freezing water , and many died of hypothermia during the night .
Farther out , the other eighteen lifeboats – most of which had empty seats – drifted as the occupants debated what , if anything , they should do to rescue the swimmers . No. 4 boat , having remained near the sinking ship , seems to have been closest to the site of the sinking at around 50 metres ( 160 ft ) away ; this had enabled two people to drop into the boat and another to be picked up from the water before the ship sank . After the sinking , seven more men were pulled from the water , though two later died . Collapsible D rescued one male passenger who jumped in the water and swam over to the boat immediately after it had been lowered . In all the other boats , the occupants eventually decided against returning , probably out of fear that they would be capsized in the attempt . Some put their objections more bluntly ; Quartermaster Hichens , commanding lifeboat No. 6 , told the women aboard his boat that there was no point returning as there were " only a lot of stiffs there . "
After about twenty minutes , the cries began to fade as the swimmers lapsed into unconsciousness and death . Fifth Officer Lowe , in charge of lifeboat No. 14 , " waited until the yells and shrieks had subsided for the people to thin out " before mounting an attempt to rescue those in the water . He gathered together five of the lifeboats and transferred the occupants between them to free up space in No. 14 . Lowe then took a crew of seven crewmen and one male passenger who volunteered to help , and then rowed back to the site of the sinking . The whole operation took about three @-@ quarters of an hour . By the time No. 14 headed back to the site of the sinking , almost all of those in the water were dead and only a few voices could still be heard .
Lucy , Lady Duff @-@ Gordon , recalled after the disaster that " the very last cry was that of a man who had been calling loudly : ' My God ! My God ! ' He cried monotonously , in a dull , hopeless way . For an entire hour there had been an awful chorus of shrieks , gradually dying into a hopeless moan , until this last cry that I speak of . Then all was silent . " Lowe and his crew found four men still alive , one of whom died shortly afterwards . Otherwise , all they could see were " hundreds of bodies and lifebelts " ; the dead " seemed as if they had perished with the cold as their limbs were all cramped up . "
In the other boats , there was nothing the survivors could do but await the arrival of rescue ships . The air was bitterly cold and several of the boats had taken on water . The survivors could not find any food or drinkable water in the boats , and most had no lights . The situation was particularly bad aboard collapsible B , which was only kept afloat by a diminishing air pocket in the upturned hull . As dawn approached , the wind rose and the sea became increasingly choppy , forcing those on the collapsible boat to stand up to balance it . Some , exhausted by the ordeal , fell off into the sea and were drowned . It became steadily harder for the rest to keep their balance on the hull , with waves washing across it . Archibald Gracie later wrote of how he and the other survivors sitting on the upturned hull were struck by " the utter helplessness of our position . " Some swimmers who had reached collapsible A had not enough strength to come aboard , and had to cling to the boat 's sides . The bodies of the majority of the people who died during the night were lowered into the sea to make more room for the survivors .
= = = Rescue and departure ( 04 : 10 – 09 : 15 ) = = =
Titanic 's survivors were rescued around 04 : 00 on 15 April by the RMS Carpathia , which had steamed through the night at high speed and at considerable risk , as the ship had to dodge numerous icebergs en route . Carpathia 's lights were first spotted around 03 : 30 , which greatly cheered the survivors , though it took several more hours for everyone to be brought aboard . The 30 or more men on collapsible B finally managed to board two other lifeboats , but one survivor died just before the transfer was made . Collapsible A was also in trouble and was now nearly awash ; many of those aboard ( maybe more than a half ) had died overnight . The remaining survivors – an unknown number of men , estimated to be between 10 – 11 and more than 20 , and one woman – were transferred from A into another lifeboat , leaving behind three bodies in the boat , which was left to drift away . It was recovered a month later by the White Star liner Oceanic , with the bodies still aboard .
Those on Carpathia were startled by the scene that greeted them as the sun came up : " fields of ice on which , like points on the landscape , rested innumerable pyramids of ice . " Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia saw ice all around , including 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet ( 61 m ) high and numerous smaller bergs , as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic . It appeared to Carpathia 's passengers that their ship was in the middle of a vast white plain of ice , studded with icebergs appearing like hills in the distance .
As the lifeboats were brought alongside Carpathia , the survivors came aboard the ship by various means . Some were strong enough to climb up rope ladders ; others were hoisted up in slings , and the children were hoisted in mail sacks . The last lifeboat to reach the ship was Lightoller 's boat No. 12 , with 74 people aboard a boat designed to carry 65 . They were all on Carpathia by 09 : 00 . There were some scenes of joy as some families and friends were reunited , but in most cases hopes died as loved ones failed to reappear .
At 09 : 15 , two more ships appeared on the scene – Mount Temple and Californian , which had finally learned of the disaster when her radio operator returned to duty – but by then there were no more survivors to be rescued . Carpathia had been bound for Fiume , Austria @-@ Hungary ( now Rijeka , Croatia ) , but as she had neither the stores nor the medical facilities to cater for the survivors , Rostron ordered that a course be calculated to return the ship to New York , where the survivors could be properly looked after . Carpathia departed the area , leaving the other ships to carry out a final , fruitless , two @-@ hour search .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Grief and outrage = = =
When Carpathia arrived at Pier 34 in New York on the evening of 18 April after a difficult voyage through pack ice , fog , thunderstorms and rough seas , some 40 @,@ 000 people were standing on the wharves , alerted to the disaster by a stream of radio messages from Carpathia and other ships . It was only after Carpathia docked – three days after Titanic 's sinking – that the full scope of the disaster became public knowledge .
Even before Carpathia arrived in New York , efforts were getting underway to retrieve the dead . Four ships chartered by the White Star Line succeeded in retrieving 328 bodies ; 119 were buried at sea , while the remaining 209 were brought ashore to the Canadian port of Halifax , Nova Scotia , where 150 of them were buried . Memorials were raised in various places – New York , Washington , Southampton , Liverpool , Belfast and Lichfield , among others – and ceremonies were held on both sides of the Atlantic to commemorate the dead and raise funds to aid the survivors . The bodies of most of Titanic 's victims were never recovered , and the only evidence of their deaths was found 73 years later among the debris on the seabed : pairs of shoes lying side by side , where bodies had once lain before eventually decomposing .
The prevailing public reaction to the disaster was one of shock and outrage , directed against a number of issues and people : why were there so few lifeboats ? Why had Ismay saved his own life when so many others died ? Why did Titanic proceed into the icefield at full speed ? The outrage was driven not least by the survivors themselves ; even while they were aboard Carpathia on their way to New York , Beesley and other survivors determined to " awaken public opinion to safeguard ocean travel in the future " and wrote a public letter to The Times urging changes to maritime safety laws .
In places closely associated with Titanic , the sense of grief was deep . The heaviest losses were in Southampton , home port to 699 crewmembers and also home to many of the passengers . Crowds of weeping women – the wives , sisters and mothers of crew – gathered outside the White Star offices in Southampton for news of their loved ones . Most of them were among the 549 Southampton residents who perished . In Belfast , churches were packed , and shipyard workers wept in the streets . The ship had been a symbol of Belfast 's industrial achievements , and there was not only a sense of grief but also one of guilt , as those who had built Titanic came to feel that they had been responsible in some way for her loss .
= = = Public inquiries and legislation = = =
In the aftermath of the sinking , public inquiries were set up in Britain and the United States . The US inquiry began on 19 April under the chairmanship of Senator William Alden Smith , while the British inquiry commenced in London under Lord Mersey on 2 May 1912 . They reached broadly similar conclusions : the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate ; Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings ; the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed ; and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a danger area at too high a speed . Captain Lord of the Californian was strongly criticised by both inquiries for failing to render assistance to Titanic .
Neither inquiry found negligence by the International Mercantile Marine Co . ( the parent company ) or the White Star Line ( which owned the Titanic ) to be a factor . The US inquiry concluded that those involved had followed standard practice , and the disaster could thus only be categorised as an " act of God " , and the British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long @-@ standing practice which had not previously been shown to be unsafe ( the inquiry noted that British ships alone had carried 3 @.@ 5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 73 lives ) and concluded that he had done " only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position . " The British inquiry also warned that " What was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future . "
The disaster led to major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures , such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided , that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that radio equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock . An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic , and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) ; both measures are still in force today .
= = = Cultural impact and wreckage = = =
Titanic 's sinking has become a cultural phenomenon , commemorated by artists , film @-@ makers , writers , composers , musicians and dancers from the time immediately after the sinking to the present day . On 1 September 1985 a joint US @-@ French expedition led by Robert Ballard found the wreck of Titanic , and the ship 's rediscovery led to an explosion of interest in Titanic 's story . Numerous expeditions have been launched to film the wreck and , controversially , to salvage objects from the debris field . The first major exhibition of recovered artefacts was held at London 's National Maritime Museum in 1994 – 95 . In 1997 , James Cameron 's eponymous film became the first movie ever to take $ 1 billion at the box office , and the film 's soundtrack became the best selling soundtrack recording of all time .
The wreck is steadily decaying , turning to oxide at a rate of 0 @.@ 5 – 1 ton per day ( assuming one ten @-@ thousandth of an inch per day on all surfaces ) . Eventually Titanic 's structure will collapse , and she will be reduced to a patch of rust on the seabed , with any remaining scraps of the ship 's hull mingled with her more durable fittings , like the propellers , bronze capstans , compasses and the telemotor .
= = Casualties and survivors = =
The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear , due to a number of factors , including confusion over the passenger list , which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute , and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were double @-@ counted on the casualty lists . The death toll has been put at between 1 @,@ 490 and 1 @,@ 635 people . The figures below are from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster .
Less than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster . Some survivors died shortly afterwards ; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia . Of the groups shown in the table , 49 % of the children , 26 % of the female passengers , 82 % of the male passengers and 78 % of the crew died . The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic , especially among women and children . Although less than 10 percent of first- and second @-@ class women ( combined ) were lost , 54 % of those in third class died . Similarly , five of six first @-@ class and all second @-@ class children survived , but 52 of the 79 in third class perished . The only first @-@ class child to perish was Loraine Allison , aged 2 . Proportionately , the heaviest losses were suffered by the second @-@ class men , of whom 92 % died . Additionally , among the pets brought aboard three survived the sinking .
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= WTF ? ! =
WTF ? ! is the seventeenth studio album by German industrial band KMFDM , released on April 26 , 2011 , on KMFDM Records and Metropolis Records . The regular line @-@ up of Sascha Konietzko , Lucia Cifarelli , Jules Hodgson , Andy Selway , and Steve White was joined by a handful of musicians from other industrial and alternative metal acts . The album took about twice as long as usual for the band to produce , and underwent a significant amount of modification during its recording .
WTF ? ! reached No. 8 on Billboard 's Dance / Electronic Albums chart . Its first single , " Krank " , hit No. 15 on the Billboard Singles chart , while its second , " Amnesia " , hit No. 3 on the Deutsche Alternative Charts . Critics were generally very positive about the album , and while some felt the album was relatively creative , most felt it stayed close to the same formula the band had used for years .
= = Background = =
Band leader Sascha Konietzko first mentioned a new album that would feature " a slew of guest musicians " in March 2010 . Former collaborator Bill Rieflin returned to help with WTF ? ! , and Koichi Fukuda also added guitar work . William Wilson , who had previously performed vocals on " Day of Light " , and Free Dominguez , of the group Kidneythieves , were brought in as guest vocalists for one song apiece . In an interview in September 2010 , Konietzko said the new album would be named Zilch . A remixed version of " Rebels in Control " was made available on the band 's website in December 2010 as a show of support for Wikileaks editor @-@ in @-@ chief Julian Assange , and was streamed more than 75 @,@ 000 times in two days . The name of the forthcoming album was also revealed to have been changed to WTF ? ! around the same time .
= = Production = =
Konietzko explained in an April 2011 interview that the album had taken fourteen months to complete , about twice as long as usual . He said that everything on the album " went through a grinder , was then re @-@ constituted and went through a whole process of re @-@ birthing yet once again " , adding that every single component of the album was redone at least once . Konietzko also commented before the album 's release that due to the significant time difference between his location ( Hamburg , Germany ) and the rest of the band ( on the United States west coast ) , " I take my rest and they work , so it 's like we get two full work days in a 24 hour frame . "
The song " Panzerfaust " marks the first time the band has written a song with Italian lyrics , and is a translation of " Liebeslied " from the band 's 1990 album Naïve . The song " Death and Burial of C.R. " is lyrically based on the English nursery rhyme " Who Killed Cock Robin " . The song " Vive La Mort ! " includes the lyrics " aces and eights " , a reference to Wild Bill Hickok 's last hand .
= = Release = =
The concept for the album cover was conceived jointly by Konietzko and longtime band associate and cover artist Aidan " Brute ! " Hughes . Hughes stated that he achieved a look similar to the angelic look of Renaissance paintings of the Madonna with the artwork .
The album 's first single , " Krank " , was released March 8 , 2011 , and debuted at No. 15 on the Billboard Singles Chart . WTF ? ! was released on April 26 , 2012 , and reached No. 8 on Billboard 's Dance / Electronic Albums chart on May 14 , 2011 . It also debuted at No. 1 on the iTunes Electronic Album chart . The song " Amnesia " was released as a single on May 22 , 2012 . It peaked at No. 3 on the Deutsche Alternative Charts in mid @-@ July .
The band toured North America in support of the album in August 2011 , with Wilson accompanying the band as a guest vocalist . A longer tour of Europe took place in October and November .
= = Reception = =
WTF ? ! received very positive reviews , with critics split over whether the album broke new ground compared to previous releases . Some felt the album explored new musical territory . Trey Spencer of Sputnikmusic praised the album and the band 's creativity , saying KMFDM had " stepped outside of their comfort zone by ... opening up to a little experimentation . " William Dashiell Hammett of COMA Music Magazine was strongly complimentary , saying , " The level of musicianship and creativity shown on this album is breathtaking . "
Most critics felt KMFDM stayed close to its usual sound on WTF ? ! . David Jeffries of Allmusic commented , " The ' ultra heavy beat ' sounds as ' ultra ' and ' heavy ' as ever on WTF ? ! " He went on to say the album was " an outstanding blast of dark dancefloor destruction " and saying the album should be on " the top shelf " . Gregory Burkart of FearNet mostly praised the album , saying that while the band doesn 't " break new creative ground " on WTF ? ! , which he said wasn 't the " heaviest , fastest or most experimental album " , it was " still rock @-@ solid , sporting some outstanding melodies and rhythms , and many memorable moments " . Ilker Yücel of ReGen Magazine called WTF ? ! a " hard @-@ hitting dose of industrial rock that is as familiar as it is unusual " . He concluded his review by saying , " In short , it ’ s KMFDM by @-@ the @-@ numbers , and after 27 years , that 's not a bad thing at all . " Mark von Pfeiffer of Magnetic said , " WTF ? is typical : electronic used to augment electric to over @-@ human speeds and volumes , outrageous claims made in the 3rd @-@ person " . He also thought the album was more accessible , saying , " This is industrial , but edible for most anyone looking for a bit of roughage on their playlist . " Petra Whiteley of Reflections of Darkness called WTF ? ! " a solid release bursting with power and determination " . She also said of KMFDM , " musically they are not far of their centre and typical sound , which is not a bad thing " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
All credits come from 2011 liner notes .
= = = Band members = = =
Sascha Konietzko – vocals , synthesizers , programming , drum programming ( 1 – 3 , 5 , 7 – 11 ) , party balloon solo ( 3 ) , bass guitar ( 3 , 7 – 8 , 11 ) , guitar ( 9 ) , feedback guitar ( 7 ) , metal percussion ( 9 ) , production , mixing
Lucia Cifarelli – vocals
Jules Hodgson – guitar , synths ( 3 ) , all programming and instruments ( 4 ) , drum programming ( 5 ) , mixing
Andy Selway – drums
Steve White – guitar , drum programming ( 6 ) , synths ( 6 ) , bass guitar ( 9 ) , keyboards ( 9 )
= = = Additional personnel = = =
Free Dominguez – vocals ( 5 )
Che Eckert – news speak ( 3 )
Michael " Quirk " Dorsett – digitar ( 7 )
Koichi Fukuda – guitar ( 2 )
Sebastian Komor – drum programming ( 3 , 10 ) , synth production ( 3 , 10 )
Bill Rieflin – nervous chatter ( 7 ) , jaw shivers ( 7 )
William Wilson – vocals ( 9 )
Frank De Wulf – TB @-@ 303 riff ( 1 )
= = = Production = = =
Brian Gardner – mastering
Brute ! – artwork
Justin Gammon – layout
Vibrent Management – post production coordination
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= Æthelwulf =
Æthelwulf ( Old English for " Noble Wolf " ) was King of Wessex from 839 to 858 . In 825 his father , King Egbert , defeated King Beornwulf of Mercia , ending a long Mercian dominance over Anglo @-@ Saxon England south of the Humber . Egbert sent Æthelwulf with an army to Kent , where he expelled the Mercian sub @-@ king and was appointed sub @-@ king . After 830 , Egbert maintained good relations with Mercia , and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king in 839 , the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641 .
The Vikings were not a major threat to Wessex during Æthelwulf 's reign . In 843 he was defeated in a battle against the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset , but achieved a major victory at the Battle of Aclea in 851 . In 853 he joined a successful Mercian expedition to Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony , and in the same year his daughter Æthelswith married King Burgred of Mercia . In 855 Æthelwulf went on pilgrimage to Rome . In preparation he gave a " decimation " , donating a tenth of his personal property to his subjects ; he appointed his eldest surviving son Æthelbald to act as King of Wessex in his absence , and his next son Æthelberht to rule Kent and the south @-@ east . Æthelwulf spent a year in Rome , and on his way back he married Judith , the daughter of the West Frankish King Charles the Bald .
When Æthelwulf returned to England , Æthelbald refused to surrender the West Saxon throne , and Æthelwulf agreed to divide the kingdom , taking the east and leaving the west in Æthelbald 's hands . On Æthelwulf 's death in 858 he left Wessex to Æthelbald and Kent to Æthelberht , but Æthelbald 's death only two years later led to the re @-@ unification of the kingdom .
In the twentieth century Æthelwulf 's reputation among historians was poor : he was seen as excessively pious and impractical , and his pilgrimage was viewed as a desertion of his duties . Historians in the twenty @-@ first century see him very differently , as a king who consolidated and extended the power of his dynasty , commanded respect on the continent , and dealt more effectively than most of his contemporaries with Viking attacks . He is regarded as one of the most successful West Saxon kings , who laid the foundations for the success of his son , Alfred the Great .
= = Background = =
At the beginning of the ninth century , England was almost completely under the control of the Anglo @-@ Saxons , with Mercia and Wessex the most important southern kingdoms . Mercia was dominant until the 820s , and it exercised overlordship over East Anglia and Kent , but Wessex was able to maintain its independence from its more powerful neighbour . Offa , King of Mercia from 757 to 796 , was the dominant figure of the second half of the eighth century . King Beorhtric of Wessex ( 786 – 802 ) , married Offa 's daughter in 789 . Beorhtric and Offa drove Æthelwulf 's father Egbert into exile , and he spent several years at the court of Charlemagne in Francia . Egbert was the son of Ealhmund , who had briefly been King of Kent in 784 . Following Offa 's death , King Coenwulf of Mercia ( 796 – 821 ) maintained Mercian dominance , but it is uncertain whether Beorhtric ever accepted political subordination , and when he died in 802 Egbert became king , perhaps with the support of Charlemagne . For two hundred years three kindreds had fought for the West Saxon throne , and no son had followed his father as king . Egbert 's best claim was that he was the great @-@ great @-@ grandson of Ingild , brother of King Ine ( 688 – 726 ) , and in 802 it would have seemed very unlikely that he would establish a lasting dynasty .
Almost nothing is recorded of the first twenty years of Egbert 's reign , apart from campaigns against the Cornish in the 810s . The historian Richard Abels argues that the silence of the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle was probably intentional , concealing Egbert 's purge of Beorhtric 's magnates and suppression of rival royal lines . Relations between Mercian kings and their Kentish subjects were distant . Kentish ealdormen did not attend the court of King Coenwulf , who quarrelled with Archbishop Wulfred of Canterbury ( 805 – 832 ) over the control of Kentish monasteries ; Coenwulf 's primary concern seems to have been to gain access to the wealth of Kent . His successors Ceolwulf I ( 821 – 23 ) and Beornwulf ( 823 – 26 ) restored relations with Archbishop Wulfred , and Beornwulf appointed a sub @-@ king of Kent , Baldred .
England had suffered Viking raids in the late eighth century , but no attacks are recorded between 794 and 835 , when the Isle of Sheppey in Kent was ravaged . In 836 Egbert was defeated by the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset , but in 838 he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings at the Battle of Hingston Down , reducing Cornwall to the status of a client kingdom .
= = Family = =
Æthelwulf was the son of Egbert , King of Wessex from 802 to 839 . His mother 's name is unknown , and he had no recorded siblings . So far as is known , his wife Osburh was the mother of all his children . She was the daughter of Oslac , described by Asser , biographer of their son Alfred the Great , as " King Æthelwulf 's famous butler " , a man who was descended from Jutes who had ruled the Isle of Wight . Æthelwulf had six known children . His eldest son , Æthelstan , was old enough to be appointed King of Kent in 839 , so he must have been born by the early 820s , and he died in the early 850s . The second son , Æthelbald , is first recorded as a charter witness in 841 , and if , like Alfred , he began to attest when he was around six , he would have been born around 835 ; he was King of Wessex from 858 to 860 . Æthelwulf 's third son , Æthelberht , was probably born around 839 and was king from 860 to 865 . The only daughter , Æthelswith , married Burgred , King of Mercia , in 853 . The other two sons were much younger : Æthelred was born around 848 and was king from 865 to 871 , and Alfred was born around 849 and was king from 871 to 899 . In 856 Æthelwulf married Judith , daughter of Charles the Bald , King of West Francia and future Holy Roman Emperor , and his wife Ermentrude . Osburh had probably died , although it is possible that she had been repudiated . There were no children from Æthelwulf 's marriage to Judith , and after his death she married his eldest surviving son and successor , Æthelbald .
= = Early life = =
Æthelwulf was first recorded in 825 , when Egbert won the crucial Battle of Ellandun against King Beornwulf of Mercia , ending the long Mercian ascendancy over southern England . Egbert followed it up by sending Æthelwulf with Eahlstan , Bishop of Sherborne , and Wulfheard , Ealdorman of Hampshire , with a large army into Kent to expel sub @-@ king Baldred . Æthelwulf was descended from kings of Kent , and he was sub @-@ king of Kent , and of Surrey , Sussex and Essex , which were then included in the sub @-@ kingdom , until he inherited the throne of Wessex in 839 . His sub @-@ kingship is recorded in charters , in some of which King Egbert acted with his son 's permission , such as a grant in 838 to Bishop Beornmod of Rochester , and Æthelwulf himself issued a charter as King of Kent in the same year . Unlike their Mercian predecessors , who alienated the Kentish people by ruling from a distance , Æthelwulf and his father successfully cultivated local support by governing through Kentish ealdormen and promoting their interests . In Abels 's view , Egbert and Æthelwulf rewarded their friends and purged Mercian supporters . Historians take differing views on the attitude of the new regime to the Kentish church . At Canterbury in 828 Egbert granted privileges to the bishopric of Rochester , and according to the historian of Anglo @-@ Saxon England Simon Keynes , Egbert and Æthelwulf took steps to secure the support of Archbishop Wulfred . However , the medievalist Nicholas Brooks argues that Wulfred 's Mercian origin and connections proved a liability . Æthelwulf seized an estate in East Malling from the Canterbury church on the ground that it had only been granted by Baldred when he was in flight from the West Saxon forces ; the issue of archiepiscopal coinage was suspended for several years ; and the only estate Wulfred was granted after 825 he received from King Wiglaf of Mercia .
In 829 Egbert conquered Mercia , only for Wiglaf to recover his kingdom a year later . The scholar D. P. Kirby sees Wiglaf 's restoration in 830 as a dramatic reversal for Egbert , which was probably followed by his loss of control of the London mint and the Mercian recovery of Essex and Berkshire , and the historian Heather Edwards states that his " immense conquest could not be maintained " . However , in the view of Keynes :
It is interesting ... that both Egbert and his son Æthelwulf appear to have respected the separate identity of Kent and its associated provinces , as if there appears to have been no plan at this stage to absorb the southeast into an enlarged kingdom stretching across the whole of southern England . Nor does it seem to have been the intention of Egbert and his successors to maintain supremacy of any kind over the kingdom of Mercia ... It is quite possible that Egbert had relinquished Mercia of his own volition ; and there is no suggestion that any residual antagonism affected relations between the rulers of Wessex and Mercia thereafter .
In 838 King Egbert held an assembly at Kingston in Surrey , where Æthelwulf may have received royal consecration by the archbishop . Egbert restored the East Malling estate to Wulfred 's successor as Archbishop of Canterbury , Ceolnoth , in return for a promise of " firm and unbroken friendship " for himself and Æthelwulf and their heirs , and the same condition is specified in a grant to the see of Winchester . Egbert thus ensured support for Æthelwulf , who became the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641 . At the same meeting Kentish monasteries chose Æthelwulf as their lord , and he undertook that , after his death , they would have freedom to elect their heads . Wulfred had devoted his archiepiscopate to fighting against secular power over Kentish monasteries , but Ceolnoth now surrendered effective control to Æthelwulf , whose offer of freedom from control after his death was unlikely to be honoured by his successors . Kentish ecclesiastics and laymen now looked for protection against Viking attacks to West Saxon rather than Mercian royal power .
Egbert 's conquests brought him wealth far greater than his predecessors had enjoyed , and enabled him to purchase the support which secured the West Saxon throne for his descendants . The stability brought by the dynastic succession of Egbert and Æthelwulf led to an expansion of commercial and agrarian resources , and to an expansion of royal income . The wealth of the West Saxon kings was also increased by the agreement in 838 – 39 with Archbishop Ceolnoth for the previously independent West Saxon minsters to accept the king as their secular lord in return for his protection . However , there was no certainty that the hegemony of Wessex would prove more permanent than that of Mercia .
= = King of Wessex = =
When Æthelwulf succeeded to the throne of Wessex in 839 , his experience as sub @-@ king of Kent had given him valuable training in kingship , and he in turn made his own sons sub @-@ kings . According to the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , on his accession " he gave to his son Æthelstan the kingdom of the people of Kent , and the kingdom of the East Saxons and of the people of Surrey and of the South Saxons " . However , Æthelwulf did not give Æthelstan the same power as his father had given him , and although Æthelstan attested his father 's charters as king , he does not appear to have been given the power to issue his own charters . Æthelwulf exercised authority in the south @-@ east and made regular visits there . He governed Wessex and Kent as separate spheres , and assemblies in each kingdom were only attended by the nobility of that country . The historian Janet Nelson says that " Æthelwulf ran a Carolingian @-@ style family firm of plural realms , held together by his own authority as father @-@ king , and by the consent of distinct élites . " He maintained his father 's policy of governing Kent through ealdormen appointed from the local nobility and advancing their interests , but gave less support to the church . In 843 Æthelwulf granted ten hides at Little Chart to Æthelmod , the brother of the leading Kentish ealdorman Ealhere , and Æthelmod succeeded to the post on his brother 's death in 853 . In 844 Æthelwulf granted land at Horton in Kent to Ealdorman Eadred , with permission to transfer parts of it to local landowners ; in a culture of reciprocity , this created a network of mutual friendships and obligations between the beneficiaries and the king . Archbishops of Canterbury were firmly in the West Saxon king 's sphere . His ealdormen enjoyed a high status , and sometimes attested charters above the king 's sons . His reign is the first for which there is evidence of royal priests , and Malmesbury Abbey regarded him as an important benefactor , who is said to have been the donor of a shrine for the relics of Saint Aldhelm .
After 830 , Egbert had followed a policy of maintaining good relations with Mercia , and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king . London was traditionally a Mercian town , but in the 830s it was under West Saxon control ; soon after Æthelwulf 's accession it reverted to Mercian control . King Wiglaf of Mercia died in 839 and his successor , Berhtwulf , revived the Mercian mint in London ; the two kingdoms appear to have struck a joint issue in the mid @-@ 840s , possibly indicating West Saxon help in reviving Mercian coinage , and showing the friendly relations between the two powers . Berkshire was still Mercian in 844 , but by 849 it was part of Wessex , as Alfred was born in that year at the West Saxon royal estate in Wantage , then in Berkshire . However , the local Mercian ealdorman , also called Æthelwulf , retained his position under the West Saxon kings . Berhtwulf died in 852 and cooperation with Wessex continued under Burgred , his successor as King of Mercia , who married Æthelwulf 's daughter Æthelswith in 853 . In the same year Æthelwulf assisted Burgred in a successful attack on Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony over the Welsh .
In ninth @-@ century Mercia and Kent , royal charters were produced by religious houses , each with its own style , but in Wessex there was a single royal diplomatic tradition , probably by a single agency acting for the king . This may have originated in Egbert 's reign , and it becomes clear in the 840s , when Æthelwulf had a Frankish secretary called Felix . There were strong contacts between the West Saxon and Carolingian courts . The Annals of St Bertin took particular interest in Viking attacks on Britain , and in 852 Lupus , the Abbot of Ferrières and a protégé of Charles the Bald , wrote to Æthelwulf congratulating him on his victory over the Vikings and requesting a gift of lead to cover his church roof . Lupus also wrote to his " most beloved friend " Felix , asking him to manage the transport of the lead . Unlike Canterbury and the south @-@ east , Wessex did not see a sharp decline in the standard of Latin in charters in the mid @-@ ninth century , and this may have been partly due to Felix and his continental contacts . Lupus thought that Felix had great influence over the King . Charters were mainly issued from royal estates in counties which were the heartland of ancient Wessex , namely Hampshire , Somerset , Wiltshire and Dorset , with a few in Kent .
An ancient division between east and west Wessex continued to be important in the ninth century , with the boundary being Selwood Forest on the borders of Somerset , Dorset and Wiltshire . The two bishoprics of Wessex were Selborne in the west and Winchester in the east . Æthelwulf 's family connections seem to have been west of Selwood , but his patronage was concentrated further east , particularly on Winchester , where his father was buried , and where he appointed Swithun to succeed Helmstan as bishop in 852 – 853 . However , he made a grant of land in Somerset to his leading ealdorman , Eanwulf , and on 26 December 846 he granted a large estate to himself in South Hams in west Devon . He thus changed it from royal demesne , which he was obliged to pass on to his successor as king , to bookland , which could be transferred as the owner pleased , so he could make land grants to followers to improve security in a frontier zone .
= = Viking threat = =
Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the English Channel , and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated by the companies of thirty @-@ five Danish ships at Carhampton in Somerset . In 850 sub @-@ king Æthelstan and Ealdorman Ealhhere of Kent won a naval victory over a large Viking fleet off Sandwich in Kent , capturing nine ships and driving off the rest . Æthelwulf granted Ealhhere a large estate in Kent , but Æthelstan is not heard of again , and probably died soon afterwards . The following year the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle records five different attacks on southern England . A Danish fleet of 350 Viking ships took London and Canterbury , and when King Berhtwulf of Mercia went to their relief he was defeated . The Vikings then moved on to Surrey , where they were defeated by Æthelwulf and his son Æthelbald at the Battle of Aclea . According to the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle the West Saxon levies " there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen that we have heard tell of up to the present day " . The Chronicle frequently reported victories during Æthelwulf 's reign won by levies led by ealdormen , unlike the 870s when royal command was emphasised , reflecting a more consensual style of leadership in the earlier period .
In 850 a Danish army wintered on Thanet , and in 853 ealdormen Ealhhere of Kent and Huda of Surrey were killed in a battle against the Vikings , also on Thanet . In 855 Danish Vikings stayed over the winter on Sheppey , before carrying on their pillaging of eastern England . However , during Æthelwulf 's reign Viking attacks were contained and did not present a major threat .
= = Coinage = =
The silver penny was almost the only coin used in middle and later Anglo @-@ Saxon England . Æthelwulf 's coinage came from a main mint in Canterbury and a secondary one at Rochester ; both had been used by Egbert for his own coinage after he gained control of Kent . During Æthelwulf 's reign , there were four main phases of the coinage distinguishable at both mints , though they are not exactly parallel and it is uncertain when the transitions took place . The first issue at Canterbury carried a design known as Saxoniorum , which had been used by Egbert for one of his own issues . This was replaced by a portrait design in about 843 , which can be subdivided further ; the earliest coins have cruder designs than the later ones . At the Rochester mint the sequence was reversed , with an initial portrait design replaced , also in about 843 , by a non @-@ portrait design carrying a cross @-@ and @-@ wedges pattern on the obverse .
In about 848 both mints switched to a common design known as Dor ¯ b ¯ / Cant – the characters " Dor ¯ b ¯ " on the obverse of these coins indicates either Dorobernia ( Canterbury ) or Dorobrevia ( Rochester ) , and " Cant " , referring to Kent , appeared on the reverse . It is possible that the Canterbury mint continued to produce portrait coins at the same time . The Canterbury issue seems to have been ended in 850 – 851 by Viking raids , though it is possible that Rochester was spared , and the issue may have continued there . The final issue , again at both mints , was introduced in about 852 ; it has an inscribed cross on the reverse and a portrait on the obverse . Æthelwulf 's coinage became debased by the end of his reign , and though the problem became worse after his death it is possible that the debasement prompted the changes in coin type from as early as 850 .
Æthelwulf 's first Rochester coinage may have begun when he was still sub @-@ king of Kent , under Egbert . A hoard of coins deposited at the beginning of Æthelwulf 's reign in about 840 , found in the Middle Temple in London , contained 22 coins from Rochester and two from Canterbury of the first issue of each mint . Some numismatists argue that the high proportion of Rochester coins means that the issue must have commenced before Egbert 's death , but an alternative explanation is that whoever hoarded the coins simply happened to have access to more Rochester coins . No coins were issued by Æthelwulf 's sons during his reign .
Ceolnoth , Archbishop of Canterbury throughout Æthelwulf 's reign , also minted coins of his own at Canterbury : there were three different portrait designs , thought to be contemporary with each of the first three of Æthelwulf 's Canterbury issues . These were followed by an inscribed cross design that was uniform with Æthelwulf 's final coinage . At Rochester , Bishop Beornmod produced only one issue , a cross @-@ and @-@ wedges design which was contemporary with Æthelwulf 's Saxoniorum issue .
In the view of the numismatists Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburn , the mints of Wessex , Mercia and East Anglia were not greatly affected by changes in political control : " the remarkable continuity of moneyers which can be seen at each of these mints suggests that the actual mint organisation was largely independent of the royal administration and was founded in the stable trading communities of each city " .
= = Decimation Charters = =
The early twentieth @-@ century historian W. H. Stevenson observed that : " Few things in our early history have led to so much discussion " as Æthelwulf 's Decimation Charters ; a hundred years later the charter expert Susan Kelly described them as " one of the most controversial groups of Anglo @-@ Saxon diplomas " . Both Asser and the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle say that Æthelwulf gave a decimation , in 855 , shortly before leaving on pilgrimage to Rome . According to the Chronicle " King Æthelwulf conveyed by charter the tenth part of his land throughout all his kingdom to the praise of God and to his own eternal salvation " . However , Asser states that " Æthelwulf , the esteemed king , freed the tenth part of his whole kingdom from royal service and tribute , and as an everlasting inheritance he made it over on the cross of Christ to the triune God , for the redemption of his soul and those of his predecessors . " According to Keynes , Asser 's version may just be a " loose translation " of the Chronicle , and his implication that Æthelwulf released a tenth of all land from secular burdens was probably not intended . All land could be regarded as the king 's land , so the Chronicle reference to " his land " does not necessarily refer to royal property , and since the booking of land – conveying it by charter – was always regarded as a pious act , Asser 's statement that he made it over to God does not necessarily mean that the charters were in favour of the church .
The Decimation Charters are divided by Susan Kelly into four groups :
1 . Two dated at Winchester on 5 November 844 . In a charter in the Malmesbury archive , Æthelwulf refers in the proem to the perilous state of his kingdom as the result of the assaults of pagans and barbarians . For the sake of his soul and in return for masses for the king and ealdormen each Wednesday , " I have decided to give in perpetual liberty some portion of hereditary lands to all those ranks previously in possession , both to God 's servants and handmaidens serving God and to laymen , always the tenth hide , and where it is less , then the tenth part . "
2 . Six dated at Wilton on Easter Day , 22 April 854 . In the common text of these charters , Æthelwulf states that " for the sake of his soul and the prosperity of the kingdom and [ the salvation of ] the people assigned to him by God , he has acted upon the advice given to him by his bishops , comites , and all his nobles . He has granted the tenth part of the lands throughout his kingdom , not only to the churches , but also to his thegns . The land is granted in perpetual liberty , so that it will remain free of royal services and all secular burdens . In return there will be liturgical commemoration of the king and of his bishops and ealdormen . "
3 . Five from Old Minster , Winchester , connected with the Wilton meeting but generally considered spurious .
4 . One from Kent dated 855 , the only one to have the same date as the decimation according to Chronicle and Asser . The king grants to his thegn Dunn property in Rochester " on account of the decimation of lands which by God 's gift I have decided to do " . Dunn left the land to his wife with reversion to Rochester Cathedral .
None of the charters are original , and Stevenson dismissed all of them as fraudulent apart from the Kentish one of 855 . Stevenson saw the decimation as a donation of royal demesne to churches and laymen , with those grants which were made to laymen being on the understanding that there would be reversion to a religious institution . Up to the 1990s , his view on the authenticity of the charters was generally accepted by scholars , with the exception of the historian H. P. R. Finberg , who argued in 1964 that most are based on authentic diplomas . He coined the terms the First Decimation of 844 , which he saw as the removal of public dues on a tenth of all bookland , and the Second Decimation of 854 , the donation of a tenth of " the private domain of the royal house " to the churches . He considered it unlikely that the First Decimation had been carried into effect , probably due to the threat from the Vikings . Finberg 's terminology has been adopted , but his defence of the First Decimation generally rejected . In 1994 Keynes defended the Wilton charters in group 2 , and his arguments have been widely accepted .
Historians have been divided on how to interpret the Second Decimation , and in 1994 Keynes described it as " one of the most perplexing problems " in the study of ninth @-@ century charters . He set out three alternatives :
1 . It conveyed a tenth of the royal demesne – the lands of the crown as opposed to the personal property of the sovereign – into the hands of churches , ecclesiastics and laymen . In Anglo @-@ Saxon England property was either folkland or bookland . The transmission of folkland was governed by the customary rights of kinsmen , subject to the king 's approval , whereas bookland was established by the grant of a royal charter , and could be disposed of freely by the owner . Booking land thus converted it by charter from folkland to bookland . The royal demesne was the crown 's folkland , whereas the king 's bookland was his own personal property which he could leave by will as he chose . In the decimation Æthelwulf may have conveyed royal folkland by charter to become bookland , in some cases to laymen who already rented the land .
2 . It was the booking of a tenth of folkland to its owners , who would then be free to convey it to a church .
3 . It was a reduction of one tenth in the secular burdens on lands already in the possession of landowners . The secular burdens would have included the provision of supplies for the king and his officials , and payment of various taxes .
Some scholars , for example Frank Stenton , author of the standard history of Anglo @-@ Saxon England , along with Keynes and Abels , see the Second Decimation as a donation of royal demesne . In Abels ' view Æthelwulf sought loyalty from the aristocracy and church during the king 's forthcoming absence from Wessex , and displayed a sense of dynastic insecurity also evident in his father 's generosity towards the Kentish church in 838 , and in an " avid attention " in this period to compiling and revising royal genealogies . Keynes suggests that " Æthelwulf 's purpose was presumably to earn divine assistance in his struggles against the Vikings " , and the mid @-@ twentieth @-@ century historian Eric John observes that " a lifetime of medieval studies teaches one that an early medieval king was never so political as when he was on his knees " . The view that the decimation was a donation of the king 's own personal estate is supported by the Anglo @-@ Saxonist Alfred Smyth , who argues that these were the only lands the king was entitled to alienate by book . The historian Martin Ryan prefers the view that Æthelwulf freed a tenth part of land owned by laymen from secular obligations , who could now endow churches under their own patronage . Ryan sees it as part of a campaign of religious devotion . According to the historian David Pratt , it " is best interpreted as a strategic ' tax cut ' , designed to encourage cooperation in defensive measures through a partial remission of royal dues " . Nelson states that the decimation took place in two phases , in Wessex in 854 and Kent in 855 , reflecting the fact that they remained separate kingdoms .
Kelly argues that most charters were based on genuine originals , including the First Decimation of 844 . She says : " Commentators have been unkind [ and ] the 844 version has not been given the benefit of the doubt " . In her view Æthelwulf then gave a 10 % tax reduction on bookland , and ten years later he took the more generous step of " a widespread distribution of royal lands " . Unlike Finberg , she believes that both decimations were carried out , although the second one may not have been completed due to opposition from Æthelwulf 's son Æthelbald . She thinks that the grants of bookland to laymen in the Second Decimation were unconditional , not with reversion to religious houses as Stevenson had argued . However , Keynes is not convinced by Kelly 's arguments , and thinks that the First Decimation charters were eleventh- or early twelfth @-@ century fabrications .
= = Pilgrimage to Rome and later life = =
In the early 850s Æthelwulf decided to go on pilgrimage to Rome . According to Abels : " Æthelwulf was at the height of his power and prestige . It was a propitious time for the West Saxon king to claim a place of honour among the kings and emperors of christendom . " His eldest surviving sons Æthelbald and Æthelberht were then adults , while Æthelred and Alfred were still young children . In 853 Æthelwulf sent his younger sons to Rome , perhaps accompanying envoys in connection with his own forthcoming visit . Alfred , and possibly Æthelred as well , were invested with the " belt of consulship " . Æthelred 's part in the journey is only known from a contemporary record in the liber vitae of San Salvatore , Brescia , as later records such as the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle were only interested in recording the honour paid to Alfred . Abels sees the embassy as paving the way for Æthelwulf 's pilgrimage , and the presence of Alfred , his youngest and therefore most expendable son , as a gesture of goodwill to the papacy ; confirmation by Pope Leo IV made Alfred his spiritual son , and thus created a spiritual link between the two " fathers " . Kirby argues that the journey may indicate that Alfred was intended for the church , while Nelson on the contrary sees Æthelwulf 's purpose as affirming his younger sons ' throneworthiness , thus protecting them against being tonsured by their elder brothers , which would have rendered them ineligible for kingship .
Æthelwulf set out for Rome in the spring of 855 , accompanied by Alfred and a large retinue . The King left Wessex in the care of his oldest surviving son , Æthelbald , and the sub @-@ kingdom of Kent to the rule of Æthelberht , and thereby confirmed that they were to succeed to the two kingdoms . On the way the party stayed with Charles the Bald in Francia , where there were the usual banquets and exchange of gifts . Æthelwulf stayed a year in Rome , and his gifts to St Peter included a gold crown weighing four pounds ( 1 @.@ 8 kilograms ) , two gold goblets , a sword bound with gold , four silver @-@ gilt bowls , two silk tunics and two gold @-@ interwoven veils . He also gave gold to the clergy and leading men and silver to the people of Rome . According to the historian Joanna Story , his gifts rivalled those of Carolingian donors and the Byzantine emperor and " were clearly chosen to reflect the personal generosity and spiritual wealth of the West Saxon king ; here was no Germanic ' hillbilly ' from the backwoods of the Christian world but , rather , a sophisticated , wealthy and utterly contemporary monarch " . According to the twelfth @-@ century chronicler William of Malmesbury , he helped to pay for the restoration of the Saxon quarter for English pilgrims , which had recently been destroyed by fire .
The pilgrimage puzzles historians and Kelly comments that " it is extraordinary that an early medieval king could consider his position safe enough to abandon his kingdom in a time of extreme crisis " . She suggests that Æthelwulf may have been motivated by a personal religious impulse . Ryan sees it as an attempt to placate the divine wrath displayed by Viking attacks , whereas Nelson thinks he aimed to enhance his prestige in dealing with the demands of his adult sons . In Kirby 's view :
Æthelwulf 's journey to Rome is of great interest for it did not signify abdication and a retreat from the world as their journeys to Rome had for Cædwalla and Ine and other Anglo @-@ Saxon kings . It was more a display of the king 's international standing and a demonstration of the prestige his dynasty enjoyed in Frankish and papal circles .
On his way back from Rome Æthelwulf again stayed with King Charles the Bald , and may have joined him on a campaign against a Viking warband . On 1 October 856 Æthelwulf married Charles 's 12- or 13 @-@ year @-@ old daughter , Judith , at Verberie . The marriage was considered extraordinary by contemporaries and by modern historians . Carolingian princesses rarely married and were usually sent to nunneries , and it was almost unknown for them to marry foreigners . Judith was crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar , Archbishop of Rheims . Although empresses had been anointed before , this is the first definitely known anointing of a Carolingian queen . In addition West Saxon custom , described by Asser as " perverse and detestable " , was that the wife of a king of Wessex could not be called queen or sit on the throne with her husband – she was just the king 's wife .
Æthelwulf returned to Wessex to face a revolt by Æthelbald , who attempted to prevent his father from recovering his throne . Historians give varying explanations for both the rebellion and the marriage . In Nelson 's view , Æthelwulf 's marriage to Judith added the West Saxon king to the family of kings and princely allies which Charles was creating . Charles was under attack both from Vikings and a rising among his own nobility , and Æthelwulf had great prestige due to his victories over the Vikings ; some historians such as Kirby and Pauline Stafford see the marriage as sealing an anti @-@ Viking alliance . The marriage gave Æthelwulf a share in Carolingian prestige , and Kirby describes the anointing of Judith as " a charismatic sanctification which enhanced her status , blessed her womb and conferred additional throne @-@ worthiness on her male offspring . " These marks of a special status implied that a son of hers would succeed to at least part of Æthelwulf 's kingdom , and explain Æthelbald 's decision to rebel . The historian Michael Enright denies that an anti @-@ Viking alliance between two such distant kingdoms could serve any useful purpose , and argues that the marriage was Æthelwulf 's response to news that his son was planning to rebel ; his son by an anointed Carolingian queen would be in a strong position to succeed as king of Wessex instead of the rebellious Æthelbald . Abels suggests that Æthelwulf sought Judith 's hand because he needed her father 's money and support to overcome his son 's rebellion , but Kirby and Smyth argue that it is extremely unlikely that Charles the Bald would have agreed to marry his daughter to a ruler who was known to be in serious political difficulty . Æthelbald may also have acted out of resentment at the loss of patrimony he suffered as a result of the decimation .
Æthelbald 's rebellion was supported by Ealhstan , Bishop of Sherborne , and Eanwulf , ealdorman of Somerset , even though they appear to have been two of the king 's most trusted advisers . According to Asser , the plot was concerted " in the western part of Selwood " , and western nobles may have backed Æthelbald because they resented the patronage Æthelwulf gave to eastern Wessex . Asser also stated that Æthelwulf agreed to give up the western part of his kingdom in order to avoid a civil war . Some historians such as Keynes and Abels think that his rule was then confined to the south @-@ east , while others such as Kirby think it is more likely that it was Wessex itself which was divided , with Æthelbald keeping Wessex west of Selwood , Æthelwulf holding the centre and east , and Æthelberht keeping the south @-@ east . Æthelwulf insisted that Judith should sit beside him on the throne until the end of his life , and according to Asser this was " without any disagreement or dissatisfaction on the part of his nobles " .
= = King Æthelwulf 's ring = =
King Æthelwulf 's ring was found in a cart rut in Laverstock in Wiltshire in about August 1780 by one William Petty , who sold it to a silversmith in Salisbury . The silversmith sold it to the Earl of Radnor , and the earl 's son , William , donated it to the British Museum in 1829 . The ring , together with a similar ring of Æthelwulf 's daughter Æthelswith , is one of two key examples of nielloed ninth @-@ century metalwork . They appear to represent the emergence of a " court style " of West Saxon metalwork , characterised by an unusual Christian iconography , such as a pair of peacocks at the Fountain of Life on the Æthelwulf ring , associated with Christian immortality . The ring is inscribed " Æthelwulf Rex " , firmly associating it with the King , and the inscription forms part of the design , so it cannot have been added later . Many of its features are typical of ninth @-@ century metalwork , such as the design of two birds , beaded and speckled borders , and a saltire with arrow @-@ like terminals on the back . It was probably manufactured in Wessex , but was typical of the uniformity of animal ornament in England in the ninth century . In the view of the expert on medieval art Leslie Webster : " Its fine Trewhiddle style ornament would certainly fit a mid ninth @-@ century date . " In Nelson 's view , " it was surely made to be a gift from this royal lord to a brawny follower : the sign of a successful ninth @-@ century kingship " . The art historian David Wilson sees it as a survival of the pagan tradition of the generous king as the " ring @-@ giver " .
= = Æthelwulf 's will = =
Æthelwulf 's will has not survived , but Alfred 's has and it provides some information about his father 's intentions . The kingdom was to be divided between the two oldest surviving sons , with Æthelbald getting Wessex and Æthelberht Kent and the south @-@ east . The survivor of Æthelbald , Æthelred and Alfred was to inherit their father 's bookland – his personal property as opposed to the royal lands which went with the kingship – and Abels and Yorke argue that this probably means that the survivor was to inherit the throne of Wessex as well . Other historians disagree . Nelson states that the provision regarding the personal property had nothing to do with the kingship , and Kirby comments : " Such an arrangement would have led to fratricidal strife . With three older brothers , Alfred 's chances of reaching adulthood would , one feels , have been minimal . " Æthelwulf 's moveable wealth , such as gold and silver , was to be divided between " children , nobles and the needs of the king 's soul " . For the latter , he left one tenth of his hereditary land to be set aside to feed the poor , and he ordered that three hundred mancuses be sent to Rome each year , one hundred to be spent on lighting the lamps in St Peter 's at Easter , one hundred for the lights of St Paul 's , and one hundred for the pope .
= = Death and succession = =
Æthelwulf died on 13 January 858 . According to the Annals of St Neots , he was buried at Steyning in Sussex , but his body was later transferred to Winchester , probably by Alfred . Æthelwulf was succeeded by Æthelbald in Wessex and Æthelberht in Kent and the south @-@ east . The prestige conferred by a Frankish marriage was so great that Æthelbald then wedded his step @-@ mother Judith , to Asser 's retrospective horror ; he described the marriage as a " great disgrace " , and " against God 's prohibition and Christian dignity " . When Æthelbald died only two years later , Æthelberht became King of Wessex as well as Kent , and Æthelwulf 's intention of dividing his kingdoms between his sons was thus set aside . In the view of Yorke and Abels this was because Æthelred and Alfred were too young to rule , and Æthelberht agreed in return that his younger brothers would inherit the whole kingdom on his death , whereas Kirby and Nelson think that Æthelberht just became the trustee for his younger brothers ' share of the bookland .
After Æthelbald 's death Judith sold her possessions and returned to her father , but two years later she eloped with Baldwin , Count of Flanders . In the 890s their son , also called Baldwin , married Æthelwulf 's granddaughter Ælfthryth .
= = Historiography = =
Æthelwulf 's reputation among historians was poor in the twentieth century . In 1935 the historian R. H. Hodgkin attributed his pilgrimage to Rome to " the unpractical piety which had led him to desert his kingdom at a time of great danger " , and described his marriage to Judith as " the folly of a man senile before his time " . To Stenton in the 1960s he was " a religious and unambitious man , for whom engagement in war and politics was an unwelcome consequence of rank " . One dissenter was Finberg , who in 1964 described him as " a king whose valour in war and princely munificence recalled the figures of the heroic age " , but in 1979 Enright said : " More than anything else he appears to have been an impractical religious enthusiast . " Early medieval writers , especially Asser , emphasise his religiosity and his preference for consensus , seen in the concessions made to avert a civil war on his return from Rome . In Story 's view " his legacy has been clouded by accusations of excessive piety which ( to modern sensibilities at least ) has seemed at odds with the demands of early medieval kingship " . In 839 an unnamed Anglo @-@ Saxon king wrote to the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious asking for permission to travel through his territory on the way to Rome , and relating an English priest 's dream which foretold disaster unless Christians abandoned their sins . This is now believed to have been an unrealised project of Egbert at the end of his life , but it was formerly attributed to Æthelwulf , and seen as exhibiting what Story calls his reputation for " dramatic piety " , and irresponsibility for planning to abandon his kingdom at the beginning of his reign .
In the twenty @-@ first century he is seen very differently by historians . Æthelwulf is not listed in the index of Peter Hunter Blair 's An Introduction to Anglo @-@ Saxon England , first published in 1956 , but in a new introduction to the 2003 edition Keynes listed him among people " who have not always been accorded the attention they might be thought to deserve ... for it was he , more than any other , who secured the political fortune of his people in the ninth century , and who opened up channels of communication which led through Frankish realms and across the Alps to Rome " . According to Story : " Æthelwulf acquired and cultivated a reputation both in Francia and Rome which is unparalleled in the sources since the height of Offa 's and Coenwulf 's power at the turn of the ninth century " .
Nelson describes him as " one of the great underrated among Anglo @-@ Saxons " , and complains that she was only allowed 2 @,@ 500 words for him in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , compared with 15 @,@ 000 for Edward II and 35 @,@ 000 for Elizabeth I. She says :
Æthelwulf 's reign has been relatively under @-@ appreciated in modern scholarship . Yet he laid the foundations for Alfred 's success . To the perennial problems of husbanding the kingdom 's resources , containing conflicts within the royal family , and managing relations with neighbouring kingdoms , Æthelwulf found new as well as traditional answers . He consolidated old Wessex , and extended his reach over what is now Devon and Cornwall . He ruled Kent , working with the grain of its political community . He borrowed ideological props from Mercians and Franks alike , and went to Rome , not to die there , like his predecessor Ine , ... but to return , as Charlemagne had , with enhanced prestige . Æthelwulf coped more effectively with Scandinavian attacks than did most contemporary rulers .
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= Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) =
Guardians of the Galaxy is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact .
Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star @-@ Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios , England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post @-@ production was finished on July 7 , 2014 .
Guardians of the Galaxy premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 773 @.@ 3 million worldwide and becoming the highest @-@ grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest @-@ grossing film in North America of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel titled Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 2 is scheduled to be released on May 5 , 2017 .
= = Plot = =
In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty @-@ six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb , after which Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan , intercepts him . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb .
When Quill attempts to sell the orb on the Nova Empire capital world , Xandar , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree @-@ like humanoid Groot . The Nova Corps arrives and captures the four , detaining them in the Kyln . While there , a powerful inmate , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him . Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power to destroy planets , starting with Xandar . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , she , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work together to escape from the Kyln .
Elsewhere , Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Accompanied by Drax , Quill 's group escapes the Kyln in his ship – the Milano – and flees to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Suddenly , Tivan 's tormented assistant grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive .
Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's forces capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce by convincing Yondu that they can recover the orb . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they cannot let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after the destruction of Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan .
Near Xandar , the Ravagers , the Nova Corps , and Quill ’ s group confront and breach the Dark Aster . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . On the Dark Aster , after Gamora defeats Nebula ( who escapes ) , she unlocks Ronan 's chambers , but the group find themselves outmatched by his power until Rocket crashes the Milano through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash @-@ lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan .
In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half @-@ human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot .
In a post @-@ credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck .
= = Cast = =
Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star @-@ Lord :
The half human , half alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , " He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . " He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , notably the portly Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 lb ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi @-@ film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill .
Zoe Saldana as Gamora :
An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make @-@ up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , " I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before [ in Avatar ] . " Saldana described Gamora as " ... a warrior , she ’ s an assassin and she ’ s very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She ’ s a very righteous individual . "
Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer :
A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , " I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy – because you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . " Bautista also said that there was " a lot of comic relief to Drax " , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for role , because " Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . " Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk .
Vin Diesel as Groot :
A tree @-@ like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign @-@ language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , " All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards – except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . " Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took " the better part of a year " to create . Gunn added , " The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices didn 't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever [ sic ] ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . " Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , " ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . " Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co @-@ star Paul Walker , saying , " This was in December [ 2013 ] , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . " Groot 's form and size @-@ changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film .
Bradley Cooper as Rocket :
A genetically engineered raccoon @-@ like bounty hunter and mercenary , and is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was " not a cartoon character " , saying , " It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean @-@ ass fighting machine . " Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , " I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . " Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance " the fast @-@ talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . "
Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser :
A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , " He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . " Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a " psycho " and a " monster " .
Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta :
A blue @-@ skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has " some interesting issues – not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . " Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle @-@ controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply .
Karen Gillan as Nebula :
An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , " She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . " She also added , " I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealously can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . " Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four and a half hours to be applied .
Djimon Hounsou as Korath :
A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , " I have a four @-@ year old son who loves superheroes from Spider @-@ Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light @-@ skinned so I could be Spider @-@ Man . Spider @-@ Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . "
John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey :
A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force .
Glenn Close as Irani Rael :
The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she " had always wanted to be in a movie like [ Guardians of the Galaxy ] , and that it would be " the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench [ as M or ] Samuel L. Jackson [ as Nick Fury ] role " . She said that she took the role because she " love [ s ] to do stuff that 's different " and wanted to show that she " [ has ] always been up for anything . " She also stated that her contract has " several " films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels .
Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector :
An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , " He 's like an outer @-@ space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . " On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , " What James [ Gunn ] wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating [ him ] as I was in front of the camera . "
Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , " The Other " , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravenger ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , stating , " There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the [ comic ] book . " Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , " There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side " of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X @-@ Men and The Avengers .
Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star @-@ Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Ryan Fleck and Anna Boden . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying " James [ Gunn ] is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for [ the human characters ] to keep up . "
= = = = Writing = = = =
Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction . " I can ’ t tell you what the other titles were that [ Marvel ] were offering up on the table , but I can tell you that one of them was a little bit more appropriate for me , just based on gender , " she says . " I think they were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic @-@ comedy writer or something like that . " Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe . In late 2011 , Perlman was asked to create another draft , and in early 2012 , James Gunn was brought in to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because " it didn ’ t work " for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , " In Nicole ’ s script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . " In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit .
In December 2014 , Gunn revealed that character introductions were the " hardest scenes to crack " , with Thanos ' introduction the most difficult . He felt that " having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the Marvel [ Cinematic U ] niverse than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , " yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without " [ belittling ] the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . " To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill " The Other " , Thanos ' vizier , saying , " I thought that was interesting , because we ’ ve had the Other , who ’ s obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor didn ’ t work so much . "
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt , and Michael Rosenbaum . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi @-@ film deal that he signed with Marvel .
In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that " You can 't do any motion capture with a raccoon – they won 't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . " In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , " It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . " Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid @-@ March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film .
In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi @-@ film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey .
Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , " James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . " White was careful not to use " modern " creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1 @,@ 000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2 @,@ 000 molds of different colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create " a colorful science @-@ fiction world " , and include elements of 1950s and 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic @-@ Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the " mastermind " . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket Raccoon . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was " a little over half [ way ] " complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed .
Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , " I ’ m traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa [ provided ] the right look for this particular film . " During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they " had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which [ he ] felt added something . " Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot .
Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on @-@ set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life @-@ size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , " it gives [ the filmmakers ] a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . " These busts were also used to see how the on @-@ set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process .
In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in " slightly over the agreed budget " at $ 232 @.@ 3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $ 36 @.@ 4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $ 170 million budget .
= = = Post @-@ production = = =
In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post @-@ production , saying , " Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350 @,@ 000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I can 't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . " After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the " Power Stone " by the Collector . The mid @-@ credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot .
A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the " head of the snake " in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an " enormous " amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , " We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . " The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox .
By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are " the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . " On casting Brolin , Feige said ,
We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it ’ s very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss [ Whedon ] who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it .
On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post @-@ credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post @-@ production , a decision made by " some combination of [ Gunn ] and the editor Fred Raskin " . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post @-@ production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre @-@ credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they didn 't want " people walking out and missing this thing " . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film .
= = = = Visual effects = = = =
The film featured 2 @,@ 750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre- and post @-@ visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot .
Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on @-@ set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face couldn 't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , " When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections – trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place – trying to make them strange and look more human . " Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character .
One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since " raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs " , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use " guide hairs " to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio .
In order to give Thanos " the performance and the weight that he deserved " , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re @-@ create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his " eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks " . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had " to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . "
= = Music = =
In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as " Hooked on a Feeling " , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the 60s and 70s were " cultural reference points " , saying , " It ’ s striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , [ Quill ] is a real person from planet Earth who ’ s just like you and me . Except that he ’ s in this big outer space adventure . "
When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he " started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s " , downloading " a few hundred " songs that were " semi @-@ familiar — ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head " and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he " would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house — sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . " Most of the songs were played on set to help " the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot " , with David Bowie 's " Moonage Daydream " the only song chosen and added during post @-@ production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with " Hooked on a Feeling " in mind ; however once Gunn discovered " Come and Get Your Love " , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a " better fit . "
Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol . 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol . 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album .
= = Release = =
The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4 @,@ 080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4 @,@ 007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3 @,@ 200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D @-@ Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most .
In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and " Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . " Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience " even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . " In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release .
= = = Marketing = = =
At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered " some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , " while spotlighting " a number of the offbeat characters . " Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the " edgy " humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic @-@ Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88 @,@ 000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 @-@ hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22 @.@ 8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of " Hooked on a Feeling " , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , " What a bunch of A @-@ holes . " , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film .
In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode " T.A.H.I.T.I. " introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one @-@ hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two @-@ part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had " built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations [ and ] publicity . "
In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called " Galaxy Getaways " , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances .
On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy .
On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy " Dancing Groot " . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word " grooting " , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star @-@ Lord to entertain the patients .
= = = = Merchandise = = = =
In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C @-@ Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C @-@ Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T @-@ shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobble heads , Freeze crafted 1980s @-@ inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off @-@ limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star @-@ Lord ’ s obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his " Awesome Mix Vo . 1 " cassette , has also served as a basis for tie @-@ in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on " Dancing Groot " , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 .
In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko ’ s Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel ’ s Hot Wheels character cars ; C @-@ Life , Hybrid @-@ Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , " The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . "
= = = Home media = = =
Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu @-@ ray , Blu @-@ ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu @-@ ray releases include behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $ 118 million in sales in the US .
The film was also included in the 13 @-@ disc box set , titled " Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection " , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
Guardians of the Galaxy earned $ 333 @.@ 2 million in North America and an estimated $ 441 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $ 773 @.@ 3 million . The film became the third highest @-@ grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third highest @-@ grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest @-@ grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $ 160 @.@ 7 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit for the film to be $ 204 @.@ 2 million , when factoring together " production budgets , P & A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , " placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's " Most Valuable Blockbusters " .
= = = = North America = = = =
Guardians of the Galaxy earned $ 11 @.@ 2 million on its Thursday night pre @-@ opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $ 10 @.@ 2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $ 1 @.@ 9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre @-@ release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $ 37 @.@ 8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $ 94 @.@ 3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $ 11 @.@ 7 million and 3 @-@ D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening @-@ weekend audience was over the age of 25 .
Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non @-@ consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May – August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book @-@ based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was " unconventional " and was " shattering expectations " . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends .
The film was the top grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $ 300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third highest @-@ grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay – Part 1 ) . The film was said to have " injected life " into an otherwise lower than normal summer box office .
= = = = Outside North America = = = =
Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $ 67 @.@ 4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $ 13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $ 10 @.@ 8 million ) , Mexico ( $ 6 @.@ 5 million ) , Brazil ( $ 6 @.@ 5 million ) and South Korea ( $ 4 @.@ 7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $ 29 @.@ 8 million , its largest , and became the third highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all @-@ time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $ 21 @.@ 3 million from China , making China the highest grossing market with $ 69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $ 96 @.@ 5 million ) ; the UK ( $ 47 @.@ 4 million ) ; and Russia ( $ 37 @.@ 5 million ) .
= = = Critical response = = =
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7 @.@ 8 / 10 based on 277 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , " Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect — as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . " Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 46 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an " A " grade rating on an A + to F scale , while earning an " A + " among under @-@ 18 and 25- to 34 @-@ year @-@ old viewers .
Scott Foundas of Variety said " James Gunn 's presumptive franchise @-@ starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant — as does Chris Pratt ’ s winning performance " , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt " A well @-@ matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . " The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , " A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half @-@ forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross @-@ referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday @-@ cartoon fun " . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , " Blessed with a loose , anarchic B @-@ picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . " Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , " While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into – and , for the most part , keeps you in – a fully realized other world . " Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times said , " Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat — a mostly lighthearted and self @-@ referential comic @-@ book movie with loads of whiz @-@ bang action , some laugh @-@ out @-@ loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , " calling it " a refreshing confection of entertainment . " Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it " might be Marvel 's best movie yet " .
Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it " terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . " He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , " In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening – and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . " Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's " poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . "
= = = Accolades = = =
= = Sequel = =
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 2 is scheduled to be released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , Sean Gunn and Close all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Ego .
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= Monroe Edwards =
Monroe Edwards ( 1808 – January 27 , 1847 ) was an American slave trader , forger and convicted criminal who was the subject of a well @-@ publicized trial and conviction in 1842 . Originally from Kentucky , Edwards moved to New Orleans then settled in Texas . He smuggled slaves into Brazil in 1832 , and used the proceeds to purchase land in Texas . In 1836 he was again smuggling slaves , this time into Texas . After attempting to swindle his partner out of the profits of the venture , partly with forged documents , Edwards was forced to flee the Republic of Texas to the United States . He then tried to scam money out of various abolitionists in the United States and the United Kingdom , partly with forged letters of introduction . He traveled to the United Kingdom , but his schemes were mainly unsuccessful and he returned to the United States in mid @-@ 1841 .
Edwards ' largest swindle involved forged letters from cotton brokers in New Orleans , which he used to secure bank drafts for large sums that he then cashed . His fabrications caught up with him and he was arrested and tried for the forgeries in June 1842 . Convicted partly because his distinctive good looks made him memorable and easily recognizable , and partly from making the same spelling errors in his fakes , Edwards was sentenced to 10 years in prison and died in 1847 while incarcerated . Several sensational accounts of his offenses and trial were published after his death , and he was mentioned in Herman Melville 's 1853 short story " Bartleby , the Scrivener " .
= = Early life = =
Edwards was born in 1808 in Danville , Kentucky . His father was reported to be Amos Edwards or Moses Edwards , but the name of his mother is unknown . His brother was Amos Edwards , and his uncle was Haden Edwards who lived in Nacogdoches . Nothing is known with certainty of his childhood . As a grown man , he was considered very handsome , and usually dressed fashionably . Some accounts give him the title " Colonel " .
Around 1822 , Edwards was sent to New Orleans to learn business from a merchant named Mr. Morgan . By the late 1820s Morgan had established a trading post on San Jacinto Bay near Galveston in what was then Mexican Texas . Some time after , Edwards met a slave trader and joined his new acquaintance on a smuggling trip to acquire slaves in Africa . This first effort ended when they were shipwrecked , but a second attempt in 1832 successfully smuggled slaves into Brazil . Edwards invested the profits from this venture into land in Texas , where in late 1833 he established a plantation on the San Bernard River in present @-@ day Brazoria County , Texas ; he named his new home " Chenango " . Unconnected with his slave trading , Edwards was arrested in 1832 as part of the Anahuac Disturbances , and was briefly imprisoned during the uprising against the Mexican government which ruled Texas .
= = Slave trading and forgery = =
Edwards ' next efforts in smuggling involved a new partner , Christopher Dart , a lawyer from Natchez , Mississippi . In 1835 Dart invested $ 40 @,@ 000 to buy the contracts of indentured blacks in Cuba and smuggle them into Texas as slaves . Instead providing money for the partnership , Edwards ' contribution was land certificates . At the time , Texas was a Mexican border province . In 1829 , Mexico had abolished slavery as well as the importation of slaves , but gave Texas an exemption from emancipating slaves who were already in the territory . To circumvent the ban on importing slaves , traders instead reclassified them as indentured servants with 99 @-@ year contracts . The Mexican government cracked down on this practice in 1832 , limiting terms of indenture to a maximum of 10 years . Edwards secured further financing from a New Orleans company named George Knight and Company and then went to Cuba where he purchased slaves .
In February 1836 Edwards landed 170 black people in Texas , taking advantage of the confusion surrounding the end of the Texas Revolution and the establishment of the independent Republic of Texas , which had not yet outlawed the importation of slaves . William Fisher , the customs collector on the Brazos River , wrote to the Texas Constitutional Convention that Edwards did not report the importation to the authorities , and Fisher went to Edwards ' plantation to confront Edwards . Because of uncertainty about the legality of importing slaves , Fisher did not seize the slaves but referred the issue to the newly formed Texas Government after securing a monetary bond from Edwards . Although the new Texas Republic eventually outlawed the importation of slaves from anywhere but the United States , Edwards ' landing of slaves from Cuba in early 1836 was never prosecuted . After this , Edwards also established a slave market on Galveston Bay , near present @-@ day San Leon . In 1837 , he was sued by Robert Peebles for fraud involving the sale of a slave with tuberculosis to Peebles . Peebles won the case .
Edwards then tried to change the deal with Dart . Instead of dividing the smuggled slaves between the two men , Edwards tried to keep all the slaves and instead repay the money Dart had advanced him , with some interest . Dart sued , and at the trial in March 1839 Edwards offered two forged documents claiming that Dart had sold his interest in the slaves to Edwards . In forging the documents , Edwards originally secured Dart 's signature on a document written in a type of ink that could later be chemically removed . After Dart signed the document , Edwards then removed the original wording of the document and substituted a deed selling Dart 's interest in the land and slaves . The documents were determined to be forgeries and on April 2 , 1840 , Dart was awarded $ 89 @,@ 000 . Edwards fled the Republic of Texas to the United States .
As part of a plot to discredit both Dart and the government of Texas , Edwards persuaded some abolitionists in Cincinnati to give him money with which he would supposedly liberate the slaves on his plantation in Texas , which he no longer owned . Edwards also tried to get money from the American and Foreign Anti @-@ Slavery Society in New York , but its leader , Lewis Tappan , did not trust him and no money was forthcoming from that source . Edwards then went to England , bearing forged letters of introduction from , among others , Daniel Webster and the American Secretary of State , John Forsyth . One of these letters was to Lord Spencer , who was so impressed he gave Edwards £ 250 as a loan . While in England , Edwards defrauded a company in Liverpool of about $ 20 @,@ 000 , and then used part of the funds to repay Lord Spencer . The Republic of Texas ambassador in London warned the English government against Edwards . Tappan also sent warnings , so Edwards was unable to acquire more money in England and had returned to the United States by June 1841 .
= = Final scheme = =
Edwards ' next fraudulent scheme involved forging letters to cotton brokers in New Orleans , and using the signatures obtained from their replies to forge letters to brokers in New York City , saying that the fake John Caldwell – Edwards ' alias – had a large amount of cotton on deposit with the New Orleans brokers . Edwards used those letters to secure fraudulent loans from brokers on the security of the non @-@ existent cotton . Two New York brokers – Brown Bros. & Co. and Jacob Little – gave Edwards bank drafts for $ 25 @,@ 000 each . Edwards then cashed the drafts pretending to be Caldwell , but without attempting to disguise his appearance . Unluckily for Edwards , in September 1841 Brown Brothers was informed by the New Orleans brokers that there was no cotton on account for Caldwell , and this prompted the bankers to offer a reward for information on the forger . The police began to search for the forger of the letters , but were unsuccessful until Edwards attempted to distract their attention to an acquaintance , Alexander Powell , who happened to look much like him . Edwards sent an anonymous letter to the New York police , stating that the forger they were hunting was sailing to England , as Powell was about to do . Edwards assumed that by the time the police acted , Powell 's ship would already have sailed . The ship was delayed and the police were able to catch Powell , who told them that Edwards was their forger .
After his arrest , Edwards was imprisoned in the Tombs , New York City 's jail . When he was arrested , he had more than $ 44 @,@ 000 in a trunk in his room . While in jail awaiting trial , Edwards forged a letter alleging he had funds in New Orleans , and then showed the letter to one of his lawyers in order to reassure the lawyer about Edwards ' ability to pay for legal counsel . In an attempt to delay his trial , Edwards also forged a letter from a supposed witness , Charles Johnson , stating that he was in Cuba and would not be able to come and testify for Edwards for a while ; this gained Edwards a three @-@ month delay .
= = Trial = =
Edwards ' trial was in June 1842 and was a media sensation . He secured a defense team of six lawyers , including John J. Crittenden , a sitting U. S. Senator , and Thomas F. Marshall , a sitting U. S. Representative . Both Crittenden and Marshall absented themselves from their legislative duties during the trial . One of the junior lawyers was William M. Evarts , who presented the opening remarks for the defense . Another defense lawyer was John Worth Edmonds , who Edwards paid with a forged check . Edwards ' handsome appearance worked against him , when one of the bankers who had cashed the drafts identified him in court and remarked that he remembered Edwards because of his striking good looks . Edwards had also neglected to dispose of a marked bank bag from one of the banks that cashed the fraudulently obtained draft . A final tie @-@ in was the commonality of misspellings between letters from Edwards and the forged letters . The trial ended with Edwards being convicted and given a 10 @-@ year prison sentence . The trial 's proceedings were published by a New York newspaper , The Herald , and ran to 50 @,@ 000 copies . None of Edwards ' lawyers were ever paid for their services . He was sent to Sing Sing prison , where he attempted to use forged letters to escape . Edwards died in prison on January 27 , 1847 , of consumption . He was insane at the time of his death .
= = Legacy = =
Edwards earned a mention in Herman Melville 's story " Bartleby , the Scrivener " , who used the names of contemporary events and people to give a modern feel to his short stories . One of Melville 's characters asks Bartleby , when imprisoned in the Tombs , if he is a " gentleman forger " like Edwards . The career of Melville 's narrator in " Bartleby " parallels that of Edmonds , who defended Edwards then went on to be the prison inspector at Sing Sing during Edwards ' prison term , and was known for his attempts to improve the treatment of the prisoners . Melville 's narrator also tries to secure better treatment for Bartleby . The narrator 's description of Bartleby just prior to death , in the words of Robert Wilson , " eerily echoed " the state of Edwards just prior to his death .
Edwards was known during and after his trial as the " Great Forger " . The main account of his life and trial is Life and Adventures of the Accomplished Forger and Swindler , Colonel Monroe Edwards , which was written by an editor of the National Police Gazette in 1848 . The account , which was probably written by George Wilkes , is the fullest account of Edwards ' life , but mingles fact with fiction to the extent that it has been listed in bibliographies of American fiction . Wilkes ' account is the source for the story of Kitty Clover , supposedly a slave who loved Edwards , rescued him , and followed him throughout his life . There are other accounts , including two anonymous narratives published in 1842 .
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= SpongeBob 's Truth or Square =
SpongeBob 's Truth or Square is a 2009 made @-@ for @-@ television one @-@ hour comedy special directed by Andrew Overtoom , Alan Smart , and Tom Yasumi . It stars Tom Kenny , Bill Fagerbakke , Rodger Bumpass , Clancy Brown , Carolyn Lawrence , and Mr. Lawrence . The special originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on November 6 , 2009 , celebrating the tenth anniversary of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants .
The television series follows the adventures of the title character in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In the special , SpongeBob and his friends are accidentally locked inside the Krusty Krab on the day of its " eleventy @-@ seventh " anniversary celebration . As they crawl through the ventilation system trying to escape , they look back on shared memories through flashback moments .
SpongeBob 's Truth or Square was written by Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Steven Banks , and Paul Tibbitt . Rosario Dawson , LeBron James , Tina Fey , Will Ferrell , Craig Ferguson , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais guest starred in the special as themselves . Upon release , the special attracted an estimated 7 @.@ 7 million viewers , and met mixed reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
SpongeBob realizes that the Krusty Krab restaurant is celebrating its " eleventy @-@ seventh " anniversary . He remembers his first visit to the Krusty Krab and tells Gary about it . SpongeBob then leaves to go to the Krusty Krab , but as soon as he exits his house , he bumps into the back of a long line of customers waiting to get into the restaurant as well . SpongeBob jumps on top of every person in the line , eventually reaching the Krusty Krab .
Mr. Krabs tells SpongeBob and Squidward that it is a perfect opportunity for his business rival , Plankton to steal the Krabby Patty formula . Mr. Krabs has hired Patrick as a security guard so he does not have to pay for a real one , and SpongeBob spectacularly decorates the Krusty Krab . Patrick , Squidward , and Mr. Krabs follow SpongeBob into the freezer where he shows them a giant Krabby Patty ice sculpture that he made himself . However , in attempt to take the ice sculpture outside , they accidentally knock SpongeBob out the open freezer door ; he then rebounds off the kitchen door and back into the freezer . The impact shuts the door and it locks , trapping all four friends inside . Mr. Krabs remembers that there is a way to escape without using the door , which is through the ventilation system . While finding their way through the maze of air vents , they look back at some memorable moments in their lives .
To get out of the air shaft , SpongeBob molds Squidward , Patrick , and Mr. Krabs into a battering ram to bust out the shaft , and he finally makes it out , only to find that all the customers have left after waiting for so long without getting any food . However , SpongeBob summons them all back as he sings a song in honor of the Krusty Krab to the tune of O Tannenbaum . Meanwhile , Plankton finally finds the perfect opportunity to steal the Krabby Patty secret formula . He fails , having been caught by Mr. Krabs . The eleventy @-@ seventh anniversary celebration then goes ahead .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and music = = =
Truth or Square was written by Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Steven Banks , and Paul Tibbitt . The writers have described the television special as " Seinfeld @-@ esque " that parodies the recycled flashback episodes seen in Seinfeld , Friends and other U.S. shows . The featured song , " We 've Got Scurvy " , was sung by American singer and actress Pink .
= = = Cast = = =
SpongeBob 's Truth or Square stars the series main cast members including Tom Kenny , Bill Fagerbakke , Rodger Bumpass , Clancy Brown , Carolyn Lawrence , and Mr. Lawrence . In addition to the series cast , it featured Rosario Dawson , Craig Ferguson , Will Ferrell , Tina Fey , LeBron James , Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog , and Robin Williams as guest actors appearing as themselves in the live @-@ action sequences , while Ricky Gervais provided vocal cameo as the narrator . Nickelodeon animation president Brown Johnson said " Over the past decade , SpongeBob has become one of the most beloved characters in television history [ ... ] And we 're excited to cap off the year 's celebration with this star @-@ studded special anniversary event . "
= = = Directing and animating = = =
Andrew Overtoom , Alan Smart , and Tom Yasumi served as the special 's animation directors . It was a part of the series ' tenth anniversary celebration .
The title sequence of SpongeBob for the special was made exclusively for the series ' tenth anniversary . It was animated in stop motion animation , with Cee Lo Green performing the theme . Mark Caballero , Seamus Walsh and Chris Finnegan of Screen Novelties , in 2009 , animated its opening titles . Finnegan claimed that the crew were " thrill [ ed ] " to do the title sequence because " the original title sequence is so recognizable and everyone seen it over and over and it 's so great in its own way . " Executive producer and the episode 's writer Paul Tibbitt said " We don 't just want to redraw it [ the original title sequence ] , we want it to be something special and different [ ... ] So we thought we would do it in three dimensions [ ... ] " Nickelodeon animation president Brown Johnson lauded the new title sequence and said it is " SO great ! " Some traditional animation on scraps of brown paper are intermixed into the stop motion .
Tibbitt said that the " biggest surprise " for him in the new title sequence was " the treatment of Painty the Pirate in the beginning " as seen in a fortune teller machine . Mark Caballero , one of its animators , explained " our idea was like our goal is like the more disturbing , the better because I don 't think there is a fortune telling machine out there that doesn 't disturb when you see it . Tibbitt said " it was a great idea [ ... ] I was just expecting maybe a 3D version of the painting but we got something totally different and it 's very cool . "
= = Release = =
In a press release , Nickelodeon officially announced the special " event " on October 13 , 2009 . According to the network , the special include " SpongeBob 's first visit to the Krusty Krab as a baby , a vintage Krusty Krab TV commercial , how SpongeBob found his beloved pineapple house , and the time that SpongeBob and Sandy got married ! " Prior to the official announcement of the television special , Entertainment Weekly broke the news by releasing a clip featuring a scene where SpongeBob and Sandy getting married .
It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on November 6 , 2009 , along with " The Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash " marathon , Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants documentary , and a special SpongeBob episode entitled " To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants " .
On November 10 , 2009 , it was released on the DVD compilation of the same name in the United States and Canada , on November 16 , 2009 in region 2 , and on October 29 , 2009 in region 4 . The DVD consists of five season six episodes , a short called Behind the Scenes of the SpongeBob Opening , and karaoke @-@ mode songs : " F.U.N. " , " Campfire Song " , and " We 've Got Scurvy " . It was also released in the series ' season six DVD compilation , alongside 24 other episodes including the special episode " SpongeBob vs. The Big One " .
= = = Marketing = = =
In 2009 , Burger King tied @-@ in with Nickelodeon to release a toyline based on the special . The toyline features SpongeBob , Patrick , Squidward , Mr. Krabs , Sandy , Plankton , Gary , and a Jellyfishin ' SpongeBob .
The book titled The Great Escape ! that was a tie @-@ in to the special was released . The book was written by Emily Sollinger , published by Simon Spotlight / Nickelodeon , and was released on September 8 , 2009 . Another tie @-@ in book to the special was also released . The book titled Good Times ! was written by Erica David , illustrated by the Artifacts Group , and published by Simon Spotlight / Nickelodeon . Good Times ! was first released on September 8 , 2009 , then in 2011 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
The premiere of SpongeBob 's Truth or Square on Friday , November 6 drew 7 @.@ 7 million total viewers , ranking as basic cable 's number @-@ one entertainment show for the week . It was also ranked as the week 's number one program among children in the demographic groups ages 6 – 11 and 2 @-@ 11 .
= = = Critical response = = =
SpongeBob 's Truth or Square received mixed critical response from critics and fans . Nancy Basile of the About.com gave the special positive reviews and wrote " I had doubts that the recent Truth or Square special of SpongeBob SquarePants would be funny or clever . I was quite wrong . " She added that " My kids and I were mesmerized . " Jose Strike of the Animation World Network positively reacted to the special and wrote " Truth or Square is a major treat ; in fact , I 'm so happy I think I 'll drop on the deck and flop like a fish ... " Ian Jane of DVD Talk said " Truth or Square isn 't your typical episode , as it mixes up a lot of live action material in with the more traditional animated sequences to very unusual effect . " He added " [ ... ] but there 's enough here in terms of the gags and the jokes that even if it 's not a classic episode , it 's still one worth seeing . " Nickelodeon animation president Brown Johnson said that the special is her favorite among the series .
However , it was not immune to negative reception , and was criticized mainly due to the " Patchy the Pirate " segments . Paul Mavis from DVD Talk said " Truth or Square is a strange mix of some truly memorable animated SpongeBob moments interrupted unfortunately by the largely unfunny Patchy the Pirate segments . " He added " All of those amusing moments in Truth or Square , along with the A Charlie Brown Christmas ending , make one forget the patchy Patchy segments in Truth or Square . " Roy Hrab of DVD Verdict gave the episode a negative review saying " Wow ... This is without a doubt the lamest SpongeBob episode I have ever seen [ ... ] In fact , nothing interesting happens at all . The Patchy interludes and reliance on cameos merely draws attention to the episode 's lack of substance . "
In 2010 , Tom Kenny won at the 37th Annie Awards for Best Voice Acting in a Television Production category for his performance as the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants in the special .
= = Video game = =
The video game SpongeBob 's Truth or Square that was based on this SpongeBob SquarePants television special was released for PlayStation Portable , Wii , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo DS . The game was first announce by THQ on May 21 , 2009 . Randy Shoemaker , the vice president for global brand management at THQ , said " SpongeBob 's Truth or Square provides the ultimate SpongeBob experience for kids , parents and SpongeBob fans of all ages [ ... ] The game delivers innovative new gameplay features combined with a story that celebrates 10 incredibly fun and zany years of SpongeBob . Whether you 're an avid SpongeBob fan or a first @-@ time gamer , you 'll want to join the top adventure this game offers . " It was published by THQ , developed by Heavy Iron Studios , and was released on October 26 , 2009 in North America .
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= Nationals ( Glee ) =
" Nationals " is the twenty @-@ first episode of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , and the sixty @-@ fifth overall . Written by Ali Adler and directed by Eric Stoltz , the episode is the second of two new episodes that aired back @-@ to @-@ back on Fox in the United States on May 15 , 2012 . It features New Directions facing off against Vocal Adrenaline at the Nationals show choir competition in Chicago , and several special guest stars : Whoopi Goldberg as NYADA dean Carmen Tibideaux , Jonathan Groff as Vocal Adrenaline director Jesse St. James , Lindsay Lohan as herself judging the competition and Rex Lee playing a Chicago alderman who is another of the judges .
The episode received mostly positive reviews , both in general and for the musical performances in particular . While reviewers were not impressed with the judging scene and highly critical of the inclusion of Emma and Will 's having sex for the first time as part of the post @-@ victory sequence , the overall quality was lauded by many . The musical numbers were widely praised , and although some critics felt that Vocal Adrenaline gave better performances than New Directions , the three main competition soloists — Rachel ( Lea Michele ) , Finn ( Cory Monteith ) and Unique ( Alex Newell ) — were especially singled out for encomiums . However , none of the episode 's seven songs charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , though two of the New Directions competition songs , Rachel 's " It 's All Coming Back to Me Now " and the group number featuring Finn and her , " Paradise by the Dashboard Light " , did chart on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 .
Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 6 @.@ 03 million American viewers and received a 2 @.@ 5 / 7 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The total viewership was down slightly from " Props " in the previous hour , and more significantly down from " Prom @-@ asaurus " the week before .
= = Plot = =
The New Directions glee club is in Chicago for the national show choir competition , but Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) is sick in her hotel bed with a bad fever and stomach pains , possibly due to food poisoning . Will ( Matthew Morrison ) drafts Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) and Tina ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) into the Troubletones number to add vocal heft with Mercedes sidelined , and Sue ( Jane Lynch ) starts medical measures to restore her to health . During final rehearsals , fights break out among the New Directions members , but are easily resolved because the intensity of their focus is on winning .
On the day of the show , Rachel ( Lea Michele ) is accosted by Jesse St. James ( Jonathan Groff ) , her former boyfriend and current director of rival show choir Vocal Adrenaline . Jesse tries to hurt her confidence by bringing up her failed NYADA audition before Carmen Tibideaux ( Whoopi Goldberg ) , but she realizes his intent and that his own uncertainty is showing .
The Nationals judges are introduced : Lindsay Lohan , Perez Hilton , and Chicago alderman Martin Fong ( Rex Lee ) . New Directions is the first group to compete , and Mercedes arrives just in time to go onstage with the group , healthy again thanks to Sue . The Troubletones lead off with " The Edge of Glory " . Rachel then performs " It 's All Coming Back to Me Now " . Carmen arrives during the number , for which Rachel receives a standing ovation . The finale is " Paradise by the Dashboard Light " , which also brings the audience to its feet , and gets an approving whistle from Carmen . Later , in the lobby , Jesse approaches Carmen and recommends Rachel for NYADA .
Mercedes and Kurt go to the Vocal Adrenaline dressing room to wish lead singer Wade " Unique " Adams ( Alex Newell ) good luck , but he tells them that he that he has chosen not to perform because he can no longer take the pressure of his new celebrity status . Kurt suggests that Unique , Wade 's transgender alter ego , might be able to handle what Wade is unable to , and the teen starts to get ready . On stage , Unique and Vocal Adrenaline perform " Starships " and " Pinball Wizard " . The judges name Unique the Nationals MVP , but they award the Nationals trophy to New Directions , with Vocal Adrenaline in second place .
Back at McKinley , the glee club members are treated as heroes by the school . Sue is restored as sole coach of the Cheerios , displacing co @-@ coach Roz Washington ( NeNe Leakes ) . At their apartment , Emma ( Jayma Mays ) and Will have sex for the first time . Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) arranges with Finn and Rachel for New Directions to perform the next night at the Teacher of the Year ceremony , which is won by Will . The group congratulates Will and performs " We Are the Champions " .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer Ali Adler and directed by Eric Stoltz . Shooting of the episode had begun by April 18 , 2012 , and continued at least through April 27 , 2012 ; the final episode of the season began filming the following Monday , April 30 , 2012 .
The final day of shooting the Nationals competition scenes , April 26 , 2012 , was also the day that the show celebrated filming its 400th musical performance .
The New Directions portion of the competition includes three songs : Lady Gaga 's " The Edge of Glory " performed by the Troubletones , Celine Dion 's " It 's All Coming Back to Me Now " sung by Michele , and a group performance of Meat Loaf 's " Paradise by the Dashboard Light " with Monteith and Michele as primary leads . These three songs were released as singles for digital download , along with an additional four from the episode : Nicki Minaj 's " Starships " and The Who 's " Pinball Wizard " , both performed by Newell with Vocal Adrenaline , as well as Queen 's " We Are the Champions " performed by New Directions featuring Monteith , Michele , Agron , Colfer , Naya Rivera and Mark Salling , and Grouplove 's " Tongue Tied " , also by New Directions . " The Edge of Glory " and " We Are the Champions " are also featured on the soundtrack album Glee : The Music , The Graduation Album , with the former song retitled " Edge of Glory " in both single and album releases .
Special guest stars include Goldberg as NYADA dean Carmen Tibideaux , Groff as Vocal Adrenaline director Jesse St. James , and actress Lindsay Lohan and gossip columnist Perez Hilton as themselves , in the role of celebrity judges for the competition . Rex Lee plays Alderman Martin Fong , another judge .
Recurring guest stars appearing in the episode include glee club members Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) , Rory Flanagan ( Damian McGinty ) , Joe Hart ( Samuel Larsen ) and Sugar Motta ( Vanessa Lengies ) , Principal Figgins ( Theba ) , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) , cheerleader Becky Jackson ( Lauren Potter ) , synchronized swimming coach Roz Washington ( Leakes ) , retiring teacher Mrs. Hagberg ( Mary Gillis ) and Vocal Adrenaline transgender lead vocalist Wade " Unique " Adams ( Newell ) .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Nationals " was first broadcast on May 15 , 2012 in the United States on Fox , as the second hour in a two @-@ hour special evening with " Props " having aired in the first hour at the show 's regular broadcast time . It received a 2 @.@ 5 / 7 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and attracted 6 @.@ 03 million American viewers during its initial broadcast , slightly lower than the 2 @.@ 5 / 8 rating / share and 6 @.@ 09 million viewers during " Props " in the hour before , but a significant decrease from the 2 @.@ 7 / 8 rating / share and 6 @.@ 67 million viewers of the previous week 's episode , " Prom @-@ asaurus " , which was broadcast on May 8 , 2012 .
In Canada , which also aired the episode as the second hour of a two @-@ episode special on the same day as its American premiere , viewership rose significantly , by over 16 % to 1 @.@ 56 million viewers from the 1 @.@ 34 million viewers for the first hour . " Nationals " was the tenth most @-@ viewed show of the week as compared to " Props " , which had been fourteenth most @-@ viewed . " Nationals " viewership was still down by over 5 % from the 1 @.@ 65 million viewers who watched " Prom @-@ asaurus " the week before .
Although the United Kingdom also aired these two episodes together , " Nationals " aired in the show 's regular time slot , while " Props " aired an hour earlier than usual . Viewership fell in the second hour , though it remained higher than the previous week . " Nationals " first aired on May 17 , 2012 , and was watched on Sky 1 by 776 @,@ 000 viewers . This was down slightly from the 795 @,@ 000 viewers in the earlier hour , but was an increase of over 4 % from the previous week 's episode , " Prom @-@ asaurus " , which attracted 744 @,@ 000 viewers .
In Australia , " Nationals " was broadcast on May 24 , 2012 , a week after " Props " aired , rather than on the same night as in the other three . It was watched by 618 @,@ 000 viewers , up slightly from the 607 @,@ 000 viewers for " Props " on May 17 , 2012 . Glee was the seventeenth most @-@ watched program of the night for the second week in a row .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode was given positive reviews by most critics . Michael Slezak of TVLine described it as a " spectacular hour of jaw @-@ dropping musical numbers and satisfying plot developments " , and The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff called it " one of the finest episodes the show 's ever done and perhaps the best it 's done since the season one finale " . He gave it an " A " grade . Jeff Dodge of BuddyTV said that episode gave " quality to go along with some great music " , and Entertainment Weekly 's Erin Strecker wrote that the evening 's two episodes were a " return to form for the show " . Rae Votta of Billboard , on the other hand , said that by having " Props " and " Nationals " air back to back , " they both lose their individual potent high points and come out blander than they deserve " , and characterized " Nationals " as " jarring and strange " .
Both Huffington Post 's Crystal Bell and Washington Post 's Jen Chaney wanted to " be honest " about Vocal Adrenaline vs. New Directions in the competition : Bell said that Vocal Adrenaline " put on the better show " and Chaney wrote that they were " better than New Directions " : " their dance moves were sharper and more in sync , and Unique 's Minaj @-@ esque magnetism factor sold the whole thing " . VanDerWerff wrote that he " could quibble that Vocal Adrenaline had stronger choreography overall " or that he " found Unique a more engaging performer than Rachel " , but that as " New Directions also used its whole ensemble better than Vocal Adrenaline did " , he felt that " either outcome seemed reasonable " . Dodge simply stated , " We all knew that New Directions would win and they 'd get their happily ever after , but it was exciting to see it finally all play out . " Bell wrote that " seeing the judges debate behind @-@ the @-@ scenes kind of takes away the entire title " , though she appreciated Lohan 's Freaky Friday reference . VanDerWerff said that the judging scene " wasn 't very good " , and Votta described it as " mostly waste [ d ] " . Futterman wrote that there was " not really any emotion " in Lohan 's lines , though Strecker thought that the " lines they gave her were pretty funny — if not a bit sad " .
Reviewers were critical of what Votta called " a really regrettable sequence where Emma leaves a pamphlet about losing her virginity on Schue 's desk and then they finally have sex " . Bell characterized it as " weird and uncomfortable , and the reasoning was horrendously misogynistic " , and VanDerWerff thought that making it part of the post @-@ Nationals victory montage as " a little too creepy , at best " . Votta thought that though the victory segment " should feel joyous " , it instead feels " awkward and emotion @-@ less " . Will 's being awarded " Teacher of the Year " was called " surprising " by Strecker , who hearkened back to him having " discovered that he wasn 't so good " at teaching Spanish " a few months ago " . Bell asked how it was " possible " for Quinn to so rapidly recover her ability to walk and then dance , something also touched on by VanDerWerff , who was again critical of " Fox 's rampant abuse of the Twitter hashtag thing " by displaying onscreen hashtags during the episode . Strecker praised Jesse 's scenes , and said she " couldn 't stop cracking up " .
= = = Music and performances = = =
As with the episode , the musical performances were mostly received with enthusiasm by reviewers . VanDerWerff wrote that the " big performances " were " all aces " . Of the seven songs , the one that received the fewest comments was " Tongue Tied " , which Strecker described as " montage music " and graded a " B " . As Chaney noted , it " wasn 't a number so much as a musical celebration of New Directions ' championship status " , but it nevertheless received an " A − " grade from her and from Slezak . Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman called it a " spirited take on Grouplove " .
Of all the songs performed in competition , " The Edge of Glory " was given the most mixed reception . Chaney gave the song a " C " grade , and said that while it " started strong " the energy level was " lacking " , a word that Futterman used to describe the performance as a whole , to which she added " emotionless and rushed " . A diametric view of the song was evident in the " A − " grades given by both Slezak and Strecker , and the latter also complimented the " different " arrangement while both were enthusiastic about the entire set of three songs : Slezak said New Directions " completely killed it " , and Strecker said this song " kicked off what was a truly an all @-@ time great performance " .
That performance continued with " It 's All Coming Back to Me Now " , which was widely praised . Dodge said that it , like the prior song , was " covered to perfection " . Although Chaney said she hated that song , she wrote that Michele hit it " out of the park " and gave it an " A " , the same grade Strecker gave with the encomium " outstanding " , and added that she then " rewatched three times " . An " A " was not sufficient for Slezak , who declared that it was " one of Glee 's five best vocals ever " and gave it an " A + " . Futterman " loved " the song except for its ending , which she described as " an abrupt cliffhanger " .
The New Directions set closed with " Paradise by the Dashboard Light " . While a number of reviewers , including Chaney and Dodge , questioned the choice of the song for a variety of reasons , they expressed enthusiasm with the final result . Jyll Saskin of MTV called it a " quirky yet catchy song choice " that " was the episode 's standout " , and both Slezak and Strecker gave it an " A " grade ; the latter said it was the " real group number " of the three and added , " The vocals , choreography and energy were all top @-@ notch . " Chaney 's grade of " A − " came with the declaration that " this may have been Finn at his absolute best " and Futterman said he did " a surprisingly decent Meatloaf " ; Futterman added that the " already theatrical song is somehow made better by the show choir arrangement " . VanDerWerff described it as " one of the better New Directions group performances " .
The two Vocal Adrenaline performances were generally very well received ; as noted above , Bell and Chaney used very similar words to explain why they thought Vocal Adrenaline was " better " than New Directions . " Starships " , the first number , was also the more praised of the two : Houston Chronicle 's Bobby Hankinson said that it " stole the show " for him , and was the best musical number of the night . Flandez called it " an electric and sassy delivery " by Unique , and Strecker asked " is there anything she can 't do " before she gave the performance an " A − " . Futterman thought it felt " more subdued than the warp @-@ speed of Minaj 's hit " though she added that the " stage acrobatics trump everything anyone else does " , and Saskin said it " was fun to watch , but the vocals don 't add much to the original version " . Slezak gave it an " A " grade and praised the " dazzling " choreography of both numbers . " Pinball Wizard " was called " turbo @-@ charged from beginning to end " by Flandez , and both Strecker and Slezak gave the song a " B + " grade ; the former 's enthusiasm was tempered by the arrangement , which was not very " different from just karaoke of the original " , and the dancing on the pinball machines as " a bit much for my taste " . Futterman said that Unique " riffs the hell out the song " , but added that " the robot dancers of Vocal Adrenaline make it hard to glean any personality from the performance " . Dodge wrote , " This one I 'm liking even less than the first " , but Saskin said , " Mercedes needs to watch out , because Unique sure can belt it out ! "
The episode 's closing number , " We Are the Champions " , received excellent grades : A from Slezak and Chaney , and an " A − " from Strecker . Saskin wrote that it was " a new Glee classic " , and Chaney said it " worked wonderfully as an assertion of the New Directions ' championship status " . Futterman described the performance as " rife with emotion " and added , " It 's moments like this that are pure and straight to the show 's original appeal " , while Strecker complimented the song choice and how " it really showcased the group 's harmonies " . In December 2012 , TV Guide listed the rendition as one of Glee 's best performances .
= = = Chart history = = =
Two of the seven singles released for the episode charted on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : " It 's All Coming Back to Me Now " , which debuted at number seventy @-@ five , and " Paradise by the Dashboard Light " , which debuted at number ninety @-@ four . Neither song charted on the US Billboard Hot 100 , but two other singles from the episode affected the charting there of songs by the original artists . " Tongue Tied " sold 22 @,@ 000 copies in the Glee version , and did well enough in the Grouplove original to re @-@ enter the Billboard Hot 100 at number seventy @-@ four , close to the song 's previous chart high of sixty @-@ nine , while " Starships " sold 18 @,@ 000 in the Glee version and 174 @,@ 000 in the Nicki Minaj original , which moved from six to five on the Hot 100 , matching its highest chart position to date . " It 's All Coming Back to Me Now " charted at number one at the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles on June 2 , 2012 .
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= Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy =
" Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy " is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 17 , 1994 . In the episode , Lisa challenges the makers of the Malibu Stacy doll to create a less sexist doll . Together with the original creator of Malibu Stacy , Stacy Lovell , Lisa creates the doll Lisa Lionheart in an effort to positively influence young girls .
The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Jeffrey Lynch . The episode 's plot was inspired by the Teen Talk Barbie line of talking dolls , which spoke short phrases typical of a middle class American teenager . Kathleen Turner guest starred in the episode as Stacy Lovell , creator of Malibu Stacy . It features cultural references to action figures such as Ken and G.I. Joe . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 6 , and was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired .
= = Plot = =
Dr. Hibbert introduces a frail Ben Matlock to a crowd of excited seniors at the Grand Opening of the Center for Geriatric Medicine . After seeing his idol mobbed to the ground by fans , Abe becomes aware of his mortality and gives the family their inheritances early . He leaves the family a box of old silver dollars ( which Abe explains he got when Rockefeller flew by his house in a balloon , dropping money ) that they decide to spend at the mall right away . At the mall , Lisa sees the new talking Malibu Stacy doll in a toy store . Throughout the trip home , Abe will not stop telling stories and spouting useless advice , making the family shun him . Grampa asks if its because he reminds them of the grim spectre of death , but Homer explains that although they love him , Grampa is an annoying old crank who is unpleasant to spend time with . Lisa is anxious to hear what the talking Malibu Stacy has to say , but is disappointed with her sexist phrases ( such as " Don 't ask me , I 'm just a girl " and " Thinking too much gives you wrinkles " ) . Lisa is angry that no one else can see the ridiculousness of the doll . She and Abe sit at the kitchen table , bemoaning how they are treated because of their age while both of them decide to change , Abe to get a job , and Lisa to find Malibu Stacy 's creator , Stacy Lovell .
Lisa visits Waylon Smithers , owner of the world 's largest Malibu Stacy collection , and asks for help in finding Lovell , who was ousted from the Malibu Stacy company in 1974 . Lisa bikes to Lovell 's house and plays one of the doll 's phrases over the intercom . The gate immediately opens . Lisa and Lovell decide to create a new talking doll , Lisa Lionheart , voiced by Lisa herself . The doll is quietly released , but the executives of Malibu Stacy have a meeting in which they agree that Lisa 's doll is a real threat because it might hurt the sales of their doll . Meanwhile , Abe struggles with his new job at Krusty Burger , suffering a war flashback at the drive @-@ in and losing his false teeth making burgers . He soon becomes angry at the way seniors are treated , and quits . After a slow initial release , Lisa Lionheart suddenly gains popularity among the fans of Malibu Stacy after being featured in Kent Brockman 's news show . At the mall , as kids , and Smithers , rush out to buy Lisa Lionheart , a cart of new Malibu Stacy dolls with new hats is wheeled right into the path of the group running for the Lionheart display . Lisa appeals to them that it is just the same doll with a " stupid , cheap " hat , but they all prefer to stick with Malibu Stacy , largely due to the encouragement of Smithers , except for one little girl , who leaves with a Lisa Lionheart doll . Despite the fact that the doll is a failure , Lisa takes heart that her message was able to get through to at least one little girl .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Jeffrey Lynch . Before the episode aired , Malibu Stacy had already appeared many times on the show as one of Lisa 's dolls . The staff were trying to come up with an idea for an episode by going through the companies in the Simpsons universe , and Oakley suggested an episode involving the Malibu Stacy company . The plot of the episode was inspired by the Teen Talk Barbie line of talking dolls that caused controversy in the United States in the early 1990s . In July 1992 , Mattel released Teen Talk Barbie , which spoke a number of phrases including " Will we ever have enough clothes ? " , " I love shopping ! " , and " Wanna have a pizza party ? " Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases , so that no two dolls were likely to be the same . One of these 270 phrases was " Math class is tough ! " . Although only about 1 @.@ 5 % of all the dolls sold said the phrase , it led to criticism from the American Association of University Women because they deemed that to be demeaning to women . In October 1992 , Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say the phrase , and offered a swap to anyone who owned a doll that did .
Oakley and Weinstein decided to include Abe in the episode because they had an " obsession " with old people . Weinstein said they both " love them and seem to really hate them " at the same time . He also said that they enjoy writing for characters such as Abe and Mr. Burns because of their " out @-@ datedness " , and because he and Oakley get to use dictionaries for looking up " old time slang " . Executive producer David Mirkin thought it was difficult to make Abe funny because he is a " boring and tedious " character . He thinks that even though " Abe 's doing all these complaints , what makes him funny is that the things he says are actually funny in the context of the boring and tedium . " Mirkin thought this was a " big challenge , and Bill and Josh pulled it off very well . "
When the episode was in production , Oakley 's wife Rachel Pulido was an enthusiastic Barbie collector . Oakley therefore spent a lot of time going to Barbie conventions across the United States and met many different collectors . At one convention , Oakley met the man who owned the world 's largest Barbie collection . The meeting between the two inspired the part of the episode where Lisa visits Smithers and it is revealed that Smithers is the owner of the world 's largest Malibu Stacy collection . Kathleen Turner guest starred in the episode as Stacy Lovell . Mirkin thought Turner was " completely game " when she showed up at the recording studio to record her lines as she " nailed " her lines really fast . He added that he enjoyed directing her and he thought she had one of the best performances ever on The Simpsons .
= = Cultural references = =
At the beginning of the episode , Abe watches his idol Ben Matlock talk to a crowd of excited seniors at the Grand Opening of the Center for Geriatric Medicine . Ben Matlock is a character from the NBC / ABC television series Matlock , portrayed by Andy Griffith and created by Dean Hargrove . The crowd cheer for Matlock by singing a slightly changed version of the " We Love You , Conrad " song from stage musical Bye Bye Birdie . Homer dances on giant piano keys recessed in the floor of the toy store , spoofing a scene from the 1988 film Big . Lisa wants Lisa Lionheart to have " the wisdom of Gertrude Stein , the wit of Cathy Guisewite , the tenacity of Nina Totenberg , the common sense of Elizabeth Cady Stanton , and the down @-@ to @-@ earth good looks of Eleanor Roosevelt . "
Stacy Lovell 's list of husbands features the action figures Ken , Johnny West , G.I. Joe , Doctor Colossus , and Steve Austin . Lisa 's story about the Malibu Stacy doll saying phrases that are considered demeaning to women is based on the Teen Talk Barbie line of dolls and how they caused controversy . During one scene in the episode , one girl 's Malibu Stacy doll says " My Spidey Sense is tingling ! Anyone call for a web @-@ slinger ? " , a reference to a practical joke by the Barbie Liberation Organization in the early 1990s in which the voiceboxes of talking Barbie and G.I. Joe toys were swapped .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy " finished 23rd in the ratings for the week of February 14 – 20 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 6 , equivalent to 11 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Beverly Hills , 90210 .
Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson thought the episode was " good but not great " , despite " more than a few strong moments , like the hilarious shot of Bart at the gay rights parade . " He added that " most years this would be an A @-@ list program , but it ’ s one of season five ’ s lesser lights despite a generally high level of quality . " The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , described the episode as " Lisa at her crusading best , Homer at his stupidest and Abe getting all the best lines again , especially at Krusty Burgers . Kathleen Turner 's spot as the real Malibu Stacy is superb . " Janica Lockhart of The Easterner called the episode a " classic " and added : " The episode takes on misogynist views , but in a humorous way , that only The Simpsons can master . " Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of A , and DVD Talk 's Bill Gibron gave it a score of 5 out of 5 . The episode is one of Oakley and Weinstein 's favorites from their time as writers on the show . One of Mirkin 's favorite jokes on the show is the scene in this episode where Abe cycles down the street , shouting " Look at me , I 'm acting young ! " before Lisa 's Malibu Stacy doll catches the front wheel of the bike , sending Abe flying into an open grave .
In the book The Simpsons and Philosophy : The D 'oh ! of Homer , Aeon J. Skoble cited the episode as an example in his piece titled : " Do We Admire or Laugh at Lisa ? " . He wrote : " The fact that the less intellectual doll is vastly preferred over Lisa 's doll , even though Lisa 's objections are reasonable , demonstrates the ways in which reasonable ideas can be made to take a back seat to having fun and going with the flow . This debate is often played out in the real world , of course : Barbie is the subject of perennial criticism along the lines of Lisa 's critique of Malibu Stacy , yet remains immensely popular , and in general , we often see intellectual critiques of toys dismissed as ' out of touch ' or elitist . "
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= Your Cheatin ' Heart =
" Your Cheatin ' Heart " is a song written and recorded by country music singer @-@ songwriter Hank Williams in 1952 , regarded as one of country 's most important standards . Country music historian Colin Escott writes that " the song - for all intents and purposes - defines country music . " He was inspired to write the song while driving with his fianceé from Nashville , Tennessee to Shreveport , Louisiana . After describing his first wife Audrey Sheppard as a " Cheatin ' Heart " , he dictated in minutes the lyrics to Billie Jean Jones . Produced by Fred Rose , Williams recorded the song on his last session at Castle Records in Nashville , Tennessee , on September 23 .
" Your Cheatin ' Heart " was released in January 1953 . Propelled by Williams ' recent death during a trip to a New Year 's concert in Canton , Ohio , the song became an instant success . It topped Billboard 's Country & Western chart for six weeks , while over a million units were sold . The success of the song continued . Joni James ' version reached number two on Billboard 's Most Played in Jukeboxes the same year , while Ray Charles ' 1962 version reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 13 on the UK Singles Chart . The song ranked at 217 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , and was ranked number 5 on Country Music Television 's 100 Greatest Songs in Country Music .
= = Background = =
By 1952 , Williams was enjoying a successful streak , releasing multiple hits , including " Honky Tonk Blues " , " Half as Much " , " Settin ' the Woods on Fire " , " Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) " and " You Win Again " . While his career was soaring , his marriage to Audrey Sheppard became turbulent . He developed serious problems with alcohol , morphine and painkillers prescribed to ease his severe back pain caused by spina bifida . The couple divorced on May 29 , and Williams moved in with his mother . Soon after , Williams met Billie Jean Jones backstage at the Ryman Auditorium , a native of Shreveport , Louisiana , " who was , at the time , dating Faron Young . Williams started dating Jones , upon the end of her relationship with Young and soon began to plan their marriage . While driving from Nashville , Tennessee to Shreveport to announce the wedding to her parents , Williams talked to her about his previous marriage and described Audrey Sheppard as a " cheatin ' heart " , adding that one day she would " have to pay " . Inspired by his line , he instructed Jones to take his notebook and write down the lyrics of the song that he quickly dictated to her . The finished composition included the line " You 'll walk the floor , the way I do " , which evoked Ernest Tubb 's hit " Walking the Floor Over You " .
= = Recording and release = =
Williams recorded the song on September 23 at the Castle Studios in Nashville . The session , which became Williams ' last , also produced the A @-@ side " Kaw @-@ Liga " , as well as the songs " I Could Never Be Ashamed of You " and " Take These Chains from My Heart " . It was produced by Williams ' publisher Fred Rose , who made minor arrangements of the lyrics of " Your Cheatin ' Heart " . Williams described the song to his friend , Braxton Schuffert , as he was about to play it , as " the best heart song ( he ) ever wrote " . Williams is backed on the session by Tommy Jackson ( fiddle ) , Don Helms ( steel guitar ) , Chet Atkins ( lead guitar ) , Jack Shook ( rhythm guitar ) , and Floyd " Lightnin ' " Chance ( bass ) .
While traveling to a scheduled New Year 's show in Canton , Ohio , the driver found Williams dead on the backseat of the car during a stop in Oak Hill , West Virginia . " Your Cheatin ' Heart " was released at the end of January 1953 . Propelled by Williams ' death , the song and the A @-@ side " Kaw @-@ Liga " became a hit , selling over a million records . Billboard initially described the songs as " superlative tunes and performances " , emphasizing the sales potential . Within a short time from its release , the song reached number one on Billboard 's Top C & W Records , where it remained for six weeks .
A demo version of Williams singing " Your Cheatin ' Heart " with just his guitar , likely recorded in 1951 , is also available .
= = Legacy = =
Released in the wake of his passing , the song became synonymous with the myth of Hank Williams as a haunted , lonely figure who expressed pain with an authenticity that became the standard for country music . The name of the song was used as the title of Hank Williams ' 1964 biopic . " Your Cheatin ' Heart " , as well as other songs by Williams were performed on the movie , with George Hamilton dubbing the soundtrack album recorded by Williams ' son , Hank Williams , Jr . In the 2003 documentary series Lost Highway , country music historian Ronnie Pugh comments , " It 's Hank 's anthem , it 's his musical last will and testament . It 's searing , it 's powerful , it 's gripping . If you want to say this is his last and best work , I wouldn 't argue with that . " AllMusic described the track as the " signature song " of Hank Williams , and an " unofficial anthem " of country music . Rolling Stone called it " one of the greatest country standards of all time " , ranking it at number 217 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song ranked at number 5 in Country Music Television 's 100 Greatest Songs in Country Music in 2003 @,@
Two Pepsi Super Bowl commercials featured the song , one aired during Super Bowl XXX , featured Williams ' recording while a Coca @-@ Cola deliveryman grabbed a Pepsi . The second one , aired during Super Bowl XLVI , featured the same situation , but with the song covered by Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland . The song forms the title of the 1990 TV drama ' Your Cheatin ' Heart ' by John Byrne .
= = Cover versions = =
A version of the song by Joni James , released in 1953 , reached number 2 on Billboard 's Most Played in Jukeboxes . James later declared that she did not hear Williams ' original version of the song , but decided to record it after reading the lyrics .
In 1953 Frankie Laine 's version reached number 18 on the Most Played in Jukeboxes chart .
Louis Armstrong recorded it for Decca Records .
Dean Martin sang the song on the Colgate Comedy Hour in 1953 .
Gene Vincent recorded a version on December 6 , 1957 at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood .
The song appears on Elvis Presley 's 1965 LP Elvis for Everyone .
In 1962 , a version by Ray Charles reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 23 on the R & B chart , while it also charted at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart .
Nat King Cole recorded it for his 1962 album Ramblin ' Rose .
George Jones included the song on his 1962 LP My Favorites of Hank Williams .
King Curtis cut the song for his 1962 LP Country Soul .
Patsy Cline recorded it for her 1962 album Sentimentally Yours .
Del Shannon chose to record the song for his 1964 LP Del Shannon Sings Hank Williams .
Fats Domino released it as a single in February 1964 and it appears on his album Let the Four Winds Blow .
Jerry Lee Lewis recorded the song during his tenure at Sun Records and it also appears on his 1964 album Live at the Star Club , Hamburg .
Ernest Tubb included it on his 1968 LP Ernest Tubb Sings Hank Williams .
Loretta Lynn included it on her 1966 album " I Like ' Em Country " .
Stonewall Jackson included the song on his 1969 LP A Tribute to Hank Williams .
James Brown recorded a funky version of the song for his 1969 album Soul on Top .
The song appears on the 1973 Glen Campbell LP Glen Travis Campbell .
Mick Jagger references the song in the lyrics to the Rolling Stones 1974 single " It 's Only Rock ' n ' Roll ( But I Like It ) . "
Moe Bandy recorded the song for his 1983 tribute Sings the Songs of Hank Williams .
The The recorded the song for their 1995 tribute album Hanky Panky .
LeAnn Rimes recorded the song for her 1999 self @-@ titled album .
Beck recorded the song for the 2001 tribute album Timeless : Hank Williams Tribute .
Frantic Flintstones recorded their cover of the song in 2002 for their album " Rock it Boy " .
Van Morrison covered the song on his 2006 album Pay the Devil .
Kelly Clarkson included the song on her 2012 EP The Smoakstack Sessions Vol . 2
= = Chart performance = =
= = = Hank Williams = = =
= = = Cover versions = = =
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= Claire Redfield =
Claire Redfield ( クレア ・ レッドフィールド , Kurea Reddofīrudo ) is a fictional character in the Resident Evil ( Biohazard in Japan ) horror franchise by Capcom . Claire is the younger sister of Chris Redfield , an American special police officer who is a protagonist of the first Resident Evil game , and is herself a protagonist of the video games Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil - Code : Veronica , where she is a zombie outbreak survivor turned a vigilante . She returned as an abducted activist in the video game Resident Evil : Revelations 2 after being absent from the main series for a decade and half since Code : Veronica .
Claire has also appeared in various other media , including several additional video games , the computer @-@ animated film Resident Evil : Degeneration , and the non @-@ canon live @-@ action films Resident Evil : Extinction , Resident Evil : Afterlife and the upcoming Resident Evil : The Final Chapter , as well as in the promotion and merchandise for the franchise . She was very well received by critics and became one of the most popular Resident Evil characters .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In video games = = =
Claire first appears in Resident Evil 2 ( 1998 ) , which revolves around her search for her missing brother Chris , an officer in the local police special force STARS . Claire arrives in the Midwestern United States town of Raccoon City to find it overrun by zombies . She soon meets up with a rookie cop Leon S. Kennedy , but along the way she is separated from him . The rest of the game focuses on Claire 's struggle to escape from the city alive . She maintains radio contact with Leon and teams up with a young girl named Sherry , while fighting against the various undead creatures infesting the Raccoon Police Department building , including the mutated scientist William Birkin . Claire eventually escapes from the city through the Umbrella Corporation 's underground research complex along with Leon and Sherry , after the three of them manage to destroy Birkin . As revealed in the epilogue of Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis , Claire left to continue her search for Chris , while Leon and Sherry were rescued by the U.S. military .
Claire , still searching for her brother , is a playable for the bulk of Resident Evil - Code : Veronica ( 2000 ) , set three months after the events of Resident Evil 2 . After an unsuccessful infiltration of Umbrella 's medical branch in Paris , Claire finds herself imprisoned on Umbrella @-@ owned Rockfort Island . She escapes following another viral outbreak caused by a rival corporation of Umbrella 's and teams up with fellow ex @-@ prisoner Steve Burnside . Claire manages to discover the whereabouts of her brother and send a message to Leon . Claire , Steve and the arriving Chris escape from the island , only to find themselves in another of Umbrella 's secret labs , this time in Antarctica , before they are taken captive by the antagonist Alexia Ashford . The second half of the game follows Chris trying to save his captured sister from Umbrella . Chris finds his way into the Antarctic lab and rescues her before their final battle with Alexia , which costs Steve 's life , and the siblings escape from the facility via the transport airplane he used to get there . During the game 's ending they vow to put an end to the Umbrella Corporation . In the PlayStation 2 version , Veronica X , Claire also has a brief encounter with the series ' main villain Albert Wesker that would have resulted in her death had Wesker not been called away by his associates .
Claire returned as a protagonist in the episodical game Resident Evil : Revelations 2 ( 2015 ) , set between the events of Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil 6 . Claire is now a member of TerraSave , a non @-@ profit humanitarian aid and protest activism organization . The game follows her and Barry Burton 's daughter Moira as they get kidnapped and find themselves trapped in a mysterious abandoned prison island . There they fight Alex Wesker and the " Afflicted " creatures . In the end both of them survive the events along with Barry , who arrived to look for them , and a little girl named Natalia Korda .
Claire is also playable in Resident Evil : The Darkside Chronicles ( 2009 ) , which retells the events of Resident Evil 2 and Code : Veronica , and in Resident Evil : Uprising , a mobile game version of Resident Evil 2 . She is a further playable in the uncanonical spin @-@ off games Resident Evil : The Mercenaries 3D ( 2011 ) , and in Resident Evil : Operation Raccoon City ( 2012 ) where she is also on the game 's bosses in the game 's main mode . In addition , Claire is one of two playable characters in Resident Evil : Zombie Busters , which started as a browser game in the Capcom Party line and in 2011 was converted for mobile phones . She is also an unlockable bonus character in sports game Trick 'N Snowboarder ( 1999 ) , and in 2013 she has been added to the browser @-@ based social game Onimusha Soul , for which she was redesigned to fit the feudal Japan theme .
= = = = Behind the scenes = = = =
Claire Redfield was originally known as ' Elza Walker ' , the female lead in the original version of Resident Evil 2 ( in 1997 , after a year of work , this version of the game was scrapped by the development team and is now widely referred to as " Resident Evil 1 @.@ 5 " ) . In the released version of the game , rewritten by Noboru Sugimura , Elza Walker , a blond college student and motorcycle racer , was changed into Chris Redfield 's sister named Claire . Her appearance and background remained mostly unchanged , but she was given an explanation for her skills with firearms and other weapons and her reason for coming to Raccoon City was to search for Chris , as opposed to trying to recruit fans at Raccoon City university to form a racing team back in her hometown . She was also given physical features which more closely resemble her brother , her signature jacket with " Made in Heaven " printed on the back , and a sheath for a standard @-@ issue STARS knife from Chris . These changes that occurred were done to connect Resident Evil 2 to the original game .
Code : Veronica producer Shinji Mikami said " Claire became a lot tougher than I Imagined . I thought she should look the same , but the game director made her that way because she had such an experience in Resident Evil 2 , she could handle any situation now ! " For Revelations 2 , the now hardened and aggressive Claire was redesigned to be a contrasting character to the young , immature and easily scared Moira Burton , who was defined as a purely supporting character , and they both serve different roles in the story and have different functions . Producer Michiteru Okabe said : " Really , only after did we look back and say , ' Oh , I guess they are both girls . ' Which is good , because it means we ’ re treating them as whole characters and not just as their gender . What we settled on is the idea that you have different roles -- it isn ’ t two against the world , it ’ s one against the world with a helper . " Okabe also said the game 's writer Dai Satō " is a big fan of her personally " which was one of the factors that led to Claire 's return .
= = = In films = = =
In Paul W. S. Anderson 's film Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) , Claire is the leader of a convoy of zombie apocalypse survivors who , at the end of the film , go to Alaska in search of a safe haven . A live action spin @-@ off featuring Claire as the main character has also been suggested . In Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) , Claire is ambushed by the Umbrella Corporation and manipulated by a device that controls her and impairs her memory by injecting a drug into her bloodstream , before she is rescued by Alice and reunited with her brother Chris . Together , the three manage to defeat Albert Wesker with the help of convoy survivor K @-@ Mart , who had been a close friend of Alice and Claire , and find themselves preparing to fend off an attack by Umbrella led by a device @-@ controlled Jill Valentine . Claire did not return in Resident Evil : Retribution , where she , Chris , and K @-@ Mart are presumed dead but were captured by Umbrella . She is set to return in the sixth and last film in the series , Resident Evil : The Final Chapter , again to be portrayed by Larter .
The character of Claire Redfield from the Resident Evil live @-@ action universe did not exist in the early drafts of Extinction , as Jill Valentine was supposed to re @-@ appear from her debut in Resident Evil : Apocalypse . Later , Anderson and producer Jeremy Bolt decided to have a separate game character appear alongside the previous film 's lead Alice : " We thought , rather than bring Jill back , put her with another game heroine . " The Extinction version of Claire has no connection to the video game character and her look has been completely redesigned , including having blonde hair . Since Afterlife , however , Larter was dressed in the outfit more resembling Claire 's costumes in the games and she is red @-@ haired in the follow @-@ up films .
The video game series ' Claire plays a major role in the computer @-@ animated film Resident Evil : Degeneration ( 2008 ) , reuniting her with Leon S. Kennedy . The film is set seven years after the events of Resident Evil 2 and Claire has become a prominent TerraSave member . In it , Claire and the police officer Angela Miller are rescued from a bio @-@ terrorist incident at the Harvardville Airport by Leon . Together , the three of them also survive a zombie outbreak at the WilPharma Corporation 's research complex , and eventually expose and arrest the corrupt scientist Frederic Downing .
= = = Other appearances = = =
A romantic comedy retelling of the story of Resident Evil 2 , centered on Claire , Leon and Ada , was released by Chingwin Publishing in the two @-@ issue Taiwanese comic Èlíng Gǔbǎo II in 1999 . Claire is prominently in S.D. Perry 's 1999 novels Resident Evil : City of the Dead ( a novelization of Resident Evil 2 ) and Resident Evil Code Veronica ( a novelization of the game of the same title and the last book in the series ) , as well as in the 1998 – 1999 manhua Shēnghuà Wēijī 2 ( " Biological Crisis 2 " ) , and in the comic book adaptation series Resident Evil by Capcom ( 1998 ) and Resident Evil : Code Veronica by WildStorm ( 2002 ) .
In Perry 's 1999 original @-@ story novel Resident Evil : Underworld , Claire , Leon , Rebecca Chambers and several STARS officers infiltrate an Umbrella facility in Utah to uncover their secrets . She is also one of main characters in Naoki Serizawa 's manga Biohazard : heavenly island , serialized in Weekly Shōnen Champion magazine in 2015 , in which she is a TerraSave investigator on an isolated South American island .
Claire appeared in George A. Romero 's Japanese TV commercial for Resident Evil 2 and in a viral marketing video to promote Resident Evil 5 ( despite her not appearing in actual game ) . Several action figures of Claire were released by various manufacturers , including one by Toy Biz in 1998 , as well as two by Moby Dick Toys , two by Palisades Toys , and one by Volks in 2001 . A Claire block @-@ style figure was also released by Dragon in the Kubrick 's Resident Evil line , while Vanilla Chop produced a resin kit . One of costumes for the character C. Viper in the fighting game Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 was inspired by Claire 's iconic look in Resident Evil 2 .
= = Reception = =
The character of Claire Redfield was very well received by critics and general public alike for her good looks and survival prowess . Readers of German magazine Mega Fun voted her as # 2 " Video @-@ Babe " of 1998 . She was one of the seven nominees for the Nintendo Power Awards 1999 in the category " Best New Hero " for Resident Evil 2 ( the Nintendo 64 version ) , placing third by popular vote , and the staff of Eurogamer nominated her for the Gaming Globes 2000 awards in the category " Female Lead Character " . Claire was chosen as one of the 20 " muses " of video games by Brazilian magazine SuperGamePower in 2001 . Rob Wright of Tom 's Games listed Claire among the 50 greatest female characters in video game history in 2007 and CHIP ranked her as 16th on their 2008 list of top " girls of gaming " . Her guest appearance in Trick 'N Snowboarder placed fifth in GamesRadar 's 2010 list of best character cameos and in 2015 Entertainment Monthly placed Claire Redfield and Steve Burnside among the top ten tragic relationships in video games .
Several publications included Claire among the most attractive video game characters . Dreamcast Magazine ranked this " gun @-@ toting , zombie killing , foxy babe " as the fifth top " girl on the Dreamcast " in 2000 , while Dreamcast Das Offizielle Magazin opined she is more beautiful than Lara Croft . Omar Ali of Gaming Target included Claire Redfield and Jill Valentine together in his 2001 list of " all time favorite leading ladies in video games " noting them for being " two girls who made the dead rise up with their looks . " In 2008 , she was included in GameDaily 's list of top " hottest game babes " ( ranked 42nd ) and in UGO 's list of top " videogame hotties " ( ranked 46th ) . In 2011 , Peter Rubin of Complex ranked the live @-@ action version of Claire as 15th on the list of " hottest women in video game movies " and rated Ali Larter 's likeness to the character at 56 % . That same year , Rich Knight of Complex pitted the video game version of Claire against Jill Valentine in the feature " Battle of the Beauties " , category " zombie killer " , but chose Jill over her . Lisa Foiles of The Escapist ranked Claire as the third " cutest redhead " in video games and Brazilian GameHall 's Portal Play Game ranked Claire as the 56th best @-@ looking video game woman ever in 2014 . There was also an urban legend @-@ style rumor of a nude code for Claire in Resident Evil - Code : Veronica .
GameDaily featured her among the " chicks who will kick your ass " listed alongside Ada Wong , Jill and Sheva Alomar , and Jesse Schedeen of IGN chose her as one of the characters to recruit for an ultimate counter @-@ zombie strike force . The book Level Up ! : The Guide to Great Video Game Design called Claire a " perfect example " of the theme " opposites attracts " , as she and her fellow Raccoon City survivor Sherry ( a little girl dressed in a Japanese school uniform in RE2 ) " couldn 't be more different . " Featuring her in their 2009 list of top nine greatest video game heroines of all time , Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle chose Claire as an example of a positive female game character that " Brandi Chastain would be proud of . " In 2015 , The Guardian 's Holly Nielsen listed Claire among the attractive female characters who in her opinion " were intelligently written and who were not overtly sexy " and Gita Jackson of Paste wrote an article about Claire Redfield 's wardrobe , which " shows us that femininity , emotionality and practicality aren ’ t exclusive from each other . " Official PlayStation Magazine ( UK ) retrospective on RE2 opined Claire and Leon both " demonstrat [ ed ] the absolute apex of apocalyptic fashion . "
IGN included Claire among the characters they would like to see returning for Resident Evil 6 , with Schedeen calling Claire " leagues above that walking bag of useless called Sheva . " PlayStation Universe also chose Claire in her original outfit from Resident Evil 2 as one of the five characters they wanted to appear in Resident Evil 6 's Mercenaries mode as she " is long overdue a canonical appearance in the series . " In 2012 , RE6 producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi wrote they have " heard a lot of love for Jill and Claire recently and people asking if they ’ ll be in the next Resident Evil . " Including Claire among the 30 best characters in the three decades of Capcom 's history , GamesRadar staff commented in 2013 : " Sadly she 's fallen into the background of the series , which makes sense she avoided work as a government zombie hunter , but we hope Capcom has plans for her in the future . Here 's a suggestion : a co @-@ op focused RE that teams Claire up with the almost as underused Jill . It 's your move Capcom . " Reacting to Claire 's return in Revelations 2 IGN 's Mitch Dyer wrote : " The Resident Evil series places women in prominent , powerful , playable roles . Jill Valentine , Rebecca Chambers , Sheva Alomar , and Ada Wong , to name a few . Still , they 're often opposite a male lead . This is the first time a Resident Evil game has revolved around the story of two women . It 's fun to get to play as Claire again . " According to a CVG preview of Revelations 2 , " she 's older , calmer and more capable , but she still retains everything that made her compelling in the first place . Where Rachael from the first Revelations was part centrefold , part melted @-@ ice cream , Claire feels distinct from many women in the Resi universe in that there 's more to her than lady @-@ lumps and lycra . She 's the perfect choice for the game 's brand of isolated horror . "
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= Laura Secord =
Laura Secord ( / ˈsiːkɔːrd / SEE @-@ kord ; née Ingersoll ; 13 September 1775 – 17 October 1868 ) was a Canadian heroine of the War of 1812 . She is known for having walked 20 miles ( 32 km ) out of American @-@ occupied territory in 1813 to warn British forces of an impending American attack . Her contribution to the war was little known during her lifetime , but since her death she has been frequently honoured in Canada . Though Secord had no relation to it , most Canadians associate her with the Laura Secord Chocolates company , named after her on the centennial of her walk .
Laura Secord 's father , Thomas Ingersoll , lived in Massachusetts and fought on the side of the Patriots during the Revolutionary War ( 1775 – 1783 ) . In 1795 he moved his family to the Niagara region of Upper Canada after he had applied for and received a land grant . Shortly after , Laura married Loyalist James Secord , who was later seriously wounded at the Battle of Queenston Heights early in the War of 1812 . While he was still recovering in 1813 , the Americans invaded the Niagara Peninsula , including Queenston . During the occupation , Secord acquired information about a planned American attack , and stole away on the morning of 22 June to inform Lieutenant James FitzGibbon in the territory still controlled by the British . The information helped the British and their Mohawk warrior allies repel the invading Americans at the Battle of Beaver Dams . Her effort was forgotten until 1860 , when Edward , Prince of Wales awarded the impoverished widow £ 100 for her service on his visit to Canada .
The story of Laura Secord has taken on mythological overtones in Canada . Her tale has been the subject of books , plays , and poetry , often with many embellishments . Since her death , Canada has bestowed honours on her , including schools named after her , monuments , a museum , a memorial stamp and coin , and a statue at the Valiants Memorial in the Canadian capital .
= = Personal history = =
= = = Family history and early life = = =
Thomas Ingersoll ( 1749 – 1812 ) married the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Elizabeth Dewey on 28 February 1775 . Their first child , Laura , was born in Great Barrington in the colonial Province of Massachusetts Bay on 13 September 1775 . Thomas 's family had lived in Massachusetts for five generations . He was descended from Richard Ingersoll , who had arrived in Salem , Massachusetts , from Bedfordshire , England , in 1629 . Thomas was born in 1749 in Westfield , Massachusetts . Elizabeth , daughter of Israel Dewey , was also born in Westfield , on 28 January 1758 . Thomas moved to Great Barrington in 1774 , where he settled into a house on a small piece of land by the Housatonic River . Over the next several years , his success as a hatmaker allowed him to increase his landholdings and expand his house as his family grew . He spent much time away from home , as he rose through the ranks in the military on the side of the American revolutionaries during the American Revolutionary War . Upon his return to Great Barrington , he was made a magistrate .
Elizabeth gave birth to three more girls : Elizabeth Franks on 17 October 1779 ; Mira ( or Myra ) in 1781 ; and Abigail in September 1783 . Abigail was given up for adoption in 1784 to an aunt with the surname Nash . Elizabeth Ingersoll died 20 February 1784 , and Thomas remarried to Mercy Smith , widow of Josiah Smith , on 26 May 1785 . Mercy had no children . She has been credited with teaching her stepdaughters to read and do needlework before her death from tuberculosis in 1789 . By adolescence , Laura was caring for her sisters and looking after the household affairs . Thomas remarried four months after Mercy 's death , on 20 September 1789 , to Sarah " Sally " Backus , a widow with a daughter , Harriet . The couple had a further four girls and three boys . The first boy , Charles Fortescue , was born on 27 September 1791 . Charlotte ( born 1793 ) and Appolonia ( born 1794 ) were the last members of this branch of the Ingersoll family to be born in Massachusetts .
Thomas helped suppress Shays ' Rebellion in 1786 , which earned him the rank of major , but in the years following , he witnessed and was offended by the continuing persecution of Loyalists . He realized that in the depressed economic conditions that followed the Revolutionary War , and with his own deep debts , he was unlikely to see his former prosperity again . In 1793 , Thomas met in New York City with Mohawk leader Joseph Brant , who offered to show him the best land for settlement . He and four associates travelled to Upper Canada to petition Lieutenant Governor John Simcoe for a land grant . They received 66 @,@ 000 acres ( 27 @,@ 000 ha ; 103 sq mi ) in the Thames Valley , and founded Oxford @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Thames ( later known as Ingersoll , Ontario ) , on condition that they populate it with forty other families within seven years . After winding up their affairs in Great Barrington , the Ingersoll family moved to Upper Canada in 1795 .
= = = Upper Canada , marriage and children = = =
Thomas Ingersoll supported his family in their early years in Upper Canada by running a tavern in Queenston while land was being cleared and roads built in the settlement . The family stayed in Queenston until a log cabin was completed on the settlement in 1796 . After Simcoe returned to England in 1796 , opposition grew in Upper Canada to the " Late Loyalists " such as Thomas who had arrived in Canada for the land grants . The grants were greatly reduced , and Thomas 's contract was cancelled for not having all of its conditions fulfilled . Feeling cheated , in 1805 he moved the family to Credit River , close to York ( present @-@ day Toronto ) , where he successfully ran an inn until his 1812 death following a stroke . Sally continued to run it until her own death in 1833 .
Laura remained in Queenston when the family moved . She married the wealthy James Secord , likely in June 1797 . The Secord family originated in France , where the name was spelled D 'Secor or Sicar . Five Secord brothers , who were Protestant Huguenots , fled from persecution in France and founded New Rochelle , New York in 1688 . At the time of the American Revolution , Loyalist members of the family anglicized their surname to Secord .
The Secord couple lived in a house built in St. Davids , the first floor of which was a shop . Secord gave birth to her first child , Mary , in St. Davids in 1799 . Mary was followed by Charlotte ( 1801 ) , Harriet ( 10 February 1803 ) , Charles Badeau ( 1809 — the only male child ) and Appolonia ( 1810 ) .
= = = War of 1812 = = =
James Secord served in the 1st Lincoln Militia under Isaac Brock when the War of 1812 broke out . He was among those who helped carry away Brock 's body after Brock was killed in the first attack of the Battle of Queenston Heights in October 1812 . James himself was severely wounded in the leg and shoulder during the battle . Laura heard of his predicament and rushed to his side . Some sources suggest that she found three American soldiers preparing to beat him to death with their gunstocks . She begged them to save her husband 's life , reportedly offering her own in return , when American Captain John E. Wool happened upon the situation and reprimanded the soldiers . This story may have been a later embellishment and may have originated with her grandson , James B. Secord . When the Secords arrived home , they found that the house had been looted in Laura 's absence . Spending the winter in St. Davids , Laura spent the next several months nursing her wounded husband back to health .
On 27 May 1813 , the American army launched an attack across the Niagara River , and captured Fort George . Queenston and the Niagara area fell to the Americans . Men of military age were sent as prisoners to the U.S. , though the still @-@ recuperating James Secord was not among them . That June , a number of U.S. soldiers were billeted at the Secords ' home .
= = = Secord 's walk = = =
On the evening of 21 June , Laura Secord heard of plans for a surprise American attack on British troops led by Lieutenant James FitzGibbon at Beaver Dams , which would have furthered American control in the Niagara Peninsula . It is unclear how she became aware of these plans . According to tradition she overheard a conversation among the billeted Americans as they ate dinner . As her husband was still recovering from his October injuries , Secord set out herself early the next morning to warn the Lieutenant . She reportedly walked 20 miles ( 32 km ) from present @-@ day Queenston through St. Davids , Homer , Shipman 's Corners and Short Hills at the Niagara Escarpment before she arrived at the camp of allied Mohawk warriors who led her the rest of the way to FitzGibbon 's headquarters at the DeCew House . A small British force and a larger contingent of Mohawk warriors were then readied for the American attack . Most of the American forces were casualties or taken prisoner in the Battle of Beaver Dams on 24 June . No mention of Secord was made in reports that immediately followed the battle .
= = = Post @-@ war years = = =
After the war , with the Secords ' Queenston store in ruins , the family was impoverished . Only James 's small war pension and the rent from 200 acres of land they had in Grantham Township supported them .
The Secords ' sixth child , Laura Anne , was born in October 1815 , and their last child , Hannah , was born in 1817 . The Secords ' eldest daughter Mary wedded a doctor , William Trumball , on 18 April 1816 . On 27 March 1817 , Mary gave birth in Ireland to Elizabeth Trumball , the first of Laura and James 's grandchildren . Mary had another daughter , also named Mary , in Jamaica , and brought her children back to Queenston with her in 1821 following her husband 's death .
The struggling James petitioned the government in 1827 for some sort of employment . Lieutenant @-@ Governor Peregrine Maitland did not offer him a position , but offered something to Laura . He asked her to be in charge of the yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ completed Brock 's Monument . At first , she turned it down , but then reluctantly accepted it . When Brock 's Monument opened in 1831 , Secord learned the new Lieutenant @-@ Governor , John Colborne , intended to give the keys to the widow of a member of the monument committee who had died in an accident . On 17 July 1831 , Secord petitioned Colborne to honour Maitland 's promise , and included another certificate from FitzGibbon attesting her contribution to the war . She wrote that Colonel Thomas Clarke had been told by Maitland , " it was too late to think of [ the committee member 's widow ] Mrs. Nichol as I have pledged my word to Mrs. Secord that as soon as possible she should have the key . " Despite her pleas , Secord did not receive the keys to the monument .
In 1828 , the Secords ' daughter , Appolonia , died at 18 of typhus , and James was appointed registrar of the Niagara Surrogate Court . He was promoted to judge in 1833 , and his son Charles Badeau took over the registrar position . Charles Badeau 's first son , Charles Forsyth Secord , was born 9 May 1833 . His is the only line of Secords that survived into the 21st century .
James became a customs collector in 1835 at the port of Chippawa . The position came with a home in Chippawa , into which the family moved . Charles Badeau took over the Queenston home . Daughter Laura Ann and her son moved into the home in 1837 following her husband 's death .
= = = Later life and death = = =
James Secord died of a stroke on 22 February 1841 . He was buried , according to his wishes , at Drummond Hill ( now in Niagara Falls ) . James 's death left Laura destitute . His war pension came to an end , and she was unable to keep the land that she still had profitable , and sold off much of it . Governor @-@ General Sydenham denied a 27 February 1841 petition she sent for her son to take over James 's customs position . Sydenham also denied a petition she sent that May for a pension for herself , as James had already received a pension for decades .
Possibly with help from better @-@ off members of the family , Secord moved to a red brick cottage on Water Street in November 1841 . Daughter Harriet and her own two daughters joined her in May 1842 , after the alcohol poisoning death of Harriet 's husband . The three would stay with Secord for the rest of her life . Youngest daughter Hannah also moved in when she was widowed in 1844 , and brought two daughters with her . Though she lacked training , for a short time Secord ran a small school out of the home in an effort to support herself . This venture came to an end when the public common school system was introduced in the 1840s .
Over the years , the Secords unsuccessfully petitioned the government for some kind of acknowledgement . In 1860 , when Secord was 85 , the Prince of Wales heard of her story while travelling in Canada . At Chippawa , near Niagara Falls , he was made aware of Laura Secord 's plight as an aging widow and sent an award of £ 100 . It was the only official recognition that she received during her lifetime .
Laura Secord died in 1868 at the age of 93 . She was interred next to her husband in the Drummond Hill Cemetery in Niagara Falls . Her grave is marked by a monument with a bust on top , and is close to a monument marking the Battle of Lundy 's Lane . The inscription on her grave marker reads :
To perpetuate the name and fame of Laura Secord , who walked alone nearly 20 miles by a circuitous difficult and perilous route , through woods and swamps and over miry roads to warn a British outpost at DeCew 's Falls of an intended attack and thereby enabled Lt. FitzGibbon on 24 June 1813 , with fewer than 50 men of the H.M. 49th Regt . , about 15 militiamen and a small force of Six Nations and other Indians under Capt. William Johnson Kerr and Dominique Ducharme to surprise and attack the enemy at Beechwoods ( or Beaver Dams ) and after a short engagement , to capture Col. Bosler of the U.S. Army and his entire force of 542 men with two field pieces .
= = Memory and legend = =
Her granddaughter described Secord as being 5 feet 4 inches ( 163 cm ) with brown eyes and a fair complexion . James FitzGibbon wrote she was " of slight frame and delicate appearance " . She was skilled at needlework , dressmaking and cooking . According to biographer Peggy Dymond Leavey , her many grandchildren enjoyed hearing their grandmother tell stories of her early life , and her Anglican faith increased with age .
In his report of the battle , FitzGibbon stated only that he " received information " about the threat ; it is possible he omitted mention of Secord to protect her family during wartime . He first wrote of Secord in a certificate dated 26 February 1820 , in support of a petition by her husband for a licence to operate a stone quarry in Queenston . In 1827 FitzGibbon wrote :
I do hereby Certify that on the 22d. day of June 1813 , Mrs. Secord , Wife of James Secord , Esqr. then of St. David 's , came to me at the Beaver Dam after Sun Set , having come from her house at St. David 's by a circuitous route a distance of twelve miles , and informed me that her Husband had learnt from an American officer the preceding night that a Detachment from the American Army then in Fort George would be sent out on the following morning ( the 23d . ) for the purpose of Surprising and capturing a Detachment of the 49th Regt. then at Beaver Dam under my Command . In Consequence of this information , I placed the Indians under Norton together with my own Detachment in a Situation to intercept the American Detachment and we occupied it during the night of the 22d . – but the Enemy did not come until the morning of the 24th when his Detachment was captured . Colonel Boerstler , their commander , in a conversation with me confirmed fully the information communicated to me by Mrs. Secord and accounted for the attempt not having been made on the 23rd. as at first intended .
FitzGibbon wrote in a certificate dated 23 February 1837 that Secord did " acquaint " him with the Americans ' intentions , but does not state whether he used the information . A diary entry of Mohawk chief John Norton talks of " a loyal Inhabitant [ who ] brought information that the Enemy intended to attack " , but does not name the " Inhabitant " . Dominique Ducharme , leader of the Caughwanaga Mohawks in the Battle of Beaver Dams , made no mention of Secord in his reports , nor of receiving information from either Secord or FitzGibbon about the impending American attack .
Secord wrote two accounts of her walk , the first in 1853 , and the second in 1861 . Neither account contains details that can be corroborated with military accounts of the battle , such as specific dates or details about troops . Her account changed throughout her life . Historian Pierre Berton noted that she never stated clearly how she learned of the impending attack . She told FitzGibbon that her husband had learned about it from an American officer , but years later told her granddaughter that she had overheard the plans directly from the American soldiers billeted in her home . Berton suggested that Secord 's informant could have been an American still residing in the United States , who would have been charged with treason had Secord revealed her source . In the 1860s , as Secord 's story gained prominence , historian William Foster Coffin added new details , which included the claim that Laura had brought a cow with her as an excuse to leave her home in case the American patrols questioned her .
A number of writers have questioned Secord 's story . W. Stewart Wallace , in his 1932 book , The Story of Laura Secord : A Study in Historical Evidence , concluded her story was mostly myth , and that she played no significant role in the outcome of the Battle of Beaver Dams . Historian George Ingram contended in his 1965 book The Story of Laura Secord Revisited that Secord 's debunking had been taken too far . Ruth MacKenzie also burnished Secord 's reputation with Laura Secord : The Legend and the Lady in 1971 .
The question of Secord 's actual contribution to the British success has been contested . In the early 1920s , historians suggested that Native scouts had already informed FitzGibbon of the coming attack well before Secord had arrived on 23 June . Historian Ernest Cruikshank wrote in 1895 that " Scarcely had Mrs Secord concluded her narrative , when [ Ducharme 's ] scouts came in ... they had encountered the advance guard of the enemy . " Later , two testimonials were found which FitzGibbon wrote in 1820 and 1827 , which supported Secord 's claim . FitzGibbon asserted that Laura Secord had arrived on 22 June ( not 23 June ) , and that " in consequence of this information " he had been able to intercept the American troops .
= = Legacy = =
Historian Cecilia Morgan argues that the Secord story became famous in the 1880s when upper @-@ class women sought to strengthen the emotional ties between Canadian women and the British Empire . She writes that they needed a female heroine to validate their claims for women 's suffrage . The first product of their campaign was Sarah Anne Curzon 's verse drama Laura Secord : The Heroine of 1812 in 1887 . The play was responsible for " a deluge of articles and entries on Secord that filled Canadian histories and school textbooks at the turn of the 20th century " . Although critics gave the play negative reviews , it was the first full work devoted to her story and popularized her image .
Secord has been compared to French @-@ Canadian heroine Madeleine de Verchères and to American Revolution hero Paul Revere . Her story has been retold and commemorated by generations of biographers , playwrights , poets , novelists and journalists .
After she discovered a newspaper clipping of the story , early feminist Emma Currie began a lifelong interest in Secord 's life . After she tracked down information from relatives as far away as Great Barrington , she published a biographical account in 1900 called The Story of Laura Secord , and later successfully petitioned to have a Secord memorial erected in Queenston Heights . The cut stone granite monument stands 7 feet ( 210 cm ) and was dedicated in 1901 . In 1905 , her portrait was hung in Parliament . Playwright Merrill Denison made a radio play of her story in 1931 which mixed serious history with parody .
On the centennial of her walk in 1913 , and to capitalize on Canadian patriotic feelings , Frank O 'Connor founded Laura Secord Chocolates . The chain 's first location opened on Yonge and Elm Streets in Toronto . The chocolates came in black boxes adorned with a cameo of Secord . By the 1970s , the company had become the largest candy retailer in Canada . Among most Canadians , the name Laura Secord is more strongly associated with the chocolate company than the historical figure .
The Secords ' Queenston homestead was fired upon and looted during the War of 1812 . Restored and given to the Niagara Parks Commission in 1971 , it is now a museum and gift shop at Partition and Queen streets in Queenston . Thomas Ingersoll 's old home on Main Street in Great Barrington , Massachusetts , was used as the town 's Free Library from 1896 until 1913 , after which the Mason Library was built on the site . The Great Barrington Historic District Commission made 18 October 1997 Laura Secord Day , and dedicated a plaque in her honour before Mason Library .
Laura Secord is the namesake of a number of schools , including Laura Secord Public School ( also known as Laura Secord Memorial School , 1914 – 2010 ) in Queenston , École Laura Secord School in Winnipeg , Manitoba ( built 1912 ) , and Laura Secord Elementary School in Vancouver , British Columbia . Beaver Dams Battlefield Park has a plaque dedicated to Secord . In 1992 , Canada Post issued a Laura Secord commemorative stamp . In 2003 , the Minister of Canadian Heritage declared Secord a " Person of National Historical Significance " , and in 2006 Secord 's was one of fourteen statues dedicated at the Valiants Memorial in Ottawa . To commemorate the 200th anniversary of her walk , Secord 's image adorned a circulation quarter issued by the Royal Canadian Mint and a postage stamp from Canada Post .
= = = = Books = = = =
= = = = Journals and magazines = = = =
= = = = Newspapers = = = =
= = = = Web = = = =
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= Benzylpiperazine =
Benzylpiperazine ( BZP ) is a recreational drug with euphoriant and stimulant properties . The effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by amphetamine . Adverse effects have been reported following its use including acute psychosis , renal toxicity and seizures . No deaths have been reported following a sole ingestion of BZP , although there have been at least two deaths from the combination of BZP and MDMA . Its sale is banned in several countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , the United States , the Republic of Ireland , the United Kingdom , Bulgaria , Romania and other parts of Europe .
= = History = =
= = = Development history = = =
It is often claimed that BZP was originally synthesized as a potential antihelminthic ( anti @-@ parasitic ) agent for use in farm animals . However , there are some references to BZP in medical literature that predate interest in piperazines as antihelminthics . Even so , the majority of the early work with the piperazines were investigations into their potential use as antihelminthics with the earliest clinical trials in the literature relating to piperazine being articles in the British Medical Journal in the 1950s . It was discovered that BZP had side effects and was largely abandoned as a worm treatment . It next appears in the literature in the 1970s when it was investigated as a potential antidepressant medication , but rejected when research reported that BZP had amphetamine @-@ like effects and was liable to abuse . The study suggested that BZP “ should be placed under statutory control similar to those regulating the use of amphetamine . ”
= = = Recreational history = = =
In the early 1990s , the United States Drug Enforcement Administration noted the drug was being used recreationally in California . It also reported that BZP was being used as an adulterant in illicit drugs . Not long after , there was an explosion in the drug 's use worldwide – a situation which was soon followed by legislative control in many countries . Since 1999 , benzylpiperazine use grew sharply in New Zealand due to an initial complete lack of regulation . The New Zealand government attempted to ban the product as of 18 December 2007 , but the necessary second reading of the bill did not happen in time for the law to be passed . It was so widely used that an estimated 5 million pills were sold in New Zealand in 2007 . Piperazine @-@ based stimulants began to appear in Europe in 2000 but remained virtually unavailable in the rest of the world until recently . In early 2006 , pills containing the active ingredients BZP and TFMPP began to appear in the city of Vancouver , Canada , where they first gained popularity with late night party @-@ goers as a safer alternative to many of the illicit street drugs commonly available there . In 2007 piperazine based party @-@ pill formulations started to become widely available nationwide which has caused concern with local authorities such as Health Canada and subsequently BZP has gained much media attention in 2008 . As of May 2008 piperazines such as BZP and TFMPP have been under evaluation by Health Canada in order to determine whether or not party @-@ pills pose a significant health risk to individuals . At this time no official decision has been made regarding these specific piperazines becoming restricted substances , or if they should be banned altogether in Canada . In the United States , it is still used as an adulterant in ecstasy mimic tablets .
= = Production and distribution = =
BZP is a piperazine derivative which comes as either the hydrochloride salt or a free base . The hydrochloride salt is a white solid while the base form is a slightly yellowish @-@ green liquid . BZP base is corrosive and causes burns .
In countries where its purchase is legal , BZP products are often produced in small specialist laboratories . The raw materials can be purchased from various chemical supply agencies and formed into tablets or capsules using relatively cheap production techniques . The resulting product can be marketed at extremely high markup , so end @-@ user prices can be as high as 300 times the bulk cost of raw ingredients .
BZP is often marketed ostensibly as a " dietary supplement " to avoid meeting stricter laws that apply to medicines and drugs , despite the fact that BZP has no dietary value . As of late 2005 , the Misuse of Drugs Act ensured it can no longer be classified or marketed as a dietary supplement in New Zealand . Some retailers claim that BZP is a " natural " product , describing it as a " pepper extract " or " herbal high , " when in fact the drug is entirely synthetic , and has not been found to occur naturally .
= = Pharmacodynamics = =
BZP has been shown to have a mixed mechanism of action , acting on the serotonergic and dopaminergic receptor systems in a similar fashion to MDMA . BZP has amphetamine @-@ like actions on the serotonin reuptake transporter , which increase serotonin concentrations in the extracellular fluids surrounding the cell and thereby increasing activation of the surrounding serotonin receptors . BZP has a lower potency effect on the noradrenaline reuptake transporter and the dopamine reuptake transporter . BZP has a high affinity action at the alpha2 @-@ adrenoreceptor , it is an antagonist at the receptor , like yohimbine , which inhibits negative feedback , causing an increase in released noradrenaline .
BZP also acts as a non @-@ selective serotonin receptor agonist on a wide variety of serotonin receptors ; binding to 5HT2A receptors may explain its mild hallucinogenic effects at high doses , while partial agonist or antagonist effects at the 5HT2B receptors may explain some of BZPs peripheral side effects , as this receptor is expressed very densely in the gut , and binding to 5HT3 receptors may explain the common side effect of headaches , as this receptor is known to be involved in the development of migraine headaches .
= = Effects = =
The effects of BZP are largely similar to amphetamines , with one study finding that former amphetamine addicts were unable to distinguish between dextroamphetamine and BZP administered intravenously . Users report alertness , euphoria and a general feeling of well being . The perception of certain sensations such as taste , colour or music may be subjectively enhanced . The average duration is longer than that of dextroamphetamine , typically lasting 4 – 6 hours with reports as long as 8 hours depending on the dose . A recent study has shown that mixtures of BZP with other piperazine drugs such as TFMPP share certain pharmacodynamic traits with MDMA .
= = = Subjective effects = = =
Upon ingestion of between 50 mg and 200 mg of BZP , the user may experience any or all of the following :
Initial Effects :
Feelings of euphoria , wonder , amazement , well @-@ being , energy and elation
Rapid mood elevation
Enhanced sociability
Enhanced appreciation of music
Increased desire to move , also slight increase in stereotypy
Skin tingling
Decreased appetite
Repetitive thought patterns
Actual and perceived changes in body temperature
Mild jaw clenching / bruxism
Increased heart rate
Dilation of pupils ( see photo )
Nausea
Flushing
Mild xerostomia ( dry mouth )
Slight urinary incontinence , often described as " leaking " a small amount of urine after urinating ( not due to loss of bladder control )
Later Effects :
Mild headache
Nausea
Hangover @-@ like symptoms ( common with high doses )
Fatigue
Indigestion ( similar to acid indigestion / heartburn )
Increased hunger ( and sometimes thirst )
Insomnia
Confusion
Depression ( particularly with frequent / heavy use )
= = = Tolerance = = =
Research into BZP 's tolerance is sparse . Anecdotal evidence from online sources claim tolerance to the central action of BZP will develop quickly . Due to tiredness associated with the body 's recovery from stimulants , such as BZP , it is uncommon for users to be able to sustain a week @-@ long intake .
= = = Toxic effects = = =
As with most sympathomimetic stimulants there appear to be significant side effects associated with BZP use . BZP reportedly produces insomnia and a mild to severe hangover after the drug effect wears off , however , some manufacturers in New Zealand have started including recovery pills which contain 5 @-@ HTP and vitamins which allegedly ease these hangovers .
The major side effects include dilated pupils , blurred vision , dryness of the mouth , extreme alertness , pruritus , confusion , agitation , tremor , extrapyramidal symptoms ( dystonia , akathisia ) , headache , dizziness , anxiety , insomnia , vomiting , chest pain , hallucinations , paresthesia , tachycardia , hypertension , palpitations , collapse , hyperventilation , sweating , hyperthermia and problems with urine retention . The more severe toxic effects include psychosis or adverse psychiatric events , renal toxicity , respiratory failure , hyperthermia , serotonin syndrome , rhabdomyolysis and seizure . Blood benzylpiperazine concentrations have been measured either to confirm clinical intoxication or as part of a medicolegal death investigation .
= = = = Christchurch study = = = =
The majority of the toxic effects information came from a study conducted between 1 April 2005 to 1 September 2005 . The study recorded all presentations associated with party pill use at the Emergency Department of Christchurch Hospital , New Zealand by recording them on a prospective data collection form . The aim was to study the patterns of human toxicity related to the use of benzylpiperazine @-@ based ' party pills ' . 61 patients presented on 80 occasions . Patients with mild to moderate toxicity experienced symptoms such as insomnia , anxiety , nausea , vomiting , palpitations , dystonia and urinary retention . Significantly , fourteen toxic seizures were recorded with two patients suffering life @-@ threatening toxicity with status epilepticus and severe respiratory and metabolic acidosis . It was concluded that BZP appears to induce toxic seizures in neurologically normal subjects . The results of this study and others like it showed that BZP can cause unpredictable and serious toxicity in some individuals , but the data and dosage collection were reliant on self reporting by drug users , which may result in under @-@ reporting ( or over @-@ reporting ) , and there were complicating factors like the frequent presence of alcohol and other drugs .
= = = Risk of fatality = = =
A retrospective study carried out at an Auckland emergency department found that BZP presentations only made a minor contribution to their overdose database with most cases not producing any significant toxicity . Several cases where BZP individually or combined with alcohol or other medicines or illicit drugs resulting in complications exist . One such example is the well publicised case of a combination of BZP and MDMA by a 23 @-@ year @-@ old from Greymouth , New Zealand . Ben Rodham , a DJ , ingested a combination of BZP and MDMA in February 2007 , which nearly resulted in his death . Rodham was put into an induced coma in an effort to prevent him from dying . He later recovered .
In a case in Zurich in 2001 a 23 @-@ year @-@ old who had taken BZP and ecstasy ( MDMA ) died from a massive cerebral edema 57 hours after hospital admission .
= = = Addictive effects = = =
One in every 45 ( 2 @.@ 2 % ) last @-@ year users of BZP in New Zealand is classed as dependent upon it , although 97 @.@ 9 % of users said that " it would not be difficult to stop using legal party pills " , and 45 @.@ 2 % of people who reported using both BZP and illegal drugs such as methamphetamine reported that they used BZP so that they did not have to use methamphetamine , which was perceived as more harmful . Still , most of the people who use BZP , even though they say it is quite easy to stop , do not want to , and continue to use the drug , feeling that it helps them to reach higher levels of mood , sociability , and energy . Studies undertaken on animals have indicated that BZP can substitute for methamphetamine in addicted rats , although it is one @-@ tenth as potent and produces correspondingly weaker addictive effects .
= = Legal issues = =
The drug was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States in 2002 , following a report by the DEA which incorrectly stated that BZP was 10 to 20 times more potent than amphetamine , when in fact BZP is ten times less potent than dexamphetamine . BZP is banned in all Australian states . Victoria , the last state in which it was legal , changed its classification on 1 September 2006 . This is the date BZP and piperazine analogs become illegal in the federal schedules which are now enacted by all Australian states and territories . BZP is also a banned substance in Japan , along with TFMPP . Both Australia and Japan admit that their scheduling decisions were made primarily in response to the Schedule 1 classification given to BZP in the USA , although some instances of BZP use had been reported by law enforcement authorities in both countries . BZP is also banned in Greece , Poland , Italy , Ireland , Malta , Estonia , Denmark and Sweden .
In Canada , Benzylpiperazine and salts of benzylpiperazine are classified as Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act .
Piperazine and salts of piperazine are classified as Prescription Only Medicines in the UK . Any products containing salts of piperazine would be licensable under the Medicines Act and consequently anyone manufacturing and supplying it legally must hold the relevant licenses to do so . BZP is not a salt of piperazine , but mislabelling of BZP products as containing " piperazine blend " resulted in some prosecutions of suppliers in the UK by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency , although none were successful . In May 2009 , the Home Office announced plans to ban BZP , and launched a consultation on the proposal . In October 2009 , it was announced that from 23 December 2009 , BZP and related piperazines would be Class C drugs under the Misuse Of Drugs Act .
BZP is not controlled under any UN convention , so the compounds themselves are legal throughout most of the world , although in most countries their use is restricted to pharmaceutical manufacturing and recreational use is unknown .
Benzylpiperazine is , however , to be the subject of a European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction ( EMCDDA ) risk assessment , the results of which may determine what , if any , control will placed on BZP throughout the European Union . The risk assessment comes about as the result of a joint Europol – EMCDDA report which concluded that BZP needs to be looked at in more detail . The results were published in June 2007 . The report concluded that the use of BZP can lead to medical problems even if the long effects are still unknown . Taking this concession as a basis , the European Commission has decided to ask the Council to place BZP under control of the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances . On 4 March 2008 , the EU requested countries to place BZP under control within a year and France complied in May 2008 .
Based on the recommendation of the EACD , the New Zealand government has passed legislation which placed BZP , along with the other piperazine derivatives TFMPP , mCPP , pFPP , MeOPP and MBZP , into Class C of the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 . A ban was intended to come into effect in New Zealand on 18 December 2007 , but the law change did not go through until the following year , and the sale of BZP and the other listed piperazines became illegal in New Zealand as of 1 April 2008 . An amnesty for possession and usage of these drugs was in effect until October 2008 , at which point they became completely illegal .
= = Chemical derivatives = =
Pharmaceuticals
Befuraline – Antidepressant
Bifeprunox – Antipsychotic
Buclizine – Antihistamine
Chlorbenzoxamine – Gastrointestinal agent
Fipexide – Nootropic
Imatinib – Anticancer agent
Meclozine – Antihistamine
Piberaline – Antidepressant
Piribedil – Antiparkinsonian agent
Trimetazidine – Antianginal
Vesnarinone – Cardiotonic
Designer drugs
4 @-@ Acetyl @-@ 1 @-@ benzylpiperazine ( AcBZP , AceticBenzylPiperazine )
4 @-@ Methyl @-@ 1 @-@ benzylpiperazine ( MBZP )
4 @-@ Bromo @-@ 2 @,@ 5 @-@ dimethoxy @-@ 1 @-@ benzylpiperazine ( 2C @-@ B @-@ BZP )
1 @,@ 4 @-@ Dibenzylpiperazine ( DBZP )
3 @,@ 4 @-@ Methylenedioxy @-@ 1 @-@ benzylpiperazine ( MDBZP )
Befuraline , fipexide , and piberaline are all known to metabolize to BZP .
All diphenylmethylpiperazines are also technically benzylpiperazines .
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= 1981 Entumbane Uprising =
The 1981 Entumbane Uprising , also known as the Battle of Bulawayo or Entumbane II , occurred between 8 and 12 February 1981 in and around Bulawayo , Zimbabwe amid political tensions in the newly independent state . Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ) guerrillas , mainly in the city 's western suburb of Entumbane , rebelled , creating a situation that threatened to develop into a fresh civil war , barely a year after the end of the Bush War . The Rhodesian African Rifles ( RAR ) and other white @-@ commanded elements of the former Rhodesian Security Forces , fighting for the Zimbabwean government as part of the new Zimbabwe National Army , put down the uprising . Groups of Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) fighters attacked both ZIPRA and the government forces during the revolt , which followed a smaller outbreak of fighting between guerrillas in November 1980 .
The uprising began in earnest around 20 : 00 local time on 11 February when fighting broke out between the two guerrilla factions in Entumbane , each of which also attacked the local RAR headquarters . When ZIPRA armoured personnel carriers moved on Bulawayo from Essexvale , to the south @-@ east , four armoured cars from the former Rhodesian Armoured Corps , supported by A Company , 1RAR , engaged and defeated them . Meanwhile , C and D Companies , 1RAR were pocketed by numerically superior groups of ZIPRA fighters . By the evening of 12 February , the uprising was over ; C and D Companies were relieved , ZIPRA ceased their attacks and their armoured battle group at Essexvale surrendered to the National Army .
The official count of those killed during the uprising was 260 people ; historians place the number of dead higher . The Zimbabwe National Army suffered no fatal casualties . Binda calls the battle the RAR 's greatest victory , writing that the troops were greatly outnumbered , but won through superior professionalism and discipline . Several analysts comment on the irony that Mugabe and ZANU – PF were saved from a major rebellion by white @-@ led ex @-@ Rhodesian troops . The battle was the RAR 's last ; its personnel were reassigned to other units when it was disbanded later in 1981 . The rebellion 's defeat , meanwhile , prompted mass desertions by ZIPRA guerrillas fearing retribution from the Mugabe administration . Indeed , the uprising partially fuelled Mugabe 's bloody Gukurahundi campaign against Matabeleland later in the 1980s .
= = Background = =
= = = Chimurenga = = =
Following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the mostly white minority government of Rhodesia ( or Southern Rhodesia ) from the United Kingdom in 1965 , the southern African country entered a period of international isolation as an unrecognised state under Ian Smith . Black nationalist movements , backed by communist powers and themselves variously Marxist – Leninist , launched military campaigns to overthrow Rhodesia 's government and bring majority rule to the country ; the main nationalist groups were the Zimbabwe African National Union ( ZANU ) , which was Chinese @-@ backed , mostly Shona and influenced by Maoism , and the rival Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( ZAPU ) , which was largely Ndebele , more orthodoxly Marxist – Leninist and supported by the Warsaw Pact and associated nations , prominently Cuba . Each nationalist group fielded a guerrilla army — ZANU 's was called the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) , while ZAPU 's was the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ) . ZAPU was led by Joshua Nkomo , a trade unionist from Bulawayo in Matabeleland , while ZANU was headed from 1975 by a former teacher from Mashonaland , Robert Mugabe .
The black nationalist campaigns , referred to by the revolutionaries as the Second Chimurenga ( liberation war ) , began in earnest in December 1972 . During the ensuing Bush War , ZANLA and ZIPRA fought the Rhodesian Security Forces , and also regularly clashed with each other , despite their parent organisations being superficially allied from 1976 as the Patriotic Front . The war ended in December 1979 with the Lancaster House Agreement in London , following which Britain took interim direct control of the country to oversee fresh elections during early 1980 . These were won by ZANU , which added " Patriotic Front " to its name ( thereby becoming " ZANU – PF " ) , and Mugabe became the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe when the UK granted independence in April 1980 . Nkomo was made Minister of Home Affairs in the new government .
= = = Post @-@ independence tensions = = =
With the transfer of political power , the Rhodesian Army , ZANLA and ZIPRA began to be merged to form the new Zimbabwe National Army . ZANLA and ZIPRA personnel were mixed into new battalions , guerrillas were picked out for officer training , and old Rhodesian units were variously disbanded or earmarked for reform . In some cases the latter meant only a change of symbolism and nomenclature ; the Rhodesian Air Force , for example , remained almost all white as the Air Force of Zimbabwe . Every one of the approximately 34 @,@ 000 guerrillas was promised a place in the new army . In the meantime they would wait in respective ZANLA and ZIPRA assembly camps around the country with pay and rations identical to those of black privates in the old Rhodesian forces .
Though the Chimurenga was over , tensions between ZANLA and ZIPRA cadres , officially referred to in the war 's aftermath as " associated forces " , endured , particularly in Matabeleland . These rifts were partially tribal @-@ based , but largely political ; ZIPRA fighters complained that their counterparts from ZANLA seemed to be favoured for promotions and supplies , while ZANLA suspected ZIPRA of plotting insurrection . ZANU – PF politicians began to call for a one @-@ party state , saying that this would make Zimbabwe stronger . As the process of military integration dragged on , groups of fighters from both forces deserted and roamed the countryside , robbing stores and killing white farmers . Sources differ regarding how much of this was perpetrated by ZANLA personnel and how much by ZIPRA men ; each side blamed the other . Mugabe accused ZIPRA elements of " refusing to recognise the sovereignty of the government " , but stopped short of attacking the ZAPU leadership . With the new army 's ex @-@ guerrilla battalions still far from ready , the Zimbabwean government leaned heavily on former Rhodesian units under white command to maintain law and order during this period . Feeling he needed to secure ZANU – PF 's position , Mugabe signed a secret deal with North Korea in October 1980 whereby the Asian country would provide instructors and equipment for an elite brigade that would handle political dissidents and report directly to the Prime Minister .
After the Minister of Finance Enos Nkala railed against Nkomo and ZAPU at a Bulawayo political rally in November 1980 , saying they had " become the enemy of ZANU – PF " and should be challenged by " vigilante committees " , ZANLA and ZIPRA veterans clashed near the city 's western township of Entumbane for two days . Hundreds were killed or wounded before the Prime Minister sent ex @-@ Rhodesian units to intervene . This incident deepened the feeling of distrust and unease that permeated the country and the National Army 's integrated battalions . Concerned by ZAPU 's apparent political marginalisation , ZIPRA commanders in Matabeleland built up their forces . Over 6 @,@ 000 ZIPRA troops assembled at Gwaai River Mine , to the north @-@ west of Bulawayo , with Soviet @-@ made T @-@ 34 tanks , BTR @-@ 152 armoured personnel carriers ( APCs ) and anti @-@ aircraft guns ; another ZIPRA base at Essexvale , to the south @-@ east , formed an armoured battle group including 10 T @-@ 34s . Tensions escalated further when Mugabe removed Nkomo from Home Affairs on 10 January 1981 and made him a minister without portfolio instead , in what many in Zimbabwe saw as a demotion . According to Brigadier Mike Shute , then head of the Zimbabwe National Army 's 1 Brigade , groups of ZANLA and ZIPRA guerrillas , theoretically under his command , were soon " all over the place and having continual clashes and minor battles with each other " . Many became convinced that a second civil war was imminent .
= = Prelude = =
The Zimbabwe National Army 's only regular infantry unit in the Bulawayo area during the first months of 1981 was the 1st Battalion of the Rhodesian African Rifles ( RAR ) , a regiment of mostly white @-@ officered black troops led by Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Mick McKenna and based at Methuen Barracks on the outskirts of Bulawayo . This had been officially redesignated the 11th Infantry Battalion of the new National Army , but few reforms had taken place so far and in practice the regiment remained almost entirely as before , right down to the old Rhodesian uniforms and insignia . At the end of January 1981 , McKenna had about 500 men ( including officers ) , and a troop of four Eland 90 armoured cars , formerly of the Rhodesian Armoured Corps , under Sergeant Stephen " Skippy " Devine , an Australian veteran of the Rhodesian Light Infantry .
Amid the rising tensions in Zimbabwe , Shute and McKenna identified Entumbane , the township on the western outskirts of Bulawayo where the November 1980 clashes had started , as a likely flashpoint . There ZANLA and ZIPRA had camps directly next to each other , each with about 1 @,@ 500 guerrillas . In late January 1981 , McKenna set up an operational headquarters in a beer hall overlooking the two guerrilla camps ; this building , surrounded by six @-@ foot walls , was dubbed " the Alamo " at the suggestion of Lieutenant F W " Chomps " Fleetwood , an American officer in A Company , 1RAR . Worried that a new Entumbane clash would prompt the ZIPRA forces at Gwaai River Mine and Essexvale to join the fray , McKenna set up a string of observation posts on each of the roads leading towards Bulawayo .
On 8 February , ZANLA cadres at Connemara Barracks in Gwelo surprised their ZIPRA counterparts , killed over 60 of them and forced the rest to flee into the bush . When the ZIPRA portion of the 13th Infantry Battalion , based at Glenville Camp near Entumbane , learned of this later in the day , it waited until its instructors from the British Army left in the evening , then attacked its ZANLA comrades , killing 12 of them and scattering the rest . Charged with restoring order , McKenna sent Devine 's armoured cars and D Company , 1RAR , commanded by the American Lieutenant Dave Hill , to Glenville . Arriving late in the evening , the Elands drove into the camp and flattened the ZIPRA tents , killing many of the occupants and clearing the way for Hill 's troops . Taken totally by surprise , the ZIPRA troops put up little resistance ; 40 were killed and many more captured , including two officers , Captains Mpofu and Dlamini . On the morning of 9 February , the British instructors were bewildered to find the ZANLA half of their unit gone , and the remaining ZIPRA men squatting in rows in 1RAR captivity . " What happened ? " asked the British sergeant . " I am afraid that while you were away , your battalion fell apart , " replied McKenna .
ZIPRA personnel in Bulawayo used civilian vehicles to smuggle weapons and equipment , including mortars , into their Entumbane camp over the next few days . C Company , 1RAR , comprising 96 men under Major Lionel Dyck ( including a detachment from Support Company ) and eight armoured vehicles , noticed this while they were garrisoning the Alamo on 11 February . The major reported to Brigade headquarters that the number of ZIPRA troops at Entumbane appeared to have swelled considerably , and that the chain link fence surrounding the camp had been taken down . Superiors ordered him not to intervene . Anticipating an imminent attack , Dyck used a silenced rifle to shoot out the floodlights surrounding the Alamo , lined up his vehicles against the surrounding walls so his men could stand on them while defending , and ranged mortars on a variety of targets in the ZIPRA complex .
= = Uprising = =
Soon after fighting broke out between ZANLA and ZIPRA members of a recently integrated Zimbabwe National Army battalion at Ntabazinduna , just north @-@ east of Bulawayo , the two guerrilla camps at Entumbane began exchanging rifle , machine gun and mortar fire at about 20 : 00 on 11 February . Dyck , at the Alamo , reported that both sides were also attacking his position . He radioed Brigade HQ for instructions and was told to pull out ; he replied that this was impossible as he was surrounded . At Shute 's orders , McKenna mobilised the rest of the battalion at an airfield near Brady Barracks within an hour . Meanwhile , a detachment of ZIPRA armoured vehicles left Essexvale for Bulawayo , and was spotted on the road by one of McKenna 's observation posts . Devine was sent with his Elands to intercept them , supported by 12 1RAR men under Major Tony Husher . At an intersection on the outskirts of the city , Devine encountered a ZIPRA BTR @-@ 152 APC and impacted it with a single HEAT round , killing all 20 combatants inside . McKenna then told Devine to advance to the city limits , where he and Husher set up an ambush on the road . Husher 's men shot out all nearby overhead street lights , and some of them went to scout ahead ; Devine positioned two of his Elands on each of the two lanes of the road under cover of darkness .
Meanwhile , at Entumbane , the ZIPRA fighters overran the ZANLA camp , killing many and forcing the rest to flee . Sporadic fighting between ZANLA and ZIPRA guerrillas spread into Bulawayo itself , continuing through the night and into the morning . About 700 ZIPRA combatants continued to attack C Company 's position at the Alamo , putting it under constant machine gun and mortar fire . Pocketed , Dyck responded in kind . About 02 : 00 on 12 February , a ZIPRA guerrilla with an RPD machine gun took up a position in a house to the Alamo 's south @-@ east and " became a nuisance " , as the major put it ; he and Sergeant Vini Hlatshwayo went out with an RPG @-@ 7 rocket launcher and fired at the corner of the house , bringing it down on the gunner and killing him .
On the road , two ZIPRA BTR @-@ 152s from Essexvale advanced towards Bulawayo , firing indiscriminately in all directions , and were spotted by Devine around 01 : 30 . The Elands waited in the darkness until the ZIPRA vehicles were about 200 metres ( 660 ft ) away , then fired . Both APCs were directly hit and most of the men inside killed ; the survivors ran off into the night . Fleetwood then arrived at the head of a 1RAR platoon to support Devine and Husher . Around the same time , men of A Company , 1RAR captured a ZIPRA commander who was trying to enter Bulawayo through a back road in a Peugeot station wagon , and 3 Platoon , A Company captured six ZIPRA officers driving into town on the Essexvale Road in a Toyota Land Cruiser . McKenna ordered Hill and D Company to help Dyck by taking up a position between the city and Entumbane . A group of ZIPRA unsuccessfully attacked D Company as it moved west to high ground at Lurkers ' Ridge , just south @-@ east of the Alamo . B Company , meanwhile , took up positions on the railway line just north @-@ east of Lurkers ' Ridge . McKenna told Dyck over the radio that reinforcements would come and to " hang in there " .
By about 05 : 00 , Dyck 's ammunition supplies were running low , and the ZIPRA attackers had hit the Alamo a number of times with RPG fire . Nobody inside was killed by these rockets , but when Dyck 's dog was wounded , the major flew into a rage and ordered his men to pour more aggressive machine gun fire on the advancing ZIPRA combatants . He requested air support from Brigade HQ in the form of a Lynx light bomber . The air force turned down the request , but Flight Lieutenant Colin James took off anyway in his Lynx armed with an FN MAG machine gun and SNEB rockets . The ZIPRA cadres concentrated a huge amount of fire on James ' aircraft , and hit it several times , but failed to shoot it down ; the pilot put in a number of ground attacks before returning to base . He reported afterwards that a bullet had entered through the floor of his cockpit and hit his helmet . The 1RAR officers and men expressed great admiration for James 's bravery during this air strike , but his air force superiors were furious that he had gone into the operational area against orders .
A National Army relief column including the detachments under Husher , Fleetwood and Devine assembled at Lurkers ' Ridge during the morning of 12 February . Under the command of Captain Tony Clark , it flanked through the townships south of the Alamo , engaging ZIPRA guerrillas along the way , then turned north to relieve Dyck . The Elands led the way , with Devine himself standing upright in the turret of one of them with a machine gun . At one point this was shot out of his hands , prompting him to briefly stop the advance so he could jump down into the street to collect it . By the time the relief column reached the Alamo at 13 : 00 , C Company had been pocketed for 16 hours . Four wounded 1RAR soldiers were evacuated , and Dyck left the building to point out targets for Devine 's armoured cars . During the afternoon , A Company relieved D Company at Lurker 's Ridge , and the ZANLA and ZIPRA guerrillas withdrew into the townships and the surrounding country , sporadically exchanging fire . Devine was sent to Essexvale to engage the rest of ZIPRA 's armoured battle group , which surrendered when he arrived ; the T @-@ 34 tanks were later found by the Zimbabwe National Army to be nonfunctional . By the evening of 12 February , the rebellion was over .
= = Aftermath = =
Hundreds of people died in the uprising . The official count released at the time was 260 , but historians place the number higher ; Martin Meredith records " more than 300 " dead , while Alexandre Binda writes that the Zimbabwe National Army units alone killed over 400 guerrillas . The Zimbabwe National Army reported no fatal casualties . Hill and Husher were each awarded the Bronze Cross of Zimbabwe for their part in putting down the rebellion , while Dyck received the Silver Cross . In his history of the Rhodesian African Rifles , Binda describes Entumbane as the regiment 's greatest victory , commenting that it was won " by dint of professionalism , discipline and determination " in the face of forces that were far larger numerically . Major Michael P Stewart of the United States Army writes that 1RAR 's actions at Entumbane " saved Mugabe 's government from certain civil war " , and provided the " final blow to the military might of ZIPRA " . A number of analysts comment on the irony that Mugabe and ZANU – PF , who had spent years fighting white rule and the Rhodesian forces during the 1970s , were secured in power barely a year after the Bush War 's end by ex @-@ Rhodesian troops under white command . Binda furthermore highlights the irony that the RAR 's finest hour ( in his view ) came while fighting for Mugabe .
Mugabe said that undisciplined ZIPRA guerrillas had instigated the uprising ; he called them " disloyal , misguided and politically motivated armed hooligans and political malcontents " and said that according to information before him their ultimate goal had been to topple his government . He told parliament that there had been a " definite organised pattern " amid the ZIPRA groups that had rebelled . Local ZIPRA commanders claimed ZANLA had started the fighting , while Nkomo and the mayor of Bulawayo blamed Nkala 's inflammatory speech and similar statements from other ZANU – PF politicians . A month after the uprising , ZANU – PF set up a commission tasked with investigating the " mutinous disturbances " at Entumbane and in the integrated battalions at Ntabazinduna , Glenville and Connemara . This body reported to Mugabe in June 1981 , but its findings have never been made public . According to the historian Norma Kriger , it blamed both ZANU – PF and ZAPU and therefore " fell short of government expectations " .
Abiodun Alao of King 's College London marks the Entumbane episode as the start of the Zimbabwe National Army 's politicisation . The ex @-@ Rhodesians ' enthusiasm and success during the battle , coupled with Mugabe 's readiness to deploy them , convinced many in ZAPU that ZANU – PF and the white community had united against them , and intensified ZAPU opposition to the government . ZIPRA guerrillas deserted from the assembly points and the National Army en masse following the rebellion 's failure , fearing for their safety . Mugabe 's sense of resolve regarding his political rivals was greatly strengthened , meanwhile ; Entumbane satisfied him that white army officers and airmen could be counted on in future conflicts with ZAPU . The Entumbane engagement was the RAR 's last — its companies were allocated to other 1 Brigade units later in 1981 during the military reform process — but a number of its white officers subsequently led units of the Zimbabwean special forces during the 1980s . Dyck , for example , headed the 1st Parachute Battalion .
The Mugabe administration promptly decided to reduce the future army 's size by about 30 @,@ 000 and to disarm and demobilise all ZANLA and ZIPRA personnel who had not yet been integrated , thereby breaking the promise of a place in the army for every guerrilla . After ZIPRA commander Dumiso Dabengwa refused to give the disarming order at Entumbane , Nkomo oversaw a parade of the camp and gave the command to disarm himself , doing so " for the sake of peace " , in Kriger 's words , despite his own opposition to the idea . Mugabe publicly announced his deal with North Korea in August 1981 , and 106 North Korean instructors arrived the same month . Nkomo accused the Prime Minister of creating " a special partisan army divorced from the national army " for the " possible imposition of a one @-@ party state " . In February 1982 , Mugabe announced that huge arms caches had been discovered on ZAPU @-@ owned properties and that this was evidence of a planned ZAPU coup . He likened Nkomo 's presence in the government to " a cobra in the house " and promptly fired him , concurrently arresting ZIPRA leaders and seizing ZAPU property .
The new North Korean @-@ trained unit , dubbed 5 Brigade , passed out in December 1982 , and was deployed by Mugabe to Matabeleland , where it remained for the next five years . In what became known as Gukurahundi , it perpetrated a number of brutal massacres and atrocities against civilians in Matabeleland accused of supporting " dissidents " , far exceeding anything that had occurred during the Bush War . Estimates for the number of deaths range from 10 @,@ 000 to 30 @,@ 000 . The campaign officially ended in December 1987 when Mugabe and Nkomo signed a unity accord merging ZAPU into ZANU – PF with the stated goal of a one @-@ party state .
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= Quarter pony =
The Quarter Pony is a breed of pony that is similar to the American Quarter Horse . It stands up to 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) high and was developed from American Quarter Horse foundation bloodstock . The breed was originally developed from Quarter Horses that did not meet the American Quarter Horse Association 's height requirement . It is bred to look like a small Quarter Horse , although the various registries also allow crosses with other breeds , including Paint horse , Appaloosa and Pony of the Americas , all stock types . There are three registries for the Quarter Pony , all with slightly different registration requirements . The first registry was begun in 1964 , and two more were started in the 1970s . The breed is used today in a variety of Western riding disciplines .
= = Characteristics = =
The Quarter Pony is bred to be an American Quarter Horse built on a smaller scale . Breeders focus most on the height and conformation of the breed , and insist that their ponies display Quarter Horse @-@ type characteristics and stand between 11 @.@ 2 and 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 46 and 58 inches , 117 and 147 cm ) high . Depending on the registry , the Quarter Pony may come in any color or combination or colors , including pinto patterns such as tobiano and overo and spotted Appaloosa patterns . In the early years of the breed , only solid colors were allowed . The breed averages 13 @.@ 2 hands ( 54 inches , 137 cm ) high , however , some breeders are working to breed taller animals between 13 @.@ 2 and 14 hands ( 54 and 56 inches , 137 and 142 cm ) high . The breed has a short , broad head with small ears and wide @-@ set eyes , set on a slightly arched neck . The shoulders are sloping , the withers sharp , the chest broad and deep . The back is short and the hindquarters broad and deep .
Quarter Ponies are often used in western riding activities as mounts for children because of their small size , and calm , even temperament . Larger ponies are more suitable for adult riders and sometimes used for rodeo events such as steer wrestling .
The Quarter Pony is recognized by several different breed registries that each have different requirements . The American Quarter Pony Association requires that , although parentage may be unknown , the pony must have conformation that is desirable for breeding and be easily recognizable as having Quarter Pony or Quarter Horse breeding. pinto , leopard complex ( Appaloosa ) , and white horses are not eligible for registration , nor are gaited ponies . The National Quarter Pony Association requires that stallions be registered with the AQHA before they can be registered with the NQPA . Mares must have one parent registered with the AQHA , be registered with the AQHA themselves , or go through a special registration process . Geldings simply have to be of Quarter Horse type to be eligible for registration . Horses with Pinto or Appaloosa markings , or with excessive white , are not eligible for registration . The International Quarter Pony Association allows Pinto and Appaloosa markings , and simply requires that ponies be of Quarter @-@ type conformation and good disposition for registry . Any type of pony meeting these requirements may be registered through the hardship registration program , which includes a special inspection . However , if ponies have a parent registered with an approved breed registry ( approved breeds include the Quarter Pony , Quarter Horse , Paint horse , Appaloosa and Pony of the Americas ) , they are automatically eligible for registration , with no inspection required . Crosses with gaited breeds are not accepted for registration .
= = History = =
The Quarter Pony was originally developed from horses that did not meet the American Quarter Horse Association 's original height requirement of 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) high . This height requirement was later removed , but the Quarter Pony breed continued . Breeders and registries encourage known bloodlines from Quarter Horses , but these are not required by all registries .
The American Quarter Pony Association was begun in 1964 with the ideals of a registry which would register small horses and ponies of western type , whose breeding could be unknown but which were desirable for breeding purposes . Crossbred and purebred animals are eligible for registration , as are animals registered with other registries that meet the entry requirements . In 1975 , the National Quarter Pony Association was begun to preserve the smaller , stockier type Quarter Horse when breeding trends were leaning towards taller , leaner animals . The AQPA now registers horses in several foreign countries , as well as all US states and Canadian provinces . The International Quarter Pony Association , begun in the 1970s , also registers Quarter Ponies , and is a worldwide association for ponies of Quarter Horse type . The Quarter Pony Association is an association affiliated with the International Quarter Pony Association , with the goal of promoting the Quarter Pony . In 2005 , the IQPA and the QPA became one organization , with the IQPA acting as the registry and the QPA as the membership branch . As of 2005 , there were an estimated 3 @,@ 000 Quarter Ponies registered with all registering organizations . Registries say that registrations of adult animals outnumber those for foals every year , as many owners wait until the pony is old enough to be shown under saddle before registering them .
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= 4X =
4X is a genre of strategy @-@ based video and board games in which players control an empire and " eXplore , eXpand , eXploit , and eXterminate " . The term was first coined by Alan Emrich in his September 1993 preview of Master of Orion for Computer Gaming World . Since then , others have adopted the term to describe games of similar scope and design .
4X computer games are noted for their deep , complex gameplay . Emphasis is placed upon economic and technological development , as well as a range of non @-@ military routes to supremacy . Games can take a long time to complete since the amount of micromanagement needed to sustain an empire increases as the empire grows . 4X games are sometimes criticized for becoming tedious for these reasons , and several games have attempted to address these concerns by limiting micromanagement , with varying degrees of success .
The earliest 4X games borrowed ideas from board games and 1970s text @-@ based computer games . The first 4X computer games were turn @-@ based , but real @-@ time 4X games are not uncommon . Many 4X computer games were published in the mid @-@ 1990s , but were later outsold by other types of strategy games . Sid Meier 's Civilization is an important example from this formative era , and popularized the level of detail that later became a staple of the genre . In the new millennium , several 4X releases have become critically and commercially successful .
In the board ( and card ) game domain , 4X is less of a distinct genre , in part because of the practical constraints of components and playing time . The Civilization board game that gave rise to Sid Meier 's Civilization computer game , for instance , has no exploration and no extermination . Unless extermination is targeted at non @-@ player entities , it tends to be either nearly impossible ( because of play balance mechanisms , since player elimination is usually considered an undesirable feature ) or certainly unachievable ( because victory conditions are triggered before extermination can be completed ) in board games .
= = Definition = =
The term " 4X " originates from a 1993 preview of Master of Orion in Computer Gaming World by Alan Emrich , in which he rated the game " XXXX " as a pun on the XXX rating for pornography . The four Xs were an abbreviation for " EXplore , EXpand , EXploit and EXterminate " . Other game commentators adopted the " 4X " label to describe a game genre with specific gameplay conventions :
Explore means players send scouts across a map to reveal surrounding territories .
Expand means players claim new territory by creating new settlements , or sometimes by extending the influence of existing settlements .
Exploit means players gather and use resources in areas they control , and improve the efficiency of that usage .
Exterminate means attacking and eliminating rival players . Since in some games all territory is eventually claimed , eliminating a rival 's presence may be the only way to achieve further expansion .
These four elements of gameplay have been described as the four phases of a 4X computer game session . These phases often overlap with each other and vary in length depending on the game design . For example , the Space Empires series and Galactic Civilizations II : Dark Avatar have a long expansion phase , because players must make large investments in research to explore and expand into every area .
= = = Difficulties in definition = = =
While many computer strategy games arguably contain a similar " explore , expand , exploit , exterminate " cycle , game journalists , developers and enthusiasts generally apply " 4X " to a more specific class of games , and contrast 4X games with other strategy games such as Command & Conquer . Hence , writers have tried to show how 4X games are defined by more than just having each of the four Xs . Computer gaming sites have stated that 4X games are distinguished by their greater complexity and scale , and their intricate use of diplomacy beyond the standard " friend or foe " seen in other strategy games . Reviewers have also stated that 4X games feature a range of diplomatic options , and that they are well known for their large detailed empires and complex gameplay . In particular , 4X games offer detailed control over an empire 's economy , while other computer strategy games simplify this in favor of combat @-@ focused gameplay .
= = Game design = =
4X computer games are a subgenre of strategy games , and include both turn @-@ based and real @-@ time strategy titles . The gameplay involves building an empire , which takes place in a setting such as Earth , a fantasy world , or in space . Each player takes control of a different civilization or race with unique characteristics and strengths . Most 4X games represent these racial differences with a collection of economic and military bonuses .
= = = Research and technology = = =
4X games typically feature a technology tree , which represents a series of advancements that players can unlock to gain new units , buildings , and other capabilities . Technology trees in 4X games are typically larger than in other strategy games , featuring a larger selection of choices . Empires must generate research resources and invest them in new technology . In 4X games , the main prerequisite for researching an advanced technology is knowledge of earlier technology . This is in contrast to non @-@ 4X real @-@ time strategy games , where technological progress is achieved by building structures that grant access to more advanced structures and units .
Research is important in 4X games because technological progress is an engine for conquest . Battles are often won by superior military technology or greater numbers , with battle tactics playing a smaller part . In contrast , military upgrades in non @-@ 4X games are sometimes small enough that technologically basic units remain important throughout the game .
= = = Combat = = =
Combat is an important part of 4X gameplay , because 4X games allow a player to win by exterminating all rival players , or by conquering a threshold amount of the game 's universe . Some 4X games , such as Galactic Civilizations , resolve battles automatically , whenever two units from warring sides meet . This is in contrast to other 4X games , such as Master of Orion , that allow players to manage battles on a tactical battle screen . Even in 4X games with more detailed control over battles , victory is usually determined by superior numbers and technology , with battle tactics playing a smaller part . 4X games differ from other combat @-@ focused strategy games by putting more emphasis on research and economics . Researching new technology will grant access to new combat units . Some 4X games even allow players to research different unit components . This is more typical of space 4X games , where players may assemble a ship from a variety of engines , shields , and weaponry .
= = = Peaceful competition = = =
4X games allow rival players to engage in diplomacy . While some strategy games may offer shared victory and team play , diplomatic relations tend to be restricted to a binary choice between an ally or enemy . 4X games often allow more complex diplomatic relations between competitors who are not on the same team . Aside from making allies and enemies , players are also able to trade resources and information with rivals .
In addition to victory through conquest , 4X games often offer peaceful victory conditions or goals that involve no extermination of rival players ( although war may be still be a necessary by @-@ product of reaching said goal ) . For example , a 4X game may offer victory to a player who achieves a certain score or the highest score after a certain number of turns . Many 4X games award victory to the first player to master an advanced technology , accumulate a large amount of culture , or complete an awe @-@ inspiring achievement . Several 4X games award " diplomatic victory " to anyone who can win an election decided by their rival players , or maintain peace for a specified number of turns . Galactic Civilizations has the diplomatic victory , which involves having at alliances with at least 4 factions and no other faction be out of your alliance , there are two ways to accomplish this , ally with all factions , or ally with the minimum number of factions then destroy the rest .
= = = Complexity = = =
4X games are known for their complex gameplay and strategic depth . Gameplay usually takes priority over elaborate graphics . Whereas other strategy games focus on combat , 4X games also offer more detailed control over diplomacy , economics , and research ; creating opportunities for diverse strategies . This also challenges the player to manage several strategies simultaneously , and plan for long @-@ term objectives .
To experience a detailed model of a large empire , 4X games are designed with a complex set of game rules . For example , the player 's productivity may be limited by pollution . Players may need to balance a budget , such as managing debt , or paying down maintenance costs . 4X games often model political challenges such as civil disorder , or a senate that can oust the player 's political party or force them to make peace .
Such complexity requires players to manage a larger amount of information than other strategy games . Game designers often organize empire management into different interface screens and modes , such as a separate screen for diplomacy , managing individual settlements , and managing battle tactics . Sometimes systems are intricate enough to resemble a minigame . This is in contrast to most real @-@ time strategy games . Dune II , which arguably established the conventions for the real @-@ time strategy genre , was fundamentally designed to be a " flat interface " , with no additional screens .
= = = Gameplay = = =
Since 4X games involve managing a large , detailed empire , game sessions usually last longer than other strategy games . Game sessions may require several hours of play @-@ time , which can be particularly problematic for multiplayer matches . For example , a small @-@ scale game in Sins of a Solar Empire can last for over 12 hours . However , fans of the genre often expect and embrace these long game sessions ; Emrich wrote that " when the various parts are properly designed , other X 's seem to follow . Words like EXcite , EXperiment and EXcuses ( to one 's significant others ) " . Turn @-@ based 4X games typically divide these sessions into hundreds of turns of gameplay .
Because of repetitive actions and long @-@ playing times , 4X games have been criticized for excessive micromanagement . In early stages of a game this is usually not a problem , but later in a game directing an empire 's numerous settlements can demand several minutes to play a single turn . This increases playing @-@ times , which are a particular burden in multiplayer games . 4X games began to offer AI governors that automate the micromanagement of a colony 's build orders , but players criticized these governors for making poor decisions . In response , developers have tried other approaches to reduce micromanagement , and some approaches have been more well received than others . Commentators generally agree that Galactic Civilizations succeeds , which GamingNexus.com attributes to the game 's use of programmable governors . Sins of a Solar Empire was designed to reduce the incentives for micromanagement , and reviewers found that the game 's interface made empire management more elegant . On the other hand , Master of Orion III reduced micromanagement by limiting complete player control over their empire .
= = History = =
= = = Origin = = =
Early 4X games were influenced by board games and text @-@ based computer games from the 1970s . Andromeda Conquest and Reach for the Stars were published in 1983 , and are now seen retrospectively as 4X games . Although Andromeda Conquest was only a simple game of empire expansion , Reach for the Stars introduced the relationship between economic growth , technological progress , and conquest .
Prior to Sid Meier , Robert T. Smith created the precursor of all 4X strategy video games : Armada 2525 ( followed up by a version with enhanced graphics : Armada 2525 Deluxe ) . However , due to the financial problems of the publishing company Interstel Corporation , Armada 2525 never got enough marketing and attention from gamers . Future 4X space strategy games such as Master of Orion would go on to adopt the gameplay and concepts found in Armada 2525 .
Armada 2526 , the spiritual successor to Armada 2525 was released by Ntronium Games in 2009 , 19 years after the original Armada 2525 was released in 1990 .
In 1991 , Sid Meier released Civilization and popularized the level of detail that has become a staple of the genre . Sid Meier 's Civilization was influenced by board games such as Risk and the Avalon Hill board game also called Civilization . A notable similarity between the Civilization computer game and board game is the importance of diplomacy and technological advancement . Sid Meier 's Civilization was also influenced by personal computer games such as the city management game SimCity and the wargame Empire . Civilization became widely successful and influenced many 4X games to come .
In 1991 , two highly influential space games were released . VGA Planets was released for the PC , while Spaceward Ho ! was released on the Macintosh . Although 4X space games were ultimately more influenced by the complexity of VGA Planets , Spaceward Ho ! earned praise for its relatively simple yet challenging game design . Spaceward Ho ! is notable for its similarity to the 1993 game Master of Orion , with its simple yet deep gameplay . Master of Orion also drew upon earlier 4X games such as Reach for the Stars , and is considered a classic game that set a new standard for the genre . In a preview of Master of Orion , Emrich coined the term " XXXX " to describe the emerging genre . Eventually , the " 4X " label was adopted by the game industry , and is now applied to several earlier game releases .
= = = Peak = = =
Following the success of Civilization and Master of Orion , other developers began releasing their own 4X games . In 1994 , Stardock launched its first version of the Galactic Civilizations series for OS / 2 , and the long @-@ standing Space Empires series began as shareware . Ascendancy and Stars ! were released in 1995 , and both continued the genre 's emphasis on strategic depth and empire management . Meanwhile , the Civilization and Master of Orion franchises expanded their market with versions for the Macintosh . Sid Meier 's team also produced Colonization in 1994 and Civilization II in 1996 , while Simtex released Master of Orion in 1993 , Master of Magic in 1994 and Master of Orion II in 1996 .
By the late 1990s , real @-@ time strategy games began outselling turn @-@ based games . As they surged in popularity , major 4X developers fell into difficulties . Sid Meier 's Firaxis Games released Sid Meier 's Alpha Centauri in 1999 to critical acclaim , but the game fell short of commercial expectations . Civilization III encountered development problems followed by a rushed release in 2001 . Despite the excitement over Master of Orion III , its release in 2003 was met with criticism for its lack of player control , poor interface , and weak AI . Game publishers eventually became risk @-@ averse to financing the development of 4X games .
= = = Real Time Hybrid 4X = = =
Eventually real @-@ time 4X games were released , such as Imperium Galactica in 1997 , Starships Unlimited in 2001 , and Sword of the Stars in 2006 , featuring a combination of turn @-@ based strategy and real @-@ time tactical combat . The blend of 4X and real @-@ time strategy gameplay led Ironclad Games to market their 2008 release Sins of a Solar Empire as a " RT4X " game . This combination of features earned the game a mention as one of the top games from 2008 , including GameSpot 's award for best strategy game , and IGN 's award for best PC game .
Cross @-@ fertilization between board games and video games continued . For example , some aspects of Master of Orion III were drawn from the first edition of the board game Twilight Imperium . Even Sins of a Solar Empire was inspired by the idea of adapting the board game Buck Rogers Battle for the 25th Century into a real @-@ time video game . Going in the opposite direction , Eagle Games made a board game adaptation of Sid Meier 's Civilization in 2002 , completely different from the board game that had inspired the computer game in the first place .
= = = Recent history = = =
In 2003 , Stardock released a remake of Galactic Civilizations , which was praised by reviewers who saw the game as a replacement for the Master of Orion series . In 2004 the Creative Assembly released the critically acclaimed Rome : Total War , which has spawned many sequels . Civilization IV was released at the end of 2005 and was considered the PC game of the year according to several reviewers , including GameSpot and GameSpy . It is now considered one of the greatest computer games in history , having been ranked the second @-@ best PC game of all time by IGN . By 2008 , the Civilization series had sold over eight million copies , followed the release of Civilization Revolution for game consoles soon after and Civilization V in 2010 . Meanwhile , Stardock released Galactic Civilizations II , which was considered the sixth @-@ best PC game of 2006 by GameSpy . Additionally , French developer Amplitude Studios released both Endless Space and Endless Legend . These successes have led Stardock 's Brad Wardell to assert that 4X games have excellent growth potential , particularly among less hardcore players . This is in addition to the loyal base of 4X gamers who have supported free software releases such as Freeciv , FreeCol , Freeorion , Golden Age of Civilizations . , and C @-@ evo .
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= Ken Hall ( footballer ) =
Ken Hall ( born 13 November 1980 ) is a former Australian rules football player from Tasmania . He played junior football in his home state and spent two years in the seniors at North Hobart . Hall then moved to Victoria in 2001 to play for Essendon Football Club 's reserves side in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) .
He played for the reserves for a year before being drafted onto Essendon 's rookie list for the 2002 season . Hall was promoted to the senior list midway through 2002 and subsequently made his Australian Football League ( AFL ) debut , although he did not record a statistic in what was to be his only AFL match . He was retained on the Bombers ' rookie list for 2003 and was again elevated to the senior list during the season . Although he was often named as an emergency after his promotion , Hall was unable to break into the senior team and Essendon delisted him at the end of 2003 , ending his AFL career .
After being delisted Hall played with the Tasmanian Devils in the VFL for four seasons , before rejoining his old side , Tasmanian Football League ( TFL ) team North Hobart , in 2008 . He won two best and fairest awards and captained the club in his time with North Hobart before retiring at the conclusion of the 2011 season .
= = Early career = =
A Tasmanian native , Hall played junior football for North Hobart Football Club 's under @-@ 18 side in the Tasmanian Football League ( TFL ) , as well as representing his under @-@ 18 state side , the Tassie Mariners , in the TAC Cup . He broke his wrist while playing for North Hobart 's under @-@ 18s in 1997 and broke the same wrist again in April 1998 , this time while playing for the Mariners . Hall recovered from the injury by August and was back playing for the Mariners .
In 1999 , Hall was no longer eligible in the under @-@ 18s and so became a regular fixture in North Hobart 's senior side . He played as a defender , occasionally being required to shut down the opposition 's star players , and was regularly named as one of the Demons ' better players . Hall started the 2000 season playing as a centre half @-@ forward for the Demons , despite his relatively small size . In the first game of the year he kicked a match winning goal as North Hobart defeated Clarence by 11 points . By May , Hall was again playing on the half @-@ back line . His form in defence was described as " reliable " and " solid " in the middle of the season by The Mercury . The young Demons side unexpectedly reached the finals and caused an upset in the semi final against the heavily favoured Burnie Dockers ; Hall was named as the Demons ' " best player without question " by The Mercury . At the conclusion of the season , Hall was named as back pocket in the Tasmanian side and as the North Hobart played with the most potential .
With the breakup of the TFL at the end of the 2000 season , many of Tasmania 's best young footballers , including Hall , moved interstate to try and break into the Australian Football League ( AFL ) and other quality leagues . Hall began training with AFL side Essendon in December 2000 in the hope of being drafted . The Bombers lost draft picks that year due to salary cap violations and Hall went undrafted , but was instead placed on the Bombers ' supplementary list , playing with Essendon 's reserves side in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) .
= = AFL career = =
After impressing with the reserves in 2001 , Hall was drafted by Essendon with the 46th selection in the 2002 AFL Rookie Draft , thereby placing him on the Bombers ' rookie list . Speaking to The Mercury , Hall described the opportunity as exciting said that it has always been his dream to play in the AFL . In the lead @-@ up to the 2002 season Hall played in all three of Essendon 's pre @-@ season matches , of which the Bombers lost every game . Rookie listed players must be promoted to the senior list before they play a senior AFL match , so Hall began the 2002 season playing in the VFL for Essendon 's reserves team .
When Dean Solomon suffered a season @-@ ending knee injury in late March , Hall was one of three players in contention to be promoted to the senior list in place of Solomon . After approximately one month of assessment Hall was deemed the most impressive of Essendon 's three rookies and was elevated to the senior list . In early June , Hall played particularly well in defence for the reserves against the Murray Kangaroos , and was subsequently in consideration to play for Essendon 's senior team . Essendon had been plagued by injury throughout 2002 and this , coupled with Hall 's good form in the VFL , resulted in him making his AFL debut in round 12 against Hawthorn . After a poor performance in his debut match , in which he did not record a statistic and spent most of the match on the bench , Hall was dropped backed to the VFL side the following round . Despite showing good form in the VFL for the remainder of 2002 , Hall was unable to break back into the senior Bombers line @-@ up . Although Hall failed to have an impact at AFL level , he played well at VFL level and was third in the reserves ' best and fairest award .
Hall was retained on the Bombers ' rookie list for 2003 . Although Essendon had another poor pre @-@ season , losing four of the five matches they played , Hall played in each of the games . He was described as " perform [ ing ] well " in The Age newspaper , and even kicked a goal in the first match . After spending the majority of his career prior to 2003 as a defender , Hall was trialled as a midfielder for the 2003 season , a move which reaped immediate results as he became a " goalscoring weapon " for the Bendigo Bombers — Essendon 's new VFL @-@ affiliate side — as well as becoming well known for his penetrating kicking ability .
In early August , Hall kicked four goals in a close win against the Northern Bullants in the VFL , and three days later , Essendon coach Kevin Sheedy declared that Hall and two others were in contention to be promoted to the senior list , even though he had missed out on being elevated two weeks prior . Sheedy proceeded to promote Hall , in place of the injured Joel Reynolds , in order to " see if [ Hall ] will be a viable option come finals time " . He was immediately named in Essendon 's 25 @-@ man squad to play against the Western Bulldogs , but failed to make the starting 22 .
Despite not playing a senior match for the entirety of the regular season , there was media speculation that Hall may be selected for Essendon 's elimination final against Fremantle , due to Sheedy stating that he had " little choice " but to select a youthful team for the match and that " it wouldn 't worry [ him ] " to choose an inexperienced player . However , Sheedy elected not to play Hall in the match , instead selecting him as an emergency . Essendon won the match and moved on to the semi final , where Hall was again an emergency . Essendon lost the semi final and was eliminated from the finals series , ending the Bombers ' season . Although he regularly pushed for selection in 2003 and finished equal second in Bendigo 's best and fairest count , Hall was delisted at season 's end .
= = Post @-@ AFL career = =
After being delisted by the Bombers , Hall was pursued by multiple clubs ; he had offers from VFL sides Coburg , the Tasmanian Devils , Williamstown and Bendigo , as well as South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) club West Adelaide , before deciding to sign with Devils because he wanted to come home to family and friends . Hall started the 2004 season playing as a forward and , despite moving into the midfield by mid @-@ season , he was still a regular goalkicker . In June he was named in the VFL representative squad to play against the West Australian Football League , but he missed out on the match due to a hip flexor injury that sidelined him for a month . Hall finished the home and away season in fifth place in the The Mercury 's Tasmanian Devils Player of the Year award and in equal third place in the Devils ' best and fairest .
In 2005 Hall was among the best on the ground in an interstate match between the VFL and the SANFL , finished in third in the Devils ' best and fairest count , and was runner up in The Mercury 's Tasmanian Devils Player of the Year award . The 2006 season saw Hall named best on ground in his 100th VFL match , a 24 @-@ point win over Frankston . He was again runner up in The Mercury 's Tasmanian Devils Player of the Year award and also finished as runner up in the team 's best and fairest count . In 2007 journalist Matt Burgan , writing for the AFL website , named Hall in his best 22 players currently from Tasmania , with Hall and Cameron Thurley the only two players who were not listed with an AFL club at the time of selection . Hall was named in the Devils ' leadership group at the beginning of the 2007 season . He represented Tasmania in an interstate match against Queensland and was awarded the Lefroy Medal as best on ground for the Tasmanians . Hall finished the year winning his first Tasmanian Devils Player of the Year award and coming third in the best and fairest .
After 134 matches and 109 goals in the VFL , Hall left the Devils at the end of the 2007 season , citing work and family reasons — his wife Lauren was expecting their first child in December 2007 . He proceeded to rejoin North Hobart Football Club in the TFL for 2008 . In his first year with the club Hall won the George Miller Medal , awarded to North Hobart 's best and fairest player for the season . In 2009 , he was described as North Hobart 's " star player " , represented the TFL in a match against the QAFL , and was his team 's only representative in the top 10 of the Tassie Medal , awarded to the league 's best and fairest player .
By 2010 , Hall was the captain of North Hobart , and was one of only four players in the TFL to have senior AFL experience . Hall had another good season in 2010 ; he won his second George Miller Medal , and was described by his coach as one of the league 's five best players and the " best tackler in the competition " . Despite carrying a nagging ankle injury , Hall started the 2011 season well , with The Mercury 's Brett Stubbs writing that he was arguably the second best player in the league . He missed five weeks during the middle of the season and , although he was named best on ground in his comeback match , Hall said that another injury would probably be the end of his career . He played out the reason of the season and finished in ninth place in the State League Player of the Year award , was named on the half @-@ back flank in the TFL Team of the Year , and finished in the top 20 in the Tassie Medal count .
Hall retired from football at the end of the 2011 season ; his coach at North Hobart described Hall as irreplaceable . He came out of retirement in 2013 to spend one season playing for St Virgil 's Old Scholars in the Old Scholars Football Association where he was also an assistant coach . Hall finished second in the league best and fairest in his solitary season for the club .
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= John Crichton @-@ Stuart , 2nd Marquess of Bute =
John Crichton @-@ Stuart , 2nd Marquess of Bute , KT , FRS ( 10 August 1793 – 18 March 1848 ) , styled Lord Mount Stuart between 1794 and 1814 , was a wealthy aristocrat and industrialist in Georgian and early Victorian Britain . He developed the coal and iron industries across South Wales and built the Cardiff Docks .
Bute 's father , John , Lord Mount Stuart , died a few months after he was born and as a young child he was brought up first by his mother , the former Lady Elizabeth McDougall @-@ Crichton , and later by his paternal grandfather , John Stuart , 1st Marquess of Bute . He travelled widely across Europe before attending Cambridge University . He contracted an eye condition and remained partially sighted for the rest of his life . Having inherited large estates across Britain , he married his first wife , Lady Maria North , in 1818 , and together they lived a relatively secluded life in Mount Stuart House in Scotland , one of Bute 's four seats . Bute was dour but industrious , with a flair for land management . He focused his daily routine around extensive correspondence with his estate managers , making biennial tours of his lands around the country . The couple did not conceive any children , and Maria died in 1841 . Bute remarried four years later , to Lady Sophia Rawdon @-@ Hastings , and she gave birth to Bute 's only child , John , in 1847 .
Bute was a member of the House of Lords and controlled the votes of several members of the House of Commons . He was a political and religious conservative , a follower of the Duke of Wellington , but rarely took part in national debates unless his own commercial interests were involved . Early on , Bute realised the vast wealth that lay in the South Wales coalfields and set about commercially exploiting them through local ironmasters and colliers . He constructed the Cardiff Docks , a major project which , despite running heavily over budget , enabled further exports of iron and coal and magnified the value of his lands in Glamorganshire . When violence broke out in the Merthyr Rising of 1831 , Bute led the government response from Cardiff Castle , despatching military forces , deploying spies and keeping Whitehall informed throughout . The contemporary press praised the marquess as " the creator of modern Cardiff " , and on his death he left vast wealth to his son .
= = Background and personal life = =
Bute was the son of John , Lord Mount Stuart , and the former Lady Elizabeth McDouall @-@ Crichton . His parents were both from wealthy , aristocratic backgrounds ; his father was due to become the Marquess of Bute , with extensive landholdings in Scotland and in South Wales , and his mother was the sole heir to the Crichton estates , with over 63 @,@ 980 acres ( 25 @,@ 890 ha ) of land in Scotland . Bute 's father died in a riding accident in February 1794 , leaving Elizabeth to give birth to Bute 's younger brother , Patrick Stuart , later that year .
Initially Bute was brought up at Dumfries House by his mother and grandmother , but following their deaths he passed into the care of his grandfather , the 1st Marquess of Bute , and travelled with him across England and Europe . His family considered him to be clever and he went to study at Christ 's College in Cambridge in 1809 . Over the next few years he visited the Mediterranean , Scandinavia and Russia , taking a keen interest in land economics . He developed an eye condition during this period and became partially blind , leaving him unable to travel without assistance or to tolerate bright lights , and finding it difficult to read or write .
His maternal grandfather , Lord Dumfries , died in 1803 , followed by his paternal grandfather in 1814 , with Bute inheriting both sets of estates and adding Crichton to his surname after Lord Dumfries . As a consequence he held many hereditary titles and posts : in addition to being the Marquess of Bute , he was also the Earl of Windsor , Viscount Mountjoy , Baron Mount Stuart , Baron Cardiff , the Earl of Dumfries and Bute , the Viscount of Ayr and Kingarth , Baron Crichton , Lord Crichton of Sanquhar and Cumnock , and Lord Mount Stuart Cumra and Inchmarnock , and a Baronet of Nova Scotia . He was the Keeper of Rothsay Castle , the Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of Glamorgan , the Lord Lieutenant , the hereditary Sheriff and Coroner of Buteshire , and the High Steward of Banbury .
Bute had four major seats , Mount Stuart House on the Isle of Bute , Dumfries House in Ayrshire , Luton Hoo in Bedfordshire , and Cardiff Castle in South Wales , with his London town house on Campden Hill in Kensington . Bute preferred to live in Mount Stuart House ; he disliked London and only spent a few weeks in Cardiff Castle each year . Twice each year he would travel from Mount Stuart House through Ayrshire to Edinburgh , down through northern England to London , and on to Cardiff and his South Wales estates . In November 1843 , a fire swept through Luton Hoo House , destroying the interior ; the house 's historic library survived , however , and most of its famous collection of paintings were rescued from the blaze ; it was subsequently sold off by Bute .
Concerned about his growing blindness , and not enjoying the social life in London , Bute retired to his estates on the Isle of Bute for the next six years . While recovering , Bute married his first wife , Lady Maria North , in 1818 . Maria was one of the three daughters of the 3rd Earl of Guilford , and a wealthy heiress . £ 40 @,@ 000 was settled on her at the time of her marriage and she was due to inherit a third of her father 's extensive estates . Contemporaries considered Maria a kind and pleasant woman , but she was often unwell and the marriage proved childless . In 1820 his portrait was painted by Henry Raeburn , and published two years later as an engraving by William Ward . In 1827 his father @-@ in @-@ law died and Maria inherited lands worth over £ 110 @,@ 000 .
The historian John Davies describes Bute as " dour , remote and overbearing on first acquaintance " but with a " sense of responsibility , considerable imagination and an enormous capacity for hard work " . By the aristocratic standards of the day , Bute lived a reclusive lifestyle . As a result of his personality and poor eyesight , he did not enjoy hunting , shooting , or large social gatherings , nor did he like racehorses or gambling . His first wife 's illnesses added to this sense of exclusion from wider aristocratic society . Compared to other landowners of the period , Bute was relatively philanthropic , giving away around seven to eight percent of his rental income from South Wales in charitable donations , for example . He was keen to fund local schools and to construct new churches , partially because in doing so he was able to discourage any moves towards Nonconformism and the disestablishment of the official Church .
In 1841 Lady Maria died , and Bute blamed his excessive focus on the dock programme for exacerbating his wife 's illness . As a result of the original marriage agreement , Bute continued to draw the incomes from his late wife 's property for the remainder of his life , even though officially the estates would ultimately pass to Maria 's sister , Lady Susan , on his own death . He was created a Knight of the Thistle in 1843 by Queen Victoria . In 1845 Bute fell from his horse and injured his eyes further in the accident , making it still harder from him to read and write . Bute remarried the same year , this time to Lady Sophia Rawdon @-@ Hastings , the daughter of the Marquess of Hastings . Sophia was obsessive , hard to please and did not get on well with John 's family , especially his brother . She soon became pregnant , but gave birth to a stillborn child ; the couple 's second child , whom they named John , was successfully born in 1847 .
Bute 's relationship with his brother Patrick was often difficult . Their political views did not coincide , as Patrick was much more liberal than Bute and favoured political reform . Although Bute arranged for Patrick to become a Member of Parliament in 1818 , in 1831 their differing views resulted in Bute removing him from Parliament . For many years , Patrick had good reason to expect that Bute would die childless , leaving him to inherit the family estates ; after Bute 's death , he disputed the occupancy of Cardiff Castle with Lady Sophia .
= = Landowner and industrialist = =
= = = Estate management = = =
Bute was determined to develop his different estates and receive the best possible return from them . He was an active , ambitious manager , quick to generate new ideas for the properties , and spent the majority of his time managing his properties . Despite his poor eyesight , he wrote at least six letters to his managers each day . He had a detailed understanding of his various estates and businesses ; he attempted to keep up with affairs in Glamorgan , for example , by reading the local Welsh newspapers from his house in Scotland and through exchanging letters with influential local figures . Bute recognised that his land holdings were too extended and disparate to be easily managed and attempted to rationalise them . He attempted to sell his Luton estates in the early 1820s but failed to obtain an adequate price ; he successfully sold them in the early 1840s . Luton and Luton Hoo was finally sold in 1845 , by then comprising around 3 @,@ 600 acres ( 1 @,@ 500 ha ) .
Unusually for an aristocrat of the period , Bute owned almost all of his lands fully , as an owner in fee simple , rather than having his rights diluted through arrangements with trustees . When he married in 1818 , Bute placed his English and Wales estates into a trustee arrangement for any future children , but this agreement expired with Lady Maria 's death in 1842 ; when he remarried in 1845 a similar trustee agreement was set up , although in this version the Glamorgan estates were administered separately from his other holdings in England and Wales . Bute continued to run his network of estates and estate managers personally , helped by Onesipherus Bruce , a barrister @-@ agent and close friend .
As early as 1815 , Bute had his Glamorgan estates fully surveyed , which highlighted that the estates had been neglected for many years and were now in a poor condition . Edward Richards became the senior official in charge of the estates by 1824 and represented Bute on both estate and political affairs across the region . Despite this , Bute retained the final authority over even quite minor issues on the estates , including making decisions on the buttons to be used on local school uniforms or the reuse of a broken flag pole , for example , which could result in considerable delays as letters were sent between South Wales and Scotland . As the complexity of the Glamorgan estates grew , more officials were appointed to help manage the docks , farms and mineral interests , but these all reported separately to Bute , putting increasing pressure on the marquess .
On the Isle of Bute , the marquess expanded his properties , purchasing land in Ascog , Kilmahalmag and Etterick Mill .
= = = Glamorganshire = = =
Bute was closely involved in the developments across Glamorganshire during the first half of the 19th century . The region saw tremendous economic and social changes in a short period of time . The population almost trebled in the first forty years of the century and industrial outputs soured , with the output of pig iron increasing from 34 @,@ 000 to 277 @,@ 000 tons between 1796 and 1830 . Industry and mining replaced agriculture as the main sources of work . In driving forward and responding to these changes , Bute transformed his South Wales estate into a major industrial enterprise .
Bute 's land holdings in Glamorgan were spread out across the county and he took steps to consolidate them , selling around 1 @,@ 800 acres ( 730 ha ) of some of the outlying properties in the west and investing heavily in buying 4 @,@ 600 acres ( 1 @,@ 900 ha ) of land around Cardiff between 1814 and 1826 . The rising prices of land and the costs of the docks brought an end to this expansion . Estimating the profitability of the Glamorgan estates is challenging because of the way that the accounts were drawn up during the period , but estimates suggest that once land purchases and the dock building cost were factored in , the estates cost the marquesse much more than they delivered in income . Bute borrowed heavily ; he had inherited debts of £ 62 @,@ 500 , but by the time of his death owed £ 493 @,@ 887 . Financing and supporting this debt was difficult , particularly during the early 1840s , when credit was hard to come by , and John was forced to juggle lenders and different lines of credit . He believed that ultimately his investments would provide a rich return , and in 1844 noted that he thought " well of the prospects of my income in the distance " .
The economic growth across South Wales drove up the demand for new housing for the growing work force . Bute was not prepared to sell any of his lands for housing , and did not see much profit in building and renting housing himself , but was prepared to lease land in the growing urban areas and mining communities for land development . Initially he attempted to negotiate 63 year long leases , which would have given his successors additional , early flexibility in how they managed the land , but these proved unpopular so he reverted to offering the more typical 99 year leases . None of the contracts offered by Bute allowed the lessee to buy the freehold or automatically renew the lease at the end of this term , which ultimately resulted in substantial political difficulties for the third and fourth marquesses when there was a storm of complaints in the late 19th and early 20th century . Bute left the style of the early developments up to the lessees , but was concerned by the poor results . Bute then began to approve the designs for new buildings personally , laying out some grand streets in the centre of Cardiff and retaining open areas for eventual use as parks . Very little money was invested in the sewage and drainage systems for his new developments , however , and a damning 1850 inquiry showed that this had resulted in cholera outbreaks across the town .
At the start of the 19th century , scientific investigation began to indicate that the Glamorgan valleys were rich with coal deposits . Bute , who already owned coal mines in County Durham , commissioned further surveys in 1817 and 1823 – 24 which showed that there were potentially huge profits to be made from the reserves , both from the coal sitting beneath Bute 's own lands , but also from the coal under common lands in the region that Bute could claim through his feudal titles . Bute set about consolidating his rights and existing investments during the late 1820s and 1830s , acquiring extensive rights to the coalfields in the process . Bute established and managed a few colleries – such as that at Rhigos – directly , but given the investment costs and attention they took up , generally preferred to lease out his coal fields and claim a royalty on the coal mined instead . The lessees might be iron @-@ masters , who used the coal in their own operations , or colliery owners who sold the coal on to industrial or domestic customers . The profits increased from £ 872 in the second half of 1826 , to £ 10 @,@ 756 in 1848 – 49 .
= = = Cardiff Docks = = =
Between 1822 and 1848 Bute played a central role in the creation of the Cardiff Docks . The idea was first put forward to Bute by one of his staff in 1822 , who suggested that , with the right investment , Cardiff could be transformed into a major port for exporting coal and iron . The existing sea port , used by the Glamorganshire Canal , was small and inefficient . The new port would then deliver a direct return to Bute from shipping rates , improve the value of his lands in Cardiff itself and increase the value of the royalties he could charge on his coal fields . Initially Bute opposed plans for docks put forward by the local ironmasters , but then changed his mind and pushed forward with his own scheme shortly afterwards .
The first phase was to build a new dock and connecting canal in Cardiff , making the Glamorganshire Canal redundant in the process , at an estimated cost of £ 66 @,@ 600 , considered to opponents to be a " wild speculation " . Parliamentary permission was acquired in 1830 , despite opposition from the local canal companies of iron masters . The project proved more complex than originally planned , driving Bute to become irritable and angry with almost all of his associates , but the dock opened successfully in 1839 . The costs of building the docks had been far more than anticipated , however . Instead of the original estimate , construction costs had soared to £ 350 @,@ 000 , reaching £ 10 @,@ 000 a month in 1837 . Bute had to mortgage his local estates to raise the sums required to finish the project . To make matters worse , when they first opened the docks did not receive the traffic he had expected , particularly from the larger ships ; Bute put this down to a coalition of ironmasters and others intent on ruining him .
Bute responded by putting commercial pressure on shipping companies to abandon the Glamorganshire Canal and using his feudal rights to force shippers to move their wharfs to his docks . His efforts paid off and although trade through the docks only came to 8 @,@ 000 tons in 1839 , they then rose quickly , reaching 827 @,@ 000 tons by 1849 . Between 1841 and 1848 the docks brought in a gross income of just under £ 68 @,@ 000 , a relatively disappointing figure compared to the size of the investment . Successive marquesses would find themselves under huge pressure to continue investing and expanding in the docks and subsequent phases of construction over the coming decades .
= = Politics = =
= = = National = = =
Bute was born into the pre @-@ Reform system of government in Britain . The British Parliament was divided into the hereditary House of Lords and the elected House of Commons , but voting systems varied widely across England and in many cases only very small numbers of local people were enfranchised to vote . Some members of the House of Lords , termed " patrons " , often controlled these " closed " or " nominated " seats in the Commons , effectively appointing their own candidates . Criticism of the system , led by the Whigs , grew during the first half of Bute 's life .
Bute was a member of the House of Lords , able to vote on national affairs , but he had a reputation for not attending unless to vote on acts relating to his estates or business interests . When he did vote , it was usually as a moderate conservative , and Bute himself described himself as a follower of the Duke of Wellington , by then a leading Tory politician . John was in favour of Catholic Emancipation , opposed to slavery , the New Poor Law and the Game Laws . Like Wellington , he was in favour of repealing the Corn Laws . He passionately opposed electoral reform , however , and any attempts to disestablish the Church of England or Scotland . Bute had strong views on the necessity of encouraging the poor to work , and was in favour of removing the Irish poor from the mainland back to Ireland . He was a notoriously poor public speaker .
In addition to his personal role in Parliament , Bute sought to control the votes of members of the House of Commons , primarily to ensure the passage of legislation affecting his business interests . Initially , the Isle of Bute had only 21 voters who were dominated by his private estate , but it only returned a Member of Parliament in alternate elections , and his estates in Luton were too limited to allow him to influence the electoral process there . The best remaining option for Bute was to control the voting in Cardiff , but even here he had to choose his candidate carefully and apply careful financial pressure through his control of leases and rents to ensure their election .
In 1832 the Reform Act was passed by Parliament , widening the electorate across the country . The Isle of Bute 's electorate rose to 300 and acquired a permanent Member of Parliament , still controlled by Bute . Cardiff saw a short @-@ term drop in its electorate as a result of the act , and Bute benefited from the granting of the vote to many of his richer agricultural tenants . In the aftermath of the reforms , Bute secretly sponsored the creation of the conservative newspaper the Glamorgan Monmouth and Brecon Gazette and Merthyr Guardian , to increase support across the county , and underwrote its losses for many years .
From 1842 to 1846 he acted as Her Majesty 's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . He was known for his generosity as a host in this role . He was in office during the schism in the Church of Scotland known as " the Disruption " , when many many ministers of the Church broke away from the established Church to form the Free Church . Bute took a firm line on the matter : when his head @-@ gardener at Mount Stuart House joined the Free Church , he was immediately sacked , and when the minister at one of Bute 's churches in the north of the island attempted to hold a Free Church ceremony there , Bute demanded the keys to the church to be returned and had the property closed up .
= = = South Wales = = =
= = = = Re @-@ establishing authority = = = =
Bute was determined to control the local government around Cardiff , considering it part of his rights and duties as a major landowner and aristocrat . On inheriting his estates , however , he found himself facing a difficult political situation . The Butes ' grip on Glamorganshire had been weakened in the late 18th century , and the management of their political interests had been left for many years in the hands of John Wood , a local solicitor , whose family was embroiled in local politics , with their own set of interests . Glamorgan was also politically split between factions in the west and the east of the county , with most of Bute 's estates in the eastern half . Bute 's residence in the area , Cardiff Castle , was understaffed and regarded as unsuitable as a residence ; consequently he lacked the easy local patronage that would have come with a major , properly functioning establishment .
There were tensions between Bute and the new industrialists around the region , including ironmasters such as John Guest , the master of the Dowlais Ironworks . Bute was a financial competitor or landlord with many of these men , and keen to drive as good a deal as possible in his negotiations with them . He also had political differences , seeing himself as a benevolent feudal lord in South Wales , and perceiving the local iron @-@ masters as arrogant , power @-@ hungry individuals , abusing their economic power towards communities and workers .
Nonetheless , Bute was able to personally appoint the Constable of Cardiff Castle , and the constable by law acted as the effective mayor of Cardiff , ran the town 's council and had wide powers when appointing local officials . He inherited the title of Lord @-@ Lieutenant of the county in 1815 , giving him the right to recommend the appointments of new magistrates and various other civic posts ; potential candidates for these posts were advised to vote for Bute 's representatives at elections . In 1825 he became the colonel in chief of the Royal Glamorgan Militia , and used this authority to instruct the militia to vote for his candidates . Those who publicly voted against Bute faced charitable donations and support being cut off . His later control of the Cardiff Docks also helped to provide patronage and influence voting behaviour .
In 1817 , John Wood died in the midst of a financial scandal , and Bute decided to appoint two of his rivals to the posts of Constable and Cardiff 's Town Clerk . This would have reaffirmed Bute 's power to change the appointments and broken the Wood 's family hold on local power , but it provoked a storm of local political wrangling . The Wood family turned on Bute , arguing that he should abandon his claims to control local Welsh affairs from Scotland . Bute replied by trying to crush the Wood family 's bank and stacking the town council with his appointees in early 1818 . The Woods successfully took legal action , challenging Bute 's authority to take these actions , and anti @-@ Bute violence flared that summer , resulting in arrests by Special Constables appointed by Bute . The pro @-@ Bute faction in Cardiff rallied and the Woods were defeated at the Parliamentary elections that year , the results reaffirming Bute 's authority over the town council .
= = = = Merthyr Rising = = = =
Bute played a role in the event of the Merthyr Rising , a large , armed industrial protest that occurred in Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales in 1831 . Political tensions amongst the working classes in Glamorgan had grown during the 1820s : although wages were impressive by contemporary standards during good years , they deteriorated quickly during depressions , plunging many into destitution ; sanitation and health standards in the fast @-@ growing industrial communities were appalling , child mortality rates were extremely high . 1831 saw a severe economic depression , with wages falling quickly and food prices rising , and complaints against the local debt courts and their bailiffs were numerous . Nationally , the electoral reform movement was making considerable protests and protests against the Corn Laws – which kept the prices of food high – were growing . In South Wales , several of the major ironmasters were associated with these movements , promoting reform under the Whig administration voted into power between April and June 1831 .
By late 1830 , and certainly by the spring of 1831 , trouble in South Wales looked likely and , probably in response , Bute broke from his normal annual plans and in May travelled south from Scotland to Cardiff Castle . With a reform bill looking likely , tensions grew between the different political factions in Glamorganshire and how the potential new parliamentary seats should be shared out , especially between Bute and his conservative allies , Crawshay and Guest . Radical demonstrations occurred in Methyr Tyfil , one of the largest industrial communities , in May , and the crowd set light to effigies of conservative politicians . Violence broke out and arrests were made on 10 May ; the prisoners were released by the angry crowd and the local authorities effectively lost any control of the town . A general insurrection ensued on 30 May .
Two local magistrates , J. Bruce and Anthony Hill , were stranded in the Castle Inn in Methyr Tyfil . They swore in around 70 men as special constables , but they were heavily outnumbered by the radical crowds . Bruce wrote an urgent letter to Bute in Cardiff Castle , asking for urgent advice on whether to call in the armed forces , and querying whether the Marquess had readied the Militia for action . Huge crowds marched on the local iron works , stopping production . The messages from Methyr Tyfil reached Bute that afternoon , who began to assemble the Eastern and Central Yeomanry militia units and transport ready for deployment . Bute paused until the morning , hoping to hear better news , but messengers bought more desperate news from Bruce and Hill , and the Yeomanry were dispatched . Meanwhile , an 80 @-@ man unit of the 93rd Foot had arrived in the Castle Inn from Brecon . Bute continued to keep Whitehall informed of the events by letter throughout .
On the morning of 3 May , the 93rd Foot reached the Castle Inn , where the magistrates had been joined by the established figures of the town , deputised as constables , including the High Sheriff and most of the ironmasters . Outside , the radical crowds had grown to an estimated number of between 7 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 . Tensions rose alarmingly and the Riot Act was read in English and Welsh . Violence flared , the crowds attempted to seize the soldiers ' weapons and the soldiers responded with volleys of musket fire . The town 's working classes exploded in anger and set about searching the region for weapons . A messenger escaped the inn to reach Bute in Cardiff , who set about mobilising all the remaining armed forces he had available . Bute also despatched Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Richard Morgan of the Militia into Meyrthr to replace the commander of the 93rd Foot who had been badly injured .
The men in the Castle Inn retreated to Penydarren House , who were joined by the initial reinforcements from the Yeomanry , bringing the establishment 's numbers to around 300 , not all of them were armed and able to fight . They faced increasingly well armed insurgents and Bute became increasingly concerned about the quality of the opposition facing his men . Bute sent spies into the insurgency , and nearby Cyfarthfa Castle was pressed into service as an observation post . Bute mobilised military pensioners , and used them to start to bring Penydarren House additional weaponry from Cardiff ; he was advised to be careful , however , in case the shipments fell into the hands of the insurgency . Morgan 's forces were able to prevent the radical crowds from entering either Penydarren or Cyfartha , and Bute arrested potential insurgents in Cardiff .
On 16 May , Morgan was in a position to advance in force into Merthyr , pushing forward and taking advantage of the poor communications between the various elements of the insurgency . The uprising collapsed , and over the next few days the authorities regained control , making arrests and forcing the workers back to business . Government inquiries into the incident began and Bute , amongst others , provided analysis and reports to Whitehall . In the aftermath , Richard Lewis , one of the radical crowd , was hanged in Cardiff . The execution proved controversial and it is unknown whether Bute , who had by then left to attend Parliament in London , approved of the decision .
= = = = Later years = = = =
Concerns over possible violent outbreaks continued for many years . Chartism became prominent in the region in the late 1830s , again causing Bute considerable worries in 1839 and leading to him encouraging the mobilisation of military forces to deal with the threat . Bute began to advocate the creation of a police force to suppress the problems in the northern valleys , for once allying himself with the local ironmasters to overcome rural opposition to the scheme . In 1841 the scheme was passed by the Glamorgan magistrates , with a chief constable and headquarters established that year .
In 1835 an act of Parliament reformed the local government structure , introducing a new town corporation structure with an elected mayor for the first time . Bute had to work harder to maintain his influence over the new corporation , using the various levers of influence at his disposal . He was successful , and in practice the elected officials and councillors were controlled Bute and his interests .
= = Death = =
Bute died in Cardiff on 18 March 1848 , and was buried in Kirtling , alongside Maria , his first wife . His funeral had 31 carriages in attendance and drew large crowds , although his funeral was snubbed by the local ironmasters . The national press gave his death little coverage , but the local Daily Chronicle noted Bute 's unusual achievement in building up the industrial base of his South Wales estates , and particularly praised his role in constructing the Cardiff Docks . The Cardiff Docks , whose opening in 1837 had led the press to praise Bute as " the creator of modern Cardiff " , continued to transform the city over the rest of the century . They would also form a financial liability to Bute successors , the costs of the continual investment needed to maintain and grow the facilities partially off @-@ setting the huge profits that Bute 's son enjoyed from the South Wales coalfields .
A subscription was raised across Glamorgan to pay for a statue to be made of him , which was erected in Cardiff 's High Street in 1853 , outside the town hall . In 2000 the statue , Cardiff 's oldest , was moved to Bute Square , but the location was renamed Callaghan Square in 2002 , leading to proposals from local officials that Bute 's statue might be better relocated once again , potentially to outside Cardiff Castle .
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= Crash Bandicoot : The Huge Adventure =
Crash Bandicoot : The Huge Adventure , released in Europe as Crash Bandicoot XS and in Japan as Crash Bandicoot Advance , is a platform game published by Universal Interactive Studios ( along with Konami in the Japanese release ) and developed by Vicarious Visions for the Game Boy Advance . It was released in North America on February 25 , 2002 , in Europe on March 15 , 2002 and in Japan on July 18 , 2002 .
Crash Bandicoot : The Huge Adventure is the seventh installment in the Crash Bandicoot video game series and the first Crash Bandicoot game to be released on a handheld console . The game acts as alternate sequel to the first four games , along with N @-@ Tranced for the same platform . The game 's story centers on a plot to shrink the Earth by the main antagonist , Doctor Neo Cortex , through the use of a gigantic weapon named the " Planetary Minimizer " . The protagonist of the story , Crash Bandicoot , must gather Crystals in order to power a device that will return the Earth to its proper size , defeating Doctor Cortex and his minions along the way .
The game stemmed from an agreement between Universal Interactive Studios and Konami that enabled them to produce and publish ( respectively ) a Crash Bandicoot game for next @-@ generation handheld game systems , ending the franchise 's exclusivity to Sony @-@ produced consoles . Crash Bandicoot : The Huge Adventure received generally favorable reviews from critics . The game was praised for its graphics and overall design , but critics noted the game 's lack of innovation .
= = Gameplay = =
Crash Bandicoot : The Huge Adventure is a platform game in which the player controls Crash Bandicoot , who must gather 20 Crystals and reverse the shrinkage of the Earth at the hands of Doctor Neo Cortex , the main antagonist of the story . Much of the game takes place in a series of hubs , from which Crash can teleport to various areas of the Earth . Initially , only the first of four hubs is available for play . Each hub features five levels and a boss level . The goal in each level is to find and obtain a hidden Crystal . After completing all five levels in a hub , the boss level must be completed , in which Crash must defeat the boss character guarding the area . By defeating the boss , a new hub will be accessible for play . When all 20 Crystals are collected and the Earth has been enlarged to its proper size , the game is won .
Besides Crystals , Gems and Colored Gems can be collected for extra accomplishment . Gems are rewarded to the player if all of the crates in a level are broken open or if a secret area is completed . Colored Gems are found in special levels and lead to hidden areas . " Relics " can be won by re @-@ entering a level where the Crystal has already been retrieved . To obtain a Relic , the player must initiate the " Time Trial " mode and race through a level in the pre @-@ designated time displayed before entering a level . To begin a Time Trial run , the player must enter a level and activate the floating stopwatch near the beginning of the level to activate the timer ; if the stopwatch is not touched , the level is played regularly . The player must then race through the level as quickly as possible . Scattered throughout the level are yellow crates with the numbers 1 , 2 or 3 on them . When these crates are broken , the timer is frozen for the number of seconds designated by the box . Sapphire , Gold and Platinum Relics can be won depending on the player 's final time .
At the beginning of the game , Crash has the ability to jump to navigate ledges , spin in a tornado @-@ like fashion to break open crates and defeat enemies , deliver a body slam to break open tough objects and can either slide across the ground or crouch and crawl to get past low areas . Crash can expand on these abilities by defeating boss characters , often resulting in more powerful attacks or increased jumping and running prowess . Crash starts the game with six lives . Crash loses a life when he is struck by an enemy attack or suffers any other type of damage . More lives can be earned by instructing Crash to collect 100 " Wumpa Fruits " or break open a special crate to collect a life . Crash can be shielded from enemy attack by collecting an Aku Aku mask . Collecting three of these masks allows temporary invulnerability from all minor dangers .
= = Plot = =
= = = Characters = = =
Eight returning characters from previous Crash titles star in Crash Bandicoot : The Huge Adventure . The protagonist of the game , Crash Bandicoot , is an anthropomorphic bandicoot who must reverse the shrinkage of the Earth caused by the main antagonist Doctor Neo Cortex . Crash 's genius sister , Coco Bandicoot , is the creator of the machine necessary to reverse the effects of Cortex 's " Planetary Minimizer " . Aiding Crash is Aku Aku , an ancient wooden mask who can temporarily protect Crash from harm . The main antagonist of the series , Doctor Neo Cortex , is a mad scientist who shrinks the Earth down to the size of a grapefruit with his new " Planetary Minimizer " . Overseeing Cortex 's plot is Uka Uka , the evil twin brother of Aku Aku . Cortex 's minions consist of Tiny Tiger , a hulking muscle @-@ bound beast , Dingodile , a flamethrower @-@ wielding dingo @-@ crocodile hybrid and Doctor N. Gin , Cortex 's cyborg right @-@ hand man .
= = = Story = = =
In a space station orbiting the Earth , Uka Uka is upset with Doctor Neo Cortex for failing him once again , but Cortex promises a plan that will bring the Earth 's inhabitants down to size . Cortex then introduces his Planetary Minimizer , which he immediately uses to shrink the Earth down to the size of a grapefruit . The situation is brought to Aku Aku 's attention when Cortex taunts the now @-@ microscopic people of Earth . When Aku Aku informs Crash of the Earth 's predicament , Coco assumes that Cortex is using the Crystals to power his shrinking machine , and requests that Crash find the same kind of Crystals in various locations around the world , which she will use to build a device that will reverse the effects of Cortex 's Minimizer .
After Crash fends off Dingodile , Doctor N. Gin and Tiny Tiger , Cortex decides to deal with Crash himself by firing the Planetary Minimizer at him . Unfortunately for him , Crash tricks him into shrinking the colored Gems that stabilize the Minimizer , causing it to malfunction . The unrestrained effects of the Minimizer fuse Cortex and the previous bosses together , creating a monster known as Mega @-@ Mix , who chases Crash down the space station 's hallway in an attempt to kill him . Fortunately , Crash escapes back to the Earth just in time for Coco to use the Crystals that he has gathered to return the Earth back to normal again . The Earth is returned to its original size , while the space station above Earth explodes and Cortex and the others escape in an escape pod .
= = Development = =
On September 21 , 2000 , Konami and Universal Studios announced that they had entered an agreement that would enable Konami to publish a Crash Bandicoot game for next @-@ generation game systems , with Universal Interactive handling the production of the games . The Game Boy Color was originally included alongside the Game Boy Advance in the deal . The agreement served to break the Crash Bandicoot franchise 's exclusivity to Sony @-@ produced consoles and effectively made Crash Bandicoot a mascot character for Universal rather than Sony . That December , Vicarious Visions approached Universal and showed off some of their technology on the Game Boy Advance . Fairly impressed with their work , Universal asked Vicarious Visions to submit a concept . Liking the submitted concept , Universal commissioned a prototype ; the prototype resembled a handheld version of the PlayStation Crash Bandicoot games . Vicarious Visions was then given developmental duties for the Game Boy Advance Crash Bandicoot game .
The game was tentatively titled Crash Bandicoot Advance and went through the titles Crash Bandicoot X / S and Crash Bandicoot : The Big Adventure before arriving at its final name . The game was developed over the course of nine months from conception to completion . The team working on the game expanded to as much as seven programmers at the height of the game 's development . The graphics and animation for the game were created in Maya . Some of the original animation and textures from Crash Bandicoot 3 : Warped were repurposed and used as a basis for the Game Boy Advance game . The sprite for the Crash Bandicoot character features between 1000 and 1500 frames of animation . The audio for the game was supplied by Shin 'en Multimedia , with Manfred Linzner creating the sound effects and Todd Masten composing the music . Shin 'en Multimedia was assisted by Universal Sound Studios while creating the game 's audio . The game uses a static random access memory battery , allowing the player to save their progress . The game was designed with battery saving in mind from the beginning of production , as keeping track of all the data would prove extremely cumbersome with a password system .
= = Reception = =
Crash Bandicoot : The Huge Adventure received generally favorable reviews from critics . Louis Bedigian of GameZone , praising many of the game 's elements , concluded that the game was not overshadowed by the series ' previous successful titles and offered a new experience . IGN 's Craig Harris commented positively on the " solid controls and level design " and said that the game 's overall design on the Game Boy Advance was " amazingly tight " . Andrew Reiner of Game Informer , while critical of the short levels , praised the game for its graphical prowess . Four @-@ Eyed Dragon of GamePro commended the game as " a superb @-@ looking , straightforward platformer that no interested GBA gamer should miss . " Scott Alan Marriott of Allgame ( " All Game Guide " at the time ) and Scott Osborne of GameSpy , while acknowledging the game 's lack of innovation , stated that the translation of the graphics , gameplay and feel of the PlayStation Crash games onto the Game Boy Advance was executed well . However , Giancarlo Varanini of GameSpot cited the game 's lack of innovation in a more negative manner . A Nintendo Power reviewer noted that the game 's challenges were generally more difficult and sometimes more frustrating than those of the Mario games . Play Magazine 's reviewer criticized the " straight @-@ ahead " nature of the side @-@ scrolling , but called it " a great , little game " otherwise . Electronic Gaming Monthly remarked that " Crash for the GBA is what the PS2 game wanted to be . "
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= Lyman Hall ( academic ) =
Lyman Hall ( February 18 , 1859 – August 16 , 1905 ) was a professor and president of the Georgia School of Technology ( now called the Georgia Institute of Technology , commonly referred to as Georgia Tech ) . He is perhaps best known for bringing what is now the School of Materials Science & Engineering to Georgia Tech . Hall 's administration also introduced degrees in electrical engineering and civil engineering in December 1896 , textile engineering in February 1899 , and engineering chemistry in January 1901 . Hall died in 1905 , reportedly due to the stress of fundraising for a new chemistry building which now bears his name .
= = Early life = =
Born in 1859 in Americus , Georgia , he attended Mercer University in Penfield , Georgia . He was admitted to the United States Military Academy in 1877 , and graduated in 1881 . Due to a physical disability , he was unable to have a military career ; instead , he taught mathematics at the Georgia Military Academy in Kirkwood , Georgia for two years and subsequently at the South Carolina Military Academy in Charleston , South Carolina ( now known as " The Citadel " ) from 1883 to 1886 . He was then a professor at the Moreland Park Military Academy before Georgia Tech recruited him .
= = Career = =
In 1888 , Captain Lyman Hall was appointed Georgia Tech 's first mathematics professor ( and consequently head of the school 's mathematics department ) . He had a solid background in engineering due to his time at West Point and often incorporated surveying and other engineering applications into his coursework . He had an energetic personality and quickly assumed a leadership position among the faculty . At the first faculty meeting on October 5 , 1888 , he was elected secretary . On June 25 , 1895 , Professor Hall was invited to speak to Georgia Tech 's board about the school 's needs . While there were no recorded minutes , subsequent board actions suggest that he recommended the construction of on @-@ campus dormitories to reduce disciplinary problems , and a more proactive recruitment of students .
Previous president Isaac S. Hopkins tendered his resignation in May 1895 because he had been elected president of the First Methodist Church of Atlanta and he could not do " justice to both to the school and the church " . While several successors were considered , Samuel M. Inman proposed that the decision be postponed . Georgia Tech 's trustees correspondingly elected Hall as the chairman of the faculty ( acting president ) From January 1 , 1896 to July 1 , 1896 . On June 24 , the trustees elected him the institute 's second president .
As president , Hall was noted for his aggressive fundraising and improvements to the school , including his special project , the Aaron S. French Textile School . In February 1899 , Georgia Tech opened the first textile engineering school in the Southern United States , with $ 10 @,@ 000 from the Georgia General Assembly , $ 20 @,@ 000 of donated machinery , and $ 13 @,@ 500 from supporters . It named the A. French Textile School , after its chief donor and supporter , Aaron S. French .
Lyman Hall 's other goals included enlarging Tech and attracting more students , so he expanded the school 's offerings beyond mechanical engineering ; the new degrees introduced during Hall 's administration included electrical engineering and civil engineering in December 1896 , textile engineering in February 1899 , and engineering chemistry in January 1901 . Hall also became infamous as a disciplinarian , even suspending the entire senior class of 1901 for returning from Christmas vacation a day late .
Lyman Hall died on August 16 , 1905 during a vacation at a New York health resort . His death while still in office was attributed to stress from his strenuous fund raising activities ( this time , for a new Chemistry building ) . Later that year , the school 's trustees named the new chemistry building the " Lyman Hall Laboratory of Chemistry " in his honor .
= = Lyman Hall building = =
Erected in 1905 and named in his honor , The Lyman Hall Laboratory of Chemistry at Georgia Tech is commonly referred to by students as " Lyman Hall " or simply " Lyman " , due to the common mistaken impression that the word " Hall " is a mere descriptor . It now houses the Bursar 's Office after being completely gutted in 1988 , but the quote from geologist Sir Archibald Geikie 's 1905 published work remains on the front of the building : " In the first place I would put accuracy . "
The 1903 to 1906 school announcements describe the architecture of the building in great detail :
The Lyman Hall Laboratory of Chemistry , which is in the shape of a T , is of brick with limestone trimmings , and is two stories in height , with a full basement . Each floor has an approximate area of 5 @,@ 600 square feet . The lecture @-@ rooms , stock @-@ rooms , library , offices , gas analysis laboratory , photographic and spectroscopic rooms occupy the front , and the laboratories the rear wing . Especial care has been given to lighting and ventilation , the laboratories being lighted on three sides . For the removal of noxious gases , they are amply provided with hoods , each of which has a separate flue leading to a tight wooden fume @-@ box loaced just under the roof . This box communicates with the outer air , and can be provided with forced draught if necessary . The Chemical and Physical laboratories have been fitted up with reference to practical work , and such addition will be made from time to time as may be required for experimental research . The apparatus and appliances are of the newest and best forms , and will be increased as occasion may demand .
The building is located within the Georgia Institute of Technology Historic District , and it is included in the 12 @-@ building area listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
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= Chiswick =
Chiswick ( / ˈtʃɪzᵻk / CHIZ @-@ ick ) is a district of west London , England . Most of it is in the London Borough of Hounslow . Other parts of the W4 postcode area , including Chiswick Park tube station , Acton Green , and much of Bedford Park are in the London Borough of Ealing . It contains Hogarth 's House , the former residence of the 18th @-@ century English artist William Hogarth ; Chiswick House , a neo @-@ Palladian villa regarded as one of the finest in England ; and Fuller 's Brewery , London 's largest and oldest brewery . It occupies a meander of the River Thames used for competitive and recreational rowing , with several rowing clubs on the river bank . The finishing post for the Boat Race is just downstream of Chiswick Bridge .
Chiswick was historically the ancient parish of St Nicholas in the county of Middlesex , with an agrarian and fishing economy beside the river centred on Church Street . Having good communications with London from an early time , Chiswick became a popular country retreat , and as part of the suburban growth of London in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the population significantly expanded . It became the Municipal Borough of Brentford and Chiswick in 1932 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965 , when it was merged into the London Borough of Hounslow . Sublocalities include Bedford Park , Grove Park , the Glebe Estate , Strand @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Green and those with named tube stations , Turnham Green and Gunnersbury , within its three full @-@ sized wards of the United Kingdom .
On a border , the Chiswick or Great West Road Roundabout is the start of the North Circular Road ( A406 ) , South Circular Road ( A205 ) with the eponymous road flying over this . West of Chiswick 's Hogarth Roundabout , the Great West Road from central London converts to the M4 motorway , providing a second mode of transport connection to Heathrow Airport and the M4 corridor . The Great Chertsey Road ( A316 ) runs south @-@ west from the Hogarth Roundabout , becoming the M3 motorway .
Historic figures who lived in Chiswick include the poets Alexander Pope and W. B. Yeats , the Italian revolutionary Ugo Foscolo , the Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro and the novelist E. M. Forster .
= = History = =
Chiswick was first recorded c.1000 as the Old English Ceswican meaning " Cheese Farm " ; the riverside area of Duke 's Meadows is thought to have supported an annual cheese fair up until the 18th century .
Chiswick grew up as a village around St Nicholas Church from c . 1181 on Church Street , its inhabitants practising farming , fishing and other riverside trades including a ferry , important as there were no bridges between London Bridge and Kingston throughout the Middle Ages . The area included three other small settlements , the fishing village of Strand @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Green , Little Sutton and Turnham Green on the west road out of London .
A decisive skirmish took place on Turnham Green early in the English Civil War . In November 1642 , royalist forces under Prince Rupert , marching from Oxford to retake London , were halted by a larger parliamentarian force under the Earl of Essex . The royalists retreated and never again threatened the capital .
In 1864 , John Isaac Thornycroft , founder of the John I. Thornycroft & Company shipbuilding company , established a yard at Church Wharf at the west end of Chiswick Mall . The shipyard built the first naval destroyer , HMS Daring of the Daring class , in 1893 . To cater for the increasing size of warships , Thornycroft moved its shipyard to Southampton in 1909 .
In 1822 , the Royal Horticultural Society leased 33 acres ( 13 @.@ 4 ha ) of land in the area south of the High Road between what are now Sutton Court Road and Duke ’ s Avenue . This site was used for its fruit tree collection and its first school of horticulture , and housed its first flower shows . The area was reduced to 10 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 ha ) in the 1870s , and the lease was terminated when the Society ’ s garden at Wisley , Surrey , was set up in 1904 . Some of the original pear trees still grow in the gardens of houses built on the site .
The population of Chiswick grew almost tenfold during the 19th century , reaching 29 @,@ 809 in 1901 , and the area is a mixture of Georgian , Victorian and Edwardian housing . Suburban building began in Gunnersbury in the 1860s and in Bedford Park , on the borders of Chiswick and Acton , in 1875 .
During the Second World War , Chiswick was bombed repeatedly , with both incendiary and high explosive bombs . Falling anti @-@ aircraft shells and shrapnel also caused damage . The first V @-@ 2 rocket to hit London fell on Chiswick on 8 September 1944 , killing three people , injuring 22 others and causing extensive damage to surrounding trees and buildings . Six houses were demolished by the rocket and many more suffered damage . There is a memorial where the rocket fell on Staveley Road , and a War Memorial at the east end of Turnham Green .
= = Governance = =
Chiswick St Nicholas was an ancient , and later civil , parish in the Ossulstone hundred of Middlesex . In 1878 the parish gained a triangle of land in the east which had formed a detached part of Ealing . From 1894 to 1927 the parish formed the Chiswick Urban District . In 1927 it was abolished and its former area was merged with that of Brentford Urban District to form Brentford and Chiswick Urban District . The amalgamated district became a municipal borough in 1932 . The borough of Brentford and Chiswick was abolished in 1965 , and its former area was transferred to Greater London to form part of the London Borough of Hounslow . With these changes , Chiswick Town Hall is no longer the local government centre but is still used for some council services . There was a Brentford and Chiswick Parliament constituency from 1918 to 1974 .
Chiswick forms part of the Brentford and Isleworth Parliament constituency . The MP is Ruth Cadbury ( Labour ) , elected at the May 2015 general election replacing Mary Macleod ( Conservative ) . For elections to the London Assembly Chiswick is in the South West constituency , represented since 2000 by Tony Arbour , of the Conservative Party . For elections to Hounslow London Borough Council , Chiswick is represented by three electoral wards : Turnham Green , Chiswick Homefields and Chiswick Riverside . Each ward elects three councillors , who serve four @-@ year terms . For 2010 – 14 , all nine councillors were Conservatives . It was one of 35 major centres identified in the statutory planning document of Greater London , the London Plan of 2008 .
= = Geography = =
Chiswick occupies a meander of the River Thames , 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) west of Charing Cross . The district is built up towards the north with more open space in the south , including the grounds of Chiswick House and Duke 's Meadows . Chiswick has one main shopping area , the Chiswick High Road , forming a long high street in the north . The river forms the southern boundary with Kew , including North Sheen , Mortlake and Barnes in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames . It includes the uninhabited island of Chiswick Eyot , joined to the mainland at low tide . In the east Goldhawk Road and British Grove border Hammersmith in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham . In the north are Bedford Park and South Acton in the London Borough of Ealing , with a boundary partially delineated by the District line . To the west , within Hounslow , are the districts of Gunnersbury and Brentford . Chiswick is in the W4 postcode district of the London post town , which in a tribute to its ancient parish includes Bedford Park and South Acton , mostly within the London Borough of Ealing .
Bedford Park , designed largely by Norman Shaw , was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as the first place " where the relaxed , informal mood of a market town or village was adopted for a complete speculatively built suburb " . Some of the most beautiful period mansion blocks in the area , such as Heathfield Court and Arlington Mansions , line the sides of Turnham Green – the site of the Battle of Turnham Green in 1642 . Other suburbs of Chiswick include Grove Park ( south of the A4 , close to Chiswick railway station ) and Strand on the Green , a fishing hamlet until the late 18th century . In 1896 , Bedford Park was advertised as being in Chiswick , though at that time much of it was in Acton .
= = Economy = =
Chiswick High Road contains a mix of retail , restaurants , food outlets and expanding office and hotel space . The wide streets encourage cafes , pubs and restaurants to provide pavement seating . Lying between the offices at the Golden Mile Great West Road and Hammersmith , office developments and warehouse conversions to offices began from the 1960s . The first in 1961 was 414 Chiswick High Road on the site of the old Empire Cinema . Between 1964 and 1966 , the 18 @-@ storey IBM headquarters was built above Gunnersbury station , designed to accommodate 1500 people . It became the home of the British Standards Institution in 1994 .
Chiswick is home to the Griffin Brewery , where Fuller , Smith & Turner brew their prize @-@ winning ales . It and its predecessor companies have been brewing beer on the same site for over 350 years . The original brewery was in the gardens of Bedford House in Chiswick Mall .
= = Points of interest = =
= = = Chiswick House = = =
Chiswick House was designed by the Third Earl of Burlington , and built for him , in 1726 – 29 as an extension to an earlier Jacobean house ( subsequently demolished in 1788 ) ; it is considered to be among the finest surviving examples of Palladian architecture in Britain , with superb collections of paintings and furniture . Its surrounding grounds are among the most important historical gardens in England and Wales , forming one of the first English landscape gardens .
= = = Churches = = =
St Nicholas Church , near the river Thames , has a 15th @-@ century tower , although the remainder of the church was rebuilt by J.L. Pearson in 1882 – 84 . Monuments in the churchyard mark the burial sites of the 18th @-@ century English artist William Hogarth and William Kent , the architect and landscape designer ; the churchyard also houses a mausoleum ( for Philip James de Loutherbourg ) designed by John Soane , and the tomb of Josiah Wedgwood 's business partner , Thomas Bentley , designed by Thomas Scheemakers . One of Oliver Cromwell 's daughters , Mary Fauconberg , lived at Sutton Court and is buried in the churchyard . Enduring legend has it that the body of Oliver Cromwell was also interred with her , though as the Fauconbergs did not move to Sutton Court until 15 years after his disinterment , it is more likely he was reburied at their home at Newburgh Priory . Private Frederick Hitch VC , hero of Rorke 's Drift , is also buried there .
Chiswick 's Roman Catholic church , Our Lady of Grace and St Edward ( the Confessor ) in the Diocese of Westminster , lies on the corner of Dukes Avenue and the High Road . It is a red brick building ; the parish was founded in 1848 , a school began c . 1855 , and a church was opened by Cardinal Wiseman on the present site in 1864 . It was replaced by the present building in 1886 , opened by Cardinal Manning . The heavy debts incurred were paid off and the church consecrated in 1904 . The square tower was added after the First World War by Canon Egan as a war memorial .
The church of St. Michael , Sutton Court was designed by W. D. Caroe in 1908 – 1909 . It is a red brick building on Elmwood road , in Tudor style . St Paul 's Church , Grove Park is a Gothic style stone building designed by H. Currey . It was built largely at the Duke of Devonshire 's expense in 1872 .
St Michael and All Angels , Bedford Park was initially a temporary iron building from 1876 on Chiswick High Road facing Chiswick Lane . The current building 's foundation stone was laid in 1879 and consecrated in 1880 . It was designed , along with much of Bedford Park , by Norman Shaw , and was called " a very lovely church " by John Betjeman . It is an Anglo @-@ Catholic church , and was attacked on the day it was consecrated for " Popish and Pagan mummeries " by the brewer Henry Smith , churchwarden of St Nicholas , Chiswick .
Christchurch , Turnham Green is an early Victorian Gothic building of flint with stone dressings . The main part of the building , by George Gilbert Scott and W. B. Moffat , is from 1843 ; the chancel and northeast chapel were added in 1887 by J. Brooks .
The Russian Orthodox Cathedral was built on Harvard Road in 1998 , with a blue and gold dome .
= = = Public houses and theatres = = =
There are several historic public houses in Chiswick , some of them listed buildings , including the Mawson Arms , the George and Devonshire , the Old Packhorse and The Tabard in Bath Road near Turnham Green station . The Tabard is known for its William Morris interior and its Norman Shaw exterior ; it was built in 1880 . Three more pubs are in Strand @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Green , fronting on to the Thames river path .
Chiswick had two well @-@ known theatres in the 20th century . The Chiswick Empire ( 1912 to 1959 ) was at 414 Chiswick High Road . It had 2 @,@ 140 seats , and staged music hall entertainment , plays , reviews , opera , ballet and an annual Christmas pantomime . The Q Theatre ( 1924 to 1959 ) was a small theatre opposite Kew Bridge station . It staged the first works of Terence Rattigan and William Douglas @-@ Home , and many of its plays went on to the West End .
The 96 @-@ seat Tabard Theatre ( 1985 ) in Bath Road , upstairs from the Tabard pub but a separate business , is known for new writing and experimental work .
= = = Other buildings = = =
The Sanderson Factory in Barley Mow Passage , now known as Voysey House , was designed by the architect Charles Voysey in 1902 . It is built in white glazed brick , with Staffordshire blue bricks ( now painted black ) forming horizontal bands , the plinth , and surrounds for door and window openings , and dressings in Portland stone . It was originally a wallpaper printing works , now used as office space . It is a Grade II * listed building . It faces the main factory building and was once joined to it by a bridge across the road . It was Voysey 's only industrial building , and is considered an " important Arts and Crafts factory building " .
Chiswick is home to the Arts Educational Schools in Bath Road .
= = = Duke 's Meadows = = =
Duke 's Meadows stands on land formerly owned by the Duke of Devonshire . In the 1920s , it was purchased by the local council , who developed it as a recreational centre . A promenade and bandstand were built , and the meadows are still used for sport with a rugby club , football pitches , hockey club , several rowing clubs and a golf club . In recent years a local conservation charity , the Dukes Meadows Trust has undertaken extensive restoration work , which saw a long term project of a children 's water play area opened in August 2006 .
= = Transport = =
Chiswick is situated at the start of the North Circular Road ( A406 ) , South Circular Road ( A205 ) and the M4 motorway , the latter providing a direct connection to Heathrow Airport and the M25 motorway . The Great West Road ( A4 ) runs eastwards into central London via the Hogarth Roundabout where it meets the Great Chertsey Road ( A316 ) which runs south @-@ west , eventually joining the M3 motorway .
The southern border of Chiswick runs along the River Thames , which is crossed in this area by Barnes Railway and Foot Bridge , Chiswick Bridge , Kew Railway Bridge and Kew Bridge . River services between Westminster Pier and Hampton Court depart from Kew Gardens Pier just across Kew Bridge .
Bus routes on or near Chiswick High Road are ( 27 , 65 , 94 ( from Acton Green ) , 237 , 267 , 272 , 391 , 440 , E3 and H91 ) , as well as the night bus N9 . The 27 and 94 services run 24 hours a day .
The District line serves Chiswick with three London Underground stations , Turnham Green , Chiswick Park and Gunnersbury . Turnham Green is an interchange with the Piccadilly line , but only before 06 : 50 and after 22 : 30 , when Piccadilly line trains stop at the station . Chiswick railway station is served by a regular South West Trains service to London Waterloo via Clapham Junction . The North London line crosses Chiswick ( north @-@ south ) ; London Overground stations are Gunnersbury and South Acton .
= = Sports = =
Chiswick 's local rugby union teams include Chiswick RFC , formerly Old Meadonians RFC . The team plays league games on a Saturday at Dukes Meadows . Chiswick 's cricket club , formely known as Turnham Green and Polytechnic , plays at Riverside Drive . On Chiswick Common is the Rocks Lane Multi Sports Centre , where there are tennis , five @-@ a @-@ side football and netball courts available to hire to the public . Private tennis coaching for individuals and groups is also available .
The Chiswick reach of the Thames is heavily used for competitive and recreational rowing . Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney runs past Chiswick Eyot and Duke 's Meadows . The Boat Race is contested on the Championship Course on a flood tide ( in other words from Putney to Mortlake ) with Duke 's Meadows a popular view @-@ point for the closing stages of the race . The finishing post is just downstream of Chiswick Bridge . Other important races such as the Head of the River Race race the reverse course , on an ebb tide . Chiswick is home to several clubs . The University of London Boat Club is based in its boathouse off Hartington Road , which also houses the clubs of many London colleges and teaching hospitals ; recent members include Tim Foster , Gold medallist at the Sydney Olympics and Frances Houghton , World Champion in 2005 , 2006 and 2007 . Quintin Boat Club lies between Chiswick Quay Marina and Chiswick Bridge . Tideway Scullers School is just downriver of Chiswick Bridge ; its members include single sculling World Champion Mahé Drysdale and Great Britain single sculler Alan Campbell .
Chiswick High Road was once home to the Chequered Flag garage and its associated motor racing team .
= = Notable people = =
= = = Eighteenth century = = =
One of the first notable people to have lived in Chiswick was the artist William Hogarth , who lived in Chiswick from 1749 , when he bought the house now known as Hogarth 's House . Hogarth lived in the house until his death in 1764 . He is buried in St Nicholas 's churchyard . The house later belonged to the poet and translator of Dante , Henry Francis Cary , who lived there from 1814 to 1833 .
Also in the 18th century , between 1716 and 1719 , the poet Alexander Pope , author of The Rape of the Lock , lived in Chiswick – in the building which is now the Mawson Arms at the corner of Mawson Lane . Another 18th @-@ century resident was the actor Charles Holland , who was born in Chiswick in 1733 .
= = = Nineteenth century = = =
In the 19th century , the Italian writer , revolutionary and poet Ugo Foscolo , died in exile at Turnham Green in 1827 , and was buried at St Nicholas Churchyard , Chiswick .
The inventor of the electric telegraph , Francis Ronalds , lived on Chiswick Lane from 1833 to 1852 . Another engineer , John Edward Thornycroft was born in Chiswick in 1872 ; his father , John Isaac Thornycroft , had founded the Chiswick @-@ based John I. Thornycroft & Company shipbuilding company in 1864 , which Thornycroft later joined and developed . The artist Montague Dawson , regarded as one of the best 20th @-@ century painters of the sea , was born in Chiswick in 1895 .
The poet W. B. Yeats lived in Woodstock Road as a boy from 1879 , and came back in 1887 to live in Blenheim Road , where , inspired by Chiswick Eyot , he wrote The Lake Isle of Innisfree .
The Pissarro family of painters , the impressionist Camille Pissarro , his eldest son Lucien , as well as Felix and Ludovic @-@ Rodo lived in 62 Bath Road , Chiswick around 1897 ; with Camille Pissarro painting a series of notable landscapes of the area . The landscape artist Lewis Pinhorn Wood lived at Homefield Road from 1897 to 1908 .
= = = Twentieth century = = =
In the twentieth century , the novelist E. M. Forster ( 1879 – 1970 ) lived at 9 Arlington Park Mansions in Chiswick from 1939 until at least 1961 .
Notable people born before the Second World War include the theatre and film director Peter Brook ( 1925- ) , zoologist and broadcaster Aubrey Manning ( 1930- ) , and marine geologist Frederick Vine ( 1939- ) . Rock musicians John Entwistle ( 1944 – 2002 ) and Pete Townshend ( 1945- ) of The Who were both born in Chiswick during the Second World War .
Those born in Chiswick during the post @-@ war period include the musician Phil Collins ( 1951- ) ; the singer Kim Wilde ( 1960- ) ; the illustrator Clifford Harper ( 1949- ) ; the photographer Derek Ridgers ( 1952- ) ; the actress Kate Beckinsale ( 1973- ) ; and comedian Mel Smith ( 1952 – 2013 ) .
Among those who have lived in Chiswick are the novelist Anthony Burgess ( 1917 @-@ 1993 ) , who lived at 24 Glebe Street in the mid @-@ 1960s ; the actor Hugh Grant ( 1960- ) , who grew up in Chiswick , living next to Arlington Park Mansions on Sutton Lane ; the singer Bruce Dickinson ( 1958- ) of the band Iron Maiden ; the TV presenter Kate Humble ( 1968- ) from 1997 to 2010 ; the actress Elizabeth McGovern ( 1961- ) and her husband the film director Simon Curtis ( 1960- ) ; and the model Cara Delevingne ( 1992- ) . The playwright Michael Frayn ( 1933- ) and his daughter the film maker and novelist Rebecca Frayn live in Chiswick . Chiswick residents in 2016 include the singer Sophie Ellis Bextor , the BBC journalists Jeremy Vine , Rageh Omaar and Fergal Keane , the actor Phyllis Logan , the TV presenters Sarah Greene , Gavin Campbell and Mary Nightingale , and the journalist Alice Arnold .
= = Demography and housing = =
= = In literature = =
The novel Vanity Fair ( 1847 / 8 ) by William Makepeace Thackeray opens at Miss Pinkerton 's Academy for Young Ladies in Chiswick Mall . Louis N. Parker 's play Pomander Walk ( 1915 ) has the imagined setting of " a retired crescent of five very small , old @-@ fashioned houses near Chiswick , on the river @-@ bank . ... They are exactly alike : miniature copies of Queen Anne mansions " .
= = Nearest places = =
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= USS Washington ( BB @-@ 47 ) =
USS Washington ( BB @-@ 47 ) , a Colorado @-@ class battleship , was the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 42nd state . Her keel was laid down on 30 June 1919 at Camden , New Jersey , by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation . She was launched on 1 September 1921 , sponsored by Miss Jean Summers , the daughter of Congressman John W. Summers of Washington .
On 8 February 1922 , two days after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armaments , all construction work ceased on the 75 @.@ 9 % -completed superdreadnought . She was sunk as a gunnery target on 26 November 1924 by the battleships New York and Texas .
= = Design = =
Washington was 624 feet ( 190 m ) long , and had a beam of 97 @.@ 5 feet ( 29 @.@ 7 m ) and a draft of 30 @.@ 5 feet ( 9 @.@ 3 m ) . She displaced 32 @,@ 600 long tons ( 33 @,@ 123 t ) tons . The ship 's primary armament consisted of eight 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) / 45 caliber guns in four twin gun turrets . This was augmented by a secondary battery of 20 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 51 caliber guns . The ship was also armed with eight 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) / 23 caliber antiaircraft guns .
The new underwater protection scheme featured five compartments separated by bulkheads on either side of the ship : an outer empty one , three filled , and an empty inner one . In addition , the eight boilers were moved from their location in previous designs and placed in separate spaces to port and starboard of the turbo @-@ electric power plant , forming another line of defense ; the ship could still sail even if one or even an entire side of boilers was incapacitated due to battle damage . This new arrangement forced the chief aesthetic change between the New Mexicos and Tennessees ; the single large funnel of the former was replaced by two smaller funnels in the latter .
= = History = =
With fiscal year 1917 appropriations , bids on the four Colorados were opened on 18 October 1916 ; though Maryland 's keel was laid on 24 April 1917 . The other three battleships , including Washington , were not laid down until 1919 – 20 . With the cancellation of the first South Dakota class , the Colorados were the last U.S. battleships to enter service for nearly two decades . They were also the final U.S. battleships to use twin gun turrets — the North Carolina and second South Dakota classes used nine 16 " / 45 caliber guns and the Iowas used nine 16 in / 50 caliber in three triple turrets . Washington was laid down on 30 June 1919 .
On 8 February 1922 , two days after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty for the Limitation of all Naval Armaments , all construction work was stopped on the 75 @.@ 9 percent @-@ completed superdreadnought . By that time , she had her underwater armored protection in place .
= = Sinking = =
The ship was towed out in November 1924 to be used as a gunnery target . On the first day of testing , the ship was hit by two 400 @-@ pound ( 180 kg ) torpedoes and three 1 tonne ( 1 @.@ 1 short tons ) near @-@ miss bombs causing minor damage and a list of three . She then had 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) of TNT detonated on board , but remained afloat . Two days later , the ship was hit by fourteen 14 @-@ inch shells dropped from 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) , but only one penetrated . The ship was finally sunk by Texas and New York with fourteen more 14 @-@ inch shells . After the test , it was decided that the existing deck armor on battleships was inadequate , and that future battleships should be fitted with triple bottoms , which was underwater armor with three layers .
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= Ya Kun Kaya Toast =
Ya Kun Kaya Toast ( Simplified Chinese : 亚坤加椰面包 ) is a Singaporean chain of mass @-@ market , retro @-@ ambience cafes selling toast products ( notably kaya toast ) , soft @-@ boiled eggs and coffee . Founded by Loi Ah Koon in 1944 , Ya Kun remained a small family @-@ run stall for decades , but have expanded rapidly since Loi 's youngest son headed the business in 1999 . They have over fifty outlets , mostly franchised , across six countries , and are a Singaporean cultural icon , known for their traditional brand identity and conservative , people @-@ centric corporate culture .
= = History = =
In 1926 , Loi Ah Koon ( 黎亚坤 ) emigrated from Hainan to Singapore , where he worked as a coffee @-@ stall assistant , then started a stall selling coffee , crackers and toast at Telok Ayer Basin , together with two other immigrants , who later dropped out , leaving him to run the stall alone . He married while visiting relatives in Hainan and after his wife settled down with him in Singapore , she suggested cutting each slice of bread into half and combining the toast with her homemade kaya , which created their signature kaya toast . Registered in 1944 as Ya Kun Coffeestall ( Ya Kun being Ah Koon in Hanyu Pinyin ) , the stall gradually developed a reputation for delicious kaya toast and friendly service . The couple , their eight children and seven other families lived in a three @-@ storey shophouse across the road , where the Hong Leong Building now stands , and as the children grew up , they helped stir the kaya , run errands , charcoal @-@ grill the bread and eventually , manage the stall .
Ya Kun Coffeestall moved to Lau Pa Sat in 1972 , but high rents and renovation of Lau Pa Sat in 1984 sparked a return to the Telok Ayer Market ; nevertheless , the stall continued to attract " customers who came every day , some from as far as Jurong or Woodlands " . In 1998 , the market closed down , so the stall relocated to Far East Square and was renamed Ya Kun Kaya Toast ; the following year , Ah Koon died and his youngest son , Loi Boon Sim Adrin ( 黎文深 ) , took over the business , determined " to keep his father 's legacy going " . Realising that Ya Kun had a lot of goodwill and potential , Adrin decided to expand the business , so the family opened a second store at Tanjong Pagar and , in 2000 , began franchising the brand . Since Ya Kun were incorporated in 2001 , launched their first overseas outlet ( in Indonesia ) in 2002 and expanded their menu ( adding ice cream toast and the Toastwich ) , they have won the 2004 and 2005 Superbrands Award , the 2005 to 2007 SIFST Product Award and the 2008 SPBA @-@ CitiBusiness Regional Brands Award .
= = Products and stores = =
Ya Kun Kaya Toast have over forty Singaporean outlets , about half of which are franchised , and over thirty overseas outlets , all franchised , across seven countries ( China , Indonesia , Japan , Myanmar , South Korea , Taiwan and the Philippines ) ; they plan to expand to Brunei , India , Malaysia , the Maldives , Thailand and the United Arab Emirates in future . The stores have a retro ambience , with wooden tables and stools , Chinese calligraphy of the company name , posters about their history , traditional methods of preparing food and customer service reflecting Chinese family values . Unlike their main competitors , they have a limited menu that revolves around their core product , kaya toast , with cheese , peanut butter and ice cream as alternative spreads for their thin , brown , crispy bread . To appeal to a wider demographic , Ya Kun also sell French toast and Toastwiches ( their Asian alternative to sandwiches ) ; set meals combine any type of toast with soft @-@ boiled eggs and a beverage , usually coffee or teh tarik .
Prices at local Ya Kun stores are slightly higher than those at kopitiams , but lower than prices of comparable products at Western coffeehouse chains operating in Singapore , while food at overseas Ya Kun outlets is relatively expensive . All outlets obtain their ingredients from the same suppliers and some ingredients , notably the kaya and coffee powder , are made at the Ya Kun factory in Bedok , using recipes that only a few of the Loi family know . The chain are " widely regarded as an institution of good kaya toast " and " a Singaporean cultural icon " that the Singapore Tourism Board has promoted as a tourist attraction . A Ming Pao review praised the " crispy but not hard , fragrant but not burnt " toast and fresh kaya , while a Straits Times review described the toast as " evenly sliced " and of " the right texture " , the eggs as " cooked to perfection " and the teh tarik as " not too milky and not overpoweringly sweet either " .
= = Management = =
Ya Kun Kaya Toast comprises two companies , Ya Kun Singapore , which manages the Ya Kun factory and two corporate outlets , and Ya Kun International , which oversees the chain of outlets and franchising activities . Adrin has an 80 percent share of Ya Kun Singapore and his younger brother , Algie , has a 20 percent share , with other members of the Loi family actively involved in daily activities , while Ya Kun International is fully owned by Adrin Loi . Their corporate culture is conservative and people @-@ centric , with emphasis on preserving their brand identity as their chengnuo ( 承诺 , " commitment " or " promise " ) to their customers , sustainable growth over actively pursuing new opportunities , nurturing family @-@ like relationships among staff ( they do not fire or retrench workers ) and avoiding aggressive conflict with competitors . Although Ya Kun do not publicly disclose their financial figures , a 2009 Lianhe Zaobao article estimated that the company had an annual revenue of S $ 8 million , while a 2012 article in The Star stated they had 300 employees .
= = = Cited literature = = =
William Koh ( 2010 ) . The Top Toast : Ya Kun and the Singapore Breakfast Tradition . Cengage Learning Asia . ISBN 9814281654 .
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= Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( Homicide : Life on the Street ) =
" Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " is the eighth episode of the first season of the American police drama television series Homicide : Life on the Street . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on March 24 , 1993 . In the episode , Howard and Bayliss attempt to quit smoking , Gee discovers secret asbestos removal in the squad room , and Munch and Bolander investigate the beating death of a 14 @-@ year @-@ old boy . The episode was written by James Yoshimura and Tom Fontana , and was directed by Wayne Ewing , who doubled as director of photography .
The episode featured a cameo appearance by film director and Baltimore native John Waters as a bartender . " Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " was originally supposed to be the first season finale , but the episode " Night of the Dead Living " was moved to the end of the season because NBC programmers felt it was too slow @-@ paced to show any earlier in the season . During one scene , Munch and Bolander convince a suspect the copy machine is a dangerous lie @-@ detector machine . This was inspired by a real @-@ life trick used by the Baltimore Police Department and documented in David Simon 's 1991 non @-@ fiction book Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets , on which the series was based . It was later used in an episode of Simon 's police drama series , The Wire .
Since ratings for Homicide had gradually declined throughout the season , NBC announced a decision about whether the series would be renewed would depend on the Nielsen ratings of the final four episodes , including " Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " . Nevertheless , it was seen by 7 @.@ 08 million household viewers , which was considered relatively low , although it was an improvement over the previous episode " And the Rockets ' Dead Glare " .
= = Plot summary = =
Howard ( Melissa Leo ) quits smoking , and her partner Felton ( Daniel Baldwin ) fears her edginess will endanger his safety . Bayliss ( Kyle Secor ) also tries to quit smoking , but tries to live vicariously through his smoking partner Pembleton ( Andre Braugher ) . Howard and Bayliss petition Gee ( Yaphet Kotto ) to set up a non @-@ smoking section for the squad room , but an amused Gee refuses because most of the detectives smoke . Howard , Felton , Bayliss and Pembleton find they share a common suspect in a Union Square murder , and plan a joint stakeout . Howard and Bayliss decide to ride together so Pembleton and Felton can smoke in the car . Although outwardly critical and skeptical , Pembleton and Felton are actually impressed with their partners ' willpower and discuss the merits of quitting smoking . Howard and Bayliss , however , talk about nothing but smoking , prompting Bayliss to walk to Pembleton 's car window and ask for a cigarette . As the result , the four detectives almost miss the suspect , and have to engage him in a foot chase to arrest him .
Meanwhile , an intrusive public works inspector ( Carter Jahncke ) tests the air quality at the squad room , but insists to an inquisitive Gee that everything is fine . The next day , however , Gee goes upstairs and finds a team wearing protective respirator suits removing hazardous asbestos from the wall . Gee angrily confronts Captain Barnfather ( Clayton LeBouef ) and Colonel Granger ( Gerald F. Gough ) for not informing the detectives about the work , and demands it be stopped until precautionary medical checks can be conducted . Barnfather and Granger insist the removal work is safe , but give in when Gee threatens to go to the media . Meanwhile , Lewis ( Clark Johnson ) brags repeatedly to Crosetti ( Jon Polito ) about his new Ford FE V8 engine and the car he plans to build . Crosetti feigns disinterest , but the next day presents Lewis with a rear @-@ view mirror as a gift .
Munch ( Richard Belzer ) and Bolander ( Ned Beatty ) investigate the death of a 14 @-@ year @-@ old boy found dead in a hospital waiting room . The victim , Percy Howell , appeared to suffer sustained blows to the head from a blunt object but waited days before seeking treatment . Although initially suspicious of the boy 's cold and uncaring father ( Dan Moran ) , a devout Christian who makes antisemitic remarks at Munch , the detectives eventually question another teen ( Gavin Goren ) who spent time with Howell right before he died . After convincing the gullible teen that the copy machine was actually an " electrolyte neutron magnetic scanner " that could detect lies , they learn Howell was killed by Colin Dietz ( Joe Fersedi ) , the teenage leader of a gang called the Zaps , with a baseball bat . Munch and Bolander arrest Dietz , who says he loved Howell like a brother and the beating was an initiation . Bolander is deeply disturbed by Dietz 's cold casualness in discussing the murder . Later , Bolander talks to a bartender ( John Waters ) about his divorce , and the episode ends with Bolander drinking alone at the bar , quietly singing an Elvis Presley song .
= = Production = =
" Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " was written by James Yoshimura based on a story by executive producer Tom Fontana , and was directed by Wayne Ewing , who doubled as director of photography . The title of the episode refers both to Bayliss and Howard seeking to quit smoking , and to the hazardous asbestos being removed from the squad room . The episode includes a cameo appearance by film director John Waters , who plays a bartender speaking with Bolander in the final scene . Waters , a Baltimore native who develops and sets most of his films in the city , would make another guest appearance in the third season episode , " Law & Disorder " in a different cameo role .
" Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " was originally supposed to be the Homicide : Life on the Street first season finale , but the episode " Night of the Dead Living " was moved to the end of the season . Although originally scheduled as the third episode , NBC programmers were worried " Night of the Dead Living " , which takes place entirely within the detective 's squad room , was too slow @-@ paced for a series still trying to win viewers . Although Homicide producers felt " Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " had a sense of resolving storylines , NBC executives believed it was too somber and preferred the ending of " Night of the Dead Living " , which ends with the detectives happily smiling and laughing .
During one scene in " Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " , Munch and Bolander force a suspect to take a " electrolyte neutron magnetic scan test " , which involved placing his hand on a copy machine and photocopying his hand as they asked him questions . Prior to giving the exam , the detectives loaded papers with the words " True " and " False " into the machine , so when the final copies came out it appeared the machine was giving answers to the questions . The detectives pretended the test was radioactive and dangerous to further make the suspect nervous . This scene was based on a real @-@ life trick used by Baltimore Police Department detectives in 1988 . The real @-@ life instance was featured in Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets , the 1991 David Simon non @-@ fiction book about a Baltimore Police Department , which was adapted into the Homicide series . This hoax was also used in " More with Less " , the fifth season premiere episode of David Simon 's later police drama series , The Wire .
= = Release and reception = =
Ratings for Homicide : Life on the Street gradually declined since the series first premiered . In response , NBC announced to fans that a decision about whether Homicide would be renewed or canceled would depend on how the last four episodes of the season fared in the ratings , including " Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " . In its original American broadcast on March 24 , 1993 , the episode was watched by 7 @.@ 08 million households , according to Nielsen Media Research , earning the episode a 7 @.@ 6 rating . This constituted a slight increase in viewership compared to the previous week 's episode , " And the Rockets ' Dead Glare " , which was seen by 6 @.@ 61 million viewers and received a 7 @.@ 1 rating . Homicide ranked low in the Nielsen ratings compared to other shows the week of " Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " , ranking 77th for the week of March 15 to 21 , with the CBS news magazine series 60 Minutes ranking number one with 21 @.@ 9 million household viewers .
" Smoke Gets in Your Eyes " and the rest of the first and second season episodes were included in the four @-@ DVD box @-@ set " Homicide : Life on the Street : The Complete Seasons 1 & 2 " , which was released by A & E Home Video on May 27 , 2003 .
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= Peppered maskray =
The peppered maskray or speckled maskray ( Neotrygon picta ) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae , found in shallow waters off northeastern Australia . This small , thin @-@ bodied ray attains a maximum width of 32 cm ( 13 in ) . It has a diamond @-@ shaped pectoral fin disc with a row of tiny thorns along the midline , and a relatively short , whip @-@ like tail with both upper and lower fin folds . Its upper surface has a speckled color pattern consisting of black spots and brownish reticulations on a light yellow to brown background .
Favoring soft @-@ bottomed habitats , the peppered maskray is a bottom @-@ dwelling predator consuming mainly crustaceans ( particularly caridean shrimp ) and polychaete worms . It is viviparous , with litter sizes of one to three . The females supply their developing young with histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) during gestation . Although the peppered maskray is a frequent bycatch of bottom trawl fisheries , it is still common and significant portions of its population appear to lie within unfished waters . As a result , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed it as Least Concern .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
Once thought to be a color morph of the painted maskray ( N. leylandi ) , the peppered maskray was recognized as a distinct species based on molecular data collected for the Barcode of Life project . It was described by Peter Last and William White in a 2008 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) publication . Their account was based on 13 specimens ; of these , a female 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) across caught off Rockhampton , Queensland was designated as the holotype . The specific epithet picta is derived from the Latin pictus ( " painted " or " colored " ) . Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA has found that the peppered and painted maskrays are sister species . The two are estimated to have diverged c . 10 Ma , during the Miocene .
= = Description = =
The peppered maskray has a thin , diamond @-@ shaped pectoral fin disc roughly 1 @.@ 2 times wider than long , with slightly concave leading margins and narrowly rounded outer corners . The snout forms an obtuse angle and has a pointed tip . The small , closely spaced eyes are followed by crescent @-@ shaped spiracles . The nostrils are elongated and have a skirt @-@ shaped curtain of skin between them ; the posterior margin of the curtain is fringed and forms two lobes . The small mouth is surrounded by papillae and bears prominent furrows at the corners . There are two papillae on the floor of the mouth . The teeth number 33 – 38 rows in the upper jaw and 31 – 40 rows in the lower ; the teeth are small and vary from pointed to blunt . The five pairs of gill slits are S @-@ shaped . The pelvic fins are medium @-@ sized and triangular with angular corners .
The whip @-@ like tail measures 1 @.@ 0 – 1 @.@ 3 times as long as the disc and bears slender stinging spines on the upper surface ; smaller rays usually have one sting , larger rays two . The tail is moderately broad and flattened at the base , becoming very thin behind the sting . Both upper and lower fin folds are present past the sting , with the upper fold shorter than the lower . There are up to 22 small , closely spaced thorns along the midline of the back behind the spiracles ; otherwise , the skin is mostly smooth . This species is light yellow to brown above , with a darker reticulated pattern that may vary from faint to obvious , all overlaid by numerous black spots . Like other Neotrygon species , there is a dark marking across the eyes that resembles a mask . The tail has a pattern of saddles or bands behind the sting ; the tip is white and the ventral fin fold darkens to almost black posteriorly . The underside is plain white . This species reaches 32 cm ( 13 in ) across .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The range of the peppered maskray extends along the coast of northeastern Australia , from at least the Wessel Islands off Northern Territory to Hervey Bay in Queensland ; the western boundary of its range is uncertain . It may also be found off New Guinea , though this is unconfirmed . This species is extremely common in some areas , such as the Gulf of Carpentaria . A benthic fish , it is usually found on the inner continental shelf in water less than 25 m ( 82 ft ) deep , but may occur down to 100 m ( 330 ft ) . It favors habitats with sandy or other fine substrate .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The peppered maskray prefers to pick prey from the surface of the substrate , as opposed to digging for them . Caridean shrimp are by far the most important food source . It also consumes polychaete worms and amphipods , and rarely penaeid prawns , molluscs , and small bony fishes . Compared to smaller rays , larger rays have a more varied diet that incorporates a greater proportion of polychaete worms .
Reproduction in the peppered maskray is viviparous ; like other stingrays , the developing embryos are initially nourished by yolk and later by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) provided by the mother . Mature females have a single functional ovary and uterus , on the left side . Females give birth to litters of one to three pups , probably once per year . The newborns are 9 – 11 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 3 in ) across . Males and females reach sexual maturity at around 17 and 18 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 and 7 @.@ 1 in ) across respectively . The maximum lifespan is at least 11 years for males and 18 years for females .
= = Human interactions = =
The peppered maskray lacks economic value and is discarded by fisheries . It is often caught incidentally in bottom trawls , and due to its small size does not benefit from Turtle Exclusion Devices . In particular , this species accounts for approximately 4 @.@ 5 % of the total catch of the Northern Prawn Fishery ( NPF ) in the Gulf of Carpentaria . Over half of the rays caught by the NPF , including almost all the males , are fatally crushed within the trawl . Despite this mortality , the NPF is not believed to have negatively affected the local population because its operational area does not include the waters where this species is most abundant . The peppered maskray is also caught frequently in scallop trawls operated by the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery . Elsewhere in its range , fishing pressure is relatively light due to external factors such as fuel prices . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed this species under Least Concern , because it remains common and its range includes several Marine Protected Areas .
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= Folie à Deux ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Folie à Deux " is the nineteenth episode of the fifth season of American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was written by Vince Gilligan and directed by Kim Manners . The episode originally aired on May 10 , 1998 in the United States on the Fox network . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' wider mythology , or fictional history . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 11 @.@ 0 , being watched by 17 @.@ 63 million viewers upon its initial broadcast . It received largely positive reviews from critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder encounters a delusional man , Gary Lambert ( Brian Markinson ) , who believes his boss , Greg Pincus ( John Apicella ) , may be a monster — and decides to take an entire office building , including Mulder , hostage to prove it . Lambert is eventually killed , but somehow , Mulder inherits his ability to see Pincus as a monster . After Mulder claims that Pincus is a monster , he is locked in a psychiatric hospital , only to be saved by Scully : the only person who believes him .
The episode 's antagonistic bug creature was created by means of a prosthetic suit that was worn by a stuntwoman . The suit was highly ridiculed behind the scenes . To fix the perceived issues with the monster , the production team gave the film to visual effects editor Laurie Kallsen @-@ George , who digitally altered the footage until it was deemed suitable . The episode 's title is a reference to Folie à deux , a form of insanity shared by two people . It usually begins with one person who conceives of a delusional belief and then spreads it to another ; thus , those two share the same delusion .
= = Plot = =
In Oak Brook , Illinois , Gary Lambert ( Brian Markinson ) , a telemarketer at a company called VinylRight , believes that his seemingly normal boss , Greg Pincus ( John Apicella ) , is an insect @-@ like monster that only he can see .
Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) orders Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) to go to Chicago to do a threat assessment of a taped manifesto that mentions VinylRight , which has seen a violent incident at its Kansas City offices . Mulder suspects that the case is a deliberate waste of time and tells Scully not to accompany him . During his meeting with Pincus , Mulder learns that the tape was sent to a local radio station with a demand that it be played twenty @-@ four hours a day ; on the tape , a man – later revealed to be Lambert – claims that a monster " hides in the light " and stalks employees at VinylRight . Mulder calls Scully and asks her to find past X @-@ Files containing the phrase .
After one of Lambert 's co @-@ workers , Nancy Aaronson ( Cynthia Preston ) , is turned into a living corpse by Pincus – while appearing normal to everyone else – Lambert flees to his apartment and arms himself with a Type 84S rifle . Meanwhile , Scully calls Mulder to tell him that she found the phrase " hiding in the light " in a 1992 case from Lakeland , Florida that involved similar accusations of hidden monsters . Mulder admits that Scully should come to Chicago to help him with the investigation . He returns to the VinylRight office and unwittingly walks into the middle of a hostage situation , being held captive by Lambert along with Pincus and the other employees .
As Scully arrives on the scene , Lambert divides his hostages into " real people " and " monsters " , claiming that Pincus has turned several employees into zombies . Lambert shoots Mark Backus , one of the purported zombies , when he tries to disarm him whilst briefly distracted by Mulder . When Lambert demands a camera to broadcast his warning , Scully arranges for a SWAT officer disguised as a cameraman to be sent in the building . Lambert , not knowing that the camera broadcasts only in a closed @-@ circuit , tells viewers about Pincus being a monster . As the lights are cut , Lambert forces Mulder to look behind him and see that Pincus , for an instant , is a large insect . Just then , the FBI smashes into the room with an armored vehicle and kills Lambert before he can open fire .
Mulder questions Pincus and learns that he was present in during the VinylRight incidents in Kansas City and Florida . At his office , Mulder maps out all the reports of monsters " hiding in the light " against places Pincus has lived and worked . He tries to convince Scully that Lambert might have been right , but she accuses him of succumbing to a " Folie à Deux " , or shared psychosis , with Lambert . Mulder asks Scully to do an autopsy of Mark Backus to see if there is any evidence of Lambert 's claims , but Scully refuses .
In an effort to prove Lambert right Mulder goes to Lambert 's home with Agent Rice . There , Mulder finds a map of Pincus ' movements and incidents of reported monsters , like the map Mulder made . Looking out a window Mulder sees a corpse @-@ like Nancy Aaronson , a co @-@ worker Lambert called a zombie , watching him . He runs outside to confront her but she drives away in a car with Pincus . Meanwhile , Skinner asks Scully why Mulder has returned to Chicago . Scully covers for him and finds herself committed to performing the autopsy on Mark Backus . She is still reluctant and orders her assistant to only perform an external examination . He observes that the body has been dead for between 48 and 72 hours instead of the 24 hours since the shooting .
Back in Oak Brook , Mulder has followed Pincus to the house of VinylRight employee Gretchen Starns . Mulder looks through the window and sees the monster leaning over the woman as she watches TV . Mulder breaks the window and then kicks in the door . Inside the house he sees that Starns has been transformed into a zombie . Behind him , out of his sight , the monster walks across the ceiling . Mulder catches a glimpse of it crawling up the outside of the house . Later at the FBI office , Starns and Pincus complain to A.D. Skinner about Mulder 's behavior . Mulder , seeing Pincus begin to transform into the creature again , draws his weapon . He is restrained by a disbelieving Skinner and then sedated in a hospital .
Mulder tells Scully that he saw the monster doing something to the back of his victim 's head and begs her to look for evidence on the back of Backus 's head . Scully examines Backus 's corpse and finds three puncture marks at the top of the spine marking the corners of an equilateral triangle .
Mulder , still restrained in his bed at the hospital , sees the silhouette of the monster at the window . He screams for the nurse , but she has already been bitten and opens the window to let the monster in . Scully tries to visit Mulder but the nurse refuses access . Suddenly Scully sees the nurse as a corpse , realizes that Mulder is in danger , and runs into Mulder 's room . There she sees the monster on the wall and shoots at it . It leaps through the partially open window , breaking the glass and wooden frame .
Back at FBI headquarters , Scully testifies to Skinner that she believes Mulder is mentally sound and fit for duty , noting that Pincus and several others mysteriously disappeared , that there was an intruder in Mulder 's room , and that Backus did have some sort of chemical in his system . Afterward she tells Mulder that she said it was Folie à deux , and describes it as ' a madness shared by two ' . But she does not specify who the two were .
The episode ends with a different man at a telemarketing agency in Camdenton , Missouri noticing the same ominous signs of the creature .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and effects = = =
" Folie à Deux " was written by Vince Gilligan . He later recalled that the inspiration for the episode was the idea that " there 's a monster around that only you can see — the clinical definition of madness " and called the conceit " scary " . The title is a reference to Folie à deux , a form of insanity shared by two people . It usually begins with one person who conceives of a delusional belief and then spreads it to another ; thus , those two share the same delusion .
The episode 's antagonistic bug creature was created by means of a prosthetic suit that was worn by a stuntwoman . The suit was highly ridiculed behind the scenes . Actor Markinson , upon seeing the costume , said " this is what 's driving me crazy ? " Director Kim Manners was highly critical of the monster and later told people that after the episode would air , his career would be " over " . Gilligan attributed the problems due to the episodic work schedule , he noted , " we 're usually on such a short schedule that there has to be a weak link somewhere " . Gilligan also stated that the " over engineered " aspects of the suit made it somewhat comical . To fix the perceived issues with the monster , the production team gave the filmed footage to visual effects editor Laurie Kallsen @-@ George , who " took the footage with the monster in it , erased the monster completely , took the monster to a different screen [ ... ] animated it , and added speed blur " . The effects took a large amount of time to complete . They were only finished at 7 : 30 the morning the episode was scheduled to air . In the end , the monster is not clearly visible in the installment , which allowed the scariness of the episode to be more real , according to Gilligan .
= = = Locations = = =
Several of the scenes set at Gretchen Starns ' house were filmed in a " turn @-@ of @-@ the @-@ century " home in North Vancouver , British Columbia . Initially , the producers wanted to set the sequence at a tract home , and emulate the " pastel community " featured in movies like Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) and The Truman Show ( 1998 ) . However , when a tract home with the necessary attributes did not turn up , the crew decided to shoot the scene in a " spookier " location . Special effect rigging was then installed on the house to allow the bug creature to scale the wall . The elaborate sequence in which the insect creature crawls across a ceiling was made by creating an upside @-@ down mock house set . The actress portraying the creature then crawled on the set and the footage was flipped in post @-@ production . The scenes featuring an armored car smashing through the wall of VinylRight were filmed on a specially constructed soundstage .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Folie à Deux " originally aired on the Fox network on May 10 , 1998 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on March 10 , 1999 . This episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 11 @.@ 0 , with a 17 share , meaning that roughly 11 @.@ 0 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 17 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 17 @.@ 63 million viewers .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Folie à Deux " received largely positive reviews from critics . Francis Dass of New Straits Times was positive toward the episode , considering it " highly watchable " . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode a glowing review and awarded it an " A " . He praised the way it " starts out as what seems like a Mulder @-@ centric episode , then slowly inverts on itself to become a Scully @-@ centric episode " . VanDerWerff also positively critiqued the manner in which " the monster [ ... ] works on a metaphorical level as well " . He concluded that the episode 's main theme — that " [ m ] adness is always better when shared by two " — was a " great idea " that resulted in " one of the greatest episodes the show ever did " . John Keegan from Critical Myth awarded the episode a 7 out of 10 and called it " a pleasant enough diversion " from the then @-@ upcoming series feature film . He wrote that , while the episode fits the mold of " the traditional late @-@ season summary of the evolving character dynamic " , the entry manages to frame Scully ’ s psychology " in the limelight " without actually " emphasiz [ ing ] Scully herself " .
Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely positive review and awarded it three stars out of four . Vitaris praised the conceit and called the episode " the scariest [ ... ] of the year " . She applauded the " now you see it , now you don 't " appearance of the bug creature and noted that Pincus ' casting was " just right " . She concluded that the episode was " so well realized " and that " there is so much to enjoy " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four stars out of five . The two compared the entry to the previous fifth season installment " Bad Blood " , calling " Folie à Deux " its " logical extension " . Shearman and Pearson argued that the episode " provide [ s ] a comedy and an effective monster story at the same time . "
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= Hitler Diaries =
The Hitler Diaries ( German : Hitler @-@ Tagebücher ) were a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly by Adolf Hitler , but forged by Konrad Kujau between 1981 and 1983 . The diaries were purchased in 1983 for 9 @.@ 3 million Deutsche Marks ( $ 3 @.@ 7 million ) by the West German news magazine Stern , which sold serialisation rights to several news organisations . One of the publications involved was The Sunday Times , who asked their independent director , the historian Hugh Trevor @-@ Roper , to authenticate the diaries ; he did so , pronouncing them genuine . At the press conference to announce the forthcoming publication , Trevor @-@ Roper announced that on reflection he had changed his mind , and other historians also raised questions concerning their validity . Rigorous forensic analysis , which had not been performed previously , quickly confirmed that the diaries were fakes .
Kujau , born and raised in East Germany , had a history of petty crime and deception . In the mid @-@ 1970s he began selling Nazi memorabilia which he was smuggling from the East , but soon found he could raise the prices by forging additional authentication details which linked ordinary souvenirs to the Nazi leaders . He began forging paintings by Hitler and an increasing number of notes , poems and letters , until he produced his first diary in the mid- to late 1970s . The West German journalist with Stern who " discovered " the diaries and was involved in their purchase was Gerd Heidemann , who had an obsession with the Nazis . When Stern started buying the diaries , Heidemann stole a significant proportion of the money provided .
Kujau and Heidemann both spent time in prison for their parts in the fraud , and several newspaper editors lost their jobs . The story of the scandal has been the basis of two films : Selling Hitler ( 1991 ) for the British ITV channel , and Schtonk ! ( 1992 ) for German cinema .
= = Background = =
= = = Operation Seraglio = = =
On 20 April 1945 — Adolf Hitler 's 56th birthday — Soviet troops were on the verge of taking Berlin and the Western Allies had already taken several German cities . Hitler 's private secretary , Martin Bormann , put into action Operation Seraglio , a plan to evacuate the key and favoured members of Hitler 's entourage from the Berlin bunker where they were based , the Führerbunker , to an Alpine command centre near Berchtesgaden — Hitler 's retreat in southern Germany . Ten aeroplanes flew out from Gatow airfield under the overall command of General Hans Baur , Hitler 's personal pilot . The final flight out was a Junkers Ju 352 transport plane , piloted by Major Friedrich Gundlfinger — on board were ten heavy chests under the supervision of Hitler 's personal valet Sergeant Wilhelm Arndt . The plane crashed into the Heidenholz forest , near the Czechoslovak border .
Some of the more useful parts of Gundlfinger 's plane were appropriated by locals before the police and SS cordoned off the crash . When Baur told Hitler what had happened , the German leader expressed grief at the loss of Arndt , one of his most favoured servants , and added : " I entrusted him with extremely valuable documents which would show posterity the truth of my actions ! " Apart from this quoted sentence , there is no indication of what was in the boxes . The last of the crash 's two survivors died in April 1980 , and Bormann was assumed to have taken his own life , having disappeared from the Berlin bunker after Hitler 's suicide on 30 April 1945 . In the decades following the war , the possibility of a hidden cache of private papers belonging to Hitler became , according to the journalist Robert Harris , a " tantalizing state of affairs [ that ] was to provide the perfect scenario for forgery " .
= = = Konrad Kujau = = =
Konrad Kujau was born in 1938 in Löbau , near Dresden , in what would become East Germany . His parents , a shoemaker and his wife , had both joined the Nazi Party in 1933 . The boy grew up believing in the Nazi ideals and idolising Hitler ; Germany 's defeat and Hitler 's suicide in 1945 did not temper his enthusiasm for the Nazi cause . He held a series of menial jobs until 1957 , when a warrant was issued for his arrest in connection with the theft of a microphone from the Löbau Youth Club . He fled to Stuttgart , West Germany , and soon drifted into temporary work and petty crime . After running a dance bar during the early 1960s with his girlfriend , Edith Lieblang — whom he later married — Kujau began to create a fictional background for himself . He told people that his real name was Peter Fischer , changed his date of birth by two years , and altered the story of his time in East Germany . By 1963 the bar had begun to suffer financial difficulties , and Kujau started his career as a counterfeiter , forging 27 Deutsche Marks ' ( DM ) worth of luncheon vouchers ; he was caught and sentenced to five days in prison . On his release he and his wife formed the Lieblang Cleaning Company , although it provided little income for them . In March 1968 , at a routine check at Kujau 's lodgings , the police established he was living under a false identity and he was sent to Stuttgart 's Stammheim Prison .
In 1970 Kujau visited his family in East Germany and discovered that many of the locals held Nazi memorabilia , contrary to the laws of the communist government . He saw an opportunity to buy the material cheaply on the black market , and make a profit in the West , where the increasing demand among Stuttgart collectors was raising memorabilia prices up to ten times the amount he would pay . The trade was illegal in East Germany , and the export of what were deemed items of cultural heritage was banned . Among the items smuggled out of East Germany were weapons .
In 1974 Kujau rented a shop into which he placed his Nazi memorabilia ; the outlet also became the venue for late @-@ night drinking sessions with friends and fellow collectors , including Wolfgang Schulze , who lived in the US and became Kujau 's agent there . Kujau inflated the value of items in his shop by forging additional authentication details — for example a genuine First World War helmet , worth a few marks , became considerably more valuable after Kujau forged a note indicating that Hitler had worn it at Ypres in late October 1914 . In addition to notes by Hitler , he produced documents supposedly handwritten by Bormann , Rudolf Hess , Heinrich Himmler , Hermann Göring and Joseph Goebbels . He forged passable imitations of his subjects ' genuine handwriting , but the rest of the work was crude : Kujau used modern stationery such as Letraset to create letterheads , and he tried to make his products look suitably old by pouring tea over them . Mistakes in spelling or grammar were relatively common , particularly when he forged in English ; a supposed copy of the 1938 Munich Agreement between Hitler and Neville Chamberlain read , in part :
We regard the areement signet last night and the Anglo @-@ German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another againe .
In the mid- to late 1970s Kujau , an able amateur artist , turned to producing paintings which he claimed were by Hitler , who had been an amateur artist as a young man . Having found a market for his forged works , Kujau created Hitler paintings depicting subjects his buyers expressed interest in , such as cartoons , nudes and men in action — all subjects that Hitler never painted , or would want to paint , according to Charles Hamilton , a handwriting expert and author of books on forgery . These paintings were often accompanied by small notes , purportedly from Hitler . The paintings were profitable for Kujau . To explain his access to the memorabilia he invented several sources in East Germany , including a former Nazi general , the bribable director of a museum and his own brother , whom he re @-@ invented as a general in the East German army .
Having found success in passing off his forged notes as those of Hitler , Kujau grew more ambitious and copied , by hand , the text from both volumes of Mein Kampf , even though the originals had been completed by typewriter . Kujau also produced an introduction to a third volume of the work . He sold these manuscripts to one of his regular clients , Fritz Stiefel , a collector of Nazi memorabilia who accepted them and many other Kujau products as genuine . Kujau also began forging a series of war poems by Hitler , which were so amateurish that Kujau later conceded that " a fourteen @-@ year @-@ old collector would have recognised it as a forgery " .
= = = Gerd Heidemann = = =
Gerd Heidemann was born in Hamburg in 1931 . During the rise of Hitler his parents remained apolitical , but Heidemann , like many other young boys , joined the Hitler Youth . After the war he trained as an electrician , and pursued an interest in photography . He began working in a photographic laboratory and became a freelance photographer for the Deutsche Presse @-@ Agentur and Keystone news agencies , as well as some local Hamburg papers . He had his first work published in Stern in 1951 and four years later joined the paper as a full @-@ time member of staff . From 1961 he covered wars and hostilities across Africa and the Middle East ; he became obsessed with these conflicts and other stories on which he worked , such as the search for identity of the German writer B. Traven . Although he was an excellent researcher — his colleagues called him der Spürhund , the Bloodhound — he would not know when to stop investigating , which led to other writers having to finish off the stories from large quantities of notes .
On behalf of Stern , in January 1973 Heidemann photographed the Carin II , a yacht that formerly belonged to Göring . The boat was in a poor state of repair and expensive to maintain , but Heidemann took a mortgage on his Hamburg flat and purchased it . While researching the history of the yacht , Heidemann interviewed Göring 's daughter , Edda , after which the couple began an affair . Through this relationship and his ownership of the boat he was introduced to a circle of former Nazis . He began to hold parties on the Carin II , with the former SS generals Karl Wolff and Wilhelm Mohnke as the guests of honour . Wolff and Mohnke were witnesses at Heidemann 's wedding to his third wife in 1979 ; the couple went on honeymoon to South America accompanied by Wolff , where they met more ex @-@ Nazis , including Walter Rauff and Klaus Barbie , who were both wanted in the West for war crimes .
The purchase of the yacht caused Heidemann financial problems , and in 1976 he agreed terms with Gruner + Jahr , Stern 's parent company , to produce a book based on the conversations he was having with the former soldiers and SS men . When the book went unwritten — the material provided by the former SS officer was not sufficiently interesting or verifiable for publication — Heidemann borrowed increasingly large sums from his employers to pay for the boat 's upkeep . In June 1978 he advertised the boat for sale , asking 1 @.@ 1 million DMs ; he received no offers . Mohnke recommended that Heidemann speak to Jakob Tiefenthaeler , a Nazi memorabilia collector and a former member of the SS . Tiefenthaeler was not in a position to buy the yacht , but was happy to act as an agent ; his endeavours did not produce a sale . Realising Heidemann 's financial circumstances , Tiefenthaeler provided him with names of other collectors in the Stuttgart area . The journalist made a trip to the south of Germany and met Stiefel , who purchased some of Göring 's effects .
= = = Stern , The Sunday Times and Newsweek = = =
Stern ( German for " Star " ) , a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg , was formed by the journalist and businessman Henri Nannen in 1948 to offer scandal , gossip and human interest stories . It was , according to the German media experts Frank Esser and Uwe Hartung , known for its investigative journalism and was politically left @-@ of @-@ centre . In 1981 Nannen resigned from his position of editor of the magazine , and moved to take the role of " publisher " . In his place Stern had three editors : Peter Koch , Rolf Gillhausen and Felix Schmidt , who were aided by others including the journal 's head of contemporary history , Thomas Walde . Manfred Fischer was CEO of Gruner + Jahr until 1981 when he was promoted to the board of Bertelsmann , their parent company ; he was replaced by Gerd Schulte @-@ Hillen . Wilfried Sorge was one of the Gruner + Jahr managers responsible for international sales .
The Sunday Times is a British national broadsheet newspaper , the Sunday sister paper of The Times . In 1968 , under the ownership of Lord Thomson , The Sunday Times had been involved in a deal to purchase the Mussolini diaries for an agreed final purchase price of £ 250 @,@ 000 , although they had only paid out an initial amount of £ 60 @,@ 000 . These turned out to be forgeries undertaken by an Italian mother and daughter , Amalia and Rosa Panvini . In 1981 Rupert Murdoch , who owned several other papers in Australia , New Zealand and the UK , purchased Times Newspapers Ltd , which owned both The Times and its Sunday sister . Murdoch appointed Frank Giles to be the editor of The Sunday Times . The historian Hugh Trevor @-@ Roper became an independent national director of The Times in 1974 . Trevor @-@ Roper — who was created Baron Dacre of Glanton in 1979 — was a specialist on Nazi Germany , who had worked for the British Intelligence Services during and after the Second World War . At the war 's end he had undertaken an official investigation of Hitler 's death , interviewing eyewitnesses to the Führer 's last movements . In addition to the official report he filed , Trevor @-@ Roper also published The Last Days of Hitler ( 1947 ) on the subject . He subsequently wrote about the Nazis in Hitler 's War Directives ( 1964 ) and Hitler 's Place in History ( 1965 ) .
Newsweek , an American weekly news magazine , was founded in 1933 . In 1982 the journalist William Broyles was appointed editor @-@ in @-@ chief , while the editor was Maynard Parker ; that year the company had circulation figures of three million readers .
= = Production and sale of the diaries = =
= = = Production = = =
It is unclear when Kujau produced his first Hitler diary . Stiefel says Kujau gave him a diary on loan in 1975 . Schulze puts the date as 1976 , while Kujau says he began in 1978 , after a month 's practice writing in the old German gothic script Hitler had used . Kujau used one of a pile of notebooks he had bought cheaply in East Berlin , and attempted to put the letters " AH " in gold on the front — purchasing plastic , Hong Kong @-@ made letters from a department store , he inadvertently used " FH " rather than " AH " . He took the black ribbon from a genuine SS document , and attached it to the cover using a German army wax seal . For the ink he bought two bottles of Pelikan ink — one black , one blue — and mixed them with water so it would flow more easily from the cheap modern pen he used . Finally he sprinkled tea over the pages and bashed the diaries against his desk to give them an aged look . Kujau showed the first volume to Stiefel , who was impressed and thought it a genuine Hitler diary ; Stiefel wanted to buy it , but when the forger refused , the pair agreed that the collector could have it on loan .
In June 1979 Stiefel asked a former Nazi Party archivist , August Priesack , to verify the authenticity of the diary , which he subsequently did . Priesack showed the diary to Eberhard Jäckel of the University of Stuttgart , who also thought the diary to be genuine , and wanted to edit it for publication . News of the diary 's existence soon began to filter through to collectors of Hitler memorabilia . At the end of 1979 Tiefenthaeler contacted Heidemann to say that Stiefel had shown him around his collection , which included a Hitler diary — the only one Kujau had forged to that point . According to Hamilton " the discovery inflamed Heidemann almost to madness " , and he aggressively pressed for what would be a journalistic scoop .
Stiefel showed Heidemann the diary in Stuttgart in January 1980 , telling him it was from a plane crash in East Germany , although he refused to tell the journalist the name of his source . The collector spoke to Kujau to see if he would meet Heidemann , but the forger repeatedly refused Heidemann 's requests for nearly a year . Heidemann returned to the Stern offices and spoke to his editor , but both Koch and Nannen refused to discuss the potential story with him , telling him to work on other features . The only person who was interested was Walde , who worked with Heidemann to find the source of the diaries . Their searches for Kujau proved fruitless , so they looked into the crash . Heidemann , who had read Baur 's autobiography , knew of Gundlfinger 's flight , and made a connection between Operation Seraglio and the diary ; in November 1980 the two journalists travelled to Dresden and located the graves of the flight 's crew .
In January 1981 Tiefenthaeler gave Kujau 's telephone number to Heidemann , telling the journalist to ask for " Mr Fischer " , one of Kujau 's aliases . During the subsequent phone call Kujau told Heidemann that there were 27 volumes of Hitler 's diaries , the original manuscript of the unpublished third volume of Mein Kampf , an opera by the young Hitler called Wieland der Schmied ( Wieland the Blacksmith ) , numerous letters and unpublished papers , and several of Hitler 's paintings — most of which were still in East Germany . Heidemann offered two million DMs for the entire collection and guaranteed secrecy until everything had been brought over the border . Although the pair did not agree to a deal , they agreed to " the foundations of a deal " , according to Harris ; Kujau 's condition was that he would only deal directly with Heidemann , something that suited the journalist as a way of keeping other members of Stern away from the story .
Heidemann and Walde produced a prospectus for internal discussion , outlining what was available for purchase and the costs . The document , signed by Heidemann , finished with a veiled threat : " If our company thinks that the risk is too great , I suggest that I should seek out a publishing company in the United States which could put up the money and ensure that we get the German publication rights . " The pair did not show the prospectus to anyone at Stern , but instead presented it to Gruner + Jahr 's deputy managing director , Dr Jan Hensmann , and Manfred Fischer ; they also requested a 200 @,@ 000 mark deposit from the publisher to secure the rights with Kujau . After a meeting that lasted a little over two hours , and with no recourse to an expert or historian , the deposit was authorised . As soon as the meeting ended , at about 7 pm , Heidemann travelled to Stuttgart , with the deposit money , to meet Kujau .
= = = Acquisition = = =
At that first meeting on 28 January 1981 , which lasted over seven hours , Heidemann offered Kujau a deposit of only 100 @,@ 000 DMs to agree the deal , which Kujau did not accept . At a second meeting the following day , the reporter revealed an additional lure he had brought with him : a uniform which he said was Göring 's . Kujau tentatively agreed to provide the diaries and told Heidemann that he would call him as soon as he could arrange to receive them from East Germany . As a sign of good faith Heidemann lent the uniform to the forger , to show alongside his collection of other uniforms from the top Nazis ; for his part , Kujau gave the journalist a painting purportedly by Hitler . Both the painting and uniform were fakes .
A week later Kujau met Jäckel and Alex Kuhn in connection with the poems he had forged and sold to Stiefel . These had been published by Jäckel and Kuhn in 1980 , but one historian pointed out that one of the poems could not have been produced by Hitler as it had been written by the poet Herybert Menzel . Jäckel was concerned that the poem in question had been accompanied by a letter on Nazi party stationery guaranteeing it as a genuine work by Hitler . Many of the other pieces in Stiefel 's collection were similarly verified , so doubts began to surface over these , too . Kujau claimed ignorance , saying he was only the middleman , but told them that Heidemann , a reputed journalist , had seen the crash site from which the papers originated ; Jäckel advised Stiefel to have his collection forensically examined , and passed 26 suspect poems to the Hamburg district attorney for investigation . Gruner + Jahr also knew about the problems with the poems , and that the source had been Kujau , but he assured them that this source had been elsewhere in East Germany , unconnected to the diaries , and they continued with their deal .
Ten days after the meeting with Jäckel and Kuhn , Kujau had prepared three further diaries . The contents were copied from a range of books , newspapers and magazines covering Hitler 's life . Primary among them was the two @-@ volume work by the historian Max Domarus , Hitler : Reden und Proklamationen , 1932 – 45 ( Hitler : Speeches and Proclamations , 1932 – 45 ) , which presents Hitler 's day @-@ to @-@ day activities . Many of the diary 's entries were lists of Nazi party promotions and official engagements . Although Kujau created some personal information about Hitler in the diaries , this was , in the opinion of both Harris and Hamilton , trivia . He began working to a schedule of producing three diaries a month . He later stated that he managed to produce one of the volumes in three hours ; on a separate occasion he wrote three diaries in three days .
On 17 February 1981 Kujau flew to Stuttgart and gave Heidemann the three recently prepared diaries , for which Heidemann gave him 35 @,@ 000 DMs . This was a great deal less than the 120 @,@ 000 DMs — 40 @,@ 000 DMs per diary — promised to Kujau in the first meeting , from which Heidemann would also claim a 10 % commission ; the reduction in funds was explained by a need to get an " expert opinion " on the authenticity of the diaries , and the balance was later paid . The following day the reporter delivered the diaries to Gruner + Jahr . In the subsequent meeting with Walde , Hensmann , Sorge and Fischer , Heidemann and Walde again insisted on secrecy about the project , to ensure their acquisition of all the diaries — it was agreed that not even the editors of Stern should be told of the discovery . More importantly , according to Harris , it was decided that they should not have the material examined by a forensic scientist or historian until every diary had been obtained . Fischer committed the company to the future purchases by immediately allocating one million DM to the project . The company also set up a dedicated unit to deal with the diaries in an annex to the main Gruner + Jahr offices . It was headed by Walde , and consisted of an assistant , two secretaries and Heidemann . On receipt of the diaries they were photocopied and transcribed from the gothic script into modern German . Heidemann also entered into a private contract with Gruner + Jahr , which was kept secret from the company 's legal and personnel departments . It contained a deal for him to publish books through the company at a generous royalty rate , and agreed that ten years after publication the original diaries would be given to Heidemann for research purposes , to be handed on to the West German government on his death . He was also to be given a bonus of 300 @,@ 000 DMs for recovering the first eight diaries .
The delivery of the diaries continued , although there were tensions between Heidemann and Kujau , partly owing to the journalist 's " domineering personality and duplicity " . Because of the nature of the transactions there were no receipts provided by Heidemann to Gruner + Jahr , and the business was conducted by the company on the basis of trust . By the end of February 1981 , 680 @,@ 000 DMs had been paid for the diaries , only around half of which was received by Kujau . Heidemann had pocketed the rest , defrauding both his employer and the forger in the process .
Despite the self @-@ imposed restrictions of secrecy placed on the small circle inside Gruner + Jahr , Heidemann could not resist showing one of the volumes to Mohnke , as the entry referred to the SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler , Mohnke 's former regiment . Heidemann read out three entries from the diaries — from 15 , 17 and 18 March — which concerned visits made by Hitler to the regiment while in the Lichterfelde and Friesenstraße barracks . Mohnke informed him that the entries were inaccurate , saying that the Lichterfelde barracks were not occupied by the troops on that date , that the regimental name used in the diary was introduced much later , and that so far as he knew Hitler never visited the Friesenstraße barracks . Heidemann was unmoved by his friend 's revelations , and posited that Hitler had probably written what he was planning to do , not what he had done . Harris suggests that this showed that the journalist " had long ceased operating on a rational wavelength about the diaries " .
The circle of those at Gruner + Jahr who knew about the diaries grew in May 1981 when Fischer decided to look into the complicated copyright circumstances surrounding Hitler 's property . He discussed the matter with the company 's legal advisor , Dr Andreas Ruppert , who advised speaking to Werner Maser , a historian who acted as a trustee on such matters to the Hitler family . Heidemann visited Maser in June 1981 and came to a deal that enabled the journalist and Stern , for a payment of 20 @,@ 000 DMs , to retain " the rights to all the discovered or purchased documents or notes in the hand of Adolf Hitler ... which have so far not yet been published " .
After twelve diaries had been delivered to Gruner + Jahr , Heidemann informed his employers that the price had risen from 85 @,@ 000 DMs to 100 @,@ 000 DMs per diary ; the reason given by Heidemann was that the East German general smuggling the diaries was now having to bribe more people . The additional money was retained by Heidemann and not passed on to Kujau . The journalist was starting to lead a profligate lifestyle on his illicit profits , including two new cars ( a BMW convertible and a Porsche , for a combined total of 58 @,@ 000 DMs ) , renting two new flats on Hamburg 's exclusive Elbchaussee , and jewellery . He also spent considerable sums acquiring new Nazi memorabilia . Some were genuine , such as Wolff 's SS honour dagger ; others were purchased from Kujau , including 300 forged oil paintings , drawings and sketches Kujau claimed were by Hitler . Other items , carrying notes by Kujau attesting to their authenticity , included a gun described as that used by Hitler to commit suicide , and a flag identified as the Blutfahne ( " Blood Flag " ) , carried in Hitler 's failed Munich Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 , and stained by the blood of Nazis shot by police .
The purchases of the diaries continued throughout mid to late 1981 : Gruner + Jahr gave Heidemann 345 @,@ 000 DMs on 29 July , and a further 220 @,@ 000 DMs a week later , which brought the total up to 1 @.@ 81 million DMs since the start of the year . This sum had purchased 18 diaries for the company . Schulte @-@ Hillen , the new managing director , signed an authorisation for a further million DMs for future purchases . Just over two weeks later he signed a further authorisation for 600 @,@ 000 DMs after Heidemann told him that the cost of the diaries had now risen to 200 @,@ 000 DMs each ; Heidemann also passed on the news that there were more than 27 diaries .
In mid @-@ December 1982 the author and Holocaust denier David Irving was also involved in tracking the existence of diaries written by Hitler . Priesack had previously told Irving of the existence of one of the diaries with a collector in Stuttgart . In a visit to Priesack to assess his collection of Nazi documents , Irving found out Stiefel 's phone number , from which he worked out the address ; he also obtained photocopies of some of the diary pages from Priesack . Irving visited Stiefel unannounced and tried to find out the name of the source , but the collector misled him as to the origin . Irving examined Priesack 's photocopies and saw a number of problems , including spelling mistakes and the change in writing style between certain words .
= = Initial testing and verification ; steps towards publication = =
In April 1982 Walde and Heidemann contacted Josef Henke and Klaus Oldenhage of the Bundesarchiv ( German Federal Archives ) and Max Frei @-@ Sulzer , the former head of the forensic department of the Zürich police , for assistance in authenticating the diaries . They did not specifically mention the diaries , but referred generally to new material . They also did not give the forensic specialists an entire diary , but removed one page only . For comparison purposes they also provided the experts with other samples of Hitler 's writing , a handwritten draft for a telegram : this was from Heidemann 's own collection and had also been forged by Kujau . Within days Walde provided further documents for comparison — all Kujau forgeries . Walde then flew to the US and commissioned Ordway Hilton , another forensic expert . None of those involved were experts in examining Nazi documents , and Hilton could not read German . Stern 's management were too bound up in a secretive approach to be open about their source , or to provide the experts with a complete diary , which would have led to a more thorough examination of wider material . From the samples provided , the experts concluded that the handwriting was genuine . Hilton subsequently reported that " there was just no question " that both documents he had were written by the same person , whom he assumed to be Hitler .
The purchase of the diaries continued , and by June 1982 Gruner + Jahr possessed 35 volumes . In early 1983 the company took the decision to work towards a publication date for the diaries . To ensure wide readership and to maximise their returns , Stern issued a prospectus to potentially interested parties , Newsweek , Time , Paris Match and a syndicate of papers owned by Murdoch . Stern rented a large vault in a Swiss bank . They filled the space with Nazi memorabilia and displayed various letters and manuscripts .
The first historian to examine the diaries was Hugh Trevor @-@ Roper , who was cautious , but impressed with the volume of documentation in front of him . As the background to the acquisition was explained to him he became less doubtful ; he was falsely informed that the paper had been chemically tested and been shown to be pre @-@ war , and he was told that Stern knew the identity of the Wehrmacht officer who had rescued the documents from the plane and had stored them ever since . By the end of the meeting he was convinced that the diaries were genuine , and later said " who , I asked myself , would forge sixty volumes when six would have served his purpose ? " In an article in The Times on 23 April 1983 he wrote :
I am now satisfied that the documents are authentic ; that the history of their wanderings since 1945 is true ; and that the standard accounts of Hitler 's writing habits , of his personality , and even , perhaps , of some public events may , in consequence , have to be revised .
The day after Trevor @-@ Roper gave his opinion of authenticity , Rupert Murdoch and his negotiation team arrived in Zürich . A deal was provisionally agreed for $ 2 @.@ 5 million for the US serialisation rights , with an additional $ 750 @,@ 000 for British and Commonwealth rights . While the discussions between Murdoch and Sorge were taking place , the diaries were examined by Broyle and his Newsweek team . After lengthy negotiation Broyle was informed that the minimum price Stern would consider was $ 3 million ; the Americans returned home , informing Hensmann that they would contact him by phone in two days . When Broyle contacted the Germans he offered the amount , subject to authentication by their chosen expert , Gerhard Weinberg . In 1952 Weinberg , a cautious and careful historian , had written the Guide to Captured German Documents , for use by the US military ; the work is described by Hamilton as definitive in its scope of the subject . Weinberg travelled to Zürich and , like Trevor @-@ Roper , was impressed and reassured by the range of items on show ; he was also partly persuaded by Trevor @-@ Roper 's endorsement of the diaries ' authenticity . Weinberg commented that " the notion of anyone forging hundreds , even thousands of pages of handwriting was hard to credit " .
Newsweek verbally accepted Hensmann 's offer and he in turn informed Murdoch , giving him the option to raise his bid . Murdoch was furious , having considered the handshake agreement in Zürich final . On 15 April 1983 Murdoch , with Mark Edmiston , the president of Newsweek , met Schulte @-@ Hillen , who , unexpectedly and without explanation , went back on all the previous verbal — and therefore , to his mind , non @-@ binding — agreements and told them the price was now $ 4 @.@ 25 million . Murdoch and Edmiston refused to accede to the new price and both left . The managers of Stern , with no publishing partners , backtracked on their statements and came to a second deal with Murdoch , who drove the price down , paying $ 800 @,@ 000 for the US rights , and $ 400 @,@ 000 for the British and Australian rights . Further deals were done in France with Paris Match for $ 400 @,@ 000 ; in Spain with Grupo Zeta for $ 150 @,@ 000 ; in the Netherlands for $ 125 @,@ 000 ; in Norway for $ 50 @,@ 000 ; and in Italy with Panorama for $ 50 @,@ 000 . Newsweek did not enter into a deal and instead based their subsequent stories on the copies of the diaries they had seen during the negotiation period .
= = Released to the news media ; the Stern press conference = =
On 22 April 1983 a press release from Stern announced the existence of the diaries and their forthcoming publication ; a press conference was announced for 25 April . On hearing the news from Stern , Jäckel stated that he was " extremely sceptical " about the diaries , while his fellow historian , Karl Dietrich Bracher of the University of Bonn also thought their legitimacy unlikely . Irving was receiving calls from international news companies — the BBC , The Observer , Newsweek , Bild Zeitung — and he was informing them all that the diaries were fakes . The German Chancellor , Helmut Kohl , also said that he could not believe the diaries were genuine . The following day The Times published the news that their Sunday sister paper had the serialisation rights for the UK ; the edition also carried an extensive piece by Trevor @-@ Roper with his opinion on the authenticity and importance of the discovery . By this stage the historian had growing doubts over the diaries , which he passed on to the editor of The Times , Charles Douglas @-@ Home . The Times editor presumed that Trevor @-@ Roper would also contact Giles at The Sunday Times , while Trevor @-@ Roper thought that Douglas @-@ Home would do so ; neither did . The Sunday paper thus remained oblivious of the growing concerns that the diaries might not be genuine .
On the evening of 23 April the presses began rolling for the following day 's edition of The Sunday Times . After an evening meeting of the editorial staff , Giles phoned Trevor @-@ Roper to ask him to write a piece rebutting the criticism of the diaries . He found that the historian had made " a 180 degree turn " regarding the diaries ' authenticity , and was now far from sure that they were real . The paper 's deputy editor , Brian MacArthur , rang Murdoch to see if they should stop the print run and re @-@ write the affected pages . Murdoch 's reply was " Fuck Dacre . Publish " .
On the afternoon of the 24 April , in Hamburg for the press conference the following day , Trevor @-@ Roper asked Heidemann for the name of his source : the journalist refused , and gave a different story of how the diaries had been acquired . Trevor @-@ Roper was suspicious and questioned the reporter closely for over an hour . Heidemann accused the historian of acting " exactly like an officer of the British army " in 1945 . At a subsequent dinner the historian was evasive when asked by Stern executives what he was going to say at the announcement the following day .
At the press conference both Trevor @-@ Roper and Weinberg expressed their doubts at the authenticity , and stated that German experts needed to examine the diaries to confirm whether the works were genuine . Trevor @-@ Roper went on to say that his doubts sprung from the lack of proof that these books were the same ones as had been on the crashed plane in 1945 . He finished his statement by saying that " I regret that the normal method of historical verification has been sacrificed to the perhaps necessary requirements of a journalistic scoop . " The leading article in The Guardian described his public reversal as showing " moral courage " . Irving , who had been described in the introductory statement by Koch as a historian " with no reputation to lose " , stood at the microphone for questions , and asked how Hitler could have written his diary in the days following the 20 July plot , when his arm had been damaged . He denounced the diaries as forgeries , and held aloft the photocopied pages he had been given from Priesack . He asked if the ink in the diaries had been tested , but there was no response from the managers of Stern . Photographers and film crews jostled to get a better picture of Irving , and some punches were thrown by journalists while security guards moved in and forcibly removed Irving from the room , while he shouted " Ink ! Ink ! " .
= = Forensic analysis and the uncovering of the frauds = =
With grave doubts now expressed about the authenticity of the diaries , Stern faced the possibility of legal action for disseminating Nazi propaganda . To ensure a definitive judgment on the diaries , Dr Hagen , one of the company 's lawyers , passed three complete diaries to Dr Henke at the Bundesarchiv for a more complete forensic examination . While the debate on the diaries ' authenticity continued , Stern published its special edition on 28 April , which provided Hitler 's purported views on the flight of Hess to England , Kristallnacht and the Holocaust . The following day Heidemann again met with Kujau , and bought the last four diaries from him .
On the following Sunday — 1 May 1983 — The Sunday Times published further stories providing the background to the diaries , linking them more closely to the plane crash in 1945 , and providing a profile of Heidemann . That day , when The Daily Express rang Irving for a further comment on the diaries , he informed them that he now believed the diaries to be genuine ; The Times ran the story of Irving 's U @-@ turn the following day . Irving explained that Stern had shown him a diary from April 1945 in which the writing sloped downwards from left to right , and the script of which got smaller along the line . At a subsequent press conference Irving explained that he had been examining the diaries of Dr Theodor Morell , Hitler 's personal doctor , in which Morell diagnosed the Führer as having Parkinson 's disease , a symptom of which was to write in the way the text appeared in the diaries . Harris posits that further motives may also have played a part — the lack of reference to the Holocaust in the diaries may have been perceived by Irving as supporting evidence for his thesis , put forward in his book Hitler 's War , that the Holocaust took place without Hitler 's knowledge . The same day Hagen visited the Bundesarchiv and was told of their findings : ultraviolet light had shown a fluorescent element to the paper , which should not have been present in an old document , and that the bindings of one of the diaries included polyester which had not been made before 1953 . Research in the archives also showed a number of factual errors . The findings were partial only , and not conclusive ; more volumes were provided to aid the analysis .
When Hagen reported back to the Stern management , an emergency meeting was called and Schulte @-@ Hillen demanded the identity of Heidemann 's source . The journalist relented , and provided the provenance of the diaries as Kujau had given it to him . Harris describes how a bunker mentality descended on the Stern management as , instead of accepting the truth of the Bundesarchiv 's findings , they searched for alternative explanations as to how post @-@ war whitening agents could have been used in the wartime paper . The paper then released a statement defending their position which Harris judges was " resonant with hollow bravado " .
While Koch was touring the US , giving interviews to most of the major news channels , he met Kenneth W. Rendell , a handwriting expert in the studios of CBS , and showed him one of the volumes . Rendell 's first impression was that the diaries were forged . He later reported that " everything looked wrong " , including new @-@ looking ink , poor quality paper and signatures that were " terrible renditions " of Hitler 's . Rendell concludes the diaries were not particularly good fakes , calling them " bad forgeries but a great hoax " . He states that " with the exception of imitating Hitler 's habit of slanting his writing diagonally as he wrote across the page , the forger failed to observe or to imitate the most fundamental characteristics of his handwriting . "
On 4 May fifteen volumes of the diaries were removed from the Swiss bank vault and distributed to various forensic scientists : four went to the Bundesarchiv and eleven went to the Swiss specialists in St Gallen . The initial results were ready on 6 May , which confirmed what the forensic experts had been telling the management of Stern for the last week : the diaries were poor forgeries , with modern components and ink that was not in common use in wartime Germany . Measurements had been taken of the evaporation of chloride in the ink which showed the diaries had been written within the previous two years . There were also factual errors , including some from Domarus 's Hitler : Speeches and Proclamations that Kujau had copied . Before passing the news to Stern , the Bundesarchiv had already informed the government , saying it was " a ministerial matter " . The managers at Stern tried to release the first press statement that acknowledged the forensic findings and stated that the diaries were forged , but the official government announcement was released five minutes before Stern 's version of events went out .
= = Arrests and trial = =
Once the government announcement appeared on television , Kujau took his wife and mistress to Austria ; he introduced the latter to Edith as his cleaner . After he saw a news report a few days later , naming him as the forger , and hearing that Stern had paid nine million DMs , he first phoned his lawyer and then the Hamburg State prosecutor ; the forger agreed to hand himself in at the border between Austria and West Germany the following day . When police raided his house , they found several notebooks identical to those used in the fraud . Kujau continued to use a variation of the story he had told Heidemann — that of obtaining the diaries from the East — but he was bitter that the journalist was still at liberty , and had withheld so much of Stern 's money from him . After thirteen days , on 26 May , he wrote a full confession , stating that Heidemann knew all along that the diaries were forgeries . Heidemann was arrested that evening .
Following a police investigation that lasted over a year , on 21 August 1984 the trial against Heidemann and Kujau opened in Hamburg . Both men were charged with defrauding Stern of 9 @.@ 3 million DMs . Despite the seriousness of the charges facing the two men , Hamilton considers that " it also appeared clear that the trial was going to be a farce , a real slapstick affair that would enrage the judge and amuse the entire world . " The proceedings lasted until July 1985 , when both men were sent to prison : four years and eight months for Heidemann , four years and six months for Kujau . In September one of the supporting magistrates overseeing the case was replaced after he fell asleep ; three days later the court were " amused " to see pictures of Idi Amin 's underpants , which Heidemann had framed on his wall . At times the case " denigrated into a slanging match " between Kujau and Heidemann . In his summing up Judge Hans @-@ Ulrich Schroeder said that " the negligence of Stern has persuaded me to soften the sentences against the two main co @-@ conspirators . " Heidemann was found guilty of stealing 1 @.@ 7 million DMs from Stern ; Kujau guilty of receiving 1 @.@ 5 million DMs for his role in the forgeries . Despite the lengthy investigation and trial , at least five million DMs remained unaccounted for .
= = Aftermath = =
When Kujau was released from prison in 1987 he was suffering from throat cancer . He opened a gallery in Stuttgart and sold " forgeries " of Salvador Dalí and Joan Miró , all signed with his own name . Although he prospered , Kujau was later arrested for forging driving licences ; he was fined the equivalent of £ 2 @,@ 000 . He died of cancer in Stuttgart in September 2000 .
Heidemann was also released from prison in 1987 . Five years later it was reported in the German newspaper Der Spiegel that in the 1950s he had been recruited by the Stasi , the East German secret police , to monitor the arrival of American nuclear weapons into West Germany . In 2008 he had debts exceeding € 700 @,@ 000 , and was living on social security ; his situation had not changed by 2013 , and he remained bitter about his treatment .
Two of Stern 's editors , Koch and Schmidt , lost their jobs because of the scandal . Both complained strongly when told that their resignations were expected , pointing out that they had both wanted to sack Heidemann in 1981 . A settlement of 3 @.@ 5 million DMs ( c . $ 1 million ) was provided to each of them as part of the severance package . The staff at the magazine were angry at the approach taken by their managers , and held sit @-@ ins to protest at the " management 's bypassing traditional editorial channels and safeguards " . The scandal caused a major crisis for Stern and , according to Esser and Hartung , the magazine " once known for its investigative reporting , became a prime example of sensation @-@ seeking checkbook journalism " . Stern 's credibility was severely damaged and it took the magazine ten years to regain its pre @-@ scandal status and reputation . According to the German Historical Institute , the scandal was also " instrumental in discrediting the tendency toward an ' unprejudiced ' and euphemistic assessment of the Third Reich in West German popular culture " .
Murdoch moved Giles to the new position of editor emeritus . When Giles asked what the title meant , Murdoch informed him that " It 's Latin , Frank ; the e means you 're out and the meritus means you deserved it . " Murdoch later said that " circulation went up and it stayed up . We didn 't lose money or anything like that " , referring to the 20 @,@ 000 new readers the paper retained after the scandal broke , and the fact that Stern returned all the money paid to it by the Sunday Times . In April 2012 , during the Leveson Inquiry , he acknowledged his role in publishing the diaries , and took the blame for making the decision , saying " It was a massive mistake I made and I will have to live with it for the rest of my life . " Trevor @-@ Roper died in 2003 . Despite a long and respected career as a historian , according to Richard Davenport @-@ Hines , his biographer , Trevor @-@ Roper 's role in the scandal left his reputation " permanently besmirched " . In January 1984 Broyles resigned as editor of Newsweek , to " pursue new entrepreneurial ventures " .
In 1986 the journalist Robert Harris published an account of the hoax , Selling Hitler : The Story of the Hitler Diaries . Five years later Selling Hitler , a five @-@ episode drama @-@ documentary series based on Harris 's book , was broadcast on the British ITV channel . It starred Jonathan Pryce as Heidemann , Alexei Sayle as Kujau , Tom Baker as Fischer , Alan Bennett as Trevor @-@ Roper , Roger Lloyd @-@ Pack as Irving , Richard Wilson as Nannen and Barry Humphries as Murdoch . Later that year Charles Hamilton published the second book to investigate the forgeries : The Hitler Diaries . In 1992 the story of the diaries was adapted to the big screen by Helmut Dietl , in his satirical German @-@ language film Schtonk ! . The film , which starred Götz George as Heidemann and Uwe Ochsenknecht as Kujau , won three Deutscher Filmpreis awards , and nominations for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award .
In 2004 one of the diaries was sold at auction for € 6 @,@ 400 to an unknown buyer ; the remainder were handed over by Stern to the Bundesarchiv in 2013 , not as a memento of the Nazi past , but as an example of news media history . One of the Sunday Times journalists involved in the story , Brian MacArthur , later explained why so many experienced journalists and businessmen " were so gullible " about the authenticity of the diaries :
... the discovery of the Hitler diaries offered so tempting a scoop that we all wanted to believe they were genuine . Once hoist with a deal , moreover , we had to go on believing in their authenticity until they were convincingly demonstrated as forgeries . ... The few of us who were in on the secret fed in the adrenalin : we were going to write the most stunning scoop of our careers .
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= Prisoners of the Sun =
Prisoners of the Sun ( French : Le Temple du Soleil ) is the fourteenth volume of The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . The story was serialised weekly in the newly established Tintin magazine from September 1946 to April 1948 . Completing an arc begun in The Seven Crystal Balls , the story tells of young reporter Tintin , his dog Snowy , and friend Captain Haddock as they continue their efforts to rescue the kidnapped Professor Calculus by travelling through Andean villages , mountains , and rain forests , before finding a hidden Inca civilisation .
Prisoners of the Sun was a commercial success and was published in book form by Casterman the year following its conclusion . Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with Land of Black Gold , while the series itself became a defining part of the Franco @-@ Belgian comics tradition . The two @-@ part adventure was adapted into the 1969 film , Tintin and the Temple of the Sun by Belvision Studios , the first feature @-@ length animated Tintin film . Prisoners of the Sun has also been adapted into two episodes of the 1990s television series The Adventures of Tintin , a video game , and a 2001 musical stage production .
= = Synopsis = =
The synopsis continues a plot begun in The Seven Crystal Balls .
Young reporter Tintin , his dog Snowy , and friend Captain Haddock arrive in Callao , Peru . There , they plan to intercept the arrival of the Pachacamac , a ship carrying their friend Professor Calculus , who is being held by kidnappers . Tintin boards the ship and learns from Chiquito , the former assistant of General Alcazar and one of the abductors , that Calculus is to be executed for wearing a bracelet belonging to the mummified Incan king Rascar Capac .
Tintin barely escapes the ship with his life , and he and Haddock alert the authorities ; but the abductors evade the police and take Calculus to the Andes mountains . Tintin and Haddock pursue them to the mountain town of Jauga , where they board a train that is sabotaged in an attempt to kill them . When they attempt to investigate the whereabouts of Calculus , the local Indios prove to be peculiarly tight @-@ lipped . But then Tintin befriends a young Quechua boy named Zorrino after saving him from Spaniard bullies . A mysterious man observes this act of kindness and gives Tintin a medallion , telling him that it will save him from danger . Zorrino informs Tintin that Calculus is taken to the Temple of the Sun , which lies deep within the Andes , and offers to take them there .
After many hardships - including being pursued by four Indios who try their best to leave them stranded or dead - Tintin , Haddock , and Zorrino reach the Temple of the Sun , finding it to be a surviving outpost of the Inca civilisation . They are brought before the Prince of the Sun , flanked by Chiquito and Huascar , the mysterious man Tintin encountered in Jauga . Zorrino is saved from harm when Tintin gives him Huascar 's medallion , but Tintin and Haddock are sentenced to death by the Inca prince for their sacrilegious intrusion . The prince tells them they may choose the hour that Pachacamac , the Sun god , will set alight the pyre on which they will be executed .
Tintin and Haddock end up on the same pyre as Calculus . Tintin has , however , chosen the hour of their death to coincide with a solar eclipse , and with a little play @-@ acting , the terrified Inca believe that Tintin can command the Sun . The Inca prince implores Tintin to make the Sun show its light again . At Tintin 's command , the Sun returns , and the three are quickly set free . Afterwards , the Prince of the Sun tells them that the seven crystal balls used on the Sanders @-@ Hardiman expedition members , who had excavated Rascar Capac 's tomb , contained a " mystic liquid " obtained from coca that plunged them into a deep sleep . Each time the Inca high priest cast his spell over seven wax figures of the explorers , he could use them as he willed as punishment for their sacrilege . Tintin convinces the Inca prince that the explorers wished only to make known to the world the splendours of their civilisation . The Inca prince orders Chiquito to destroy the wax figures and at that moment in Europe the seven explorers awaken . After swearing an oath to keep the temple 's existence a secret , Tintin , Haddock and Calculus head home , while Zorrino remains with the Inca , having accepted an offer to live among them .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Amidst the German occupation of Belgium during World War II , Hergé had accepted a position working for Le Soir , the largest circulation French language daily newspaper in the country . Confiscated from its original owners , the German authorities permitted Le Soir to reopen under the directorship of Belgian editor Raymond de Becker , although it remained firmly under Nazi control , supporting the German war effort and espousing anti @-@ Semitism . Joining Le Soir on 15 October 1940 , Hergé was aided by old friend Paul Jamin and the cartoonist Jacques Van Melkebeke . Some Belgians were upset that Hergé was willing to work for a newspaper controlled by the then occupying Nazi administration , although he was heavily impressed by the size of Le Soir 's readership , which reached 600 @,@ 000 . Faced with the reality of Nazi oversight , Hergé abandoned the overt political themes that had pervaded much of his earlier work , instead adopting a policy of neutrality . Without the need to satirise political types , entertainment producer and author Harry Thompson observed that " Hergé was now concentrating more on plot and on developing a new style of character comedy . The public reacted positively . "
As with two previous stories , The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham 's Treasure , Hergé developed the idea of a twofold story arc , resulting in the two @-@ part The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun . Hergé planned for the former story to outline a mystery , while the latter would see his characters undertake an expedition to solve it . His use of an ancient mummy 's curse around which the narrative revolved was inspired by tales of a curse of the pharaohs which had been unearthed during the archaeologist Howard Carter 's 1922 discovery of Pharaoh Tutankhamun 's tomb . This was not the first time that Hergé had been inspired by this tabloid story , having previously done so when authoring Cigars of the Pharaoh .
The story began serialisation in Le Soir under the title of Les Sept Boules de Cristal on 16 December 1943 . It was , however , interrupted on 2 September 1944 , as Brussels was liberated from German occupation by the Allied forces on 3 September , upon which Le Soir immediately ceased publication . Hergé had been forced to abandon the story after 152 strips , equivalent to fifty pages of the later published book volume . The story had been left hanging after the scene in which Tintin leaves the hospital after seeing the seven members of the expedition enduring a simultaneous fit . Three days later the entire staff were fired and a new editorial team introduced . In October 1945 , Hergé was approached by Raymond Leblanc , a former member of a conservative Resistance group , the National Royalist Movement ( MNR ) , and his associates André Sinave and Albert Debaty . The trio were planning on launching a weekly magazine for children . Leblanc , who had fond childhood memories of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , thought Hergé would be ideal for it . Hergé agreed , and Leblanc obtained clearance papers for him , allowing him to work .
= = = Influences = = =
Hergé had adopted the idea of a person abducted into a lost Incan city from Gaston Leroux 's 1912 novel , The Bride of the Sun , in which the idea of a solar eclipse also appeared . In turn , the idea of European explorers discovering a lost city had been found in both H. Rider Haggard 's She : A History of Adventure ( 1887 ) and Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar ( 1916 ) . His use of the eclipse may also have been influenced by accounts claiming that Christopher Columbus subdued a revolt of indigenous groups in Jamaica in 1503 using knowledge of a solar eclipse that had been predicted by Giovanni Muller 's 1474 calendar .
Hergé 's principal source of information about the Andes was Charles Wiener 's 1880 book Pérou et Bolivie ( " Peru and Bolivia " ) , which contained 1 @,@ 100 engravings from which Hergé could base his own illustrations . In this way , small details about Andean costume and material culture were accurately copied . Part of the ceremonial costume worn by the Incan priest was based upon a colour painting of Mexican Aztecs produced by Else Bostelmann for the National Geographic Society which Hergé had a copy of in his files . He ensured that his depiction of the Peruvian trains was accurate by basing them upon examples found in a two @-@ volume picture encyclopedia of railways published by Librarie Hachette in 1927 .
Hergé sent his assistant , Edgar P. Jacobs , to the Cinquantenaire Museum to study its collections of Incan material , and also used Jacobs as a model for several of the poses that characters adopt in the story . He had a striped poncho specially made , which he then asked Jacobs to model . Hergé later concluded that the scene in which Tintin hoodwinked the Inca with his knowledge of the sun was implausible , suggesting that solar worshipers with a keen knowledge of astronomy like the Inca would have been well aware of the sun and its eclipses .
= = = Publication = = =
Prisoners of the Sun was the first of The Adventures of Tintin to be serialised in its entirety in the new Tintin magazine . On the magazine 's launch day of 26 September 1946 , readers who had been without Tintin for two years now received two pages per week in full colour under the title La Temple du Soleil ( The Temple of the Sun ) . It began on what is now page 50 of the previous book The Seven Crystal Balls and included two pages outlining the crystal ball mystery , presented as if it were a press cutting . With Jacobs , Hergé completed the cover of the first issue and finished off The Seven Crystal Balls prior to embarking on Prisoners of the Sun , although Hergé included both under the title of The Temple of the Sun . To lessen his workload , a portion of the two pages of Hergé 's strip was an explanatory block of text about Inca society , titled " Qui étaient les Incas ? " ( " Who were the Incas ? " ) . Covering issues such as geography , history , and religion , each block was signed in Tintin 's name .
In May 1947 , the collaboration between Hergé and Jacobs ended after an argument . Hergé had been jealous of the immediate success of Jacobs ' Blake and Mortimer series , and had turned down Jacobs ' request that he be credited as co @-@ creator of the new Adventures of Tintin .
On 17 June 1947 , serialisation of the story paused after Hergé disappeared . Doctors diagnosed him as suffering from a mental breakdown as a result of overwork , and to recover he spent time in retreat at the Abbey of Notre @-@ Dame @-@ de @-@ Scourmont . In a letter to his wife Germaine , Hergé wrote , " Life has spoilt me ... I no longer draw like I breathe , as I used to not so long ago . Tintin is no longer me ... my Boy Scout spirit has been badly damaged . " He followed this with a holiday to Gland on Lake Geneva , Switzerland with Germaine . Editors of Tintin magazine posted a sarcastic notice in the magazine stating that " Our friend Hergé is in need of a rest . Oh , don 't worry , he 's fine . But in refusing to marshal his forces to bring you a new episode of The Temple of the Sun each week , our friend is a little over @-@ worked . " He disappeared again in early 1948 , this time for six weeks , again to Gland , but according to biographer Pierre Assouline he was accompanied by a young , married woman , with whom he was having an extra @-@ marital affair . Angered by his absence , the editorial board decided to command other artists and writers to continue the story , a threat which made Hergé return to work .
While writing Prisoners of the Sun , Hergé decided that he wanted to move to Argentina , and focused his attention on completing all outstanding commissions so that he could focus on his emigration . He enlisted the aid of Van Melkebeke , Guy Dessicy , and Frans Jageneau to help finish Prisoners ; they gathered at his home on the Avenue Delleur and produced many of the backgrounds within the story . He also employed his friend Bernard Heuvelmans to help devise the ending of the story ; he paid Heuvelmans 43 @,@ 000 Belgian francs for doing so . Ultimately , Hergé changed his mind about moving to Argentina for reasons that remain unknown . Serialisation of Prisoners of the Sun culminated on 22 April 1948 . As with previous adventures , the title had also been serialised in the French Catholic newspaper Cœurs Vaillants , from 30 November 1947 .
= = = Republication = = =
After the story arc finished serialisation , the publishing company Casterman divided it into two volumes , Les Sept Boules de Cristal and Le Temple du Soleil , which they released in 1948 and 1949 respectively . To fit into the 62 @-@ page format , a number of scenes were deleted from the story 's publication in book form . These included a scene in which Tintin chases away a cat aboard the Pachacamac , Haddock drawing a picture of Tintin on a wall , Haddock chewing coca provided by Zorrino , Tintin shooting a jaguar , and Haddock discovering gold nuggets under the Temple of the Sun but being unable to take them back with him . British Tintin expert Michael Farr noted that none of these scenes were " integral to the narrative " , and that their removal improved its structure . The reformatting also led to an error in the depiction of the solar eclipse . In the original magazine serialisation , Hergé had depicted the moon moving across the sun in the correct direction for the Southern Hemisphere ; for the book publication , the drawings had been altered , with the moon now moving in the incorrect direction .
The book was banned by the Peruvian authorities because , in the map of South America contained within it , a region whose ownership was disputed by Peru and Ecuador was shown as being part of the latter country .
= = Critical analysis = =
Michael Farr described both The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun as " classic middle @-@ period Tintin " , commenting on their " surprisingly well @-@ balanced narrative " and the fact that they exhibited scant evidence of Hergé 's turbulent personal life . He felt that the inclusion of paranormal elements to the story did nothing to make the narrative less convincing , and observes Hergé 's recurring depiction of his character 's disturbing dreams . Farr opined that the Inca costumes were drawn with " a care and flamboyance that would do great credit to a major opera house production " , while the Andean landscapes were " worthy of a Cecil B. DeMille film spectacular " . Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters noted that Prisoner of the Sun was one of the Adventures to have " most caught the imagination " , something that he attributed to its " exceptional setting or the strength of the plot " .
Harry Thompson noted that , like Red Rackham 's Treasure , Prisoners of the Sun was " an epic journey conditioned by the suspense of not knowing what will happen at the end " ; although he thought that , unlike Red Rackham 's Treasure , it " successfully transfers the fear of its unknown adversaries from the first part of the adventure into the second " . He also thought that , despite all the tribulations Hergé faced while creating it , " the pacing , the retention of suspense right to the end , and the fine balance of humour and drama " do not betray the story 's troubled development .
Jean @-@ Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier believed that the two @-@ story arc represents " one more leap forward in Hergé 's graphic and narrative skills " as a result of the transition to full colour double pages as the initial means of publication . They thought that this improvement was particularly evident in the scenes of the trek through the Andes in Prisoners of the Sun . They stated that with Prisoners of the Sun , the story had switched into " Hitchcockian thriller mode " , a similar technique that Hergé had adopted into a number of previous adventures . They described the character of Zorrino as " basically a Peruvian version " of Chang Chong @-@ Chen , a character introduced to the series in The Blue Lotus . They described the story as " a philosophical parable , perhaps a hidden reflection of Hergé 's spiritual yearnings " ; in this way anticipating the themes that he would make use of in Tintin in Tibet . Ultimately , they awarded both halves of the story arc five out of five .
Literary critic Tom McCarthy identified elements within the story that he believed reflected recurring themes within The Adventures of Tintin . He thought that the appearance of Rascar Capac 's jewels reflected Hergé 's use of jewellery as a theme throughout the series , and that the scene in which Tintin commands the sun god to do his bidding reflects a wider theme throughout the series in which " sacred authority " manifests through voice . The scene in which Haddock causes an avalanche of snow by sneezing reflected what McCarthy considered a wider theme of the danger of sound , while Zorrino 's decision to stay among the Inca was interpreted as a reflection of a wider theme of adoption . Commenting on the execution scene , McCarthy believed that it represented Haddock being " sacrificed on the altar of his own illegitimacy " , a concept that he felt had been echoed throughout the series .
In his psychoanalytical study of the Adventures of Tintin , the literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès believed that The Seven Crystal Balls – Prisoners of the Sun arc reflects a confrontation between civilisations , and between the sacred and the secular . He described the Quechuan society depicted by Hergé as a " totalitarian theocracy " , noting that the Tintin of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets and Tintin in the Congo would have approved of such a political system . He then drew comparisons between the Incan Prince of the Sun and the Syldavian King Muskar XII in King Ottokar 's Sceptre , noting that in both the monarch is threatened by losing a treasured cultural artefact to foreigners . Apostolidès also believed that the eclipse scene reflects a change in the power relations between the sacrificed ( Tintin ) and the sacrificer ( the Inca prince ) . Commenting on Tintin 's dream sequence in which he dreams of Calculus , Haddock , and the Thompsons , Apostolidès believed that it reflected a " latent homosexual desire " , comparing it with the dream sequence in The Crab with the Golden Claws .
= = Adaptations = =
In 1969 , the animation company Belvision Studios , which had produced the 1956 – 57 television series Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin , released its first feature @-@ length animated film , Tintin and the Temple of the Sun , adapted from the Seven Crystal Balls @-@ Prisoners of the Sun story arc . Produced by Raymond Leblanc and directed by Eddie Lateste , it was written by Lateste , the cartoonist Greg , Jos Marissen , and Laszló Molnár . Music was by François Rauber and Zorrino 's song was composed by Jacques Brel .
In 1991 , a second animated series based upon The Adventures of Tintin was produced , this time as a collaboration between the French studio Ellipse and the Canadian animation company Nelvana . Prisoners of the Sun was the twelfth story to be adapted and was divided into two thirty @-@ minute episodes . Directed by Stéphane Bernasconi , the series has been praised for being " generally faithful " to the original comics , to the extent that the animation was directly adopted from Hergé 's original panels .
In 1997 , the French company Infogrames released a video game based on The Seven Crystal Balls @-@ Prisoners of the Sun story arc , titled Prisoners of the Sun .
In 2001 , The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun were adapted into a theatrical musical , Kuifje – De Zonnetempel ( Tintin – The Temple of the Sun ) , which premiered in Dutch at the Stadsschouwburg in Antwerp , the Netherlands , on 15 September . Adapted for the stage by Seth Gaaikema and Frank Van Laecke , the production was directed by Dirk de Caluwé and included music by Dirk Brossé , featuring Tom Van Landuyt in the role of Tintin . Didier Van Cauwelaert adapted the musical into French , and it then premiered a year later in Charleroi as Tintin – Le Temple du Soleil . From there , the production was scheduled for Paris in 2003 but was cancelled . It returned for a brief run in Antwerp on 18 October 2007 .
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= Cross Game =
Cross Game ( クロスゲーム , Kurosu Gēmu ) is a romantic comedy baseball manga series by Mitsuru Adachi that was serialized by Shogakukan in Weekly Shōnen Sunday between May 11 , 2005 ( issue 22 / 23 ) and February 17 , 2010 ( issue 12 ) . It is collected in 17 tankōbon volumes , with the final volume published in April 2010 , shortly after the end of the anime series . It received the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga in 2009 , and has been praised internationally as quietly brilliant and a great success . The series was adapted as a 50 @-@ episode anime television series that aired on the TV Tokyo network from April 5 , 2009 to March 28 , 2010 . The first episode of the anime , which covers the time frame of the first volume of the manga , received high praise , even outside Japan .
Cross Game is the story of Ko Kitamura and the four neighboring Tsukishima sisters , Ichiyo , Wakaba , Aoba , and Momiji . Wakaba and Ko were born on the same day in the same hospital and are close enough that Wakaba treats Ko as her boyfriend , though nothing is officially declared , while Aoba , one year younger than them , hates how Ko is " taking " her sister away from her . After Wakaba dies , Ko and Aoba slowly grow closer as they strive to fulfill Wakaba 's final dream of seeing them play in the high school baseball championship in Koshien Stadium .
The manga is divided into multiple parts . Part One , which consists of volume one , is a prologue that takes place while the main characters are in elementary school , ending with Wakaba 's death . Part Two starts four years later with Ko in his third year of junior high and continues into the summer of his third year of high school . Part Three continues the story without a break , ending with Ko and Aoba traveling to Koshien .
= = Plot = =
At the start of Part One , Ko Kitamura , son of the owner of Kitamura Sports , lives in the same neighborhood as the batting center run by the Tsukishima family . Due to their proximity and the relationship between their businesses , the Kitamura and Tsukishima families have been close for many years , and their children go back and forth between the two homes . Because Ko and Wakaba are the same age and always together , Aoba is jealous of all the time Ko spends with her older sister . Aoba is a natural pitcher with excellent form , and Ko secretly trains to become as good as she is , even while publicly showing little interest in baseball . Then Wakaba dies in a swimming accident at a summer camp during fifth grade .
Part Two starts with Ko in his third year of junior high , as he continues training in secret . When he enters Seishu High School , he joins the baseball club along with his childhood friends , Akaishi and Nakanishi . However , the interim principal ( the regular principal is on medical leave ) has brought in a new head coach , and he in turn brings in transfer students from other schools as ringers just to play baseball . This team , led by their star , Yūhei Azuma , is the clear favorite of the school . Because the three friends refuse to take evaluation tests to join the first @-@ string team , they are placed on the second @-@ string " portable " team under the former head coach , Maeno , who has to use the Seishu Junior High School field for practice . This causes a rivalry between the two parts of the team . In the first summer practice scrimmage between them , the portable team loses by only a narrow margin .
During the summer vacation , while the first @-@ string team plays in the prefectural qualifying tournament for Koshien , Maeno has the portable team practice at a recently closed elementary school with the support from a mysterious old man . The portable team also has six practice matches with other local high schools , all of which reached semifinals or higher in the regional preliminaries . Near the end of summer vacation , the interim principal decides to dissolve the portable team . However , Coach Maeno asks for a rematch scrimmage with the first @-@ string team , after which the losing team would be dissolved and that coach would leave . The portable team , playing with Aoba , wins a narrow victory . The first @-@ string team is dissolved , and the head coach and the interim principal leave to work at other schools .
In the spring , Ko becomes a second @-@ year student and Aoba enters Seishu High School . Yūhei , who stays at Seishu despite having been on the former first @-@ string team , moves in with Ko 's family after the first @-@ stringers ' dormitory is closed . The reformed Seishu team goes on to prove themselves by defeating Sannō High School in the first round of the summer prefectural qualifying tournament . However , they lose to their second @-@ round opponents , Ryuō , in overtime , ending Seishu 's hopes of Koshien for the year . Ryuō subsequently reaches Koshien , advances up to the semifinals where they are narrowly beaten . However , Ryuō then goes on to win the spring invitational Koshien tournament later that same year .
As Ko and Aoba enter their summer break , a girl named Akane Takigawa with a striking resemblance to Wakaba moves in next door to Ko . This causes mixed feelings among the various characters , particularly Ko , Aoba , and Akaishi ( who had also liked Wakaba ) . Akane soon becomes friends with Ko and Tsukishimas , and begins working in the Tsukishima cafe . As another year begins , the romantic subplots further solidify when Yūhei expresses an interest in Aoba . Meanwhile , Seishu gains a new assistant coach in the form of Yūhei 's older brother Junpei , after Ichiyo agrees to marry him if Seishu makes it to Koshien .
When the prefectural summer baseball tournament starts , Seishu starts with a dominating shutout against its first @-@ round opponent , Matsunami Municipal High School . In the second round , they face Sena Municipal High School led by Tatsumasa Miki , a former Seishu first @-@ string player , which in the first round defeated the team headed by Seishu 's former head coach . Seishu wins with a nearly perfect game , ending Part Two of the story .
Part Three starts with the prefectural tournament still in progress . After another win by Seishu , Akane is hospitalized due to an unspecified illness . Initially , Akaishi 's play is affected by worrying about Akane 's condition . Ko continues to perform well and promises Akane to go on a date with her if Seishu reaches Koshien . However , Akane 's illness is more severe than expected , and she is scheduled for surgery on the morning of the prefectural final against Ryuō . Before the game begins , Ko tells Aoba he loves her more than anyone , but in such a way she thinks he is lying until after Seishu wins in extra innings , clinching a Koshien berth . In the final chapter , the morning before traveling to Koshien , Akaishi visits Akane recovering in the hospital and Ko and Aoba head for the train station holding hands .
= = Main characters = =
Ko Kitamura ( 樹多村 光 , Kitamura Kō ) Voiced by : Miyu Irino
One of the two protagonists , Ko is in fifth grade in Part One and enters Seishu High School early in Part Two . Despite their age in Part One , he and Wakaba are very close and their families treat them as if they are a couple . While he shows little interest in baseball to outsiders , he has practiced daily at the Tsukishima Batting Center in the 60 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 97 km / h ) cage and above since he was old enough to swing a bat . Ko is described by several other characters , including Ichiyo , Yuhei Azuma , and Junpei Azuma , as very like Aoba . In particular , they say the two are both very competitive , and Junpei attributes their frequent squabbling to their similarities . After a sandlot game against Aoba 's team in elementary school , Ko is inspired by her pitching form to become a pitcher himself , and at Wakaba 's urging secretly adopts Aoba 's daily training regimen . Although he does not play baseball in junior high school , Akaishi and Nakanishi convince him to join the high school baseball team . With his changeup pitches , control , and incredible fastball , he becomes the ace pitcher in Seishu High School , as well as a strong hitter . Ko describes himself as having no self @-@ confidence and an excellent liar . Despite being at odds with one another , Ko and Aoba share a deep bond through their love for Wakaba . Ko takes to heart what Aoba has to say and values her opinion more than others .
Aoba Tsukishima ( 月島 青葉 , Tsukishima Aoba ) Voiced by : Haruka Tomatsu
The other protagonist , Aoba is the third daughter of the Tsukishima family , one year younger than Ko and Wakaba . Aoba is seen as a tomboy by other characters , one who loves baseball very much . Her father has played catch with Aoba since she was little , thus grooming her into a strong pitcher . She has a poster of Ryota Igarashi , a famous fastball pitcher , on her bedroom wall , and when she was young Aoba told Wakaba she was only interested in a guy who could pitch a fastball over 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) . She has an excellent pitching form , on which Ko based his own form , and she has a wide variety of pitches . Although as a girl she cannot play in official inter @-@ school games , in practice games she plays center field or replaces Ko as pitcher . Many younger members of the Seishu baseball team are inspired by how much effort she puts into baseball and coaching them , and work hard to not disappoint her . Ko claims she is secretly disappointed that she will never be able to pitch in an official game , and Yuhei Azuma points out that she is using Ko as her proxy to get to Koshien .
Aoba is very close to Wakaba in Part One , and according to Ichiyo jealous of how much time Wakaba spends with Ko . She frequently reiterates her intense dislike of Ko throughout the series and often squabbles with him . Despite this , she is very like him in behavior and talents , as several characters comment . After Ko becomes the ace pitcher of Seishu High School , Aoba slowly comes to admit his qualities as a player , and becomes less reluctant to offer advice and even teaches him new breaking pitches . Eventually she admits she has faith in his ability to fulfill Wakaba 's last dream , in which he pitches at Koshien . She is often teased about her similarities with Ko in their behaviors and habits . Her name means " green leaf " or " fresh leaf " .
= = Media = =
= = = Manga = = =
Cross Game was written and illustrated by Mitsuru Adachi and published by Shogakukan . It began serialization on May 11 , 2005 in the shōnen manga magazine Shōnen Sunday ( issue 22 / 23 2005 ) , and concluded with the 160th chapter in February 17 , 2010 ( issue 12 2010 ) . The seventeenth and final tankōbon volume is scheduled for release in April 2010 . The series is divided into multiple parts . Part One , " Wakaba 's Season " , consists of volume one , and takes place while the main characters are in elementary school . Part Two , " Aoba 's Season " , covering volumes 2 through 14 , with chapter numbering restarted from 1 , begins four years later with Ko in his third year of junior high school and continues into high school . In October 2008 , the series went on hiatus at the end of Part Two , resuming in March 2009 with the start of Part Three , which is untitled and covers volumes 15 through 17 , with Ko in the summer of his third year of high school .
The series is licensed in France by Editions Tonkam , in Italy by Flashbook Editore , in South Korea by Daiwon C.I. , in Hong Kong by Jonesky , in Taiwan by Chingwin Publishing Group , in Indonesia by Elex Media Komputindo , and in Thailand by Vibulkij Publishing .
In March 2010 , Viz Media confirmed the series licensing in North America . The first volume , collecting the first three tankōbon volumes , was published October 12 , 2010 , with publication on @-@ going .
= = = Anime = = =
Cross Game was adapted as an anime television series produced by SynergySP and directed by Osamu Sekita , with character designs by Yuuji Kondō and music by Kotaro Nakagawa . The series aired on the TV Tokyo network beginning on April 5 , 2009 in the 10 : 00 – 10 : 30 am slot ; episodes began syndication later in April 2009 on AT @-@ X and other channels in Japan , and finished airing on March 28 , 2010 . The first DVD volume of episodes was released in Japan on July 24 , 2009 , with additional DVDs released monthly .
The opening theme song , " Summer Rain " , was written by Kentarō Kobuchi and sung by Kobukuro . It was released by Warner Music Japan on April 15 , 2009 in both regular and limited edition versions , and peak ranked at # 2 on the Oricon singles chart . The ending theme song for episodes 1 – 13 , " Heartfelt Dream " ( 恋焦がれて見た夢 , Koi Kogarete Mita Yume ) , was composed and sung by Ayaka and arranged by Shintarō Tokita . It was released as a single by Warner Music Japan in both regular and limited edition versions on April 22 , 2009 , and reached # 6 on the Oricon singles chart . The ending theme for episodes 14 @-@ 26 , " Orange Days " ( オレンジDays , Orenji Days ) by Squarehood , was released as a single by Warner Music Japan on August 5 , 2009 . The ending theme song for episodes 27 @-@ 39 was " Moeruyō na Koi ja naikedo " ( 燃えるような恋じゃないけど ) by Tsuru , which was released as a single on November 11 , 2009 . The ending theme song for episodes 40 @-@ 49 was " Rehearsal " ( リハーサル , " Rihaiseru " ) by Natsuko Kondō . The final ending theme , for episode 50 , was Loving Maiden ( 恋スル乙女 , Koisuru Otome ) , also by Kondō .
Viz began streaming the Cross Game anime in North America in May 2010 .
= = Reception = =
In 2009 , the manga series received the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga in Japan . The first volume of the French edition won the Prix Tam @-@ Tam Dlire Manga 2007 . The manga was also used in an academic paper presented at the 2007 conference of the International Research Society for Children 's Literature as an example of telling a story using " silent " scenes ( scenes with no dialogue ) to powerfully convey a message .
The first two volumes of the Japanese edition were described by Anime News Network ( ANN ) as " quietly brilliant " and " the slice @-@ of @-@ life genre at its best " , saying that despite some " storytelling goofs " , there is " no matching the pleasant feelings that come from reading this series . " The French edition was praised by Manga News as a " great success " and " a pure delight as usual , " citing as key ingredients the " appealing and funny characters " put in funny situations , accessible drawing style , and Adachi 's talent for staging baseball scenes ; Adachi was praised for his ability to mix " the sports world which he cherishes so much and the love relationships that are not yet real but so much implied and awaited " and his skill at rendering moving scenes without dialogue . The reviewer noted that while Adachi 's art style has not changed much since Touch , his layouts are cleaner and his action scenes more dynamic than before . Anime Land praised Adachi for his " sense of the elliptical and staging " , the verisimilitude of his stories , appealing secondary characters , and ability to develop comedy in just one panel . The reviewer claimed Adachi 's handling of Wakaba 's death is " remarkable " and that the event " gave real meaning " to the story .
The first episode of the anime series was called the " masterpiece of the new season " by ANN , which also complimented the musical score as " understated but highly effective " . Two reviewers at ANN gave it the highest possible rating , and one said that he would have given it a higher rating if possible . Another praised its " honest and heartfelt storytelling " while saying it would be easy to call the episode 's pacing " almost too @-@ languid " . A fourth reviewer found it to be typical of Adachi anime adaptations , but that the production values were " at best , mediocre and , at times , brushing up against the marginal " .
Chris Beveridge of Mania.com , after viewing the first episode , said the series had " an older feeling to it " because of the rounder character designs reminiscent of those from the 1980s and 1990s , calling it a " great look " with a " wonderful simplicity " and backgrounds " filled with detail " . Beveridge called the animation " solid " , and stated that the series had " a whole lot of potential " , making him excited to see more . He was impressed with the way the events of episode one were handled in the second episode , comparing the pacing and style to that of Kimagure Orange Road , which he stated is one of his favorites series . He especially liked the way the budding romance was shown between Ko and Wakaba back in the elementary school days , and how it affected the current relationship between Ko and Aoba .
Beveridge called the third episode " understated " , moving at a slower pace which helps to begin showing the true nature of several of the characters , and the good pacing continues into the fourth episode where a dynamic between Akaishi , Nakanishi , and Ko is developed . Beveridge praised the character building in the fifth episode , calling the interaction of Ko and Aoba " very charming " and " reminiscent of real childhoods " , with things " starting to fall into place " for the main focus of the series ( high school baseball ) by the end of the sixth episode . He praises the exposition used in the seventh episode , the protective instinct of Ko , Nakanishi , and Akaishi when it comes to Aoba , the use of flashbacks which show how the past is affecting the characters in the present , and the good pacing which " really sets it apart from almost every other sports show " .
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= Miracle at St. Anna =
Miracle at St. Anna is a 2008 American – Italian epic war film directed by Spike Lee , and adapted by James McBride from his eponymous 2003 novel . The film stars Derek Luke , Michael Ealy , Laz Alonso , Omar Benson Miller , Pierfrancesco Favino and Valentina Cervi . Miracle at St. Anna is set primarily in Italy during German @-@ occupied Europe in World War II . It tells the story of four Buffalo Soldiers of the 92nd Infantry Division who seek refuge in a small Tuscan village , where they form a bond with the residents . The story is presented as a flashback , as one survivor reflects upon his experiences in a frame story set in 1980s New York . Several real @-@ life events that occurred during the war , such as the Sant 'Anna di Stazzema massacre , are re @-@ enacted , placing Miracle at St. Anna within the genre of historical fiction .
Lee first learned of the novel in 2004 and approached McBride with the idea of a film adaptation . In Europe , the film 's development attracted the attention of Italian film producers , and Lee ’ s reputation as an acclaimed filmmaker helped secure the $ 45 million budget . A majority of the film was shot in Italy , on several locations affected by World War II . Other filming locations included New York , Louisiana and The Bahamas . Frequent Lee collaborator Terence Blanchard composed the score , and the visual effects were created by Industrial Light & Magic .
Miracle at St. Anna premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival before it was released on September 26 , 2008 . It was met with mostly negative reviews from critics and drew controversy in Italy over historical inaccuracies . During its theatrical run , Miracle at St. Anna was a box office disappointment , grossing only $ 9 @.@ 3 million worldwide , but gained further $ 10 @,@ 1 million from domestic DVD sales .
= = Plot = =
In 1983 , Hector Negron , an aged Puerto Rican World War II veteran , works as a post office clerk in New York City . After recognizing a customer , Negron shoots and kills the man with a German Luger pistol . Several hours later , rookie reporter Tim Boyle and Detective Tony Ricci are at the crime scene seeking information . At Negron 's apartment , Boyle , Ricci and other officers discover a finely carved statue head , the Head of the Primavera , a long missing segment from the Ponte Santa Trinita . Also found is a Purple Heart and a photograph revealing that Negron was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and Silver Star .
Negron , in a flashback tells of his war experiences as a young corporal of the segregated 92nd Infantry Division in 1944 Italy . A disastrous attack ensues on German positions across the Serchio River . An officer , Captain Nokes , calls down artillery on the 92nd 's own position , refusing to believe their reports of how far they have advanced . Many American soldiers are killed , leaving Negron stranded on the wrong side of the river with three men : Staff Sergeant Aubrey Stamps , Sergeant Bishop Cummings , and Private Sam Train . Sam rescues an Italian boy named Angelo from a collapsing building , and discovers the Head of the Primavera , which Sam believes to carry magical powers . While traveling through the mountains of Tuscany , the soldiers enter a small village , where they form a bond with the residents . Sam grows especially fond of Angelo , becoming the boy 's father figure . One Italian villager , Renata , soon becomes entangled in a love triangle with Stamps and Bishop , which creates conflict .
After Negron gets his damaged backpack radio working , the soldiers contact headquarters and are told to capture an enemy soldier . A local Partisan group arrives with a young German deserter , Hans Brundt , as their prisoner . Earlier , residents of the nearby village of Sant 'Anna di Stazzema were killed by German forces following a betrayal by a Partisan , named Rodolfo , who knows that Brundt can identify him as the traitor . After concealing the fact that German forces are approaching the village in a counterattack , Rodolfo kills Brundt and the Partisan leader before escaping . It is Rodolfo whom Negron will kill 39 years later . Captain Nokes arrives in the village to interrogate Brundt and finds him dead . The Americans prepare to leave the village ahead of a German counterattack , but Sam refuses to leave Angelo behind . After promising to court @-@ martial all four soldiers , Nokes and his contingent drive out of town , but he is killed in the opening German offensive .
The remaining American soldiers and Partisans fight the Germans . Sam is fatally wounded after being shot twice while carrying an unconscious Angelo and dies from his injuries . Bishop and Negron hold off the Germans while Stamps tries to move the villagers to safety , but they are too heavily outnumbered . Renata and Stamps are killed , and Bishop dies after successfully reviving Angelo . Negron , in the retreat , is shot in the back and is saved by the radio . After Angelo gives him the Head of the Primavera , Negron gives the boy his rosary and tells him to leave . Negron is spared by a disillusioned German officer who hands over his own Luger and tells Negron to defend himself . American soldiers arrive and secure the village before evacuating the wounded Negron and Angelo , the sole survivors of the German attack .
In 1984 , Negron is the defendant in a court proceeding , facing a life sentence for his killing of Rodolfo . He is successfully defended by a powerful executive attorney acting on behalf of a wealthy man . Hector is brought to the Bahamas and is reunited with the Head of the Primavera , accompanied by its new owner who takes out a rosary and reveals himself as an adult Angelo . They both hold Hector 's rosary and happily burst into tears .
= = Cast = =
Derek Luke as Staff Sergeant Aubrey Stamps :
One of four stranded Buffalo Soldiers from the 92nd Infantry Division . Director Spike Lee described Stamps as “ the leader ” of the men , while screenwriter James McBride stated that , “ Stamps is a well @-@ educated college graduate who has both faith and disappointment in the American system . He ’ s deeply divided as to what his place and the place of the Negro in American society is or should be . ” Wesley Snipes was originally cast as Stamps , but could not commit due to his financial troubles .
Michael Ealy as Sergeant Bishop Cummings :
One of the four soldiers , a womanizer and card player . The character is also known for being arrogant and distrustful , and shows hatred towards his white commanders . Lee stated that the character is “ a happy @-@ go @-@ lucky guy . He does not like to be under the thumb of authority . He likes card games and women . ” Ealy described the character ’ s indifference : “ I think Bishop is the voice that doesn ’ t believe change is going to come , and doesn ’ t believe that he belongs over there fighting . ” Terrence Howard was originally in talks to play Bishop , prior to Ealy 's casting .
Laz Alonso as Corporal Hector Negron :
Negron first appears in the film 's frame story as a bitter , 70 @-@ year @-@ old World War II veteran living in Harlem , New York who reflects on his experiences during World War II . Negron , a black Puerto Rican , is fluent in English , Spanish and Italian , which enables him to serve as a translator for the Americans and Italians . Alonso first learned of the novel from his agent and read it prior to auditioning for the role . He had to convince Lee that he was fluent in Spanish , and created an audition tape of himself speaking the language , which won him the role . Alonso found difficulty in portraying Negron as an elderly World War II veteran : “ This role was very emotionally draining . Ninety percent of the time , the elderly have outlived most of the people they have loved . When I played Negrón as an old man , I had to focus on everything I ’ ve lost in my life : my dad , friends and love lost , and that was a really depressing thing to do . ”
Omar Benson Miller as Private First Class Samuel “ Sam ” Train :
The “ biggest ” of the four soldiers , Sam is known for his child @-@ like personality . He befriends a young Italian boy , Angelo Torancelli , and becomes a father figure to the child . Sam is first to discover a finely carved statue head , the Head of the Primavera , which he believes to carry magical powers . Miller was a fan of McBride 's novel prior to learning of the film adaptation by Lee . He fought hard to win the role of Sam , which resulted in him physically preparing for the part : “ My physical prep was a little different than everybody else ’ s , because Spike wanted me for the movie , but he told me I had to lose weight to do it . I had nine weeks to lose 60 pounds . We got it done . ”
Matteo Sciabordi as Angelo Torancelli – The Boy :
A young Italian boy who befriends Sam Train . Sciabordi appears in his debut film role . Lee issued a casting call for an Italian child actor . 5 @,@ 000 child actors auditioned for the role prior to Sciabordi ’ s casting . Sciabordi described working with co @-@ star Omar Benson Miller : “ Omar was great fun . We were always playing and he even taught me how to play baseball . ” Luigi Lo Cascio portrays an adult Angelo in the film ’ s final scene .
Pierfrancesco Favino as Peppi ” The Great Butterfly ” Grotta :
The leader of a Partisan group operating in the area . Favino was the filmmakers ' primary choice for the role . McBride suggested that the character represents the great Partisan leaders who led thousands in Italy throughout World War II : " He 's a deeply thoughtful young man . After witnessing several atrocities , he basically snaps and becomes one of the most ruthless and most clever and most sought @-@ after Partisans . Although he 's ruthless against his enemies , he 's always a fair @-@ minded person , deeply kind , fighting for his country — not fighting to kill Germans , fighting to kill the enemy . He 's a leader with a heart . "
Valentina Cervi as Renata Salducci :
One of the Italian villagers , who proves to be an instant ally of the four soldiers . Renata soon becomes entangled in a love triangle with Stamps and Bishop , which creates conflict . McBride said of the character , " Renata exemplifies the difficulties Italian women faced during the war . Her husband was drafted and she hasn ’ t heard from him in two years . She 's very smart and is one of the few people in her village who has learned some English . She tries very hard to make her father renounce his Fascist beliefs . "
John Turturro plays Detective Antonio " Tony " Ricci , who is charged with investigating a post office murder in 1983 ; Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt plays Tim Boyle , the investigative reporter assigned to cover the murder and subsequent discovery of an Italian artifact ; and Kerry Washington plays Zana Wilder , a lawyer hired to represent the suspected post office murderer . Naomi Campbell was originally cast as Wilder in September 2007 , but later pulled out due to scheduling conflicts .
Other cast members include John Leguizamo , in a cameo appearance , as Enrico ; D. B. Sweeney as Colonel Jack Driscoll , an advocate for the Buffalo Soldiers ; Robert John Burke as General Ned Almond , a high @-@ ranking officer who opposes the 92nd Division ; Omari Hardwick as Platoon Commander Huggs ; Omero Antonutti as Ludovico Salducci , Renata ’ s Fascist father ; Sergio Albelli as Rodolfo Berelli , a Partisan of questionable loyalties ; Lydia Biondi as Natalina , a village healer ; Michael K. Williams as a frightened soldier ; Christian Berkel as German officer Eicholz ; Jan Pohl as Hans Brundt , the German deserter ; and Alexandra Maria Lara as Mildred Gillars , nicknamed Axis Sally , an American broadcaster employed by the Germans as a propagandist .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
The novel Miracle at St. Anna was written by James McBride originating from his late uncle 's experiences as a World War II soldier . Upon writing the novel , McBride conducted his own research and learned of the 92nd Infantry Division , which consisted of 15 @,@ 000 African @-@ American soldiers , who served in Italy during World War II from August 1944 to November 1945 . McBride interviewed several remaining members of the 92nd Division . " I studied Italian at The New School in New York City , " he explained . " I moved to Italy with my family for six months . I interviewed dozens of Italians — Partisans and Fascists . I interviewed dozens of African @-@ American soldiers who fought in the war , most who have since passed away . I must have read at least 20 books . I went to the Army War College in Carlisle , Pennsylvania . I studied the whole business of what the 92nd did in Italy during the war , to try to get an idea of what really transpired . " The 92nd Division served as the basis for McBride 's novel , which was published in 2003 .
Spike Lee first learned of the novel in 2004 and contacted McBride about making a film adaptation . He felt that McBride was the perfect person to write the screenplay , believing that his novel would serve as a guide . Commenting on the difficult process of adapting his book into a screenplay , McBride stated , “ As a novelist , you tend to think internally . You can guide what the character says and you can explore what he or she is thinking . Movies don 't have time to explain . You have to get right to the muscle . ”
The film adaptation of Miracle at St. Anna attracted the attention of Italian producers Roberto Cicutto and Luigi Musini , the co @-@ founders of On My Own Produzioni Cinematografiche . Cicutto explained that they knew that Lee was " not just coming to Italy to make a film as an American director , but to make a film that belongs to his culture and to our history . " The film 's budget was an estimated $ 45 million . Under their Own My Own production banner , Cicutto and Musini contributed $ 8 @.@ 74 million . Lee 's reputation as an acclaimed filmmaker in Europe , where he served as a jury member of the 2004 Venice Film Festival , also helped the filmmakers obtain two @-@ thirds of the budget from Italy 's RAI Cinema and France 's TF1 ( $ 30 million ) . Touchstone Pictures provided the remainder ( $ 6 @.@ 26 million ) , and later released the film in North America .
Lee described Miracle at St. Anna as an " ensemble piece " and aimed for authenticity in his depiction of American and German soldiers battling in Italy . In casting Italian actors , he held a casting call in Rome . The Italian actors , all born in Rome , were coached to sound as though they were from Tuscany . The actors portraying soldiers underwent a two @-@ week boot camp , supervised by senior military advisor Billy Budd , a 15 @-@ year Royal Marine veteran who had served in the Falklands War .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography for Miracle at St. Anna lasted nine weeks , beginning in October 2007 and concluding in December of that year ; filming took place in Italy , New York , Louisiana and The Bahamas . The film was the first by Lee to be shot in Europe , and the director insisted on shooting on locations where the story is set . Filming began in Tuscany , where the Tuscan regional government gave Lee permission to film where the actual events took place . According to producer Luigi Musini , Miracle at St. Anna was shot along the Gothic Line , which was the major line of defense in the final stages of World War II : " The location is highly representative of what the war was in Italy , what our resistance was . True dramatic episodes took place there . ” The first ten days of filming took place on the Serchio River , covering the battle sequence that opens the film . A scene that recreates the Sant 'Anna di Stazzema massacre was shot where the atrocity took place ; the massacre — in which over 500 villagers were murdered by German occupation forces — is re @-@ enacted in the film . Filming then took place in Rome for one month ; in New York for four days ; in White Castle , Louisiana for two days ; and in The Bahamas for two days .
= = = = Design and effects = = = =
Matthew Libatique served as cinematographer , having previously collaborated with Lee on the films She Hate Me ( 2004 ) and Inside Man ( 2006 ) . Libatique relied on the use of natural light , which proved challenging for scenes shot indoors . The final battle sequence in the film was especially difficult as the film relied on the use of practical effects and difficult weather conditions . Libatique 's solution was to collaborate with Lee , military advisor Billy Budd , and first assistant director Mike Ellis in creating storyboards to choreograph the scenes . Production designer Tonino Zera was tasked with filling outdoor locations with greenery , rebuilding exteriors and constructing the interior of an Italian barn . Costume designer Carlo Poggiolo consulted with a former Buffalo Soldier of the 92nd Division , prior to designing the American soldiers ' outfits . He also provided contemporary and historical wardrobe pieces . Ernest Dickerson served as the film 's second unit director , cinematographer , and camera operator . The visual effects were created by George Lucas ' Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) . After Lee approached him , Lucas allowed ILM 's team of artists to work on the visual effects for the film .
= = = Music = = =
Terence Blanchard composed the film score , marking his twelfth collaboration with Lee . For the score , he attempted to make a distinction between American and German soldiers . " That was first done through the use of percussion , using a higher @-@ pitched , tighter sound for Germans , and a fuller @-@ field drum sound for Americans , " he explained . " I also drew a distinction by using French horns for American forces , and a Wagner tuben for German forces . " Scoring the film required the use of a 90 @-@ piece orchestra , which was larger than in any of Lee 's previous films . Blanchard also relied on the use of instruments from the 1940s era , including a mandolin , accordion , slide guitar and rope drum .
The film 's soundtrack , titled Miracle at St. Anna : Original Soundtrack , was released in CD and digital downloading formats by Hollywood Records on September 23 , 2008 .
= = Release = =
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures released Miracle at St. Anna under Touchstone Pictures . The film 's world premiere was at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival on September 7 , 2008 . The film later premiered in France at the 34th Deauville American Film Festival on September 10 , 2008 . Miracle at St. Anna premiered in New York City at the Ziegfeld Theatre on September 22 , 2008 . Disney released the film in the United States and Canada on September 26 , 2008 . The film was released in Italy on October 3 , 2008 ; in Romania on April 10 , 2009 ; in Bolivia and Brazil on April 30 , 2009 ; in the United Arab Emirates on May 28 , 2009 ; and in Lebanon on September 10 , 2009 .
= = = Box office = = =
Miracle at St. Anna grossed $ 7 @,@ 658 @,@ 999 in North America and $ 1 @,@ 404 @,@ 716 from markets elsewhere — a worldwide total of $ 9 @,@ 323 @,@ 833 against a $ 45 million budget .
On its opening day in North America , the film debuted at ninth place , grossing $ 967 @,@ 329 from 1 @,@ 185 theaters . The end of the opening weekend saw the film take a total of $ 3 @,@ 477 @,@ 996 — for an average of $ 2 @,@ 935 per theater — finishing as the number eight grossing film of the weekend . Steve Mason of Hollywood.com believed that Miracle at St. Anna 's negative reviews and moviegoers ' declining interest in war films contributed to the film 's poor box office performance . On its second weekend , the film saw a 50 @.@ 1 % decrease in revenue , moving down to fourteenth place and earning an additional $ 1 @,@ 736 @,@ 302 — an average of $ 1 @,@ 465 per theatre . Miracle at St. Anna was pulled out of theatres on November 25 , 2008 after 61 days ( 8 @.@ 7 weeks ) of domestic release .
Following its release in North America , Miracle at St. Anna continued to perform poorly in international markets . Its highest gross was in Italy , where it grossed $ 1 @,@ 363 @,@ 754 during its theatrical run . Also contributing to the film 's $ 1 @.@ 4 million gross in international markets was Bolivia ( $ 9 @,@ 821 ) , Brazil ( $ 9 @,@ 821 ) , Lebanon ( $ 3 @,@ 184 ) , Romania ( $ 1 @,@ 465 ) , and the United Arab Emirates ( $ 26 @,@ 492 ) .
= = = Litigation = = =
Following the theatrical release of Miracle at St. Anna , Spike Lee and the Italian production company On My Own Produzioni Cinematografiche brought a lawsuit against TF1 , alleging that the company failed in its contractual agreement with On My Own to distribute the film in international markets , excluding the United States , Canada and Italy . In its defense , TF1 refused to distribute Miracle at St. Anna , claiming that Lee had made a different film than the one promised , and refused to pay On My Own the € 11 million advance needed to distribute the film internationally .
On June 21 , 2011 , a Paris court ruled in Lee and On My Own 's favor , believing that TF1 failed to honor the contract , which proved " disastrous " for the film . TF1 was fined € 32 million ( US $ 46 million ) . TF1 was ordered to pay On My Own € 20 million in damages , plus a further € 1 million for moral prejudice ; Lee was awarded € 1 million , while screenwriter James McBride received € 200 @,@ 000 ; TF1 was also ordered to pay € 13 million to BNP Paribas to cover the advance it had failed to pay .
= = = Reception = = =
The film has received mostly negative reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes sampled 119 reviewers with a 34 % of " fresh " and a weighted average of 5 @.@ 2 / 10 . The website 's consensus states " Miracle at St. Anna is a well @-@ intentioned but overlong , disjointed affair that hits few of the right notes . " Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a normalized score of 37 % based on 31 reviews from mainstream critics , indicating " generally unfavorable reviews " .
Todd McCarthy of Variety called the film " a clunky , poorly constructed drama designed to spotlight the little @-@ remarked role of black American soldiers in World War II . " James Rocchi , writing for Cinematical , gave the film a mixed review : " When Miracle at St. Anna falters , it 's in the moments that seem like they could have been crafted by any other film maker ; when Miracle at St. Anna succeeds , it 's in the moments that could only have been crafted by Lee . " Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post wrote that the film was " overwrought , overproduced , overbusy and overlong " and that " Miracle at St. Anna finally suffers from the worst filmmaking sin of all : the failure of trust , in the story and the audience . " Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that the film " aspires to be epic , but mostly it 's just unfocused , sprawling and badly in need of editing " and that " [ i ] t tries hard to be inspiring , but it has jarring tonal shifts , stereotyped characters and a lack of narrative perspective . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone described the film as " too long , lazily constructed , and crammed with too many characters and subplots for any director to develop fully outside of an HBO miniseries . "
Despite a mostly negative reception , Miracle at St. Anna received some praise . Eric D. Snider , writing for Film.com praised the film , writing , " This is beyond the scope of anything Lee has done before , and he rises to the challenge remarkably well , with battle scenes nearly as visceral and jolting as those in Saving Private Ryan and a multi @-@ layered story involving the U.S. Army , the Nazis , and the Italian resistance movement . " Snider criticized the film 's frame story , which he described as " unnecessary and definitely corny . " James Verniere of the Boston Herald awarded the film an " A " grade , calling it a " masterpiece " and a " classic American WWII movie that both acknowledges the rousing tradition of such war epics as The Longest Day ( 1962 ) and The Big Red One ( 1980 ) and adds something new : paying tribute to the World War II African @-@ American soldiers who made the ultimate sacrifice for their country . Roger Ebert , writing for the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , criticized the editing but praised the film overall , describing it as " epic " with " one of the best battle scenes I can remember , on par with Saving Private Ryan ... Miracle at St. Anna contains richness , anger , history , sentiment , fantasy , reality , violence and life . Maybe too much . Better than too little . "
= = = = Controversy = = = =
Protests were scheduled for the film 's Italian premiere in Viareggio , Italy , by unspecified organizations . The protesters objected to the plotline of a Partisan collaborating with the Nazis . This runs directly counter to the accepted historical version of events , ruled by an Italian military court in 2005 , that the Sant 'Anna di Stazzema massacre was entirely premeditated by the Germans with no reason except the aim to frighten the population . Giovanni Cipollini , deputy head of the National Association of the Italian Partisans , said the film was a " false reconstruction " and a " travesty of history " . However , Lee , unrepentant , stated " I am not apologizing . " He told Italians there was " a lot about your history you have yet to come to grips with . This film is our interpretation , and I stand behind it . " McBride , the novel 's author , stated : " As a black American , I understand what it 's like for someone to tell your history ... unfortunately , the history of World War Two here in Italy is ours as well , and this was the best I could do ... it is , after all , a work of fiction . ”
In light of the film 's controversy , Lee was awarded honorary citizenship by the mayor of Sant 'Anna di Stazzema , Michele Silicani , who defended the film , stating , " It 's true that the film depicts a partisan who betrayed civilians . But above it is the tale of those partisans who fought to the death to defend civilians . "
= = = Home media = = =
Miracle at St. Anna was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray disc formats by Touchstone Home Entertainment on February 10 , 2009 . The DVD is available in separate anamorphic widescreen and Blu @-@ ray editions , each with Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 and 2 @.@ 0 tracks . Upon its release on DVD , Miracle at St. Anna debuted in eighth place , selling 142 @,@ 782 units in its first week .
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= Al @-@ Muwaffaq =
Abu Ahmad Talha ibn Ja 'far ( Arabic : أبو أحمد طلحة بن جعفر ) ( 842 – June 2 , 891 ) , better known by his laqab as al @-@ Muwaffaq bi @-@ Allah ( Arabic : الموفق بالله , " Blessed of God " ) , was an Abbasid prince and military leader , who acted as the virtual regent of the Abbasid Caliphate for most of the reign of his brother , Caliph al @-@ Mu 'tamid . His stabilization of the internal political scene after the decade @-@ long " Anarchy at Samarra " , his successful defence of Iraq against the Saffarids and the suppression of the Zanj Rebellion restored a measure of the Caliphate 's former power and began a period of recovery , which culminated in the reign of al @-@ Muwaffaq 's own son , the Caliph al @-@ Mu 'tadid .
= = Early life = =
Talha , commonly known by the teknonym Abu Ahmad , was the son of the Caliph Ja 'far al @-@ Mutawakkil ( r . 847 – 861 ) and a slave concubine , Umm Ishaq . In 861 , he was present in his father 's murder at Samarra by the Turkish military slaves ( ghilman ) : the historian al @-@ Tabari reports that he had been drinking with his father that night , and came upon the assassins while going to the toilet , but after a brief attempt to protect the caliph , he retired to his own rooms when he realized that his efforts were futile . The murder was almost certainly instigated by al @-@ Mutawakkil 's son and heir , al @-@ Muntasir , who immediately ascended the throne ; nevertheless Abu Ahmad 's own role in the affair is suspect as well , given his close ties later on with the Turkish military leaders . According to Hugh N. Kennedy , " it is possible , therefore , that Abu Ahmad had already had close links with the young Turks before the murder , or that they were forged on that night " . This murder opened a period of internal upheaval known as the " Anarchy at Samarra " , where the Turkish military chiefs vied with other powerful groups and with each other over control of the government and its financial resources .
It was during this period of turmoil , in February 865 , that Caliph al @-@ Musta 'in ( r . 862 – 866 ) and two of the senior Turkish officers , Wasif and Bugha the Younger , fled Samarra to Baghdad , where they could count on the support of the Tahirids . The Turkish army in Samarra then selected al @-@ Musta 'in 's brother al @-@ Mu 'tazz ( r . 866 – 869 ) as Caliph , and Abu Ahmad was entrusted with the conduct of operations against al @-@ Musta 'in and his supporters . The ensuing siege of Baghdad lasted from February to December 865 , after which a negotiated settlement was reached . Contrary to the agreed terms , however , al @-@ Musta 'in was murdered . It was most likely during this time that Abu Ahmad consolidated his relationship with the Turkish military , especially with Musa ibn Bugha , who played a crucial role during the siege . Abu Ahmad further solidified these ties when he secured a pardon for Bugha the Younger .
On his return to Samarra , Abu Ahmad was initially received with honour by the Caliph , but soon he was thrown into prison as a potential rival , along with another of his brothers , al @-@ Mu 'ayyad . The latter was soon executed , but Abu Ahmad survived thanks to the protection of the Turkish military . Eventually , he was released and exiled to Basra before being allowed to return to Baghdad . He was so popular there that at the time of al @-@ Mu 'tazz 's death , there was popular agitation in the city in favour of his elevation to Caliph . Instead , al @-@ Muhtadi ( r . 869 – 870 ) was chosen .
= = Regent of the Caliphate = =
At the time al @-@ Muhtadi was killed by the Turks in June 870 , Abu Ahmad was at Mecca . Immediately he hastened north to Samarra , where he and Musa ibn Bugha effectively sidelined the new Caliph , al @-@ Mu 'tamid ( r . 870 – 892 ) , and assumed control of the government . Al @-@ Muwaffaq differed from most Abbasid princes of his time through his close association with and participation in military affairs . In this his career echoes that of his grandfather , the Caliph al @-@ Mu 'tasim ( r . 833 – 842 ) . Like him , al @-@ Muwaffaq 's power relied to a great extent on his close association with the Turkish military : following the demands of the Turkish rank and file for one of the Caliph 's brothers to be appointed as their commander , bypassing their own leaders , who were accused of misappropriating salaries , he was appointed the main intermediary between the caliphal government and the Turkish military . In return for the Turks ' loyalty he abolished the other competing corps of the caliphal army such as the Maghariba or the Faraghina , which are no longer mentioned after ca . 870 . Hugh Kennedy sums up the arrangement thus : " al @-@ Muwaffaq assured their status and their position as the army of the caliphate and al @-@ Muwaffaq 's role in the civil administration meant that they received their pay " . Al @-@ Muwaffaq 's close personal relationship with the Turkish military leadership — initially Musa ibn Bugha , as well as Kayghalagh and Ishaq ibn Kundaj after Musa 's death in 877 — his own prestige as a prince of the dynasty , and the exhaustion after a decade of civil strife , allowed him to establish unchallenged control over the Turks , as indicated by their willingness to participate in costly campaigns under his leadership .
Within a short time , Abu Ahmad was conferred an extensive governorate covering most of the lands still under caliphal authority : western Arabia , southern Iraq with Baghdad , and Fars . To denote his authority , he assumed an honorific name in the style of the caliphs , al @-@ Muwaffaq bi @-@ Allah . His power was further expanded in 875 , when the Caliph included him in the line of succession after his own son , Ja 'far al @-@ Mufawwad , and divided the empire in two large spheres of government . The western provinces were given to al @-@ Mufawwad , while al @-@ Muwaffaq was given charge of the eastern ones ; in practice , al @-@ Muwaffaq continued to exercise control over the western provinces as well . With al @-@ Mu 'tamid largely confined to Samarra , al @-@ Muwaffaq and his personal secretaries ( Sulayman ibn Wahb , Sa 'id ibn Makhlad , and Isma 'il ibn Bulbul ) ruled the Caliphate from Baghdad . What little autonomy al @-@ Mu 'tamid enjoyed was further curtailed after the death of the long @-@ serving vizier Ubayd Allah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan in 877 , when al @-@ Muwaffaq assumed the right to appoint the Caliph 's viziers himself . Al @-@ Muwaffaq 's personal secretary Sa 'id ibn Makhlad was the outstanding figure in the Caliphate 's bureaucracy until his own disgrace in 885 , followed after by Isma 'il ibn Bulbul , who served concurrently as vizier to both brothers .
= = = Campaigns = = =
As the main military leader of the Caliphate , it fell upon al @-@ Muwaffaq to meet the numerous challenges to caliphal authority that sprung up during these years . Indeed , as Michael Bonner writes , " al @-@ Muwaffaq 's decisive leadership was to save the Abbasid caliphate from destruction on more than one occasion " . The main military threats to the Abbasid Caliphate were the Zanj Rebellion in southern Iraq and the ambitions of Ya 'qub ibn al @-@ Layth , the founder of the Saffarid dynasty , in the east .
A humble soldier , Ya 'qub , surnamed al @-@ Saffar ( " the Coppersmith " ) , had exploited the decade @-@ long Samarra strife to first gain control over his native Sistan , and then to expand his control . By 873 he ruled over almost all of the eastern lands of the Caliphate , ousting the hitherto dominant Tahirids from power , a move denounced by al @-@ Muwaffaq . Finally , in 875 he seized control of the province of Fars , which not only provided much of the scarce revenue for the Caliphate 's coffers , but was also dangerously close to Iraq . The Abbasids tried to prevent an attack by Ya 'qub by formally recognizing him as governor over all the eastern provinces and by granting him special honours , including adding his name to the Friday prayer and appointment to the influential position of sahib al @-@ shurta ( chief of police ) in Baghdad . Nevertheless , in the next year Ya 'qub began his advance on Baghdad , until he was confronted and decisively beaten by the Abbasids under al @-@ Muwaffaq and Musa ibn Bugha at the Battle of Dayr al- ' Aqul near Baghdad . The Abbasid victory , a complete surprise to many , saved the capital and allowed for the recovery of Ahwaz , but despite Ya 'qub 's death from illness in 879 the Saffarids remained firmly ensconced in their possession of most of Iran .
The struggle against the uprising of the Zanj slaves in the marshlands of southern Iraq — according to Michael Bonner " the greatest slave rebellion in the history of Islam " — which began in September 869 , was longer and more difficult , and almost brought the Caliphate to is knees . Due to the Saffarid threat , the Abbasids could not mobilize against the Zanj until 879 . Consequently , the Zanj initially held the upper hand , capturing much of lower Iraq including Basra and Wasit and defeating the Abbasid armies , which were reduced to trying to contain the Zanj advance . The balance tipped after 879 , when al @-@ Muwaffaq 's son Abu 'l @-@ Abbas , the future Caliph al @-@ Mu 'tadid ( r . 892 – 902 ) , was given the command . Abu 'l @-@ Abbas was joined in 880 by al @-@ Muwaffaq himself , and in a succession of engagements in the marshes of southern Iraq , the Abbasid forces drove back the Zanj towards their capital , Mukhtara , which fell in August 883 . Another son of al @-@ Muwaffaq , Harun , also participated in the campaigns . He also served as nominal governor of a few provinces , but died young on 7 November 883 . The victory over the Zanj was celebrated as a major triumph for al @-@ Muwaffaq personally and for his regime : al @-@ Muwaffaq received the victory title al @-@ Nasir li @-@ din Allah , " He who upholds the Faith of God " , while his secretary Sa 'id ibn Makhlad received the title Dhu 'l @-@ Wizaratayn , " Holder of the two vizierates " .
At the same time , al @-@ Muwaffaq also had to confront the challenge posed by the ambitious governor of Egypt , Ahmad ibn Tulun . The son of a Turkish slave , Ibn Tulun had been the province 's governor since the reign of al @-@ Mu 'tazz , and expanded his power further in 871 , when he expelled the caliphal fiscal agent and assumed direct control of Egypt 's revenue , which he used to create an army of ghilman of his own . Exploiting the rift between the increasingly powerless Caliph and his brother with demonstrations of support for the former , and relying on his powerful army , Ibn Tulun managed to gain control over Syria and the frontier zone with the Byzantine Empire ( the Thughur ) . By 882 , he governed as a de facto independent ruler , adding his own name to the coins alongside the names of the Caliph and his heir . Al @-@ Muwaffaq tried to counter Ibn Tulun 's advances by naming the trusted Musa ibn Bugha as governor of Egypt , but lack of funds foiled his plans , allowing Ibn Tulun to consolidate his power in the west . In 882 , al @-@ Mu 'tamid tried to escape from Samarra to seek sanctuary with Ibn Tulun , but was apprehended and placed under effective house arrest . This event opened the rift between Ibn Tulun and al @-@ Muwaffaq even further . Ibn Tulun tried to declare jihad against the regent , and the latter had curses against the Tulunid read in the mosques across the Caliphate . After Ibn Tulun 's death in 884 , al @-@ Muwaffaq attempted again to retake control of Egypt from Ibn Tulun 's successor Khumarawayh . Khumarawayh however defeated an expedition under Abu 'l @-@ Abbas , and extended his control over most of the Jazira and Cilicia as well . In 886 , al @-@ Muwaffaq was forced to recognize the Tulunids as governors over Egypt and Syria for 30 years , in exchange for an annual tribute of 300 @,@ 000 gold dinars .
With the Zanj subdued , after 883 al @-@ Muwaffaq turned his attention again to the east . Ya 'qub al @-@ Saffar 's brother and successor , Amr ibn al @-@ Layth , had acknowledged the Caliph 's suzerainty and had been rewarded with the governorship over the eastern provinces and the position of sahib al @-@ shurta of Baghdad — essentially the same posts the Tahirids had held — in exchange for an annual tribute , but soon he was having trouble asserting his authority , especially in Khurasan , where Rafi ibn Harthama emerged as the leader of the former Tahirid troops . In 884 / 885 , Amr was formally deprived of his governorship of Khurasan in favour of the Dulafid Ahmad ibn Abd al @-@ Aziz , and the army under the vizier Sa 'id ibn Makhlad conquered most of the province of Fars , forcing Amr himself to come west . After initial success against the general Tark ibn al @-@ Abbas , Amr was routed by Ahmad ibn Abd al @-@ Aziz in 886 , and again in 887 by al @-@ Muwaffaq in person . Nevertheless , the threat by the Tulunids and the Byzantines in the west forced al @-@ Muwaffaq to negotiate a settlement in 888 / 889 that largely restored the previous status quo . In 890 , al @-@ Muwaffaq again attempted to take back Fars , but this time Ahmad ibn Abd al @-@ Aziz was defeated , and another agreement restored peace and Amr 's titles and possessions .
Towards the end of the 880s , al @-@ Muwaffaq 's relations with his son Abu 'l @-@ Abbas deteriorated , although the reason is unclear . In 889 , Abu 'l @-@ Abbas was arrested and imprisoned on his father 's orders , where he remained despite the demonstrations of the ghilman loyal to him . He apparently remained under arrest until May 891 , when al @-@ Muwaffaq , already nearing his death , returned to Baghdad after two years in Jibal . By this time , the gout from which he had long suffered had incapacitated him to the extent that he could nor ride , and required a specially prepared litter . It was evident to observers that he was nearing his end . The vizier Ibn Bulbul , who was opposed to Abu 'l @-@ Abbas , called al @-@ Mu 'tamid and al @-@ Mufawwad into the city , but the popularity of Abu 'l @-@ Abbas with the troops and the populace was such that he was released from captivity and recognized as his father 's heir . Al @-@ Muwaffaq died on 2 June , and was buried in al @-@ Rusafah near his mother 's tomb . Two days later , Abu 'l @-@ Abbas succeeded his father in his offices and received the oath of allegiance as second heir after al @-@ Mufawwad . In October 892 , al @-@ Mu 'tamid died and Abu 'l @-@ Abbas al @-@ Mu 'tadid brushed aside his cousin to ascend the throne , quickly emerging as " the most powerful and effective Caliph since al @-@ Mutawakkil " ( Kennedy ) .
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= I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time =
" I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter Mariah Carey , taken from her eleventh studio album , E = MC ² ( 2008 ) . It was written by Carey , Aldrin Davis , Crystal Johnson and Clifford Harris , and produced by the former two . As the song 's hook and instrumentation is derived from sampling DeBarge 's " Stay with Me " , Mark DeBarge and Etterlene Jordan also share songwriting credits . " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " was released as the album 's third single in the United States , Australasia and select European countries on July 1 , 2008 . Drawing influence from pop , soul and R & B music genres , and featuring a piano and keyboard @-@ driven melody , the song 's lyrics demonstrate the lengths the protagonist will go for her lover , and how she will be ' lovin ' him long time ' .
The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , with many considering it a highlight from the album . Many reviewers complimented its production and clever interpolation of the DeBarge sample , while some criticized it for being too simple for an artist of Carey 's caliber . Though expected by critics to have surely become Carey 's nineteenth chart @-@ topping single in the United States , the track only managed to reach a peak position of number fifty @-@ eight on the Billboard Hot 100 . Throughout other countries where it was released , the song achieved relatively weak charting , peaking within the top forty in Japan and Slovakia , and peaking at numbers sixty @-@ nine and eighty @-@ four in Canada and the United Kingdom , respectively .
Carey performed " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " on few live televised appearances , in comparison to the strong promotional boost the album 's lead single , " Touch My Body " received . She first performed the song live at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan , on June 2 , 2008 . On July 31 , 2008 , she performed the song as part of a five @-@ piece outdoor concert filmed for Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , as well as at the 2008 Teen Choice Awards to a standing ovation on August 8 , 2008 . Additionally , it was featured on the final scene of You Don 't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) , a film in which Carey made a cameo appearance . The song 's accompanying music video was shot over a three @-@ day interval in Hawaii , and makes usage of the islands scenery , as well as shots of Carey in several bikinis , while swimming with a dolphin .
= = Background = =
Throughout 2004 , Carey began conceptualizing and working on a new project , eventually titled The Emancipation of Mimi , her tenth studio effort . The album became the best @-@ selling album in the United States of 2005 , and the second best @-@ seller around the world , with over 12 million units sold . It earned a myriad of music industry awards , and brought Carey back to the top of pop music following her decline in 2001 . After completing The Adventures of Mimi Tour , Carey began working on material for her eleventh studio effort , the yet untitled E = MC ² ( 2008 ) . Throughout 2007 , Carey recorded the album in a studio built into her private villa in Anguilla , in the Caribbean . E = MC ² was hailed as one of the most anticipated albums of 2008 , with many critics weighing their opinions on whether Carey would be able to deliver significant success , following her achievements with The Emancipation of Mimi . " Touch My Body " was eventually chosen as the lead single through a vote in between the record executives at Island Records , with the final choices being the former and " I 'm That Chick " ( titled " I 'm That Chick You Like " at that point ) . After choosing the former , the song was sent to radio stations worldwide on February 12 , 2008 and to digital outlets on March 24 , 2008 .
" Touch My Body " experiences strong commercial success , becoming Carey 's eighteenth chart @-@ topping single on the Billboard Hot 100 , as well as placing within the top @-@ five in several European countries . As a result , E = MC ² debuted at number one in Canada and the United States , with the highest first @-@ week sales of Carey 's career , and in the top three in Australia and the United Kingdom . Following in a similar formula as her last album , Carey chose a ballad to be the follow @-@ up single , " Bye Bye " . Though receiving praise from music critics , and strong speculation that it would become another worldwide hit for Carey , the song stalled at number nineteen on the Hot 100 , and achieved weak international charting . Subsequently , Carey 's label , Island Records , decided to release an up @-@ tempo and dance @-@ able number that would be easily a " summer hit " . They chose " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " , and released it to US radio stations on July 1 , 2008 , and to several European markets throughout August .
= = Composition = =
" I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " is a " mid @-@ tempo " , " party jam " , that draws influence from pop , R & B and soul music genres . Critics elaborated on the song 's " soul " influence , with Melissa Ruggieri from The News & Advance described it as a " soul @-@ thumper " , while Digital Spy 's Nick Levine called it a " nod towards classic soul " . The song 's title is derived from the popular line , " me love you long time " , from the 1987 war film , Full Metal Jacket . Additionally , its hook and instrumentation is derived from sampling DeBarge 's " Stay with Me " . Critics also noted how " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " " recalls " the melody riff and chord progression of the Hill Street Blues 's theme song . The song 's main source of production comes from its " lush keyboard work " , and Carey 's usage of the " double voice " , which she uses throughout the song 's bridge . Carey described the effect as " layering her voice " , so that the bridge would sound like a " swooning bank of a hundred Mariahs " . The song was written by Carey , Aldrin Davis , Crystal Johnson and Clifford Harris , and features Mark DeBarge and Etterlene Jordan on the songwriting credits , due to the inclusion of the samples . " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " was produced by Carey and Davis ( DJ Toomp ) , and is arranged in the key of D Major , with Carey 's vocal range spanning from the low @-@ note of A3 to the high @-@ note of D5 .
Lyrically , the song tells of the protagonist 's devotion to her lover , proclaiming that while she knows " you 've got me " , she 'll be " lovin ' him long time " . The first verse begins with " You ain 't even got to worry / About a thing , I 've got you babe / And ain 't nobody takin ' me away / Its not a game I 'm here to stay " , describing her strong emotional attachment to him . As the verse continues , Carey makes references and comparisons to their love and drugs powerful effect over the body and its senses . Carey describes the limits of her love during the chorus , singing " As long as I can breathe " and " Eternally " . During the second verse , she sings how no matter what others say about their relationship , they will continue being together , and describing a private moment they shared , their " Little spot where no one knows " .
= = = Lyrical controversy = = =
At the time of its release , " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " was the subject of controversy with the Asian community , as well as comedian Margaret Cho . In the film Full Metal Jacket , an Asian prostitute approaches US troops and offers to engage in lewd conduct in exchange for money . She uses terms such as " Me so horny " and " me love you long time " , which were heavily parodied and popularized . Accordingly , those terms have been used as humor at the expense of Asian people , and have been described as " racial slurs " by Cho . Other female acts have been known to use the phrase , such as Fergie on her track " London Bridge " ( 2006 ) , and Nelly Furtado in " Maneater " ( 2006 ) . In an interview with MTV News , Cho retracted her earlier comments , and expressed how if used in song , and by a female then it wouldn 't be offensive : " I don 't mind it when it 's used in songs , like when women use it , " Cho continued . " Fergie uses it , that doesn 't bother me . But when it 's shouted in the street and they don 't wait to hear the response ? What if I was actually going to go , ' Oh , OK ' ? They never stick around to hear the answer . "
= = Critical reception = =
" I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Many complimented the song 's production and incorporation of the " Stay with Me " sample , while others were unimpressed with the chorus in general . Chuck Taylor of Billboard assured the song would endure strong success and radio appeal , and complimented its overall production , as well as Carey 's voice : " [ It 's ] a playful , beach @-@ befitting groove , featuring a bright sample from DeBarge 's " Stay With Me , " lushly woven vocals and Carey 's highs doting on fans with her sonic signature . " The Republican 's Kevin O 'Hare claimed the song would be " destined for hits @-@ ville " , while Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News described it as a " joyful romp " . Similarly , the song was described as a " party jam " by Julien Bittencourt from The Day , and " a fun , flirty tease " from Foster 's Daily Democrat 's Nekesa Mumbi Moody . Cathy Rose A. Garcia from The Korea Times complimented the song 's " laid back R & B vibe " , and felt the song was easily one of the album 's best cuts . Digital Spy 's Nick Levine called " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " a " safe @-@ but @-@ classy number " , while aside from an " unfortunate title and chorus " , Gregg Shapiro of Bay Area Reporter said it " virtually glows " .
In a separate review for the song , Levine rated it three out of five stars , and wrote " in spite of its predictability , ' I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time ' still makes for a satisfying listen , sounding classy , effortless and as summery as a glass of rosé in the garden after a work . " Journalist for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation ( NRK ) , Svein Terje Torvik described the song as " One of the album 's best cuts " , while Fox News writer Roger Friedman wrote " its just enough of a new twist to create the most elusive thing of all : a radio smash . Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine chose the song as one of his " top picks " from E = MC ² , and wrote " it has a lightness that so much of the album lacks . " Richard Cromelin from the Los Angeles Times highlighted Carey 's unadorned and raw form of singing in the song , writing " her singing is so direct , understated and unglamorous it 's almost shocking -- like seeing a diva without makeup . " Margeauz Watsman from Entertainment Weekly called the song a " dance @-@ floor anthem " , while PopMatters Evan Sawdey described it as " certainly worthy of some greatest @-@ hits canonization " . Slant Magazine editor Sal Cinquemani felt " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " was a " stroke of genius " , and wrote " [ It ] sounds like a hyperventilating cross between a graduation anthem and an early- ' 80s family sitcom theme song . Listening to it , I felt face to face with a couple of silver spoons : one heroin , the other grape jelly . "
= = Commercial performance = =
" I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 on July 18 , 2008 . In its second week , the song leapt twenty @-@ one places , coming in at number sixty @-@ nine , before eventually peaking at number fifty @-@ eight . The song debuted at number sixty @-@ two on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , Carey 's 45th career entry on that chart , and has since peaked at number thirty @-@ six . Similarly , it peaked at number thirty @-@ seven on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Airplay chart . The song peaked at number forty @-@ three on the Hot 100 Airplay . " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " debuted at number eighty @-@ seven on the Canadian Hot 100 , rising to number sixty @-@ nine in its second week and eventually peaking at 22 . The song remained on the chart for a total of fourteen weeks .
Though not charting on the main single chart , the song managed to peak at number forty @-@ one on the New Zealand Airplay Chart during the week of August 3 , 2008 . On the Japan Hot 100 , the song peaked at number twenty @-@ seven , and stayed only six weeks within the chart . On the Slovakian Singles Chart , " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " charted for a total of eight weeks , and peaked at number thirty @-@ nine . The song debuted at number eighty @-@ four on the UK Singles Chart due to digital sales , since it was only released as a promo single .
= = Remix = =
The songs ' official remix features American rapper T.I .. The remix was produced by Carey and DJ Toomp , and was released for digital download on July 1 , 2008 , the same day as the original version of the song . T.I. has one verse in the song , that is found after Carey 's second chorus , prior to the song 's bridge . On July 11 , 2008 , it was announced that the song would be featured in a remix contest , set to begin on July 15 , 2008 . Indaba Music said that the song 's music stems would be available on its website for remixers to use ; the winner would receive $ 5 @,@ 000 as prize with the chance for the remix to be officially released . Carey 's manager Mark Sudack described the point of the competition , " Mariah is the queen of the remix , this contest is a way for her to continue being a pioneer in the remix world , potentially finding a new sound , a new power , a new energy in the online space , as opposed to just the go @-@ to producers of the moment . " The competition received over 1 @,@ 200 entries , with the winners being The Progressions from Riverside , California .
= = Music video = =
After her promotional activities ended in Japan , Carey flew to Hawaii for a three @-@ day music video shoot from June 8 – 10 , 2008 . The video was directed by Chris Applebaum and premiered on BET 's 106 & Park on July 3 , 2008 at 6 : 00pm ET / PT and on Yahoo ! Music at midnight on the same day . It later appeared on Total Request Live ( TRL ) on July 7 , 2008 . Aside from the video 's original version , the remix also featured an accompanying video , with some additional scenes from T.I. Some of the scenes were filmed on the beaches of Hawaii , while some of the smaller parts were shot in Wet 'n'Wild Hawaii . According to several reports , Carey was seriously injured on the set of the video during shooting on June 9 . Carey 's representative quickly denied the allegation , and said " She was so excited to be shooting in Hawaii . She wanted all her friends to come down and be a part of the shoot . " After watching the music video , Tim Nixon from The Sun called it " mouth @-@ watering " , and wrote " if she carries on churning out three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ minute visual feasts like this , long may that continue ... "
The music video begins with several scenes interspersing , starting with Carey underwater , while holding onto a dolphins fin , as well as Carey lying on a beach at night in a bikini . As the song 's introduction plays , scenes of the Hawaii beaches are shown , as well as close @-@ up glimpses of T.I. Carey then is shown inside a small cabana , singing to the camera and enjoying herself at a small party . Similar scenes of Carey in a gold bikini are shown , as well as more scenes of Hawaiian landscape . By the second verse , Carey , now in a black bikini , is shown at the bottom of a ravine by the beach staring at the sun , then altering to scenes of the party once more . As T.I. ' s verse starts , he 's shown behind a waterfall , in the midst of shrubbery outside , where Mariah then appears sitting in a large body of clear water with golden sand . She then lies in the water , as the scene then switches to her underwater with the dolphin again .
= = Live performances = =
Following the song 's release in Japan , Carey performed " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " live at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards Japan on June 2 . The song was also the theme song for the telecast of the Japanese baseball match Carey attended on May 28 , 2008 . On July 31 , 2008 , Carey performed a free concert at the Hollywood and Highland Center shopping mall in Los Angeles , California in front of over 5 @,@ 000 fans . The concert was filmed and presented on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , as part of Samsung AT & T Summer Krush concert series . She performed five songs , beginning with " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " as a mash @-@ up with " Touch My Body " , and her previous songs , " Shake It Off " and " We Belong Together " from The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . As the last song on the short set @-@ list , Carey was joined on stage by Jeezy for a live rendition of " Side Effects " . On August 8 , 2008 , Carey performed a mash @-@ up of the song at the 2008 Teen Choice Awards . She began with " I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time " , and worked into the bridge of " Touch My Body " , before reverting to the former song . The performance garnered a standing ovation from the audience and several notable celebrities , notably Will Smith , Fergie , Chris Brown and Jerry O 'Connell . During the final scene of You Don 't Mess with the Zohan , a film in which Carey was featured as a cameo appearance , the song was played and included on the film 's soundtrack .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for E = MC ² adapted from the album 's liner notes .
Mariah Carey - songwriting , producer , vocals , background vocals
Aldrin Davis - songwriting , producer
Crystal Johnson - songwriting , background vocals
Clifford Harris - songwriting
Mark DeBarge - songwriting
Etterlene Jordan - songwriting
Phil Tan - audio mixing
Josh Houghkirk - audio mixing
Bernie Grundman – mastering
= = Charts = =
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= Gerp 's mouse lemur =
Gerp 's mouse lemur ( Microcebus gerpi ) is a species of mouse lemur known only from the Sahafina Forest in eastern Madagascar , near Mantadia National Park . Its discovery was announced in 2012 by a German and Malagasy research team . The Sahafina Forest had not been studied until 2008 and 2009 , when Groupe d 'Étude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar ( GERP ) — a Malagasy @-@ based research and conservation group for which the lemur is named — inventoried the forest 's lemurs .
Based on genetic studies , measurements , and photos , the research team confirmed the Gerp 's mouse lemur was an undescribed species , distinct from Goodman 's mouse lemur , which is found 58 @-@ kilometre ( 36 mi ) away . Gerp 's mouse lemur is significantly larger , weighing on average 68 @-@ gram ( 2 @.@ 4 oz ) , compared to Goodman 's mouse lemur , which weighs about 44 g ( 1 @.@ 6 oz ) . Jolly 's mouse lemur , which is its closest relative and a neighbor to the south , is comparably larger , but differs in tail length and genetics .
Because it is a recently discovered species , little is known about its behavior , communication , ecology , or reproduction . The species appears to be restricted to a small region of lowland evergreen rain forest , and is seriously threatened by forest loss .
= = Evolutionary and taxonomic history = =
Gerp 's mouse lemur was discovered by German and Malagasy members of the Malagasy organization Groupe d 'Étude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar ( GERP ) in a previously unstudied lowland forest known as the Sahafina Forest in eastern Madagascar , near Mantadia National Park . The first recorded specimen ( holotype ) of the species was captured on 25 June 2009 , and was released after genetic samples , measurements , and photographs were taken . At the time , it was not recognized as a distinct species of mouse lemur . Two other paratypes were also measured and recorded , but no physical specimen was obtained by the publication of the initial study .
The discovery was published in the journal Primates in 2012 . The species was named after the research and conservation team that described it . Gerp 's mouse lemur differed genetically and physically from all of its nearest neighboring mouse lemur species . Its tail is longer than its closest relative , Jolly 's mouse lemur ( M. jollyae ) , which lives further south and whose tail is 18 % shorter . It also has a higher body mass ( 68 g ( 2 @.@ 4 oz ) ) and is generally larger than Goodman 's mouse lemur ( M. lehilahytsara ) , which weighs about 44 g ( 1 @.@ 6 oz ) . Gerp 's mouse lemur exhibits significant genetic differences from its northern neighbor , Simmons ' mouse lemur ( M. simmonsi ) .
The genetics tests initially conducted focused on three different loci of mitochondrial DNA : a partial D @-@ loop region , MT @-@ CYB , and COII . D @-@ loop analysis suggested Jolly 's mouse lemur was Gerp 's mouse lemur 's closest relative ( forming a sister group ) . All three tests showed the mouse lemurs sampled from Sahafina formed a monophyletic clade ( an exclusive family group ) and the species was sufficiently distinct from other mouse lemurs . The authors concluded both the molecular and morphological differences supported the declaration of a new species based on the phylogenetic species concept and a more conservative " integrative taxonomic approach " .
= = Anatomy and physiology = =
Among mouse lemurs , Gerp 's mouse lemur is larger @-@ bodied and has a long tail , which can be used to store fat . The fur is darker on its back , which is brownish @-@ gray with a broad reddish line down the middle , compared to the front , which varies from a light gray to creamy white and extends from the throat to the genitals . The outer arms and legs contrast the rest of the body with their darker color , and the fingers have sparse , whitish @-@ gray fur . The head is reddish in color , with darker brown surrounding the eyes and a noticeable white stripe across the nose and between the eyes . Its ears are prominent , yet small , with dark brown edges . The tail is covered in dense , long , brownish @-@ gray fur . The undercoat is short and dense , while the guard hairs are sparser . The skin visible on the hands and feet is colored pinkish @-@ brown .
Gerp 's mouse lemur weighs around 68 g ( 2 @.@ 4 oz ) and has a tail length of approximately 146 @.@ 5 mm ( 5 @.@ 77 in ) . It is a large @-@ bodied mouse lemur , and belongs to a group of large mouse lemurs ( weighing more than 50 grams ( 1 @.@ 8 oz ) ) , including four eastern species — Simmons ' mouse lemur , Jolly 's mouse lemur , the northern rufous mouse lemur ( M. tavaratra ) , and MacArthur 's mouse lemur ( M. macarthurii ) — as well as six species of western mouse lemur : Claire 's mouse lemur ( M. mamiratra ) , Danfoss ' mouse lemur ( M. danfossi ) , the Bongolava mouse lemur ( M. bongolavensis ) , the golden @-@ brown mouse lemur ( M. ravelobensis ) , the gray mouse lemur ( M. murinus ) , and the reddish @-@ gray mouse lemur ( M. griseorufus ) . Most of these larger mouse lemur species have a long tail , as does Gerp 's mouse lemur , with the exception of Jolly 's mouse lemur and the gray mouse lemur . Its ears are small ( measuring 19 to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 75 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) ) , which conforms with that of other rainforest mouse lemur species , in contrast to larger @-@ eared mouse lemurs of the dry , western forests ( averaging 21 to 24 mm ( 0 @.@ 83 to 0 @.@ 94 in ) ) . As with all mouse lemurs , no body mass differences could be discerned between the sexes . However , larger samples are needed to confirm this .
= = Behavior = =
No data are available concerning the behavior , communication , ecology , or reproduction of the Gerp 's mouse lemur , although such data may help support its species status .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Gerp 's mouse lemur has only been identified in the Sahafina Forest in eastern Madagascar , about 58 km ( 36 mi ) east of Mantadia National Park , 87 km ( 54 mi ) south of the city of Toamasina , and 18 km ( 11 mi ) from the Indian Ocean . The forest fragment is about 15 @.@ 6 km2 ( 6 @.@ 0 sq mi ) and is surrounded by secondary forest growing in areas previously cut for rice cultivation ( known locally as savoka ) .
The Sahafina Forest ranges from 29 to 230 m ( 95 to 755 ft ) above sea level , whereas nearby Mantadia National Park , home of its closest neighboring mouse lemur population ( Goodman 's mouse lemur ) , ranges from 900 to 1 @,@ 200 m ( 3 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 900 ft ) above sea level . No major rivers separate these highland and lowland forests and their respective mouse lemur populations . The initial study did not conclude whether the large Rianila River or one of the smaller rivers — the Ivonoro and Onibe — further north acts as a species boundary between Gerp 's mouse lemur and Simmons ' mouse lemur ( M. simmonsi ) to the north . Approximately 160 km ( 99 mi ) the south lies the Mangoro River , a very large river that acts as a biogeographic barrier for many species . In 2010 , a genetically distinct form of mouse lemur was sequenced from Marolambo , 25 km ( 16 mi ) south of the river . The geographic range of Gerp 's mouse lemur is unlikely to extend south of this river , but more studies are needed to confirm this . In total , the area between the rivers to the north and south , the highlands to the west , and the ocean to the east is no larger than 7 @,@ 600 km2 ( 2 @,@ 900 sq mi ) ( smaller than the island of Puerto Rico ) and this is the likely extent of its geographic range .
= = Conservation status = =
There are no protected areas within the known geographic range of Gerp 's mouse lemur . Because it lives in lowland forests , which are more likely to be converted into agricultural land relative to highland rainforests , it faces an elevated conservation risk . Of the 7 @,@ 600 km2 ( 2 @,@ 900 sq mi ) of its potential geographic range , only very small parts remain forested .
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= Nahuatl =
Nahuatl ( / ˈnɑːwɑːtəl / ; Nahuatl pronunciation : [ ˈnaːwatɬ ] ) , known historically as Aztec , is a language or group of languages of the Uto @-@ Aztecan language family . Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by an estimated 1 @.@ 5 million Nahua peoples , most of whom live in central Mexico . All Nahuan languages are indigenous to Mesoamerica .
Nahuatl has been spoken in central Mexico since at least the seventh century CE . It was the language of the Aztecs who dominated what is now central Mexico during the Late Postclassic period of Mesoamerican history . During the centuries preceding the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , the Aztecs had expanded to incorporate a large part of central Mexico , and its influence caused the variety of Nahuatl spoken by the residents of Tenochtitlan to become a prestige language in Mesoamerica . At the conquest , with the introduction of the Latin alphabet , Nahuatl also became a literary language , and many chronicles , grammars , works of poetry , administrative documents and codices were written in it during the 16th and 17th centuries . This early literary language based on the Tenochtitlan variety has been labeled Classical Nahuatl and is among the most studied and best @-@ documented languages of America .
Today , Nahuan languages are spoken in scattered communities , mostly in rural areas throughout central Mexico and along the coastline . There are considerable differences among varieties , and some are mutually unintelligible . Huasteca Nahuatl , with over 1 million speakers , is the most @-@ spoken variety . They have all been subject to varying degrees of influence from Spanish . No modern Nahuan languages are identical to Classical Nahuatl , but those spoken in and around the Valley of Mexico are generally more closely related to it than those on the periphery . Under Mexico 's Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas ( " General Law on the Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples " ) promulgated in 2003 , Nahuatl and the other 63 indigenous languages of Mexico are recognized as lenguas nacionales ( " national languages " ) in the regions where they are spoken , enjoying the same status as Spanish within their region .
Nahuan languages exhibit a complex morphology characterized by polysynthesis and agglutination . Through a very long period of coexistence with the other indigenous Mesoamerican languages , they have absorbed many influences , coming to form part of the Mesoamerican language area . Many words from Nahuatl have been borrowed into Spanish , and since diffused into hundreds of other languages . Most of these loanwords denote things indigenous to central Mexico which the Spanish heard mentioned for the first time by their Nahuatl names . English words of Nahuatl origin include " avocado " , " chayote " , " chili " , " chocolate " , " atlatl " , " coyote " , " peyote " , " axolotl " and " tomato " .
= = Classification = =
As a language label , the term " Nahuatl " encompasses a group of closely related languages or divergent dialects within the Nahuan branch of the Uto @-@ Aztecan language family . The Mexican Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas ( National Institute of Indigenous Languages ) recognize 30 different individual varieties within the " language group " labeled Nahuatl . The Ethnologue recognizes 28 varieties with separate ISO codes . Sometimes the label also is used to include the Pipil language ( Nawat ) of El Salvador . Regardless of whether the Nahuatl is considered to label a dialect continuum or a group of separate languages , the varieties form a single branch within the Uto @-@ Aztecan family , descended from a single Proto @-@ Nahuan language . Within Mexico the question of whether to consider individual varieties to be languages or dialects of a single language is highly political . This article focuses on describing the general history of the group and on giving an overview of the diversity it encompasses . For details on individual varieties or subgroups , see the individual articles .
In the past , the branch of Uto @-@ Aztecan to which Nahuatl belongs has been called " Aztecan " . From the 1990s onward , the alternative designation " Nahuan " has been frequently used as a replacement especially in Spanish @-@ language publications . The Nahuan ( Aztecan ) branch of Uto @-@ Aztecan is widely accepted as having two divisions : " General Aztec " and Pochutec .
General Aztec encompasses the Nahuatl and Pipil languages . Pochutec is a scantily attested language , which became extinct in the 20th century , and which Campbell and Langacker classify as being outside of general Aztec . Other researchers have argued that Pochutec should be considered a divergent variant of the western periphery .
" Nahuatl " denotes at least Classical Nahuatl together with related modern languages spoken in Mexico . The inclusion of Pipil into the group is debated . Lyle Campbell ( 1997 ) classified Pipil as separate from the Nahuatl branch within general Aztecan , whereas dialectologists like Una Canger , Karen Dakin , Yolanda Lastra and Terrence Kaufman have preferred to include Pipil within General Aztecan branch , citing close historical ties with the eastern peripheral dialects of General Aztec .
Current subclassification of Nahuatl rests on research by Canger ( 1980 ) Canger ( 1988 ) and Lastra de Suárez ( 1986 ) . Canger introduced the scheme of a Central grouping and two Peripheral groups , and Lastra confirmed this notion , differing in some details . Canger & Dakin ( 1985 ) demonstrated a basic split between Eastern and Western branches of Nahuan , considered to reflect the oldest division of the proto @-@ Nahuan speech community . Canger originally considered the central dialect area to be an innovative subarea within the Western branch , but in 2011 , he suggested that it arose as an urban koiné language with features from both Western and Eastern dialect areas . Canger ( 1988 ) tentatively included dialects of La Huasteca in the Central group , while Lastra de Suárez ( 1986 ) places them in the Eastern Periphery , which was followed by Kaufman ( 2001 ) .
= = = Terminology = = =
The terminology used to describe varieties of spoken Nahuatl is inconsistently applied . Many terms are used with multiple denotations , or a single dialect grouping goes under several names . Sometimes , older terms are substituted with newer ones or with the speakers ' own name for their specific variety . The word Nahuatl is itself a Nahuatl word , probably derived from the word nāhuatlahtōlli [ naːwat ͡ laʔˈtoːlli ] ( " clear language " ) . The language was formerly called " Aztec " because it was spoken by the Central Mexican peoples known as Aztecs Nahuatl pronunciation : [ asˈteːkah ] . During the period of th Aztec empire centered in Mexico @-@ Tenochtitlan the language came to be identified with the politically dominant mēxihcah [ meːˈʃiʔkaʔ ] ethnic group , and consequently the Nahuatl language was often described as mēxihcacopa [ meːʃiʔkaˈkopa ] ( literally " in the manner of Mexicas " ) or mēxihcatlahtolli " Mexica language " . Now , the term " Aztec " is rarely used for modern Nahuan languages , but linguists ' traditional name of " Aztecan " for the branch of Uto @-@ Aztecan that comprises Nahuatl , Pipil , and Pochutec is still in use ( although some linguists prefer " Nahuan " ) . Since 1978 , the term " General Aztec " has been adopted by linguists to refer to the languages of the Aztecan branch excluding the Pochutec language .
The speakers of Nahuatl themselves often refer to their language as either Mexicano or some word derived from mācēhualli , the Nahuatl word for " commoner " . One example of the latter is the case for Nahuatl spoken in Tetelcingo , whose speakers call their language mösiehuali . The Pipil people of El Salvador do not call their own language " Pipil " , as most linguists do , but rather nawat . The Nahuas of Durango call their language Mexicanero . Speakers of Nahuatl of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec call their language mela 'tajtol ( " the straight language " ) . Some speech communities use " Nahuatl " as the name for their language although it seems to be a recent innovation . Linguists commonly identify localized dialects of Nahuatl by adding as a qualifier the name of the village or area where that variety is spoken .
= = History = =
= = = Pre @-@ Columbian period = = =
On the issue of geographic origin , linguists during the 20th century agreed that the Uto @-@ Aztecan language family originated in the southwestern United States . Evidence from archaeology and ethnohistory supports a southward diffusion across the American continent thesis , specifically that speakers of early Nahuan languages migrated from Aridoamerica into central Mexico in several waves . But recently , the traditional assessment has been challenged by Jane H. Hill , who proposes instead that the Uto @-@ Aztecan language family originated in central Mexico and spread northwards at a very early date . This hypothesis and the analyses of data that it rests upon have received serious criticism .
The proposed migration of speakers of the Proto @-@ Nahuan language into the Mesoamerican region has been placed at sometime around AD 500 , towards the end of the Early Classic period in Mesoamerican chronology . ; Before reaching the Mexican Plateau , pre @-@ Nahuan groups probably spent a period of time in contact with the Corachol languages Cora and Huichol of northwestern Mexico ( which are also Uto @-@ Aztecan ) .
The major political and cultural center of Mesoamerica in the Early Classic period was Teotihuacan . The identity of the language ( s ) spoken by Teotihuacan 's founders has long been debated , with the relationship of Nahuatl to Teotihuacan being prominent in that enquiry . While in the 19th and early 20th centuries it was presumed that Teotihuacan had been founded by speakers of Nahuatl , later linguistic and archaeological research tended to disconfirm this view . Instead , the timing of the Nahuatl influx was seen to coincide more closely with Teotihuacan 's fall than its rise , and other candidates such as Totonacan identified as more likely . But recently , evidence from Mayan epigraphy of possible Nahuatl loanwords in Mayan languages has been interpreted as demonstrating that other Mesoamerican languages may have been borrowing words from Proto @-@ Nahuan ( or its early descendants ) significantly earlier than previously thought , bolstering the possibility of a significant Nahuatl presence at Teotihuacan .
In Mesoamerica the Mayan , Oto @-@ Manguean and Mixe – Zoque languages had coexisted for millennia . This had given rise to the Mesoamerican language area ( " language area " refers to a set of language traits have become common among the area 's languages by diffusion and not by evolution within a set of languages belonging to a common genetic subgrouping ) . After the Nahuas migrated into the Mesoamerican cultural zone , their language too adopted some of the traits defining the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area . Examples of such adopted traits are the use of relational nouns , the appearance of calques , or loan translations , and a form of possessive construction typical of Mesoamerican languages .
A language which was the ancestor of Pochutec split from Proto @-@ Nahuan ( or Proto @-@ Aztecan ) possibly as early as AD 400 , arriving in Mesoamerica a few centuries earlier than the main bulk of speakers of Nahuan languages . Some Nahuan groups migrated south along the Central American isthmus , reaching as far as Nicaragua . The critically endangered Pipil language of El Salvador is the only living descendant of the variety of Nahuatl once spoken south of present @-@ day Mexico .
Beginning in the 7th century Nahuan speakers rose to power in central Mexico . The people of the Toltec culture of Tula , which was active in central Mexico around the 10th century , are thought to have been Nahuatl speakers . By the 11th century , Nahuatl speakers were dominant in the Valley of Mexico and far beyond , with settlements including Azcapotzalco , Colhuacan and Cholula rising to prominence . Nahua migrations into the region from the north continued into the Postclassic period .
One of the last of these migrations to arrive in the Valley of Mexico settled on an island in the Lake Texcoco and proceeded to subjugate the surrounding tribes . This group was the Mexica , who over the course of the next three centuries founded an empire named Tenochtitlan . Their political and linguistic influence came to extend into Central America and Nahuatl became a lingua franca among merchants and elites in Mesoamerica , e.g. , among the Maya K 'iche ' people . As Tenochtitlan grew to become the largest urban center in Central America , it attracted speakers of Nahuatl from diverse areas giving birth to an urban form of Nahuatl with traits from many dialects . This urbanized variety of Tenochtitlan is what came to be known as Classical Nahuatl as documented in colonial times .
= = = Colonial period = = =
With the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 , the tables were turned on the Nahuatl language : it was displaced as the dominant regional language , but remained important in Nahua communities under Spanish rule . There is extensive colonial @-@ era documentation in Nahuatl for Tlaxcala , Cuernavaca , Culhuacan , Coyoacan , Toluca and others in the Valley of Mexico and beyond . Since the 1970s , scholars working in a branch of Mesoamerican ethnohistory known as the New Philology have translated to English and analyzed a great number of this type of documentation . Since the Spanish made alliances with first the Nahuatl speakers from Tlaxcala and later with the conquered Mexica of Tenochtitlan or Aztecs , the Nahuatl language continued spreading throughout Mesoamerica in the decades after the conquest . Spanish expeditions with thousands of Nahua soldiers marched north and south to conquer new territories . Society of Jesus missions in northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States often included a barrio of Tlaxcaltec soldiers who remained to guard the mission . For example , some fourteen years after the northeastern city of Saltillo was founded in 1577 , a Tlaxcaltec community was resettled in a separate nearby village , San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala , to cultivate the land and aid colonization efforts that had stalled in the face of local hostility to the Spanish settlement . As for the conquest of modern @-@ day Central America , Pedro de Alvarado conquered Guatemala with the help of tens of thousands of Tlaxcaltec allies , who then settled outside of modern @-@ day Antigua Guatemala .
As a part of their missionary efforts , members of various religious orders ( principally Franciscan and Dominican friars and Jesuits ) introduced the Latin alphabet to the Nahuas . Within the first twenty years after the Spanish arrival , texts were being prepared in the Nahuatl language written in Latin characters . Simultaneously , schools were founded , such as the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in 1536 , which taught both indigenous and classical European languages to both Indians and priests . Missionary grammarians undertook the writing of grammars , also called artes , of indigenous languages for use by priests . The first Nahuatl grammar , written by Andrés de Olmos , was published in 1547 — three years before the first French grammar . By 1645 four more had been published , authored respectively by Alonso de Molina ( 1571 ) , Antonio del Rincón ( 1595 ) , Diego de Galdo Guzmán ( 1642 ) , and Horacio Carochi ( 1645 ) . Carochi 's is today considered the most important of the colonial era grammars of Nahuatl . Carochi has been particularly important for scholars working in the New Philology , such that there is a 2001 English translation of Carochi 's 1645 grammar by James Lockhart . Through contact with Spanish the Nahuatl language adopted many loan words , and as bilingualism intensified , even began changing the grammatical structure under influence by Spanish .
In 1570 King Philip II of Spain decreed that Nahuatl should become the official language of the colonies of New Spain in order to facilitate communication between the Spanish and natives of the colonies . This led to the Spanish missionaries teaching Nahuatl to Indians living as far south as Honduras and El Salvador . During the 16th and 17th centuries , Classical Nahuatl was used as a literary language , and a large corpus of texts from that period is in existence today . Texts from this period include histories , chronicles , poetry , theatrical works , Christian canonical works , ethnographic descriptions , and administrative documents . The Spanish permitted a great deal of autonomy in the local administration of indigenous towns during this period , and in many Nahuatl speaking towns Nahuatl was the de facto administrative language both in writing and speech . A large body of Nahuatl literature was composed during this period , including the Florentine Codex , a twelve @-@ volume compendium of Aztec culture compiled by Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún ; Crónica Mexicayotl , a chronicle of the royal lineage of Tenochtitlan by Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc ; Cantares Mexicanos , a collection of songs in Nahuatl ; a Nahuatl @-@ Spanish / Spanish @-@ Nahuatl dictionary compiled by Alonso de Molina ; and the Huei tlamahuiçoltica , a description in Nahuatl of the apparition of the Our Lady of Guadalupe .
Grammars and dictionaries of indigenous languages were composed throughout the colonial period , but their quality was highest in the initial period . The friars found that learning all the indigenous languages was impossible in practice , so they concentrated on Nahuatl . For a time , the linguistic situation in Mesoamerica remained relatively stable , but in 1696 , Charles II of Spain issued a decree banning the use of any language other than Spanish throughout the Spanish Empire . In 1770 another decree , calling for the elimination of the indigenous languages , did away with Classical Nahuatl as a literary language . Until Mexican Independence in 1821 , the Spanish courts admitted Nahuatl testimony and documentation as evidence in lawsuits , with court translators rendering it in Spanish .
= = = Modern period = = =
Throughout the modern period the situation of indigenous languages has grown increasingly precarious in Mexico , and the numbers of speakers of virtually all indigenous languages have dwindled . Although the absolute number of Nahuatl speakers has actually risen over the past century , indigenous populations have become increasingly marginalized in Mexican society . In 1895 , Nahuatl was spoken by over 5 % of the population . By 2000 , this proportion had fallen to 1 @.@ 49 % . Given the process of marginalization combined with the trend of migration to urban areas and to the United States , some linguists are warning of impending language death . At present Nahuatl is mostly spoken in rural areas by an impoverished class of indigenous subsistence agriculturists . According to the Mexican national statistics institute , INEGI , 51 % of Nahuatl speakers are involved in the farming sector and 6 in 10 receive no wages or less than the minimum wage .
From the early 20th century to at least the mid @-@ 1980s , educational policies in Mexico focused on the hispanicization ( castellanización ) of indigenous communities , teaching only Spanish and discouraging the use of indigenous languages . As a result , today there is no group of Nahuatl speakers having attained general literacy in Nahuatl ; while their literacy rate in Spanish also remains much lower than the national average . Even so , Nahuatl is still spoken by well over a million people , of whom around 10 % are monolingual . The survival of Nahuatl as a whole is not imminently endangered , but the survival of certain dialects is , and some dialects have already become extinct within the last few decades of the 20th century .
The 1990s saw the onset of diametric changes in official Mexican government policies towards indigenous and linguistic rights . Developments of accords in the international rights arena combined with domestic pressures ( such as social and political agitation by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and indigenous social movements ) led to legislative reforms and the creation of decentralized government agencies like National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples ( CDI ) and Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas ( INALI ) with responsibilities for the promotion and protection of indigenous communities and languages . In particular , the federal Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas [ " General Law on the Language Rights of the Indigenous Peoples " , promulgated 13 March 2003 ] recognizes all the country 's indigenous languages , including Nahuatl , as " national languages " and gives indigenous people the right to use them in all spheres of public and private life . In Article 11 , it grants access to compulsory , bilingual and intercultural education . Nonetheless , progress towards institutionalizing Nahuatl and securing linguistic rights for its speakers has been slow .
= = Demography and distribution = =
Today , a spectrum of Nahuan languages are spoken in an scattered areas stretching from the northern state of Durango to Tabasco in the southeast . Pipil , the southernmost Nahuan language , is spoken in El Salvador by a small number of speakers . According to IRIN @-@ International , the Nawat Language Recovery Initiative project , there are no reliable figures for the contemporary numbers of speakers of Pipil . Numbers may range anywhere from " perhaps a few hundred people , perhaps only a few dozen " .
According to the 2000 census by INEGI , Nahuatl is spoken by an estimated 1 @.@ 45 million people , some 198 @,@ 000 ( 14 @.@ 9 % ) of whom are monolingual . There are many more female than male monolinguals , and females represent nearly two thirds of the total number . The states of Guerrero and Hidalgo have the highest rates of monolingual Nahuatl speakers relative to the total Nahuatl speaking population , at 24 @.@ 2 % and 22 @.@ 6 % , respectively . For most other states the percentage of monolinguals among the speakers is less than 5 % . This means that in most states more than 95 % of the Nahuatl speaking population are bilingual in Spanish .
The largest concentrations of Nahuatl speakers are found in the states of Puebla , Veracruz , Hidalgo , San Luis Potosí , and Guerrero . Significant populations are also found in the State of Mexico , Morelos , and the Federal District , with smaller communities in Michoacán and Durango . Nahuatl became extinct in the states of Jalisco and Colima during the 20th century . As a result of internal migrations within the country , Nahuatl speaking communities exist in all of Mexico 's states . The modern influx of Mexican workers and families into the United States has resulted in the establishment of a few small Nahuatl speaking communities in that country , particularly in California , New York , Texas , New Mexico and Arizona .
= = Phonology = =
Nahuan languages are defined as a subgroup of Uto @-@ Aztecan by having undergone a number of shared changes from the Uto @-@ Aztecan protolanguage ( PUA ) . The table below shows the phonemic inventory of Classical Nahuatl as an example of a typical Nahuan language . In some dialects , the / t ͡ ɬ / phoneme , so common in Classical Nahuatl , has changed into either / t / , as in Isthmus Nahuatl , Mexicanero and Pipil , or into / l / , as in Nahuatl of Pómaro , Michoacán . Many dialects no longer distinguish between short and long vowels . Some have introduced completely new vowel qualities to compensate , as is the case for Tetelcingo Nahuatl . Others have developed a pitch accent , such as Nahuatl of Oapan , Guerrero . Many modern dialects have also borrowed phonemes from Spanish , such as / b , d , ɡ , f / .
= = = Phonemes = = =
* The glottal phoneme , called the " saltillo , " occurs only after vowels . In many modern dialects it is realized as an [ h ] , but in others , as in Classical Nahuatl , it is a glottal stop [ ʔ ] .
In many Nahuatl dialects vowel length contrast is vague , and in others it has become lost entirely . The dialect of Tetelcingo ( nhg ) developed the vowel length into a difference in quality : long / iː eː aː oː / to tense / i ʲe ɔ u / and short / i e a o / to lax / ɪ e a o / .
= = = Allophony = = =
Most varieties have relatively simple patterns of sound alternation ( allophony ) . In many dialects , the voiced consonants are devoiced in word @-@ final position and in consonant clusters : / j / devoices to a voiceless palato @-@ alveolar sibilant / ʃ / , / w / devoices to a voiceless glottal fricative [ h ] or to a voiceless labialized velar approximant [ ʍ ] , and / l / devoices to voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ ɬ ] . In some dialects , the first consonant in almost any consonant cluster becomes [ h ] . Some dialects have productive lenition of voiceless consonants into their voiced counterparts between vowels . The nasals are normally assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant . The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [ t ͡ ɬ ] is assimilated after / l / and pronounced [ l ] .
= = = Phonotactics = = =
Classical Nahuatl and most of the modern varieties have fairly simple phonological systems . They allow only syllables with maximally one initial and one final consonant . Consonant clusters occur only word @-@ medially and over syllable boundaries . Some morphemes have two alternating forms : one with a vowel i to prevent consonant clusters and one without it . For example , the absolutive suffix has the variant forms -tli ( used after consonants ) and -tl ( used after vowels ) . Some modern varieties , however , have formed complex clusters from vowel loss . Others have contracted syllable sequences , causing accents to shift or vowels to become long .
= = = Stress = = =
Most Nahuatl dialects have stress on the penultimate syllable of a word . In Mexicanero from Durango , many unstressed syllables have disappeared from words , and the placement of syllable stress has become phonemic .
= = Morphology and Syntax = =
The Nahuatl languages are agglutinative , polysynthetic languages that make extensive use of compounding , incorporation and derivation . That is , they can add many different prefixes and suffixes to a root until very long words are formed , and a single word can constitute an entire sentence .
The following verb shows how the verb is marked for subject , patient , object , and indirect object :
/ ni @-@ mits @-@ teː @-@ tla @-@ makiː @-@ ltiː @-@ s /
I @-@ you @-@ someone @-@ something @-@ give @-@ CAUSATIVE @-@ FUTURE
" I shall make somebody give something to you " ( Classical Nahuatl )
= = = Nouns = = =
The Nahuatl noun has a relatively complex structure . The only obligatory inflections are for number ( singular and plural ) and possession ( whether the noun is possessed , as is indicated by a prefix meaning ' my ' , ' your ' , etc . ) . Nahuatl has neither case nor gender , but Classical Nahuatl and some modern dialects distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns . In Classical Nahuatl the animacy distinction manifested with respect to pluralization , as only animate nouns could take a plural form , and all inanimate nouns were uncountable ( as the words " bread " and " money " are uncountable in English ) . Now , many speakers do not maintain this distinction and all nouns may take the plural inflection . One dialect , that of the Eastern Huasteca , has a distinction between two different plural suffixes for animate and inanimate nouns .
In most varieties of Nahuatl , nouns in the unpossessed singular form generally take an " absolutive " suffix . The most common forms of the absolutive are -tl after vowels , -tli after consonants other than l , and -li after l . Nouns that take the plural usually form the plural by adding one of the plural absolutive suffixes -tin or -meh , but some plural forms are irregular or formed by reduplication . Some nouns have competing plural forms .
Plural animate noun w. reduplication :
/ koː ~ kojo @-@ ʔ /
PLURAL ~ coyote @-@ PLURAL
" coyotes " ( Classical Nahuatl )
Nahuatl distinguishes between possessed and unpossessed forms of nouns . The absolutive suffix is not used on possessed nouns . In all dialects , possessed nouns take a prefix agreeing with number and person of its possessor . Possessed plural nouns take the ending - / waːn / .
Possessed plural :
/ no @-@ kal @-@ waːn /
my @-@ house @-@ PLURAL
" my houses " ( Classical Nahuatl )
Nahuatl does not have grammatical case but uses what is sometimes called a relational noun to describe spatial ( and other ) relations . These morphemes cannot appear alone but must occur after a noun or a possessive prefix . They are also often called postpositions or locative suffixes. in some ways these locative constructions resemble and can be thought of as locative case constructions . Most modern dialects have incorporated prepositions from Spanish that are competing with or that have completely replaced relational nouns .
Noun compounds are commonly formed by combining two or more nominal stems or combining a nominal stem with an adjectival or verbal stem .
= = = Pronouns = = =
Nahuatl generally distinguishes three persons , both in the singular and plural numbers . In at least one modern dialect , the Isthmus @-@ Mecayapan variety , there has come to be a distinction between inclusive ( I / we and you ) and exclusive ( we but not you ) forms of the first person plural :
Much more common is an honorific / non @-@ honorific distinction , usually applied to second and third persons but not first .
= = = Verbs = = =
The Nahuatl verb is quite complex and inflects for many grammatical categories . The verb is composed of a root , prefixes , and suffixes . The prefixes indicate the person of the subject , and person and number of the object and indirect object , whereas the suffixes indicate tense , aspect , mood and subject number .
Most Nahuatl dialects distinguish three tenses : present , past , and future , and two aspects : perfective and imperfective . Some varieties add progressive or habitual aspects . Many dialects distinguish at least the indicative and imperative moods , and some also have optative and vetative / prohibitive moods .
Most Nahuatl varieties have a number of ways to alter the valency of a verb . Classical Nahuatl had a passive voice ( also sometimes defined as an impersonal voice ) , but this is not found in most modern varieties . However the applicative and causative voices are found in many modern dialects . Many Nahuatl varieties also allow forming verbal compounds with two or more verbal roots .
The following verbal form has two verbal roots and is inflected for causative voice and both a direct and indirect object :
ni @-@ kin @-@ tla @-@ kwa @-@ ltiː @-@ s @-@ neki
I @-@ them @-@ something @-@ eat @-@ CAUSATIVE @-@ FUTURE @-@ want
" I want to feed them " ( Classical Nahuatl )
Some Nahuatl varieties , notably Classical Nahuatl , can inflect the verb to show the direction of the verbal action going away from or towards the speaker . Some also have specific inflectional categories showing purpose and direction and such complex notions as " to go in order to " or " to come in order to " , " go , do and return " , " do while going " , " do while coming " , " do upon arrival " , or " go around doing " .
Classical Nahuatl and many modern dialects have grammaticalised ways to express politeness towards addressees or even towards people or things that are being mentioned , by using special verb forms and special " honorific suffixes " .
= = = Reduplication = = =
Many varieties of Nahuatl have productive reduplication . By reduplicating the first syllable of a root a new word is formed . In nouns this is often used to form plurals , e.g. / tlaːkatl / " man " → / tlaːtlaːkah / " men " , but also in some varieties to form diminutives , honorifics , or for derivations . In verbs reduplication is often used to form a reiterative meaning ( i.e. expressing repetition ) , for example in Nahuatl of Tezcoco :
/ wetsi / " he / she falls "
/ we : -wetsi / " he / she falls several times "
/ weʔ @-@ wetsi @-@ ʔ / " they fall ( many people ) "
= = = Syntax = = =
Some linguists have argued that Nahuatl displays the properties of a non @-@ configurational language , meaning that word order in Nahuatl is basically free . Nahuatl allows all possible orderings of the three basic sentence constituents . It is prolifically a pro @-@ drop language : it allows sentences with omission of all noun phrases or independent pronouns , not just of noun phrases or pronouns whose function is the sentence subject . In most varieties independent pronouns are used only for emphasis . It allows certain kinds of syntactically discontinuous expressions .
Michel Launey argues that Classical Nahuatl had a verb @-@ initial basic word order with extensive freedom for variation , which was then used to encode pragmatic functions such as focus and topicality . The same has been argued for some contemporary varieties .
newal no @-@ nobia
I my @-@ fianceé
" My fiancée " ( and not anyone else 's ) ( Michoacán Nahual )
It has been argued that Classical Nahuatl syntax is best characterised by " omnipredicativity " , meaning that any noun or verb in the language is in fact a full predicative sentence . A radical interpretation of Nahuatl syntactic typology , this nonetheless seems to account for some of the language 's peculiarities , for example , why nouns must also carry the same agreement prefixes as verbs , and why predicates do not require any noun phrases to function as their arguments . For example , the verbal form tzahtzi means " he / she / it shouts " , and with the second person prefix titzahtzi it means " you shout " . Nouns are inflected in the same way : the noun " conētl " means not just " child " , but also " it is a child " , and ticonētl means " you are a child " . This prompts the omnipredicative interpretation , which posits that all nouns are also predicates . According to this interpretation a phrase such as tzahtzi in conētl should not be interpreted as meaning just " the child screams " but , rather , " it screams , ( the one that ) is a child " .
= = Contact phenomena = =
Nearly 500 years of intense contact between speakers of Nahuatl and speakers of Spanish , combined with the minority status of Nahuatl and the higher prestige associated with Spanish has caused many changes in modern Nahuatl varieties , with large numbers of words borrowed from Spanish into Nahuatl , and the introduction of new syntactic constructions and grammatical categories .
For example , a construction like the following , with several borrowed words and particles , is common in many modern varieties ( Spanish loanwords in boldface ) :
pero āmo tēchentenderoah lo que tlen tictoah en mexicano
but not they @-@ us @-@ understand @-@ PLURAL that which what we @-@ it @-@ say in Nahuatl
" But they don 't understand what we say in Nahuatl " ( Malinche Nahuatl )
In some modern dialects basic word order has become a fixed subject – verb – object , probably under influence from Spanish . Other changes in the syntax of modern Nahuatl include the use of Spanish prepositions instead of native postpositions or relational nouns and the reinterpretation of original postpositions / relational nouns into prepositions . In the following example , from Michoacán Nahual , the postposition -ka meaning " with " appears used as a preposition , with no preceding object :
ti @-@ ya ti @-@ k @-@ wika ka tel
you @-@ go you @-@ it @-@ carry with you
" are you going to carry it with you ? " ( Michoacán Nahual )
In this example from Mexicanero Nahuat , of Durango , the original postposition / relational noun -pin " in / on " is used as a preposition . Also , " porque " , a conjunction borrowed from Spanish , occurs in the sentence .
amo wel kalaki @-@ yá pin kal porke ȼakwa @-@ tiká im pwerta
not can he @-@ enter @-@ PAST in house because it @-@ closed @-@ was the door
" He couldn 't enter the house because the door was closed " ( Mexicanero Nahuat )
Many dialects have also undergone a degree of simplification of their morphology that has caused some scholars to consider them to have ceased to be polysynthetic .
= = Vocabulary = =
Many Nahuatl words have been borrowed into the Spanish language , most of which are terms designating things indigenous to the American continent . Some of these loans are restricted to Mexican or Central American Spanish , but others have entered all the varieties of Spanish in the world . A number of them , such as " chocolate " , " tomato " and " avocado " have made their way into many other languages via Spanish .
Likewise a number of English words have been borrowed from Nahuatl through Spanish . Two of the most prominent are undoubtedly chocolate and tomato ( from Nahuatl tomatl ) . Other common words such as coyote ( from Nahuatl coyotl ) , avocado ( from Nahuatl ahuacatl ) and chile or chili ( from Nahuatl chilli ) . The word chicle is also derived from Nahuatl tzictli " sticky stuff , chicle " . Some other English words from Nahuatl are : Aztec ( from aztecatl ) ; cacao ( from Nahuatl cacahuatl ' shell , rind ' ) ; ocelot ( from ocelotl ) . In Mexico many words for common everyday concepts attest to the close contact between Spanish and Nahuatl , so many in fact that entire dictionaries of " mexicanismos " ( words particular to Mexican Spanish ) have been published tracing Nahuatl etymologies , as well as Spanish words with origins in other indigenous languages . Many well known toponyms also come from Nahuatl , including Mexico ( from the Nahuatl word for the Aztec capital mexihco ) and Guatemala ( from the word cuauhtēmallan ) .
= = Writing and literature = =
= = = Writing = = =
Traditionally , Pre @-@ Columbian Aztec writing has not been considered a true writing system , since it did not represent the full vocabulary of a spoken language in the way that the writing systems of the Old World or the Maya Script did . Therefore , generally Aztec writing was not meant to be read , but to be told . The elaborate codices were essentially pictographic aids for memorizing texts , which include genealogies , astronomical information , and tribute lists . Three kinds of signs were used in the system : pictures used as mnemonics ( which do not represent particular words ) , logograms which represent whole words ( instead of phonemes or syllables ) , and logograms used only for their sound values ( i.e. used according to the rebus principle ) . However , epigrapher Alfonso Lacadena has argued that by the eve of the Spanish invasion , one school of Nahua scribes , those of Tetzcoco , had developed a fully syllabic script which could represent spoken language phonetically in the same way that the Maya script did . Some other epigraphers have questioned the claim , arguing that although the syllabicity was clearly extant in some early colonial manuscripts ( hardly any pre @-@ Columbian manuscripts have survived ) , this could be interpreted as a local innovation inspired by Spanish literacy rather than a continuation of a pre @-@ Columbian practice .
The Spanish introduced the Latin script , which was used to record a large body of Aztec prose , poetry and mundane documentation such as testaments , administrative documents , legal letters , etc . In a matter of decades pictorial writing was completely replaced with the Latin alphabet . No standardized Latin orthography has been developed for Nahuatl , and no general consensus has arisen for the representation of many sounds in Nahuatl that are lacking in Spanish , such as long vowels and the glottal stop . The orthography most accurately representing the phonemes of Nahuatl was developed in the 17th century by the Jesuit Horacio Carochi , building on the insights of another Jesuit , Antonio del Rincon . Carochi 's orthography used two different diacritics : a macron to represent long vowels and a grave for the saltillo , and sometimes an acute accent for short vowels . This orthography did not achieve a wide following outside of the Jesuit community .
When Nahuatl became the subject of focused linguistic studies in the 20th century , linguists acknowledged the need to represent all the phonemes of the language . Several practical orthographies were developed to transcribe the language , many using the Americanist transcription system . With the establishment of Mexico 's Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas in 2004 , new attempts to create standardized orthographies for the different dialects were resumed ; however to this day there is no single official orthography for Nahuatl . Apart from dialectal differences , major issues in transcribing Nahuatl include :
whether to follow Spanish orthographic practice and write / k / with c and qu , / kʷ / with cu and uc , / s / with c and z , or s , and / w / with hu and uh , or u .
how to write the " saltillo " phoneme ( in some dialects pronounced as a glottal stop [ ʔ ] and in others as an [ h ] ) , which has been spelled with j , h , ’ ( apostrophe ) , or a grave accent on the preceding vowel , but which traditionally has often been omitted in writing .
whether and how to represent vowel length , e.g. by double vowels or by the use of macrons .
= = = Literature = = =
Among the indigenous languages of the Americas , the extensive corpus of surviving literature in Nahuatl dating as far back as the 16th century may be considered unique . Nahuatl literature encompasses a diverse array of genres and styles , the documents themselves composed under many different circumstances . It appears that the preconquest Nahua had a distinction much like the European distinction between " prose " and " poetry " , the first called tlahtolli " speech " and the second cuicatl " song " .
Nahuatl tlahtolli prose has been preserved in different forms . Annals and chronicles recount history , normally written from the perspective of a particular altepetl ( locally based polity ) and often combining mythical accounts with real events . Important works in this genre include those from Chalco written by Chimalpahin , from Tlaxcala by Diego Muñoz Camargo , from Mexico @-@ Tenochtitlan by Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc and those of Texcoco by Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitl . Many annals recount history year @-@ by @-@ year and are normally written by anonymous authors . These works are sometimes evidently based on pre @-@ Columbian pictorial year counts that existed , such as the Cuauhtitlan annals and the Anales de Tlatelolco . Purely mythological narratives are also found , like the " Legend of the Five Suns " , the Aztec creation myth recounted in Codex Chimalpopoca .
One of the most important works of prose written in Nahuatl is the twelve @-@ volume compilation generally known as the Florentine Codex , produced in the mid @-@ 16th century by the Franciscan missionary Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of a number of Nahua informants . With this work Sahagún bestowed an enormous ethnographic description of the Nahua , written in side @-@ by @-@ side translations of Nahuatl and Spanish and illustrated throughout by color plates drawn by indigenous painters . Its volumes cover a diverse range of topics : Aztec history , material culture , social organization , religious and ceremonial life , rhetorical style and metaphors . The twelfth volume provides an indigenous perspective on the conquest itself . Sahagún also made a point of trying to document the richness of the Nahuatl language , stating :
This work is like a dragnet to bring to light all the words of this language with their exact and metaphorical meanings , and all their ways of speaking , and most of their practices good and evil .
Nahuatl poetry is preserved in principally two sources : the Cantares Mexicanos and the Romances de los señores de Nueva España , both collections of Aztec songs written down in the 16th and 17th centuries . Some songs may have been preserved through oral tradition from pre @-@ conquest times until the time of their writing , for example the songs attributed to the poet @-@ king of Texcoco , Nezahualcoyotl . Karttunen & Lockhart ( 1980 ) identify more than four distinct styles of songs , e.g. the icnocuicatl ( " sad song " ) , the xopancuicatl ( " song of spring " ) , melahuaccuicatl ( " plain song " ) and yaocuicatl ( " song of war " ) , each with distinct stylistic traits . Aztec poetry makes rich use of metaphoric imagery and themes and are lamentation of the brevity of human existence , the celebration of valiant warriors who die in battle , and the appreciation of the beauty of life .
= = = Stylistics = = =
The Aztecs distinguished between at least two social registers of language : the language of commoners ( macehuallahtolli ) and the language of the nobility ( tecpillahtolli ) . The latter was marked by the use of a distinct rhetorical style . Since literacy was confined mainly to these higher social classes , most of the existing prose and poetical documents were written in this style . An important feature of this high rhetorical style of formal oratory was the use of parallelism , whereby the orator structured their speech in couplets consisting of two parallel phrases . For example :
ye maca timiquican
" May we not die "
ye maca tipolihuican
" May we not perish "
Another kind of parallelism used is referred to by modern linguists as difrasismo , in which two phrases are symbolically combined to give a metaphorical reading . Classical Nahuatl was rich in such diphrasal metaphors , many of which are explicated by Sahagún in the Florentine Codex and by Andrés de Olmos in his Arte . Such difrasismos include :
in xochitl , in cuicatl
" The flower , the song " – meaning " poetry "
in cuitlapilli , in atlapalli
" the tail , the wing " – meaning " the common people "
in toptli , in petlacalli
" the chest , the box " – meaning " something secret "
in yollohtli , in eztli
" the heart , the blood " – meaning " cacao "
in iztlactli , in tenqualactli
" the drool , the spittle " – meaning " lies "
= = Sample text = =
The sample text below is an excerpt from a statement issued in Nahuatl by Emiliano Zapata in 1918 in order to convince the Nahua towns in the area of Tlaxcala to join the Revolution against the regime of Venustiano Carranza . The orthography employed in the letter is improvised , and does not distinguish long vowels and only sporadically marks " saltillo " ( with both 〈 h 〉 and acute accent ) .
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= George Martin =
Sir George Henry Martin CBE ( 3 January 1926 – 8 March 2016 ) was an English record producer , arranger , composer , conductor , audio engineer and musician . He was referred to as the " Fifth Beatle " , including by Paul McCartney , in reference to his extensive involvement on each of the Beatles ' original albums . Martin had 30 number @-@ one hit singles in the United Kingdom and 23 number @-@ one hits in the United States .
Martin produced comedy and novelty records in the early 1950s , working with Peter Sellers , Spike Milligan and Bernard Cribbins , among others . His career spanned more than six decades of work in music , film , television and live performance . He held a number of senior executive roles at media companies and contributed to a wide range of charitable causes , including his work for The Prince 's Trust and the Caribbean island of Montserrat . In recognition of his services to the music industry and popular culture , he was made a Knight Bachelor in 1996 .
= = Early years = =
When he was six , Martin 's family acquired a piano that sparked his interest in music . At eight years of age , Martin persuaded his parents , Henry and Betha Beatrice ( nėe Simpson ) Martin , that he should take piano lessons , but those ended after only eight lessons because of a disagreement between his mother and the teacher .
As a child , he attended several schools , including a " convent school in Holloway " , St Joseph 's School ( Highgate ) , and at St Ignatius ' College ( Stamford Hill ) , where he had won a scholarship . When WWII broke out , and St. Ignatius College students were evacuated to Welwyn Garden City , his family left London , and he was enrolled at Bromley Grammar School .
I remember well the very first time I heard a symphony orchestra . I was just in my teens when Sir Adrian Boult brought the BBC Symphony Orchestra to my school for a public concert . It was absolutely magical . Hearing such glorious sounds I found it difficult to connect them with ninety men and women blowing into brass and wooden instruments or scraping away at strings with horsehair bows .
Despite Martin 's continued interest in music , and " fantasies about being the next Rachmaninov " , he did not initially choose music as a career . He worked briefly as a quantity surveyor , and later for the War Office as a Temporary Clerk ( Grade Three ) , which meant filing paperwork and making tea .
In 1943 , when he was seventeen , he joined the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy and became an aerial observer and a commissioned officer . The war ended before Martin was involved in any combat , and he left the service in 1947 . Encouraged by Sidney Harrison ( a member of the Committee for the Promotion of New Music ) Martin used his veteran 's grant to attend the Guildhall School of Music and Drama from 1947 to 1950 , where he studied piano and oboe , and was interested in the music of Rachmaninov and Ravel , as well as Cole Porter . Martin 's oboe teacher was Margaret Eliot ( the mother of Jane Asher , who would later become involved with Paul McCartney ) . After that , Martin explained that he had just picked it up by himself . On 3 January 1948 – while still at the Academy – Martin married Sheena Chisholm , with whom he had two children , Alexis and Gregory Paul Martin . He later married Judy Lockhart @-@ Smith on 24 June 1966 , and they also had two children , Lucie and Giles Martin .
= = = Parlophone = = =
Following his graduation , he worked for the BBC 's classical music department , then joined EMI in 1950 , as an assistant to Oscar Preuss , the head of EMI 's Parlophone Records from 1950 to 1955 . Although having been regarded by EMI as a vital German imprint in the past , it was then not taken seriously and only used for EMI 's insignificant acts . After taking over Parlophone when Preuss retired in 1955 , Martin recorded classical and Baroque music , original cast recordings , and regional music from around Britain and Ireland .
Martin also produced numerous comedy and novelty records . His first hit for Parlophone was the " Mock Mozart " single by Peter Ustinov with Antony Hopkins – a record reluctantly released in 1952 by EMI , only after Preuss insisted they give his young assistant , Martin , a chance . Later that decade Martin worked with Peter Sellers on two very popular comedy LPs . One was released on 10 format and called The Best Of Sellers , the second was released in 1957 , being called Songs for Swinging Sellers ( a spoof on Frank Sinatra 's LP Songs for Swingin ' Lovers ! ) . As he had worked with Sellers , he also came to know Spike Milligan , with whom he became a firm friend , and best man at Milligan 's second marriage : " I loved The Goon Show , and issued an album of it on my label Parlophone , which is how I got to know Spike . " The album was Bridge on the River Wye . It was a spoof of the film The Bridge on the River Kwai , being based on the 1957 Goon Show episode " An African Incident " . It was intended to have the same name as the film , but shortly before its release , the film company threatened legal action if the name was used . Martin edited out the ' K ' every time the word Kwai was spoken , with Bridge on the River Wye being the result . The River Wye is a river that runs through England and Wales . The album featured Milligan , Sellers , Jonathan Miller and Peter Cook , playing various characters .
Other comedians Martin worked with included Bernard Cribbins , Charlie Drake , Terry Scott , Bruce Forsyth , Michael Bentine , Dudley Moore , Flanders and Swann , Lance Percival , Joan Sims , Bill Oddie , and The Alberts . Martin worked with both Jim Dale and the Vipers Skiffle Group , with whom he had a number of hits . In early 1962 , under the pseudonym " Ray Cathode " , Martin released an early electronic dance single , " Time Beat " – recorded at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop . As Martin wanted to add rock and roll to Parlophone 's repertoire , he struggled to find a " fireproof " hit @-@ making pop artist or group . Martin also became involved with engineering — producing some of the recorded material of Australian hit @-@ maker Rolf Harris , and is alleged to have been responsible for the close @-@ miking of the " wobble @-@ board " sound that became an audio trade @-@ mark of Harris on several of his hit songs , including his only international hit , " Tie Me Kangaroo Down , Sport " ( 1960 – 1961 ) . Martin was credited as an engineer on some of Harris ' albums .
As a producer , Martin recorded the two @-@ man show featuring Michael Flanders and Donald Swann , At the Drop of a Hat , which sold steadily for twenty @-@ five years , although Martin 's breakthrough as a producer came with the Beyond the Fringe show cast album , which starred Peter Cook , Dudley Moore , Alan Bennett , and Jonathan Miller , and he would also produce the accompanying soundtrack album for David Frost 's satirical BBC TV show That Was the Week That Was in 1963 . Martin 's work transformed the profile of Parlophone from a " sad little company " to a very profitable business .
= = The Beatles = =
Martin was contacted by Sid Coleman of Ardmore & Beechwood , who told him about Brian Epstein , the manager of a band whom he had met . He thought Martin might be interested in the group , even though they had been turned down by Decca Records . Until that time , although he had had considerable success with the comedy records , and a number 1 hit with the Temperance Seven , Martin had only minor success with pop music , such as " Who Could Be Bluer " by Jerry Lordan , and singles with Shane Fenton and Matt Monro . After the telephone call by Coleman , Martin arranged a meeting on 13 February 1962 with Brian Epstein . Martin listened to a tape recorded at Decca , and thought that Epstein 's group was " rather unpromising " , but liked the sound of Lennon 's and McCartney 's vocals .
After another meeting with Epstein on 9 May at the Abbey Road studios , Martin was impressed by Epstein 's enthusiasm and agreed to sign the unknown Beatles to a recording contract , without having met them or seen them play live . The contract was not what it seemed , however , as Martin would not sign it himself until he had heard an audition , and later said that EMI had " nothing to lose , " as it offered one penny for each record sold , which was split among the four members . Martin suggested to EMI ( after the release of " From Me to You " ) that the royalty rate should be doubled without asking for anything in return , which led to Martin being thought of as a " traitor in EMI " .
The Beatles auditioned for Martin on 6 June 1962 , in studio three at the Abbey Road studios . Ron Richards and his engineer Norman Smith recorded four songs , which Martin ( who was not present during the recording ) listened to at the end of the session . The verdict was not promising , however , as Richards complained about Pete Best 's drumming , and Martin thought their original songs were simply not good enough . Martin asked the individual Beatles if there was anything they personally did not like , to which George Harrison replied , " Well , there 's your tie , for a start . " That was the turning point , according to Smith , as John Lennon and Paul McCartney joined in with jokes and comic wordplay , that made Martin think that he should sign them to a contract for their wit alone .
The Beatles ' second recording session with Martin was on 4 September 1962 , when they recorded " How Do You Do It " , heavily modified by The Beatles which Martin thought was a sure @-@ fire hit , even though Lennon and McCartney did not want to release it , not being one of their own compositions or style . Martin was correct : Gerry & the Pacemakers ' version , which Martin produced , spent three weeks at No. 1 in April 1963 , before being displaced by " From Me to You " . On 11 September 1962 , the Beatles re @-@ recorded " Love Me Do " with session player Andy White playing drums . Ringo Starr was asked to play tambourine and maracas , and although he complied , he was definitely " not pleased " . Due to an EMI library error , a 4 September version with Starr playing drums was issued on the British single release ; afterwards , the tape was destroyed , and the 11 September recording with Andy White on drums was used for all subsequent releases . Martin would later praise Starr 's drumming , calling him " probably ... the finest rock drummer in the world today " . As " Love Me Do " peaked at number 17 in the British charts , on 26 November 1962 Martin recorded " Please Please Me " , which he did only after Lennon and McCartney had almost begged him to record another of their original songs . Martin 's crucial contribution to the song was to tell them to speed up what was initially a slow ballad . After the recording Martin looked over the mixing desk and said , " Gentlemen , you have just made your first number one record " . Martin directed Epstein to find a good publisher , as Ardmore & Beechwood had done nothing to promote " Love Me Do " , informing Epstein of three publishers who , in Martin 's opinion , would be fair and honest , which led them to Dick James .
= = = As an arranger = = =
Martin 's more formal musical expertise helped fill the gaps between the Beatles ' unrefined talent , and the sound which distinguished them from other groups , which would eventually make them successful . Most of the Beatles ' orchestral arrangements and instrumentation ( as well as frequent keyboard parts on the early records ) were written or performed by Martin , in collaboration with the less musically experienced band . It was Martin 's idea to put a string quartet on " Yesterday " , against McCartney 's initial reluctance . Martin played the song in the style of Bach to show McCartney the voicings that were available . Another example is the song " Penny Lane " , which featured a piccolo trumpet solo . McCartney hummed the melody he wanted , and Martin notated it for David Mason , the classically trained trumpeter .
His work as an arranger was used for many Beatles recordings . For " Eleanor Rigby " he scored and conducted a strings @-@ only accompaniment inspired by Bernard Herrmann . On a Canadian speaking tour in 2007 , Martin said his " Eleanor Rigby " score was influenced by Herrmann 's score for the Alfred Hitchcock thriller , Psycho . For " Strawberry Fields Forever " , he and recording engineer Geoff Emerick turned two very different takes into a single master through careful use of vari @-@ speed and editing . For " I Am the Walrus " , he provided a quirky and original arrangement for brass , violins , cellos , and the Mike Sammes Singers vocal ensemble . On " In My Life " , he played a speeded @-@ up baroque piano solo . He worked with McCartney to implement the orchestral ' climax ' in " A Day in the Life " , and he and McCartney shared conducting duties the day it was recorded .
Martin contributed integral parts to other songs , including the piano in " Lovely Rita " , the harpsichord in " Fixing a Hole " , the organs and tape loop arrangement that create the Pablo Fanque circus atmosphere that Lennon requested on " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " ( both Martin and Lennon played organ parts for this song ) , and the orchestration in " Good Night " . The first song that Martin did not arrange was " She 's Leaving Home " , as he had a prior engagement to produce a Cilla Black session , so McCartney contacted arranger Mike Leander to do it . Martin was reportedly hurt by this , but still produced the recording and conducted the orchestra himself . Martin was in demand as an independent arranger and producer by the time of The White Album , so the Beatles were left to produce various tracks by themselves .
Martin arranged the score for the Beatles ' film Yellow Submarine and the James Bond film Live and Let Die , for which Paul McCartney wrote and sang the title song . He helped arrange Paul and Linda McCartney 's American Number 1 single " Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey " .
Paul McCartney once commended Martin by saying : " George Martin [ was ] quite experimental for who he was , a grown @-@ up . "
= = = Film and composing work = = =
Beginning in the late 1950s , Martin began to supplement his producer income by publishing music and having his artists record it . He used the pseudonyms Lezlo Anales and John Chisholm , before settling on Graham Fisher as his primary pseudonym .
Martin composed , arranged , and produced film scores since the early 1960s , including the instrumental scores of the films A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 , for which he won an Academy Award Nomination ) , Ferry Cross the Mersey ( 1965 ) , Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) , and Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) . Other notable movie scores include Crooks Anonymous ( 1962 ) , The Family Way ( 1966 ) , Pulp ( 1972 , starring Michael Caine and Mickey Rooney ) , the Peter Sellers film The Optimists of Nine Elms ( 1973 ) , and the John Schlesinger directed Honky Tonk Freeway ( 1981 ) .
He also composed the David Frost theme " By George " , " Eary @-@ Feary " ( the theme from the 1970 LWT horror series Tales of Unease ) , " Theme One " for BBC Radio 1 , " Adagietto for Harmonica & Strings " for Tommy Reilly , and " Magic Carpet " for the Dakotas .
= = = The Beatles Anthology = = =
Martin oversaw post @-@ production on The Beatles Anthology ( which was originally entitled The Long and Winding Road ) in 1994 and 1995 , working again with Geoff Emerick . Martin decided to use an old 8 @-@ track analogue deck – which EMI learned an engineer still had – to mix the songs for the project , instead of a modern digital deck . He explained this by saying that the old deck created a completely different sound , which a new deck could not accurately reproduce . He also said he found the whole project a strange experience ( and McCartney agreed ) , as they had to listen to themselves chatting in the studio , 25 – 30 years previously .
Martin stepped down when it came to producing the two new singles reuniting McCartney , Harrison , and Starr , who wanted to overdub two old Lennon demos . Martin had suffered a hearing loss , so he left the work to writer / producer Jeff Lynne of the Electric Light Orchestra .
= = = Cirque du Soleil and Love = = =
In 2006 , Martin and his son , Giles Martin , remixed 80 minutes of Beatles music for the Las Vegas stage performance Love , a joint venture between Cirque du Soleil and the Beatles ' Apple Corps Ltd . A soundtrack album from the show was released that same year .
= = = Public image = = =
Martin 's contribution to the Beatles ' work received regular critical acclaim , and led to him being described as the " Fifth Beatle " ( in 2016 , Paul McCartney wrote that " If anyone earned the title of the fifth Beatle it was George " ) . However , he distanced himself from this claim , stating that assistant and roadie Neil Aspinall would be more deserving of that title .
In the immediate aftermath of the Beatles ' break @-@ up , a time when he made many angry utterances , John Lennon trivialised Martin 's importance to the Beatles ' music . In his 1970 interview with Jann Wenner , Lennon said , " [ Dick James is ] another one of those people , who think they made us . They didn 't . I 'd like to hear Dick James ' music and I 'd like to hear George Martin 's music , please , just play me some . "
In a 1971 letter to Paul McCartney , Lennon wrote , " When people ask me questions about ' What did George Martin really do for you ? , ' I have only one answer , ' What does he do now ? ' I noticed you had no answer for that ! It 's not a putdown , it 's the truth . " Lennon wrote that Martin took too much credit for the Beatles ' music . Commenting specifically on " Revolution 9 " , Lennon said with ironic authority , " For Martin to state that he was ' painting a sound picture ' is pure hallucination . Ask any of the other people involved . The final editing Yoko and I did alone . "
Lennon later retracted many of the comments he made in that era , attributing them to his anger . He subsequently spoke with great affection and fondness for Martin . In 1971 he said : " George Martin made us what we were in the studio . He helped us develop a language to talk to other musicians . "
According to Alan Parsons , he had " great ears " and " rightfully earned the title of " Fifth Beatle " . Julian Lennon called Martin " The Fifth Beatle , without question " .
= = Other artists = =
Martin produced recordings for many other artists , including contemporaries of the Beatles , such as Matt Monro , Cilla Black , Gerry & The Pacemakers , Billy J. Kramer & the Dakotas , The Fourmost , David and Jonathan , and The Action , as well as The King 's Singers , the band America , guitarists Jeff Beck and John Williams , sixties duo Edwards Hand , Gary Brooker , Neil Sedaka , Ultravox , country singer Kenny Rogers , UFO , Cheap Trick , Elton John , Celine Dion and Yoshiki Hayashi of X Japan .
Also working with Gary Glitter before his chart success , Martin recorded several songs with him in the early 1960s , with the singer using the pseudonym of " Paul Raven " . He also produced the album The Man in the Bowler Hat ( 1974 ) for the eccentric British folk @-@ rock group Stackridge . Martin worked with Paul Winter on his ( 1972 ) Icarus album , which was recorded in a rented house by the sea in Marblehead , Massachusetts . Winter said that Martin taught him " how to use the studio as a tool " , and allowed him to record the album in a relaxed atmosphere , which was different from the pressurised control in a professional studio . In 1979 he worked with Ron Goodwin to produce the album containing The Beatles Concerto , written by John Rutter . In 2010 , Martin was the executive producer of the hard rock debut of Arms of the Sun , an all @-@ star project featuring Rex Brown ( Pantera , Down ) , John Luke Hebert ( King Diamond ) , Lance Harvill and Ben Bunker .
In 1991 , Martin contributed the string arrangement and conducted the orchestra for the song " Ticket To Heaven " on the last Dire Straits studio album On Every Street . In 1992 , Martin worked with Pete Townshend on the musical stage production of The Who 's Tommy . The play opened on Broadway in 1993 , with the original cast album being released that summer . Martin won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1993 , as the producer of that album .
In 1995 , he contributed the horn and string arrangement for the song " Latitude " on the Elton John Made in England album , which was recorded at Martin 's AIR Studios London . He also produced " Candle in the Wind 1997 " , Elton 's tribute single to the late Diana , Princess of Wales , which topped charts around the world in September 1997 .
= = Associated Independent Recording ( AIR ) = =
Within the recording industry , Martin was known for having become independent at a time when many producers were still salaried . In 1965 , the Beatles ' success gave Martin the leverage to start Associated Independent Recording ( AIR ) , which enabled him to hire out his services to other artists . AIR demonstrated how important Martin 's talents were to his artists , and it allowed him a share in record royalties on his hits . To this day , AIR remains one of the world 's pre @-@ eminent recording studios . In 1979 , Martin opened a studio on the Caribbean island of Montserrat . This studio was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo ten years later .
= = Music from the James Bond series = =
Martin also directly and indirectly contributed to the main themes of three films in the James Bond series . Although Martin did not produce the theme for the second Bond film , From Russia with Love , he was responsible for the signing of Matt Monro to EMI , just months prior to his recording of the song of the same title .
Martin also produced two of the best @-@ known James Bond themes . The first was " Goldfinger " by Shirley Bassey in 1964 . The second , in 1973 , was " Live and Let Die " by Paul McCartney and Wings for the film of the same name . He also composed and produced the film 's score .
= = Books and audio retrospective = =
In 1979 , Martin published a memoir , All You Need is Ears ( co @-@ written with Jeremy Hornsby ) , that described his work with the Beatles and other artists ( including Peter Sellers , Sophia Loren , Shirley Bassey , Flanders and Swann , Matt Monro , and Dudley Moore ) , and gave an informal introduction to the art and science of sound recording . In 1993 he published Summer of Love : The Making of Sgt Pepper ( published in the U.S. as With a Little Help from My Friends : The Making of Sgt Pepper , co @-@ authored with William Pearson ) , which also included interview quotations from a 1992 South Bank Show episode discussing the album . Martin also edited a 1983 book called Making Music : The Guide to Writing , Performing and Recording .
In 2001 , Martin released Produced by George Martin : 50 Years in Recording , a six @-@ CD retrospective of his entire studio career , and in 2002 , Martin launched Playback , his limited @-@ edition illustrated autobiography , published by Genesis Publications .
= = Television = =
= = = The Rhythm of Life = = =
In 1997 – 98 , Martin hosted a three @-@ part BBC co @-@ produced documentary series titled " The Rhythm of Life " , in which he discussed various aspects of musical composition with professional musicians and singers , among them Brian Wilson , Billy Joel , and Celine Dion . The series aired on the Ovation television network in the United States .
= = = Produced by George Martin = = =
On 25 April 2011 , a 90 @-@ minute documentary feature film co @-@ produced by the BBC Arena team , Produced by George Martin , aired to critical acclaim for the first time in the UK . It combines rare archive footage and new interviews with , among others , Paul McCartney , Ringo Starr , Jeff Beck , Cilla Black , and Giles Martin , and tells the life story of how George Martin , a schoolboy growing up in the Depression , grew up to become a legendary music producer . The film , with over 50 minutes of extra footage , including interviews from Rick Rubin , T @-@ Bone Burnett and Ken Scott , was released world @-@ wide by Eagle Rock Entertainment on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on 10 September 2012 .
= = Death = =
Martin died in his sleep on the night of 8 March 2016 at his home in Wiltshire , England , at the age of 90 . His death was announced by Ringo Starr on his Twitter account . A spokesperson for the Universal Music Group confirmed his death . The cause of death has not been announced . He is survived by his wife of nearly fifty years , Judy Lockhart Smith , and his four children .
= = Awards and recognition = =
Academy Award 1964 – Scoring of Music ( for A Hard Day 's Night )
Grammy Award 1967 – Best Contemporary Album ( as producer of Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band )
Grammy Award 1967 – Album of the Year ( as producer of Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band )
Grammy Award 1973 – Best Arrangement , Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) ( as arranger of " Live and Let Die " )
BRIT Awards 1977 – Best British Producer ( of the past 25 years ) .
BRIT Awards 1984 – Outstanding Contribution To Music
Grammy Award 1993 – Best Musical Show Album ( as producer of The Who 's Tommy )
Grammy Award 2007 – Best Compilation Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture , Television Or Other Visual Media , producer together with Giles Martin , of The Beatles album Love
Grammy Award 2007 – Best Surround Sound Album , producer together with Giles Martin , of The Beatles album Love
Martin was named the British Phonographic Industry 's " Man of the Year " of 1998 .
In April 1989 , he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Music by Berklee College of Music in Boston , Massachusetts .
On 9 July 1992 , he was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree by University of Salford , in recognition of his involvement with the innovative BSc Hons Popular Music and Recording validated by the university ( taught at University College Salford ) , and his contribution to British popular music in general .
He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 15 March 1999 and into the UK Music Hall of Fame on 14 November 2006 .
In 2002 , he was given the Lifetime Achievement Award for Services to Film by the World Soundtrack Academy at Belgium 's Flanders International Film Festival .
He was granted his own coat of arms in March 2004 by the College of Arms . His shield features three beetles , a house martin holding a recorder , and the Latin motto Amore Solum Opus Est ( " All You Need Is Love " ) .
In November 2006 , he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Music by Leeds Beckett University .
In September 2008 , he was awarded the James Joyce Award by the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin .
Martin was honoured with a Gold Medal for Services to the Arts from the CISAC ( the International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers ) .
On 25 May 2010 , he was given an honorary membership in the Audio Engineering Society at the 128th AES Convention in London .
On 29 June 2011 , he was given an honorary degree , Doctor of Music , from the University of Oxford .
On 19 October 2012 , he won a lifetime award in the 39th Golden Badge Awards
Martin was one of a handful of producers to have number one records in three or more consecutive decades ( 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s ) . Others in this group include Phil Spector ( 1950s , 1960s and 1970s ) , Quincy Jones ( 1960s , 1970s and 1980s ) , Michael Omartian ( 1970s , 1980s and 1990s ) , and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis ( 1980s , 1990s , and 2000s ) .
= = Selected non @-@ Beatles hit records produced or co @-@ produced by George Martin = =
Records produced by Martin have achieved 30 number one singles and 16 number one albums in the UK – plus 23 number one singles and 19 number one albums in North America ( most of which were by The Beatles ) .
" You 're Driving Me Crazy " , The Temperance Seven ( 25 May 1961 , # 1 )
" My Kind of Girl " , Matt Monro ( 31 July 1961 , # 5 )
" My Boomerang Won 't Come Back " , Charlie Drake ( 5 October 1961 , # 14 )
" Sun Arise " , Rolf Harris ( 25 October 1962 , # 3 )
" Little Children " , Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas ( 19 March 1964 , # 1 )
" Bad to Me " , Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas ( 22 August 1963 , # 1 )
" Hello Little Girl " , The Fourmost ( 30 August 1963 , # 9 )
" Don 't Let the Sun Catch You Crying " , Gerry & the Pacemakers ( 4 July 1964 , # 4 )
" You 're My World " , Cilla Black ( 1 August 1964 , # 1 )
" How Do You Do It ? " , Gerry & the Pacemakers ( 11 April 1963 , # 1 )
" Can 't Buy Me Love " , Ella Fitzgerald ( 1 May 1964 , # 34 )
" Walk Away " , Matt Monro ( 4 September 1964 , # 4 )
" I Like It " , Gerry & the Pacemakers ( 7 November 1964 , # 1 )
" I 'll Be There " , Gerry & the Pacemakers ( 30 January 1965 , # 14 )
" Ferry Cross the Mersey " , Gerry & the Pacemakers ( 20 March 1965 , # 6 )
" Goldfinger " , Shirley Bassey ( 27 March 1965 , # 8 )
" You 'll Never Walk Alone " , Gerry & the Pacemakers ( 3 July 1965 , # 48 )
" Trains and Boats and Planes " , Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas ( 31 July 1965 , # 47 )
" Alfie " , Cilla Black ( 10 September 1966 , # UK6 # 95 )
" Girl on a Swing " , Gerry & the Pacemakers ( 22 October 1966 , # 28 )
" Live and Let Die " , Paul McCartney & Wings ( 1 June 1973 , UK # 9 US # 2 )
" Tin Man " , America ( 9 November 1974 , # 4 )
" Lonely People " , America ( 8 March 1975 , # 5 )
" Sister Golden Hair " , America ( 14 June 1975 , # 1 )
" Oh ! Darling " , Robin Gibb ( 7 October 1978 , # 15 )
" The Night Owls " , Little River Band ( 1981 , US # 6 )
" Ebony and Ivory " , Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder ( 29 March 1982 US # 1 )
" Say , Say , Say " , Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson ( 10 December 1983 , # 1 )
" No More Lonely Nights " , Paul McCartney ( 8 December 1984 , # 6 )
" Morning Desire " , Kenny Rogers ( 10 July 1985 , # 1 )
" The Man I Love " , Kate Bush & Larry Adler ( 18 July 1994 , # 27 )
" Candle in the Wind 1997 " , Elton John ( 11 October 1997 , # 1 )
" Pure " , Hayley Westenra ( 10 July 2003 , # 1 UK classical charts , No. 8 , UK pop charts )
= = Discography = =
Off the Beatle Track ( 1964 Parlophone PCS 3057 )
A Hard Day 's Night : Instrumental Versions of the Motion Picture Score ( 19 February 1965 , United Artists )
George Martin Scores Instrumental Versions of the Hits ( 1965 )
Help ! ( 1965 , Columbia TWO 102 )
.. and I Love Her ( 1966 , Columbia TWO 141 )
George Martin Instrumentally Salutes The Beatle Girls ( 1966 )
British Maid ( 1968 , United Artists SULP 1196 , released in the US as London by George )
Yellow Submarine ( side one : The Beatles , side two : The George Martin Orchestra , 1969 )
By George ! ( 1970 , Sunset SLS 50182 , reissue of British Maid )
Live and Let Die ( producer for Paul McCartney 's song , and composer of musical score , 1973 )
Beatles to Bond and Bach ( 1978 )
In My Life ( 1998 )
Produced by George Martin ( 2001 )
The Family Way ( 2003 )
= = Selected discography ( as producer ) = =
Sidney Torch – " Barwick Green " ( The Archers theme ) ( 1951 )
Jack Parnell – " The White Suit Samba " ( 1951 )
Jimmy Shand – " Bluebell Polka " ( 1952 )
Kenneth McKellar – " Ae Fond Kiss " ( 1952 )
Tommy Reilly – " Melody on the Move " ( 1952 )
Peter Ustinov – " Mock Mozart " ( 1952 )
Eve Boswell – " Pickin ' a Chicken " ( 1955 )
Edna Savage – " Arrivederci Darling " ( 1955 )
Eamonn Andrews – " The Shifting Whispering Sands " ( 1956 )
Dick James – " Robin Hood " ( 1956 )
The Ivor and Basil Kirchin Band - " Rock @-@ A @-@ Beatin ' Boogie " ( 1956 )
Johnny Dankworth – " Experiments With Mice " ( 1956 )
Shirley Abicair – " Smiley " ( 1956 )
Mandy Miller – " Nellie the Elephant " ( 1956 )
The Vipers Skiffle Group – " Don 't You Rock Me Daddy @-@ O " ( 1957 )
Jim Dale – " Be My Girl " ( 1957 )
Ian Wallace – " The Hippopotamus Song " ( 1957 )
Charlie Drake – " Splish Splash " ( 1958 )
Peter Sellers – " A Drop of the Hard Stuff " ( 1958 )
Humphrey Lyttelton – " Saturday Jump " ( 1959 )
Bruce Forsyth – " I 'm in Charge " ( 1959 )
Flanders and Swann – At the Drop of a Hat ( 1960 )
Matt Monro – " Portrait of My Love " ( 1960 )
Peter Sellers and Sophia Loren – " Goodness Gracious Me " ( 1960 )
Beyond the Fringe ( Original Cast Recording ) ( 1961 )
Dudley Moore – " Strictly for the Birds " ( 1961 )
Bernard Cribbins – " Right Said Fred " ( 1962 ) ; " A Hole in the Ground " ( 1962 ) ; " Gossip Calypso " ( 1962 )
The Alberts – " Morse Code Melody " ( 1962 )
Michael Bentine – " Football Results " ( 1962 )
Terry Scott – " My Brother " ( 1963 )
Joan Sims – " Oh Not Again Ken " ( 1963 )
Shirley Bassey – " I ( Who Have Nothing ) " ( 1963 )
David Frost and Millicent Martin – That Was the Week That Was ( 1963 )
Cambridge Circus ( Original Cast Recording ) ( 1963 )
Flanders and Swann – At the Drop of Another Hat ( 1964 )
Alma Cogan – " It 's You " ( 1964 )
The Scaffold – " 2 Day 's Monday " ( 1966 )
Ron Goodwin – Adventure ( 1966 )
Edwards Hand – Edwards Hand ( 1969 )
Stan Getz – Marrakesh Express ( 1969 )
Ringo Starr – Sentimental Journey ( 1970 )
Seatrain – Seatrain ( 1970 )
The King 's Singers – " The King 's Singers Collection " ( 1972 )
Paul Winter Consort – Icarus ( 1972 )
The King 's Singers – " A French Collection " ( 1973 )
The King 's Singers – " Deck the Hall " ( 1973 )
John Williams – The Height Below ( 1973 )
Stackridge – The Man in the Bowler Hat ( 1974 , released as Pinafore Days in the US and Canada )
Mahavishnu Orchestra – Apocalypse ( 1974 )
America – Holiday ( 1974 )
Tommy Steele – My Life , My Song ( 1974 )
Jeff Beck – Blow by Blow ( 1975 )
America – Hearts ( 1975 )
America – Hideaway ( 1976 )
American Flyer – American Flyer ( 1976 )
Jeff Beck – Wired ( 1976 )
Cleo Laine – Born On a Friday ( 1976 )
Jimmy Webb – El Mirage ( 1977 )
America – Harbor ( 1977 )
Neil Sedaka – A Song ( 1977 )
Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1978 , original soundtrack )
America – Silent Letter ( 1979 )
Gary Brooker – No More Fear of Flying ( 1979 )
Cheap Trick – All Shook Up ( 1980 )
UFO – No Place to Run ( 1980 )
Little River Band – Time Exposure ( 1981 )
Ultravox – Quartet ( 1982 )
Paul McCartney – Tug of War ( 1982 )
Paul McCartney – Pipes of Peace ( 1983 )
Paul McCartney – Give My Regards to Broad Street ( 1984 )
Andy Leek – Say Something ( 1988 )
Yoshiki – Eternal Melody ( 1993 )
Tommy ( Original Cast Recording ) ( 1993 )
Celine Dion – " The Reason " ( 1997 )
George Martin – In My Life ( 1998 )
The Beatles – Love ( 2006 )
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= Nikita Whitlock =
Nikita Nehemiah Whitlock ( born May 16 , 1991 ) is an American football fullback for the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2014 . He played college football at Wake Forest . Whitlock has also been a member of the Dallas Cowboys practice squad .
Whitlock had a standout high school career at Wylie High School , earning AP Defensive Player of the Year honors in 2008 . After playing defensive tackle and linebacker throughout high school and college , the undersized Whitlock switched to fullback in the NFL . He won the starting fullback job for the Giants in 2015 after strong special teams work in the pre @-@ season .
= = Personal = =
Whitlock is the son of Raymond and Genny Whitlock . Whitlock was originally going to be named Sergio Nehemiah Whitlock , but his grandmother did not like the name . His father , who worked for Yellow Pages , opened up a phone book to a random page and put his finger down to select his name , ending up with Nikita . Whitlock graduated from Wake Forest with a Health and Exercise Science major .
= = High school career = =
Whitlock attended and played football at Wylie High School . He was named the AP Texas Class 5A Defensive Player of the Year in 2008 . The Dallas Morning News named him the All @-@ Area Defensive Player of the Year . Whitlock 's height made it difficult for him to get noticed by college recruiters . As a freshman , he was 5 ft 9 in ( 1 @.@ 75 m ) , 175 pounds ( 79 kg ) . He grew to 5 ft 10 in ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) , 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) by his senior year . His high school coach said , " If he was 6 @-@ foot @-@ 3 , he 'd be the No. 1 defensive lineman in the country " . Mesquite Horn coach Rodney Webb called Whitlock " the best defensive player he had seen at the high school level " . Whitlock set the school bench press record at 405 pounds ( 184 kg ) as a senior . Dallas Morning News sportswriter Matt Wixon called Whitlock " one of the most dominant high school linemen " he has ever seen .
He was offered scholarships to play football for SMU and Northwestern State , and also received interest from TCU and Utah State , before committing to Wake Forest .
= = College career = =
Whitlock played college football at Wake Forest from 2009 to 2013 . At Wake Forest , Whitlock played nose guard . Whitlock redshirted his freshman year in 2009 , practicing as a linebacker .
As a redshirt freshman , he was named second @-@ team freshman All @-@ American by College Football News and Rivals.com. Phil Steele named him fourth team All @-@ ACC in 2012 , as well as second @-@ team pre @-@ season All @-@ ACC in 2013 . He earned second @-@ team All @-@ ACC defensive honors in 2011 and 2012 . In 2013 , he was on the Bednarik Award watchlist .
= = = College statistics = = =
from Wakeforrestsports.com
= = Professional career = =
= = = Cincinnati Bengals = = =
On May 12 , 2014 , Whitlock was signed as an undrafted free agent with the Cincinnati Bengals . Upon signing with the Bengals , Whitlock was moved from defensive tackle to fullback . At 5 ' 10 " , 250 pounds ( 110 kg ) , Whitlock was considered too small to play defensive tackle at the NFL level .
He was released by the Bengals on August 30 , 2014 .
= = = Dallas Cowboys = = =
After being released by the Bengals , the Dallas Cowboys signed Whitlock to their practice squad on September 1 , 2014 . He was then released on September 9 . The Cowboys resigned Whitlock to the practice squad on September 16 . He was then released again on November 3 .
A week later , Whitlock worked out for the Baltimore Ravens but was not signed . While a free agent , Whitlock was suspended by the NFL for four games on November 21 ; the league did not announce why he was suspended .
= = = New York Giants = = =
On December 17 , 2014 , Whitlock was signed to the New York Giants practice squad . He worked as both a fullback and a linebacker during practice . On December 29 , 2014 , Whitlock signed a futures contract with the Giants .
In the 2015 NFL season , Whitlock defeated incumbent Henry Hynoski for the fullback spot after surviving final cuts . Whitlock won the roster spot by his special teams play , as well as being younger and less expensive than Hynoski . In the final preseason game , Whitlock took snaps at both fullback and defensive tackle . He performed dual duty again during the Giants game against the Washington Redskins on September 24 , 2015 . On December 23 , 2015 , Whitlock suffered a knee injury in the week 15 game against the Carolina Panthers , and was placed on season @-@ ending injured reserve .
He finished the season playing 132 offensive plays , 61 defensive plays , and 276 special teams plays .
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= Myst IV : Revelation =
Myst IV : Revelation is the fourth installment in the Myst computer game series , developed and published by Ubisoft . Revelation was the first game in the series released exclusively on a DVD @-@ ROM format ; a multiple CD @-@ ROM version was not produced as it would have taken twelve compact discs to fit all the data . Like Myst III : Exile , Revelation combines pre @-@ rendered graphics with digital video , but also features real @-@ time 3D effects for added realism .
The plot of Revelation ties up loose ends from the original Myst . The player is summoned by Atrus , a man who creates links to other worlds known as Ages by writing special linking books . Almost twenty years earlier , Atrus ' two sons nearly destroyed all of his linking books and were imprisoned ; Atrus now wishes to see if his sons ' imprisonment has reformed them . The player ends up traveling to each brother 's prison , in an effort to recover Atrus ' daughter Yeesha from the brothers ' plot .
Development of Revelation lasted more than three years ; Ubisoft had as many as eighty employees working on the game . Musician Peter Gabriel lent his voice and a song to the game 's audio ; the original score was written by Exile 's composer Jack Wall . Overall , reception to the game was positive ; reviewers lauded the impressive visuals , sound , and puzzles . Publications such as Computer Gaming World took issue with the control scheme of the game . Revelation is the last game in the Myst series to use both prerendered backgrounds and full @-@ motion video ; the final game in the series , End of Ages , is rendered in real @-@ time throughout .
= = Gameplay = =
Myst IV : Revelation is an adventure game in which the player experiences gameplay from the eyes of an unnamed protagonist referred to as the Stranger . Players explore interactive worlds known as Ages by using the mouse or keyboard , solving puzzles and uncovering the game 's narrative . Players cannot move freely across each Age ; instead , as in the previous games in the Myst series , they travel by clicking set locations called " nodes " , where players can rotate their view in any direction . Revelation also features a " Zip " mode , which allows a method of rapidly crossing explored areas by skipping intermediate nodes ; areas that can be instantly traveled to are stored as thumbnail representations for rapid movement across Ages .
The mouse cursor helps to provide visual cues for player actions and movement . The cursor appears as a hand that changes depending on what the player is hovering the cursor over . For example , to move in a direction , the cursor changes to point in the intended direction . If players can view an item in greater detail , the cursor changes to a hand holding a magnifying glass . By clicking and dragging the cursor , the player performs actions such as pushing , pulling , and tapping items .
Revelation features several gameplay enhancements that aid puzzle solving and plot progression . Early in the game , players receive a camera , which can be used to take screenshots or pictures of clues . Players can use an on @-@ screen journal to jot down notes instead of having to write down clues as with previous Myst games . Much of the game 's story is revealed via flashbacks triggered by an amulet that has the power to relay memories attached to objects . Zip mode , the amulet , the camera , and the journal are available via a menu on the bottom of the game screen .
= = Plot = =
Atrus calls the Stranger to his home in Tomahna to request his friend 's assistance . Atrus is the writer of special books , which serve as links to worlds known as Ages . Twenty years earlier , his two sons , Sirrus and Achenar , destroyed his library on Myst and trapped their parents in order to plunder the wealth of Atrus ' Ages . The Stranger 's intervention saved Atrus , who had imprisoned his sons via traps intended for thieves . Atrus ' wife Catherine hopes that , after twenty years , they have finally repented for their crimes . Atrus is not as sure his sons have reformed , and so wishes the Stranger to act as an impartial judge . After being knocked unconscious by an explosion , the Stranger realizes that Yeesha , Atrus ' daughter , has disappeared .
The Stranger sets out to find Yeesha , travelling to the prison Ages of Spire and Haven . On Spire , Sirrus has used his scientific knowledge to craft explosives , allowing him to breach the chamber that contained the linking book back to Tomahna , and has escaped ; journeying to Haven reveals that Sirrus has also freed Achenar . The Stranger journeys to the Age of Serenia and encounters Achenar , holding a " Life Stone " ; Achenar tells the Stranger that Sirrus is mad and has captured Yeesha , reveals that he kept a journal from twenty years earlier hidden on the island , and warns the Stranger not to let Atrus come after them . Achenar 's journal reveals that he and Sirrus planned to trap their mother Catherine on Riven and use a " Memory Chamber " , a gigantic flower @-@ like structure used to preserve the memories of the dead , to take control of Atrus ' body and steal his knowledge of the Art of Writing . The Life Stone that Achenar stole is used to power the Memory Chambers , leaving the current one in danger of collapse . Shortly afterwards , the Stranger finds Sirrus in an underwater harvester used for collecting memory globes for storing those memories ; he blows up the harvester and flees to an older Memory Chamber , decrepit and abandoned . After encountering the Stranger there , Sirrus tells the Stranger that Achenar is the guilty one , and asks the Stranger to find Atrus and bring him to Serenia to set things right .
Finding that the old Memory Chamber door has been locked by Sirrus with a special color @-@ code combination , the Stranger goes to the active Memory Chamber to seek aid from the Serenian Protectors , who believe that the answers can be found in their " mirror realm " , known simply as Dream . Obtaining a " spirit guide " , the Stranger enters Dream and interacts with their guide , who tells them to interact with the Ancestors , the spirits of all Serenians who have died and had their memories preserved , to bring them into harmony . After bringing the Ancestors into harmony , the Stranger discovers the combination to Sirrus ' color @-@ code lock . Returning to the " waking world " and entering the old Memory Chamber , the Stranger finds Yeesha strapped into a chair , and she begs to be released from it with a silver lever . At that moment , Achenar arrives with a crossbow and the Life Stone , and warns that Sirrus used the Memory Chamber to remove Yeesha 's memories and transfer his own into her body ; Achenar points to an amber lever , which will reverse the mind @-@ transfer .
At this point , as in the other games , the ending varies . Delaying too long will result in Yeesha ( who is in fact Sirrus ) taking Achenar 's crossbow and shooting first him , then the Stranger . The silver lever will release Yeesha ( again , possessed by Sirrus ) , who drops a large stone on Achenar and the Stranger , and then shoots the Stranger dead . In the good ending , the Stranger pulls the amber lever , reversing the mind @-@ transfer process . But because of the age of the Memory Chamber , it becomes unstable ; Achenar tells the Stranger to return to Dream and set Yeesha 's memories right , while he uses the Life Stone to stabilize the chamber by inserting it into the chamber 's shrine , poisoning him with its contained toxic spores . In Dream , the Stranger finds a monstrous creature , representing Sirrus ' Dream @-@ form , anchored to Yeesha 's essence and preventing her from returning to her body ; with no spirit guide , Sirrus is forced to cling to Yeesha to avoid being lost forever . He maintains his anchors by jumbling up Yeesha 's memories . The Stranger restores Yeesha 's memories and frees her from Sirrus ' grasp ; Sirrus ' Dream @-@ form is destroyed by the shifting waves of Dream , killing him . The Stranger awakens to find Achenar , fatally poisoned , confirming that the transfer was successful ; he dies shortly afterward . The Stranger then returns to Tomahna to meet with Atrus , who says that Catherine has taken Yeesha to Tay ( the " rebel Age " used to evacuate Catherine 's people in Riven ) , and remarks that while his sons are gone , his daughter is safe .
= = Development = =
When Mattel Interactive still owned the rights to the Myst series , development of Myst IV was contracted out to DreamForge Intertainment , developers of the game Sanitarium ; Dreamforge was hired before Presto Studios to develop Myst III : Exile . Dreamforge 's Myst used real @-@ time graphics , and was two years into development and twenty percent complete when Ubisoft , who had by this point acquired the rights to the series , cancelled the project and decided to restart development from scratch internally .
According to Geneviève Lord , Revelation 's producer , concluding the story of the two brothers had originally been intended as the plot for Myst III , but due to a limited amount of time to develop the game , as well as to not interfere with Dreamforge 's Myst game , whose plot details were still forming , the plot was dropped and then redeveloped when Ubisoft began work on Myst IV . Cyan , Myst and Riven 's developer , set down " a certain number of rules " that Ubisoft had to follow , according to Lord , but otherwise the team was free to develop new ideas , keeping in the spirit of Myst lore .
Ubisoft 's development of Revelation took over three years and more than eighty employees . Early on , the development team made the decision to use pre @-@ rendered graphics for the game , to match the style of previous Myst games . This proved to be a challenge , as the studio had never developed a pre @-@ rendered game before , and had to hire over fifty new employees who had experience in the field . Full production was started on the game before artistic direction and engine development tools were fully established , and the resulting lack of focus and communication meant that a bad working relationship existed between the game designers , programmers , and modelers for most of the production .
As an improvement over the prerendered technology present in Myst , Riven , and Exile , Revelation uses its " ALIVE " engine to animate nearly everything in the game . The water animations , for example , are fully rendered for each location . The trees sway in the breeze , and the sky has moving clouds . Wildlife includes creatures that walk through the environment and occasionally interact with the player . The game also features a number of effects applied in real time , such as lens flares , dynamic lighting , and an optional focal blur . In a trend started by the original Myst , the game uses live actors to play the game 's roles in live @-@ action video sequences . There are more than 70 minutes of video , and the game allows players to look around and interact with the video while it is playing .
= = = Audio = = =
Jack Wall composed , conducted , and produced the music for Revelation ; the game was his second game score , following the music for Myst III : Exile . Wall was initially a sound engineer and producer , and stated composing " was kind of like a next step for me , rather than something I decided to do early on " . The success and recognition of Exile 's score landed Wall the job of writing Revelation 's music with a budget of $ 100 @,@ 000 — twice the amount he had worked with for Exile .
Wall reused , reorchestrated and expanded themes composed by previous Myst composer Robyn Miller ; for example , Wall reused Atrus ' Theme from Riven and the brothers ' leitmotifs from the original game . Wall credited the Myst universe and story with allowing him to write music " Western ears are somewhat less accustomed to " ; Revelation 's score was inspired by Eastern European music that Wall enjoyed in the 1990s .
In addition to Jack Wall 's score , the game features a song by Peter Gabriel entitled " Curtains " , originally a B @-@ side from Gabriel 's single " Don 't Give Up " . Gabriel also performed a voiceover for the game .
= = Reception = =
Overall , Revelation was received positively by critics ; the game garnered 82 % and 81 % averages on aggregate sites Metacritic and GameRankings , respectively ; the Xbox version of the game received less favorable scores than the PC version .
As with previous Myst games , the visuals and interactivity of Revelation were singled out as the strongest features . Reviewers praised the use of subtle animations to bring the scenery to life ; GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin stated that the additions " truly helps make each scene in the game seem like more than just a panoramic picture , and instead it feels like a real place " . Jack Wall 's score and the sound design were consistently praised . The addition of the in @-@ game camera and notes system was also positively received . PC Zone proclaimed that although it would have been easy for the developers to lose heart after the disappointing Uru : Ages Beyond Myst , Ubisoft had instead produced " one of the most polished games " the reviewer , Paul Presley , had ever come across .
Certain reviewers criticized aspects of the gameplay that had not been fixed or altered from previous Myst titles . Computer Gaming World , for example , complained about having to hunt for the small hotspots that allowed actions to occur . A reviewer for The Houston Chronicle judged the method of traveling from node to node as tiresome to navigate . Another complaint was that the slow cursor animations made searching for actions occasionally tedious . Many publications noted the rather steep computer requirements ; in addition to requiring a DVD @-@ ROM drive , the game took up more than 7 gigabytes when fully installed . Charles Herold of The New York Times , the only mainstream critic with a negative view of Revelation 's music , dismissed the score as " tediously literal " .
Revelation would be the last Myst game that used prerendered graphics or full motion video . Cyan Worlds , the original developer of both Myst and Riven , used real @-@ time rendered graphics for the next installment in the series , Myst V : End of Ages . Myst V was announced as the final game in the series .
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= Boeing Galleries =
Boeing Galleries ( North Boeing Gallery and South Boeing Gallery ) are a pair of outdoor exhibition spaces within Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County , Illinois , USA . The spaces are located along the south and north mid @-@ level terraces , above and east of Wrigley Square and the Crown Fountain . In a conference at the Chicago Cultural Center , Boeing President and Chief Executive Officer James Bell to Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley announced Boeing would make a $ 5 million grant to fund both the construction of and an endowment for the space .
= = Details = =
Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west , Grant Park has been Chicago 's front yard since the mid 19th century . Its northwest corner , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street , and west of Columbus Drive , had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . Today , Millennium Park trails only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction .
The city sought Boeing 's financial support in the form of a $ 6 million donation . The purpose of the eventual $ 5 million donation was to fund a space for use as open @-@ air gallery spaces to accommodate regular exhibitions of both visual arts and sculpture . The exhibitions primarily occur in the spring and summer months . The galleries were commissioned in December 2004 ( after the park 's first summer ) , and they provide necessary formal space for the presentation of public exhibitions of modern and contemporary art . Boeing also previously funded the Family Album photograph exhibition that debuted in Millennium Park during its opening weekend .
The galleries were constructed between March and June 2005 . The south gallery is 19 @,@ 200 square feet ( 1 @,@ 780 m2 ) ( 240 by 80 feet ( 73 by 24 m ) ) and the north is 14 @,@ 400 square feet ( 1 @,@ 338 m2 ) ( 180 by 80 feet ( 55 by 24 m ) ) . The galleries are surrounded by sycamore trees , which are very rare in Chicago . There is seating on a series of black granite steps , which match The Crown Fountain , along each gallery 's east side . The South Gallery is connected to the fountain by a precast concrete staircase . The galleries are also paved in granite . The north and south galleries are physically separated by AT & T Plaza , which hosts Cloud Gate ( The Bean ) .
= = Exhibitions = =
= = = Past exhibitions = = =
2005
The first exhibition in the renamed Galleries was Revealing Chicago : An Aerial Portrait , which was displayed on the Central Chase Promenade and South Boeing Gallery , appeared from June 10 – October 10 , 2005 . The exhibit featured 100 images from Chicago metropolitan area taken on 50 flights that occurred between March 2003 and August 2004 at various seasons of the year . Photographer , Terry Evans , a Chicagoan , says that although 90 % of the photographs were taken while in a helicopter , her preferred method of travel hot air balloon , but Chicago was usually too windy to shoot by balloon . At the time of the installation of the exhibition , the North Boeing Gallery was not complete so the exhibition partially took place on the Central Chase Promenade .
2006
The galleries hosted In Search of Paradise : Great Gardens of the World from May 12 – October 22 , 2006 . The opening was delayed a week . This exhibition was developed by the Chicago Botanic Garden and included 65 photomurals of gardens from 21 countries including Lurie Garden . All of the photographs were less than five years old . The exhibition was curated by Penelope Hobhouse and presented by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs , Millennium Park with support from The Boeing Company and the Richard H. Driehaus Foundation . The photographs were formatted at 4 by 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 by 1 @.@ 8 m ) . The production schedule for the photomural formatted photography used was longer than expected , which led to the week @-@ long delay in opening the exhibition . The exhibition was a thematic reference to the Chicago motto , " Urbs in Horto " , which means city in a garden , and was a modern adaptation of a 2003 exhibition at the Chicago Botanic Garden . The exhibit provided viewers with an appreciation for the landscape design , aesthetics and the horticulture of gardens .
2007 – 2008
The gallery hosted Mark di Suvero , whose large @-@ scale abstract expressionism sculptures were on display from April 17 , 2007 – October 12 , 2008 . The original duration of the exhibition was supposed to only be until April 1 , 2008 , but the exhibit was extended through the summer and fall of 2008 . It is presented by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs , Millennium Park , in cooperation with Millennium Park , Inc . , and is sponsored by The Boeing Company with support from the Richard H. Driehaus Foundation .
The exhibit included five pieces in total : two pieces in the North Boeing Gallery and three in the South Boeing Gallery . It was originally scheduled to include only four works . Orion , which was the largest of these , is a bright orange sculpture that measures 53 feet ( 16 @.@ 2 m ) tall and 12 short tons ( 10 @.@ 9 t ; 10 @.@ 7 long tons ) . It has been installed on the North Boeing Gallery . The exhibit featured an interactive piece , Shang , which visitors were invited to climb on in the South Gallery . Shang was 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) tall and had a suspended steel beam that acted as a swing .
Chicago Tribune art critic Alan G. Artner felt that the installation was a bit cramped in the Boeing Galleries . He explained that this was why di Suvero was limited to his midsize pieces and felt the Chase Promenade might have served as a better forum and left the artist unfettered to choose from a wider range of pieces . He also wondered why a city that abounds in public sculpture has not ventured to acquire any of his work .
2009 – 2010
The di Suvero exhibit was removed at the end of October 2008 . In March 2009 , the park announced its plans to install four large @-@ scale contemporary outdoor works by Chinese sculptors in Boeing Galleries from April 9 – October 2010 . The exhibition , entitled " A Conversation With Chicago : Contemporary Sculpture From China " , complements the " The Big World : Recent Art From China " exhibition hosted at the Chicago Cultural Center beginning April 25 , 2009 but was conceived independently and is a distinct body of work . Chen Wenling 's " Valiant Struggle No. 11 , " symbolizes Chinese society . The open @-@ work sculpture " Windy City Dinosaur , " created by Sui Jianguo stamped with the phrase " Made in China " is a critique on the cheap mass @-@ produced goods that are building the Chinese export economy . " Kowtow Pump , " is a caricature of the oil rigs by Shen Shaomin that will have limited Thursday active display times from June 11 through Aug. 27 . Zhan Wang 's " Jia Shan Shi No. 46 " is considered the most abstract and depicts the scholar 's rock in stainless steel .
2011 – 2012
On February 1 , 2011 , the city announced that the April 6 , 2011 – October 2012 Millennium Park Boeing Galleries , Large @-@ Scale Sculptures Exhibition would feature the work of Mexican sculptor Yvonne Domenge under the exhibition title " Interconnected : The Sculptures of Yvonne Domenge " . In addition to several traditional park sponsors , the exhibit is sponsored by the National Council for Culture and Arts , Richard H. Driehaus Foundation , the National Museum of Mexican Art , and the Consulate General of Mexico . This marks the first installation by a female or Latina artist at the Boeing Galleries . It is regarded as Chicago 's last event of the " Mexico 2010 " city @-@ wide yearlong 70 @-@ event celebration of the bicentennial of Mexico 's independence and the centennial of its Revolution . These are the first sculptures by a Latina artist displayed anywhere in Millennium Park . The exhibition was three years in the making and preliminary sketches were on display at the Chicago Cultural Center in the fall of 2010 . Also , prior to installation the sculptures ' maquettes were displayed at the Chicago Cultural Center as a preview of the exhibit .
The city describes Domenge 's sculptures as unifying perceived opposites and harmonizing apparent dissonances by geometrically referencing the natural world . The four piece installation includes a 16 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) tall red @-@ painted bronze sculpture , Tree of Life on the North Boeing Gallery , which stands as the tallest of work in the exhibit with its 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) wide and 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) tall pair of companion seeds . The tree and seed 's represent life in it full form and its new emergence . They are said to represent the " Circle of life " . The South Boeing Gallery hosts three steel spheres : Tabachin Ribbon , a 13 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) tall yellow sculpture ; Wind Waves , a white sculpture measuring approximately 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) high and Coral , in blue , approximately 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) high . Domenge ’ s spheres defy gravity and space , conveying a rhythmic beauty and a sense of a larger universal order . The Boeing installation 's spheres are said to express a type of beauty that pays respect to a larger universal order with reference to biological examples . The installation on the Boeing Galleries places the works above and to the east of Wrigley Square ( North Gallery ) and Crown Fountain ( South Gallery ) . Domenge stated that she attempts to express the beauty of natures geometric order that it expresses in the molecular structures of flowers and plants . She feels that the spheres on exhibit in the South gallery depict the geometric perfection of the cosmos and that the celebrate this in a " festival of color and form " . In keeping with her belief in the harmony of nature and out of respect for the park , she presented an installation that required no welding or screws .
2013
In 2013 , the Boeing Galleries hosted ceramic sculpture by Jun Kaneko . The " Legends , Myths and Truths : Jun Kaneko " exhibit ran from April 12 - November 3 , 2013 . The exhibition included both old and new works by Kaneko . The old subject matter was work on Dangos and the new work focused on Tanuki .
= = = Current installation ( 2014 @-@ 2015 ) = = =
= = = = 1004 Portraits = = = =
In 2009 starting with the 66 feet ( 20 @.@ 12 m ) tall Dream , Plensa began creating massive head sculptures . On June 18th , 2014 , four new large head sculpture pieces were added to Millennium Park in celebration of its 10th anniversary . Standing at 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 10 m ) tall , three of the works ( Laura , Paula , and Inez ) were located in the South Boeing Galleries . Each work depicts a female subject on the brink of maturation . They came from Barcelona . The fourth and tallest work at 39 feet ( 11 @.@ 89 m ) , originally titled Looking Into My Dreams and by the time of its Chicago arrival titled Looking Into My Dreams , Awilda or Awilda for short , was placed on Michigan Avenue facing Madison Avenue . It had been created in 2012 for an installation in Rio de Janeiro 's Guanabara Bay and arrived in 15 pieces that were bolted together . Awilda is made of resin , while the others are made of cast iron . Jaume Plensa , creator of the adjacent Crown Fountain sculptures , named the four sculptures " 1004 Portraits " because the sculptures added four new faces to the previous 1000 LED faces projected on the Crown Fountain . The works are on loan from Plensa and will be on display until December 2015 .
He wanted the statues to have a dreamlike quality ; as a result all the faces have closed eyes and are in a dreamlike position . Plensa wanted everyone who viewed the sculptures to dream with him and the sculptures .
= = = = Millennium Park : An Anatomy in Photographs = = = =
Located in the North Boeing Gallery , next to Wrigley Square , is the Millennium Park : An Anatomy in Photographs display in celebration of the 10th anniversary of the completion of Millennium Park runs from June 18th , 2014 through October 2015 . Curated by John Vinci and Hamp Architects , the display features over 58 images of Millennium Park before , during , and after construction , showcasing work done by 16 photographers . Some of the photos document construction of the park while others document its art and architecture , and other photographers used the park as their inspiration for their photographs .
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= Deanna Merryman =
Deanna Merryman ( born 1972 ) is an American actress , glamor model , and fitness model . Merryman went to high @-@ school with model and sports commentator Leeann Tweeden . She was part of Playboy 's Great Lingerie Model Search in 1997 and was a contestant in the Miss Hawaiian Tropic beauty pageant in 1998 ; later becoming a model for Hawaiian Tropic . The next year , she was featured on the cover of Iron Man Magazine .
She starred on the documentary soap drama Desperately Seeking Stardom in 1999 . This garnered her roles on Baywatch and Veronica 's Closet . Merryman met stock car racing driver Jeff Gordon in 2000 and they had a brief relationship while the NASCAR driver was still married . Merryman was featured in a pictorial in the October 2003 issue of Playboy magazine .
= = Early life = =
Deanna Merryman was born in 1972 . Her father was a clergyman from Virginia . Merryman attended high @-@ school with Leeann Tweeden . She spent her early years living in Texas . Merryman worked as an exotic dancer in the mid @-@ 1990s . She danced at a nightclub in San Antonio , Texas called PT 's Show Club in 1992 . While employed at PT 's Show Club she suffered injury from a bite by a patron at the facility who was later charged with assault by police . She was transported to the hospital where she received treatment for puncture wounds .
= = Acting and modeling career = =
Merryman was featured in Playboy magazine in 1997 in Playboy 's Great Lingerie Model Search . She was featured in a pictorial in 1998 in an Celebrity Sleuth . In 1998 Merryman was a contestant in the Miss Hawaiian Tropic beauty pageant . She later became a model for Hawaiian Tropic . Merryman worked as a fitness model . She was featured on the cover of Iron Man Magazine in 1999 .
She starred on the documentary soap drama Desperately Seeking Stardom in 1999 . Broadcast on the ITV network , the program featured six individuals living in a house in California and documented their attempts to become successful actors in Los Angeles .
During this time attempting to gain a foothold in the acting industry , Merryman worked simultaneously as a model for lingerie , and a waitress , and was featured in Playboy . The show chronicled her audition process for a horror film , and a role in the television soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . She successfully landed a role during Desperately Seeking Stardom , on the television show Baywatch . Merryman subsequently gained a part on the television series Veronica 's Closet . In 2000 , Merryman was selected for a photo shoot by American photographer Mark Daughn ; her pictures were used to advertise the Internet company Bomis . Daughn 's photographs of Merryman also appeared in Mystique Magazine in January 2003 , alongside models including : Aria Giovanni , Sunny Leone , Lisa Marie Scott , Natasha Yi , and Kalin Olson . She was featured in the book Mystique : Models of Mystique in the same year , photographed by Daughn .
Merryman posed nude in the October 2003 Playboy issue , and was photographed for the publication by Daughn . In May 2004 , Merryman appeared onstage at the " Porn Star Ball " at the Uptown Cabaret in Charlotte , North Carolina ; she was introduced to the audience by Ron Jeremy . Merryman starred in the 2004 comedy film Busty Cops alongside Nikki Nova , Jesse Jane , Katie James , Sunn Leone and Seana Ryan . She again appeared in a Celebrity Sleuth pictorial in its October 2004 issue . She was photographed by Sam T 'Ang for Beach Babes calendar in 2005 , and by Daughn for the Mystique calendar published the same year . In 2006 , Merryman moved from Los Angeles , California and hosted a party in South Beach , Florida at Club Deep which was sponsored by FireStar Film Works and Phunhauz Ent . In 2011 she resided in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , where she worked as a makeup artist .
= = Personal life = =
Merryman had a relationship with stock car racing driver Jeff Gordon . She first met Gordon in 2000 while she was employed in Palm Beach , Florida at a Neiman Marcus store in a mall where she advised customers about cosmetics products . Merryman did not recognize the race @-@ car driver at their first meeting , though her friends were excited to meet him during the same encounter . Initially Merryman turned down Gordon 's request to take her out for lunch . One year after their initial encounter , they began a relationship . They were romantically @-@ linked for 11 months . Merryman and Gordon vacationed together in Saint @-@ Jean , Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean in January 2003 to celebrate the New Year . This relationship caused difficulty for his then @-@ ongoing marriage to Brooke Sealy . Sealy discovered Gordon 's relationship with Merryman and subsequently divorced the race @-@ car driver . Gordon 's wife , who also went by the name Jennifer Brooke Gordon , cited Merryman by name in her divorce papers with the racecar driver . Merryman was featured in the October 2003 issue of Playboy magazine , where she was interviewed about her relationship with Gordon . Merryman stated that Gordon had confided in her : " He got married when he was 23 and has been on the racetrack since he was a kid . He used to tell me all the time he never had a chance to have fun . " She reflected on what she had learned after her period of time with Gordon , saying in the future she would avoid relationships both with men of his occupation and those who were married . Gordon did not comment on Merryman 's 2003 appearance in the magazine . When asked about the article , Gordon refused to comment on it . He stated : " It 's not even worth commenting on . All I want to talk about is being fast " . Gordon 's divorce was finalized in June 2003 .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
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= Confessions on a Dance Floor =
Confessions on a Dance Floor is the tenth studio album by American singer @-@ songwriter Madonna . It was released on November 11 , 2005 by Warner Bros. Records . A complete departure from her previous studio album American Life ( 2003 ) , the album includes influences of 1970s and 1980s disco , as well as modern @-@ day club music . Initially , she began working with Mirwais Ahmadzaï for the album , but later felt that their collaboration was not going in the direction she desired . Madonna took her collaboration with Stuart Price who was overviewing her documentary I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret . The album was mainly recorded at Price 's home @-@ studio where Madonna spent most of her time during the recordings .
Musically , the album is structured like a DJ 's set . The songs are sequenced and blended together so that they are played continuously without any gaps . The title arrived from the fact that the album track listing consists of light @-@ hearted and happy songs in the beginning , and progresses to much darker melodies and lyrics describing personal feelings and commitments . Songs on the album use samples and references of music by other dance @-@ oriented artists like ABBA , Donna Summer , Pet Shop Boys , Bee Gees and Depeche Mode , as well as Madonna 's earlier work in the 1980s .
Madonna promoted the album through several live performances and a promotional tour . She embarked on the Confessions Tour in 2006 , which became the highest grossing tour ever for a female artist at that time . Four singles were released from the album . " Hung Up " , the lead single , topped the charts in a total of 41 countries . According to Billboard , it was the most successful dance song of the decade . It was followed by " Sorry " which became Madonna 's twelfth number @-@ one single in the United Kingdom . " Get Together " and " Jump " were released as the third and fourth singles respectively , both becoming top @-@ ten hits in several countries .
Most critics lauded the album calling it a return to form for Madonna , ranking it alongside her best albums . Madonna was honored with a Grammy Award for Best Electronic / Dance Album in 2007 , as well as International Female Solo Artist at the 2006 BRIT Awards . Commercially , the album peaked at number one in 40 countries , earning a place in the 2007 Guinness Book of World Records for topping the record charts in the most countries . It has sold an estimated 12 million copies worldwide . Retrospectively , Confessions on a Dance Floor was ranked third on " The 99 Greatest Dance Albums of All Time " by Vice magazine .
= = Development = =
Confessions on a Dance Floor merged elements from 1970s disco , 1980s electropop and modern day club music . Madonna decided to incorporate elements of disco in her songs , while trying not to remake her music from past , instead choosing to pay tribute towards artists like Bee Gees and Giorgio Moroder . The songs reflected Madonna 's thoughts on love , fame and religion , hence the title Confessions on a Dance Floor . It was the complete opposite direction from her previous studio effort American Life ( 2003 ) . The songs on that album were a form of diatribe directed at the American society . However , Madonna decided to take a different direction with this album . Regarding the development , Madonna commented :
" When I wrote American Life , I was very agitated by what was going on in the world around me , [ ... ] I was angry . I had a lot to get off my chest . I made a lot of political statements . But now , I feel that I just want to have fun ; I want to dance ; I want to feel buoyant . And I want to give other people the same feeling . There 's a lot of madness in the world around us , and I want people to be happy . "
She started to work with Mirwais Ahmadzaï with whom she had previously developed her eighth album Music ( 2000 ) . However , that collaboration did not suit Madonna 's musical direction . According to Madonna , " [ Producer ] Mirwais is also very political , seriously cerebral and intellectual . All we did was sit around , talking politics all the time . So , that couldn 't help but find its way into the music . I think there 's an angry aspect to the music that directly reflects my feelings at the time . " Hence after recording tracks with Mirwais , Madonna decided to stop the project and start fresh . It was then that she turned to Stuart Price who had served as musical director on her two previous concert tours and co @-@ wrote one song on American Life .
In 2004 , after the release of American Life , Madonna began working on two different musicals : one tentatively called Hello Suckers and another one with Luc Besson , who previously directed the music video for her single " Love Profusion " . , which would portray her as a woman on her deathbed looking back on her life . Madonna collaborated with Patrick Leonard , Ahmadzaï and Price to write new songs , the latter being assigned to pen disco songs sounding like " ABBA on drugs " . However , Madonna found herself dissatisfied with the script written by Besson and scrapped it . Hence Madonna and Price decided to use the compositions for the album instead . According to Madonna , it was easy for her to shift from her previous album 's sentiments , since she included those political views in her documentary I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret . She elaborated :
I was running back and forth , literally , from the editing room with [ the documentary 's director ] Jonas Akerlund to working with Stuart , who was also mixing the music in the film . We were together , non @-@ stop , all of us . Cutting 350 hours of film down to two hours . There are a lot of serious aspects to the movie . I needed a release . When I would go to Stuart 's , and we 'd go up to his loft , it was like , ' Honey , I want to dance . ' I wanted to be happy , silly and buoyant . I wanted to lift myself and others up with this record . So , yes , the new album was a reaction to all the other stuff I was doing , which was very serious in nature . I hope that doesn 't imply that I wanted to make a superficial record , because it 's not . I want people to smile when they hear this record . I wanted it to put a smile on my face , too .
= = Recording = =
The first three songs that were written for the album were " Hung Up " , " Sorry " and " Future Lovers " In an interview with Billboard , Madonna commented that the recording process was a give @-@ and @-@ take situation . According to her , Price used to stay up all night working on the songs . This was helped by the fact that he is a DJ and is used to staying awake all night . This gave Madonna the chance to work on other aspects of the compositions . She noted the fact that she and Price had opposite characteristics , which helped in their collaboration . The songs were mainly recorded at Price 's home . Madonna said :
We did a lot of recording at his house . I 'd come by in the morning and Stuart would answer the door in his stocking feet – as he 'd been up all night . I 'd bring him a cup of coffee and say , ' Stuart , your house is a mess , there 's no food in the cupboard . ' Then I 'd call someone from my house to bring food over for him . And then we 'd work all day . We 're very much the odd couple .
She further elaborated that their camaraderie was also due to the fact that they had toured together for Madonna 's Re @-@ Invention World Tour . Hence Madonna reflected that her relationship with Price was more of a brother @-@ sister kind than the formal collaborations she was accustomed to during the recording process .
= = Music and lyrics = =
Confessions on a Dance Floor is a full @-@ on dance , electronic and disco record , which is structured like a nightly set composed by a DJ . The music starts out light and happy , and as it progresses , it becomes intense , with the lyrics dealing more about personal feelings , hence " Confessions " . According to Madonna , " [ t ] his is the direction of my record . That 's what we intended , to make a record that you can play at a party or in your car , where you don 't have to skip past a ballad . It 's nonstop . " Madonna used samples and references of music by other disco artists . In the album 's first song , " Hung Up " , she sampled ABBA 's 1979 hit " Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) " , for which she wrote a personal letter to songwriters Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus , who gave Madonna permission to use the track . References of other disco @-@ influenced acts , including Pet Shop Boys , Depeche Mode , and Daft Punk , were also used on the album , as were the disco hits of Parisian DJ Cerrone . The album has a song called " Forbidden Love " , which is different from the same titled song from Madonna 's sixth studio album Bedtime Stories . Regarding sampling herself and her own song names , Madonna commented :
" I did all of that on purpose , [ ... ] I mean , if I 'm going to plagiarize somebody , it might as well be me , right ? I feel like I 've earned the right to rip myself off . ' Talent borrows , genius steals , ' [ ... ] " Let 's see how many other clichés I can throw in there . That 's exactly it . I was only hinting early on , but then I tell it like it is . It 's like , now that I have your attention , I have a few things to tell you . "
A pulsating rhythm is present in the song " Isaac " , which is regarded as the only song close to a ballad on the album . However , the song was criticised heavily by a group of Israeli rabbis who commented that Madonna was committing a blasphemy with their religion . They said that the song was about sixteenth century Kabbalah scholar Yitzhak Luria . In reality , the song was named after the featured vocalist Yitzhak Sinwani , who sang portions of the Yemenite Hebrew poem Im Nin 'alu in the track . Initially Madonna toyed with the idea of calling the song as " Fear of Flying " since the idea behind the composition was to let go . However , at the end she decided to just call it " Isaac " after the English version of Sinwani 's name . Regarding the song 's development and the condemnation of the Rabbis , Madonna said :
" You do appreciate the absurdity of a group of rabbis in Israel claiming that I 'm being blasphemous about someone when they haven 't heard the record , right ? And then , everyone in the media runs with it as if it 's the truth . And that 's a little weird . But what 's even weirder is that the song is not about Isaac Lurier [ sic ] , as the rabbis claim . It 's named after Yitzhak Sinwani , who 's singing in Yemenite on the track . I couldn 't think of a title for the song . So I called it " Isaac " [ the English translation of " Yitzhak " ] . It 's interesting how their minds work , those naughty rabbis . [ ... ] He 's saying , " If all of the doors of all of the generous peoples ' homes are closed to you , the gates of heaven will always be open . " The words are about 1 @,@ 000 years old . [ ... ] [ Yitzhak ] is an old friend of mine . He 's never made a record . He comes from generations of beautiful singers . Stuart and I asked him to come into the studio one day . We said , " We 're just going to record you . We don 't know what we 're going to do with it . " He 's flawless . One take , no bad notes . He doesn 't even need a microphone . We took one of the songs he did and I said to Stuart , " Let 's sample these bits . We 'll create a chorus and then I 'll write lyrics around it . " That 's how we constructed it . "
The lyrics of the songs on the album incorporate bits of Madonna 's musical history and are written in the form of confessions . " Hung Up " contains lyrics from Madonna 's 1989 duet with Prince called " Love Song " , from the Like a Prayer album . " How High " refers to two songs from Madonna 's eighth studio album Music , namely " Nobody 's Perfect " and " I Deserve It " . The lyrics of " Push " thank the person who challenged her to expand her limits and also incorporate elements of The Police 's song " Every Breath You Take " . Other tracks like " Sorry " include the title word in ten different languages . " I Love New York " depicts Madonna praising the city that made her the person she is . Elsewhere , Madonna sings about success and fame ( " Let It Will Be " ) and the crossroads of past , present and future ( " Like It or Not " ) .
= = Promotion = =
On November 4 , 2005 , Madonna opened the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards with her first performance of " Hung Up " . She emerged from a glitter ball to perform sing the song , while wearing a purple leotard and matching leather boots . During the next days , Madonna performed " Hung Up " on TV shows such as Wetten , dass .. ? in Germany , and Star Academy in France , as well as on the Children in Need 2005 telethon in London . In order to promote the album 's release , Madonna appeared on Parkinson . She played a number of songs from the album at London 's Koko Club and G @-@ A @-@ Y as well as in United States , Japan , Germany and France , as part of a promo tour to support the album . The performances saw Madonna emerge from a glitter ball while wearing a purple jacket , velvet pedal pushers and knee @-@ high boots . Songs performed included " Hung Up " , " Get Together " , " Sorry " , " I Love New York " , " Ray of Light " , " Let It Will Be " and " Everybody " .
In December , Madonna travelled to Japan , where " Hung Up " was performed on TV show SMAP × SMAP and her concert at Studio Coast . On February 8 , 2006 , Madonna opened the 2006 Grammy Awards , by pairing up with the fictional animated band Gorillaz . The band appeared on the stage via a three dimensional technique which projected their holograms on the stage . They performed their song " Feel Good Inc . " while rappers De La Soul made a guest appearance . Madonna then appeared on the stage and started performing the song while interchanging places with the hologram figures of the band . She was later joined by her own group of dancers and the performance was finished on the main stage rather than the virtual screen . Another performance of " Hung Up " came on April 30 , 2006 during the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio , California .
A remix only album titled Confessions Remixed was also released in limited vinyl editions . In Japan , Confessions on a Dance Floor – Japan Tour Special Edition ( CD + DVD ) was released on August 23 , 2006 . It reached number 27 on the Oricon weekly albums chart and stayed on the chart for 12 weeks . The album received further promotion from the Confessions Tour which began in May 2006 . The tour grossed over US $ 194 @.@ 7 million , becoming highest grossing tour ever for a female artist , at that time . Additionally , the tour received the " Most Creative Stage Production " at the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards , as well as " Top Boxscore " from the Billboard Touring Awards .
= = = Singles = = =
" Hung Up " was released as the album 's lead single on October 17 , 2005 . The song received critical appreciation amongst reviewers , who suggested that the track would restore the singer 's popularity , which had diminished following the release of her 2003 album American Life . Critics claimed that it was her best dance track to date and have compared it to other Madonna tracks in the same genre . They also complimented the effective synchronization of the ABBA sample with Madonna 's song . " Hung Up " became a worldwide commercial success , peaking atop the charts of 41 countries and earning a place in the Guinness Book of World Records along with the album . In the United States it became her 36th top ten hit , tying her with Elvis Presley . The corresponding music video was a tribute to John Travolta , his movies and dancing in general . Directed by Johan Renck , the video featured Madonna dancing in a ballet studio in a pink leotard , which she left to go to a gaming parlour to dance with her backup dancers . It also featured the physical discipline parkour .
" Sorry " was released as the second single from the album on February 28 , 2006 . The song received positive reviews from contemporary critics who declared the track as the strongest song on Confessions on a Dance Floor . It achieved commercial success , topping the singles charts in Italy , Spain , Romania and the United Kingdom , where it became Madonna 's 12th number one single . Elsewhere , the song was a top ten hit in more than a dozen countries around the world . However , in the United States , the song was less commercially successful due to underplay on radio , but managed to reach the top of Billboard 's dance charts .
" Get Together " was released as the third single from the album by Warner Bros. Records on June 6 , 2006 . The decision was spurred by the fact that " Get Together " was the third most downloaded song from the album . It was also released to coincide with the start of Madonna 's Confessions Tour . Critics complimented Madonna 's ability to turn cliché comments into pop slogans with the song . The song became a success on the United States dance charts , but failed to enter the Hot 100 . It reached the top ten in countries such as Australia , Canada , United Kingdom and Italy , and peaked at number one in Spain . " Jump " was released as fourth and the final single from the album on October 31 , 2006 . Critics complimented the song and its empowerment theme . The song peaked inside the top ten of the charts in some European countries , while reaching the peak position in Italy and Hungary . In the United States , " Jump " charted in several Billboard dance charts but failed to chart on the Hot 100 .
= = Critical reception = =
Confessions on a Dance Floor received generally positive reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 80 , based on 28 reviews . Keith Caulfield from Billboard commented that Confessions is a " welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic commented that Confessions is the first album where Madonna sounds like a veteran musician since she created the record for " the dance clubs or , in other words , Madonna 's core audience . " Alan Braidwood from the BBC commented that " [ t ] his is the most commercial album Madonna has made in 15 years and it 's magic . " David Browne from Entertainment Weekly noted that for " all its pretenses of being giddy and spontaneous , though , Confessions is rarely either . "
Alexis Petridis from The Guardian said that the album " may be a return to core values , but there 's still a bravery about Confessions on a Dancefloor . It revels in the delights of wilfully plastic dance pop in an era when lesser dance @-@ pop artists – from Rachel Stevens to Price 's protege Juliet – are having a desperately thin time of it . " Peter Robinson from Observer Music Monthly declared that the album ranks alongside Madonna 's other albums like True Blue ( 1986 ) and Like a Prayer ( 1989 ) . He credited producer Stuart Price for the album , noting that " Confessions clearly wouldn 't exist without Madonna , but it 's Price who steals the show . " Stephen M. Deusner from Pitchfork Media noted that with the album " Madonna again reinvents herself , and it appears she 's nearly lapped herself . " According to Deusner , the music also makes her appear young . However he felt that the first half of the album till " I Love New York " was strong , while the second half " loses its delicate balance between pop frivolity and spiritual gravity . "
Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine stated that the album is " Madonna 's most purely beat @-@ driven album since her self @-@ titled 1983 debut " and " easily her finest effort since Ray of Light . " Kelefa Sanneh from The New York Times called the album " exuberant . " Christian John Wikane from PopMatters commented that the album " proved that Madonna , approaching 50 years @-@ old , is a vital force in the ever @-@ expansive landscape of popular music . " Joan Morgan from The Village Voice noted that " [ w ] ith Confessions on a Dance Floor , Madonna at long last finds her musical footing . Easily dance record of the year , Confessions is an almost seamless tribute to the strobe @-@ lit sensuality of the ' 80s New York club scene that gave Madge her roots , which she explores with compelling aplomb . " Josh Tyrangiel from Time magazine commented that " In dance music , words exist to be repeated , twisted , obscured and resurrected . How they sound in the moment is far more important than what they mean , and Madonna knows that better than anyone . Confessions on a Dance Floor is 56 minutes of energetic moments . It will leave you feeling silly for all the right reasons . "
Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine was impressed with the album and said that " Madonna , with the help of Price , [ ... ] has succeeded at creating a dance @-@ pop odyssey with an emotional , if not necessarily narrative , arc — and one big continuously @-@ mixed fuck @-@ you to the art @-@ dismantling iPod Shuffle in the process . " He compared the album to Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue 's studio album Light Years ( 2000 ) , saying " Comparisons to Light Years , Kylie Minogue 's own discofied comeback album from 2000 , are inevitable " . Alan Light from Rolling Stone declared that the album illustrated that " Madonna has never lost her faith in the power of the beat . " However , he opined that " Confessions on a Dance Floor won 't stand the test of time like her glorious early club hits , but it proves its point . Like Rakim back in the day , Madonna can still move the crowd . "
= = Commercial response = =
Despite being released late in the year , Confessions on a Dance Floor was ranked by the IFPI as the sixth biggest @-@ selling album of 2005 worldwide , with sales of 6 @.@ 3 million . Worldwide sales of the album stand at 12 million copies as of January 2012 . In the United States , the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 350 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It became her sixth number one album on the chart and the third consecutive album to debut at the top , following Music ( 2000 ) and American Life ( 2003 ) . To date , the album has sold over 1 @.@ 703 million copies in America , according to Nielsen SoundScan . On December 14 , 2005 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of one million copies of the album . The album also debuted at the top of the charts in Canada , with first @-@ week sales of 74 @,@ 000 . It was present on the chart for a total of 46 weeks and received a quintuple platinum certification from Music Canada ( MC ) for total shipment of 500 @,@ 000 copies in the country .
In Australia , Confessions on a Dance Floor debuted at the top of the ARIA Albums Chart for the issue dated November 21 , 2005 , and was present for a total of 33 weeks within the top 50 of the chart . It was certified two times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) denoting shipments of 140 @,@ 000 copies . It debuted at number five on the New Zealand albums chart , and was certified platinum by Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) for shipment of 15 @,@ 000 copies . The same peak position was attained on the Oricon charts in Japan , where the album was certified double platinum for shipment of 500 @,@ 000 copies by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) .
In the United Kingdom , Confessions on the Dance Floor debuted at the top of the UK Albums Chart with first week sales of 217 @,@ 610 units , her highest ever in the country . It became Madonna 's ninth number @-@ one album , and has sold 1 @,@ 340 @,@ 000 copies as of November 2015 , according to the Official Charts Company , while being certified quadruple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . That same week , the first single from the album , " Hung Up " , topped the singles chart . The album became the fifth consecutive Madonna album to top the chart . The album also went to number one on the European charts and , on September 13 , 2006 , was certified quadruple platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for shipping a total of four million copies across Europe . In Ireland , the album debuted and peaked at number three . In France , the album debuted at position 113 on the albums chart , jumping to the top of the chart the next week . In Hong Kong , the album was awarded a Gold Disc Award by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry for becoming one of ten biggest @-@ selling international album for 2005 . Across Europe , the album peaked at number one in Austria , Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Norway , Poland , Spain , Sweden and Switzerland .
= = Accolades = =
Madonna won the Best International Female Solo Artist at the 2006 BRIT Awards . She also won World 's Best Selling Pop Artist and Best Selling U.S. Artist at the 2006 World Music Awards for the album . She was nominated for five awards at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards for the music video of the album 's first single , " Hung Up " . Madonna also got nominated for Best Album of the Year , Best Pop Video , and Best Female Artist at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2006 . She also won a Grammy Award in the category of " Best Dance / Electronic Album " at the 2007 ceremony .
Rolling Stone ranked Confessions on a Dance Floor as the twenty @-@ second top album of 2005 . NME also placed it at number 29 on the magazine 's list of the 50 best albums of 2005 . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine ranked the album at the third position on his list of the top ten albums of 2005 . The same magazine considered the album the 38th best one from the 2000s . Three critics writing for Stylus Magazine also included Confessions on a Dance Floor in their year @-@ end lists of the best albums of 2005 . Q Magazine named the record the 26th best one of 2005 . On their ranking of the best albums from 2005 , The Observer listed the album at number 26 . By the end of the 2000s , Slant Magazine placed the album at number 38 on their list of " The 100 Best Albums of the Aughts " . In 2015 , Confessions on a Dance Floor was ranked third on " The 99 Greatest Dance Albums of All Time " by Vice magazine .
= = Track listing = =
" Hung Up " samples " Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) " recorded by ABBA and written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus .
All track listing adapted per album 's liner notes .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – Lead vocals , backing vocals , producer
Stuart Price – Producer , keyboards , synthesizers , vocoders , programming , sequencing , sampling
Roberta Carraro – keyboards , bass , drums , harmonica
Yitzhak Sinwani – additional vocals on " Isaac "
Monte Pittman – guitar
Magnus " Mango " Wallbert – programming
Photography – Steven Klein
Art direction and graphic design – Giovanni Bianco
Legal documents – Grubman Indursky
Management – Guy Oseary and Angela Becker
Mixing – Mark " Spike " Stent at Olympic Studios and Record Plant Studios , Los Angeles ( " Forbidden Love " : mixed by Stuart Price at Shirland Road )
Recording – Stuart Price at Shirland Road ( " How High " and " Like It or Not " : recorded at Murlyn Studios , Stockholm and Shirland Road ; " Future Lovers " : recorded at Mayfair Studios . )
Assistant engineer – Alex Dromgoole
Second assistant engineer at Olympic – David Emery
Second assistant engineer at Record Plant , Los Angeles – Antony Kilhoffer
Mastering – Brian " Big Bass " Gardner at Bernie Grundman Mastering
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= The Simpsons Guy =
" The Simpsons Guy " is the first episode of the thirteenth season of the animated television series Family Guy , and the 232nd overall episode . " The Simpsons Guy " is a 45 @-@ minute @-@ long crossover with The Simpsons , and was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by Peter Shin . It originally aired in the United States on September 28 , 2014 on Fox , where both The Simpsons and Family Guy have aired since their respective debuts .
In the episode , the Griffins stay with the Simpsons after the former family 's car is stolen just outside Springfield . After the Griffins get their car back , Peter is taken to court as a representative of the Pawtucket Patriot brewery , his employer , when it is discovered that its ale is an unauthorized copy of Duff Beer .
The idea for a crossover episode was suggested by Family Guy executive producer and former Simpsons writer Richard Appel , and the episode was announced by Fox in July 2013 . Five of the six main members of the voice cast of The Simpsons — the exception being Harry Shearer — voiced their characters in the episode . " The Simpsons Guy " was met with a mixed reception by critics , who had differing opinions on how well the two shows combined .
= = Plot = =
Peter creates a controversial comic panel for the Quahog newspaper called " For Pete 's Sake , " which angers local women for its sexist humor . Peter drives the Griffin family out of Quahog to escape the townspeople 's ire . When they stop at a gas station , their car is stolen , leaving them stranded outside Springfield . At the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , Homer Simpson introduces himself to the Griffins and takes them to the Springfield Police Department , where they are turned away by Chief Wiggum .
The Simpson family puts up the Griffin family in their home until things improve . Bart shows Stewie his slingshot , and teaches him how to skateboard , and Bart and Stewie become good friends . When Bart is bullied by Nelson Muntz , Stewie , who is worried about Bart , takes revenge by kidnapping and torturing Nelson . Meanwhile , Lisa tries to find a talent possessed by Meg . When she finds that Meg is a natural at the saxophone , she downplays the talent out of jealousy . Chris and Brian take the Simpsons ' dog , Santa 's Little Helper , for a walk . Brian tries to teach Santa 's Little Helper independence , but the latter runs off when freed . Marge notices Santa 's Little Helper is missing , and Chris and Brian fake his presence until he eventually returns . Homer and Peter try different plans to find Peter 's car , each one backfiring , until they discover it in the possession of Hans Moleman when he accidentally runs Peter over .
The men celebrate at Moe 's Tavern , but relationships sour when Peter tries to introduce Homer to Pawtucket Patriot ale . The drink is revealed to be an imitation of Duff Beer with a new label . This results in Duff , represented by the Blue Haired Lawyer , filing a lawsuit against Pawtucket Brewery for patent infringement , with Peter forced to defend the brewery to save Quahog . Fred Flintstone is the judge who presides over the case . During the trial , similar characters from both shows interact with each other including both shows ' versions of James Woods . Fred finds in favor of Duff Beer , but declares that both Pawtucket Patriot ale and Duff Beer are imitations of his own favorite beer Bud Rock .
The Griffins prepare to return to Quahog , where Peter faces the prospect of finding a new job . Lisa gives Meg her saxophone , but Peter throws it away , as there is no room for any more luggage . Stewie points out that he took revenge on not just Nelson , but all of Bart 's enemies ; Bart is sickened by this and bids him goodbye . Homer tries to explain his actions , but Peter reacts angrily and the two end up having a fight in the style of fights between Peter and The Giant Chicken through Springfield . The pair gain superpowers when they hit Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , then end up in Kang and Kodos ' spaceship , where they lose their powers before landing in Springfield Gorge . Peter and Homer stop fighting and admit their respect and admiration for each other while agreeing to stay away in the future . Returning home , the Griffins find that the heat from Peter 's comic has died down and the Pawtucket Brewery is safe when Lois doubts that the inhabitants of Springfield will visit Quahog to enforce the ruling . Stewie tries to pretend he is over Bart , but goes to his room crying while writing " I will not think about Bart anymore " several times on a chalkboard .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
The idea of a crossover with The Simpsons was first suggested while the thirteenth season of Family Guy was being planned out . Executive producer Richard Appel received Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane 's approval and input after brainstorming ideas . Appel then asked for permission from Simpsons executive producers Matt Groening , James L. Brooks and Al Jean to use their characters . This was approved ; Appel was previously a writer @-@ producer on The Simpsons for four seasons , and retained his former colleagues ' trust . Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith and Hank Azaria guest star as their Simpsons characters , but Harry Shearer , the final main cast member of The Simpsons , was unavailable . Asked how he felt about the crossover , Shearer replied , " Matter and anti @-@ matter . "
Family Guy writers pitched several storylines for the crossover , including one in which the Griffins stay with Lenny and Carl and never meet the Simpsons , and another one in which their whole series is revealed to be a figment of Ralph Wiggum 's imagination . When the final script was read to the show 's staff , Appel expressed his concern about the length of the episode . MacFarlane said that Fox would be happy to make it an hour long . Supervising director Peter Shin , a former layout artist on The Simpsons , spent time adjusting the Griffins to the specifications of Springfield — changes included dimming the whites of their eyeballs so they would not look too bright — and animating the eight @-@ minute fight between Peter and Homer . Appel said there are no plans to do a sequel to the episode , but stated that " by season 43 of The Simpsons and season 27 of Family Guy , someone who 's looking at a blank board is going to say , ' Well , the Griffins went to Springfield ... what if the Simpsons went to Quahog ? ' And more heads will explode at Fox . "
= = = Announcement and promotion = = =
The episode was first announced by Fox in July 2013 to premiere in the fall of 2014 . In May 2014 , the network presented two clips from the episode at their annual upfront presentation . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly about the episode , MacFarlane stated that the key to a good crossover episode is " really about the character interaction . People want to see Peter interact with Homer . They want to see Bart interact with Stewie . In a way , the story in a crossover episode , while it has to be there , is never quite as important as how the characters interact with each other . " The Simpsons creator Groening added , " In this case , it 's two really vivid shows and seeing what they can do together . You want to see them having a good time and you want to see Peter and Homer duke it out " .
" The Simpsons Guy " includes cameo appearances by Roger of American Dad ! , Bob Belcher of Bob 's Burgers and Fred Flintstone of The Flintstones . The episode also pokes fun at the different characters ' skin colors ; upon entering Springfield , Peter warns the family not to drink the water because all the citizens appear to have hepatitis , while Homer refers to the Griffin family as " our albino visitors . " The Springfield Gorge scene in Homer and Peter 's fight sequence is a reference to the finale of the season two episode " Bart the Daredevil " in which Homer inadvertently ends up jumping the Gorge on Bart 's skateboard .
= = Reception = =
The episode was watched by 8 @.@ 45 million people . This was slightly more than the second season premiere of Resurrection on ABC but less than The Good Wife on CBS , both shows in the same timeslot . " Clown in the Dumps " , the earlier premiere of the twenty @-@ sixth season of The Simpsons was watched by 8 @.@ 53 million .
= = = Critical reception = = =
" The Simpsons Guy " received mixed reviews . Writing in USA Today , Mike Foss gave the episode a positive review , but criticized how the episode was written by Family Guy staff and thus lacked elements of The Simpsons ' humor . Jason Hughes of TheWrap was also generally in praise of the episode , but felt that certain scenes — including both Peter and Homer 's fight and an erotic car wash sequence — were " squeamish " and out of place for The Simpsons . He however acknowledged that Bart 's disgust at Stewie 's behavior was " a good statement " of the difference between the two shows . Positive reviews of the crossover also came from IGN , the International Business Times , the Standard @-@ Examiner , and TVLine .
Other critics responded negatively . Scott Meslow , of The Week , pointed out his disappointment that the episode parodied a scene in " Bart the Daredevil " , as that episode dealt with Homer and Bart 's relationship , " The Simpsons Guy " used it as a joke in a violent sequence . Todd VanDerWerff wrote on VOX that while he expected the episode to be mediocre , it actually ended up a " blight on humanity itself " . He listed nine reasons for this statement , including his dissatisfaction with the car wash and fight scenes , and the use of sexist jokes which had lost their shock value . After the episode aired in the United Kingdom in July 2015 , Ellen E. Jones , of The Independent , criticized the episode 's rape jokes and violence , and theorized that with the poor box @-@ office performance of his latest film Ted 2 , audiences were growing tired of MacFarlane 's humor . Ed Power of The Daily Telegraph , however , wrote that Family Guy 's usual objectionable content was restrained in the episode , as if it had been " infected " by recent seasons of The Simpsons .
The A.V. Club named the episode among the " The worst TV of 2014 " under " Worst crossover " , writing that " for no real reason , Homer and Peter find themselves in an interminable ' sexy car wash ' montage , sudsing and squirting each other in tied @-@ off tees and denim cutoffs . Family Guy prides itself on cutaway gags , but the car @-@ wash scene ... is its most successful look @-@ away gag " .
= = = Controversy = = =
" The Simpsons Guy " attracted controversy before it had aired . Tim Winter , the President of the Parents Television Council , a socially conservative media monitoring organization and longtime critic of Family Guy , wrote to Matt Groening , Seth MacFarlane and Fox about a joke seen in the trailer for the episode . In it , after Bart 's prank call to Moe asking for a man with an innuendo name , Stewie makes his own call and tells Moe that his sister is being raped . Winter felt that jokes about rape make it " less outrageous in real life " , and that people who watch The Simpsons but not Family Guy would be unfamiliar with the latter show 's brand of humor . A Fox spokeswoman declined to comment on the joke , while MacFarlane , interviewed by Entertainment Weekly , said that although he would be attacked for stating it as such , the joke was " pretty funny ... in context " . A spokeswoman from the Rape , Abuse & Incest National Network said " I think the show is making it clear that rape is not funny by how they are positioning the joke . "
The Parents Television Council declared the episode worst show of the week , saying that it was significantly distasteful to involve The Simpsons because although that series is rated PG , Family Guy aims " to reach the most extreme and outlandish conclusion of any joke , no matter how harsh the punchline may be . For subjecting viewers to jokes about rape , cartoon nudity , and disturbing acts of violence , Fox 's Family Guy will remain the Worst TV Show of the Week " .
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= Hurricane Eugene ( 1987 ) =
Hurricane Eugene was the only tropical cyclone to make landfall in Mexico during the 1987 Pacific hurricane season . The eighth tropical cyclone , fifth named storm , and first hurricane of the season , Eugene developed on July 22 from a tropical disturbance centered well offshore of Mexico . Later that day , the system intensified into a tropical storm while moving northwestward . Eugene reached hurricane status on July 24 ; it briefly peaked as a Category 2 hurricane two days later . Hurricane Eugene weakened back to a Category 1 hurricane ; subsequently , the hurricane made landfall near Manzanillo . Shortly after landfall , Eugene rapidly weakened inland , and was only a tropical storm when it re @-@ emerged into open water , where it quickly dissipated . Throughout Mexico , the storm produced high winds , especially in the southwestern portion of the country . The hurricane deluged the southwest Mexican coastline , resulting in the highest rainfall totals from a tropical cyclone in five Mexican states . Over 5 @,@ 000 people were left homeless , including 60 in Manzanillo . The cities airport control tower was also damaged , thus requiring closure . Elsewhere , 200 to 300 houses were destroyed in Colima . In all , Eugene injured 18 people and caused three fatalities and $ 142 @.@ 12 million ( 1987 USD ) in damage .
= = Meteorological history = =
Hurricane Eugene originated from a tropical disturbance that formed in the southwest Caribbean Sea on July 18 . Over the next two days , the wave moved across Central America and on July 20 , it was located off the coast of Nicaragua . Over the next few days , the system was steered westward due to easterly flow . By 0000 UTC July 22 , the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center had classified the system as a tropical depression while centered 745 mi ( 1 @,@ 200 km ) south of Manzanillo . Subsequently , the depression slowly began curving to the north @-@ northwest , towards a stationary inverted trough over central Mexico . That day , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Eugene . The storm slowed down on July 24 , and located on the southwest side of an upper @-@ level low , the system turned northwestward . Eugene was upgraded into a hurricane later that day , the first of the season . Further intensification occurred , and Eugene attained its peak intensity of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) the next day .
Shortly after its peak , the hurricane began to interact with land . The hurricane weakened to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale later that day . At 1200 UTC on July 25 , Eugene made landfall near Manzanillo with winds of 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) , making Hurricane Eugene the only tropical system to move ashore during the season , though one hurricane and one tropical storm came close to land in September and October respectively . Because of the topography of Mexico , the storm weakened rapidly , and Eugene was downgraded to a tropical storm six hours after landfall . After briefly moving inland , Eugene emerged into the southern Gulf of California . However , re @-@ intensification did not occur ; instead , Eugene continued weakening due to its close proximity to land . The weakening system was downgraded to a tropical depression early on July 26 , and Eugene dissipated at 1200 UTC that day .
= = Preparations and impact = =
When the storm first posed a threat to Mexico on July 24 , several ports such as the port of Zihuatanejo and Manzanillo . In Acapulco , navigation classes were suspended . The Mexican navy was put on alert for a total distance of 945 mi ( 1 @,@ 520 km ) spanning from Acapulco to Guaymas . The Servicio Meteorologico Nacional issued navigation warnings for three coastal states . Hurricane Eugene caused extremely heavy rains in coastal parts of Mexico . Rainfall peaked at 20 @.@ 68 in ( 525 mm ) in Aqulia . The cyclone is responsible for the highest tropical cyclone rainfall in the Mexican states of Aguascalientes , Michoacán , Querétaro , Tlaxcala , and Zacatecas . Waves of 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) were also reported .
Hurricane Eugene brought widespread flooding , heavy rain , and high winds across Mexico , which leveled homes and palm trees . Numerous poorly built homes lost their roofs , though well @-@ built structures did not sustain any significant damage . In Puerto Vallarta , Hurricane Eugene was responsible for extensive damage to homes and for knocking out power to most of the city , which , along with surrounding areas , was also flooded with 1 @.@ 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 46 m ) of water . In Manzanillo , the storm knocked down trees and beach huts and power was knocked out for most of the city . The Manzanillo Airport was closed for a few days after the airport 's control tower was damaged . A highway from Manzanillo to Colima was closed to thru traffic because of the storm . Throughout the state of Colima , crop damage was severe and 200 @-@ 300 homes were destroyed statewide . Several hundred miles further south , in Tecoman and Pueblo Capos , many homes and public buildings received damage . In Michoacán , the Grande River spilled over its banks , flooding five villages and leaving at least 10 @,@ 000 people without transportation or communication services . Several landslides were reported along a number of main highways , making travel in the area difficult . Overall , crop damage in the state was severe .
The hurricane destroyed about 15 sq. mi ( 39 km2 ) of fruit crop . A total of 18 people were injured during the storm . The storm destroyed 3 @,@ 107 acres of mango trees and 5 @,@ 662 acres of bananas were destroyed , with the worst crop damage occurring in Jalisco . Moreover , 540 acres of cocoa , 580 acres of papaya , and at least 382 acres of lemon trees were also destroyed by Eugene . Due to a combination of Eugene and Hurricane Greg , the region registered rainfall amounts for times the average . In addition , three people were killed ; two of the deaths occurred in Michoacán . One man died in Venustiano Carrazano when a palm tree was blown over . Another man perished in Manzanillo when he was struck by a fallen palm tree . Over 5 @,@ 000 people were left homeless ( mostly from poor and rural areas ) , including 60 people in Manzanillo . Total crop damage amounted to $ 142 million ( 1987 USD ) ; fruit crop damage alone amounted to more than $ 2 @.@ 6 million ( 1987 USD ) . Damage to eight beach houses totaled to $ 120 @,@ 000 .
= = Aftermath = =
During the aftermath of the storm , the navy , army , and local government devised a cleanup plan . Three hundred government employees ( with guidance of the military ) worked to clear debris . They quickly restored water and power service , and within a few days streets had been cleaned for most of the impacted area . Authorities in Manzanillo asked for medicine , clothing and food from nearby areas while the red cross treated the injured . Many of the displaced were evacuated to government offices . Within a few days after the storm , the ports of Manzanillo , Acapulco , Zihuatanejo and Lazaro Cardenas were reopened . The remnants of the storm later brought rain to the Rockie Mountains and the Southwestern United States . Eugene is one of three known July Pacific hurricane strikes , where hurricane @-@ force winds are estimated over land . The other two hurricanes were Hurricane Calvin in 1993 and a hurricane that struck Baja California Sur in 1954 .
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= SMS Breslau =
SMS Breslau was a Magdeburg @-@ class cruiser of the Imperial German Navy , built in the early 1910s . Following her commissioning , Breslau and the battlecruiser Goeben were assigned to the Mittelmeerdivision ( Mediterranean Division ) in response to the Balkan Wars . After evading British warships in the Mediterranean to reach Constantinople , Breslau and Goeben were transferred to the Ottoman Empire in August 1914 , to entice the Ottomans to join the Central Powers in World War I. The two ships , along with several other Ottoman vessels , raided Russian ports in October 1914 , prompting a Russian declaration of war . The ships were renamed Midilli and Yavûz Sultân Selîm , respectively , and saw extensive service with the Ottoman fleet , primarily in the Black Sea against the Russian Black Sea Fleet .
Midilli was active in laying minefields off the Russian coast , bombarding Russian ports and installations and , because of a shortage of Ottoman merchant ships , transporting troops and supplies to the Black Sea ports supplying Ottoman troops fighting in the Caucasus Campaign . She was lightly damaged several times by Russian ships , but the most serious damage was inflicted by a mine in 1915 , which kept her out of service for half of a year . The ship was mined and sunk in January 1918 during the Battle of Imbros , with the loss of the vast majority of her crew .
= = Construction = =
Breslau was ordered under the contract name " Ersatz Falke " and was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin in 1910 . At her launching ceremony on 16 May 1911 , she was christened by the mayor of Breslau , the ship 's namesake . After her launching , fitting @-@ out work commenced and lasted until mid @-@ 1912 . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 20 August 1912 .
The ship was 138 @.@ 7 meters ( 455 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 5 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 4 @.@ 4 m ( 14 ft ) forward . She displaced 4 @,@ 570 t ( 4 @,@ 500 long tons ; 5 @,@ 040 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of AEG @-@ Vulcan steam turbines driving two 3 @.@ 4 @-@ meter ( 11 ft ) propellers . They were designed to give 25 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 19 @,@ 000 kW ) , but reached 33 @,@ 482 shp ( 24 @,@ 968 kW ) in service . These were powered by sixteen coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers , although they were later altered to use fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . These gave the ship a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . Breslau carried 1 @,@ 200 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 200 long tons ) of coal , and an additional 106 tonnes ( 104 long tons ) of oil that gave her a range of approximately 5 @,@ 820 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 780 km ; 6 @,@ 700 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Breslau had a crew of 18 officers and 336 enlisted men .
The ship was armed with twelve 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 13 in ) SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , eight were located amidships , four on either side , and two were side by side aft . The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degrees , which allowed them to engage targets out to 12 @,@ 700 m ( 41 @,@ 700 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 800 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . By 1917 , the 10 @.@ 5 cm guns were replaced with eight 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 91 in ) SK L / 45 guns , one fore and aft and three on each broadside . She was also equipped with a pair of 50 cm ( 19 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes submerged in the hull on the broadside . She could also carry 120 mines . The ship was protected by a waterline armored belt that was 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) thick amidships . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the deck was covered with up to 60 mm thick armor plate .
= = Service history = =
Following her commissioning in 1912 , Breslau was attached to the German Mittelmeerdivision ( Mediterranean Division ) along with the battlecruiser Goeben under the command of Admiral Wilhelm Souchon . The German Navy decided it needed a permanent naval presence in the Mediterranean in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars that began in 1912 . Karl Dönitz , the future Grand Admiral during World War II , served aboard Breslau from 1912 to 1916 . At the outbreak of World War I , Breslau and Goeben were to interdict French transports transferring troops from Algeria to France . On 3 August 1914 , Souchon 's two ships were steaming off Algeria ; shortly after 06 : 00 , Breslau bombarded the embarkation port of Bône while Goeben attacked Philippeville . The attacks caused minimal damage , however , and Souchon quickly broke off and returned to Messina to replenish his coal stocks .
Although the British were not yet at war with Germany , the two British battlecruisers HMS Indomitable and Indefatigable shadowed the German ships while en route to Messina . After partially replenishing Goeben 's coal on the 5th , Souchon arranged to meet a collier in the Aegean . Goeben and Breslau left port the following morning bound for Constantinople , pursued by the British Mediterranean Fleet . That evening , the 1st Cruiser Squadron , commanded by Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge , intercepted the Germans ; Breslau briefly exchanged fire with the light cruiser Gloucester before Troubridge broke off the attack , fearing Goeben 's powerful 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns .
On 8 August , Goeben and Breslau met the collier off the island of Donoussa near Naxos , and two days later they entered the Dardanelles . To circumvent neutrality requirements , Germany transferred the two ships to the Ottoman Navy on 16 August , though the supposed sale was simply a ruse . On 23 September , Souchon accepted an offer to command the Turkish fleet . Breslau was renamed Midilli while Goeben was renamed Yavûz Sultân Selîm ; their German crews remained with the ships and donned Ottoman uniforms and fezzes . The British did not accept the sale of the ships to the Ottoman Empire and stationed a blockading force outside the Dardanelles with orders to attack the ships if they appeared , regardless of the flag they flew .
= = = Ottoman service = = =
On the evening of 27 October , Midilli and the rest of the Ottoman fleet left the Bosporus and steamed into the Black Sea , ostensibly to conduct maneuvers . Instead , the fleet split into four groups to attack Russian bases on the other side of the Black Sea ; Midilli and another cruiser were tasked with mining the Strait of Kerch and then attacking the port of Novorossisk . Midilli laid sixty mines in the Strait , which later claimed two Russian merchant ships , and then joined the other ship in bombarding Novorossisk . They set the port 's oil tanks on fire , damaged seven merchant ships , and sank Nikolai of 1 @,@ 085 gross register tons ( GRT ) . Although the damage inflicted on the Russians was relatively light , it forced the Russians to declare war on the Ottoman Empire , bringing the country into the war on the side of Germany .
In early November 1914 , while Midilli was operating in the eastern Black Sea and covering Ottoman transports , she was detached to shell the Russian port of Poti in retaliation for Russian attacks on Turkish shipping . On 17 November , she sortied with Yavûz Sultân Selîm , under the command of Souchon , in an attempt to intercept the Black Sea Fleet as it returned from bombarding Trebizond . Midilli discovered the Russian ships off Cape Sarych , the southern tip of the Crimea in poor visibility at short range . In the resulting engagement , Souchon ordered Midilli to assume a safer position to Yavûz 's rear , but she was engaged by the pre @-@ dreadnoughts Tri Sviatitelia and Rostislav without effect before Souchon ordered the Turkish ships to disengage shortly afterward . The cruiser spent the rest of the month escorting shipping to Trebizond . On 5 December , she escorted a small raiding party to Akkerman , Bessarabia , that was intended to attack railroad installations . On the return voyage , Midilli bombarded Sevastopol , damaging some minesweepers at anchor .
A month later , on 23 December , Midilli sortied to rendezvous with Yavûz Sultân Selîm off Sinope , and in the darkness the following morning she encountered the Russian transport Oleg , which was intended to be sunk as a blockship in Zonguldak . Midilli quickly sank Oleg but was forced to turn away after spotting Rostislav . She then encountered another blockship , Athos , and forced her crew to scuttle the ship . She then briefly engaged Russian destroyers before moving ahead of the Russian fleet to monitor their progress . Ottoman coastal guns forced the remaining blockships to scuttle in deep water . Midilli conducted a series of sorties against the Russians in early 1915 , including an operation in concert with the cruiser Hamidiye in January , during which they inadvertently came into contact with the Black Sea Fleet . Midilli scored a hit on the battleship Evstafi 's main battery turret before the Ottoman ships withdrew .
On 3 April , the Ottoman fleet sortied to attack Russian transports off Odessa . Midilli and Yavûz Sultân Selîm provided the covering force for the attack , which failed after the cruiser Mecidiye struck a mine and sank off Odessa . The Russian fleet attempted to intercept the Turkish force , but Midilli and Yavûz Sultân Selîm were able to escape undamaged . The two ships , joined by Hamidiye , conducted a sweep to attack Russian transports on 6 May , but found no targets . Later that month , detachments of naval infantry from Midilli and Yavûz Sultân Selîm were landed to assist in the defense against the Allied landings at Gallipoli . On the night of 10 / 11 June , Midilli encountered the Russian destroyers Derzki and Gnevny off Zonguldak . In a brief firefight , the cruiser crippled Gnevny with a hit in her starboard engine compartment that broke the main steam line to the engines , but was forced to turn away when Gnevny fired five torpedoes at her . Midilli was hit seven times herself with only slight damage and Gnevny was towed back to Sevastopol the following day by Derzki .
Midilli struck a mine on 18 July as she sailed from Constantinople to escort a merchant ship through the minefields defending the capital . The explosion under No. 4 boiler room killed eight crewmen and she was flooded with over 600 t ( 590 long tons ) of water . The ship made it to port at İstinye and an inspection revealed that she was not badly damaged . Hampered by a shortage of trained personnel and material , however , the ship 's repairs took quite a long time . The ship did not return to service until February 1916 , and the opportunity was taken to replace two of her 10 @.@ 5 cm guns with 15 cm pieces . On 27 February , she was used to quickly transport 71 officers and men of a machine @-@ gun company and a significant stock of supplies and munitions to Trebizond , which was then under heavy pressure from the Russian army . While en route on the night of the 28th , she encountered the Russian destroyers Pronzitelni and Bespokoiny . Midilli evaded the Russians and reached Trebizond . On 2 March , she attempted to attack a pair of destroyers north of Zonguldak , but she was unable to catch them . The ship then returned to the Bosporus . On 11 March , Midilli made another run , this time carrying 211 soldiers and twelve barrels of fuel and lubricating oil , which were successfully landed on the 13th . She then stopped in Samsun , where she picked up 30 t ( 30 long tons ; 33 short tons ) of flour , one ton of maize , and 30 tons of coal , before returning to the Bosporus .
A third supply operation followed on 3 April , when the ship brought 107 men , 5 @,@ 000 rifles , and 794 cases of ammunition to Trebizond . After making the delivery , the ship met the U @-@ boat U @-@ 33 and proceeded to attack Russian forces . Midilli shelled Russian positions at Sürmene Bay , where she set the minesweeper T.233 on fire , which was then destroyed by U @-@ 33 's deck gun . Midilli then turned north and sank a Russian sailing vessel off Tuapse before running into the powerful dreadnought battleship Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya . Midilli fled at high speed after being straddled several times , though she was not damaged . In early May , the cruiser laid two minefields , each of 60 mines . The first of these was laid off the Chilia branch of the Danube River and the other off Cape Tarkhankut in the Crimea . On the second trip she bombarded Eupatoria after laying her mines . Midilli transported more troops to Sinope and Samsun on 30 May , returning with grain and tobacco as deck cargo .
In July , Midilli and Yavûz Sultân Selîm sortied to support the Ottoman counterattack at Trebizond , which broke the Russian lines and advanced some 20 km ( 12 mi ) . Midilli sank a pair of Russian ships off Sochi on 4 July and destroyed another that had been torpedoed the previous day . She then rejoined Yavûz Sultân Selîm for the return to the Bosporus , during which the two ships evaded strong Russian forces attempting to intercept them . Later that month , on 21 July , Midilli attempted to lay a minefield off Novorossisk , but Russian wireless interception allowed the dreadnought Imperatritsa Mariya and several destroyers to leave port and attempt to cut Midilli off from the Bosporus . The two ships encountered each other at 13 : 05 , and Midilli quickly turned back south . Her stern 15 cm gun kept Russian destroyers at bay , but the ship only slowly drew out of range of Imperatritsa Mariya 's heavy guns . Several near misses rained shell splinters on the deck and wounded several men . Heavy use of smoke screens and a rain squall allowed Midilli to break contact with her Russian pursuers , and she reached the Bosporus early the following morning . By the end of 1916 , a severe coal shortage prevented Midilli and Yavûz Sultân Selîm from conducting offensive operations .
In May 1917 , Midilli laid a minefield off the mouth of the Danube ; while there , she destroyed the wireless station on Fidonisi Island and captured 11 prisoners . The minefield she laid later sank the destroyer Leytenant Zatsarenni on 30 June . While Midilli was at sea , a Russian force raided the Bosporus , including Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya , which had by then been renamed Svobodnaya Rossiya . Upon returning to port , Midilli was spotted by the Russian fleet , which attempted to cut her off from the safety of the Bosporus . Midilli raced toward port , while salvos from Svobodnaya Rossiya fell around her . The destroyer Gnevny closed to attack , but Midilli 's 15 cm guns drove her off . The cruiser managed to reach port without damage ; this was the last engagement of the war between the former German warships and the Russian fleet . On 1 November , Midilli left the Bosporus to conduct a sweep for Russian warships . The Russians observed the departure and attempted to attack the cruiser with Svobodnaya Rossiya and the new battleship Volya , but mutiny aboard Svobodnaya Rossiya prevented the force from intercepting Midilli before she slipped back into port that night .
= = = Battle of Imbros = = =
On 20 January 1918 , Midilli and Yavûz Sultân Selîm left the Dardanelles under the command of Vice Admiral Hubert von Rebeur @-@ Paschwitz , who had replaced Souchon the previous September . Rebeur @-@ Paschwitz 's intention was to draw Allied naval forces away from Palestine in support of Turkish forces there . Outside the straits , in the course of what became known as the Battle of Imbros , the two Ottoman ships surprised and sank the monitors Raglan and M28 which were at anchor and unsupported by the pre @-@ dreadnoughts that should have been guarding them . Rebeur @-@ Paschwitz then decided to proceed to the port of Mudros ; there the British pre @-@ dreadnought battleship Agamemnon was raising steam to attack the Turkish ships . While en route , Midilli struck a total of five mines and sank ; Yavûz hit three mines as well and was forced to beach to avoid sinking . Three hundred and thirty of Midilli 's crew were killed in her sinking , 162 survivors were rescued by British destroyers . According to Hildebrand , Röhr and Steinmetz , only 133 men were rescued from the ship .
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= Typhoon Conson ( 2004 ) =
Typhoon Conson , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Frank , was the first of the record ten typhoons to impact Japan during the 2004 Pacific typhoon season . Developing out of a tropical depression near the northern Philippines in early June , Conson slowly traveled towards the north . Gradually strengthening , the storm reached typhoon status late on June 7 according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and several hours later according to the Japan Meteorological Agency . After turning towards the northeast , the typhoon brushed Taiwan and reached its peak intensity with winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph 10 @-@ minute winds ) on June 9 . After reaching its peak , Conson gradually weakened , passing through Okinawa before being downgraded to a tropical storm the next day . On June 11 , the storm made landfall as a minimal tropical storm in the Kōchi Prefecture just before becoming extratropical . The extratropical remnants continued towards the northeast and were last mentioned on June 14 crossing the international date line .
Typhoon Conson brought heavy rains and high winds to the Philippines , Taiwan , Okinawa , and Japan . Flooding in the Philippines killed two people and caused about PHP1.6 million ( US $ 35 @,@ 000 ) in damages . However , some reports state that up to 30 people died in the Philippines . In the Ryukyu Islands , the storm brought heavy rains and high winds to several islands , damaging crops and leaving many without power . As it became extratropical , Conson caused moderate damage in southern Japan , including a few landslides which prompted evacuations . Throughout Japan , losses reached 355 @.@ 7 million yen ( US $ 3 @.@ 8 million ) .
= = Meteorological history = =
Early on June 4 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began monitoring an area of low pressure associated with deep convection about 780 km ( 485 mi ) south @-@ southeast of Hong Kong . Later that day , following notable development , they classified the system as Tropical Depression 07W . At the same time , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) also began monitoring the system as a tropical depression . Slowly moving towards the southeast , 07W gradually strengthened , being classified a tropical storm by the JTWC at 1200 UTC the next day . Around the same time , the storm entered the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration 's area of responsibility and was given the local name Frank . Twenty @-@ four hours later , 07W made its closest approach to the Philippines , passing within 295 km ( 185 mi ) of Manila . A few hours later , the JMA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm and gave it the name Conson ; a name contributed by Vietnam that is a picturesque place in the country , consisting of a mountain , pine forest , streams , pagodas and many historical monuments .
A ridge located over the central Philippines caused Conson to turn towards the north . Continuing to intensify , the JTWC assessed the storm to have reached typhoon status at 1800 UTC on June 7 . The JMA also upgraded the storm to a typhoon about twelve hours later . A 28 km ( 17 mi ) wide eye developed as the cyclone turned towards the northeast . Originally , forecasts showed the typhoon making landfall in southern Taiwan but the turn towards the northeast spared the island from a direct hit . Shortly after being classified as a typhoon by the JMA , the JTWC upgraded Conson to a Category 2 typhoon on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale with winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph 1 @-@ minute winds ) . The eye later became slightly disorganized and the cloud tops around the center warmed . However , the storm reorganized the next day and was upgraded to a Category 3 typhoon by the JTWC with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph 1 @-@ minute winds ) . The intensification was the result of the influence of an approaching shortwave trough which enhanced poleward outflow . Around this time , PAGASA issued their final advisory on Typhoon ' Frank ' as it moved out of their area of responsibility .
The strengthening was the result of Conson passing over the warm waters of the Kuroshio Current . The forward motion on the typhoon also began to increase as it interacted with a baroclinic zone . Shortly after , the JMA assessed the storm to have reached its peak intensity with winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph 10 @-@ minute winds ) and a minimum pressure of 960 hPa ( mbar ) . Later that day , the storm passed over Okinawa as it weakened . By June 10 , Conson began to undergo an extratropical transition . Continuing increase in forward speed caused the low to become exposed from shower and thunderstorm activity on the southern edge of the circulation . Around 1200 UTC , the center of circulation became separated from deep convection , leading to the typhoon being downgraded to a tropical storm by both agencies several hours later . Early on June 11 , the JTWC reported that the storm had completed its extratropical transition just south of Japan . However , the JMA kept Conson has a tropical cyclone through its landfall in Kōchi Prefecture as a minimal tropical storm . Shortly after landfall , it was classified as an extratropical cyclone . Continuing towards the northeast , the storm remained weak and was last mentioned as it crossed the international date line on June 14 near the Aleutian Islands .
The Japan Meteorological Agency uses 10 @-@ minute sustained winds , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center uses 1 @-@ minute sustained winds . The conversion factor between the two is 1.14x. JMA 's peak intensity for Conson was 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained , or 160 km / h ( 105 mph ) 1 @-@ minute sustained . The JTWC 's peak intensity for Conson was 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) 1 @-@ minute sustained , or 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained . The National Meteorological Center of China estimated a peak intensity of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained , or 160 km / h ( 105 mph ) 1 @-@ minute sustained . The Hong Kong Observatory assessed Conson to be slightly weaker than other agencies , with peak winds estimated at 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained , or 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) 1 @-@ minute sustained .
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Philippines = = =
On June 7 , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration raised Public Storm Signal No. 1 for most of Luzon . As Conson strengthened into a typhoon , northern areas of Luzon were placed under Public Storm Signal No. 3 , resulting in school closures . As the typhoon passed by the Philippines , it dropped heavy rains , peaking at 333 @.@ 8 mm ( 13 @.@ 1 in ) in Iba . The highest 24 ‑ hour rainfall was recorded in Subic Bay at 230 mm ( 9 in ) . Minor flooding and power outages were reported in Manila . These heavy rains led to flooding which reportedly killed 30 people in Luzon . However , the fatalities are uncertain as PAGASA reported that two people were killed by the storm . In all , Conson caused about PHP1.6 million ( US35,000 ) in damage .
= = = Taiwan and Hong Kong = = =
High winds and heavy rain warnings were issued for most of Taiwan along with sea warnings . Schools and businesses on Orchid Island were suspended on June 9 and 10 as Typhoon Conson passed by . Some domestic flights were cancelled and rail and ferry services were suspended ahead of the storm . When Conson was first classified , Hong Kong was placed under a standby signal as the storm was located within 800 km ( 500 mi ) of the city Only a few showers were reported in the city due to the storm . Taiwanese officials checked water gates throughout the island on June 8 and found that 68 were missing . Water management officials stated that the missing gates could " ... wreak unnecessary damage ... " . The following day , 42 of the missing gates had been replaced . Fishing boats returned to port for shelter during the storm . An emergency operations center was set up to carry out search and rescue missions during and following the typhoon . Heavy rains from the typhoon peaked at 262 @.@ 5 mm ( 10 @.@ 3 in ) in Yilan County . The storm caused minor damage and one minor injury during as it passed by Taiwan . Although Conson dropped heavy rains across the island , it was not enough to alleviate drought conditions in the southern areas .
= = = Japan = = =
Traveling towards the northeast , Conson headed towards Okinawa where schools were closed and local transportation was disrupted due to the storm . The Japan Meteorological Agency warned residents about the threat of heavy rains and high winds resulting from the storm . A United States naval base located in Okinawa was placed under a Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness ( TCCR ) Four as Typhoon Conson was approaching . As the storm neared the islands , the naval base was put under TCCR Three , indicating that winds of 92 km / h ( 57 mph ) were anticipated within 48 hours . Ahead of the storm , upwards of 254 mm ( 10 in ) fell across the islands , which were indirectly related to the storm . In southern Japan , several airlines canceled flights due to poor weather conditions .
Heavy rains , peaking at 345 mm ( 13 @.@ 5 in ) on Tarama , triggered flooding and landslides throughout the islands . The highest sustained winds on the islands were also recorded on Tarama at 137 km / h ( 85 mph ) and the highest gust was recorded on Miyako @-@ jima at 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . Despite transitioning into an extratropical cyclone while impacting Japan , Conson brought heavy rains and high winds to Kyūshū . The highest rainfall and gusts were recorded in Tanegashima at 277 @.@ 5 mm ( 10 @.@ 9 in ) and 146 km / h ( 91 mph ) respectively ; the highest sustained wind was recorded in Muroto , Kōchi at 109 km / h ( 68 mph ) .
On Ishigaki Island , high winds and heavy rains cut power to many residences and damaged crops . A total of 1 @,@ 960 ha ( 4 @,@ 800 acres ) of agricultural land was damaged by the storm , leaving 31 @.@ 9 million yen ( US $ 346 @,@ 000 ) in losses . Significant agricultural damage was also sustained on Miyako @-@ jima , leaving 76 @.@ 5 million yen ( US $ 805 @,@ 000 ) in losses . Okinawa sustained moderate damage during the passage of Conson , with several homes flooded and large lengths of power lines were lost . At the height of the storm , roughly 3 @,@ 300 residences were without power and 1 @,@ 305 power lines were downed . Additionally , 1 @,@ 685 ha ( 4 @,@ 160 acres ) of agricultural land was damaged , leaving 32 @.@ 3 million yen ( US $ 350 @,@ 000 ) in losses .
In Kagoshima Prefecture , Conson damaged 1 @,@ 846 ha ( 4 @,@ 560 acres ) of agricultural land and flooded six homes . Agricultural and property damage in the prefecture amounted to 100 million yen ( US $ 1 million ) and 115 million yen ( US $ 1 @.@ 2 million ) respectively . A large landslide , roughly 30 m ( 98 ft ) wide , in Matsuyama , Ehime prompted the evacuation of 19 homes ; however , no known damage resulted from the incident . Throughout Kōchi Prefecture , several highways were shut down after being damaged by Conson . Over 20 schools were let out early due to the deteriorating conditions .
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= Telescopium =
Telescopium is a minor constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere , one of twelve named in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas @-@ Louis de Lacaille and one of several depicting scientific instruments . Its name is a Latinized form of the Greek word for telescope . Telescopium was later much reduced in size by Francis Baily and Benjamin Gould .
The brightest star in the constellation is Alpha Telescopii , a blue @-@ white subgiant with an apparent magnitude of 3 @.@ 5 , followed by the orange giant star Zeta Telescopii at magnitude 4 @.@ 1 . Eta and PZ Telescopii are two young star systems with debris disks and brown dwarf companions . Telescopium hosts two unusual stars with very little hydrogen that are likely to be the result of two merged white dwarfs : PV Telescopii , also known as HD 168476 , is a hot blue extreme helium star , while RS Telescopii is an R Coronae Borealis variable . RR Telescopii is a cataclysmic variable that brightened as a nova to magnitude 6 in 1948 .
= = History = =
Telescopium was introduced in 1751 – 52 by Nicolas @-@ Louis de Lacaille with the French name le Telescope , depicting an aerial telescope , after he had observed and catalogued 10 @,@ 000 southern stars during a two @-@ year stay at the Cape of Good Hope . He devised 14 new constellations in uncharted regions of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere not visible from Europe . All but one honored instruments that symbolised the Age of Enlightenment . Covering 40 degrees of the night sky , the telescope stretched out northwards between Sagittarius and Scorpius . Lacaille had Latinised its name to Telescopium by 1763 .
The constellation was known by other names . It was called Tubus Astronomicus in the eighteenth century , during which time three constellations depicting telescopes were recognised — Tubus Herschelii Major between Gemini and Auriga and Tubus Herschelii Minor between Taurus and Orion , both of which had fallen out of use by the nineteenth century . Johann Bode called it the Astronomische Fernrohr in his 1805 Gestirne and kept its size , but later astronomers Francis Baily and Benjamin Gould subsequently shrank its boundaries . The much @-@ reduced constellation lost several brighter stars to neighbouring constellations : Beta Telescopii became Eta Sagittarii , which it had been before Lacaille placed it in Telescopium , Gamma was placed in Scorpius and renamed G Scorpii by Gould , Theta Telescopii reverted to its old appellation of d Ophiuchi , and Sigma Telescopii was placed in Corona Australis . Initially uncatalogued , the latter is now known as HR 6875 . The original object Lacaille had named Eta Telescopii — the open cluster Messier 7 — was in what is now Scorpius , and Gould used the Bayer designation for a magnitude 5 star , which he felt warranted a letter .
= = Characteristics = =
A small constellation , Telescopium is bordered by Sagittarius and Corona Australis to the north , Ara to the west , Pavo to the south , and Indus to the east , cornering on Microscopium to the northeast . The three @-@ letter abbreviation for the constellation , as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922 , is ' Tel ' . The official constellation boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a quadrilateral ( illustrated in infobox ) . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 18h 09.1m and 20h 29.5m , while the declination coordinates are between − 45 @.@ 09 ° and − 56 @.@ 98 ° . The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 33 ° N.
= = Notable features = =
= = = Stars = = =
Within the constellation 's borders , there are 57 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6 @.@ 5 . With a magnitude of 3 @.@ 5 , Alpha Telescopii is the brightest star in the constellation . It is a blue @-@ white subgiant of spectral type B3IV which lies around 250 light @-@ years away . It is radiating nearly 800 times the Sun 's luminosity , and is estimated to be 5 @.@ 2 ± 0 @.@ 4 times as massive and have 3 @.@ 3 ± 0 @.@ 5 times the Sun 's radius . Close by Alpha Telescopii are the two blue @-@ white stars sharing the designation of Delta Telescopii . Delta ¹ Telescopii is of spectral type B6IV and apparent magnitude 4 @.@ 9 , while Delta ² Telescopii is of spectral type B3III and magnitude 5 @.@ 1 . They form an optical double , as the stars are estimated to be around 710 and 1190 light @-@ years away respectively . The faint ( magnitude 12 @.@ 23 ) Gliese 754 , a red dwarf of spectral type M4.5V , is one of the nearest 100 stars to Earth at 19 @.@ 3 light @-@ years distant . Its eccentric orbit around the Galaxy indicates that it may have originated in the Milky Way 's thick disk .
At least four of the fifteen stars visible to the unaided eye are orange giants of spectral class K. The second brightest star in the constellation — at apparent magnitude 4 @.@ 1 — is Zeta Telescopii , an orange subgiant of spectral type K1III @-@ IV . Around 1 @.@ 53 times as massive as the Sun , it shines with 512 times its luminosity . Located 127 light years away from Earth , it has been described as yellow or reddish in appearance . Epsilon Telescopii is a binary star system : the brighter component , Epsilon Telescopii A , is an orange giant of spectral type K0III with an apparent magnitude of + 4 @.@ 52 , while the 13th magnitude companion , Epsilon Telescopii B , is 21 arcseconds away from the primary , and just visible with a 15 cm aperture telescope on a dark night . The system is 417 light @-@ years away . Iota Telescopii and HD 169405 — magnitude 5 orange giants of spectral types K0III and K0.5III respectively — make up the quartet . They are around 370 and 497 light @-@ years away from the Sun respectively . Another ageing star , Kappa Telescopii is a yellow giant with a spectral type G9III and apparent magnitude of 5 @.@ 18 . Around 1 @.@ 87 billion years old , this star of around 1 @.@ 6 solar masses has swollen to 11 times the Sun 's diameter . It is approximately 293 light @-@ years from Earth , and is another optical double .
Xi Telescopii is an irregular variable star that ranges between magnitudes 4 @.@ 89 and 4 @.@ 94 . Located 1079 light @-@ years distant , it is a red giant of spectral type M2III that has a diameter around 5 @.@ 6 times the Sun 's , and a luminosity around 2973 times that of the Sun . Another irregular variable , RX Telescopii is a red supergiant that varies between magnitudes 6 @.@ 45 and 7 @.@ 47 , just visible to the unaided eye under good viewing conditions . BL Telescopii is an Algol @-@ like eclipsing binary system that varies between apparent magnitudes 7 @.@ 09 and 9 @.@ 08 over a period of just over 778 days ( 2 years 48 days ) . The primary is a yellow supergiant that is itself intrinsically variable . Dipping from its baseline magnitude of 9 @.@ 6 to 16 @.@ 5 , RS Telescopii is a rare R Coronae Borealis variable — an extremely hydrogen @-@ deficient supergiant thought to have arisen as the result of the merger of two white dwarfs ; fewer than 100 have been discovered as of 2012 . The dimming is thought to be caused by carbon dust expelled by the star . As of 2012 , four dimmings have been observed . PV Telescopii is a class B @-@ type ( blue ) extreme helium star that is the prototype of a class of variables known as PV Telescopii variables . First discovered in 1952 , it was found to have a very low level of hydrogen . One theory of its origin is that it is the result of a merger between a helium- and a carbon @-@ oxygen white dwarf . If the combined mass does not exceed the Chandrasekhar limit , the former will accrete onto the latter star and ignite to form a supergiant . Later this will become an extreme helium star before cooling to become a white dwarf .
While RR Telescopii , also designated Nova Telescopii 1948 , is often called a slow nova , it is now classified as a symbiotic nova system composed of an M5III pulsating red giant and a white dwarf ; between 1944 and 1948 it brightened by about 7 magnitudes before being noticed at apparent magnitude 6 @.@ 0 in mid @-@ 1948 . It has since faded slowly to about apparent magnitude 12 . QS Telescopii is a binary system composed of a white dwarf and main sequence donor star , in this case the two are close enough to be tidally locked , facing one another . Known as polars , material from the donor star does not form an accretion disk around the white dwarf , but rather streams directly onto it . This is due to the presence of the white dwarf 's strong magnetic field .
Although no star systems in Telescopium have confirmed planets , several have been found to have brown dwarf companions . A member of the 12 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old Beta Pictoris moving group of stars that share a common proper motion through space , Eta Telescopii is a young white main sequence star of magnitude 5 @.@ 0 and spectral type A0V . It has a debris disk and brown dwarf companion of spectral type M7V or M8V that is between 20 and 50 times as massive as Jupiter . The system is complex , as it has a common proper motion with ( and is gravitationally bound to ) the star HD 181327 , which has its own debris disk . This latter star is a yellow @-@ white main sequence star of spectral type F6V of magnitude 7 @.@ 0 . PZ Telescopii is another young star with a debris disk and substellar brown dwarf companion , though at 24 million years of age appears too old to be part of the Beta Pictoris moving group . HD 191760 is a yellow subgiant — a star that is cooling and expanding off the main sequence — of spectral type G3IV / V. Estimated to be just over four billion years old , it is slightly ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 times ) more massive as the Sun , 2 @.@ 69 times as luminous , and has around 1 @.@ 62 times its radius . Using the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher ( HARPS ) instrument on the ESO 3 @.@ 6 m Telescope , it was found to have a brown dwarf around 38 times as massive as Jupiter orbiting at an average distance of 1 @.@ 35 AU with a period of 505 days . This is an unusually close distance from the star , within a range that has been termed the brown @-@ dwarf desert .
= = = Deep sky objects = = =
The globular cluster NGC 6584 lies near Theta Arae and is 45 @,@ 000 light @-@ years distant from Earth . It is an Oosterhoff type I cluster , and contains at least 69 variable stars , most of which are RR Lyrae variables . The planetary nebula IC 4699 is of 13th magnitude and lies midway between Alpha and Epsilon Telescopii .
IC 4889 is an elliptical galaxy of apparent magnitude 11 @.@ 3 , which can be found 2 degrees north @-@ north @-@ west of 5 @.@ 3 @-@ magnitude Nu Telescopii . Observing it through a 40 cm telescope will reveal its central region and halo . The Telescopium group is group of twelve galaxies spanning three degrees in the northeastern part of the constellation , lying around 37 megaparsecs ( 120 million light @-@ years ) from our own galaxy . The brightest member is the elliptical galaxy NGC 6868 , and to the west lies the spiral galaxy ( or , perhaps , lenticular galaxy ) NGC 6861 . These are the brightest members of two respective subgroups within the galaxy group , and are heading toward a merger in the future . Occupying an area of around 4 ' × 2 ' , NGC 6845 is an interacting system of four galaxies — two spiral and two lenticular galaxies — that is estimated to be around 88 megaparsecs ( 287 million light @-@ years ) distant . SN 2008da was a type II supernova observed in one of the spiral galaxies , NGC 6845A , in June 2008 . SN 1998bw was a luminous supernova observed in the spiral arm of the galaxy ESO184 @-@ G82 in April 1998 , and is notable in that it is highly likely to be the source of the gamma @-@ ray burst GRB 980425 .
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