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= Batman : The Ultimate Evil = Batman : The Ultimate Evil is a novel written by Andrew Vachss and published in 1995 by the Warner Aspect imprint of Warner Books . Vachss was an attorney specializing in child abuse cases , as well as a crime novelist best known for his series of books featuring the character Burke , a private investigator who also takes on child abuse cases . A representative from DC Comics approached Vachss about the possibility of writing a novel featuring Batman . Viewing this as an opportunity to reach a completely different audience , Vachss agreed and wrote a draft . He continued with his themes concerning child sexual abuse and explored the topic of child sex tourism . The publisher required Vachss to follow certain rules , like making a clear distinction between fiction and reality and prohibiting the Batman character from killing , cursing , or having sex . In the story , billionaire Bruce Wayne , who as a child witnessed his parents ' murder , encounters the social worker Debra Kane , who takes Wayne to check up on her clients : he sees clear cases of child abuse and brave but futile resistance to it . Wayne 's loyal butler , Alfred Pennyworth , gives him the secret files from his mother 's investigation into child abuse , which had led to her and her husband 's murder , illuminating the darkest mystery of Wayne 's childhood . As Batman , Wayne investigates child abuse and , through a series of informants , is led to a child sex tourism syndicate using the southeast @-@ Asian country of Udon Khai . Batman travels to Udon Khai and , with the help of a local rebel force of guerrilla fighters , topples the kingpin who controls the industry . In the process , he avenges the murder of his parents . The book ends with a non @-@ fiction essay , by journalist David Hechler , entitled " Child Sex Tourism " . = = Background = = At the time of publication , Vachss worked as an attorney , in New York City , specializing in child abuse cases and writing novels . The duality of Vachss 's work as a lawyer prosecuting and defending real cases and as a crime fiction author exploring fictional criminals resulted in Vachss being compared to the Bruce Wayne / Batman character . Vachss 's eighth novel , Footsteps of the Hawk , in the Burke series featuring a vigilante private investigator of child abuse cases , was released just two months before the publication of Batman : The Ultimate Evil . He had wanted to approach the topic of sex tourism in southeast Asia , but had been unable to find a way for the Burke character to go there ; the Batman character offered the chance for him to write about the topic . Vachss had previously worked with Dark Horse Comics to produce a ten @-@ issue series ( 1992 – 1993 ) titled Hard Looks . Steve Korte of DC Comics 's book division approached Vacchs with the possibility of a partnership . Vachss was hesitant about using creative property that belonged to someone else but recognized the opportunity to reach a new audience . He started writing the novel , on speculation , and DC Comics eventually agreed to the project , allowing Vachss to take some creative liberties . = = Plot summary = = At a party , Bruce Wayne meets Debra Kane , a caseworker with Child Protective Services . He asks to join her while she visits clients . She agrees and shows him the varying degrees of child abuse she encounters in the course of her job . Wanting to understand the factors behind child abuse , Bruce , as Batman , breaks into Hellgate Prison and talks with an informant who points him to a child pornography and prostitution ring . Bruce 's butler Alfred Pennyworth reveals that Bruce 's mother , Martha Wayne , had been secretly investigating a similar child prostitution ring and was murdered along with her husband Thomas in order to stop the investigation . Picking up where his mother 's files left off , Bruce finds a connection to a Southeast Asian country named Udon Khai . Using the assumed name Big Jack Hollister , Batman travels to San Francisco to meet a contact who explains how the sex tours to Udon Khai operate . As Hollister , Batman travels to Udon Khai , where he meets Rhama , a local translator hired by Alfred . Rhama shows Hollister life in Udon Khai and how the child sex tourism has affected its population . Saying Hollister sent him , Batman introduces himself to Rhama . Batman and Rhama confront a man who buys and sells children and they rescue a girl who had been sold by her family . They return the child to her village and find that her father , living in extreme poverty , had sold her so that the rest of the family could survive . The population mistakes Batman for a warrior of legend who would break the barriers that confine the population . Believing this to be their chance for a revolution to overthrow the military dictatorship , a rebel group joins Batman in storming the headquarters of the kingpin who controls the sex tour industry . Though Batman returns to Gotham City , the rebels continue to dismantle sex tour industry and overthrow the dictator of Udon Khai . The novel ends with Bruce Wayne maintaining his friendship with Debra Kane as well as recruiting her as one of his informants as Batman , and also deciding to include child molesters as part of his quarry in his war on crime . = = Publication = = The 45 @,@ 000 @-@ word novel was released in November 1995 , simultaneous with an abridged audiobook and a two @-@ issue graphic novel . All three versions included a nonfiction essay about child prostitution in Thailand , titled " Child Sex Tourism " , by journalist David Hechler . The audiobook featured Tony Roberts , whose performance on the three @-@ hour , two @-@ cassette recording received a positive review from Trudi Miller Rosenblum of Billboard , who wrote that Roberts does " an outstanding job creating a distinctive voice for each character and effectively portraying Batman 's complex psyche " . The comic book adaption was drafted by Neal Barrett , Jr. with art by Denys Cowan . The novel was published by the Warner Aspect imprint of the Warner Books and promoted by Vachss with a book tour and as a guest at the 1995 San Diego Comic @-@ Con. Vachss used the promotion of the book to also raise awareness of child abuse and advocate a boycott of manufactured goods from Thailand . He declared that " three years from now , if there isn 't a boycott of Thailand , then this book is a cosmic failure " . Vachss supported Don 't ! Buy ! Thai ! , which believed that " if Thailand sells its children for money , then the only thing that will stop them is the loss of money " . = = Style and themes = = The publishers required that Vachss follow certain rules , including prohibiting the Batman character from killing , cursing , or having sex , and keeping a clear distinction between fiction and reality . For example , while Vachss wanted to write about Thailand , he created a fictional country named Udon Khai which had many similarities with Thailand — though Udon Khai is described as being dominated by a lone kingpin who controls the country 's one @-@ industry economy based on sex tourism while Thailand 's tourism economy , which includes sex tourism , is part of an economic development strategy enabled by international development agencies . Vachss deviated from Batman canon by having the Wayne family butler , Alfred Pennyworth , reveal to Bruce Wayne that his mother , Martha , was a sociologist who was secretly investigating a child pornography ring . In Vachss ' novel , the Waynes were not the victims of a random crime ; instead , Martha was targeted for assassination . One reviewer compared the characterization of Batman as " the same brooding , handsome , rich character that Val Kilmer played [ in Batman Forever ] " but with the " gothic presence of the older Batman seen in 1940s movie serials " . More complex analysis compared the story to an " 18th @-@ century contes philosophiques in which the dark irrationality of the Greek gods has been flattened out into tidy didactic instruction . " Vachss said " writing is my way of preaching . For me , it 's always , always the message . The plot is something I contrive to deliver the message . You 've got to have enough narrative force to get people to finish the book , but if you can give them an exciting story , you can always make your points . " He stated that " the whole point of the book is to raise awareness about the kiddie @-@ sex tourism business in Thailand " . Though the story uses more realism than the escapism typically associated with superhero fiction , Vachss did end the book with endorsements of two real non @-@ profit groups ; Don 't ! Buy ! Thai ! and End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism . The writing is not subtle , as Vachss noted " If you don 't get angry , you 're not going to do anything " . Understanding that the likely readers were young males with short attention spans , Vachss tried to be dramatic by using what author Adam Begley calls " a motivational hat trick : sympathy for the victims , revenge , and a family calling " . A major theme in the book is the characterization of child abuse . The story follows Bruce Wayne as he learns about the different categories of child abuse , from the ignorant to the incapable and to those who do it for pleasure . Batman , whose motivation is to prevent crimes like the murder of his parents , is contrasted against a social worker whose motivation is protecting children ; Batman realizes that throughout his career he had been fighting criminals , not crime . Vachss asserts that " child protection and crime prevention are the same thing " ; he believes that child abuse is never just a random crime but is done with intent . While Vachss warns that those abused can become future abusers , he also states that " abuse can push two similarly maltreated children in opposite directions . One incest victim becomes a promiscuous adult , another never engages in sex again . ... If you excuse a serial killer because he was tortured as a child , you disrespect the thousands of children who were treated worse and never imitated their oppressor . " = = Reception = = The book was described as a " slim , vivid novel " with a " very simple " and " fast paced " plot line . A review in The Washington Times was positive : " With a plot that takes Batman very seriously — and makes him very human — and a dismaying amount of information on the sexual exploitation of children for profit , this novel makes an ineradicable impression " . Likewise , another reviewer found it " an engaging and disturbing one @-@ night read that 's all the more astonishing because Vachss manages to explore and make his points about a wholly depressing topic without driving your moods into the sewer . " Roger Catlin in the Hartford Courant said " Vachss ' bold , simple prose is well suited to his story . He 's good at making Batman 's various devices — the Batmobile , computers , flying gizmos — come to life with his cool description . " A review in the New York Times noted that the basic premise is a good idea , but " studded as it is with undigested chunks of scientific jargon , sociology @-@ speak and polemical rhetoric Batman : The Ultimate Evil misses out almost completely on the pure pulp thrills that lie at the heart of its title character 's appeal . " In the St. Petersburg Times , Adam Begley also noted the use of what he called " techno @-@ babble " . In The Washington Post , Jack Womack wrote that Vachss describes the Batmobile " lovingly yet gnomically , as if a Motor Trend review had been translated into Slovakian by someone more familiar with Czech " and concluded that the novel was " as satisfying — aesthetically , ethically , morally — as a pulse @-@ pounding yarn in which pulp @-@ fiction hero Doc Savage ransacks the shantytowns of South America in a terribly successful search for Doc Mengele . " In Kirkus Reviews , the story was compared to a generic " Destroy All Exploiters " video game where Batman " disposes of each lower @-@ level pimp , then moves up to the next level " . Sybil Steinberg in Publishers Weekly noted that " while no classic , this is likely the the [ sic ] most stylish adaptation yet of a comic @-@ book figure , its cold stiletto prose and white @-@ hot passions lifting it leagues above recent Spider @-@ man and Incredible Hulk offerings . It 's also Vachss ' best work since Shella " . Both the Library Journal and Booklist predicted heavy demand for it at public libraries .
= Metroid II : Return of Samus = Metroid II : Return of Samus is an action @-@ adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy handheld game console . The second installment and the first handheld title in the Metroid series , it was released in North America in November 1991 , and in Japan and Europe the following year . The story of Metroid II follows the protagonist and playable character Samus Aran , who is sent on a mission to exterminate the Metroid creatures from their home planet SR388 before the antagonistic Space Pirates obtain and use them . The gameplay of Metroid II involves killing a fixed number of Metroids before the player can advance deeper through the planet 's tunnels . Metroid II was developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1 ( Nintendo R & D1 ) and produced by Gunpei Yokoi , who both worked on the first Metroid game for the Nintendo Entertainment System . The developers of the game added round metal shoulders on Samus ' Varia Suit to differentiate it from her Power Suit , since both looked similar on the Game Boy 's limited greyscale display . The updated suit has since been a staple of the series , appearing in all subsequent games . A unique color palette for Metroid II was added to the Game Boy Color console , a successor to the original Game Boy with a color screen . The game was given generally favorable reviews . Critics praised Metroid II for its story and settings , while other reviews criticized its graphics and audio . A follow @-@ up to the game , Super Metroid , was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994 . Metroid II became available as a Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console title in 2011 . = = Gameplay = = Metroid II is an action @-@ adventure game in which the player controls the protagonist Samus Aran on the fictional planet SR388 . In this side @-@ scroller , players advance through the game by using Samus ' weapons to kill a fixed number of Metroid creatures . The player is given a detector that displays the number of Metroids remaining in the area . Once all the creatures are eliminated , an earthquake occurs and the planet 's lava levels decrease , allowing Samus to travel deeper through its tunnels . The Metroid creatures are encountered in different evolution stages of their development cycle : original , Alpha , Gamma , Zeta and Omega . The more developed the organism is , the stronger its attack . Metroid II features save modules located around the planet , which allow players to save their progress and continue in another session . The game features two weapons new to the Metroid series : the tri @-@ splitting Spazer Laser Beam , and the Plasma Beam , which passes through enemies when shot . Samus can only equip one beam at a time ; however , she can switch between them by returning to where they are first found . Metroid II features the Space Jump , a new suit enhancement that allows Samus to jump infinitely and access otherwise unreachable areas . The game also sees the return of Samus ' Morph Ball , a mode in which she curls up into a ball to travel through small tunnels . In addition , the game is the first in the series to feature the Spider Ball and Spring Ball . The Spider Ball allows Samus to climb most walls or ceilings , giving her freedom to explore both the surfaces and ceilings of caverns , and the Spring Ball gives Samus the ability to jump while curled up into a ball in the Morph Ball form . = = Plot = = In the previous Metroid , bounty hunter Samus Aran ruined the Space Pirates ' plans to use the newly discovered lifeform known as Metroid . To ensure that the Space Pirates can never obtain any more Metroids , the Galactic Federation sends several teams to the Metroid 's home planet , SR388 , to destroy them once and for all . However , when each of the teams disappear , the Galactic Federation contracts Samus to finish the mission . While exploring the planet , Samus encounters Metroids and destroys them , slowly decreasing the planet 's Metroid population . During her mission , she notices the mutations that each creature exhibits : the Metroids grow from small jellyfish @-@ like creatures into large , hovering , lizard @-@ like beasts . After destroying most of the planet 's Metroids , Samus encounters and battles the Queen Metroid . Killing it , Samus proceeds to return to her gunship through the planet 's tunnels . Along the way , she finds a Metroid egg that hatches in front of her . A Metroid hatchling floats out of the broken shell and imprints onto Samus , thinking that she is its mother . Unable to commit to her mission of extermination , Samus spares its life . She exits the tunnels while the Metroid helps clear the way . Reaching the planet 's surface , the Metroid and Samus board the gunship together , setting the plot for Super Metroid . = = Development = = Metroid II was developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1 ( Nintendo R & D1 ) , and produced by Gunpei Yokoi ; they both also worked on the previous Metroid game for the Nintendo Entertainment System . It was directed by Hiroji Kiyotake and Hiroyuki Kimura , and designed by Makoto Kano , while Takahiro Harada serving as the main programmer . Metroid II marked a " new high point " for handheld game consoles , with graphics that were almost as good as the 8 @-@ bit graphics in games for the NES . The game features enhancements from its predecessor that include easier controls which allow Samus to crouch while firing at the same time , and jump while shooting straight down to attack anything below her . The game also utilizes the cartridge 's battery @-@ backed memory for saving the player 's progress . In the 2004 interview for the Nintendo Dream magazine , Kiyotake revealed that the planet SR388 was named after the Yamaha SR400 motorcycle . The Game Boy 's black @-@ and @-@ white graphics resulted in changes to Samus 's gear that eventually became permanent . In the original Metroid , color was used to differentiate between Samus 's Power Suit and her Varia Suit — an upgraded version . However , without color on the Game Boy , the two suits would have appeared similar , requiring the developers to develop a visual indicator for players to determine which suit Samus is wearing . They also updated her Varia Suit , adding round metal shoulders that have been a part of the suit in every game in the series since then . Nintendo R & D1 was also involved in developing the Game Boy Color , a successor to the original Game Boy with a color screen . Nintendo of America 's Dan Owsen noted that Nintendo R & D1 included a special " Metroid palette " in the Game Boy Color 's hardware , which " makes Metroid II look really , really nice on Game Boy Color " , remarking that this made the game 's graphics comparable to the original Metroid on the Nintendo Entertainment System . = = = Release = = = Nintendo released Metroid II in North America in November 1991 . This was followed by the release in Japan on January 21 , 1992 , and in Europe on May 21 , 1992 . Nintendo included the game in its Player 's Choice marketing label in North America in 1993 . It was re @-@ released in Japan as a downloadable game for the Nintendo Power flash memory cartridge . On August 17 , 2011 , Nintendo announced that Metroid II , along with other Game Boy games such as Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins , Mega Man : Dr. Wily 's Revenge , and several others would be released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console at the end of the year . It was released in Japan on September 28 , 2011 , and in North America and Europe on November 24 . = = Reception = = Although considered by a few critics to be the weakest game in the franchise and not as well received as the Nintendo Entertainment System counterpart , Metroid II still received generally favorable reviews . Because Metroid II has a single large level instead of multiple small ones , Tim Jones of IGN found the game a " refreshing departure from the norm " , which made him feel claustrophobic the further into the game he ventured . He praised Metroid II 's replay value , considering its non @-@ linearity as the primary reason for this . In their retrospective video on the Metroid series , GameTrailers believed that the game still maintained the high standards set by its predecessor and noted that it also introduced new methods of exploration to the series that have become staples . AllGame 's Brett Alan Weiss believed that Metroid II would please fans of the original Metroid , and they noticed that the backgrounds were more detailed in this Game Boy iteration . Marcel Van Duyn of Nintendo Life noted that the difficulty was improved over the original game because of the inclusion of " hot spots " that restores health and missiles . On the other hand , Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com was particularly critical of the game , finding the game painful to play and describing it as " something of a dark spot on a brilliant series ' reputation . " Parish found the game 's premise " ambitious " , adding that it provided the series a vital crux : " Samus ' actions in Metroid II fuel the plots of both its sequels : Super Metroid [ ... ] and Metroid Fusion " . GameTrailers similarly commented that it told one of the most pivotal chapters in the series ' overall plot . Van Duyn praised Metroid II 's visual detail , writing that " the platforms in the foreground and the enemies on and around them are all quite detailed , so you can easily identify what you 're trying to kill . " In contrast , Jones considered the graphics average , and noted that the walls appeared mostly the same , which confuses players when wandering through identical tunnels . Parish complained that aside from Samus , the visuals for the environment are " bland and repetitive , full of monotonous rocks and sand with few details to differentiate the various areas , and the enemies are mostly simple and boxy . " Parish also found the music " downright painful " , which he contrasted with the " moody , atmospheric compositions " the series was known for . Van Duyn cited the music as the " only bad point " in the game , stating that the ambient sounds " tend to get annoying after hearing them again and again . " Jones said that " [ a ] lot of the time there is no music , just a steady beat , but when you get into certain areas a slow , moody tune begins to play in the background . " GameTrailers noted that the game is too linear , and was unimpressed with its audio and visuals . In the September 1997 , Nintendo Power 12 staff members voted in a list for the top 100 games of all time . The magazine placed Metroid II at 34th place on their list of 100 games of all time . In their Top 200 Games list , Nintendo Power also ranked the game as the 85th best game on a Nintendo console , and Videogames.com included it in their list of the best Game Boy games . Nintendo Power listed it as the 12th @-@ best Game Boy / Game Boy Color video game , praising it for introducing several staple abilities to the series . Game Informer 's Ben Reeves called it the ninth best Game Boy game and noted that it was polarizing among fans . = = Sequel and legacy = = Super Metroid , a follow @-@ up to Metroid II , was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994 . Metroid series co @-@ creator Yoshio Sakamoto remarked at the 2010 Game Developers Conference that he was " very moved " by the ending in Metroid II , which influenced him on creating Super Metroid . Due to the black and white color palette used in Metroid II , and no Metroid games released for the Game Boy Color , there have been attempts to create colored versions of Metroid II . A programmer using the pseudonym DoctorM64 created Project Another Metroid 2 Remake , also known as AM2R . The project aims to update the game 's appearance by emulating , and in some cases trumping , the visual designs of Super Metroid and Metroid : Zero Mission . Frank Caron of Ars Technica claims that it features " incredible graphics " and he consider it a " painstaking recreation of the original level design " . He observed , " [ t ] he animations are incredibly smooth , colors vibrant , and backgrounds well @-@ detailed . " AM2R is scheduled for release on August 6 , 2016 .
= Heian Palace = The Heian Palace was the original imperial palace of Heian @-@ kyō ( present @-@ day Kyoto ) , the capital of Japan , from 794 to 1227 . The palace , which served as the imperial residence and the administrative centre of for most of the Heian period ( from 794 to 1185 ) , was located at the north @-@ central location of the city in accordance with the Chinese models used for the design of the capital . The palace consisted of a large rectangular walled enclosure , which contained several ceremonial and administrative buildings including the government ministries . Inside this enclosure was the separately walled residential compound of the emperor or the Inner Palace . In addition to the emperor 's living quarters , the Inner Palace contained the residences of the imperial consorts , as well as certain official and ceremonial buildings more closely linked to the person of the emperor . The original role of the palace was to manifest the centralised government model adopted by Japan from China in the 7th century — the Daijō @-@ kan and its subsidiary Eight Ministries . The palace was designed to provide an appropriate setting for the emperor 's residence , the conduct of great affairs of state , and the accompanying ceremonies . While the residential function of the palace continued until the 12th century , the facilities built for grand state ceremonies began to fall into disuse by the 9th century . This was due to both the abandonment of several statutory ceremonies and procedures and the transfer of several remaining ceremonies into the smaller @-@ scale setting of the Inner Palace . From the mid @-@ Heian period , the palace suffered several fires and other disasters . During reconstructions , emperors and some of the office functions resided outside the palace . This , along with the general loss of political power of the court , acted to further diminish the importance of the palace as the administrative centre . Finally in 1227 the palace burned down and was never rebuilt . The site was built over so that almost no trace of it remains . Knowledge of the palace is thus based on contemporary literary sources , surviving diagrams and paintings , and limited excavations conducted mainly since the late 1970s . = = Location = = The palace was located at the northern centre of the rectangular Heian @-@ kyō , following the Chinese model ( specifically that of the Tang dynasty capital of Chang 'an ) adopted already for the Heijō Palace in the earlier capital Heijō @-@ kyō ( in present @-@ day Nara ) , and Nagaoka @-@ kyō . The south @-@ eastern corner of the Greater Palace was located in the middle of the present @-@ day Nijō Castle . The main entrance to the palace was the Suzakumon gate ( 35 ° 0 ′ 49 ″ N 135 ° 44 ′ 32 ″ E ) , which formed the northern terminus of the great Suzaku Avenue that ran through the centre of the city from the Rashōmon gate . The palace thus faced south and presided over the symmetrical urban plan of Heian @-@ kyō . In addition to the Suzaku Gate , the palace had 13 other gates located symmetrically along the side walls . A major avenue ( 大路 , ōji ) led to each of the gates , except for the three along the northern side of the palace , which was coterminous with the northern boundary of the city itself . = = History = = The palace was the first and most important structure to be erected at the new capital of Heian @-@ kyō , where the court moved in 794 following Emperor Kanmu 's order . The palace was not completely ready by the time of the move , however — the Daigokuden was completed only in 795 , and the government office in charge of its construction was disbanded only in 805 . The grand Chinese @-@ style compounds of Chōdō @-@ in and Buraku @-@ in started to fall into disuse quite early on , in parallel with the decline of the elaborate Chinese @-@ inspired ritsuryō government processes and bureaucracy , which were gradually either abandoned or reduced to empty forms . The centre of gravity of the palace complex moved to the Inner Palace or Dairi , and the Shishinden and later even the Seiryōden overtook the Daigokuden as loci for the conduct of official government business . In parallel with the concentration of activity within the Dairi , the Greater Palace began to be regarded as increasingly unsafe , especially by night . One reason may be the prevalent superstition of the period : uninhabited buildings were avoided for fear of spirits and ghosts , and even the great Buraku @-@ in compound was thought to be haunted . In addition , the level of actual security maintained at the palace went into decline , and by the early 11th century only one palace gate , the Yōmeimon in the east , appears to have been guarded . Hence burglary and even violent crime became a problem within the palace by the first half of 11th century . Fires were a constant problem as the palace compound was constructed almost entirely of wood . The Daigokuden was reconstructed after fires in 876 , 1068 and in 1156 despite its limited use . However , after the major fire of 1177 which destroyed much of the Greater Palace , the Daigokuden was never again rebuilt . The Burakuin was destroyed by a fire in 1063 and was never rebuilt . As of 960 , the Dairi was also repeatedly destroyed by fires , but it was systematically rebuilt and used as the official imperial residence until the late 12th century . During periods of rebuilding the Dairi following fires , the emperors frequently had to stay at their secondary sato @-@ dairi ( 里内裏 ) palaces within the city . Often these secondary palaces were provided by the powerful Fujiwara family , which especially in the latter part of the Heian period exercised de facto control of politics by providing consorts to successive emperors . Thus the residences of the emperors ' maternal grandparents started to usurp the residential role of the palace even before the end of the Heian period . The institution of rule by retired emperors or the insei system ( 院政 , insei ) from 1086 further added to the declining importance of the palace as retired emperors exercised power from their own residential palaces inside and outside the city . After a fire in 1177 , the original palace complex was abandoned and emperors resided in smaller palaces ( the former sato @-@ dairi ) within the city and villas outside it . In 1227 a fire finally destroyed what remained of the Dairi , and the old Greater Palace went into complete disuse . In 1334 Emperor Go @-@ Daigo issued an edict to rebuild the Greater Palace , but no resources were available to support this and the project came to nothing . The present Kyoto Imperial Palace is located immediately to the west of the site of the Tsuchimikado Mansion ( 土御門殿 , tsuchimikadodono ) , the great Fujiwara residence in the north @-@ eastern corner of the city . The Jingi @-@ kan , the final standing section of the palace , remained in use until 1585 . = = Greater Palace ( Daidairi ) = = The Greater Palace ( 大内裏 , daidairi ) was a walled rectangular area extending approximately 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 87 mi ) from north to south between the first and second major east @-@ west avenues ( Ichijō ōji ( 一条大路 ) and Nijō ōji ( 二条大路 ) and 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) from west to east between the Nishi Ōmiya ōji ( 西大宮大路 ) and Ōmiya ōji ( 大宮大路 ) north @-@ south avenues . The three main structures within the Greater Palace were the Official Compound Chōdō @-@ in ( 朝堂院 ) , the Reception Compound Buraku @-@ in ( 豊楽院 ) and the Inner Palace ( 内裏 , dairi ) . = = = Chōdō @-@ in = = = Chōdō @-@ in was a rectangular walled enclosure situated directly to the north of the Suzakumon gate in the centre of the southern wall of the Greater Palace . It was based on Chinese models and followed Chinese architectural styles , and archaeological evidence from earlier capitals shows that this building complex was present in earlier palaces and had a remarkably stable design from the 7th century onwards . = = = = Daigokuden = = = = The main building within the Chōdō @-@ in was the Daigokuden ( 大極殿 ) or the Great Audience Hall , facing south at the northern end of the compound . This was a large ( approximately 52 m ( 170 ft ) east to west and 20 m ( 65 ft ) north to south ) Chinese @-@ style building with white walls , vermilion pillars and green tiled roofs , intended to host the most important state ceremonies and functions . The southern part of the Chōdō @-@ in was occupied by the Twelve Halls where the bureaucracy was seated for ceremonies according to strict order of precedence . The Heian Jingū shrine in Kyoto includes an apparently faithful reconstruction of the Daigokuden in somewhat reduced scale . It was in the Chōdō @-@ in that Accession Audiences were held , the emperor was supposed to preside over early morning deliberations on major state affairs by the bureaucracy , receive monthly reports from officials , hold New Year Congratulations and receive foreign ambassadors . However , the practice of the morning deliberations ceased to be followed by 810 as did the monthly reports . Foreign ambassadors were no longer received for most of the Heian period , and the New Year celebrations were abbreviated and moved into the Dairi by the end of the 10th century , leaving the Accession Audiences and certain Buddhist ceremonials as the only ones held in the Chōdō @-@ in . = = = Buraku @-@ in = = = The Buraku @-@ in was another large rectangular Chinese @-@ style compound , situated to the west of the Chōdō @-@ in . It was built for official celebrations and banquets and used also for other types of entertainment such as archery contests . Like the Chōdō @-@ in , also the Buraku @-@ in had a hall at the central northern end of the enclosure overseeing the court . This hall , the Burakuden ( 豊楽殿 ) , was used by the emperor and courtiers presiding over activities in the Buraku @-@ in . However , like the Chōdō @-@ in , the Buraku @-@ in also fell gradually into disuse as many functions were moved to the Dairi . Its site is one of the few within the palace area that has been excavated . = = = Other buildings = = = Apart from the Inner Palace , the remaining area of the Greater Palace was occupied by ministries , lesser offices , workshops , storage buildings and the large open space of the Banqueting Pine Grove or En no Matsubara ( 宴の松原 ) to the east of the Dairi . The buildings of the Council of State or Daijōkan ( 太政官 ) were situated in a walled enclosure immediately to the east of the Chōdō @-@ in , laid out in the typical symmetrical plan of buildings opening to a courtyard in the south . The palace also housed the Shingon @-@ in ( 真言院 ) , apart from Tō @-@ ji and Sai @-@ ji , the only Buddhist establishment permitted within the capital . Its placement right next to the Inner Palace shows the influence of the Shingon sect during the early Heian Period . = = Inner Palace ( Dairi ) = = The Inner Palace or Dairi was located to the north @-@ east of the Chōdō @-@ in , somewhat to the east of the central north @-@ south axis of the Greater Palace . Its central feature was the Throne Hall . The Dairi encompassed the emperor 's quarters and the pavilions of the imperial consorts and ladies @-@ in @-@ waiting ( collectively , the Kōkyū ) . The Dairi was enclosed within two sets of walls . In addition to the Dairi itself , the outer walls enclosed some household offices , storage areas , and the Chūwain ( 中和院 ) , a walled area of Shinto buildings associated with the emperor 's religious functions , situated to the west of the Dairi itself , at the geographic centre of the Greater Palace . The principal gate of the larger enclosure was the Kenreimon gate ( 建礼門 ) , located in the southern wall along the median north @-@ south axis of the Dairi . The Dairi proper , the residential compound of the emperor , was enclosed within another set of walls to the east of Chūwain . It measured approximately 215 m ( 710 ft ) north to south and 170 m ( 560 ft ) east to west . The main gate was the Shōmeimon gate ( 承明門 ) at the centre of the southern wall of the Dairi enclosure , immediately to the north of the Kenreimon gate . In contrast to the solemn official Chinese @-@ style architecture of the Chōdō @-@ in and the Buraku @-@ in , the Dairi was built in more intimate Japanese architectural style — if still on a grand scale . The Inner Palace represented a variant of the shinden style architecture used in the aristocratic villas and houses of the period . The buildings , with unpainted surfaces and gabled and shingled cypress bark roofs , were raised on elevated wooden platforms and connected to each other with covered and uncovered slightly elevated passages . Between the buildings and passages were gravel yards and small gardens . = = = Shishinden = = = The largest building of the Dairi was the Throne Hall or Shishinden ( 紫宸殿 ) , a building reserved for official functions . It was a rectangular hall measuring approximately 30 m ( 98 ft ) east to west and 25 m ( 82 ft ) north to south , and situated along the median north @-@ south axis of the Dairi , overseeing a rectangular courtyard and facing the Shōmeimon gate . A tachibana orange tree and a sakura cherry tree stood symmetrically on both sides of the front staircase of the building . The courtyard was flanked on both sides by smaller halls connected to the Shishinden , creating the same configuration of buildings ( influenced by Chinese examples ) that was found in the aristocratic shinden style villas of the period . The Shishinden was used for official functions and ceremonies that were not held at the Daigokuden of the Chōdō @-@ in complex . It took over much of the intended use of the larger and more formal building from an early date , as the daily business of government ceased to be conducted in the presence of the emperor in the Daigokuden already at the beginning of the ninth century . Connected to this diminishing reliance on the official government procedures described in the Ritsuryō code was the establishment of a personal secretariat to the emperor , the Chamberlain 's Office or Kurōdodokoro ( 蔵人所 ) . This office , which increasingly took over the role of coordinating the work of government organs , was set up in the Kyōshōden ( 校書殿 ) , the hall to the south @-@ west of the Shishinden . = = = Jijūden = = = To the north of the Shishinden stood the Jijūden ( 仁寿殿 ) , a similarly constructed hall of somewhat smaller size that was intended to function as the emperor 's living quarters . However , beginning already in the ninth century , the emperors often chose to reside in other buildings of the Dairi . A third still smaller hall , the Shōkyōden ( 承香殿 ) was located next to the north along the main axis of the Dairi . After the Dairi was rebuilt following a fire in 960 , the regular residence of the emperors moved to the smaller Seiryōden ( 清涼殿 ) , an east @-@ facing building located immediately to the north @-@ west from Shishinden . Gradually the Seiryōden began to be used increasingly for meetings as well , with emperors spending much of their time in this part of the palace . The busiest part of the building was the Courtiers Hall ( 殿上間 , Tenjōnoma ) , where high @-@ ranking nobles came to meet in the presence of the emperor . = = = Other buildings = = = The empress , as well as the official and unofficial imperial consorts , was also housed in the Dairi , occupying buildings in the northern part of the enclosure . The most prestigious buildings , housing the empress and the official consorts , were the ones that had appropriate locations for such use according to the originally Chinese design principles ( the Kokiden ( 弘徽殿 ) , the Reikeiden ( 麗景殿 ) and the Jōneiden ( 常寧殿 ) , as well as the ones closest to the imperial residence in Seiryōden ( the Kōryōden ( 後涼殿 ) and the Fujitsubo ( 藤壷 ) ) . The lesser consorts and ladies @-@ in @-@ waiting occupied other buildings in the northern half of the Dairi . One of the Imperial Regalia of Japan , the emperor 's replica of the sacred mirror , was also housed in the Unmeiden hall ( 温明殿 ) of the Dairi . The present @-@ day Kyoto Imperial Palace , located in what was the north @-@ eastern corner of Heian @-@ kyō , reproduces much of the Heian @-@ period Dairi , in particular the Shishinden and the Seiryōden .
= Montpelier , Brighton = Montpelier is an inner suburban area of Brighton , part of the English city and seaside resort of Brighton and Hove . Developed together with the adjacent Clifton Hill area in the mid @-@ 19th century , it forms a high @-@ class , architecturally cohesive residential district with " an exceptionally complete character " . Stucco @-@ clad terraced housing and villas predominate , but two of the city 's most significant Victorian churches and a landmark hospital building are also in the area , which lies immediately northwest of Brighton city centre and spreads as far as the ancient parish boundary with Hove . Development was initially stimulated when one of the main roads out of Brighton was turnpiked in the late 18th century , but the hilly land — condemned as " hideous masses of unfledged earth " by John Constable , who painted it nevertheless — was mostly devoted to agriculture until the 1820s . The ascent of Brighton from provincial fishing town to fashionable resort prompted a building boom in the next quarter @-@ century , and Montpelier and Clifton Hill were transformed into districts of architecturally homogeneous streets with carefully designed , intricately detailed housing . Little demolition , infilling or redevelopment has occurred since , and hundreds of buildings have been granted listed status . The whole suburb is also one of 34 conservation areas in the city of Brighton and Hove . Historic buildings include The Temple — local landowner Thomas Read Kemp 's house , now a private school — the former Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children , currently being redeveloped , and large mid 19th @-@ century houses such as Montpelier Hall . The area also has several set @-@ piece residential squares and crescents such as Clifton Terrace , Powis Square , Vernon Terrace , Montpelier Crescent and Montpelier Villas . The architectural partnership of Amon Wilds , his son Amon Henry Wilds and Charles Busby — the most important architects in Regency era Brighton and Hove — designed many of these . Montpelier 's range of churches includes some of the city 's finest , but others have been demolished in the postwar period . = = Location and character = = Montpelier is a centrally located inner suburb of the city of Brighton and Hove . The Lanes , the ancient centre of Brighton , is about 0 @.@ 7 miles ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) to the southeast , and central Hove is about 1 @.@ 1 miles ( 1 @.@ 8 km ) to the west . London is 50 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 81 @.@ 3 km ) to the north . There is no single official definition of the area covered by Montpelier and Clifton Hill , but most authorities ( including Brighton and Hove City Council ) define it as the area west of West Hill and east of the ancient parish boundary between Brighton and Hove . The Seven Dials area and the road junction of that name are to the north , forming the apex of the roughly triangular area , and the major city @-@ centre shopping street Western Road lies to the south . Two roads form important through routes for cross @-@ city traffic : Montpelier Road runs south – north from the city centre to Seven Dials , and the west – east Upper North Street links the city centre to Hove . Both are busy , but traffic is limited in the smaller residential streets . Dyke Road — the ancient route from Brighton to Devil 's Dyke and Steyning and eventually on to London — forms the conservation area 's eastern boundary except at the southern end , where it extends east of the road to include St Nicholas ' Church ( Brighton 's original parish church ) , Wykeham Terrace and other small parts of West Hill . The land rises gently from the southwest to a summit at Clifton Hill . Writing in 1833 , J.D. Parry said that the hill " commands a magnificent view , and has very fine air " . John Constable , who stayed in Brighton several times during the 1820s , was less impressed : he described it as " hideous masses of unfledged earth called the country " . Nevertheless , he produced several paintings of the area , which provide a record of its appearance just before it became suburbanised . Geologically , Montpelier is built on grassy downland and sheep @-@ pasture , beneath which is chalk . This pattern is repeated across the rest of the city , most of the Sussex coast and for several miles inland . The chalk , " one of the most complete and accessible strata anywhere in Europe " , was formed about 100 million years ago . As in other areas where chalk is prevalent , the soil above it is rendzina . Found in thin layers and with a high calcium content , it has a poor agricultural value . In common with the rest of Brighton , the area has a temperate climate : its Köppen climate classification is Cfb . It is characterised by mild , calm weather with high levels of sunshine , sea breezes and a " healthy , bracing air " attributed to the low level of tree cover . Average rainfall levels increase as the land rises : the 1958 – 1990 mean was 740 millimetres ( 29 in ) on the seafront and about 1 @,@ 000 millimetres ( 39 in ) at the top of the South Downs above Brighton . Locally , a distinction is made between the northern part of the area towards the top of the hill — this area is known as Clifton or Clifton Hill — and the lower land to the south and west , as far as the Hove boundary and Western Road , known as Montpelier . The names are also used interchangeably , and some sources make further distinctions : the area around Powis Grove , Powis Villas , Powis Road and St Michael and All Angels Church is called Powis in one study of the area . Although Montpelier first appears as the name of the area on a map of 1824 , this still makes it the earliest Montpelier in England — predating those in Bristol , Cheltenham and elsewhere in taking and adapting the name of the French spa resort Montpellier . The town was popular with rich English people in the 18th century for convalescence : it had an excellent climate and good medical facilities . The term " Montpelier Estate " is sometimes used for the area as a whole . = = = Demography and politics = = = Montpelier and Clifton Hill are predominantly residential : about 20 % of buildings have other uses , primarily commercial and retail . Some areas have clusters of small shops , and there are many pubs and restaurants . The southern part of Montpelier is very close to Brighton 's main retail area , Western Road and the Churchill Square shopping centre . Many streets provide long southward views towards the sea . The area forms part of Brighton and Hove City Council 's Regency ward , one of 21 wards in the city . This is part of the Brighton Pavilion parliamentary constituency , which elected Caroline Lucas of the Green Party at the 2010 General Election . She held the seat with an increased majority at the 2015 General Election . Regency is classified as a " Prospering Metropolitan B " ward by the Office for National Statistics . 0 @.@ 91 % of the United Kingdom population live in such a ward , whose characteristics include much lower proportions of children , manufacturing sector workers , detached houses and households with more than one car than the national average , and much higher proportions of single @-@ person households , people qualified to degree level and privately rented accommodation than the average . Population density is also much higher in Prospering Metropolitan B wards than in the United Kingdom as a whole . The Regency ward covers 235 @.@ 5 acres ( 95 @.@ 3 ha ) of central Brighton , bounded by Seven Dials to the north , the ancient Brighton / Hove parish boundary to the west , the English Channel to the south and Dyke Road , North Street and Old Steine to the east . It therefore includes territory that is not part of Montpelier , whose southern boundary at Western Road runs through the middle of the ward . At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , for which the size of the ward was measured at 88 acres ( 36 ha ) , Regency had a population of 8 @,@ 510 . Its population density of 96 @.@ 25 persons per hectare was much higher than that of the city Brighton and Hove ( 29 @.@ 98 ) and of South East England as a whole ( 4 @.@ 2 ) . The ethnic mix is similar to that of the wider city and of South East England as a whole : in the Census , 93 @.@ 3 % of people in Regency classified themselves as White , 2 @.@ 1 % as Mixed , 1 @.@ 88 % as Asian or Asian British , 1 @.@ 79 % as Chinese or Other , and 0 @.@ 93 % as Black British . The largest differences in comparison to Brighton and Hove overall were the lower proportion of White people and the higher proportion belonging to Chinese or other ethnic groups . The gender balance is significantly different from that of the city as a whole : while 48 @.@ 38 % of Brighton and Hove 's residents were male ( as recorded by the 2001 Census ) , the proportion rose to 54 @.@ 49 % of people in Regency ward . = = History = = The South Downs , a range of chalk hills , surrounded the ancient fishing and farming village of Brighton ( formerly Brighthelmston ) . The downland pasture sloped down to the English Channel coast and was farmed in one of two ways : some parts were divided into strips according to a local system of " laines " , furlongs " and " paul @-@ pieces " , and other areas were left for the grazing of sheep . The area now covered by Montpelier was an example of the latter . The five laines around Brighton were based on land with a relatively gentle slope ; when the gradient or height made the land too difficult to work , no more strips were marked out and the rest of the land was given over to grazing . A map of Brighton from the 1740s shows that a large section in the northwest of the parish — north of West Laine , west of North Laine and bisected by the road to Steyning — was marked as " sheep down " . It had no official name at the time , but by 1792 it had become known as Church Hill in reference to St Nicholas ' Church , the parish church of Brighton which stood on a hillock near the road . The part west of the road was sometimes described as " Church Hill – West Side " ; the corresponding " East Side " later became known as West Hill during Brighton 's 19th @-@ century growth . The road became a turnpike in 1777 , increasing its importance , and became known as Dyke Road . Vine 's Mill , one of several windmills built on the Downs around Brighton , was erected in 1810 . The sheep down was not common land : its ownership has been traced back to the 11th century ( to Canute , Earl Godwin and his son King Harold ) , and by the late 18th century it was held by two influential local landowners . Thomas Kemp held about 41 acres ( 17 ha ) , and John Sackville , 3rd Duke of Dorset owned over 5 acres ( 2 @.@ 0 ha ) . When Kemp died in 1811 , his landholding transferred to his son Thomas Read Kemp . The Kemp family first acquired the land in 1770 , when it was sold to them by the Friend family — whose history of large @-@ scale land acquisition around Brighton goes back to the late 16th century and the purchase of the former St Bartholomew 's Priory and its grounds . Thomas Read Kemp had moved out of Brighton in 1807 , but decided to return in 1819 . By this time he was enjoying " a rich social life " and his considerable inherited wealth . As he owned so much land around Brighton , there were many sites he could choose for his new home ; he selected a remote site near the track ( running from the seafront to the Ditchling Road ) which later became Montpelier Road . At the time there were only three people living on the farmland of " Church Hill – West Side " , including an eccentric former marine corporal who occupied a cave in a former chalk pit . He had been invalided out of the Navy after fighting in the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 , but retained his military interest : he made chalk models to sell , and rigged up four pistols to form a miniature battery which he would fire to celebrate military anniversaries . Read Kemp 's house , probably designed by Amon Wilds or his son Amon Henry Wilds , was called The Temple ( and was popularly nicknamed " Kemp 's Folly " or " the Brighton Mansion " ) . He may have chosen the secluded site because it was close to the chalybeate spring at St Ann 's Well in the neighbouring parish of Hove , popularised by Dr Richard Russell in the 1750s but known to generations of shepherds before that for the health @-@ giving effect it had on their sheep . The iron @-@ rich water was used in " a primitive little spa " for about 100 years , and the associated Pump Room and gardens were popular with visitors long after that . The increasing popularity of Brighton as a resort resulted in an " exponential growth in housing " . In 1783 , just after the first expansion outside the ancient four @-@ street village , there were 600 houses ; in 1801 there were 1 @,@ 282 , by 1811 another 1 @,@ 096 had been completed , and in 1821 there were 4 @,@ 299 . The land of Church Hill was ideal for development — land ownership was not complex , unlike in many of the laines , and the sheltered southwest @-@ facing slopes were close to both St Ann 's Well and the centre of Brighton 's fashionable social scene around Old Steine . The area developed rapidly as a residential district from the 1820s , and was one of the earliest of Brighton 's many 19th @-@ century suburbs . From 1823 , Read Kemp became heavily involved in his speculative Kemp Town estate on the edge of Brighton , and he moved to a house there in 1827 ( after which The Temple became a boys ' school ) . He began selling plots of land throughout the area , and streets and areas of housing took shape . Montpelier Road was one of the first to develop , on the site of the long track which had given Read Kemp access to the seafront from his house ; it is not named before 1820 , but it appears on a map of 1822 . Houses such as numbers 53 – 56 , by Amon Henry Wilds , and the semi @-@ detached villas of numbers 91 – 96 , date from about 1830 . Hampton Place , a sloping terrace of " especially pretty houses " , was an 1820s development by speculator William Hallett , who occupied one of the houses himself . Around the same time , Amon Henry Wilds and Charles Busby built several houses on a former track which became Clifton Road , and work started at Montpelier Terrace with the construction of a pair of villas in 1823 . Montpelier Lodge ( c . 1830 ) on Montpelier Terrace stood out from the surrounding stuccoed buildings due to its red @-@ brick walls ; it also had an elaborate entrance with Doric columns and a delicately patterned fanlight . Development accelerated after Thomas Read Kemp was declared bankrupt in 1837 , forcing him to sell all his land and move to France . Parcels of land were rapidly developed with terraced streets ( especially to the south , leading up from Western Road ) and set @-@ piece squares and crescents . The Temple was still isolated until 1834 – 35 , when the firm of George Cheesman & Son built a new vicarage for the Vicar of Brighton Henry Michell Wagner . The " austere Neo @-@ Tudor " house stood back from the nearest road . In about 1840 , Wagner 's sister moved to the newly built Belvedere House nearby , and encouraged development of the adjacent road which became Montpelier Place . ( The four @-@ storey houses of Belvedere Terrace were built on her behalf in the grounds of Belvedere House in about 1852 . ) Brighton was connected to the railway network in 1840 when a line to Shoreham @-@ by @-@ Sea opened , followed in 1841 by the completion of the link to London . This stimulated growth even further , and the 1840s were a boom period for Montpelier . ( Brighton as a whole grew rapidly in the 1840s — between 1841 and 1851 , 2 @,@ 806 new houses were built compared to 437 for the preceding decade — but the effect was greater in Montpelier because the station was close by at the foot of West Hill . ) During the 1840s , Montpelier Villas and Montpelier Crescent were laid out , several houses were built in Clifton Road , Montpelier Road and Montpelier Terrace were fully built up , Upper North Street became an important route lined with " modest yet grandly treated " houses , the " very attractive composition " of Clifton Terrace was built ( it was finished in 1847 ) , Victoria Street was laid out with bay @-@ fronted terraced houses , and Windlesham House was constructed near The Temple . This became the New Sussex Hospital in 1921 after alterations by the Clayton & Black architecture firm , but is now flats called Temple Heights . Developments in the 1850s included Powis Square , Villas and Road , Norfolk Terrace and Vernon Terrace . The Powis area took its name from property developer John Yearsley , who was from Welshpool in Powys . Yearsley bought several acres of land on a leasehold basis from the Kemp family in 1846 ; he acquired the freehold soon after . ( Thomas Read Kemp died in France in 1844 , seven years after leaving Brighton to escape his debts . ) Land was also acquired and developed by the prominent Hallett , Wisden , Baring and Faithfull families . ( The Baring baronets were related to Thomas Read Kemp by marriage ; Henry Faithfull , who worked with Yearsley to develop the Powis area , was the brother of MP George Faithfull ; and Thomas and John Wisden were prolific builders . ) Denmark Terrace , a continuation of Vernon Terrace , was erected in the 1860s ; at its south end it met Temple Gardens , the road on which The Temple stood . Also of the 1860s were parts of Norfolk Road ( where development had started 30 years before ) , St Michael 's Place ( 1868 – 69 ) with terraced houses " impressive in their length and height " , and some infill development in Montpelier Terrace , Clifton Place , Powis Road and Vernon Terrace . Montpelier 's residential development was nearly complete by the 1870s , as suggested by an Ordnance Survey map of that time which shows undeveloped fields only in the area beyond Vernon Terrace . In 1870 or 1871 , Brighton Children 's Hospital — established three years earlier in Western Road — moved to a new building on the site of the former Church Road School in West Hill . In 1880 – 81 , Thomas Lainson built the new Royal Alexandra Hospital for Sick Children nearby at the junction of Dyke Road and Clifton Hill . It was extended and altered in 1904 , 1906 and 1927 – 28 . Some more houses were built in the Edwardian era , mostly in the characteristic Edwardian style with bright red brick " standing out amongst the stucco " . Examples include some in Temple Gardens and Vernon Gardens in the 1890s , a row on one side of Denmark Terrace , Windlesham Road ( where numbers 14 and 16 , built in 1903 , are especially elaborate ) and 18 – 25 Clifton Road ( 1903 – 04 , with ornate gables and turreted corners ) . In 1902 , the London & Brighton Express Electric Railway Company sought permission to build a new surface railway line from Westminster to a terminus near the junction of Montpelier Road and Western Road , passing Clifton Hill . Hove Council supported the parliamentary Bill , but nothing came of it ; when the promoters proposed it again in 1903 , the council were no longer interested . Additions and alterations to the streetscape have been minimal since the early 20th century . Windlesham House became the New Sussex Hospital for Women in 1921 following alterations by Clayton & Black , who similarly rebuilt a 19th @-@ century house on Montpelier Road as a chapel for Brighton 's Christian Scientist community in the same year . The hospital was extended to the rear in the 1930s ( but new flats called York Mansions were built on the site in 2001 ) , and the Royal Alexandra Hospital absorbed a neighbouring villa . Additions to the Brighton & Hove High School , which had taken over The Temple , included a " drab " set of classrooms in the 1960s , a later administration block and a glazed sports hall in 2001 – 02 ( the last two were designed by architects Morgan Carn Partnership ) . Demolitions included the former Emanuel Reformed Episcopal Church on Norfolk Terrace ( replaced by a Baptist church ) in 1965 , The Dials Congregational Church in 1972 ( built in 1871 ; replaced by sheltered accommodation ) and Belvedere House ( replaced in the 1970s by the Park Royal flats ) . Other blocks of flats were built in that decade on spare land on Montpelier Terrace and Clifton Terrace . = = Buildings = = = = = Churches = = = The Montpelier and Clifton Hill areas have four extant churches and one former church building which is now in secular use . Three of these buildings have listed status . Another three churches were demolished in the postwar period . The Anglican St Michael and All Angels Church has been a centre of Anglo @-@ Catholicism and High church worship since it opened in 1861 . It was one of several daughter churches planted out of St Paul 's Church in the early Victorian era . George Frederick Bodley designed the original building on behalf of his friend Rev. Charles Beanlands , a curate at St Paul 's , and work started in 1858 . William Burges then supplied plans for an extension in 1865 , but these were not executed until 1893 – 95 by J.S. Chapple , an architect from the recently deceased Burges ' office . The two parts are connected by a four @-@ bay arcade inside , and Bodley 's original nave has become an aisle . The building is a tall red @-@ brick and stone Gothic Revival structure with traceried lancet windows . The internal fittings combine " grandeur and artistry in a most satisfying way " , and the 19th @-@ century stained glass has been called the best in Sussex . The church is Grade I @-@ listed . St Mary Magdalen 's Church , another brick and stone Gothic Revival building , was designed for the area 's Roman Catholics in 1861 – 64 by Gilbert Blount . Frederick Walters added a complementary school and presbytery in 1871 and 1891 respectively , and the complex takes up a large site on Upper North Street . A tall tower with a landmark broach spire stands almost separated from the Decorated Gothic nave and chancel . The interior has contrasting stone ( intricately carved to Blount 's designs ) and marble , and Joseph Cribb carved the effigies of Saint Joseph and Saint George which flank the entrance . St Mary Magdalen 's has Grade II @-@ listed status . The First Church of Christ , Scientist , serving the city 's Christian Scientists , is a " notable " former house on Montpelier Road . It was built in the early 1850s and was converted into a church by local architects Clayton & Black in 1921 . The exterior is rusticated and has an elaborate pediment and large pilasters flanking the tiered windows . A panelled gallery survives inside . E. Joseph Wood 's Montpelier Place Baptist Church of 1966 replaced the former Emanuel Reformed Episcopal Church . The low brown @-@ brick building stands on a corner site at the top of Norfolk Terrace . There are echoes of Coventry Cathedral in the treatment of the façade , which has two gabled bays linked by an arcaded wall with a sawtooth @-@ style roof . Each bay has vertical rows of recessed bricks . A flat @-@ roofed church hall adjoins . The Grade II * -listed former St Stephen 's Church on Montpelier Place closed in 1939 and is now used as a day centre for homeless people . George Cheesman designed the plain stuccoed Classical façade , with Doric pilasters and an octagonal lantern , in 1851 . Behind it lies the opulent former ballroom of the Castle Inn , built by John Crunden in 1776 and later transported to Montpelier Place . Arthur Blomfield made additions to the church in 1889 . It was refurbished after a fire in 1988 . Christ Church stood on Montpelier Road south of Western Road between 1837 and 1982 . George Cheesman designed it and Edmund Scott undertook restoration in 1886 ; both architects worked on other local churches as well . The Gothic Revival building had a galleried interior and a spire matching that at Chichester Cathedral . It was gutted in an arson attack in 1978 ; the exterior survived , but it was demolished in 1982 in favour of the International / Modern @-@ style Christ Church House flats . The congregation of the church moved to nearby St Patrick 's Church . The Dials Congregational Church stood at the junction of Clifton Road and Dyke Road ( the site of the present Homelees House ) between 1870 and 1972 , although it closed in 1969 . Its 150 @-@ foot ( 46 m ) " Rhenish helm " -topped clock tower was prominent on the skyline , and behind was a large horseshoe @-@ shaped auditorium . The Romanesque Revival building , described as " uncouth " by Nikolaus Pevsner , was designed by Thomas Simpson . Work on Homelees House , a sheltered housing scheme , began in 1985 . Norfolk Road Methodist Church , designed by C.O. Ellison , stood on Norfolk Road from 1868 until 1965 . It was a large Early English / Decorated Gothic Revival flint and stone building with a tower and spire , and it had an extensive array of stained glass . Externally and internally — where the main aisle led the eye to the central altar , and the lectern and pulpit stood to one side — there was little to distinguish it from an Anglican church , and it was known as the " Methodist Cathedral of the South " . Demographic changes meant the congregation dwindled , and the church closed in 1964 and was demolished the following year to be replaced by Braemar House , a large block of flats with a " bland red @-@ brick façade " . = = = Other public buildings = = = The Royal Alexandra Hospital for Sick Children , " an important part of Brighton life and a well known local landmark " , was officially opened on 21 July 1881 and was used until 22 June 2007 , when a new children 's hospital opened on the Royal Sussex County Hospital campus elsewhere in the city . Designed by Thomas Lainson , it was a three @-@ storey Queen Anne @-@ style building of red brick with terracotta dressings and mouldings , enlivened by Dutch gables , cupolas and a moulded cartouche . Extensions included a colonnade of balconies ( later enclosed ) by the Clayton & Black firm in 1906 and a Vernacular @-@ style recessed wing of two storeys in 1927 – 28 , partly tile @-@ hung and with timber decoration to the gables . The first mention of its potential closure came in 2001 , when the Government allocated £ 28 million towards new facilities at the Royal Sussex County Hospital on Eastern Road in Kemptown . By 2004 , it seemed likely that the building would be demolished and the site redeveloped with luxury flats . Montpelier residents were unsuccessful in their attempt to get the former hospital listed by English Heritage , who stated that Lainson 's original design had been altered so much that much of its character had been lost . Taylor Wimpey , a housebuilding company , bought the hospital in December 2006 , but their proposals to clear the site and build a combined residential development and GP surgery were refused twice by the city council , in 2007 and 2008 . In 2009 Taylor Wimpey appealed against the latest refusal to grant planning permission for 149 flats and a four @-@ day public inquiry was held at Brighton Town Hall in May 2009 . The local conservation group , the Montpelier and Clifton Hill Association , led the opposition to Taylor Wimpey 's plans to demolish the hospital . The planning inspector , John Papworth , turned down Taylor Wimpey 's appeal , praising the architectural quality of Thomas Lainson 's main building . " I consider that the main block and particularly its southern façade and the southern end of the Dyke Road frontage contribute positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area , ” said Papworth . In 2010 Taylor Wimpey abandoned its plans to clear the site and put forward a compromise plan , which kept the main Lainson building but demolished the later ancillary buildings on the site . This plan , which was supported by the Montpelier and Clifton Hill Association was approved by the council in 2011 . Flats on the site went on sale ( marketed as Royal Alexandra Quarter ) in 2012 . The iconic main hospital building , to be called the Lainson building , is currently being restored and converted to provide 20 flats . The Temple , now the main part of Brighton and Hove High School , was built in 1818 – 19 by Amon Wilds or his son Amon Henry Wilds , and has been described as " certainly exotic enough for their tastes " . The Wilds , along with Charles Busby , were the three architects most closely associated with the development of Brighton and Hove in the Regency era and the exuberant , confident and strongly planned architecture which still characterises the city . The Temple was an early commission : they only moved to Brighton in 1814 . The north and east walls retain their original appearance : long colonnades are formed by a series of arches on top of paired vertical features of " bizarre form " . These have unusual capitals and have been described as resembling Egyptian @-@ style pilasters or engaged columns . The west and south façades also had these , but the building was drastically altered in 1911 – 12 : the domed roof was replaced by a mansard , a curious central spiral staircase housed in a cylindrical structure was removed , and chimneys were taken away . The dimensions of the building match those of Solomon 's Temple in Jerusalem . The Temple is a Grade II listed building , and the large flint and brick wall surrounding the building is also listed at Grade II ; it is decorated with stone lion heads . An extension was also built at the southwest corner in 1891 . Junior pupils shared the building with the senior school until 1904 , after which they moved several times : to Norfolk Terrace , Montpelier Crescent , the former vicarage ( in 1922 ) and finally to new facilities in Hove . The former vicarage is now the school 's sixth @-@ form . George Cheesman & Son designed it on behalf of Vicar of Brighton Henry Michell Wagner in 1834 – 35 ; it is a stuccoed building with prominent gables and windows with mullions and transoms . An ornate staircase survives inside . = = = Residential squares and terraces = = = = = = = Clifton Terrace = = = = This runs east – wast across the slope of the hill , and has private gardens on the site of the former windmill which moved to Albion Hill in 1837 . Most construction work took place in 1846 – 47 , but the 23 @-@ house terrace and its gardens were not finished until 1851 . The houses combine the Regency @-@ style " gaiety and exuberance " with the " charm and vigour " of Victorian architecture , and the use of angled bay windows set below tented canopies is a late example of this distinctive local practice . Each house is built as a villa , mostly with a three @-@ window range shared across two neighbouring houses ( the middle window is blank ) . Numbers 12 – 14 project slightly and are taller . The houses are raised above the roadway , giving views into the private gardens on the south side and " a commanding view of the sea " . Number 25 , which stands separately and was also listed , was originally the Clifton Arms pub . = = = = Denmark Terrace = = = = The " heavy Italianate detailing " of the large four @-@ storey bay @-@ fronted houses on the east side identifies them as 1860s buildings . There are prominent cornices and pairs of porches whose style is reminiscent of the work of 18th @-@ century architect James Gibbs , and some houses are also linked by iron balconies on the top floor ( a balcony runs along the whole length of the terrace at first @-@ floor level ) . " Cheery " red @-@ brick Edwardian houses face the terrace . = = = = Montpelier Crescent = = = = Described as " the one great showpiece of the area " and " the grandest of [ Amon Henry Wilds ' ] many works " , this crescent was developed over about 12 years from 1843 . The main section , numbers 7 – 31 , was built between 1843 and 1847 and is Grade II * -listed . A further 13 houses ( listed at Grade II ) were added in four blocks , two at each end , in about 1855 . The houses are arranged as linked villas , alternating between triplets and pairs : this layout is unique , and the placement of the crescent to face inland towards the South Downs rather than the sea is also unusual . Most houses are of five bays with a central pediment . Recessed entrances , Corinthian pilasters topped by ammonite capitals and decorative mouldings characterise the houses . The gardens in front of the crescent are an important area of open space within the conservation area . = = = = Montpelier Villas = = = = Ten pairs of " delightful " semi @-@ detached villas , five on each side of the road , make up this mid @-@ 1840s development by Amon Henry Wilds . They are in the Italianate style with influences of Regency architecture , and have two bow windows with bonnet @-@ style canopies above , stuccoed walls with extensive rustication , prominently bracketed eaves and cast iron balconies . The " charming " houses are set in spacious plots in a former bluebell wood . The street was completed over the course of three years from about 1845 . All of the villas are listed buildings . = = = = Norfolk Terrace , Norfolk Road and Belvedere Terrace = = = = Norfolk Terrace is an 1850s development . On the west side , the first ( northernmost ) 13 houses are a tall terrace by Thomas Lainson , arranged as four pairs of flat @-@ fronted houses with a wider central elevation whose windows are large and round @-@ arched . The building is in the Italianate style . South of that , the next six houses ( with segmental bay windows and cast iron balconies ) have become the Abbey Hotel . Belvedere Terrace , built in 1852 for Mary Wagner , forms part of the east side of the road . It has four storeys , bow windows and balconies at first @-@ floor level . Two blocks of flats now occupy the site of Belvedere House , demolished in 1965 , but its cobbled flint garden wall survives . Various smaller @-@ scale houses , some of which are listed , line Norfolk Road , which developed between the 1830s and the 1860s ; canted bay windows and cast iron balconies are characteristic features . The street used to be called Chalybeate Street . = = = = Powis Grove , Road , Square and Villas = = = = Powis Square is a rare example in Brighton of a fully enclosed inland square : most such developments are on the seafront , and its architectural details and scale are similar to these . It is horseshoe @-@ shaped , and one side is formed by Powis Road . The square was developed by John Yearsley over a few years around 1850 : the leasehold to the land was granted on 17 September 1846 , and in 1852 seven people had moved in and another 14 houses were built but unoccupied . In some cases façades were built first and the structure of the house came later . A builder called Stephen Davey was responsible for many of the houses , which were originally planned to be flat @-@ fronted but which were given bow fronts when built . They rise to three storeys and have features of Georgian , Victorian and Palladian design . A small garden in the centre of the square , taken over by Brighton Corporation in 1887 , enhances its intimate scale . Powis Road 's houses are not listed , unlike those of Powis Square , and were built a decade later . They also have three storeys , and their façades have canted bay windows and cast iron balconies . St Michael and All Angels Church stands at the southern end . Powis Grove leads through to the east side of Powis Square and has various buildings of the mid 19th @-@ century , and Powis Villas has some listed detached and semi @-@ detached houses of the 1850s and a short terrace with a long canopied veranda . = = = = Vernon Terrace = = = = This long , tall terrace of houses blocked the view of the South Downs that Montpelier Crescent had when it was first built . Along with the crescent , it forms " a townscape of outstanding quality " . Only the west side of the road has houses , as the open space outside Montpelier Crescent fronts the east side . The terrace is in two parts : that to the south dates from the 1850s and is Grade II @-@ listed in two parts . Numbers 1 – 6 have been dated to about 1860 and rise to three storeys ( except numbers 1 and 6 , which have an extra storey ) . Their individual detailing is slightly different , but pilastered doorcases , architraves , first @-@ floor cast iron balconies and small pediments above the windows are common themes . Numbers 7 – 16 date from 1856 – 57 and are each of four storeys with a three @-@ window range ; there is a mixture of bow windows and canted bays . Many windows have architraves and cornices , and there are bow @-@ fronted cast iron balconies at first @-@ floor level ( and to the second and third floors at number 8 ) . = = = Windmills = = = Vine 's Mill , a post mill , only took that name in 1818 . William Vine moved to the area from Patcham , where he had previously been a miller , in August 1818 , having bought the mill at a recent auction . A house came with the windmill ; it survives under the name " Rose Cottage " on Vine Place , which also took its name from him ( it was previously called Mill Place ) . A storm in 1828 damaged the mill , but it was repaired . It was the subject of two paintings by Constable in the 1820s and a locally famous watercolour by Henry Bodle , who married into the Vine family , in 1843 . By this time Vine had died and the mill had been bought by Edward Cuttress of Round Hill . It was demolished in 1849 or 1850 , and the gardens at 6 and 7 Powis Villas now occupy the site . A second windmill stood nearby and has been confused with Vine 's Mill in some sources . It is missed off most maps and has been called " something of an enigma " . It was a fan @-@ tailed post mill , larger than Vine 's Mill and of a more modern design — although one historian stated that it existed in 1780 . It did not receive an official name until the mid @-@ 19th century , by which time it had been moved to Windmill Street on Albion Hill in the Carlton Hill area of Brighton : because it had stood where the private gardens of Clifton Terrace were later built , it became known as the Clifton Gardens Mill . The Windmill Inn on Upper North Street , licensed in 1828 , is close to the site of both mills ; sources disagree on which one it was named after . = = = The Coach House = = = Now a Grade II listed building , The Coach House stands on Clifton Hill . It was built as the coach house of Aberdeen Lodge ( now 5 Powis Villas ) . Statue @-@ maker Joseph Rogers Browne built this house for himself , along with the neighbouring villas at numbers 6 and 7 . He later wanted accommodation for his carriages , so in 1852 he erected the brick , flint and stucco building with space for two coaches and three horses . There was also a hay loft and a separate room for the coachman , and the exterior had Coade stone decoration . By the 1920s it had become a garage ; in 1937 , after this closed , the Royal Alexandra Children 's Hospital bought it and used it to store their ambulances . Local conservationists set up a limited company , which bought the building in 2006 , intending to turn it into a community centre and museum ; but it was repossessed in 2008 and was thereafter used for storage by a clothes shop . In its assessment of the building 's architectural importance when granting listed status in 2005 , English Heritage described it as a " substantially intact and rare survival " with " polite architectural and sculptural features " . = = Heritage and conservation area = = A building or structure is defined as " listed " when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of " special architectural or historic interest " by the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport , a Government department , in accordance with the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 . English Heritage , a non @-@ departmental public body , acts as an agency of this department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues . As of February 2001 , there were 24 listed buildings with Grade I status , 70 Grade II * -listed and 1 @,@ 124 Grade II @-@ listed buildings in Brighton and Hove . Grade I @-@ listed buildings are defined as being of " exceptional interest " and greater than national importance ; Grade II * , the next highest status , is used for " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " ; and the lowest grade , Grade II , is used for " nationally important buildings of special interest " . Many of Montpelier 's buildings are listed : in 1981 , 320 individual buildings were covered by an English Heritage listing , and the figure in 2010 was 351 . In the United Kingdom , a conservation area is a principally urban area " of special architectural or historic interest , the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance " . Such areas are identified by local authorities according to criteria defined by Sections 69 and 70 of the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 . The Montpelier & Clifton Hill conservation area , one of 34 in the city of Brighton and Hove , was created in 1973 . Its boundaries were extended in 1977 , and it now covers 75 @.@ 4 acres ( 30 @.@ 5 ha ) . = = Notable residents = = Many famous people have lived in Montpelier . Sara Forbes Bonetta , an African princess who became a favourite of Queen Victoria , lived at 17 Clifton Hill prior to her marriage at St Nicholas ' Church in 1862 to a merchant who lived at Victoria Road ; she was unhappy in Brighton , describing the house as a " desolate little pigsty " . Frederick William Robertson , a preacher , theologian and divine whose ministry at Brighton 's Holy Trinity Church was nationally famous , lived at 9 Montpelier Terrace from 1847 until 1850 , then at 60 Montpelier Road until his death in 1853 . Another resident of Montpelier Road was Dr William King , an important figure in the British cooperative movement , who owned number 23 . Eleanor Marx lived at 6 Vernon Terrace for a time in the late 19th century . Screenwriter Edward Knoblock 's home was at 20 Clifton Terrace , and another resident of that street was playwright and author Alan Melville : he lived at number 17 from 1951 until 1973 and then at 28 Victoria Street until his death in 1983 . Author Francis King lived at 17 Montpelier Villas , close to the 5 Powis Grove home of former MP Thomas Skeffington @-@ Lodge . He look legal action after noticing an " unflattering " resemblance to himself in King 's 1970 novel A Domestic Animal ; King had to sell his house to pay the legal costs after losing the case . Journalist and television personality Gilbert Harding — " the most @-@ watched man on British television " during the 1950s — lived at 20 Montpelier Villas until his death in 1960 . Bandleader Ray Noble 's birthplace , 1 Montpelier Terrace , has a blue plaque commemorating his time in Brighton .
= Hustler 's Ambition = " Hustler 's Ambition " is a song by American rapper 50 Cent . Written by 50 Cent and produced by B @-@ Money " B $ " , the song was released as the first single from the soundtrack to the film Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) . Built around a soul – influenced production sampling the Frankie Beverly and Maze song " I Need You " , " Hustler 's Ambition " features lyrics regarding 50 Cent 's rise to fortune and fame , intended to mirror the experience faced by 50 Cent 's character in the film : it marks a shift from influence of hardcore hip hop present in 50 Cent 's earlier work . " Hustler 's Ambition " was released to digital retailers in the United States in October 2005 via Interscope Records , with a CD release following in February 2006 . The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics , many of whom complimented the soulful production and 50 Cent 's delivery . Some also found the song to be more musically diverse than the music 50 Cent recorded at the beginning of his career . The song achieved commercial success on a number of music charts , reaching the top 25 of charts across Europe and Australasia , although it only reached number 65 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making it one of 50 Cent 's least successful songs in the country . A music video for " Hustler 's Ambition " was directed by Anthony Mandler , and shows 50 Cent performing the song inside a warehouse whilst preparing for a boxing match . = = Background and recording = = In late 2003 , following the commercial success achieved by 50 Cent 's debut studio album Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , Interscope Records head Jimmy Iovine asserted that 50 Cent had a high enough profile to move into making films . Plans for a film were revealed the following year , when 50 Cent revealed that he would be writing and directing his first motion picture , a semi @-@ autobiographical work based on his difficult childhood experiences , with the Oscar @-@ nominated director Jim Sheridan assisting in the production of the film . The film was originally known under the title Locked and Loaded , although this later became Get Rich or Die Tryin ' . Get Rich or Die Tryin ' was released to cinemas in 2005 , and received generally mixed reviews from contemporary film critics . 50 Cent wrote the whole of " Hustler 's Ambition " during a break from filming Get Rich or Die Tryin ' in his trailer on the set of the film . The song 's title was to match that of the film , which had the other working title of Hustler 's Ambition at the time , although the then upcoming release of the film Hustle & Flow , which featured Terrence Howard , a co @-@ star of Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , in its cast led 50 Cent to change the title of the film . American soul singer Frankie Beverly is also credited as having written " Hustler 's Ambition " , as a sample of his song " I Need You " – a collaboration with funk group Maze from their 1978 album Golden Time of Day – is included in the song 's introduction . The production for " Hustler 's Ambition " was provided by record producer Brian Hughes under his production name B @-@ Money " B $ " , with recording carried out by Ky Miller at G @-@ Unit Studios – a recording studio in New York City . The song 's mixing process was carried out by Pat Viala , with mastering handled by Brian " Big Bass " Gardner . = = Composition and lyrics = = " Hustler 's Ambition " is a hip hop song of three minutes and fifty @-@ seven seconds in length . After opening with a sample of the Frankie Beverly and Maze song " I Need You " , the instrumentation provided by B @-@ Money " B $ " is built around a " solid bassline " , and features background vocals that harmonize with 50 Cent 's voice . As with much of the material from earlier in 50 Cent 's career , the song follows a rags to riches theme of " getting rich or dying trying " , according to Azeem Ahmad of musicOMH . 50 Cent 's lyrics muse " exactly how far he wants to go " in the entertainment business following his rapid rise to fame over the preceding two years , as well as his believed superiority to other contemporary artists : " Look at me , this is the life I chose / Niggaz around me so cold , man my heart done froze ... I 'm just triple beam , dreamin / niggaz be , schemin " . Writing for The Michigan Daily , Andrew Kahn noted the " old @-@ school , pre @-@ fame hunger " present in " Hustler 's Ambition " due to the use of the " I Need You " sample . Steve Juon of RapReviews commented on 50 Cent 's enunciation on the song , observing how the background vocals " never distract from 50 's words " and that his " skills as an orator helped him rise to his current station in life " . = = Reception = = " Hustler 's Ambition " received generally favourable reviews from music critics . David Jeffries of AllMusic called the song " a clever number " and compared it to the material found on 50 Cent 's debut album , Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , commenting that it " recall [ s ] the looser moments of his debut " . Although Azeem Ahmad noted " Hustler 's Ambition " to be more musically diverse that 50 Cent 's previous work in his review of the song for musicOMH , he also wrote that " it 's hardly inspiring to those expecting a slice of raw hip @-@ hop " , although he concluded that that the song sounded better after repeated listenings and that 50 Cent had " once again hit the jackpot " . Andrew Kahn of The Michigan Daily felt the song to be " by far [ his ] best solo song on the album " , and also wrote that it sounded " superior to most of The Massacre 's tracks " . In his review for the Get Rich or Die Tryin ' soundtrack for PopMatters , Mike Schiller observed that " Hustler 's Ambition " effectively represents the struggles that 50 Cent 's character faces in the corresponding film , pointing out that it emphasizes his " hunger for money " and also noted the song to be a " subtle shift in perspective " of 50 Cent 's music , in that it had moved from " club bangers that serve no particular purpose other than to get people dancing " to " raps ... spit through the voice of a fictionalized version of his own younger self " . = = Chart performance = = Despite being released in the wake of several commercially prosperous singles from 50 Cent 's preceding studio album , The Massacre ( 2005 ) , including " Candy Shop " and " Just a Lil Bit " , " Hustler 's Ambition " did not match the chart success of previous 50 Cent singles . In the United States , the song first appeared at number 4 on the US Bubbling Under R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles chart for the week ending October 22 , 2005 , and debuted at number 22 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart the following week . It debuted at number 73 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for the chart dated November 5 , 2005 , and went on to peak at number 65 , making it 50 Cent 's second lowest peaking song at the time , behind only the 2004 single " If I Can 't " , which reached number 76 . It also reached a peak of number 64 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , and number 49 on the now @-@ defunct US Pop 100 chart . Outside the United States , " Hustler 's Ambition " was also modestly commercially successful , although it achieved little longetivity on the charts . It debuted and peaked at number 23 in Australia for the week dated March 5 , 2006 , charting for a total of seven weeks , and appeared at number 17 in New Zealand on March 20 in its first of five chart appearances . The song made appearances on several singles charts in mainland Europe , peaking at number 41 in Austria , number 22 in Germany and number 40 in The Netherlands . The song 's highest peak position was achieved in Switzerland , where it debuted and reached its peak of number 10 , and charted at number 39 in the Flanders region of Belgium and number 25 in the Wallonia region . In the British Isles , " Hustler 's Ambition " reached number 11 on Ireland and peaked at number 13 in the United Kingdom . = = Music video = = A music video for " Hustler 's Ambition " was directed by Anthony Mandler , and is of four minutes and 54 seconds in length . It opens with an off @-@ camera monologue from 50 Cent , explaining the hardships often faced by those in poorer communities , whilst – on @-@ camera this time – he enters a warehouse , passing two men as he arrives , containing several pieces of recording equipment . Shots of 50 Cent travelling around the warehouse are then interspersed with those of him performing " Hustler 's Ambition " into a microphone : after arriving in one room , he is shown to be repeatedly hitting a punching bag and lifting weights , as he trains for an upcoming boxing match . Other members of G @-@ Unit Records , including singer Olivia , are then shown to be present in the warehouse as 50 Cent continues to perform the song . Arriving at another boxing match and watching it from a balcony , 50 Cent recognizes a member of the crowd as one of the men he saw outside the warehouse : he then leaves the warehouse , with the video concluding with the fight ending and 50 Cent facing the camera on the street outside the warehouse . = = Track listing = = Digital download ( United States ) " Hustler 's Ambition " – 3 : 58 " Hustler 's Ambition " ( Clean Version ) – 3 : 58 CD single ( Germany ) " Hustler 's Ambition " – 3 : 58 " In da Club " ( Live Glasgow Version ) – 3 : 06 " P.I.M.P. " ( Live Glasgow Version ) – 2 : 42 " Hustler 's Ambition " ( UK Edit Version ) ( Video ) – 4 : 55 = = Credits and personnel = = The credits for " Hustler 's Ambition " are adapted from the liner notes of the soundtrack to Get Rich or Die Tryin ' . Recording Recorded at G @-@ Unit Studios , New York City . Personnel 50 Cent – songwriting , vocals B @-@ Money " B $ " – songwriting , production Frankie Beverly – songwriting Ky Miller – recording Pat Viala – mixing Brian " Big Bass " Gardner – mastering Samples Contains a sample of " I Need You " , as written by Frankie Beverly and performed by Frankie Beverly & Maze . = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= German destroyer Z2 Georg Thiele = The German destroyer Z2 Georg Thiele was a Type 1934 destroyer built for the Kriegsmarine in the mid @-@ 1930s . At the beginning of World War II , the ship was initially deployed to blockade the Polish coast , but she was quickly transferred to the German Bight to lay minefields in German waters . During the early stages of the Norwegian Campaign , Georg Thiele fought in both naval Battles of Narvik and had to be beached to allow her crew to abandon ship safely after she had been severely damaged by British fire . = = Design and description = = Georg Thiele had an overall length of 119 meters ( 390 ft 5 in ) and was 114 meters ( 374 ft 0 in ) long at the waterline . The ship had a beam of 11 @.@ 30 meters ( 37 ft 1 in ) , and a maximum draft of 4 @.@ 23 meters ( 13 ft 11 in ) . She displaced 2 @,@ 223 long tons ( 2 @,@ 259 t ) at standard load and 3 @,@ 156 long tons ( 3 @,@ 207 t ) at deep load . The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets , each driving one propeller shaft , were designed to produce 70 @,@ 000 PS ( 51 @,@ 000 kW ; 69 @,@ 000 shp ) using steam provided by six high @-@ pressure Wagner boilers . The ship had a designed speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) , but her maximum speed was 38 @.@ 7 knots ( 71 @.@ 7 km / h ; 44 @.@ 5 mph ) . Georg Thiele carried a maximum of 752 metric tons ( 740 long tons ) of fuel oil which was intended to give a range of 4 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 100 km ; 5 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) , but the ship proved top @-@ heavy in service and 30 % of the fuel had to be retained as ballast low in the ship . The effective range proved to be only 1 @,@ 530 nmi ( 2 @,@ 830 km ; 1 @,@ 760 mi ) at 19 knots . The ship carried five 12 @.@ 7 cm SK C / 34 guns in single mounts with gun shields , two each superimposed , fore and aft . The fifth gun was carried on top of the aft superstructure . Her anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of four 3 @.@ 7 cm SK C / 30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six 2 cm C / 30 guns in single mounts . Georg Thiele carried eight above @-@ water 53 @.@ 3 @-@ centimeter ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes in two power @-@ operated mounts . A pair of reload torpedoes were provided for each mount . Four depth charge throwers were mounted on the sides of the rear deckhouse and they were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern . Enough depth charges were carried for either two or four patterns of 16 charges each . Mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines . A system of passive hydrophones designated as ' GHG ' ( Gruppenhorchgerät ) was fitted to detect submarines . The crew numbered 10 officers and 315 enlisted men , plus an additional four officers and 19 enlisted men if serving as a flotilla flagship . = = Construction and career = = The ship was ordered on 7 July 1934 and laid down at Deutsche Werke , Kiel , on 25 October 1934 as yard number K243 . She was launched on 18 August 1935 and completed on 27 February 1937 . The ship was named after Lieutenant Commander ( Korvettenkapitan ) Georg Thiele who commanded the Seventh Half Flotilla of torpedo boats in the Battle off Texel in October 1914 . Georg Thiele was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Division on 1 December 1937 and made a port visit to Ulvik , Norway in April 1938 , together with her sisters Z3 Max Schultz and Z4 Richard Beitzen . Upon her return she was taken in hand by Deutsche Werke to have her bow rebuilt to reduce the amount of water that came over the bow in head seas . This increased her length by .30 meters ( 1 ft 0 in ) . The ship participated in the 22 August Fleet Review for Adolf Hitler and Miklós Horthy , Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary , and the following fleet exercise . In December , Georg Thiele , together with her sisters Z3 Leberecht Maass , Max Schultz , and Richard Beitzen , sailed to the area of Iceland to evaluate their seaworthiness in a North Atlantic winter with their new bows . On 23 – 24 March 1939 , the ship was one of the destroyers that escorted Hitler aboard the pocket battleship Deutschland to occupy Memel . She participated in the Spring fleet exercise in the western Mediterranean and made several visits to Spanish and Moroccan ports in April and May . Days before the outbreak of World War II , in the early morning hours of 27 August 1939 , Max Schultz accidentally collided with and sank the torpedo boat Tiger near Bornholm . Max Schultz 's bow was severely damaged and she had to be towed , stern @-@ first , by Georg Thiele until two tugboats arrived and took over the tow to Swinemünde . When World War II began , Georg Thiele was initially deployed in the Baltic to operate against the Polish Navy and to enforce a blockade of Poland , but she was soon transferred to the German Bight where she joined her sisters in laying defensive minefields . The ship began a refit in late 1939 that was completed in early April 1940 . = = = Norwegian Campaign = = = Georg Thiele was allocated to Group 1 for the Norwegian portion of Operation Weserübung in April 1940 . The group 's task was to transport the 139th Mountain Infantry Regiment ( 139 . Gebirgsjäger Regiment ) and the headquarters of the 3rd Mountain Division ( 3 . Gebirgs @-@ Division ) to seize Narvik . The ships began loading troops on 6 April and set sail the next day . The German destroyers reached the Ofotfjord on the morning of 9 April and Commodore Friedrich Bonte took his flagship Wilhelm Heidkamp , Georg Thiele and Bernd von Arnim down the fjord to Narvik . A heavy snowstorm allowed Thiele and von Arnim to enter the harbor without challenge and tie up at a pier . The mountain troops immediately began disembarking , but the ships were spotted by the coast defense ship Norge a few minutes later . The latter ship immediately opened fire and was able to fire approximately 13 shells at 600 – 800 meters ( 660 – 870 yd ) range before von Arnim sank the Norwegian ship with torpedoes . None of the Norwegian shells hit either of the two German destroyers due to the darkness and falling snow , despite the short range . Thiele and von Arnim were the first to refuel from the single tanker that had made it safely to Narvik and later moved to the Ballangenfjord , a southern arm of the Ofotfjord , closer to the entrance . Shortly before dawn on 10 April , the five destroyers of the British 2nd Destroyer Flotilla surprised the five German destroyers in Narvik harbor . They torpedoed two destroyers and badly damaged the other three while suffering only minor damage themselves . As they were beginning to withdraw they encountered the three destroyers of the 4th Flotilla which had been alerted in the Herjansfjord when the British began their attack . The Germans opened fire first , but the gunnery for both sides was not effective due to the mist and the smoke screen laid by the British as they retreated down the Ofotfjord . The German ships had to turn away to avoid a salvo of three torpedoes fired by one of the destroyers in Narvik , but Thiele and von Arnim had also been alerted and were coming up to engage the British . The two German destroyers crossed the T of the British flotilla and were able to fire full broadsides at a range of only 4 @,@ 000 meters ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) . They first engaged the British flagship , HMS Hardy , and badly damaged her . Both of her forward guns were knocked out and the forward superstructure was set afire . Hardy was forced to beach herself lest she sink , and the German ships switched their fire to HMS Havock , the next ship in line . Their fire was relatively ineffective and both sides fired torpedoes without scoring any hits . Havock pulled out and dropped to the rear to fight off any pursuit by the ships of the 4th Flotilla . This placed HMS Hunter in the lead and she was quickly set on fire by the German ships . Thiele probably also hit her with a torpedo and she was rammed from behind by HMS Hotspur when the latter ship lost steering control . Hotspur was able to disengage , but Hunter capsized shortly afterward . The three remaining British ships were able to escape from the Germans under the cover of a smoke screen . Georg Thiele had been badly damaged by the British ships as she 'd been hit seven times that knocked her forward gun and her fire @-@ control equipment , flooded one magazine , started fires , and killed thirteen crewmen . On the night of 12 / 13 April , Commander Erich Bey , the senior surviving German officer , received word to expect an attack the following day by British capital ships escorted by a large number of destroyers and supported by carrier aircraft . Thiele had only four guns ready and six remaining torpedoes by this time . The battleship Warspite and nine destroyers duly appeared on 13 April , although earlier than Commander Bey had expected , and caught the Germans out of position . The five operable destroyers , including Thiele , charged out of Narvik harbor and engaged the British ships . Although no hits were scored , they did inflict splinter damage on several of the destroyers . Lack of ammunition forced the German ships to retreat to the Rombaksfjorden ( the easternmost branch of the Ofotfjord ) , east of Narvik , where they might attempt to ambush pursuing British destroyers . Thiele still had some ammunition and torpedoes left and took up position at the Straumen narrows with Z18 Hans Lüdemann to give the remaining two destroyers time to scuttle themselves at the head of the fjord . The pursuing British destroyers initially engaged the latter ship until it exhausted its ammo and retreated to the head of the fjord itself and then switched their attentions to Thiele . The German ship struck the first blow when one of her torpedoes blew the bow off Eskimo , but the return fire from the British ships started several fires and damaged her so heavily that Korvettenkapitän Max @-@ Eckart Wolff , the ship 's captain , ordered her run aground to allow her crew to abandon ship safely . Fourteen men had been killed during the battle and another 28 wounded . The surviving crew of the ship took part in the land fighting at Narvik in the following weeks . Wolff served as a battalion commander in the Marine @-@ Regiment Berger during the land battle . He was awarded the Iron Cross First Class on 12 May 1940 and the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross the following August for his leadership of Z2 at Narvik . The ship later broke in two and capsized . Parts of the bow of Georg Thiele remain visible above the water in Rombaksbotten to this day .
= Movieland = Movieland , also known as Movieland.com , Moviepass.tv and Popcorn.net , is a subscription @-@ based movie download service that has been the subject of thousands of complaints to the Federal Trade Commission , the Washington State Attorney General 's Office , the Better Business Bureau , and other agencies by consumers who said they were held hostage by its repeated pop @-@ up windows and demands for payment , triggered after a free 3 @-@ day trial period . Many said they had never even heard of Movieland until they saw their first pop @-@ up . Movieland advertised that the service had " no spyware " , and that no personal information would need to be filled out to begin the free trial . The Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) filed a complaint against Movieland and eleven other defendants in August 2006 , charging them with having " engaged in a nationwide scheme to use deception and coercion to extract payments from consumers . " The Attorney General of the state of Washington also filed a complaint , charging Movieland and several other defendants with violating that state 's Computer Spyware Act and its Consumer Protection Act . = = Overview = = Movieland advertises its movie download service by using pop @-@ up ads at other sites . The ads offer a three @-@ day free trial , with access to members @-@ only content including music , news , updated sports scores and adult movies . The ads say there are no forms to fill out , and no need to provide a credit card number or an e @-@ mail address , making the trial appear anonymous . The site 's homepage states that it has " No Spyware " , is " Virus Free " , and " No Extra Charge " . The site installs a program , MediaPipe , which is used to access the service . = = Early consumer complaints = = Movieland.com began operations sometime in the fall of 2005 or earlier . Consumer complaints began soon thereafter . Most consumers claimed they had never signed up for the free trial , never used the service , and never even heard of Movieland until they got their first pop @-@ up demand for payment . Some said they found the software on their computers after downloading a screensaver or other free utility . The company denied that it installed its software by stealthy means . Media coverage as early as January 2006 recounted consumer complaints and mentioned that several anti @-@ spyware companies were buying Google advertisements boasting their product 's ability to " Remove Movieland Now " . In a report updated February 20 , 2008 , the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School calls Movieland 's MediaPipe component " badware " because " it does not fully disclose what it is installing , does not completely remove all components and ' obligations ' during the uninstall process , and modifies other software without disclosure . " Richard Stiennon of IT @-@ Harvest referred to Movieland as a form of " Ransomware " due to its behaviour . As of July 2008 , the MediaPipe report is still cited by the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School . = = Complaints by the FTC = = On August 8 , 2006 , the FTC filed a complaint in United States District Court " to obtain preliminary and permanent injunctive relief , rescission of contracts , restitution , disgorgement and other equitable relief for Defendants ' deceptive and unfair acts or practices in violation of Section 5 ( a ) of the FTC Act " . The complaint alleged that the defendants were demanding payment to fix a problem that they themselves created , and were installing disruptive software that could not be removed through reasonable means . According to the FTC complaint , Movieland repeatedly bombarded consumers with pop @-@ up windows , accompanied by music that lasted nearly a minute . They demanded a minimum payment of $ 29 @.@ 95 to end the recurring pop @-@ up cycle , claiming that consumers had signed up for a three @-@ day free trial and did not cancel the service before the trial period was over . The complaint charged that : Installation of Defendants ' download manager is merely a smoke screen concealing Defendants ' true purpose : to install software and other files onto consumers ' computers that enable Defendants to launch pop @-@ up windows on consumers computers demanding payments to Defendants . These pop @-@ up windows , which display both textual and audiovisual payment demands , significantly disrupt consumers ' use of their computers . After Defendants cause these pop @-@ up payment demands to display on a particular computer for the first time , they cause them to redisplay again and again with ever @-@ increasing frequency . " The pop @-@ ups had a large dark background and took up much of the screen , blocking access to other windows , and did not contain close or minimize buttons ; forcing the user to continue . The first pop @-@ up showed the date and time " our content access software was installed on your system and your 3 day free trial began " , the text " Click ' Continue ' to purchase your license and stop these reminders " , and a graphic reading " STOP THESE REMINDERS NOW " and " CLICK CONTINUE " . The only option offered was the button labeled " Continue " . Clicking " Continue " brought up the next pop @-@ up , a 40 @-@ second audiovisual clip featuring a woman who introduced herself as " your personal customer service representative " and stated " Because you did not cancel during your trial period , you are now legally obligated to make your payment as per the terms and conditions you agreed to when you installed our content delivery software . " As the clip neared its conclusion , a new dialog box entitled " PAYMENT OPTIONS " appeared . Choosing its " Close this window " option ended the pop @-@ ups until the unvarying cycle began again . In addition , the complaint alleged that the defendants made numerous false statements in attempting to collect payments from consumers , claiming that the computer owner or someone else consented to receiving the pop @-@ up payment demands until they paid , the owner of any computer that received the pop @-@ ups was legally obligated to pay Movieland , and that the computer owner was obligated to satisfy any contract that any other person entered into while using the computer . The only customer service telephone number provided was a 900 number . When consumers called it , a recorded greeting told them that they would incur a $ 34 @.@ 95 charge if they did not hang up within three seconds . The complaint also alleged that the defendants made it difficult or impossible for consumers to uninstall the software . Those attempting to remove it through the Windows Control Panel " Add or Remove Programs " function were redirected to a web page telling them that they had to pay the $ 29 @.@ 95 fee to stop the pop @-@ ups . The only way many consumers could regain control of their computers was to pay the fee , or pay a computer technician to remove the software . = = = Movieland 's position = = = Movieland representatives said the downloads were not spyware and did not get on computers accidentally , insisting they were not " drive @-@ by downloads " . They said the FTC lawsuit was " improperly brought " , and pointed out that at the time the complaint was filed a federal judge rejected the FTC 's request for a temporary restraining order that would have immediately ended the cited billing practices . The terms of service at the Movieland web site warned that if users did not cancel or pay during the three @-@ day period , pop @-@ up billing reminders would begin and " will appear more frequently until you choose one of the payment options and pay for the license . " Movieland said the pop @-@ ups were " an anti @-@ fraud mechanism " that cannot be received without consumers intentionally downloading the software through several intentional steps , each of which has a default setting of " cancel " . The company also stated " there are no extrinsic programs ( adware or otherwise ) bundled with our software . " The company disputed the FTC claim that the software was " very difficult to get rid of " , and said it could be removed using the Windows Control Panel . = = = Defendants = = = The following ten companies and two individuals were named as defendants in the FTC complaint : Digital Enterprises , Inc. d / b / a Movieland.com Triumphant Videos , Inc. d / b / a Popcorn.net Pacificon International , Inc. d / b / a Vitalix Alchemy Communications , Inc . AccessMedia Networks , Inc . Innovative Networks , Inc . Film Web , Inc . Binary Source , Inc. d / b / a Moviepass.tv Mediacaster , Inc. d / b / a Mediacaster.net CS Hotline , Inc . Easton Herd , sole officer and director of Digital Enterprises and Triumphant Videos Andrew Garroni , an officer or director of Pacificon , Alchemy , Film Web , and Binary Source = = = Pre @-@ trial stipulations = = = In November 2006 , the defendants and the FTC signed stipulations governing their pre @-@ trial conduct . Without admitting any wrongdoing , violation of the law , or involvement in the acts and practices alleged in the complaint , the defendants agreed to make clear and prominent disclosures prior to any software download or installation , to not download or install software without the user 's explicit consent and without disclosing clearly and prominently in the site 's terms of service the nature , frequency , and duration of any pop @-@ up windows that may appear regarding any purported obligation for payment . The pop @-@ ups also must not lock out access to the rest of the computer . They also agreed to fixed limits on how many pop @-@ ups they can generate on a computer ( maximum of 5 per day , 1 per hour ) , the requirement to provide a mute button for any sound content in the pop @-@ ups and be able to close the windows , and provide a hyperlink with toll @-@ free number and email utility , to request stopping the pop @-@ ups under certain conditions . The defendants also promised to clearly label any single @-@ click download or install buttons , and not pre @-@ select these as the default . They are also required to not represent that consumers have any " legal " or " contractual " obligation to pay for the software unless the computer owner has provided personal identification and agreed to pay , and that failure to pay will result in collection proceedings or affect the computer owner 's credit status unless the owner has provided personal identification such as a credit card and agreed to pay . Customer service agents may state that they " believe " the computer owner is responsible for paying for the download , and offer several purchase options including a one @-@ time 30 @-@ day non @-@ renewing license for $ 29 @.@ 95 , after which access to the service will terminate . = = = FTC settlement = = = The FTC complaint was scheduled to be tried in United States District Court in January 2008 , but before trial , the defendants chose to settle out of court with both the FTC . Movieland settled with the FTC in September 2007 . Without admitting any wrongdoing or violation of the law , the defendants agreed to make permanent the terms of the pre @-@ trial stipulations including limiting the number , frequency and duration of the billing pop @-@ ups ; and to pay the FTC $ 501 @,@ 367 to reimburse consumers who paid for the program as a result of the repeated pop @-@ up demands . The defendants also agreed to stop offering anonymous free trials , have users certify at install time that they are at least 18 years of age , provide an install @-@ time link to their terms of service or end user license agreement , not download software that reinstalls itself after a user has removed it , and to prominently post removal instructions at their web sites . The agreement also requires Herd and Garroni to notify the FTC of any change of name , address or employment status , and of any new business affiliations , for five years . = = Complaints by the State of Washington = = On August 14 , 2006 , Rob McKenna , the Attorney General of the state of Washington charged Movieland , Digital Enterprises , Herd , and Garroni with violating the state 's Computer Spyware Act and its Consumer Protection Act . The complaint , filed in King County Superior Court in Seattle , alleged misrepresentations and unlawful business acts and practices similar to those alleged in the FTC complaint , and further alleged violations of Washington state law . The defendants were subject to fines of up to $ 100 @,@ 000 per violation of the Spyware Act and $ 2 @,@ 000 per violation of the Consumer Protection Act if found liable . They were also subject to paying restitution to affected consumers . = = = Alleged violations of law = = = The alleged violations of Washington state law included taking control of a user 's computer in violation of the Spyware Act and the Consumer Protection Act ( CPA ) , by remotely installing billing software that initiates and controls the pop @-@ up cycle , misrepresenting the ability to uninstall software in violation of the same acts , by listing the software in Add / Remove Programs although the software cannot be uninstalled , unconscionable business practices in violation of the CPA , by the " aggressive and harassing " billing method used and the failure to disclose it , including use of a billing method " that forces payment by completely obstructing users ' access to their computers " , threats , harassment and intimidation in billing practices in violation of the CPA , by threatening collection proceedings and an adverse effect on users ' credit records , while in fact defendants do not even know the consumer 's name ; and referring to consumers ' " legal obligation " to pay , when in fact there is no legally binding contract , failure to disclose material facts in violation of the CPA , the " aggressive , relentless , threatening " form of the payment demands ; the fact that the uninstallation option for the software will be disabled ; and that the defendants " transmit software to the user 's computer surreptitiously " , and misrepresentations in violation of the CPA , including stating the software contains " no spyware " when in fact the software itself constitutes spyware by its behavior . In announcing the suit following a seven @-@ month investigation , Washington Attorney General Rob McKenna rejected one possible defense . " The defendants ' claim that users are legally obligated to pay for their service lacks merit because consumers did not provide knowing consent to the installation of the relentless pop @-@ up demands " , he said . " Furthermore , computer owners are not responsible to satisfy contracts that other people , including minors , entered into while using a computer . " He also said that the defendants ' threats of collection proceedings and adverse effects on users ' credit ratings were empty , as the defendants had no way to personally identify computer users . Assistant Attorney General Paula Selis said the tactics forced some consumers to give in and pay between $ 20 and $ 100 for the service . She said , " We sued them because we were getting complaints from consumers who felt that they were being harassed and held over a barrel for payments that they didn 't agree to make . " Selis said , " It was harassment , it was intimidation of the consumer . It was using a high @-@ pressure tactic to make him or her pay for something they were not legally obligated to pay . " = = = Settlement = = = Movieland settled with Washington in April 2007 under terms similar to the FTC settlement but specific to Washington consumers , agreeing to pay Washington $ 50 @,@ 000 as consumer reimbursement and to prominently state all important contract terms , including the cost of the subscription service , in advertisements .
= Surface tension = Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible . Surface tension allows insects ( e.g. water striders ) , usually denser than water , to float and stride on a water surface . At liquid @-@ air interfaces , surface tension results from the greater attraction of liquid molecules to each other ( due to cohesion ) than to the molecules in the air ( due to adhesion ) . The net effect is an inward force at its surface that causes the liquid to behave as if its surface were covered with a stretched elastic membrane . Thus , the surface becomes under tension from the imbalanced forces , which is probably where the term " surface tension " came from . Because of the relatively high attraction of water molecules for each other through a web of hydrogen bonds , water has a higher surface tension ( 72 @.@ 8 millinewtons per meter at 20 ° C ) compared to that of most other liquids . Surface tension is an important factor in the phenomenon of capillarity . Surface tension has the dimension of force per unit length , or of energy per unit area . The two are equivalent , but when referring to energy per unit of area , it is common to use the term surface energy , which is a more general term in the sense that it applies also to solids . In materials science , surface tension is used for either surface stress or surface free energy . = = Causes = = The cohesive forces among liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon of surface tension . In the bulk of the liquid , each molecule is pulled equally in every direction by neighboring liquid molecules , resulting in a net force of zero . The molecules at the surface do not have the same molecules on all sides of them and therefore are pulled inwards . This creates some internal pressure and forces liquid surfaces to contract to the minimal area . Surface tension is responsible for the shape of liquid droplets . Although easily deformed , droplets of water tend to be pulled into a spherical shape by the imbalance in cohesive forces of the surface layer . In the absence of other forces , including gravity , drops of virtually all liquids would be approximately spherical . The spherical shape minimizes the necessary " wall tension " of the surface layer according to Laplace 's law . Another way to view surface tension is in terms of energy . A molecule in contact with a neighbor is in a lower state of energy than if it were alone ( not in contact with a neighbor ) . The interior molecules have as many neighbors as they can possibly have , but the boundary molecules are missing neighbors ( compared to interior molecules ) and therefore have a higher energy . For the liquid to minimize its energy state , the number of higher energy boundary molecules must be minimized . The minimized quantity of boundary molecules results in a minimal surface area . As a result of surface area minimization , a surface will assume the smoothest shape it can ( mathematical proof that " smooth " shapes minimize surface area relies on use of the Euler – Lagrange equation ) . Since any curvature in the surface shape results in greater area , a higher energy will also result . Consequently , the surface will push back against any curvature in much the same way as a ball pushed uphill will push back to minimize its gravitational potential energy . = = Effects of surface tension = = = = = Water = = = Several effects of surface tension can be seen with ordinary water : A. Beading of rain water on a waxy surface , such as a leaf . Water adheres weakly to wax and strongly to itself , so water clusters into drops . Surface tension gives them their near @-@ spherical shape , because a sphere has the smallest possible surface area to volume ratio . B. Formation of drops occurs when a mass of liquid is stretched . The animation shows water adhering to the faucet gaining mass until it is stretched to a point where the surface tension can no longer keep the drop linked to the faucet . It then separates and surface tension forms the drop into a sphere . If a stream of water was running from the faucet , the stream would break up into drops during its fall . Gravity stretches the stream , then surface tension pinches it into spheres . C. Flotation of objects denser than water occurs when the object is nonwettable and its weight is small enough to be borne by the forces arising from surface tension . For example , water striders use surface tension to walk on the surface of a pond by the following way . Nonwettability of leg of the water strider means no attraction between molecules of the leg and molecules of the water , so when the leg pushes down the water , the surface tension of the water only tries to recover its flatness from its deformation due to the leg . This behavior of the water push the water strider upward so it can stand on the surface of the water as long as its mass is small enough so that the water can support it . The surface of the water behaves like an elastic film : the insect 's feet cause indentations in the water 's surface , increasing its surface area and tendency of minimization of surface curvature ( so area ) of the water pushes the insect 's feet upward . D. Separation of oil and water ( in this case , water and liquid wax ) is caused by a tension in the surface between dissimilar liquids . This type of surface tension is called " interface tension " , but its chemistry is the same . E. Tears of wine is the formation of drops and rivulets on the side of a glass containing an alcoholic beverage . Its cause is a complex interaction between the differing surface tensions of water and ethanol ; it is induced by a combination of surface tension modification of water by ethanol together with ethanol evaporating faster than water . = = = Surfactants = = = Surface tension is visible in other common phenomena , especially when surfactants are used to decrease it : Soap bubbles have very large surface areas with very little mass . Bubbles in pure water are unstable . The addition of surfactants , however , can have a stabilizing effect on the bubbles ( see Marangoni effect ) . Note that surfactants actually reduce the surface tension of water by a factor of three or more . Emulsions are a type of solution in which surface tension plays a role . Tiny fragments of oil suspended in pure water will spontaneously assemble themselves into much larger masses . But the presence of a surfactant provides a decrease in surface tension , which permits stability of minute droplets of oil in the bulk of water ( or vice versa ) . = = Physics = = = = = Physical units = = = Surface tension , usually represented by the symbol γ , is measured in force per unit length . Its SI unit is newton per meter but the cgs unit of dyne per cm is also used . <formula> = = = Surface area growth = = = Surface tension can be defined in terms of force or energy.In terms of force : surface tension <formula> of a liquid is the force per unit length . In the illustration on the right , the rectangular frame , composed of three unmovable sides ( black ) that form a " U " shape , and a fourth movable side ( blue ) that can slide to the right . Surface tension will pull the blue bar to the left ; the force <formula> required to hold immobile the movable side is proportional to the length <formula> of the movable side . Thus the ratio <formula> depends only on the intrinsic properties of the liquid ( composition , temperature , etc . ) , not on its geometry . For example , if the frame had a more complicated shape , the ratio <formula> , with <formula> the length of the movable side and <formula> the force required to stop it from sliding , is found to be the same for all shapes . We therefore define the surface tension as <formula> . The reason for the <formula> is that the film has two sides , each of which contributes equally to the force ; so the force contributed by a single side is <formula> . In terms of energy : surface tension <formula> of a liquid is the ratio of 1 ) the change in the energy of the liquid , and 2 ) the change in the surface area of the liquid ( that led to the change in energy ) . This can be easily related to the previous definition in terms of force : if <formula> is the force required to stop the side from starting to slide , then this is also the force that would keep the side in the state of sliding at a constant speed ( by Newton 's Second Law ) . But if the side is moving to the right ( in the direction the force is applied ) , then the surface area of the stretched liquid is increasing while the applied force is doing work on the liquid . This means that increasing the surface area increases the energy of the film . The work done by the force <formula> in moving the side by distance <formula> is <formula> ; at the same time the total area of the film increases by <formula> ( the factor of 2 is here because the liquid has two sides , two surfaces ) . Thus , multiplying both the numerator and the denominator of <formula> by <formula> , we get <formula> . This work <formula> is , by the usual arguments , interpreted as being stored as potential energy . Consequently , surface tension can be also measured in SI system as joules per square meter and in the cgs system as ergs per cm2 . Since mechanical systems try to find a state of minimum potential energy , a free droplet of liquid naturally assumes a spherical shape , which has the minimum surface area for a given volume . The equivalence of measurement of energy per unit area to force per unit length can be proven by dimensional analysis . = = = Surface curvature and pressure = = = If no force acts normal to a tensioned surface , the surface must remain flat . But if the pressure on one side of the surface differs from pressure on the other side , the pressure difference times surface area results in a normal force . In order for the surface tension forces to cancel the force due to pressure , the surface must be curved . The diagram shows how surface curvature of a tiny patch of surface leads to a net component of surface tension forces acting normal to the center of the patch . When all the forces are balanced , the resulting equation is known as the Young – Laplace equation : <formula> where : Δp is the pressure difference , known as the Laplace pressure . <formula> is surface tension . Rx and Ry are radii of curvature in each of the axes that are parallel to the surface . The quantity in parentheses on the right hand side is in fact ( twice ) the mean curvature of the surface ( depending on normalisation ) . Solutions to this equation determine the shape of water drops , puddles , menisci , soap bubbles , and all other shapes determined by surface tension ( such as the shape of the impressions that a water strider 's feet make on the surface of a pond ) . The table below shows how the internal pressure of a water droplet increases with decreasing radius . For not very small drops the effect is subtle , but the pressure difference becomes enormous when the drop sizes approach the molecular size . ( In the limit of a single molecule the concept becomes meaningless . ) = = = Floating objects = = = When an object is placed on a liquid , its weight Fw depresses the surface , and is balanced by the surface tension forces on either side Fs , which are each parallel to the water 's surface at the points where it contacts the object . Notice that the horizontal components of the two Fs arrows point in opposite directions , so they cancel each other , but the vertical components point in the same direction and therefore add up to balance Fw . The object 's surface must not be wettable for this to happen , and its weight must be low enough for the surface tension to support it . <formula> = = = Liquid surface = = = To find the shape of the minimal surface bounded by some arbitrary shaped frame using strictly mathematical means can be a daunting task . Yet by fashioning the frame out of wire and dipping it in soap @-@ solution , a locally minimal surface will appear in the resulting soap @-@ film within seconds . The reason for this is that the pressure difference across a fluid interface is proportional to the mean curvature , as seen in the Young @-@ Laplace equation . For an open soap film , the pressure difference is zero , hence the mean curvature is zero , and minimal surfaces have the property of zero mean curvature . = = = Contact angles = = = The surface of any liquid is an interface between that liquid and some other medium . The top surface of a pond , for example , is an interface between the pond water and the air . Surface tension , then , is not a property of the liquid alone , but a property of the liquid 's interface with another medium . If a liquid is in a container , then besides the liquid / air interface at its top surface , there is also an interface between the liquid and the walls of the container . The surface tension between the liquid and air is usually different ( greater than ) its surface tension with the walls of a container . And where the two surfaces meet , their geometry must be such that all forces balance . Where the two surfaces meet , they form a contact angle , <formula> , which is the angle the tangent to the surface makes with the solid surface . The diagram to the right shows two examples . Tension forces are shown for the liquid @-@ air interface , the liquid @-@ solid interface , and the solid @-@ air interface . The example on the left is where the difference between the liquid @-@ solid and solid @-@ air surface tension , <formula> , is less than the liquid @-@ air surface tension , <formula> , but is nevertheless positive , that is <formula> In the diagram , both the vertical and horizontal forces must cancel exactly at the contact point , known as equilibrium . The horizontal component of <formula> is canceled by the adhesive force , <formula> . <formula> The more telling balance of forces , though , is in the vertical direction . The vertical component of <formula> must exactly cancel the force , <formula> . <formula> Since the forces are in direct proportion to their respective surface tensions , we also have : <formula> where <formula> is the liquid @-@ solid surface tension , <formula> is the liquid @-@ air surface tension , <formula> is the solid @-@ air surface tension , <formula> is the contact angle , where a concave meniscus has contact angle less than 90 ° and a convex meniscus has contact angle of greater than 90 ° . This means that although the difference between the liquid @-@ solid and solid @-@ air surface tension , <formula> , is difficult to measure directly , it can be inferred from the liquid @-@ air surface tension , <formula> , and the equilibrium contact angle , <formula> , which is a function of the easily measurable advancing and receding contact angles ( see main article contact angle ) . This same relationship exists in the diagram on the right . But in this case we see that because the contact angle is less than 90 ° , the liquid @-@ solid / solid @-@ air surface tension difference must be negative : <formula> = = = = Special contact angles = = = = Observe that in the special case of a water @-@ silver interface where the contact angle is equal to 90 ° , the liquid @-@ solid / solid @-@ air surface tension difference is exactly zero . Another special case is where the contact angle is exactly 180 ° . Water with specially prepared Teflon approaches this . Contact angle of 180 ° occurs when the liquid @-@ solid surface tension is exactly equal to the liquid @-@ air surface tension . <formula> = = Methods of measurement = = Because surface tension manifests itself in various effects , it offers a number of paths to its measurement . Which method is optimal depends upon the nature of the liquid being measured , the conditions under which its tension is to be measured , and the stability of its surface when it is deformed . du Noüy ring method : The traditional method used to measure surface or interfacial tension . Wetting properties of the surface or interface have little influence on this measuring technique . Maximum pull exerted on the ring by the surface is measured . Du Noüy @-@ Padday method : A minimized version of Du Noüy method uses a small diameter metal needle instead of a ring , in combination with a high sensitivity microbalance to record maximum pull . The advantage of this method is that very small sample volumes ( down to few tens of microliters ) can be measured with very high precision , without the need to correct for buoyancy ( for a needle or rather , rod , with proper geometry ) . Further , the measurement can be performed very quickly , minimally in about 20 seconds . First commercial multichannel tensiometers [ CMCeeker ] were recently built based on this principle . Wilhelmy plate method : A universal method especially suited to check surface tension over long time intervals . A vertical plate of known perimeter is attached to a balance , and the force due to wetting is measured . Spinning drop method : This technique is ideal for measuring low interfacial tensions . The diameter of a drop within a heavy phase is measured while both are rotated . Pendant drop method : Surface and interfacial tension can be measured by this technique , even at elevated temperatures and pressures . Geometry of a drop is analyzed optically . For details , see Drop . Bubble pressure method ( Jaeger 's method ) : A measurement technique for determining surface tension at short surface ages . Maximum pressure of each bubble is measured . Drop volume method : A method for determining interfacial tension as a function of interface age . Liquid of one density is pumped into a second liquid of a different density and time between drops produced is measured . Capillary rise method : The end of a capillary is immersed into the solution . The height at which the solution reaches inside the capillary is related to the surface tension by the equation discussed below . Stalagmometric method : A method of weighting and reading a drop of liquid . Sessile drop method : A method for determining surface tension and density by placing a drop on a substrate and measuring the contact angle ( see Sessile drop technique ) . Vibrational frequency of levitated drops : The natural frequency of vibrational oscillations of magnetically levitated drops has been used to measure the surface tension of superfluid 4He . This value is estimated to be 0 @.@ 375 dyn / cm at T = 0 K. Resonant oscillations of spherical and hemispherical liquid drop : The technique is based on measuring the resonant frequency of spherical and hemispherical pendant droplets driven in oscillations by a modulated electric field . The surface tension and viscosity can be evaluated from the obtained resonant curves . = = Effects = = = = = Liquid in a vertical tube = = = An old style mercury barometer consists of a vertical glass tube about 1 cm in diameter partially filled with mercury , and with a vacuum ( called Torricelli 's vacuum ) in the unfilled volume ( see diagram to the right ) . Notice that the mercury level at the center of the tube is higher than at the edges , making the upper surface of the mercury dome @-@ shaped . The center of mass of the entire column of mercury would be slightly lower if the top surface of the mercury were flat over the entire crossection of the tube . But the dome @-@ shaped top gives slightly less surface area to the entire mass of mercury . Again the two effects combine to minimize the total potential energy . Such a surface shape is known as a convex meniscus . We consider the surface area of the entire mass of mercury , including the part of the surface that is in contact with the glass , because mercury does not adhere to glass at all . So the surface tension of the mercury acts over its entire surface area , including where it is in contact with the glass . If instead of glass , the tube was made out of copper , the situation would be very different . Mercury aggressively adheres to copper . So in a copper tube , the level of mercury at the center of the tube will be lower than at the edges ( that is , it would be a concave meniscus ) . In a situation where the liquid adheres to the walls of its container , we consider the part of the fluid 's surface area that is in contact with the container to have negative surface tension . The fluid then works to maximize the contact surface area . So in this case increasing the area in contact with the container decreases rather than increases the potential energy . That decrease is enough to compensate for the increased potential energy associated with lifting the fluid near the walls of the container . If a tube is sufficiently narrow and the liquid adhesion to its walls is sufficiently strong , surface tension can draw liquid up the tube in a phenomenon known as capillary action . The height to which the column is lifted is given by : <formula> where <formula> is the height the liquid is lifted , <formula> is the liquid @-@ air surface tension , <formula> is the density of the liquid , <formula> is the radius of the capillary , <formula> is the acceleration due to gravity , <formula> is the angle of contact described above . If <formula> is greater than 90 ° , as with mercury in a glass container , the liquid will be depressed rather than lifted . = = = Puddles on a surface = = = Pouring mercury onto a horizontal flat sheet of glass results in a puddle that has a perceptible thickness . The puddle will spread out only to the point where it is a little under half a centimetre thick , and no thinner . Again this is due to the action of mercury 's strong surface tension . The liquid mass flattens out because that brings as much of the mercury to as low a level as possible , but the surface tension , at the same time , is acting to reduce the total surface area . The result of the compromise is a puddle of a nearly fixed thickness . The same surface tension demonstration can be done with water , lime water or even saline , but only on a surface made of a substance to which water does not adhere . Wax is such a substance . Water poured onto a smooth , flat , horizontal wax surface , say a waxed sheet of glass , will behave similarly to the mercury poured onto glass . The thickness of a puddle of liquid on a surface whose contact angle is 180 ° is given by : <formula> where In reality , the thicknesses of the puddles will be slightly less than what is predicted by the above formula because very few surfaces have a contact angle of 180 ° with any liquid . When the contact angle is less than 180 ° , the thickness is given by : <formula> For mercury on glass , γHg
= 487 dyn / cm , ρHg = 13 @.@ 5 g / cm3 and θ
= 140 ° , which gives hHg = 0 @.@ 36 cm . For water on paraffin at 25 ° C , γ
= 72 dyn / cm , ρ = 1 @.@ 0 g / cm3 , and θ
= 107 ° which gives hH2O = 0 @.@ 44 cm . The formula also predicts that when the contact angle is 0 ° , the liquid will spread out into a micro @-@ thin layer over the surface . Such a surface is said to be fully wettable by the liquid . = = = The breakup of streams into drops = = = In day @-@ to @-@ day life all of us observe that a stream of water emerging from a faucet will break up into droplets , no matter how smoothly the stream is emitted from the faucet . This is due to a phenomenon called the Plateau – Rayleigh instability , which is entirely a consequence of the effects of surface tension . The explanation of this instability begins with the existence of tiny perturbations in the stream . These are always present , no matter how smooth the stream is . If the perturbations are resolved into sinusoidal components , we find that some components grow with time while others decay with time . Among those that grow with time , some grow at faster rates than others . Whether a component decays or grows , and how fast it grows is entirely a function of its wave number ( a measure of how many peaks and troughs per centimeter ) and the radii of the original cylindrical stream . = = Thermodynamics = = As stated above , the mechanical work needed to increase a surface is <formula> . Hence at constant temperature and pressure , surface tension equals Gibbs free energy per surface area : <formula> where <formula> is Gibbs free energy and <formula> is the area . Thermodynamics requires that all spontaneous changes of state are accompanied by a decrease in Gibbs free energy . From this it is easy to understand why decreasing the surface area of a mass of liquid is always spontaneous ( <formula> ) , provided it is not coupled to any other energy changes . It follows that in order to increase surface area , a certain amount of energy must be added . Gibbs free energy is defined by the equation , <formula> , where <formula> is enthalpy and <formula> is entropy . Based upon this and the fact that surface tension is Gibbs free energy per unit area , it is possible to obtain the following expression for entropy per unit area : <formula> Kelvin 's Equation for surfaces arises by rearranging the previous equations . It states that surface enthalpy or surface energy ( different from surface free energy ) depends both on surface tension and its derivative with temperature at constant pressure by the relationship . <formula> = = = Thermodynamics of soap bubbles = = = The pressure inside an ideal ( one surface ) soap bubble can be derived from thermodynamic free energy considerations . At constant temperature and particle number , <formula> , the differential Helmholtz energy is given by <formula> where <formula> is the difference in pressure inside and outside of the bubble , and <formula> is the surface tension . In equilibrium , <formula> , and so , <formula> . For a spherical bubble , the volume and surface area are given simply by <formula> , and <formula> . Substituting these relations into the previous expression , we find <formula> , which is equivalent to the Young – Laplace equation when Rx = Ry . For real soap bubbles , the pressure is doubled due to the presence of two interfaces , one inside and one outside . = = = = Influence of temperature = = = = Surface tension is dependent on temperature . For that reason , when a value is given for the surface tension of an interface , temperature must be explicitly stated . The general trend is that surface tension decreases with the increase of temperature , reaching a value of 0 at the critical temperature . For further details see Eötvös rule . There are only empirical equations to relate surface tension and temperature : Eötvös : <formula> Here V is the molar volume of a substance , TC is the critical temperature and k is a constant valid for almost all substances . A typical value is k
= 2 @.@ 1 x 10 − 7 [ J K − 1 mol − 2 / 3 ] . For water one can further use V = 18 ml / mol and TC = 647 K ( 374 ° C ) . A variant on Eötvös is described by Ramay and Shields : <formula> where the temperature offset of 6 kelvins provides the formula with a better fit to reality at lower temperatures . Guggenheim @-@ Katayama : <formula> <formula> is a constant for each liquid and n is an empirical factor , whose value is 11 / 9 for organic liquids . This equation was also proposed by van der Waals , who further proposed that <formula> could be given by the expression , <formula> , where <formula> is a universal constant for all liquids , and <formula> is the critical pressure of the liquid ( although later experiments found <formula> to vary to some degree from one liquid to another ) . Both Guggenheim @-@ Katayama and Eötvös take into account the fact that surface tension reaches 0 at the critical temperature , whereas Ramay and Shields fails to match reality at this endpoint . = = = = Influence of solute concentration = = = = Solutes can have different effects on surface tension depending on their structure : Little or no effect , for example sugar Increase surface tension , inorganic salts Decrease surface tension progressively , alcohols Decrease surface tension and , once a minimum is reached , no more effect : surfactants What complicates the effect is that a solute can exist in a different concentration at the surface of a solvent than in its bulk . This difference varies from one solute / solvent combination to another . Gibbs isotherm states that : <formula> <formula> is known as surface concentration , it represents excess of solute per unit area of the surface over what would be present if the bulk concentration prevailed all the way to the surface . It has units of mol / m2 <formula> is the concentration of the substance in the bulk solution . <formula> is the gas constant and <formula> the temperature Certain assumptions are taken in its deduction , therefore Gibbs isotherm can only be applied to ideal ( very dilute ) solutions with two components . = = = = Influence of particle size on vapor pressure = = = = The Clausius – Clapeyron relation leads to another equation also attributed to Kelvin , as the Kelvin equation . It explains why , because of surface tension , the vapor pressure for small droplets of liquid in suspension is greater than standard vapor pressure of that same liquid when the interface is flat . That is to say that when a liquid is forming small droplets , the equilibrium concentration of its vapor in its surroundings is greater . This arises because the pressure inside the droplet is greater than outside . <formula> <formula> is the standard vapor pressure for that liquid at that temperature and pressure . <formula> is the molar volume . <formula> is the gas constant <formula> is the Kelvin radius , the radius of the droplets . The effect explains supersaturation of vapors . In the absence of nucleation sites , tiny droplets must form before they can evolve into larger droplets . This requires a vapor pressure many times the vapor pressure at the phase transition point . This equation is also used in catalyst chemistry to assess mesoporosity for solids . The effect can be viewed in terms of the average number of molecular neighbors of surface molecules ( see diagram ) . The table shows some calculated values of this effect for water at different drop sizes : The effect becomes clear for very small drop sizes , as a drop of 1 nm radius has about 100 molecules inside , which is a quantity small enough to require a quantum mechanics analysis . = = Surface tension of water and of seawater = = The two most abundant liquids on Earth are fresh water and seawater . This section gives correlations of reference data for the surface tension of both . = = = Surface tension of water = = = The surface tension of pure liquid water in contact with its vapor has been given by IAPWS as <formula> where both T and the critical temperature , TC = 647 @.@ 098 K , are expressed in kelvin . The region of validity the entire vapor @-@ liquid saturation curve , from the triple point ( 0 @.@ 01 ° C ) to the critical point . It also provides reasonable results when extrapolated to metastable ( supercooled ) conditions , down to at least − 25 ° C. This formulation was originally adopted by IAPWS in 1976 , and was adjusted in 1994 to conform to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 . The uncertainty of this formulation is given over the full range of temperature by IAPWS . For temperatures below 100 ° C , the uncertainty is <formula> 0 @.@ 5 % . = = = Surface tension of seawater = = = Nayar et al. published reference data for the surface tension of seawater over the salinity range of 20 ⩽ S ⩽ 131 g / kg and a temperature range of 1 ⩽ t ⩽ 92 ° C at atmospheric pressure . The uncertainty of the measurements varied from 0 @.@ 18 to 0 @.@ 37 mN / m with the average uncertainty being 0 @.@ 22 mN / m . This data is correlated by the following equation <formula> where <formula> is the surface tension of seawater in mN / m , <formula> is the surface tension of water in mN / m , S is the Reference Salinity in g / kg , and t is temperature in degrees Celsius . The average absolute percentage deviation between measurements and the correlation was 0 @.@ 19 % while the maximum deviation is 0 @.@ 60 % . The range of temperature and salinity encompasses both the oceanographic range and the range of conditions encountered in thermal desalination technologies . = = Data table = = = = Gallery of effects = =
= Edwin Alderson = Lieutenant General Sir Edwin Alfred Hervey Alderson KCB ( 8 April 1859 – 14 December 1927 ) was a senior British Army officer who served in several campaigns of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . During the First World War he was placed in command of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the first half of the war but made enemies amongst the Canadian political and military elite and suffered disastrous casualties during operations in 1915 / 16 which forced his sidelining and eventual retirement from service . Despite the opposition he faced , Alderson transformed the ill @-@ trained and poorly prepared Canadian recruits into tough , veteran soldiers and laid the foundations for later victories at Vimy Ridge and in other operations . An accomplished sportsman , Alderson wrote several books and was a keen proponent of hunting and yachting , pastimes he believed to be at risk from developments in motor sports . = = Early life = = Born in 1859 in Capel St Mary , a village in Suffolk , Edwin Alderson was the son of Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Edward Mott Alderson and his wife Catherine Harriett Swainson . He attended Ipswich School from 1873 to 1876 . At 17 Edwin gained a commission in the Norfolk Artillery Militia and at 19 transferred to the 1st Foot ( later Royal Scots Regiment ) on 4 December 1878 . He transferred again ten days later , replacing a promoted officer , to his father 's regiment , the 97th Foot ( soon to become the Queen 's Own Royal West Kent Regiment ) . Joining the regiment in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Alderson was soon transferred to Gibraltar and later South Africa , where he was detached to the Mounted Infantry Depot at Laing 's Nek . = = = Mounted Infantry = = = The Mounted Infantry Depot was a post where young officers could be stationed , forming a ready reserve of young , educated officers available as volunteers for staff or command positions in African colonial campaigns . It was whilst attached to this post that Alderson saw service in the First Boer War in 1881 in the Transvaal . The following year , Alderson served in the 1882 Anglo @-@ Egyptian War , fighting at the battles of Kassassin and Tel @-@ el @-@ Kebir . Two years later , Alderson was attached to the Mounted Camel Regiment during the failed expedition to relieve Khartoum and rescue General Gordon . During this campaign , Alderson was presented with the Bronze Medal of the Royal Humane Society after diving into the Nile to rescue a drowning soldier . For his service in these campaigns , Alderson was promoted to Captain and was stationed at Aldershot with the European Mounted Infantry Depot . The same year he married the daughter of the vicar of Syresham , Northamptonshire , a Miss Alice Mary Sergeant . The next ten years of Alderson 's career were spent on staff duties and with his old regiment in England and Ireland . He also undertook training at the Staff College , Camberley and in 1896 was sent to Mashonaland as a commander of a regiment of local troops during the Second Matabele War . Following the campaign 's successful conclusion , Alderson returned to Aldershot and wrote his first book , " With the Mounted Infantry and the Mashonaland Field Force , 1896 " , an account of the war and a thesis on the tactical uses of mounted infantry . A second book on military tactics followed in 1898 called The Counter @-@ attack . His third book , " Pink and scarlet " was published in 1900 and was another tactical treatise concerning the relationship between fox @-@ hunting and the cavalry and the connection that these gentlemanly and military concerns had in training young officers and developing new innovations in cavalry tactics . In 1908 , he released a compilation of notes made on campaign entitled Lessons from 100 notes made in peace and war . = = = Second Boer War = = = In 1900 , shortly after the outbreak of the Second Boer War , Alderson returned to South Africa to command the Mounted Infantry against the Boer forces . His experience with mounted infantry made him ideal for this role as in the Boer guerillas , the British were fighting against masters of mounted infantry tactics and suffered heavy losses from their hit and run campaigns . Alderson was instrumental in forming British counter @-@ tactics and used his brigade to great effect against the Boers , his elite troops being two regiments of Canadian soldiers . The force was under the overall command of experienced British soldier Edward Hutton , previously GOC Canadian Militia , who became a lifelong friend . Among Canadians he was popular , being preferred to the tactless Hutton by the commander of the 2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles , and in 1901 the then Governor General of Canada , Lord Minto , unsuccessfully petitioned the British government to have Alderson brought to Canada as GOC Militia . By 1901 , Alderson 's innovations had resulted in several successful operations , participating in the battles of Paardeberg and Driefontein as well as the relief of Kimberley and the capture of Bloemfontein and Pretoria . The result of Alderson 's contribution of these campaigns was to be rewarded with confirmation as a brigadier general , appointment as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and to receive the ceremonial post of Aide @-@ de @-@ Camp to Queen Victoria , who died the same year . He was mentioned in despatches several times ( including 31 March 1900 ) , and received the Queen 's South Africa Medal . = = = Peacetime 1902 – 1914 = = = In 1903 he was given command of the British 2nd Infantry Brigade at Aldershot and in 1906 was again promoted to major general . Two years later Alderson was posted to the Indian 6th Infantry Division based in Poona , Southern India . In 1912 he returned to England in semi @-@ retirement on half @-@ pay , becoming a hunt master in Shropshire and developing an enthusiasm for yachting . = = First World War = = At the outbreak of the First World War in the summer of 1914 , Alderson was placed in charge of the 1st Mounted Division and all troops in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk but was soon requested for command of the newly formed First Canadian Contingent due to his experience in South Africa commanding Canadian troops . Personally selected by Sir Sam Hughes , Canadian Minister of Militia , Alderson met the first shipments of Canadian troops in October and almost immediately came into conflict with their minister . Hughes had preceded his men and insisted that the Canadian contingent was not only fully trained and battle ready but also equipped with the best weaponry available . Alderson however saw his charges differently , commenting on the poor quality of the politically appointed officers , the low degree of training and the operational problems of the Ross rifle , a weapon personally approved by Hughes . Training his new charges on Salisbury Plain , Alderson made some headway in toughening his troops encamped in the wet , autumn weather and dismissing the officers appointed by Hughes who had proved ineffectual . When Hughes ' representative in England , Colonel John Wallace Carson , secured preferential accommodation for the Canadian soldiers at the expense of a British brigade , Alderson refused the barracks and in doing so , made both Carson and Hughes into determined enemies . Carson wrote to the Canadian Prime Minister Robert Laird Borden that Alderson " does not treat our men with a firm iron hand covered with the velvet glove which their special temperaments require " . Dispatched to France in February 1915 , the Canadian Division was briefly initiated to trench warfare on the periphery of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle before being attached to the British 2nd Army under Sir Horace Smith @-@ Dorrien in the Belgian town of Ypres . It was in front of Ypres on 22 April that the Canadians bore the brunt of the most furious German attack of the year . In the afternoon at 5 @.@ 00 pm the Germans began heavy shelling of the French trenches and the Canadians and the French Algerian troops stationed next to them saw a fog traveling across no @-@ mans land , covering the advance of German forces . The fog was chlorine gas , the first occasion in which this substance had been used in warfare . The Algerians broke and fled , suffering over 6 @,@ 000 casualties in a matter of minutes and the Canadians were consequently forced to defend twice the length of their front line in the face of a new and deadly weapon . Although the Canadian Division held on for more than two days , much ground was lost and the Division had themselves suffered over 50 % casualties , nearly 6 @,@ 000 men . For Alderson the battle had been a failure : although his troops had held , he had found himself out of touch with the front line and unable to get accurate information about the situation . At one stage he had been commanding 33 battalions across several miles of front line with no central co @-@ ordination and great confusion between his distant headquarters and the trenches . In addition to his personal failings however , the Ross rifles had proven almost useless in battle and some of Alderson 's officer corps had performed poorly . In particular Brigadier @-@ General Richard Turner , commander of the 3rd Brigade , and Turner 's brigade @-@ major , Colonel Garnet Hughes , the son of Sam Hughes , caused much havoc when on the second day of the battle , they unilaterally withdrew the 3rd Brigade from the front line , opening up a 4 @,@ 000 @-@ yard gap through which the Germans threatened the entire Ypres Salient . Colonel John Carson however , who reported personally to Hughes , downplayed the difficulties and blamed the heavy casualties on Alderson 's leadership , indicating that the Division had only been saved from annihilation by the actions of Turner and Hughes . = = = Ross rifle controversy = = = Alderson 's situation worsened at the Battle of Festubert in May 1915 , when the Canadian Division failed to make any headway and suffered nearly 2 @,@ 500 casualties . Another operation a month later , the Second Battle of Givenchy , cost 366 casualties for no appreciable gain . Again , Alderson was not solely at fault in these actions and he remained popular with British Army Headquarters , Prime Minister Borden and with his men , resulting in promotion to command the entire Canadian Expeditionary Force when a second Division arrived late in 1915 . Despite this popularity , Sam Hughes continued to hold a grudge against Alderson and opposed him in political circles , taking offense at Alderson 's refusal to accept promotions made by Hughes or Carson of untried Canadian officers and instead promoting veteran British officers in their place . The main area of argument between the two men however was again over the Ross rifle . By early 1916 it had become clear to all serving on the front lines that the Ross was useless in the filthy conditions of the trenches and its incompatibility with the British Lee – Enfield rifle meant that the Canadian troops were continually running out of ammunition . Hughes however had invested great political capital in the weapon and refused to countenance a switch to the British @-@ made alternative . This issue reached a head when Alderson , newly knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath , circulated a document listing ten deficiencies with the rifle and claiming 85 % of Canadian soldiers no longer wished to use it . Hughes was furious at Alderson 's defiance and sent letters to 281 senior military figures backing the Ross and attacking Alderson 's character . Alderson responded by ordering all subordinate commanders to prepare reports on the efficiency of the Ross rifle . Carson sent a copy of this order back to Hughes , along with a note from Turner that " action is being delayed too long as regards Alderson " . Turner had his own reasons for wanting Alderson gone , following the Battle of St @-@ Eloi in April 1916 . After British troops had taken a large crater near the ruins of the Belgian town of St Eloi , a brigade of Turner 's division was ordered to hold the gain against German counter @-@ attacks . Due to dreadful management of the Canadian forces by Turner and Brigadier @-@ General Huntly Ketchen , German soldiers overran the crater , causing 1 @,@ 400 Canadian casualties and retaking the land around the crater , negating the gains made at heavy cost just a few days before . Sir Herbert Plumer , the commander of British 2nd Army who had overall responsibility for the front , demanded Ketchen 's immediate dismissal and when Turner claimed that if Ketchen was dismissed he would resign , Alderson sought his dismissal as well . Both officers were supporters of Sam Hughes , who made it clear in no uncertain terms to Commander in Chief Sir Douglas Haig that if Turner went then Haig could no longer rely on Canadian support . Haig 's solution to this diplomatic crisis was a compromise . Alderson was transferred to the nominal post of Inspector @-@ General of Canadian Forces and the highly effective Sir Julian Byng replaced him in command of the Canadian Expeditionary Force , supported by Sir Arthur Currie , who had succeeded Alderson in command of the 1st Canadian Division . In exchange , Haig finally got rid of the Ross rifle , all Canadian troops being reissued Lee – Enfields in preparation for the upcoming Battle of the Somme . Alderson was not made aware of the purely nominal nature of his position until later , when he requested a staff car and was informed that he was no longer entitled to one . In September 1916 , Alderson became Inspector of Infantry in the British Army , a position he retained until 1920 , when he retired from active service at the age of 61 . = = Retirement = = Alderson enjoyed an active retirement , becoming Colonel Commandant of the Royal West Kent Regiment and pursuing hunting and yachting with fervour , being an active member of the South Shropshire Hunt and Royal Norfolk and Suffolk Yacht Club . He was also very concerned that the growing popularity of motor sports would result in the demise of these traditional pastimes and expended much energy promoting them . After living the last few years of his life on a houseboat moored in Oulton Broad , he died in December 1927 of a sudden heart attack at Lowestoft and was buried at Chesterton , Oxfordshire , survived by his wife . She later arranged for his private papers to be given to the nation and they are currently stored at British Library and the National Archives of Zimbabwe . = = Reputation = = Alderson retained strong feelings about his treatment at the hands of Hughes and his allies , commenting to a friend that " Canadian politics have been too strong for all of us " . Nonetheless , he was well liked by the men he commanded and was remembered in The Times on his death as " An Englishman of a fine type " and that " the affection which he inspired in all who knew him was great " . The Dictionary of Canadian Biography recalls him as " A decent , honourable , unimaginative man , [ who ] had been more faithful to the interests of Canadian soldiers than their own minister " . Another biographer , Tabitha Marshall , wrote ( 2014 ) that the conflict between Hughes and Alderson " likely affected not only his career but also his place in Canadian history . While his successors as Canadian Corps Commander , Byng and Currie , are well remembered , Alderson is relatively unknown to Canadians . " Alan Clark 's work " The Donkeys " ( 1961 ) , detailing alleged British command incompetence in 1915 , contains a photograph of Alderson decorating a Canadian soldier , captioned " Donkey Decorates Lion " , alleging he was decorating the unnamed soldier for bravery at the Second Battle of Ypres . In fact , the photograph had been taken the following year , on 9 March 1916 , " near Locre " ( Loker ) , Belgium . = = Namesake = = The name Mount Alderson was given in 1915 to one of the peaks in the Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta , Canada . = = Works = = With the Mounted Infantry and the Mashonaland Field Force , 1896 , 1898 The Counter @-@ attack , 1898 Pink and Scarlet or Hunting as a School for Soldiering William Heinemann , 1900 Lessons from 100 notes made in peace and war , 1908
= Albany City Hall = Albany City Hall is the seat of government of the city of Albany , New York . It houses the office of the mayor , the Common Council chamber , the city and traffic courts , as well as other city services . The current building was designed by Henry Hobson Richardson in his particular Romanesque style and opened in 1883 at 24 Eagle Street between Corning Place ( then Maiden Lane ) and Pine Street . It is a rectangular , three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ story building with a 202 @-@ foot ( 62 m ) tall tower at its southwest corner . The tower contains one of the only municipal carillons in the country . Albany 's first city hall was the Stadt Huys , built by the Dutch at the intersection of Broadway and Hudson Avenue probably in the 1660s , though possibly earlier . It was probably replaced around 1740 with a larger building , which continued to be known as the Stadt Huys . In 1754 , the Stadt Huys was the location of the Albany Congress , where Benjamin Franklin presented the Albany Plan of Union , the first proposal to unite the British American colonies . In 1797 Albany was declared the state capital of New York and the New York Legislature made its home in Albany 's city hall . In 1809 the Legislature opened the first New York State Capitol and Albany 's government moved in with the Legislature . After purchasing a plot of land at the eastern terminus of Washington Avenue , across Eagle Street from the capitol , the city government moved into a new city hall designed by Philip Hooker in 1832 . In 1880 , Hooker 's city hall was destroyed by fire and a new design was commissioned by Henry Richardson ; the building opened in 1883 . The new city hall still stands and is a fine example of Richardson 's unique Romanesque style . Architectural critics consider the building to have been designed around the high point of Richardson 's career . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 4 , 1972 . = = Former city halls = = Albany has had multiple buildings dedicated to being the seat of city government over its history . However , historians disagree on details of many of the earlier structures , namely , when they were built . = = = Stadt Huys = = = Albany 's original city hall , the Stadt Huys ( / ˈstæt ˈhaɪs / ; Dutch for " city hall " ; sometimes written Stadt Huis ) may have been built as early as 1635 . Evidence from the journals of Wouter van Twiller , Director of New Netherland ( 1633 – 1638 ) , suggests that at least some type of punitory building was built on the site during his term in office . George Howell and Jonathan Tenney , in their book Bi @-@ centennial History of Albany , claim that reports from 1646 state the building was a substantial ( at least for its time ) three @-@ story structure , with the lower floor built of stone and used as a jail . However Albany historian Cuyler Reynolds claims the Stadt Huys was not built until 1673 . All sources agree that it stood at the northeast corner of today 's Hudson Avenue and Broadway , the current site of the SUNY System Administration Building . The Stadt Huys officially became city hall when the Dongan Charter incorporated Albany into a city in 1686 . An engraving of a 1695 map of Albany clearly identifies the Stadt Huys at the northeast corner of present @-@ day Hudson Ave and Broadway . It is probable that a new city hall was built on the site of the Stadt Huys around 1740 ; historians at the New York State Museum ( NYSM ) claim it was 1741 . Growing tired of increasingly cramped space , the city government was able to secure funds from the provincial government to construct a new city hall on the same site . This building was also commonly known as the Stadt Huys , even though it was a completely new structure and the English had been in control of New York for more than 75 years . The NYSM describes the new Stadt Huys as a three @-@ story brick structure , adding that it was a " more substantial building " than its predecessor . This new building was the third @-@ largest building in Albany , surpassed only by the local Dutch church ( though not the one that stands today ) and Fort Albany . The roof of the new structure was gabled and was topped with a cupola and belfry . Howell and Tenney claim that the original Stadt Huys was in use for at least 160 years ( meaning a replacement structure would not have been needed until 1795 at the earliest ) , which is in disagreement with the idea that a new Stadt Huys was built in the 1740s . In 1754 , the Stadt Huys was the site of the Albany Congress ; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there . This was the first formal proposal to unite the British American colonies . The Plan of Union 's original intention was to unite the colonies in defense against aggressions of the French to the north ; it was not an attempt to become independent from the auspices of the British crown . Although it was never adopted by the British Parliament , it was an important precursor to the United States Constitution . A month prior to the meeting , Franklin published his Join , or Die political cartoon , an infamous graphical representation of the Plan of Union . During the Revolutionary War , city hall was home to the Albany Committee of Correspondence ( the political arm of the local revolutionary movement ) , which took over operation of Albany 's government in 1775 and eventually expanded its power to control all of Albany County ( which at that time was the largest county in the colony , extending far past its current borders ) . Tories and prisoners of war were often jailed in city hall alongside common criminals . Following the war , city hall was an occasional meeting place of the newly formed New York Legislature , in addition to being home to the city and county governments , the jail , courts , and local registry . In 1797 Albany was declared the official capital of the state and the Legislature made city hall its home until the first state capitol was opened in 1809 . In an effort to move public buildings away from the bustling and expanding waterfront , the new capitol was located atop the State Street hill , on the same land the current building now stands . City surveyor Simeon De Witt , in his 1794 plan of the city , set aside this land as a public square . Also included on this map are depictions of city hall and the new city jail , located at State and Eagle Streets . In 1809 , Albany city government moved with the Legislature into the new capitol and remained there until a new city hall was opened in 1832 . The old Stadt Huys was eventually demolished after a fire in 1836 . = = = 1832 city hall = = = In an effort to move city and county government functions out of the state capitol , the city purchased a plot of land to build on in 1832 . They chose a spot on the edge of De Witt 's public square , along Eagle Street at the eastern terminus of Lion Street ( later renamed Washington Avenue ) ; the land was bought from St. Peter 's Church for $ 10 @,@ 295 @.@ 95 ( $ 244 @,@ 000 in modern dollars ) . The design of the new city hall was done by Albany architect Philip Hooker . The cornerstone was laid by Mayor John Townsend amid a Masonic ceremony , however the date of this event is in dispute . The building was completed in 1832 at a cost of about $ 92 @,@ 000 ( $ 2 @.@ 18 million in modern dollars ) . The new city hall was a Greek Revival structure , built of white marble with an entrance porch supported by four Doric columns . On the roof was a gilded dome . The interior was simple , with little ornamentation , though a full @-@ length statue of Alexander Hamilton stood in the center of the upper hall , between the Court room and the Common Council Chamber . Upon one side of this hall was a bas @-@ relief of DeWitt Clinton , with a view of a primitive canal @-@ boat in the distance , and on the opposite wall was a similar figure of Sir Walter Scott . The building was destroyed by fire on February 10 , 1880 . Plans for a replacement city hall quickly developed . = = Current city hall = = Following the 1880 fire , Henry Richardson quickly secured the commission for the replacement city hall after a limited competition between six architects and architectural firms . Richardson had been a frequent visitor to Albany over the prior four years , having been one of the lead architects on the state capitol . The budget was limited to $ 185 @,@ 000 ; Richardson 's design came in at $ 184 @,@ 000 . However the appointed public committee upped the price to $ 204 @,@ 000 after granite was substituted for brownstone in the design . The new city hall design dates from the period that is typically regarded as Richardson 's architectural peak . His design was similar to his other designs done in his unique Romanesque style . Architectural historian Henry @-@ Russell Hitchcock described city hall as " one of Richardson 's most Romanesque designs " and the building 's NRHP nomination added : " Albany City Hall 's banded arches , rhythmic fenestration , bold expression of materials and corner placement of the tower are characteristic features of Richardson 's work often to be repeated by his followers . " The building is a load @-@ bearing masonry design laid out in a rectangle , with a 202 @-@ foot ( 62 m ) tall , Venetian @-@ style tower on its southwest corner topped with a pyramidal roof . The main structure is three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stories tall and the front ( west ) face is nine bays wide . The exterior walls are rusticated Milford ( Rhode Island ) granite with Longmeadow ( Massachusetts ) brownstone trim . Save for the bold asymmetrical placement of the tower ( which is a prime example of Richardson 's disregard for architectural correctness and known for being one of his best tower designs ) , the building is noted for its general simplicity in design . The entranceway is a simple triple @-@ arch loggia ; other design elements on the front façade are limited to its windows and a quadruple @-@ arch balcony off the Common Council chamber . The building is simultaneously noted for its general simplicity and care for small details , especially its intricate carvings . The entranceway is flanked by multiple tiers of relief sculpture and gargoyles . Most of the stone cutters originally brought to Albany to work on the capitol were later hired to do the sculptural details on city hall . Many elements of the exterior design are representations of interior functionality . Because the Common Council chamber is located on the second floor ( above the entrance ) , that story is the same height as the first @-@ floor entrance hall . The tower is essentially window @-@ less because it was meant to be the city archive ; a round staircase extends up the southeast corner of the tower for access . The short tower on the building 's southeast corner was originally meant to be the transition between city hall and the ( to @-@ be built ) jail , complete with a " bridge of sighs " to transport inmates straight from their cells in the jail to the court rooms in city hall . Due to lack of funds at the time ( the building 's initial budget doubled , ending up at $ 325 @,@ 000 ( $ 7 @.@ 97 million in modern dollars ) including furnishings ) , Richardson devoted most of his efforts to the building 's exterior . A report from the Times Union states , " There wasn 't enough money for Richardson to do the job as thoroughly as he would have liked . He said in his writing that if there wasn 't sufficient money , he 'd rather do it right on the outside and leave it to a future generation to finish the interior . The interior was finished by city architects a good 30 years after Richardson built it . " The interior was redesigned by Ogden and Gander in 1917 . The mayor 's office is on the first floor of the tower , the Council chamber and offices are on the building 's second floor , and the city clerk 's office is on the second floor of the tower . The mayor 's office contains a painting of the city 's first mayor , Pieter Schuyler . With the leadership of William Gorham Rice in 1927 , a carillon was added to the tower ; it contained sixty bells ( though it could produce only 47 different notes since top notes have double bells ) made by John Taylor & Co in England . Financed by public donations ( from upwards of 25 @,@ 000 people ) , it cost $ 63 @,@ 000 ( $ 8 @.@ 65 million in modern dollars ) and was the first municipal carillon in the United States . In 1986 Mayor Thomas Whalen had the carillon restored , which included replacing 30 bells and adding two notes to its repertoire . The 49 bells weigh 27 short tons ( 24 @,@ 000 kg ) . The largest bell is 5 feet 9 inches ( 1 @.@ 75 m ) in diameter and weighs 10 @,@ 953 pounds ( 4 @,@ 968 kg ) . The carillon is still in use and plays multiple concerts during the week . The clock faces on the tower were added in the 1920s , possibly around the time the carillon was added . The 1897 image of the city hall above shows the tower without the clock faces ( though the stonework shows obvious intent to have clock faces installed ) . City hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 4 , 1972 .
= Pim Fortuyn List = The Pim Fortuyn List ( Dutch : Lijst Pim Fortuyn , LPF ) was a right @-@ wing populist political party in the Netherlands . The eponymous founder of the party was Pim Fortuyn , a charismatic former university professor and political columnist who initially had planned to contest the 2002 general election as leader of the Livable Netherlands ( LN ) party . He was however dismissed as party leader in February 2002 due to controversial remarks he made in a newspaper interview on immigration @-@ related issues , and instead founded LPF a few days later . After gaining support in opinion polls , Fortuyn was assassinated on 6 May 2002 , days before the election . The party held onto its support , and went on to become the second @-@ largest party in the election . The LPF formed part of a coalition government with the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) and the People 's Party for Freedom and Democracy ( VVD ) , but internal conflicts in the LPF led to the coalition 's break @-@ up and fresh elections after a few months . Following the 2003 election , the party was left in opposition . It became clear that the party was not viable without its original leader , and it went into decline until it was finally dissolved in 2008 . = = History = = = = = Background = = = Fortuyn announced his intention to run for parliament in a television interview on 20 August 2001 . An unusual aspect of this was that it was not yet clear which political party he would be a candidate for . Although he was already in contact with the Livable Netherlands ( LN ) party , he initially also considered running for the CDA or creating his own list . On 25 November he was chosen as party leader for the LN . The LN functioned as the national extension of a movement that had contested municipal but never national elections . Fortuyn concluded his acceptance speech by saying the words that would become his slogan ; " At your service ! " Almost immediately after Fortuyn became leader , LN went from 2 % in opinion polls to about 17 % . In January 2002 , it was announced that Fortuyn also would head the Livable Rotterdam ( LR ) list for the March 2002 local elections . The official 2002 election study found that immigration and integration problems were the second most important issue for voters after issues concerning the health care system . Helped by the many speeches and interviews given by Fortuyn , immigration issues became the major topic of the national political agenda , thereby forcing other parties to react . Until February , the LN had received disproportionate and generally sympathetic coverage in the media . The situation took a dramatic turn on 9 February , when Fortuyn was interviewed in de Volkskrant , one of the leading national newspapers . Against the strong advice of his campaign team , he made several controversial statements ; including one that said Islam was " a backward culture " , that no more asylum seekers would be allowed into the country , and , if necessary , the possible repeal of anti @-@ racism clauses in the Dutch Constitution to protect freedom of speech . Fortuyn was dismissed as party leader the next day , and in a television interview said that the split was irreparable , although he would have preferred to remain in the party . He founded Pim Fortuyn List ( LPF ) on 11 February . Opinion polls soon showed that he took most of LN 's supporters with him , leaving LN with its original 2 % , while Fortuyn soared to 17 % . The local LR — which held on to Fortuyn as its leader — was hugely successful in the March 2002 local elections , as it won more than one third of the vote and became Rotterdam 's strongest party . = = = Fortuyn assassination = = = It was reported in February 2002 that Fortuyn did not dare to appear in public owing to death threats . In March , he was attacked by pie @-@ throwing activists at the presentation of his new book De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars ( which became the bestselling book by a Dutch author in the Netherlands in 2002 ) . Despite this , the authorities did not provide protection for Fortuyn , nor did he request protection . On 6 May , Fortuyn was assassinated outside a radio studio . This was the first political murder in the Netherlands for centuries ( excluding the Second World War ) . Some claimed that by " demonising " Fortuyn , the political left and the media had created a climate of opinion that had made the assassination possible . Campaigning immediately stopped , and although some suggested postponing the elections , the campaign resumed ( half @-@ heartedly ) after his funeral four days later . His funeral was broadcast live on television and , according to Cas Mudde , lead " to scenes of mass hysteria not seen since the Dutch national football team won the European Championship in 1988 . " The murder of Fortuyn , together with that of Theo van Gogh two years later , would result in a polarisation in the political debate in the Netherlands , and subsequently radical changes in immigration @-@ related policies and public discourse . = = = First Balkenende cabinet ( 2002 – 2003 ) = = = The LPF decided to maintain Fortuyn 's candidacy , and delayed naming a new leader until after the election . The 2002 general election proved a great success for the LPF , yielding 17 % of the votes and 26 seats in the House of Representatives — by far a record number of seats in the Netherlands for a new party — to become the second largest party . LN also made it into Parliament , with two seats . The Labour Party ( PvdA ) and People 's Party for Freedom and Democracy ( VVD ) saw their largest @-@ ever losses , while the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) won large gains . CDA leader Jan Peter Balkenende had earlier announced that his party would follow a tougher line towards asylum seekers , and he later agreed with much of Fortuyn 's criticism of the purple coalition and Holland 's multicultural society . As leader of the strongest party , Balkenende became the leading candidate for Prime Minister . Following the election , Mat Herben was chosen as LPF party leader as Fortuyn 's successor . Together with the CDA and the VVD , the party formed part of the governing coalition , and supplied several members for the Balkenende cabinet . The party was granted four of fourteen cabinet seats , for immigration , economics , health and sports . But without its original leader and lack of a clearly defined organisational structure , the LPF soon succumbed to highly public internal squabbles . By October 2002 , the break @-@ up of the government coalition was triggered by the bickering of LPF Ministers Eduard Bomhoff and Herman Heinsbroek . = = = Opposition and disintegration ( 2003 – 2006 ) = = = In the January 2003 general election , the LPF shrank to 5 @.@ 7 % support and eight seats . Following the election the LPF was exchanged for the Democrats 66 in the government coalition , and would find it hard to maintain support in opposition . Besides Joost Eerdmans , most of its Members of Parliament were not very visible , while party leader Herben had enough work just keeping the party from further infighting . The party also went into financial straits , and as the new coalition continued most of the former coalition 's policies , it was hard for the LPF to oppose the government . The LPF won just 2 @.@ 6 % of the vote in the 2004 European Parliament election , and did not win a seat . In this election , Paul van Buitenen surprisingly won two seats with his anti @-@ corruption Europe Transparent ( although it was not successful in the long term ) . By 2004 , the LPF had fallen to a less than 1 % support and disintegrated . The party had lost most of its members , and the parliamentary faction had declared itself independent from the party . = = = List Five Fortuyn ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = = The LPF participated in the 2006 general election under its new name List Five Fortuyn ( Lijst Vijf Fortuyn ) . On 25 September 2006 , the party released its campaign commercial , which featured new leader Olaf Stuger coming down from " heaven " with a parachute and presenting himself as a " reincarnation " of Pim Fortuyn . Marten Fortuyn , brother of Pim Fortuyn , declared it " outrageous and tasteless . " In the election , LVF did not receive enough votes to secure a seat with support of only 0 @.@ 2 % . In July 2007 , the party voted to dissolve itself on 1 January 2008 . Fortuyn 's political heritage scattered among various politicians , many of which were not successful . These include Marco Pastors , leader of the One NL , and Hilbrand Nawijn , leader of the Party for the Netherlands — none of which managed to win a seat in the 2006 election . More importantly however , the party had been squeezed out by the tougher line on immigration issues by mainstream politicians such as Minister for Integration and Immigration Rita Verdonk , who largely adopted Fortuyn 's policies . By the end of the decade , former LPF supporters had mostly moved to support Geert Wilders and his Party for Freedom ( PVV ) . = = Ideology = = = = = Fortuynism = = = The ideology or political style that is derived from Pim Fortuyn , and in turn the LPF , is often called Fortuynism . Observers variously saw him as a political protest targeting the alleged elitism and bureaucratic style of the Dutch purple coalitions or as offering an appealing political style . The style was characterized variously as one " of openness , directness and clearness " , populism or simply as charisma . Another school holds Fortuynism as a distinct ideology , with an alternative vision of society . Some argued that Fortuynism was not just one ideology , but contained liberalism , populism and nationalism . During the 2002 campaign , Fortuyn was accused of being on the " extreme right " , although others saw only certain similarities . While he employed anti @-@ immigration rhetoric , he was neither a radical nationalist nor a defender of traditional authoritarian values . On the contrary , Fortuyn wanted to protect the socio @-@ culturally liberal values of the Netherlands , women 's rights and sexual minorities ( he was openly homosexual himself ) , from the " backward " Islamic culture . The LPF also won support from some ethnic minorities ; one of Fortuyn 's closest associates was of Cape Verdean origin , and one of the party 's MPs was a young woman of Turkish descent . = = = Foreign policy = = = Although the LPF was established post @-@ 9 / 11 , Fortuyn had already developed a worldview based on the " clash between civilizations " , namely between " modernity " and Islam , or Western society and Islamic culture . The LPF supported NATO , but was eurosceptic and saw the European Union as a " bureaucracy which barely interests its citizens , let alone inspires them . " The party did however not oppose the project of European integration in general , but rather its present organization , lack of democracy and threat to national sovereignty . Opposing the full membership of Turkey , Albania , Ukraine , Belarus and Russia , the LPF maintained that the European Union " shouldn 't cross the Bosporus and the Ural " . = = Election results = = = = = Parliament = = = = = = European Parliament = = = = = Organisation = = = = = Leadership = = =
= California State Route 195 = State Route 195 ( SR 195 ) was a state highway in the U.S. state of California , branching westward from SR 111 to SR 86 near the town of Mecca and the Salton Sea . The route formerly extended east to Interstate 10 ( I @-@ 10 ) near Joshua Tree National Park as a longer route extending to Blythe and points further east . After the main route was shifted north , the older route remained as an alternate known as Box Canyon Road . The route was designated in the 1964 state highway renumbering , although the Box Canyon Road portion was removed as a state highway in 1972 . Following the construction of the SR 86 expressway , SR 195 was curtailed in 2009 , and removed entirely in 2014 . = = Route description = = Before the route was mostly removed in 2009 , it began at Harrison Street , the old routing of SR 86 , in Riverside County . It then headed north as Pierce Street until intersecting 66th Street , where SR 195 turned east . The highway intersected SR 86 and continued to the town of Mecca , where it met its north end at SR 111 . The route loosely paralleled the northern end of the Salton Sea , passing through farmland for its entire length . In 2013 , SR 195 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 4500 at Buchanan Street , and 6 @,@ 000 at the eastern terminus with SR 111 , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway . = = History = = Route 64 , a highway from Mecca to Blythe , was added to the state highway system in 1919 . In 1935 , Pierce Street from Route 26 near Oasis to Avenue 66 , and Avenue 66 from Route 26 to Mecca were added to the state highway system . Two years later , Pierce Street was designated as Route 203 , and Avenue 66 was designated as Route 204 . By 1926 , the road existed east of Mecca to Blythe , but was unpaved ; by 1930 , the road connected from Mecca to the road along the western side of the Salton Sea to Indio and points further west . Between 1932 and 1934 , the road east of Mecca had been paved . The western part of the road , known as the Box Canyon road , from Mecca to Blythe served as part of US 60 and US 70 until it was eventually bypassed in favor of a more direct route to Indio , diverging at Shavers ' Summit . Between 1934 and 1936 , US 60 and US 70 had made the shift north towards Indio , and the portion between US 99 and Mecca was paved . Initial opposition was later overcome after the road was washed out during a storm and forced motorists to take refuge in the nearby foothills . By 1940 , the SR 195 designation was signed . In the 1940s , the highway continued due west of Mecca to end at an intersection with US 99 , rather than turning south . In 1953 , efforts to remove the road from Mecca to the highway from Blythe to Indio , from the state highway system were met with community opposition , since it served as an alternate route for the other highway . State Senator Nelson Dilworth proposed legislation to require the road from Banning through Idyllwild to Mountain Center to be added to the state highway system if SR 195 was removed , as the two were of roughly the same length , but the latter remained in the system . SR 195 was officially designated in the 1964 state highway renumbering . The original alignment continued past SR 111 and the Salton Sea before ending at US 60 , which later became I @-@ 10 , at the southern end of Joshua Tree National Park . The Division of Highways proposed deleting this part of the state highway in 1971 , though similar plans had been revived in 1969 . This portion was removed in 1972 . In 1988 , the California Transportation Commission ( CTC ) approved shifting SR 111 onto the new SR 86 expressway after it was completed , using SR 195 to make the connection . When the SR 86 expressway was fully constructed , SR 195 was to be removed from the state highway system according to state law ; that expressway was finished in 2001 . However , this removed the connection from the highway portion of SR 111 to the new expressway carrying both SR 111 and SR 86 north from the state highway system . Caltrans officially deleted most of SR 195 in 2009 , leaving a gap in SR 111 following deletions of the old routing that was now bypassed by the expressway . In December 2014 , with Riverside County and Caltrans both supporting , the CTC transferred the remaining portion of SR 195 , from the new SR 86 expressway to SR 111 , to become part of SR 111 . SR 195 still appears in Caltrans documents dated from 2014 . = = Major intersections = = Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was when the route was established , based on the 1972 routing , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route was in Riverside County .
= 66th Division ( United Kingdom ) = The 66th ( 2nd East Lancashire ) Division was an infantry division of the British Army , part of the Territorial Force , which saw service in the trenches of the Western Front , during the later years of the Great War . Disbanded after the war , it was reformed in 1939 in the Territorial Army as the 66th Infantry Division but disbanded in 1940 , without seeing active service in the Second World War . The division was created shortly after the outbreak of the First World War at the end of August 1914 , as the 2nd East Lancashire Division , a second @-@ line formation of the East Lancashire Division , composed primarily of soldiers from eastern Lancashire and the industrial towns around Manchester . After training and home service , it deployed to the Western Front in early 1917 ; its first major combat came in October of that year , at the Battle of Poelcappelle . In March 1918 , it suffered extremely heavy losses during Operation Michael the German Spring Offensive and was withdrawn from the line and reduced to a cadre to be rebuilt . It returned to the front in time for the Battle of Cambrai , part of the Hundred Days Offensive and the Battle of the Selle . Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 , it was stationed in Belgium , where it was demobilised in March 1919 . The division was not reformed after the war but was reconstituted as the 66th Infantry Division ( with no regional title ) , again as a duplicate of the 42nd Division , during the hurried expansion of the Territorial Army in early 1939 . It was active for slightly over a year , before being disbanded in June 1940 , having only seen home service with most of its component units being transferred to other divisions . = = First World War = = = = = Formation and home service = = = The division was created at the end of August 1914 , as the 2nd East Lancashire Division , a second @-@ line formation of the East Lancashire Division . Territorial Force soldiers could not be deployed overseas without their consent and the Territorial units were accordingly split into a " first line " , with men who had volunteered for overseas service and a " second line " , which was intended for home service , by the ten percent who refused to volunteer on 12 August . The second line units also served to absorb the large number of recruits who had joined the Territorial Force following the outbreak of war . The first commander was Brigadier @-@ General Charles Beckett , a 65 @-@ year @-@ old retired officer , who had commanded a Yeomanry brigade some years earlier . As with the original East Lancashire Division , the 2nd East Lancashire was organised in three infantry brigades of four battalions each . These were later numbered as the 197th ( Lancashire Fusiliers ) Brigade , composed of the 2 / 5th , 2 / 6th , 2 / 7th and 2 / 8th Lancashire Fusiliers ; the 198th ( East Lancashire ) Brigade , composed of the 2 / 4th and 2 / 5th East Lancashire Regiment and the 2 / 9th and 2 / 10th Manchester Regiment ; and the 199th ( Manchester ) Brigade , composed of the 2 / 5th , 2 / 6th , 2 / 7th and 2 / 8th Manchester Regiment . The 197th Brigade drew its men from Bury and Salford , Greater Manchester ; the 198th Brigade from Blackburn , Burnley Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne and Oldham and the 199th Brigade from Wigan , Manchester and Ardwick . The division also raised second @-@ line Territorial artillery , Royal Army Medical Corps and Royal Engineer units , all from the Lancashire – Manchester recruiting area and had an attached squadron of the Bedfordshire Yeomanry . For two years , the 2nd East Lancashire Division ( numbered the 66th Division in August 1915 ) , provided trained replacements for its parent unit and carried out home defence duties in England . Elements of the division assembled near Southport in late 1914 , then moved south to the Kent – Sussex area in May 1915 and to Essex in early 1916 . In early 1915 , the 2 / 5th Lancashire Fusiliers , a second @-@ line battalion , was detached for overseas service and joined the 51st ( Highland ) Division . The battalion was replaced by another duplicate battalion , the 3 / 5th Lancashire Fusiliers , which became one of the few third @-@ line territorial battalions to see active service . One of the three companies of Royal Engineers , was sent to France in 1915 to join the 48th ( South Midland ) Division and during 1916 , three of the four heavy and howitzer artillery batteries were withdrawn or broken up . Following the Military Service Act of January 1916 , all Territorial soldiers were deemed to liable for overseas service and in February 1917 , the 66th Division was instructed to prepare for a move to continental Europe and received a new and experienced commander , Major @-@ General Herbert Lawrence . = = = Flanders and Poelcappelle , 1917 = = = The division arrived in France in early 1917 as part of the last batch of second @-@ line Territorial divisions to be sent from Britain , and was attached to the First Army . On 12 April , Brigadier @-@ General Godfrey Matthews , a former Royal Marine officer commanding 198th Brigade , was wounded by shellfire and died the next day . In June , the division was transferred to the XV Corps of the Fourth Army on the relatively quiet coastal sector in Flanders . During the summer , XV Corps was held ready for Operation Hush , an amphibious landing by the 1st Division and a coastal offensive by the rest of XV Corps , which was planned to support an advance from Passchendaele Ridge east of Ypres , by the Fifth Army . The operation was postponed several times and was cancelled in October . At the end of September , the 66th Division was relieved by its parent unit , the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division . After a few days of overlap , where many men were able to meet friends and relations they had not seen since 1914 , the division moved south to the Ypres area . The division was assigned to II Anzac Corps , a predominantly Australian formation and the 199th Brigade moved into the front line to replace the 3rd Australian Division on 5 October . The relief was badly mismanaged , leaving the Australian staff officers doubtful of the efficiency of the division . On 9 October , the division made its debut in the Battle of Poelcappelle . On the night of 8 / 9 October , the 197th and 198th brigades had begun to cover the 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) to the front line , which usually took about 1 1 ⁄ 2 hours . Despite starting ten hours before the attack , the 197th Brigade was late . At zero hour , the 198th Brigade attacked on the left flank of the divisional front , into defences which had been little damaged by the artillery bombardment , advancing behind a meagre creeping barrage and were held up 300 yards ( 270 m ) short of the first objective . The 197th Brigade arrived late on the right flank , exhausted and disorganised after a twelve @-@ hour march through mud but attacked as soon as it arrived . The brigade rapidly advanced over drier sandy ground and reached the final objective , 700 yards ( 640 m ) short of Passchendaele village at 10 : 00 a.m. ; an officer 's patrol entered the village and found it empty . Around midday , the 197th Brigade battalions near the village withdrew their flanks , to gain touch with the units on either side at the first objective ; the troops in the centre misinterpreted this and also withdrew the same distance . A German counter @-@ attack was repulsed at 5 : 10 p.m. and before nightfall , the divisional commander ordered a short withdrawal , to link with the 49th Division on the left and to avoid enfilade fire from the Bellevue Spur . The brigade ended the day 500 yards ( 460 m ) beyond the start line for the loss of 3 @,@ 119 casualties ; the division was relieved by the 3rd Australian Division on the night of 10 / 11 October . A second senior officer was killed in action , when Brigadier @-@ General Arthur Lowe , commanding the divisional artillery , was killed near Ypres on 24 November . In late December 1917 , a new commanding officer , Major @-@ General Neill Malcolm was appointed to the 66th Division . Malcolm was a decorated veteran of several colonial wars , who had served in staff posts since being wounded in the Second Boer War and had most recently served as chief of staff of the Fifth Army . The division was reorganised over the winter , with the brigade machine @-@ gun companies being consolidated into a battalion and a pioneer battalion , the 1 / 5th Border Regiment joining the division . The most substantial change was the loss of three battalions , the 3 / 5th Lancashire Fusiliers and 2 / 8th and 2 / 10th Manchester Regiment , one from each brigade . This was a change made in all British divisions , to bring the remaining battalions in France up to strength and to increase the ratio of artillery to infantry . At this point , there was a general exchange of men between the 42nd and 66th Divisions ; the core of the 1 / 6th Lancashire Fusiliers , 1 / 4th East Lancashires , and 1 / 9th Manchesters were transferred to the 66th Division , where they amalgamated with their second @-@ line counterparts , while the 42nd Division received the men from the disbanded battalions in the 66th Division . The division remained in the Passchendaele area until February 1918 . = = = Battle of St. Quentin = = = In March 1918 , the 66th Division was assigned to XIX Corps in the Fifth Army , holding an area north of Saint @-@ Quentin , bordering the 24th Division of XIX Corps on the right and 16th ( Irish ) Division of VII Corps on the left . The corps sector was between the River Cologne in the north and the Omicron in the south . Under a new defence in depth scheme , small strongpoints in a " forward zone " was to delay and disrupt an attack , harassing it with machine @-@ gun fire . The main body of the division remained in a " battle zone " further back , to make local counter @-@ attacks into the forward zone or in reserve in a third " rear zone " . The British were used to deliberate attacks in trench warfare conditions , not the rapid counter @-@ attacks on the defensive that the German army had perfected since early 1915 and felt vulnerable in what they saw as exposed positions . Combat units were still kept too close to the front line ( across the front , 84 percent of battalions were in the two forward zones ) , leaving them vulnerable to an attack and a lack of manpower meant that very few of the defensive positions necessary for the scheme to work had been prepared in the rear zone of the Fifth Army . On the morning of 21 March , the German spring offensive began at the Battle of St. Quentin . Elements of the German 25th Division and 208th Division attacked through a thick fog at dawn , overrunning the two battalions ( 4th East Lancashires and 2 / 8th Lancashire Fusiliers ) which held positions in the forward zone . By 10 @.@ 30 am , they had reached the " battle zone " , where the fighting intensified . On the right flank , near the boundary with 24th Division , a reserve company of 2 / 7th Manchesters held a defensive position from 11 : 00 am to 7 : 00 pm , when they surrendered , having lost 70 percent casualties and run out of ammunition . To their left , the 2 / 6th Manchesters held out until the early afternoon , when the 160 survivors were forced to retreat further into the battle zone . The northern element of the division 's defensive plan was a fortified quarry outside the village of Templeux @-@ le @-@ Guérard , held by the 2 / 7th Lancashire Fusiliers and 1 / 5th Border Regiment but this had been quickly surrounded and bypassed by the attackers , to be mopped up later in the day , with only a few men escaping . The village was defended by the 2 / 6th Lancashire Fusiliers and an artillery battery ; in the course of the day , the battery was destroyed while the fusiliers were pushed back towards the edge of the village , clinging on to their positions as night fell . During the day , 711 men of 66th Division had been killed ; while detailed figures are not available this would suggest around 1 @,@ 000 men were wounded and another 2 @,@ 000 captured . British casualties for the day were 7 @,@ 500 killed , 10 @,@ 000 wounded and 21 @,@ 000 captured ; 66th Division is known to have lost 711 men killed . On the morning of 22 March , German attacks continued to push back the remaining units of the 66th Division , now supported by the 1st Cavalry Division and a handful of tanks . The composite force managed a fighting retreat , with most units avoiding encirclement . Shortly after noon the remnants of the division were ordered to retreat behind the 50th ( Northumbrian ) Division , which were preparing fresh defences on the original Green Line along the edge of the rear zone . The 66th Division retreated through the new defensive line by 4 : 00 pm , with the aid of the 5th Durham Light Infantry ( DLI ) , which had been temporarily transferred to support them and the 50th Division took over the front line . Over the following days , the divisions of XIX Corps fell back towards the line of the River Somme , where the 66th Division ( plus the 5th DLI ) took up positions on the west bank of the river around Barleux and Foucaucourt @-@ en @-@ Santerre , west of Peronne . On 24 March , the German army crossed the Somme and the 2 / 8th Lancashire Fusiliers counter @-@ attacked the bridgeheads without success but continued to hold a line close to the river . Expecting a follow @-@ up attack the next day , 149th Brigade was temporarily attached to 66th Division and both units were slowly pushed back from the banks of the Somme , withdrawing to Assevillers as night fell on 25 March . The remnants of the 66th Division were holding a position south of the Somme , with the 50th Division to the right and troops from the Third Army over the river to the left . An attack on the morning of 26 March , opening the Battle of Rosières , pushed back the units on the north bank and the 66th Division retired , losing contact with the 50th Division , which fell back on Rosières @-@ en @-@ Santerre to avoid being flanked . " Little 's Composite Battalion " with the remaining troops of the 198th Brigade , moved from reserve to Foucaucourt and defended the village until the early afternoon , retired to Framercourt and then filled a 3 @,@ 000 @-@ yard ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) gap between the 66th and 39th divisions . The battalion had been formed from stragglers and reinforcement drafts by Lieutenant @-@ Colonel W. B. Little , commander of 1 / 5th Borders , who had been on leave when the German offensive began and moved up towards the front line during 25 March . Other British troops were north of the 66th Division around Vauvilliers and by that night , the line south of the Somme was held by 16th , 39th , 66th and 50th divisions . The battle continued continued on 27 March , with the 66th Division pushed back to Harbonniers . That night , the division took up positions between Wiencourt and Guillaucourt , facing north on a line of about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) . The three brigade headquarters had moved forward to reinforce the front line ; until the 66th Division was reorganised later in the year , casualties were so numerous that the brigade structure was not reformed and the brigadiers took turns to command the infantry . On the morning of 28 March , a German attack broke through at Guillaucourt and the 66th Division retreated south to Cayeux @-@ en @-@ Santerre , with the 39th Division on the left . By nightfall , the line had been pushed back to Ignaucourt , a few miles from Amiens . Elements of the division remained in the fighting line as late as 30 March , when they fought in a counter @-@ attack near Aubercourt under the command of one of the 66th Division brigadiers . The division was relieved by part of the 18th Division on the night of 30 / 31 March . After ten days ' fighting , only 2 @,@ 500 men remained in the division and it had almost ceased to function as an organised unit . Two of the three infantry brigades and eight of the twelve infantry battalions had lost their commanders and the front @-@ line strength was reduced to 1 @,@ 200 riflemen , fewer than a company per battalion . A proposal to disband the division was discussed in the first week of April but quickly rejected . On 29 March , near Vauchelles @-@ lès @-@ Domart , Malcolm had been badly wounded in his good leg ( he was lame in the other , following an injury in South Africa ) and left the division to recover , command being taken temporarily by Brigadier @-@ General A. J. Hunter . On 31 March , Keppel Bethell , who had commanded the New Army 74th Brigade in the 25th Division since October 1916 , was promoted to take over the division . At 35 , Bethell became the youngest man to command a division during the war ; while a temporary Major @-@ General , he still held the substantive rank of captain . A driven and mercurial figure , Bethell inspired both admiration and loathing from his contemporaries , who saw him as an outstanding commander but with a furious and often unjustified , temper . During his time at 74th Brigade , relations with his staff had diminished to the point where they refused to take meals with him . He also believed in commandeering from other units and after leaving 25th Division , he repeatedly returned to poach staff officers and battalion commanders . The 74th Brigade would later provide the new divisional GSO.2 , Walter Guinness ( transferred after Bethell 's intervention to the Chief of Staff at army headquarters ) and the GSO.3 , John Marriott ( simply taken by Bethell from hospital ) . This approach extended to reorganising his new command . On 2 April , Bethell sent Gordon Macready , the divisional GSO.1 , to acquire several hundred guns in order to reform the 66th Division as a machine @-@ gun division , an idea that appears to have been entirely Bethell 's own . After raiding other divisions and emptying the Machine Gun Corps training school , Bethell reported to Field Marshal Douglas Haig that the division was ready to return to combat ; he was surprised to find that his friend " Duggie " disapproved of these methods , rejected the proposal and informed him that his division would instead be withdrawn and used as a training unit . Bethell was later offered a new division but chose to remain in the 66th Division , hoping that it would return to the front lines at a later date . = = = Reconstitution = = = Following its losses , the 66th Division was reduced to cadre early in May ; which meant that infantry battalions were cut to ten officers and about 45 men , the surplus being sent to base depots ; the artillery , engineer and machine @-@ gun units were distributed among other formations . The divisional artillery was attached to XIX Corps during the Battle of the Avre on 4 April and with XI Corps at the Battle of the Lys later in the month . During the summer , Bethell continued planning for the rebuilding of the division , having recruited a staff he felt he could work with , expecting that experienced men would become available as drafts returned from the Mediterranean . Overseas divisions there had suffered fewer casualties and the reduction from four to three battalions per brigade meant that large numbers of men would be returning . While reinforcements were assembled , the divisional cadres of the 66th Division and the 39th Division were used to train five American divisions in the British zone . The training process was complicated by a rigid schedule laid down by the American high command , who strongly objected to any deviation from their plans . In July , the American divisions moved up to the front and British troops began to arrive from Salonika and Palestine , though the assembly of the division was delayed by the returning men being given home leave and having to spend time acclimatising . The division had a complicated organisational history during this period , with a large number of units being attached or withdrawn for short periods , while others were merged or disbanded . About thirty infantry battalions were attached for short periods and the divisional artillery and supply columns remained in support of the front line , while one ambulance company was later transferred to serve with the American 27th Division . The future of the division was again in doubt by early September ; the 197th Brigade had been transferred to a training role and the division was expected to be disbanded . Bethell argued for retaining the division and was ordered to prepare it for front @-@ line service ; the 197th Brigade was replaced by the South African Brigade to bring the division back up to strength . By the end of September , following amalgamations and reorganisation , the division was left with the South African Brigade ( 1st , 2nd , and 4th South African Infantry regiments ) , the 198th Brigade ( 5th Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers , 6th Royal Dublin Fusiliers and 6th Lancashire Fusiliers ) and the 199th Brigade , with the 9th Manchester Regiment , 5th Connaught Rangers and 18th King 's ( Liverpool Regiment ) . The divisional pioneers were the 9th Gloucestershire Regiment . Less than a year and a half after arriving in France , the division retained only the 6th Lancashire and 9th Manchester of its twelve original battalions and both of these had been amalgamated with other units from the 42nd Division . = = = Hundred Days Offensive = = = The division reached the forward areas on 27 September , under the command of XIII Corps , the reserve corps of the Fourth Army and moved into the line on 5 October , relieving the 25th Division . The division attacked at dawn on 8 October , in the opening phase of the Second Battle of Cambrai and captured the village of Serain by nightfall against determined resistance . After this breakthrough , the division moved forward 14 miles ( 23 km ) in three days , with patrols of the Connaught Rangers entering the outskirts of Le Cateau on 10 October . On the night of 16 October , the divisional pioneers and engineers bridged the Selle and the South African Brigade crossed in thick fog to capture Le Cateau , in a costly attack . The river crossing was the opening stage of the Battle of the Selle ( 17 – 25 October ) , the final advance into Germany . The division was withdrawn for a short rest , moving back into the line on 2 November . From this point onwards the 66th Division moved almost continually , in close pursuit of the retreating German army . It supported the 25th Division at the Battle of the Sambre on 4 November and on 7 November leapfrogged past the 25th Division to advance as one of the leading units of the Fourth Army . Supplies ran short and the supply services struggled to bring up sufficient food and ammunition over cratered roads and wrecked bridges and the main British advance was forced to halt . On 9 November , to maintain the pursuit , the Fourth Army improvised " Bethell 's Force " , consisting of 5th Cavalry Brigade , the South African Brigade and two RAF squadrons , along with various support units from 66th Division . It began pushing forward on 10 November and advanced several miles along a broad front , with a second advance on 11 November , only stopped at the last minute by the divisional staff , who had received warning that the armistice would begin at 11 am . At the Armistice of 11 November 1918 , Bethell 's Force had reached the Sivry – Beaumont area . From 27 September to 12 November the division had incurred 2 @,@ 195 casualties , and during the Hundred Days offensive was one of only two Allied divisions to succeed in every attack . The 66th Division was ordered to move north to secure eastern Belgium . On 18 November , it began to move north into the Namur region , where it was stationed between Huy and Rochefort . The division remained there while it demobilised and was disbanded on 24 March 1919 . Bethell remained in Germany as Colonel @-@ Commandant of the 2nd Rhine Brigade , headquartered at Wiesbaden . = = Second World War = = = = = Background = = = Throughout the 1930s tensions built between Nazi Germany and the United Kingdom as well as its allies . During late 1937 , and throughout 1938 , German demands for the annexation of Czechoslovakia 's Sudetenland led to an international crisis . In an attempt to avoid war , British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler in September and brokered the Munich Agreement . The agreement averted war and allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland . While it had been intended as an agreement to reconcile differences , and for future issues to be resolved peacefully , relations between both countries soon deteriorated . On 15 March 1939 , Germany breached the terms of the agreement by invading and occupying the remnants of the Czech state . In response , on 29 March , the British Secretary of State for War Leslie Hore @-@ Belisha announced plans to increase the Territorial Army from 130 @,@ 000 men to 340 @,@ 000 and in so doing double the number of territorial divisions . The intended plan of action was for the existing units to recruit over their allowed establishments ( aided by an increase in pay for territorials , the removal of restrictions on promotion that had been a major hindrance to recruiting during the preceding years , the construction of better quality barracks , and an increase in supper @-@ time rations ) and then form ' Second Line ' divisions from small cadres that could be built upon . As a result , the 66th Infantry Division was to be created as a Second Line unit , a duplicate of the First Line 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Infantry Division . In April , limited conscription was introduced . At that time 34 @,@ 500 ' Militiamen ' , all of the age of 20 , were conscripted into the regular army with the intent of being trained for six months before being deployed to the forming second line units . However , despite the intention for the army to grow in size , the programme was complicated by a lack of central guidance on the expansion and duplication process , and issues regarding the lack of facilities , equipment , and instructors . = = = History = = = Despite the ongoing efforts and some regiments being able to recruit the required numbers to form new battalions , the whole process had – in the words of historian James P. Levy – " not progressed beyond the paper stage when [ the Second World War ] began in September . " The 66th Infantry Division finally became active on 27 September 1939 , although its constituent units had already formed and had been administered by the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Infantry Division . The division was headquartered in Manchester , and was again composed of the 197th , 198th , and 199th Infantry Brigades . Major @-@ General Arthur William Purser was given command , and the division was assigned to Western Command . In November , the division was transferred to Northern Command . On 10 January , Major @-@ General Alan Cunningham was given command of the division . By May , the division was based north of Manchester , spread out across parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire . The war @-@ time deployment of the Territorial Army envisioned it being deployed piecemeal , to reinforce the regular army that had already been deployed to the European mainland , as equipment became available . The plan envisioned the deployment of the whole force in waves , as divisions completed their training , with the final divisions not being deployed until a year had elapsed from the outbreak of war . As a result , the division did not leave the United Kingdom as the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from France during May and June of 1940 . As soon as the troops returned from France , the British Army began implementing lessons learned from the campaign and re @-@ organizing formations . As part of this , the army 's five motor divisions ( made up of two brigades ) were to be reformed as regular infantry divisions ( made up of three brigades ) . As a result , the 66th Infantry Division was disbanded on 23 June . The 197th Infantry Brigade was transferred to the 59th ( Staffordshire ) Infantry Division , the 198th Infantry Brigade went to the 1st London Division , and the 199th Infantry Brigade was assigned to the 55th ( West Lancashire ) Infantry Division . = = General officer commanding = = The division had the following commanders during the First World War : The division had the following commanders during the Second World War :
= Hot Fuzz = Hot Fuzz is a 2007 British satirical action comedy film directed by Edgar Wright , written by Wright and Simon Pegg , and starring Pegg and Nick Frost . The three and the film 's producer Nira Park had previously worked together on the television series Spaced and the 2004 film Shaun of the Dead . The film follows two police officers attempting to solve a series of mysterious deaths in Sandford , a fictional small English village . Over a hundred action films were used as inspiration for developing the script . Filming took place over eleven weeks in early 2006 , and featured an extensive cast along with various uncredited cameos . Visual effects were developed by ten artists to expand on or add explosions , gore , and gunfire scenes . Debuting on 14 February 2007 in the United Kingdom and 20 April in the United States , Hot Fuzz received critical and commercial success . Shortly after the film 's release , two different soundtracks were released in the UK and US . The film is the second in Wright and Pegg 's Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy and was preceded by 2004 's Shaun of the Dead and followed by 2013 's The World 's End , each of them featuring a different flavour of Cornetto ice cream . It is also the most financially successful film in the trilogy . = = Plot = = Police Constable Nicholas Angel , a high @-@ achieving member of the Metropolitan Police Service , is promoted to Sergeant . He is then transferred to the village of Sandford , Gloucestershire , for making his colleagues look bad by comparison . The village is generally devoid of any crime , with its local Neighbourhood Watch Alliance ( NWA ) helping to keep the peace . To Angel 's frustration , the local police service is lazy and complacent . He meets police officer Danny Butterman , the son of town chief Inspector Frank Butterman . Danny is assigned as Angel 's new partner , and constantly discusses his love for action and buddy cop films . Angel and Danny attend a rendition of " Romeo and Juliet " , with its leading roles played by Martin Blower and Eve Draper . After everyone leaves , Blower and Draper are killed by a cloaked figure . The next morning , they are found decapitated in Blower 's convertible . Angel suspects foul play , but everyone else passes it off as an accident . Angel is called to solve a neighborhood argument , discovering and confiscating a large stash of unlicensed firearms in an elderly man 's shed . Danny invites Angel to a drink at the local bar , where Angel discusses how he can 't stop thinking of work . They meet Simon Skinner , the local supermarket manager , and George Merchant , who made a fortune selling kitchen goods . Danny takes Angel home and the two binge @-@ watch action movies . An unseen person causes a gas explosion that destroys Merchant 's mansion , killing him . The incident is deemed an accident and Angel is ridiculed for believing otherwise . At the local fair , Tim Messenger , editor and journalist at The Sandford Citizen newspaper , approaches Angel , claiming to have information regarding Merchant , and requests to meet him alone . An unseen person pushes a church spire onto Messenger 's head , killing him . Angel declares the incident to be a murder and Inspector Butterman believes him . Angel reads through the copies of The Sandford Citizen and discovers a link between the victims . Angel stops at the flower shop of Leslie Tiller , and learns that she intends to sell her shop and move to the city . As he is distracted , Tiller is murdered by a cloaked figure . Angel gives chase but fails to catch the murderer . Piecing together what he knows , he accuses Skinner of the murders . However , Skinner 's alibi is backed up by video footage . Angel considers the possibility of more than one killer being involved , but Inspector Butterman shoots down his idea . As Angel returns home , he is attacked by Michael Armstrong , one of Skinner 's supermarket employees . Angel subdues Armstrong , then discovers the NWA 's meeting location . Angel confronts the NWA and tries to arrest them . They confess to the murders , their motive being that the victims are a threat to Sandford 's chances of winning " Village of the Year " . After Inspector Butterman reveals himself to be the leader , Angel flees and discovers the bodies of many victims . As Angel is cornered , Danny appears , and after faking Angel 's murder , begs him to leave Sandford for his own safety . At a gas station , Angel is inspired by the movies he watched with Danny , and returns to Sandford . He arms himself with the confiscated guns and reunites with Danny . After several gunfights with the NWA members , the two rally their colleagues and besiege the supermarket , forcing Skinner to flee with Inspector Butterman . After a chase , they are both arrested . Angel 's former superiors beg him to return to London , as the crime rate has risen heavily in his absence , but Angel remains in Sandford . As the police officers process the paperwork , Tom Weaver , the last NWA member , who works in the station attempts to kill Angel . Danny takes a bullet for Angel , and in the process Weaver accidentally activates a confiscated sea mine , which destroys the station but kills no one . One year later , Angel and Danny are in charge of the Sandford Police as Inspector and Sergeant , respectively . = = Cast = = = = = Sandford Police Service = = = Simon Pegg as Sergeant ( Sgt ) Nicholas " Nick " Angel Nick Frost as Police Constable ( PC ) Danny Butterman Jim Broadbent as Inspector Frank Butterman Paddy Considine as Detective Sergeant ( DS ) Andy Wainwright Rafe Spall as Detective Constable ( DC ) Andy Cartwright Kevin Eldon as Sergeant ( Sgt ) Tony Fisher Olivia Colman as Police Constable ( PC ) Doris Thatcher Karl Johnson as Police Constable ( PC ) Bob Walker Bill Bailey as Desk Sergeant ( Sgt ) Turner ( both ) = = = Neighbourhood Watch Alliance and Associates = = = Timothy Dalton as Simon Skinner Edward Woodward as Prof. Tom Weaver Billie Whitelaw as Joyce Cooper Eric Mason as Maj. Bernard Cooper Stuart Wilson as Dr. Robin Hatcher Paul Freeman as Rev. Philip Shooter Rory McCann as Michael " Lurch " Armstrong Kenneth Cranham as James Reaper Maria Charles as Mrs. Reaper Peter Wight as Roy Porter Julia Deakin as Mary Porter Trevor Nichols as Greg Prosser Elizabeth Elvin as Sheree Prosser Patricia Franklin as Annette Roper Lorraine Hilton as Amanda Paver Tim Barlow as Mr. Treacher Anne Reid as Leslie Tiller = = = Sandford residents = = = Ben McKay as Peter Cocker Adam Buxton as Tim Messenger David Threlfall as Martin Blower Lucy Punch as Eve Draper David Bradley as Arthur Webley , the farmer Ron Cook as George Merchant Stephen Merchant as Peter Ian Staker Alice Lowe as Tina Edgar Wright ( uncredited ) as Shelf Stacker = = = Cameos = = = Martin Freeman as Met Sgt. Steve Coogan ( uncredited ) as Met Insp. Bill Nighy as Met Ch . Insp. Peter Jackson ( uncredited ) as a man dressed as Father Christmas Cate Blanchett ( uncredited ) as Janine Garth Jennings ( uncredited ) as a Crack Addict While writing the script , the film 's director and writer , Edgar Wright , as well as Pegg , intended to include Frost as the partner for Pegg 's character . Frost revealed that he would do the film only if he could name his character , and he chose " Danny Butterman " . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = Wright wanted to write and direct a cop film because " there isn 't really any tradition of cop films in the UK ... We felt that every other country in the world had its own tradition of great cop action films and we had none . " Wright and Pegg spent eighteen months writing the script . The first draft took eight months to develop , and after watching 138 cop @-@ related films for dialogue and plot ideas and conducting over fifty interviews with police officers for research , the script was completed after another nine months . The title was based on the various two @-@ word titles of action films in the 1980s and 1990s . In one interview Wright declared that he " wanted to make a title that really had very little meaning ... like Lethal Weapon and Point Break and Executive Decision . " In the same interview , Pegg joked that many action films ' titles " seem to be generated from two hats filled with adjectives and nouns and you just , ' Okay , that 'll do . ' " = = = Preparation and filming = = = During the latter half of 2005 , Working Title approached several towns in South West England looking for an appropriate filming location . Pegg commented , " We 're both [ Pegg and Wright ] from the West Country so it just seemed like it was the perfect and logical thing to drag those kind of ideas and those genres and those clichés back to our beginnings to where we grew up , so you could see high @-@ octane balls @-@ to @-@ the @-@ wall action in Frome " . Stow @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Wold was considered amongst others , but after being turned away , the company settled upon Wells in Somerset , Wright 's hometown , of which he has said " I love it but I also want to trash it " . Wells Cathedral was digitally painted out of every shot of the cathedral city , as Wright wanted the Church of St. Cuthbert to be the centre building for the fictional town of Sandford ; however , the Bishop 's Palace is identifiable in some shots ( and was itself used as the setting for some scenes ) . While shooting scenes in their uniforms , Pegg and Frost were often mistaken for genuine police officers and asked for directions by passers @-@ by . Filming also took place at the Hendon Police College , including the driving school skid pan and athletic track . Filming commenced on 19 March 2006 and lasted for eleven weeks . After editing , Wright ended up cutting half an hour of footage from the film . = = = Homage = = = Wright has said that Hot Fuzz takes elements from his final amateur film , Dead Right , which he described as both " Lethal Weapon set in Somerset " and " a Dirty Harry film in Somerset " . He uses some of the same locations in both films , including the Somerfield supermarket , where he used to work as a shelf @-@ stacker . In the scene in the Somerfield store , when Angel is confronting a chav for shoplifting , a DVD copy of Shaun of the Dead can be seen for a few frames . The title is Zombies ' Party , the Spanish and Portuguese title for the film . Further homages to Shaun of the Dead are also present in the film . In one scene , Nicholas wants to chase a shoplifter by jumping over garden fences ; however , Danny is reluctant . Nicholas says , " What 's the matter , Danny ? You never taken a shortcut before ? " He smiles arrogantly before jumping over three in a row ( according to the DVD commentary , Pegg vaulted over three fences , and a stunt man did a back flip over the fourth ) . When Danny attempts it , he trips and falls through the fence . This is almost identical to a scene in Shaun of the Dead , including the fall @-@ through @-@ fence gag ( in Shaun of the Dead , however , it happens to Pegg 's character rather than Frost 's , and he falls over the fence rather than through it ) . The DVD commentary says that Frost purposely looked back at the camera after crashing through the fence , to show that he had done the stunt rather than someone else . Frost 's characters ( Danny in Hot Fuzz , Ed in Shaun of the Dead ) have a liking for Cornettos . Pegg and Wright have referred to Hot Fuzz as being the second film in " Three Flavours Cornetto Trilogy " with Shaun of the Dead as the first and The World 's End as the third . Various scenes in Hot Fuzz feature a variety of action film DVDs such as Supercop and scenes from Point Break and Bad Boys II . Wright revealed that he had to get permission from every actor in each video clip , including stunt men , to use the clips and for the use of the DVD covers had to pay for the rights from the respective studios . The film parodies clichés used in other action movies . On the topic of perceived gun fetishes in these movies , Pegg has said , " Men can 't do that thing , which is the greatest achievement of humankind , which is to make another human , so we make metal versions of our own penises and fire more bits of metal out of the end into people 's heads ... It 's our turn to grab the gun by the hilt and fire it into your face . " Despite this , Pegg maintains that the film is not a spoof , in that " They lack the sneer that a lot of parodies have that look down on their source material . Because we 're looking up to it . " The film also includes various references to The Wicker Man , in which Edward Woodward had played a policeman tough on law and order . = = = Effects = = = To illustrate the destruction of the mansion as a result of the gas explosion , gas mortars were placed in front of the building to create large @-@ scale fireballs . The wave of fire engulfs the camera , and to achieve that effect , gas mortars were used again but were fired upwards into a black ceiling piece that sloped up towards the camera . When the sequence was shot at a high speed , the flames appeared to surge across the ground . For one of the final scenes of the film , the Sandford police station is destroyed by an explosion . Part of the explosion was created by using a set model that showed its windows being blown out , while the building remained intact . The actual destruction of the building was depicted by exploding a miniature model of the station . Similar to the work in Shaun of the Dead , blood and gore was prevalent throughout the film . Visual effects supervisor Richard Briscoe revealed the rationale for using the large amounts of blood : " In many ways , the more extreme you make it , the more people know it is stylised and enjoy the humour inherent in how ridiculous it is . It 's rather like the ( eventually ) limbless Black Knight in Monty Python 's Holy Grail . " The most time @-@ consuming gore sequence involved a character 's head being crushed by a section of a church . A dummy was used against a green screen and the head was detonated at the point when the object was about to impact the body . Throughout the film , over seventy gunfight shots were digitally augmented ; Briscoe 's rationale for adding the additional effects was that " The town square shootout , for example , is full of extra little hits scattered throughout , so that it feels like our hero characters really do have it all going off , all around them . It was a great demonstration of [ how ] seemingly very trivial enhancements can make a difference when combined across a sequence . " = = Promotion = = The first two teaser trailers were released on 16 October 2006 . Wright , Pegg , and Frost maintained several video blogs , which were released at various times throughout the production of the film . Wright and Frost held a panel at the 2006 Comic @-@ Con convention in San Diego , California to promote Hot Fuzz , which included preliminary footage and a question and answer session . The two returned to the convention again in 2007 to promote the US DVD release . Advance screenings of the film took place on 14 February 2007 in the UK and the world premiere was on 16 February 2007 . The premiere included escorts from motorcycle police officers and the use of blue carpet instead of the traditional red carpet . = = Release = = = = = Critical reception = = = The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7 @.@ 7 / 10 based on 199 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , " The brilliant minds behind Shaun of the Dead successfully take a shot at the buddy cop genre with Hot Fuzz . The result is a bitingly satiric and hugely entertaining parody . " It also has a Metacritic score of 81 / 100 . Olly Richards of Empire praised the chemistry between Pegg and Frost , saying : " After almost a decade together , they ’ re clearly so comfortable in each other ’ s presence that they feel no need to fight for the punchline , making them terrific company for two hours " . Johnny Vaughan of The Sun already called it the " most arresting Brit @-@ com of 2007 " . Phillip French of The Observer , who did not care for Shaun of the Dead , warmed to the comedy team in this film . The film also received positive reviews in the United States . Derek Elley of Variety praised Broadbent and Dalton as " especially good as Angel 's hail @-@ fellow @-@ well @-@ met superior and oily No. 1 suspect " . As an homage to the genre , the film was well received by screenwriter Shane Black . On Spill.com , it got their 2nd @-@ highest rating of ' Full Price ! ! ' . The Daily Mirror gave Hot Fuzz only 2 / 5 , stating that " many of the jokes miss their target " as the film becomes more action @-@ based . Daily Mail also shared The Mirror 's view , saying , " It 's the lack of any serious intent that means too much of it is desperately unamusing , and unamusingly desperate " . Anthony Quinn of The Independent said , " The same impish spirit [ as in Spaced ] is uncorked here , but it has been fatally indulged " . = = = Box office = = = The film generated £ 7 @.@ 1 million in its first weekend of release in the United Kingdom on 14 February 2007 . In the 20 April US opening weekend , the film grossed $ 5 @.@ 8 million from only 825 cinemas , making it the highest per @-@ cinema average of any film in the top ten that week . Its opening weekend take beat the $ 3 @.@ 3 million opening weekend gross of Pegg and Wright 's previous film , Shaun of the Dead . In its second weekend of release , Rogue Pictures expanded the film 's cinema count from 825 to 1 @,@ 272 and it grossed $ 4 @.@ 9 million , representing a 17 % dip in the gross . Altogether , Hot Fuzz grossed $ 80 @,@ 573 @,@ 774 worldwide . In nine weeks , the film earned nearly twice what Shaun of the Dead made in the US , and more than three times its gross in other countries . = = = Home media = = = The DVD was released on 11 June 2007 in the UK . Over one million DVDs were sold in the UK in the first four weeks of its release . The two @-@ disc set contains the feature film with commentaries , outtakes , storyboards , deleted scenes , a making @-@ of documentary , video blogs , featurettes , galleries , and some hidden easter eggs . The DVD also features Wright 's last amateur film , Dead Right , which he described as " Hot Fuzz without the budget " . Due to the above release date , the film arrived on region 2 DVD earlier than the theatrical release date in Germany on 14 June 2007 . In the commentary with director Wright and fellow filmmaker Quentin Tarantino , they discuss nearly 200 films . The US DVD and HD DVD release was on 31 July 2007 . It opened at # 2 at the American DVD sales chart , selling 853 @,@ 000 units for over $ 14m in revenue . As per the latest figures , 1 @,@ 923 @,@ 000 units have been sold , acquiring revenue of $ 33 @.@ 3 million . The HD DVD edition has more special features than the standard DVD release . A three @-@ disc collector 's edition was released on 27 November 2007 and a Blu @-@ ray edition on 22 September 2009 . = = Soundtrack = = The soundtrack album , Hot Fuzz : Music from the Motion Picture , was released on 19 February 2007 in the United Kingdom , and on 17 April 2007 in the United States and Canada . The UK release contains 22 tracks , and the North American release has 14 . The film 's score is by British composer David Arnold , who scored the James Bond film series from 1997 to 2008 . The soundtrack album 's " Hot Fuzz Suite " is a compilation of excerpts from Arnold 's score . According to the DVD commentary , the scenes where Nicholas Angel is at a convenience store , while leaving Sandford , and his return to the police station while arming for the final shootout ( found in the track " Avenging Angel " ) , were scored by Robert Rodríguez , who did not see the rest of the film while writing the music . Other music from the film is a mix of 1960s ' and 1970s ' British rock ( The Kinks , T.Rex , The Move , Sweet , The Troggs , Arthur Brown , Cloud 69 , Cozy Powell , Dire Straits ) , new wave ( Adam Ant , XTC ) and a Glaswegian indie band ( The Fratellis ) . The soundtrack album features dialogue extracts by Pegg , Frost , and other cast members , mostly embedded in the music tracks . The song selection also includes some police @-@ themed titles , including Supergrass ' " Caught by the Fuzz " as well as " Here Come the Fuzz " , which was specially composed for the film by Jon Spencer 's Blues Explosion .
= Nashville Sounds = The Nashville Sounds are a Minor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) and the Triple @-@ A affiliate of the Oakland Athletics . They are located in Nashville , Tennessee , and are named for the city 's association with the music industry . The team plays its home games at First Tennessee Park which opened in 2015 and is partially located on the former site of the historic Sulphur Dell ballpark . The Sounds previously played at Herschel Greer Stadium from its opening in 1978 until the end of the 2014 season . Established as an expansion team of the Double @-@ A Southern League in 1978 , the Sounds were replaced by a Triple @-@ A American Association team in 1985 . The Triple @-@ A Sounds carried on the history of the Double @-@ A team that preceded it . The Sounds later joined the PCL in 1998 . The team has served as a farm club for seven major league franchises . A total of 26 managers have led the club and its more than 1 @,@ 100 players . As of the completion of the 2015 season , the team has played in 5 @,@ 445 regular season games and compiled a win – loss record of 2 @,@ 794 – 2 @,@ 651 ( .513 ) . The team fielded in 1980 was recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time . The 2006 team tied the record for the longest game in PCL history . Of the three nine @-@ inning perfect games in the history of the PCL , two have been pitched by members of the Sounds . In 2016 , Forbes listed the Sounds as the 19th @-@ most valuable Minor League Baseball team with a value of $ 30 @.@ 5 million . The Sounds won the PCL Championship in 2005 as the Triple @-@ A affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers . Previous league titles won by the team are the Southern League Championship in 1979 as the Double @-@ A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds , and again in 1982 as the Double @-@ A affiliate of the New York Yankees . = = Team history = = = = = Double @-@ A ( 1978 – 1984 ) = = = Nashville 's professional baseball history dates back to 1885 , beginning with the Nashville Americans . They were followed by the Blues , Tigers , Seraphs , Centennials , and Vols . The city was without a professional baseball team for 14 years after the Double @-@ A Vols ceased operations after their 1963 season . In 1978 , the Nashville Sounds were added as an expansion team in the Double @-@ A Southern League . Fans responded well to the return of baseball to the city , evidenced by Nashville leading the Southern League in attendance in each of their seven seasons as a member of the league . President and part owner Larry Schmittou , head coach of the Vanderbilt University baseball team from 1968 to 1978 , was instrumental in bringing professional baseball back to Nashville . Schmittou 's business philosophy revolved around earning profits not from ticket sales , but from the sale of souvenirs and concessions . This philosophy also involved promoting entertainment value , or fun , instead of promoting the baseball game . The franchise was later recognized for its promotion efforts when it won the Larry MacPhail Award for outstanding minor league promotions in 1978 , 1980 , and 1981 . With the help of country music star Conway Twitty , who heard about the proposed team in local newspapers , Schmittou brought in other recording artists such as Larry Gatlin and Jerry Reed , as well as other Nashvillians , as Sounds shareholders . The club played their home games at a newly constructed facility , Herschel Greer Stadium , located south of downtown Nashville at the foot of St. Cloud Hill in Fort Negley Park . Schmittou invited fans to submit suggestions for the team 's name . Among the finalists were Stars , Notes , Hits , and Strings . > The chosen name , Sounds , is a play on the term " Nashville sound " , a subgenre of American country music that traces its roots to the area in the late @-@ 1950s . The team 's wordmark and color scheme were lifted from the Memphis Sounds of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , who used them for one season in 1974 before the team relocated and became the Baltimore Claws . When the ABA merged with the National Basketball Association in 1976 , some of the copyrights were allowed to lapse , and Nashville 's baseball team adopted the abandoned schemes . The color blue was added to Memphis ' red and white palette . Nashville 's original logo , which was used from 1978 into 1998 , and was initially sketched by Schmittou , reflects the city 's association with the country music industry . It depicts a mustachioed old @-@ time baseball player , nicknamed " Slugger " , swinging at a baseball with a guitar , a staple of country music , in place of a bat . Further illustrating the city 's musical ties is the typeface , with letters resembling musical notes and treble clefs , used to display the team name . A minor league ice hockey team also owned by Schmittou from 1981 to 1983 , the Nashville South Stars , used a nearly @-@ identical ( albeit hockey @-@ themed ) wordmark and logo as the Sounds , except with green and gold colors to match its affiliated National Hockey League club , the Minnesota North Stars . = = = = Reds era ( 1978 – 1979 ) = = = = As the Double @-@ A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds , the Sounds played their first game on April 15 , 1978 , against the Memphis Chicks at Memphis ' Tim McCarver Stadium , which they lost , 4 – 2 . Meanwhile , construction on Greer Stadium continued in order to be ready for the home opener . The team requested to open the season on the road and had to swap a series with the Chattanooga Lookouts in order to have enough time to complete the stadium . On April 26 , the Sounds played their first home game , a 12 – 4 victory , against the Savannah Braves in front of a sellout crowd of 8 @,@ 156 fans . The home opener was scheduled to take place the previous evening , but was rained out . Tractors and grading machines were still preparing the field on game day , and the electricity was turned on only five minutes before the gates opened . The sod , which arrived late , was laid the day before the scheduled opening game with the help of an estimated group of 50 fans who heard an announcement from general manager Farrell Owens on local radio stations inviting them to a " sod party " . The Sounds finished ninth out of ten teams during their inaugural campaign of 1978 under manager Chuck Goggin , but led all of minor league baseball in attendance by drawing 380 @,@ 000 fans . Additionally , Bruce Berenyi was selected as the league 's Most Outstanding Pitcher . Under manager George Scherger , the Sounds started the 1979 season poorly , before rallying to win 20 of 31 games in late May and June . They entered the last day of the first half of the season in first place , but lost their game to cross @-@ state rivals the Memphis Chicks and finished in second place . The Sounds and Chicks met again on the last day of the second half in a split doubleheader ; both games were won by Nashville . The two teams then faced @-@ off in a best @-@ of @-@ three series to determine the Western Division champion . The Sounds won the series two games to one before advancing to the Southern League championship series against the Columbus Astros . Nashville captured their first league title by defeating the Astros three games to one . Schmittou wanted to give each player a $ 1 @,@ 000 bonus for winning the pennant , but as that would have been against the National Association 's rules , he settled for buying them championship rings instead . Geoff Combe won the league 's Most Outstanding Pitcher Award . Also in 1979 , the team played host to the Southern League All @-@ Star Game . The contest pitted a team of the league 's all @-@ stars against the major league Atlanta Braves . The all @-@ stars defeated the Braves , five runs to two . Nashville 's Duane Walker was named the MVP . Originally , the Reds allowed Nashville to use a designated hitter ( DH ) in their lineup . However , this allowance was later revoked , as the Reds were a part of the National League which did not use a DH . President Larry Schmittou issued an ultimatum : if Cincinnati would not let the Sounds use a DH in their lineups , they would not renew their contract and would look for a new major league affiliate . The Reds did not renege on their decision to prohibit the designated hitter , so the Sounds looked for a new affiliate after 1979 . Schmittou was then approached by five or six clubs looking to enter the Southern League as a Sounds affiliate . = = = = Yankees era ( 1980 – 1984 ) = = = = Larry Schmittou had originally been encouraged by the New York Yankees organization to establish the Sounds as a Triple @-@ A team , but he refused to go back on a previous promise to partner with the Reds at Double @-@ A. After the split with Cincinnati , the Sounds made their first affiliation switch in 1980 , becoming the Double @-@ A affiliate of the Yankees . Managers Stump Merrill ( 1980 – 81 ) and Johnny Oates ( 1982 ) and future major leaguers such as Steve Balboni , Don Mattingly , Buck Showalter , Otis Nixon , Willie McGee , Pat Tabler , and Dan Pasqua helped lead Nashville to first or second @-@ place divisional finishes from 1980 to 1984 . The 1980 Sounds finished the first half of the season one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half games behind the Memphis Chicks . In the second half , the team finished in first place , 14 games ahead of the second @-@ place team . In the Western Division championship series , Nashville lost to Memphis , three games to one . Nine Southern League records were set during the season , the team 's pitching staff led the league in ERA and strikeouts , and Steve Balboni , the league MVP , led the league in runs , home runs , and total bases . Pitcher Andy McGaffigan was selected as the league 's top pitcher . The team also set a league attendance record , when a total of 575 @,@ 676 fans visited Greer Stadium . This record still stands as of the completion of the 2015 season . In 2001 , the 1980 Sounds were ranked as the sixty @-@ ninth greatest minor league baseball team of all @-@ time by baseball historians . On April 16 , 1981 , the New York Yankees made a stop in Nashville to play an exhibition game against the Sounds . The 10 – 1 Yankees victory was played in front of a standing room only crowd of 17 @,@ 318 fans . Also on hand for the game were Yankees owner George Steinbrenner , coach Yogi Berra , and players Reggie Jackson , Bucky Dent , Lou Piniella , Bobby Murcer , Goose Gossage , Tommy John , and Johnny Oates . The Sounds won the second half of the season and went on to win the Western Division championship after defeating the Memphis Chicks in three straight games . The team suffered in the best @-@ of @-@ five league championship series , falling to the Orlando Twins , 3 – 1 . Jamie Werly won the Southern League Most Outstanding Pitcher Award . Don Mattingly and Willie McGee , who both played for the Sounds in 1981 , were later promoted to the major leagues . In 1985 , Mattingly was named the American League Most Valuable Player and McGee named the National League MVP . The 1982 Sounds won the second half of the season and met the Knoxville Blue Jays in the division playoffs . After defeating the Blue Jays , 3 – 1 , the Sounds advanced to the league championship series to play against the Jacksonville Suns . Nashville defeated the Suns , three games to one , clinching the Southern League championship , giving the franchise their second league title . Brian Dayett was selected as the Southern League MVP , and Stefan Wever was the league 's Most Outstanding Pitcher . Wever was the fifth Sounds pitcher in five years to win the award . The New York Yankees returned for another exhibition game against the Sounds on April 28 , 1983 . New York had a four @-@ run lead going into the bottom of the ninth inning , but a five @-@ run rally with two outs propelled the Sounds to a 5 – 4 win in front of 13 @,@ 641 fans . Among the Yankees in attendance for the game were Billy Martin , Yogi Berra , Goose Gossage , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Dave Winfield , Lou Piniella , and Willie Randolph . During the season , manager Doug Holmquist , frustrated with the team 's disappointing first half , instituted a system of fines for player infractions or poor performance on the field . The program ranged from a US $ 10 fine for a pitcher walking a batter with one on and two outs to a US $ 100 fine for missing curfew . Rebounding , Nashville won the second half pennant , earning the team a shot at the Western Division championship . The Sounds , however , lost the fifth game of the best @-@ of @-@ five series to the Birmingham Barons by a score of seven runs to five , ending their season . On June 21 , during a road trip to Orlando , Florida , teammates Scott Bradley , Mike Pagliarulo , Erik Peterson , and Buck Showalter were walking back to their hotel when Peterson was hit by an automobile . When he began to convulse , Bradley put his fingers down Peterson 's throat to keep him from swallowing his tongue . He survived , but with a bruised leg and several lacerations to the head , and he returned to play later in the season . The Southern League All @-@ Star Game returned to Nashville in 1983 . Not only did the Sounds host the event , but they also served as the all @-@ star team 's competition . The all @-@ stars recorded the victory with a score of three runs to two . The Sounds were one game shy of winning the first half pennant in 1984 . Winning the first half title is something that eluded the team during its entire seven @-@ year span at the Double @-@ A level . Nashville captured the second half title , however , for the sixth consecutive season , after defeating Knoxville in a playoff game . The two teams met again in the divisional playoffs , but Knoxville emerged the victor , ending the Sounds ' season . One important highlight of the first half of 1984 took place on May 4 , when Jim Deshaies pitched the club 's first no @-@ hitter against the Columbus Astros in the second game of a seven @-@ inning doubleheader . The 5 – 1 Sounds victory was cut short of being a perfect game following three walks and a batter being hit by a pitch , advancing the runner home for the only Astros run of the game . = = = Triple @-@ A ( 1985 – present ) = = = In 1983 , Sounds President Larry Schmittou noticed a 5 % drop in season ticket sales , a higher ratio of no @-@ shows from season ticket holders , and a slight decline in overall attendance . These issues with spectator turnout were accompanied by a decline in local media coverage , particularly in regard to road games . In order to boost interest in the team , Schmittou tried , unsuccessfully , to purchase a Triple @-@ A franchise late in the 1983 season . Attendance continued to drop in 1984 , as season ticket sales were down 12 % and overall attendance was down almost 20 % . Schmittou and team owners arrived at terms in June 1984 to purchase the Evansville Triplets of the American Association , with plans to move the franchise from Evansville , Indiana , to Nashville for the 1985 season . In order to prove to the team 's Nashville banks , which would back the purchase , that the move was financially viable , Schmittou commissioned a survey to evaluate the potential turnout for a Triple @-@ A team versus a Double @-@ A team . Though the research proved to team owners that the move was a sensible decision , the banks were not impressed . As a result , the team switched banks and went ahead with the purchase and relocation . Schmittou had planned to send Nashville 's existing Southern League franchise to Evansville to continue as the Triplets at Double @-@ A. However , when the City of Evansville balked at the request for stadium upgrades , the team was instead moved to Huntsville , Alabama , where it became the Huntsville Stars . The Triple @-@ A Sounds carried on the history of the Double @-@ A team that preceded it . The Triplets ' legacy was retired , and the Stars were established as an entirely @-@ new franchise . = = = = Tigers era ( 1985 – 1986 ) = = = = The Sounds entered the Triple @-@ A playing level in 1985 as an affiliate of the Detroit Tigers playing in the American Association . They played their first Triple @-@ A game on April 11 , a 3 – 1 win , against the Buffalo Bisons at Greer Stadium . The next day , Nashville competed in an exhibition game against their major league affiliate . The Tigers outlasted the Sounds , winning by a score of 9 – 3 in the tenth inning . Seven games into the season , manager Lee Walls came down with an illness , and Nashville outfielder Leon Roberts became the acting manager for seven games until Gordon Mackenzie was brought on to lead the club for the rest of year . On July 17 , Bryan Kelly pitched the club 's second no @-@ hitter against the Oklahoma City 89ers , in which the Sounds won , 6 – 0 . Nashville ended the season in second place in the Eastern Division , two and a half games out of first behind the eventual league champion Louisville Redbirds . The 1986 team was managed by former player Leon Roberts who had temporarily lead the team the previous season . The Sounds finished third in their division with a 68 – 74 regular season record , their first losing season since the inaugural 1978 campaign . Also that season , the Sounds were enlisted to serve as the competition in the Southern League All @-@ Star Game , held in Huntsville , Alabama . The game was won by Nashville with a score of four runs to two . = = = = Reds era , part II ( 1987 – 1992 ) = = = = The Sounds rejoined the Cincinnati Reds farm system in 1987 , this time as their Triple @-@ A affiliate . As a result , a number of minor leaguers played in the Reds organization at two different levels with Nashville . Spending the beginning of the 1987 season around the top of the standings , the team hit a slump after losing a few key players midseason . The result was a 64 – 76 record and a last place finish . One player lost due to injuries was third baseman Chris Sabo . Sabo was promoted to Cincinnati in 1988 and was named the National League Rookie of the Year , a first for any former Sounds player . The 1988 Sounds were in last @-@ place and had a losing record until making numerous management changes late in the season . During a two @-@ week period in July and August 1988 , the Sounds went through five different managers . The team started the season with Jack Lind , who left due to health problems . His position was filled on an interim basis by pitching coach Wayne Garland until former manager George Scherger , manager of the 1979 Southern League championship Sounds , was brought in . He retired after one game and was replaced by Jim Hoff , who stayed a few days before taking up a position with the Reds ' front office . Finally , former Texas Rangers manager Frank Lucchesi was hired to lead the Sounds for the rest of the season . Lucchesi managed the team 's last 39 games , leading them to a final record of 73 – 69 . They finished second in the East Division , sixteen games behind the Indianapolis Indians who went on to win the league championship . Greer Stadium was home to a rare baseball occurrence on August 6 and August 7 , 1988 , when Nashville and Indianapolis exchanged no @-@ hitters on back @-@ to @-@ back nights . First , Indianapolis ' Randy Johnson and Pat Pacillo combined for a no @-@ hit loss against the Sounds , a 1 – 0 Nashville win . That game was won by Nashville when Lenny Harris walked to first base , stole second base , stole third base , and then came home , scoring on a groundout . The next night , Nashville 's Jack Armstrong pitched a no @-@ hit game against the Indians , a 4 – 0 Sounds victory . This was the first time in American Association history that teams played in back @-@ to @-@ back no @-@ hit games , and was the third no @-@ hitter in Sounds franchise history . After finishing in third @-@ place with a 74 – 72 record in 1989 , the Sounds returned in 1990 to experience their most successful season as a part of the American Association , when they compiled an 86 – 61 record under manager Pete Mackanin . Ending the regular season in a tie with the Buffalo Bisons , the Sounds won the Eastern Division championship in a one @-@ game playoff . The extra @-@ inning affair was ended by Chris Jones ' two @-@ run homer in the top of the eighteenth inning . The Sounds advanced to their first American Association championship series , where they lost to the Omaha Royals three games to two . Left @-@ hander Chris Hammond won the league 's Most Valuable Pitcher Award for 1990 . That year , Nashville set their all @-@ time attendance record when a total of 605 @,@ 122 fans came out to Greer Stadium . In 1991 , the Sounds started the year in first @-@ place , where they remained for only ten days . By May 1 , the team had fallen into third @-@ place in the Eastern Division , where they remained for the rest of the season . Nashville posted a losing record every month during the season and finished the year 16 games behind first @-@ place Buffalo . The following year was Nashville 's last as a Reds affiliate . The team posted a 67 – 77 record in 1992 , winding up in fourth @-@ place . = = = = White Sox era ( 1993 – 1997 ) = = = = Nashville switched affiliations again in 1993 , this time becoming the top farm club of the Chicago White Sox . In addition to a new affiliation , the 1993 season also brought the addition of Greer Stadium 's signature guitar @-@ shaped scoreboard . In their first year with the White Sox , the Sounds clinched the East Division title with an 81 – 62 record . In the league championship series , the Iowa Cubs defeated the Sounds in extra innings in game seven . Nashville 's Rick Renick , who managed the club from 1993 to 1996 , was named the American Association Manager of the Year in his first season . The Sounds shared Greer Stadium with the Southern League 's Nashville Xpress , previously known as the Charlotte Knights , during the 1993 and 1994 seasons . This came about when Charlotte acquired a Triple @-@ A expansion franchise in 1993 , leaving the city 's Double @-@ A team without a home . Sounds owner Larry Schmittou offered Greer as a temporary home ballpark for the team . In order to accommodate an additional team at Greer , the Xpress scheduled its home games during the Sounds ' road trips . Baseball America ranked the dual Nashville teams as number one on its list of the " top 10 happenings in minor league baseball . " In 1995 , the Xpress relocated to Wilmington , North Carolina , and became the Port City Roosters . In 1994 , the Sounds earned an 83 – 61 record , placing them in second . They also made their second consecutive appearance in the league 's championship series . In the first round , Nashville swept the New Orleans Zephyrs in three straight games to advance to the league finals . In the best @-@ of @-@ five series , the Indianapolis Indians defeated the Sounds three games to one . Nashville hosted the midseason Triple @-@ A All @-@ Star Game in 1994 . Sounds players Ray Durham , Drew Denson , and Scott Ruffcorn were selected for the event , however Ruffcorn was later placed on the disabled list and replaced by Steve Schrenk . Durham won the " Stars of Stars " award , recognizing him as the most valuable All @-@ Star representing the American Association . Ruffcorn won the association 's Most Valuable Pitcher Award for 1994 . The Sounds compiled a 68 – 76 record , 20 games out of first @-@ place , in 1995 . Originally , Michael Jordan , who played with the White Sox 's Double @-@ A Birmingham Barons in 1994 , was signed to play the 1995 season as a non @-@ drafted free agent for the Sounds . However , with the ongoing MLB strike , Jordan decided to quit the sport rather than becoming a replacement player and being labeled a strikebreaker . The team improved their record in 1996 , ending up with 77 wins and 67 losses . Despite a decent winning percentage , Nashville failed to secure a spot in the playoffs . Outfielder Jeff Abbott won the Rookie of the Year Award , and Rick Renick earned his second Manager of the Year Award . This season marked the last that Larry Schmittou was the team 's principal owner . With the city prepared to welcome a National Football League franchise , the Tennessee Titans , Schmittou felt that revenue would be drawn away from his baseball team . He sold his entire financial interest in the Sounds to Al Gordon , president of AmeriSports Companies LLC . The following year , Nashville put together a 74 – 68 campaign , again failing to win either half of the season , excluding them from the postseason . In addition to being selected for both the midseason and postseason All @-@ Star teams , outfielder Magglio Ordóñez garnered the league 's Most Valuable Player and Rookie of the Year Awards . = = = = Pirates era ( 1998 – 2004 ) = = = = Following the 1997 season , the American Association , of which the Sounds were a member , disbanded , and its teams were absorbed by the two remaining Triple @-@ A leagues — the International League and Pacific Coast League . Nashville joined the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) . The franchise also picked up a new major league affiliation , becoming the top farm club of the Pittsburgh Pirates . For the first time since the team 's foundation in 1978 , the Sounds adopted a new logo , color scheme , and uniforms that were introduced over the course of the 1998 and 1999 seasons . The original red , white , and blue colors were replaced by black and red . The new team logo , replacing the original " Slugger " , consisted of a black and red music note enclosed in a circle of the same colors bearing the team name . In 1998 , the team 's first season as a Pirates affiliate , the Sounds finished last in the division with a 67 – 76 record . The Sounds were led by manager Trent Jewett who would go on to win 320 games from 1998 to 2000 and 2003 to 2004 , placing him first on the all @-@ time wins list for Sounds managers . Improving from the previous year , the 1999 team put together an 80 – 60 record , but their second @-@ place finish left them out of the postseason picture . Nashville finished the 2000 season with a 63 – 79 record , resulting in a last @-@ place finish in the divisional standings . Former All @-@ Star Sounds infielder Marty Brown returned to the club to serve as its 25th manager in 2001 , becoming the third former Nashville player to serve as the team 's skipper . The Sounds compiled a 64 – 77 record , leaving them in third @-@ place . On June 30 , Tike Redman became the first Sounds player to hit for the cycle . Redman also holds the Sounds franchise record for the most triples ( 30 ) during his career with the team . The season resulted in a third @-@ place divisional finish with a 72 – 71 record in 2002 . Chad Hermansen , who played for the Sounds from 1998 to 2002 , holds three career franchise records : runs ( 303 ) , home runs ( 92 ) , and runs batted in ( 286 ) . On April 7 , 2003 , right @-@ hander John Wasdin pitched the first perfect game in Nashville Sounds history in his first start of the season against the Albuquerque Isotopes . The 4 – 0 Sounds win was only the second nine @-@ inning perfect game in PCL history . That year , Trent Jewett led the Sounds to an 81 – 62 record . The team clinched the Eastern Division title , giving them their first postseason berth as a member of the Pacific Coast League and first postseason appearance since 1994 . Nashville met Albuquerque in the American Conference championship series , defeating the Isotopes three games to one . The Sounds then lost the best @-@ of @-@ five league championship series in three straight games to the Sacramento River Cats . On May 21 , 2004 , catcher J. R. House became the second Sounds player to hit for the cycle . The team completed the 2004 campaign with a 63 – 79 record , finishing last in the division . Early in the season , Jason Bay played four games in Nashville before being promoted to Pittsburgh . Following the major league season , he was named the National League Rookie of the Year . This made him the second former player from Nashville to receive such honors . = = = = Brewers era ( 2005 – 2014 ) = = = = The Sounds changed affiliates in 2005 , welcoming the Milwaukee Brewers as their sixth different major league franchise . Coincidentally , the major / minor league sports connection between Nashville and Milwaukee was duplicated from 2005 to 2014 , but with reverse roles , in ice hockey , as the Milwaukee Admirals were the top @-@ level minor league affiliate of the National Hockey League 's Nashville Predators . The Sounds also debuted a new oval @-@ shaped logo with a baseball player silhouetted against a yellow background hitting a ball toward the Nashville skyline with the city 's name written above and the team name written in script below . The new Brewers affiliate was managed by Frank Kremblas and featured top prospects such as Rickie Weeks , Prince Fielder , Nelson Cruz , and Corey Hart . The Sounds ' new affiliation started well as the club won the American North Division title on the second @-@ to @-@ last day of the season with a 75 – 69 record . The team went on to win the American Conference championship against the Oklahoma RedHawks , three games to two , before sweeping the Tacoma Rainiers in three straight games in the finals to win the 2005 Pacific Coast League championship . This was Nashville 's first title since their previous league crown in 1982 and their first Triple @-@ A title . On July 15 , 2006 , Nashville pitchers Carlos Villanueva , Mike Meyers , and Alec Zumwalt combined to pitch the fifth no @-@ hitter in team history , a 2 – 0 win over the Memphis Redbirds . On May 5 – 6 , the Sounds participated in a 24 @-@ inning game against the New Orleans Zephyrs . The contest , played over the course of two days , lasted a total of eight hours and seven minutes . This game matched the longest game , in terms of innings played , in PCL history . Additionally , several team and league records were broken by both clubs . The record was originally set on June 8 , 1909 in a game between the San Francisco Seals and Oakland Oaks . A few years later , on September 10 , 1911 , the record was tied by a contest between the Sacramento Solons and Portland Beavers . The Sounds finished the season with a 76 – 68 record , tied with the Iowa Cubs for first place in the American North Division . Nashville won the division title and advanced to the postseason by means of a tiebreaker ( winning the regular season series versus Iowa nine games to seven ) . In the conference championship series , Nashville lost to the Round Rock Express , three games to two . The 2007 Sounds featured top Brewers prospects Yovani Gallardo and Ryan Braun . Braun , who made his major league debut on May 25 , was named National League Rookie of the Year following the season , making him the third former Sounds player to receive this honor . On June 25 , Manny Parra pitched the club 's second perfect game , only the third nine @-@ inning perfect game in PCL history , against the Round Rock Express . The team , led by PCL Manager of the Year Frank Kremblas , captured the American North Division title for the third straight year and finished the season with a league best .618 winning percentage ( 89 – 55 ) . In the conference championship series , they were defeated by the New Orleans Zephyrs , three games to one . Knuckleball pitcher R.A. Dickey won the Pacific Coast League Pitcher of the Year Award . On June 14 , 2008 , following massive flooding in the Midwest , the Sounds and the Iowa Cubs played a game with an official attendance of zero . Though downtown Des Moines was under a mandatory evacuation , team officials received permission from the city to play the game as long as no fans were allowed into Principal Park . In order to keep fans away , the lights and scoreboard were not turned on , the game was not broadcast in the local market , and a message on the team 's website announced that the game was postponed . PCL Commissioner Branch Rickey III believed that this was the first time such actions were taken out of necessity . The Sounds were further affected by weather when Hurricane Gustav forced the cancellation of the last three games of their season against the New Orleans Zephyrs . The team 's 59 – 81 record ( .421 ) is the second @-@ lowest in the team 's history . On October 30 , 2008 , Amerisports Companies LLC entered into an agreement to sell the Sounds to MFP Baseball , a New York @-@ based group of investors consisting of Masahiro Honzawa , Steve Posner , and Frank Ward . Keeping the team in Nashville was one of the PCL 's top criteria for approval of the sale . The transaction received final approval from Major League Baseball and the PCL on February 26 , 2009 . MFP made significant renovations to Greer Stadium while it continued to explore building a new downtown ballpark for the club . Rebounding from their 2008 campaign , the 2009 Sounds achieved a 75 – 69 record under new manager Don Money . Despite a winning record and spending the majority of the season in first place , the Sounds finished the season two games behind their cross @-@ state rivals , and eventual league champions , the Memphis Redbirds . The 2010 season proved to be reminiscent of the previous campaign . Though Nashville finished the year with a winning 77 – 67 record , it was only good enough to place fourth ( last ) in the division . Sounds right fielder Caleb Gindl became the third player in team history to hit for the cycle when he accomplished the feat on July 10 , 2011 . Center fielder Logan Schafer garnered national media attention when he initiated a triple play on August 20 , 2011 , against the Omaha Storm Chasers . What made the rare occurrence even more unusual is that the ball first bounced off Schafer 's glove and head before landing in his glove for the first out . He then returned the ball to the infield where second baseman Eric Farris and first baseman Mat Gamel completed the triple play by stepping on their respective bases . Nashville ended the year with a 71 – 73 record , placing third in the American North Division . Managed by Mike Guerrero , the Sounds finished the 2012 season in second place with a losing 67 – 77 record , sixteen games behind first @-@ place Omaha . Nashville set a franchise record low win – loss record in 2013 . The 57 – 87 season eclipsed the previous franchise record ( 59 – 81 ) set in 2008 . Despite this performance , pitcher Johnny Hellweg won the PCL Pitcher of the Year Award , and Guerrero was selected for the Mike Coolbaugh Award in recognition for his contributions to the game . Prior to the 2014 season , the Sounds , Metro Nashville , and the State of Tennessee entered into an agreement to build a new ballpark to replace Greer Stadium at the beginning of the 2015 season . On August 27 , 2014 , the Sounds hosted the final game at Greer Stadium , an 8 – 5 loss to the Sacramento River Cats . In his only plate appearance , Nashville catcher Lucas May struck out swinging with a full count and the bases loaded to end the game . The announced attendance at the game was a standing @-@ room @-@ only crowd of 11 @,@ 067 , the first sellout since 2010 , and the largest crowd since 2007 . The team , led by veteran minor league manager Rick Sweet , finished the season with a 76 – 67 record , in second place , two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half games behind the Memphis Redbirds . Jimmy Nelson , the Brewers ' top prospect at the start of the season , was elected PCL Pitcher of the Year ; he received all but one of the votes . = = = = Athletics era ( 2015 – present ) = = = = Nashville entered into a four @-@ year player development contract , a working agreement between a major and minor league baseball team , with the Oakland Athletics that runs from 2015 through 2018 . The Sounds also adopted a new color scheme , set of logos , and uniforms before the season . The team hired sports design firm Brandiose to create their new visual identity . At one point , the firm was asked to explore new team names which included " Platinums " , " Hits " , " FireFlies " , " Picks " , " DrumSticks " , and " Roosters . " Nashville chose to stick with the Sounds moniker , but elected to embrace a new color scheme that originally included Broadway Burnt Orange , Sunburst Tan , Neon Orange , and Cash Black . However , the team returned to the previous red and black color scheme with the addition of platinum silver as an accent color before the start of the season following mixed feedback from team fans . The new logos incorporated elements that reflect Nashville 's " Music City " moniker , such as guitars , guitar picks , and a guitar 's sound hole , as well as neon signs such as those in the city 's Broadway entertainment district . The start of the 2015 season marked the first time that the Sounds played at the new downtown First Tennessee Park . The Sounds defeated the Colorado Springs Sky Sox , 3 – 2 in 10 innings , in the inaugural home opener in front of an announced paid attendance of 10 @,@ 459 . Prior to the game , Mayor Karl Dean threw out the ceremonial first pitch . " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " was performed by Charles Esten ( a star of the television series Nashville ) , who also sang at the park 's ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony earlier in the day . Under manager Steve Scarsone , Nashville finished their first season as an A 's affiliate in third place with a 66 – 78 record . Barry Zito , who won the American League Cy Young Award in 2002 , made his return to professional baseball with the Sounds in 2015 after sitting out the 2014 season . Zito was lauded by his Nashville teammates for embracing the Triple @-@ A lifestyle and for his commitment to the team : charting pitches between starts , coaching first base , and even buying dinner for the entire team on his birthday . The Sounds added the Country Legends Race , similar to major league mascot races , such as the Sausage Race and Presidents Race , to its between @-@ innings entertainment in 2016 . In the middle of the fifth inning , people in oversized foam caricature costumes depicting country musicians Johnny Cash , George Jones , and Reba McEntire race around the warning track from center field , through the visiting bullpen , and to the home plate side of the first base dugout . = = Season @-@ by @-@ season results = = = = Rivals = = Nashville 's chief rivals have been those based in Memphis , Tennessee . Located approximately 200 miles ( 320 km ) to the south west and connected to Nashville by Interstate 40 , Memphis has fielded several teams which have competed in the same leagues as Nashville 's teams since the late 19th century . The Sounds entered the rivalry when they joined the Southern League in 1978 . Nashville played in the West Division against the Memphis Chicks . In 1979 , the Chicks won the first half of the division and the Sounds won the second half . In the best @-@ of @-@ three division finals , the Sounds defeated the Chicks in two out of three games before going on to win the Southern League Championship . Memphis and Nashville each won the first and second halves , respectively , of the 1980 season . This time , however , Memphis won the Western Division title , defeating Nashville in three out of four games . The teams met again under the same circumstances in 1981 . The Sounds swept the Chicks in three straight games to win the Western Division finals . The interstate rivalry was interrupted when Nashville moved to the American Association in 1985 , but was renewed when the Sounds joined the Pacific Coast League in 1998 . The Sounds and the Memphis Redbirds were division rivals in the American Conference East Division from 1998 to 2004 , the American Conference North Division from 2005 to 2013 , and the American Conference Southern Division since 2014 . In 2009 , Memphis clinched the American Conference North Division title , finishing the season just two games ahead of Nashville which spent the majority of the season in first place . Similarly , Nashville finished the 2014 season two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half games behind Memphis after having led the division for most of the season . From 2012 to 2015 , the two teams competed in the I @-@ 40 Cup Series , a season @-@ long , 16 @-@ game series between the clubs . Whichever of the two won the most games played between them was declared the winner and received a trophy cup to keep until the next season . The losing team donated game tickets to a charity selected by the winner . The Sounds won the inaugural 2012 contest ( 9 – 7 ) , and Memphis won the 2013 series ( 7 – 9 ) . The teams tied the 2014 and 2015 series ( both 8 – 8 ) ; the Redbirds retained the title in both instances . The teams discontinued the trophy cup , friendly wager , and promotional references to the Series after 2015 . As of the completion of the 2015 series , Memphis leads the all @-@ time series against Nashville with a record of 897 – 872 ( .507 ) . This record encompasses all 91 years of competition in the original Southern League , Southern Association , Southern League , and Pacific Coast League . Nashville , however , leads the all @-@ time 18 @-@ year PCL series with a record of 154 – 132 ( .538 ) . = = Ballparks = = = = = Herschel Greer Stadium ( 1978 – 2014 ) = = = The Sounds originally played at Herschel Greer Stadium from 1978 through 2014 . The ballpark , which still stands , is located on the grounds of Fort Negley , an American Civil War fortification approximately two miles ( 3 km ) south of downtown Nashville . The venue experienced numerous expansions and contractions after its completion in 1978 , but seated 10 @,@ 300 spectators during its final 2014 season . Its best known feature is the giant 115 @.@ 6 foot ( 35 @.@ 2 m ) guitar @-@ shaped scoreboard behind the left field wall . Following the construction of newer , relatively luxurious minor league ballparks , Greer Stadium had fallen below the standards set for Triple @-@ A stadiums by professional baseball in 1990 . At the time , owner Larry Schmittou tried to convince the city to approve a new ballpark , but was unsuccessful . Throughout the 2000s , the team continued in its attempts to gather approval and financing for a new ballpark to replace Greer . At one point , a new stadium , First Tennessee Field , was planned for construction on the west bank of the Cumberland River in downtown . Disagreements over who would pay for the ballpark repeatedly pushed back opening day at the field , and eventually resulted in the cancellation of the project altogether . In the meantime , numerous upgrades and repairs , including over $ 3 @.@ 5 million worth of improvements from 2008 to 2009 , were made to Greer in order to preserve its functionality until a new stadium could be built . A deal for such a new ballpark was achieved in late 2013 . The Sounds played their final game at Greer on August 27 , 2014 . = = = First Tennessee Park ( 2015 – present ) = = = The Sounds ' current home ballpark is First Tennessee Park , which opened on April 17 , 2015 . It is located in downtown Nashville at the location of the former Sulphur Dell ballpark . Construction on the $ 47 million stadium began with a ceremonial groundbreaking on January 27 , 2014 . The stadium has a fixed seating capacity of 8 @,@ 500 people , but can accommodate up to 10 @,@ 000 people with additional berm seating . The stadium features wide concourses with direct views of the playing field . Its design , which incorporates the use of musical and baseball imagery , is meant to connect the park with the city 's entertainment and sports heritage . Like Greer Stadium before it , one of First Tennessee Park 's most recognizable features is a 142 by 55 foot ( 43 by 17 m ) guitar @-@ shaped scoreboard beyond the right @-@ center field wall . Unlike Greer 's guitar , which was only able to display basic in @-@ game information such as the line score , count , and brief player statistics , the new , larger version is also capable of displaying colorful graphics and animations , the batting order , fielding positions , expanded statistics , and player photographs . = = Uniforms = = Nashville 's current uniforms , which were adopted in 2015 , use a similar color scheme to that which was used from 1998 through 2014 . The palette consists of red , black , and platinum silver . Additionally , new uniforms and logos incorporate elements that reflect Nashville 's " Music City " moniker . Home uniforms consist of white jerseys with single lines of red piping around the sleeve openings and up the front going around the neck . The word " Sounds " is sewn on the chest in red letters surrounded by platinum silver and black which resemble the sound holes on a guitar . A patch of a red , silver , black , and white guitar shown hitting a baseball is located on the left sleeve . An Oakland Athletics elephant logo is sewn on the right sleeve . The player 's last name is sewn on the back in black block characters , and his number is displayed below his name in red sound @-@ hole lettering with a silver border and black drop shadow . White pants with a single line of red piping going up the sides are worn with black belts and black socks . The home cap is solid black with the primary " N " guitar pick logo . Batting helmets are glossy black with the same " N " pick logo . Road uniforms are identical to those worn for home games with only a few exceptions : jerseys and pants are made from gray material , " Nashville " is written across the chest instead of " Sounds " , pants have no pinstripes , and the cap bears a guitar pick logo with an " S " in place of an " N " . The team wears an alternate jersey for all Friday games and occasionally on the road . These black mesh jerseys are similar to the home and road versions , but with " Music City " written across the chest , no names on the back , and " Nashville " sewn in red letters under the Athletics sleeve logo . They are usually worn with a cap with the letters " MC " , for " Music City " , over a guitar pick . The batting practice cap is solid red with the guitar patch on the front . A second set of alternate uniforms honoring the 1978 Sounds are worn for Thursday home games in conjunction with Throwback Thursday promotions . The jerseys , similar to those worn by the 1978 team , are white pullover v @-@ necks with bands of red , white , and blue around the neck , with larger bands at the sleeve openings . The word " Sounds " is written across the chest in red @-@ on @-@ blue music note @-@ like script , with the player 's number below the team name on the player 's left chest in blue block characters surrounded by red . The right sleeve bears a " Slugger " patch . White pants are worn with blue belts and blue stirrups . The cap is blue with a red brim , displaying an " N " styled like a music note in white , bordered by red . The team wears camouflage jerseys paired with the home pants and home caps for all Sunday home games as a part of Military Sundays . The jerseys feature a desert camouflage pattern incorporating brown , sand , and light tan . With the addition of an American flag on the left sleeve , the same " Sounds " wordmark , front numbers , and back numbers as appear on home uniforms are printed on these jerseys . = = = Past = = = The team has utilized two color palettes prior to its current color scheme . The original colors , used from 1978 to 1998 , consisted of red , white , and blue . From 1998 to 2014 , the Sounds used a black and red palette similar to the club 's current colors . Both color schemes were used in the 1998 season during the transition from one to the other . From 1978 to 1986 , the team wore pullover v @-@ neck jerseys made of white fabric , for home games , gray , for road games , and red or blue , for use as alternates . Bands of red , white , and blue were worn around the neck , with larger bands at the sleeve openings ( the blue jerseys had one white band and two red bands ) . The word " Sounds " was written across the chest in red @-@ on @-@ blue music note @-@ like script . Numbers , but not names , were sewn on the back of jerseys . The team 's pants were white and also displayed small red , white , and blue stripes down the legs and larger stripes around the waistband . Similar gray pants were worn for road games . Beginning in 1984 , numbers were also located on the front of jerseys on the player 's left chest , below the team name . The team wore a blue cap with a red brim , displaying an " N " styled like a music note in white , bordered by red ; this was the official team cap from 1978 through the mid @-@ 1990s . From 1987 to 1998 , the team wore button up jerseys made of white fabric , for home games , and gray , for road games . The design of the home jerseys remained the same as their previous uniforms . The word " Sounds " was still written across the chest in blue music note @-@ like script , with a red border ; though , the font was changed briefly from 1987 to 1988 . Numbers were present on the front of jerseys below the team name on the player 's left chest in blue block characters surrounded by red . The back of the jersey carried the player 's number ; during some years , names were also present . Road grays had " Nashville " written across the chest and were missing the tri @-@ color bands at both the neck and sleeves . During this time , the team also added a blue mesh v @-@ neck jersey with the red and white guitar swinger logo on the left chest . The wide tri @-@ color stripes were dropped from the pants and were replaced by a blue belt . The Sounds continued to wear the original red @-@ billed blue cap with all uniforms until approximately 1993 when a new cap was introduced . The new all @-@ blue cap added the guitar @-@ swinger logo to accompany the " N. " The two caps were worn interchangeably through 1998 . The team switched to a red and black color scheme over the course of the 1998 and 1999 seasons . In the latter season , uniforms consisted of pinstriped pants and jerseys , with black sleeves bearing a music note logo on the left sleeve . There was also an alternate jersey made of red fabric with black and gray trim around the sleeve opening and a music note logo on the left chest . Another alternate , made of black material , had red and white trim at the sleeve openings and a similar music note logo on the left chest . In 2003 , the team switched to solid white pants and jerseys for home games . These jerseys had " Sounds " written across the chest in red script surrounded by black , had red and black piping around sleeve openings , around the neck , and along the row of buttons going up the chest , a music note logo on the left sleeve , and numbers on the front of jerseys below the team name . Pants had the same piping going down the legs on the outside . From 2006 to 2012 , similar jerseys without sleeves or player 's number on the front were worn . Players wore these vest @-@ like jerseys over black T @-@ shirts of varying sleeve lengths . Player 's names were written on the back in black block characters ; numbers were also displayed in large red characters surrounded by black . Road jerseys initially bared " Sounds " across the chest , but were later changed to " Nashville " ; these usually lacked the player 's name on the back . A Milwaukee Brewers logo was added to the front left shoulder in 2007 . The official home and road caps were black with a red and white music note logo on the front . From 2013 to 2014 , team jerseys were made of mesh @-@ like material with black underarm sections at the armpits and a single line of black piping going down the sleeves and across the shoulders to the neck . A Brewers logo was sewn on the left sleeve . On home jerseys , the word " Sounds " was written across the chest in red script surrounded by black . The player 's name was displayed on the back in black block characters ; numbers were also shown in large red characters surrounded by black . Road jerseys were the same , but with " Nashville " across the chest , red underarm sections and sleeve piping in place of black , and no name on the back . The team 's alternate uniforms from 2010 to 2014 were similar to these jerseys , except they were made of red material with black underarm sections and sleeve piping . " Sounds " was written across the chest in white script surrounded by black . A Brewers logo was located on the front of the left shoulder . Numbers , in white surrounded by black , were sewn on the back in block characters . = = Radio and television = = During the opening season of 1978 , Nashville Sounds games were broadcast on WMTS 96 @.@ 3 FM by announcer and station owner , Monte Hale . He died following the inaugural season , after which Bob Jamison was hired for the 1979 season . Nashville @-@ native and future sports talk show host George Plaster served as a color commentator from 1980 to 1981 and 1985 to 1986 . Jamison remained the voice of the Sounds through 1990 when he was hired as the radio broadcaster for the California Angels . For the 1991 season , the Sounds hired former Huntsville Stars and Iowa Cubs broadcaster Steve Carroll . After 1995 , Carroll left to become the radio voice of the NHL 's Philadelphia Flyers and , later , the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . Steve Selby served as the lead broadcaster for the Sounds from 1996 to 1999 . Chuck Valenches , a former assistant broadcaster , was promoted to the role of lead broadcaster at the beginning of 2000 . Stu Paul was the Sounds ' play @-@ by @-@ play broadcaster for the 2010 and 2011 seasons . Since 2012 , Jeff Hem has been the team 's lead broadcaster . All Sounds home and road games are broadcast on WPRT 102 @.@ 5 FM or its sister station , WQZQ 94 @.@ 9 FM . Live audio broadcasts are also available online through the team 's website . Games can be viewed through the MiLB.TV subscription feature of the official website of Minor League Baseball , with audio provided by a radio simulcast . Sounds home games were regularly televised by WZTV from 1982 to 1992 . A few games were also aired by WNPX in 1999 . From 2005 to 2008 , a monthly television program , called Sounds On Demand , aired throughout Middle Tennessee via Comcast cable , and was also available " On Demand " through Comcast Digital Cable programming . The 30 @-@ minute show , hosted by Chuck Valenches , featured player interviews , team news , tips from players on how to play the game , and other related content . = = Mascots = = The Nashville Sounds ' mascot is an anthropomorphic rooster named Booster . He is bright red with yellow legs , beak , comb , and palms and yellow and orange tail feathers resembling flames . He wears the same style jerseys as the team with the number zero on the back . He made his debut on April 17 , 2015 , at the Sounds ' first game at First Tennessee Park . The name refers to " boosting " or building enthusiasm for the team , while the costume is a play on Nashville hot chicken . The first Sounds mascot was introduced during the team 's inaugural 1978 season . Homer Horsehide , whose name was selected in a naming contest , resembled their major league affiliate 's mascot — Mr. Red of the Cincinnati Reds . The character was human in appearance , with the exception of an oversized anthropomorphized baseball in place of a human head . The mustachioed mascot donned a uniform identical to that of Sounds players . From 1995 to 1996 , a lime @-@ green dinosaur named Champ was the team 's mascot . Following altercations with team management and league personnel during games , Champ , vis @-@ à @-@ vis his performer , did not return for the 1997 season . An anthropomorphic cougar named Ozzie was the team 's mascot from 1997 to 2014 . The original Ozzie came from the Class A Kane County Cougars minor league team , which had an extra mascot uniform . The surplus cougar outfit was sent to Nashville , and , after building a fan following during Ozzie 's first season , team management decided to make him the permanent mascot . In 1997 , the Ozzie costume was identical to the brown cougar costume which is still in use by Kane County . In 1998 , a new yellow costume was introduced . Ozzie wore the same style of uniform as the team , but with no hat . Ozzie was retired when the Sounds left Greer Stadium in 2014 , although he continued to make appearances during the 2014 to 2015 off @-@ season . = = Faith Nights = = In addition to promotions that are synonymous with minor league baseball like giveaways , theme nights , fireworks nights , and discounted ticket or concessions nights , the Nashville Sounds also host what are called Faith Nights . In 2002 , the Sounds became the first sports team to host Faith Night promotions . These Christian @-@ based promotional evenings include pre @-@ game concerts from Christian music artists , Bible @-@ themed bobblehead giveaways , and testimonials from players about their faith . Artists who performed at Nashville 's Greer Stadium include Jars of Clay , Hawk Nelson , and Matthew West . Chris August , Plumb , and Citizen Way have performed at First Tennessee Park . Brent High , then Vice President of Sales for the Sounds , and Mike Snider , the president and owner of Third Coast Sports , an entertainment and sports marketing firm in Nashville , are credited with developing the promotion . Since their inception , Faith Nights have been among the top @-@ ten most @-@ attended games each season . During Faith Nights in 2004 , the Sounds experienced a 93 % increase in attendance over their average season attendance for non @-@ Faith Night dates ; over 500 church groups attended these games . That fall , the team partnered with the Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity to build a home for a family in need . The team raised more than $ 45 @,@ 000 from donations and 10 % of ticket proceeds on Faith Nights . The promotion has since been adopted by at least 40 other minor league teams . It has also been used by major league teams such as the Atlanta Braves and St. Louis Cardinals . Teams from the National Football League and National Basketball Association have also shown interest in holding Faith Night promotions . The program has garnered national media attention for the Sounds from The New York Times and National Public Radio . = = Roster = = = = Achievements = = = = = Awards = = = Fourteen men have won league awards in recognition for their performance while with the Sounds . Three players have won league Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) awards . Steve Balboni ( 1980 ) and Brian Dayett ( 1982 ) won the Southern League MVP Award , and Magglio Ordóñez ( 1997 ) won the American Association MVP Award . Ten players have won Pitcher of the Year honors . Bruce Berenyi ( 1978 ) , Geoff Combe ( 1979 ) , Andy McGaffigan ( 1980 ) , Jamie Werly ( 1981 ) , and Stefan Wever ( 1982 ) were selected for the Southern League Most Outstanding Pitcher Award . Chris Hammond ( 1990 ) and Scott Ruffcorn ( 1994 ) won the American Association Most Valuable Pitcher Award . R.A. Dickey ( 2007 ) , Johnny Hellweg ( 2013 ) , and Jimmy Nelson ( 2014 ) were selected for the Pacific Coast League Pitcher of the Year Award . Jeff Abbott ( 1996 ) and Magglio Ordóñez ( 1997 ) won the American Association Rookie of the Year Award . Ordóñez is the only Sounds player to win multiple league awards . Sixty @-@ four players have been selected for midseason All @-@ Star teams . Of those players , Joey Vierra ( 1992 and 1995 ) , Drew Denson ( 1993 – 94 ) , and Vinny Rottino ( 2007 – 08 ) are the only players to have been selected twice while playing for Nashville . Three players have been chosen as the MVP for midseason All @-@ Star games : Duane Walker ( 1979 ) , Ray Durham ( 1994 ) , and Magglio Ordóñez ( 1997 ) . Of the 49 players who have been named to postseason All @-@ Star teams , only Duane Walker ( 1979 in two positions ) and Jeff Abbott ( 1996 – 97 ) have been selected twice . = = = Retired numbers = = = Nashville has honored two of its players by retiring their uniform numbers . When a number is retired , only the player with the retired number can wear that number if he returns to that team as a player or coach . This ensures that the number will be associated with one player of particular importance to the team . The team displays its retired numbers on the front of the press box at First Tennessee Park . = = = Hall of Famers = = = Two members of the Sounds have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame . Hoyt Wilhelm , who served as the team 's pitching coach from 1982 to 1984 , was elected in 1985 . Shortstop Barry Larkin , who was elected in 2012 , made two appearances with the Sounds during a rehabilitation assignment in 1989 . The Sounds are also represented in the Southern League Hall of Fame . Larry Schmittou , who helped bring baseball to Nashville in 1978 and was the principal owner through 1996 , was inducted in 2016 . = = Managers = = Over the course of 38 seasons , the Nashville Sounds have employed 26 managers . The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field . Three managers have guided the team to win their league 's championship . George Scherger ( 1979 ) and Johnny Oates ( 1982 ) led the team to win the Southern League Championship . Frank Kremblas ( 2005 ) led the team to win the Pacific Coast League Championship . Trent Jewett is the longest @-@ tenured manager in team history , having managed the team for 624 games from 1998 to 2000 and 2003 to 2004 .
= Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 9 = The Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 9 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ @-@ 9 , USAF / DOD designation Type 1 , NATO reporting name : Fargo ) was the first turbojet fighter developed by Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich in the years immediately after World War II . It used reverse @-@ engineered German BMW 003 engines . Categorized as a first generation jet fighter , it was moderately successful , but suffered from persistent problems with engine flameouts when firing its guns at high altitudes due to gun gas ingestion . A number of different armament configurations were tested , but nothing solved the problem . Several different engines were evaluated , but none were flown as the prototype of the MiG @-@ 15 promised superior performance . A total of 610 aircraft were built , including prototypes , and they entered service in 1948 with the Soviet Air Forces . At least 372 were transferred to the People 's Liberation Army Air Force in 1950 to defend Chinese cities against air raids by the Nationalist Chinese and train the Chinese pilots in jet operations . The MiG @-@ 9 was quickly replaced by the MiG @-@ 15 , and three are known to survive . = = Development = = = = = Origins = = = In February 1945 , the Council of People 's Commissars ordered the Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich ( MiG ) OKB to develop a single @-@ seat jet fighter to be equipped with two German BMW 003 engines . Intended to destroy bombers , the aircraft was to be equipped with a single 57 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) or 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) gun , plus two 23 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 9 in ) guns . A more detailed directive was issued on 9 April setting out requirements that the aircraft should have a maximum speed of 900 kilometers per hour ( 559 mph ) at sea level and a speed of 910 km / h ( 565 mph ) at an altitude of 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 16 @,@ 400 ft ) . It should be able to climb to that altitude in four minutes or less and it should have a maximum range of 820 kilometers ( 510 mi ) . Three prototypes were ordered to be ready for flight tests by 15 March 1946 . The OKB chose a " pod @-@ and @-@ boom " layout for their new fighter , the I @-@ 300 ( also called the izdeliye F ( model or product F ) by the OKB ) because it offered the advantages of improved landing performance and better visibility from the cockpit when landing , but it had some drawbacks like the unfamiliar tricycle arrangement of the landing gear , protecting the rear fuselage from the jet exhaust , and where to place the aircraft 's armament . The all @-@ metal aircraft had unswept , mid @-@ mounted wings with two prominent air intakes in the nose . Its two @-@ spar wings were fitted with slotted flaps and Frise ailerons . Its powerplant comprised two RD @-@ 20 turbojets , which were Soviet @-@ manufactured versions of the BMW 003 . The two engines were located behind the cockpit in the lower fuselage , with the exhaust exiting under the tail unit . A steel laminate heatshield was installed on the bottom of the rear fuselage to protect it from the exhaust gasses . There were four bag @-@ type fuel tanks in the fuselage and three in each wing , providing a total internal fuel capacity of 1 @,@ 625 liters ( 429 US gallons ) . The cockpit was not pressurized . The planned armament consisted of a 57 mm NL @-@ 57 cannon mounted in the centerline engine intake bulkhead and two 23 mm Nudelman @-@ Suranov NS @-@ 23 autocannon mounted on the lower lip of the air intakes . The N @-@ 57 gun was provided with 28 rounds and the two NS @-@ 23 cannon had 80 rounds each . Construction of the three prototypes began in late 1945 and the first prototype began manufacturer 's testing on 30 December . The ground testing revealed that the engine exhaust caused a low @-@ pressure area under the rear fuselage which caused the fighter to tilt tail @-@ down during engine tests . The rigidly mounted heatshield caused the underside of the rear fuselage to deform because the steel and the duralumin skin of the fuselage had different expansion ratios when heated . The rear fuselage and the heatshield were both redesigned to eliminate these problems . On 23 March the prototype was trucked to the Flight Research Institute ( LII ) ' s airfield at Ramenskoye to begin preparations for flight testing . According to aviation historian Bill Gunston , on 24 April 1946 representatives from Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich and the Yakovlev OKB tossed a coin to determine which aircraft would be the first Soviet jet to fly . ( MiG had brought the I @-@ 300 , and Yakovlev the Yak- ( 3 ) -15 . ) MiG won and the I @-@ 300 's first flight lasted six minutes . These early flights revealed problems with the stability of the aircraft and vibration problems with the new articulated heatshield . It was stiffened before the twelfth flight , but that only partially cured the problem . The first aircraft crashed , killing the pilot , during a demonstration in front of high @-@ ranking officials on 11 July when the attachment lugs of the wing leading edge fairings failed and they hit the horizontal stabilizers . The remaining two prototypes began flight testing the following month , but preparations for the 7 November parade commemorating the October Revolution delayed the start of the State acceptance trials until 17 December . Meanwhile , the horizontal stabilizer of the second prototype disintegrated during flight , but the pilot was able to land the aircraft safely . Another such incident happened to the third prototype in February 1947 and forced the tail to be reinforced . The aircraft was given the service designation of MiG @-@ 9 ( internal OKB designations of I @-@ 301 and izdeliye FS ) and a small batch of ten aircraft , equipped with original German engines , was ordered during 1946 from Factory No. 1 in Kazan before flight testing was completed . They were intended to be used in the parade , but bad weather forced the cancellation of their flypast . Two of them were assigned to participate in the state acceptance trials while others were used as testbeds for various programs . The trials were concluded in June and the MiG @-@ 9 generally met the performance goals set by the Council of People 's Commissars . The test pilots found the fighter easy and simple to fly . Defects noted during testing were that the engines flamed out when firing the cannon at high altitudes due to gun gas ingestion , no ejection seat was fitted , nor were air brakes or a fire suppression system . The fuel tanks were not self @-@ sealing and no armor was provided for the pilot . Despite these drawbacks , the MiG @-@ 9 was ordered into production at Factory No. 1 before the acceptance tests were completed as the Soviet leadership believed that its shortcomings could be rectified during production . A batch of 50 aircraft , 40 single @-@ seat fighters and 10 two @-@ seat trainers , were ordered in late 1946 to participate in the 1947 May Day parade . In recognition of their accomplishment Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich were awarded the Stalin Prize in 1947 . The two @-@ seat trainer had the internal OKB designations of I @-@ 301T and izdeliye FT and the first prototype was converted from one of the " parade " aircraft during 1946 . Its fuel capacity had to be reduced by one third to make room for the second tandem cockpit . Dual controls were fitted as was an intercom to allow the instructor and student to communicate in the air . Each man had an ejection seat designed after that used by the Germans in their Heinkel He 162 fighter . This aircraft was delivered on 17 January 1947 , although flight testing was not completed until 5 April . The ejection seats were not tested in the air , but they required extensive testing on the ground to ensure the proper operation of the seat . State acceptance trials were not completed until 2 June and the aircraft was rejected because of the poor visibility from the rear cockpit . A second aircraft was completed on 15 July and the visibility from the rear cockpit was improved by replacing the original bulletproof windscreen with a larger glass plate , reshaping the canopy 's side panels , and removing a partition between the cockpits . This aircraft was fitted with air brakes in the wings and two 260 @-@ litre ( 57 imp gal ; 69 US gal ) drop tanks hung under its wingtips . It passed its state acceptance trials later in 1947 and was recommended for production with the service designation of UTI MiG @-@ 9 . The ejection seats were extensively tested during 1948 and approved for use , but by this time the aircraft was deemed obsolete and there was no point in building a training version . The order for 50 aircraft placed in 1946 was modified to 48 single seaters and one aircraft for the OKB itself , all lacking armament . They were manufactured in March – April 1947 with the standard armament of one 37 mm Nudelman N @-@ 37 autocannon , with 40 rounds , and two 23 mm Nudelman @-@ Suranov NS @-@ 23 guns , but the production line shut down afterward to incorporate some of the desired changes . These included reinforcement and enlargement of the vertical tail to improve lateral stability ; air brakes were added on the wings and the fuel system was improved . The underside of the rear fuselage was recontoured to smooth the air flow of the engine exhaust and air suction inside the fuselage was eliminated . Production restarted and a total of 243 single seaters were completed during the remainder of the year . 250 fighters and 60 trainers were scheduled to be built in 1948 , but production was disrupted by preparations to begin manufacture of the vastly superior MiG @-@ 15 later that year . Only 302 fighters were delivered that year before production ceased . The fourth and fifth aircraft of the parade batch were used in flight tests to eliminate the engine flameout problem from late 1947 through early 1948 . They were fitted with a prominent rectangular hollow vane on the barrel of the N @-@ 37 cannon that was nicknamed the " butterfly " ( bahbochka ) . This allowed all three cannon to be fired simultaneously at altitudes up to 10 @,@ 100 meters ( 33 @,@ 100 ft ) , but the fin disintegrated after only 813 shots , which could be very dangerous if the debris from the fin was ingested by the engines . An additional problem was that the fin hampered the directional stability of the aircraft and caused it to yaw after 3 – 5 shots . Another attempt to fix the problem was made in the I @-@ 302 ( izdeliye FP ) , a modification of a production aircraft , that moved the N @-@ 37 to the port side of the aircraft , but this was apparently not successful either . Other attempts to ameliorate the problem included fitting a muzzle brake on the N @-@ 37 as well as extending its barrel , but nothing worked . = = = Alternative engines = = = The I @-@ 305 ( izdeliye FT ) was a MiG @-@ 9 airframe with a single Lyulka TR @-@ 1 turbojet of 1 @,@ 500 kgf ( 15 kN ; 3 @,@ 300 lbf ) that replaced the pair of RD @-@ 20 turbojets . The armament was rearranged with the 23 mm cannon moved to each side of the fuselage , even with the N @-@ 37 gun in the centerline bulkhead ; the latter 's ammunition supply was increased to 45 rounds . The aircraft was intended to have a pressurized cockpit and its overall weight was reduced to 4 @,@ 500 kilograms ( 9 @,@ 900 lb ) . The engine , however , was not ready for testing and the aircraft 's development was cancelled after the prototype MiG @-@ 15 began flight testing in early 1948 . In mid @-@ 1946 , the Council of Ministers ordered the development of a MiG @-@ 9 with afterburning versions of the RD @-@ 20 , based on the BMW 003S engine . These engines had a maximum power of 1 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 050 kgf ( 9 @.@ 8 – 10 @.@ 3 kN ; 2 @,@ 200 – 2 @,@ 300 lbf ) and were intended to increase the aircraft 's speed to 920 km / h ( 570 mph ) at sea level and 950 km / h ( 590 mph ) at 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 16 @,@ 000 ft ) . The OKB was directed to build two prototypes , with a 45 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) gun replacing the N @-@ 37 , that would begin flight tests in April 1947 . The OKB added 12 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 47 in ) armor plates fore and aft to protect the pilot and he was provided with a bulletproof windscreen , but no other changes were made to the aircraft . The I @-@ 307 ( izdeliye FF ) was ready for flight testing a month late and had to use German engines because the Soviet @-@ built versions had not yet been tested . Manufacturer 's flight tests were completed on 21 June and the fighter began its state acceptance trials on 2 August , after its engines were replaced , but crashed on 19 August . The second prototype was converted from the fifth aircraft of the parade batch and retained the butterfly used during its earlier gun trials . It was given the same cockpit armor and windscreen as the first prototype , but it used Soviet @-@ built RD @-@ 20F ( later RD @-@ 21 ) engines . It began its flight trials in December and it demonstrated a top speed of 947 km / h ( 588 mph ) at an altitude of 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 9 @,@ 843 ft ) and 928 km / h ( 577 mph ) at 5 @,@ 200 meters ( 17 @,@ 100 ft ) , but no further development work was done . Some late @-@ production aircraft received this engine . Another prototype equipped with RD @-@ 21 engines and a pressurized cockpit was completed in June 1947 . It was known internally as the I @-@ 307 ( izdeliye FR ) and was given the service designation of MiG @-@ 9M . The armament was rearranged in another attempt to ameliorate the gun gas ingestion problem with the N @-@ 37 being mounted on the starboard side of the fuselage and the two NS @-@ 23s on the port side , well aft so that the gun barrels did not protrude beyond the air intake . This caused the cockpit to be moved forward slightly which gave the pilot a better view when landing . The number of fuel tanks was reduced to five , but the aircraft 's total capacity remained the same . It made its first flight in July , but the factory flight tests were not completed until early 1948 . Despite a top speed of 965 km / h ( 600 mph ) at 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 16 @,@ 000 ft ) , it failed its state acceptance tests . The reasons given were that the engines continued to flame out if they were run at low rpm at altitudes above 8 @,@ 000 meters ( 26 @,@ 000 ft ) , the mounts for the cannon were not fully developed and the workmanship of the pressurized cockpit was low . The real reason was that the aircraft was inferior to the MiG @-@ 15 already in flight testing . Another re @-@ engined version of the MiG @-@ 9 was the I @-@ 320 ( izdeliye FN ) . It had an imported Rolls @-@ Royce Nene I centrifugal @-@ flow turbojet rated at 2 @,@ 230 kgf ( 21 @.@ 9 kN ; 4 @,@ 900 lbf ) and the armament was rearranged yet again in another attempt to eliminate the gas ingestion problem . The N @-@ 37 cannon was moved to the underside of the fuselage and the NS @-@ 23 guns were moved to each side of the fuselage as in the I @-@ 305 , although none of the gun barrels protruded past the lips of the air intakes . Construction began in late 1947 , but it was never completed as the MiG @-@ 15 prototype used the same engine and had a higher performance . One MiG @-@ 9 ( izdeliye FK ) was modified in 1949 to serve as a testbed for the Raduga KS @-@ 1 Komet air @-@ launched anti @-@ shipping cruise missile . A second unpressurized cockpit was built in line with the trailing edge of the wing for the guidance system operator . The aircraft was fitted with two radars , a K @-@ 1M target illumination radar in a prominent bullet @-@ shaped fairing above the air intakes and an aft @-@ looking radar mounted in a cigar @-@ shaped fairing at the top of the vertical stabilizer . This latter system was intended to test the mid @-@ course guidance system of the launching aircraft and the guidance systems of the missile . Signals from the K @-@ 1M radar were received in small bullet @-@ shaped fairings on the leading edges of the wings . The aircraft served in this role for four years , until the missile passed its state acceptance trials in 1952 – 53 . = = Service = = The MiG @-@ 9 was flown in Soviet service by fighter regiments in the 1st , 7th , 14th , 15th , and 16th Air Armies . These last two were based near Kaliningrad and in East Germany respectively . In addition , the 177th Fighter Regiment of the 303rd Air Division near Yaroslavl flew the aircraft in 1949 . Six divisions of MiG @-@ 9s , each with two regiments of 31 aircraft , were transferred to China in November – December 1950 for air defense and training duties . The 17th Guards Fighter Division ( GIAD ) defended Shenyang , the 20th Fighter Division ( IAD ) guarded Tangshan , and the 65th IAD protected Guangzhou . The 144th IAD defended Shanghai , the 309th guarded Gongzhuling and the 328th IAD protected Peking . These units later handed their aircraft over to the 6th , 7th , 12th , 14th , 16th , and 17th Fighter Divisions of the People 's Liberation Army Air Force when their training was complete . The Chinese considered sending their MiG @-@ 9s to Korea in 1951 under Soviet pressure , but reconsidered when the PLAAF commanders reported that they believed that it would be better to retrain MiG @-@ 9 pilots on MiG @-@ 15s . = = Versions = = I @-@ 300 Prototype , three built MiG @-@ 9 ( FS ) I @-@ 301 - the only production variant , RD @-@ 20 or RD @-@ 21 engines MiG @-@ 9 ( FP ) I @-@ 302 - one prototype with the N @-@ 37 cannon moved to the side of the fuselage MiG @-@ 9 ( FL ) I @-@ 305 - one prototype with Lyul 'ka TR @-@ 1 engine , not completed MiG @-@ 9 ( FF ) I @-@ 307 - two prototypes with afterburning RD @-@ 20F or RD @-@ 21 engines MiG @-@ 9 ( FN ) I @-@ 320 - one prototype with a Rolls @-@ Royce Nene engine , not completed MiG @-@ 9L ( FK ) - one aircraft modified to test the avionics for the Raduga KS @-@ 1 Komet air @-@ launched anti @-@ shipping cruise missile MiG @-@ 9M ( FR ) I @-@ 308 - one prototype with RD @-@ 21 engines UTI MiG @-@ 9 ( FT ) I @-@ 301T - Two @-@ seat training aircraft , only two built = = Operators = = Soviet Union Soviet Air Force People 's Republic of China People 's Liberation Army Air Force = = Survivors = = Red 01 ( c / n 114010 ) is at the Central Air Force Museum , Monino , Russia White 30 is at the Chinese Aviation Museum , Datangshan , Beijing , China Blue 86104 is at the Beijing Air and Space Museum at Beihang University in Beijing , China A fourth fuselage was photographed in 2007 and 2011 stored outdoors in downtown Beijing , China near Beihang University = = Specifications ( MiG @-@ 9 ) = = Data from Gordon and Kommissarov , pp. 60 – 61 General characteristics Crew : 1 Length : 9 @.@ 75 m ( 32 ft 0 in ) Wingspan : 10 m ( 32 ft 10 in ) Height : 3 @.@ 225 m ( 10 ft 7 in ) Wing area : 18 @.@ 2 m2 ( 196 sq ft ) Empty weight : 3 @,@ 350 kg ( 7 @,@ 385 lb ) Gross weight : 5 @,@ 000 kg ( 11 @,@ 023 lb ) Fuel capacity : 1 @,@ 625 liters ( 429 US gallons ) Powerplant : 2 × RD @-@ 20 axial @-@ flow turbojets , 7 @.@ 8 kN ( 1 @,@ 800 lbf ) thrust each Performance Maximum speed : 915 km / h ( 569 mph ; 494 kn ) Maximum speed : Mach 0 @.@ 85 Never exceed speed : 1 @,@ 050 km / h ( 652 mph ; 567 kn ) Range : 800 km ( 497 mi ; 432 nmi ) Service ceiling : 13 @,@ 500 m ( 44 @,@ 291 ft ) g limits : 14g Rate of climb : 22 @.@ 0 m / s ( 4 @,@ 330 ft / min ) Armament 1 × 37 mm Nudelman N @-@ 37 cannon 2 × 23 mm Nudelman @-@ Suranov NS @-@ 23 cannon
= 2011 Philadelphia , Mississippi tornado = During the afternoon of April 27 , 2011 , a violent EF5 tornado touched down in eastern Mississippi , killing three people . Part of the historic 2011 Super Outbreak , the largest tornado outbreak on record , this was the first of four EF5 tornadoes to touch down that day and the first such storm in Mississippi since the 1966 Candlestick Park tornado . While on the ground for 30 minutes , it traveled along a near 29 @-@ mile ( 47 km ) path through four counties , leaving behind three deaths , eight injuries , and $ 1 @.@ 1 million in damage . The supercell thunderstorm that produced this tornado formed around 1 : 00 p.m. CDT south of Jackson , Mississippi . Traveling briskly to the northeast , it became severe within 25 minutes and potentially tornadic by 1 : 36 p.m. CDT . A tornado finally touched down at 2 : 30 p.m. CDT just east of the Philadelphia Municipal Airport . It quickly intensified and began producing EF5 damage by 2 : 38 p.m. CDT ; extreme ground scouring , up to 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) deep in places , occurred in northeastern Neshoba County . After crossing into Kemper County , the tornado obliterated a mobile home , killing all three inside . It reached EF5 strength a second time near the Kemper – Winston county line where extreme ground scouring again took place and pavement was scoured from roads . Extensive tree damage took place elsewhere along the track and it ultimately dissipated at 3 : 00 p.m. CDT about 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north of Mashulaville . = = Meteorological synopsis = = The environmental conditions leading up to the April 2011 Super Outbreak were among the " most conducive to violent tornadoes ever documented " . On April 25 , a vigorous upper @-@ level shortwave trough moved into the Southern Plains states . Ample instability , low @-@ level moisture , and wind shear fueled a significant tornado outbreak from Texas to Tennessee ; at least 64 tornadoes touched down that same day . An area of low pressure consolidated over Texas on April 26 and traveled east while the aforementioned shortwave trough traversed the Mississippi River and Ohio River valleys . Another 50 tornadoes touched down on that day . The multi @-@ day outbreak culminated on April 27 with the most violent recorded day of tornadic activity since the 1974 Super Outbreak . Multiple episodes of tornadic activity ensued with two waves of mesoscale convective systems in the morning hours , followed by a widespread outbreak of supercells from Mississippi to North Carolina during the afternoon into the evening . Activity on April 27 was precipitated by a 995 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 39 inHg ) surface low situated over Kentucky and a deep , negatively tilted ( aligned northwest to southeast ) trough over Arkansas and Louisiana . A strong southwesterly surface jet intersected these systems at a 60 ° angle , an ageostrophic flow that led to storm @-@ relative helicity values in excess of 500 m2s @-@ 2 — indicative of extreme wind shear and a very high potential for rotating updrafts within supercells . Ample moisture from the Gulf of Mexico was brought north across the Deep South , leading to daytime high temperatures of 77 to 81 ° F ( 25 to 27 ° C ) and dewpoints of 66 to 72 ° F ( 19 to 22 ° C ) . Furthermore , convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) values reached 2 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 J / kg @-@ 1 . = = Tornado summary = = Around 1 : 00 p.m. CDT , a supercell thunderstorm developed south of Jackson , Mississippi , and traveled northeast at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . About 25 minutes later , the intensifying storm became severe and prompted a severe thunderstorm warning — advising residents of damaging winds in excess of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) and 1 @-@ inch ( 2 @.@ 5 cm ) diameter hail — from the National Weather Service office in Jackson for Leake , Rankin , and Scott counties . The developing storm gradually developed a hook echo signature , and a tornado warning was issued for Leake and Scott counties at 1 : 36 p.m. CDT , and extended to Neshoba County at 2 : 03 p.m. CDT . At 2 : 30 p.m. CDT , the storm produced a small tornado along the northern edge of Philadelphia , just east of Philadelphia Municipal Airport and near an Army National Guard armory . Here , large trees were downed and a building sustained significant roof damage . Within minutes , the tornado began producing EF2 damage to homes and other structures . It soon grew to 900 yards ( 820 m ) in diameter and warranted the issuance of a tornado emergency for northeastern Neshoba County at 2 : 36 p.m. CDT . Traveling along and parallel to Highway 21 , the tornado leveled and partially swept away a brick home near the intersection with Highway 491 , indicative of low @-@ end EF4 damage . A debris ball was apparent on Doppler weather radar imagery by this time . The storm began producing EF5 damage at 2 : 38 p.m. CDT in northeastern Neshoba County . Tremendous ground scouring took place in the county , with up to 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) of soil removed . Grass was torn out by the roots and in clumps by suction vortices embedded within the tornado . Large trees were entirely uprooted , debarked , defoliated , and thrown up to 20 yards ( 18 m ) as well . Maximum winds in the tornado were estimated at 205 mph ( 330 km / h ) . The storm moved through the Pearl River Resort , where it destroyed a historic log cabin , fencing , lighting , and dugouts at two baseball fields . As the storm neared the edge of Neshoba County , the tornado emergency was extended to include northern Kemper County , southeastern Winston County , and all of Noxubee County . The tornado weakened briefly as it passed through the small community of Coy along the Neshoba – Kemper border . Extensive tree damage took place in the area and a mobile home was destroyed . Upon leaving the community , the tornado intensified and produced EF5 damage again by 2 : 47 p.m. CDT . Throughout Neshoba County , the tornado damaged or destroyed 91 structures , rendering 32 people homeless . In Kemper County , a 3 @,@ 000 ft2 ( 280 m2 ) mini @-@ mart was damaged beyond repair . Eleven people sought refuge inside the building 's bathroom when the tornado struck ; all escaped without injury . Along the border of Kemper and Winston counties , EF5 damage occurred as extremely deep ground scouring took place again and asphalt was ripped from roads . On Green Road , a double @-@ wide mobile home , anchored to the ground , was lofted 300 yards ( 270 m ) and obliterated when it landed in a nearby tree line ; debris from the home was scattered hundreds of yards farther . The survey team found no evidence of it having bounced or rolled from where it was picked up to where it impacted the tree line . All three occupants were killed , the sole fatalities from this tornado . Nearby , the tornado weakened to EF3 stength as two brick homes were destroyed with barely any interior walls left standing ; two people sustained serious injuries . A well @-@ built frame wood home was nearly swept clean off its foundation and two trailers were destroyed . Cars were hurled hundreds of yards , often bouncing along the way , and some were rendered almost unrecognizable and were wrapped around trees . Continuing through southeastern Winston County , the tornado weakened slightly to EF2 strength but continued to produce extensive tree and property damage . As it crossed Central McDonald Road , it destroyed a single @-@ wide mobile home and leveled a nearby grove of pine trees . As the tornado approached the Winston – Noxubee border , it caused substantial roof damage to a church and left impact holes in the back wall . Extreme tree damage was noted along the border as the tornado regained EF3 intensity . Along Butler Road , to the southwest of Macon , additional pavement scouring took place , along with the destruction of a shop and a bus being rolled . Thereafter , the tornado steadily weakened before dissipating roughly 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north of Mashulaville at 3 : 00 p.m. CDT . Throughout its 30 minute track , the tornado traveled almost 29 miles ( 47 km ) , killed three people , injured eight others , and caused $ 1 @.@ 1 million in damage . The supercell that produced this EF5 tornado later spawned an EF1 in northeastern Noxubee County at 3 : 18 p.m. CDT . The parent storm dissipated around 3 : 29 p.m. CDT as another supercell overtook it near the Mississippi – Alabama state line . The cell produced an exceptionally long @-@ lived EF4 that traveled nearly 124 miles ( 200 km ) across Alabama . The Philadelphia tornado marked the first instance of an F5 or EF5 tornado in Mississippi since the March 3 , 1966 , Candlestick Park tornado . Following another EF5 that struck Smithville later on April 27 , the outbreak marked the first known instance of two EF5 tornadoes on a single day in Mississippi . = = Aftermath = = Immediately following the destructive tornadoes , Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour declared a state of emergency for 39 counties . On April 29 , President Barack Obama signed a major disaster declaration for 29 Mississippi counties in the wake of the Super Outbreak and another deadly outbreak on April 15 . This allowed residents and some local governments to sign up to receive federal funding to repair damage incurred from the storms . More than 60 members of the Longino Baptist Church assisted residents of Neshoba County with debris removal and cleaning ; also providing refreshments . The Salvation Army established a feeding center at the Coy Methodist Church . Disaster unemployment assistance was made available for people who lost their jobs due to storms and flooding , starting on May 17 . By July , a total of $ 15 @,@ 734 @,@ 072 in federal funding was approved through the Federal Emergency Management Agency for victims of the April 15 – 28 storms .
= Pomeranian ( dog ) = The Pomeranian ( often known as a Pom or Pom Pom ) is a breed of dog of the Spitz type , named for the Pomerania region in Central Europe ( today part of northern Poland and eastern Germany ) . Classed as a toy dog breed because of its small size , the Pomeranian is descended from the larger Spitz type dogs , specifically the German Spitz . It has been determined by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale to be part of the German Spitz breed ; and in many countries , they are known as the Zwergspitz ( " Dwarf @-@ Spitz " ) . The breed has been made popular by a number of royal owners since the 18th century . Queen Victoria owned a particularly small Pomeranian and consequently the smaller variety became universally popular . During Queen Victoria 's lifetime alone , the size of the breed decreased by 50 % . Overall , the Pomeranian is a sturdy , healthy dog . The most common health issues are luxating patella and tracheal collapse . More rarely , the breed can suffer from Alopecia X , a skin condition colloquially known as " black skin disease " . This is a genetic disease which causes the dog 's skin to turn black and lose all or most of its hair . As at 2013 , in terms of registration figures , since at least 1998 , the breed has ranked among the top twenty most popular breeds in the USA , and the current fashion for small dogs has increased their popularity worldwide . = = Appearance = = Pomeranians are small dogs weighing 1 @.@ 9 – 3 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 4 @.@ 2 – 7 @.@ 7 lb ) and standing 5 @.@ 0 – 11 inches ( 13 – 28 cm ) high at the withers . They are compact but sturdy dogs with an abundant textured coat with a highly plumed tail set high and flat . The top coat forms a ruff of fur on the neck , which Poms are well known for , and they also have a fringe of feathery hair on the hindquarters . The earliest examples of the breed were white or occasionally brown or black . Queen Victoria adopted a small red Pomeranian in 1888 , which caused that color to become fashionable by the end of the 19th century . In modern times , the Pomeranian comes in the widest variety of colors of any dog breed , including white , black , brown , red , orange , cream , blue , sable , black and tan , brown and tan , spotted , brindle , plus combinations of those colors . The most common colors are orange , black or cream / white . The merle Pomeranian is a recent color developed by breeders . It is a combination of a solid base color with lighter blue / grey patch which gives a mottled effect . The most common base colors for the effect are red / brown or black , although it can also appear with other colors . Combinations such as brindle merle or liver merle are not accepted in the breed standard . In addition , the eye , nose and paw pad are marshmallow color , changing parts of the eye to blue and the color on the nose and paw pads to become mottled pink and black . Pomeranians have a thick , double coat . While grooming is not difficult , breeders recommend that it be done daily to maintain the quality of the coat and because of its thickness and the constant shedding , with trimming every 1 – 2 months . The outer coat is long , straight , and harsh in texture while the undercoat is soft , thick and short . The coat knots and tangles easily , particularly when the undercoat is being shed , which happens twice a year . = = Temperament = = Pomeranians are typically friendly , playful and lively but are often aggressive to other dogs and try to prove themselves Pomeranians are alert and aware of changes in their environment and barking at new stimuli can develop into a habit of barking excessively in any situation . They are somewhat defensive of their territory and will thus bark a lot when they encounter any outside noises . Pomeranians are intelligent dogs , respond well to training , and can be very successful in getting what they want from their owners . They are extroverted and enjoy being the center of attention but can become quite aggressive and dominant if not well trained . The use of toys can be an effective tool in encouraging pomeranians to spend time alone . = = Health = = = = = Overall health = = = The life expectancy of a Pomeranian is 12 to 16 years . A well @-@ bred dog on a good diet with appropriate exercise will have few health problems ; and , if kept trim and fit , a Pomeranian is a sturdy dog . The breed does have similar health issues to many dog breeds , although some issues such as hip dysplasia are uncommon because of the Pomeranian 's lightweight build . Some health issues can develop as a result of lack of attention to grooming and teeth- , ear- , and eye @-@ cleaning . With routine care , these problems can be avoided . They are prone to early tooth loss , and dry food is recommended . Poms are one of the breeds with the smallest average litter size , with various source giving numbers of between 1 @.@ 9 and 2 @.@ 7 puppies per litter . = = = Common problems = = = Merle colored dogs may suffer from mild to severe deafness , increased intraocular pressure , ametropia , microphthalmia , and colobomas . Merle dogs born from parents who are also both merles may additionally suffer from abnormalities of the skeletal , cardiac and reproductive systems . Luxating patella is another health issue in the Pomeranian breed . It occurs when , through either malformation or trauma , the ridges forming the patellar groove in the knee are not prominent and are too shallow to allow the patella to properly sit securely . This can cause the patella to " luxate " ( jump out of the groove ) sideways which will cause the leg to lock up with the foot off the ground . While the muscles are contracted the patella cannot return to the correct position . The initial pain is caused by the knee cap sliding across the ridges of the femur . Once out of position , the dog does not feel any pain caused by the slipped disc . Tracheal collapse is caused by a weakening of the tracheal rings in the windpipe . It occurs when the rings that normally hold the shape of the windpipe collapse , closing the airway . The symptoms of a collapse include a honking cough that can sound similar to a goose honk , an intolerance to exercise , fainting spells and a cough that is worsened by hot weather , exercise and excitement . The tendency for episodes of tracheal collapse typically increases in frequency and severity as the dog ages . In Pomeranians , a condition often called " black skin disease " occurs which is a combination of alopecia ( hair loss ) and hyperpigmentation ( a darkening of the skin ) . Other names for this condition include woolly coat , coat funk , pseudo @-@ Cushing 's disease , or severe hair loss syndrome . This condition affects male Pomeranians more than females , and may be inherited . Although most affected dogs show signs following puberty , it can occur at any age . Other conditions can mimic this condition including Cushing 's syndrome , hypothyroidism , chronic skin infections , and reproductive hormone disorders . Another common disorder in male Pomeranians is cryptorchidism . This is when either one or both of the testicles do not descend into the scrotum . It is treated through surgical removal of the retained testicle . = = = Exercise = = = The Pomeranian is a small but energetic breed of dog . Although Pomeranians benefit from frequent attention , they need relatively little exercise : it is recommended to take them on a short daily walk or let them run around an enclosed space . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = The forerunners of today 's Pomeranian breed were large working dogs from the Arctic regions . These dogs are commonly known as the Wolfspitz or Spitz type , which is German for " sharp point " which was the term originally used by Count Eberhard zu Sayn in the 16th Century as a reference to the features of the dog 's nose and muzzle . The Pomeranian is considered to be descended from the German Spitz . The breed is thought to have acquired its name by association with the area known as Pomerania which is located in northern Poland and Germany along the Baltic Sea . Although not the origin of the breed , this area is credited with the breeding which led to the original Pomeranian type of dog . Proper documentation was lacking until the breed 's introduction into the United Kingdom . An early modern recorded reference to the Pomeranian breed is from 2 November 1764 , in a diary entry in James Boswell 's Boswell on the Grand Tour : Germany and Switzerland . " The Frenchman had a Pomeranian dog named Pomer whom he was mighty fond of . " The offspring of a Pomeranian and a wolf bred by an animal merchant from London is discussed in Thomas Pennant 's A Tour in Scotland from 1769 . Two members of the British Royal Family influenced the evolution of the breed . In 1767 , Queen Charlotte , Queen @-@ consort of King George III of England , brought two Pomeranians to England . Named Phoebe and Mercury , the dogs were depicted in paintings by Sir Thomas Gainsborough . These paintings depicted a dog larger than the modern breed , reportedly weighing as much as 30 – 50 lb ( 14 – 23 kg ) , but showing modern traits such as the heavy coat , ears and a tail curled over the back . Queen Victoria , Queen Charlotte 's granddaughter , was also an enthusiast and established a large breeding kennel . One of her favoured dogs was a comparatively small red sable Pomeranian which she possibly named " Windsor 's Marco " and was reported to weigh only 12 lb ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) . When she first exhibited Marco in 1891 , it caused the smaller type Pomeranian to become immediately popular and breeders began selecting only the smaller specimens for breeding . During her lifetime , the size of the Pomeranian breed was reported to have decreased by 50 % . Queen Victoria worked to improve and promote the Pomeranian breed by importing smaller Pomeranians of different colors from various European countries to add to her breeding program . Royal owners during this period also included Joséphine de Beauharnais , the wife of Napoleon I of France , and King George IV of England . The first breed club was set up in England in 1891 , and the first breed standard was written shortly afterwards . The first member of the breed was registered in America to the American Kennel Club in 1898 , and it was recognized in 1900 . In 1912 , two Pomeranians were among only three dogs to survive the sinking of RMS Titanic . A Pomeranian called " Lady " , owned by Miss Margaret Hays , escaped with her owner in lifeboat number seven , while Elizabeth Barrett Rothschild took her pet to safety with her in lifeboat number six . Glen Rose Flashaway won the Toy Group at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1926 , the first Pomeranian to win a group at Westminster . It would take until 1988 for the first Pomeranian , " Great Elms Prince Charming II " , to win the Best in Show prize from the Westminster Kennel Club . In the standard published in 1998 , the Pomeranian is included in the German Spitz standard , along with the Keeshond , by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale . According to the standard " Spitz breeds are captivating " and have a " unique characteristic , cheeky appearance . " = = = Popularity = = = The Pomeranian has been among the more popular dog breeds in the United States , featuring consistently in the top 20 of registered AKC dog breeds since at least 1998 , when it was ranked # 10 ; the breed was # 17 in the 2011 rankings , dropping two spots from the previous year . In 2012 and 2013 it remained in the top twenty and was ranked at # 19 . It is not listed in the top 20 breeds in the UK in either 2007 or 2008 . In Australia their popularity has declined since 1986 , with a peak of 1128 Pomeranians registered with the Australian National Kennel Council in 1987 ; only 577 were registered in 2008 . However , this is an increase from 2004 , when only 491 dogs were registered . It is more popular in American cities in 2008 , ranking joint tenth ( with American Bulldog ) in Detroit and Orlando , ninth in Los Angeles , a joint seventh in Seattle ( again , with the American Bulldog ) , but third in Honolulu , only bested by the Labrador Retriever and the German Shepherd Dog .
= Lorde = Ella Marija Lani Yelich @-@ O 'Connor ( born 7 November 1996 ) , better known by her stage name Lorde ( pronounced " lord " ) , is a New Zealand singer @-@ songwriter . Born in Takapuna and raised in Devonport , Auckland , she became interested in performing as a child . In her early teens , she signed with Universal Music Group and was later paired with the songwriter and record producer Joel Little , who has co @-@ written and produced most of Lorde 's works . Her first major release , The Love Club EP , was commercially released in March 2013 . The EP reached number two on the national record charts of New Zealand and Australia . In mid @-@ 2013 , Lorde released her debut single " Royals " . It became an international crossover hit and made Lorde the youngest solo artist to achieve a US number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot 100 since 1987 . In late 2013 , she released her debut studio album , Pure Heroine . The record topped the charts of New Zealand and Australia and reached number three on the US Billboard 200 . Its following singles include " Tennis Court " , " Team " , " No Better " and " Glory and Gore " . In 2014 , Lorde released " Yellow Flicker Beat " as a single from the soundtrack for The Hunger Games : Mockingjay – Part 1 . Lorde 's music consists of subgenres such as dream pop and indietronica . She has earned two Grammy Awards , a Brit Award and ten New Zealand Music Awards . In 2013 , she was named among Time 's most influential teenagers in the world , and in the following year , she was in Forbes 's " 30 Under 30 " list . = = Life and career = = = = = 1996 – 2008 : Early life = = = Of Croatian and Irish descent , Ella Yelich @-@ O 'Connor was born in Takapuna to Vic O 'Connor , a civil engineer , and Sonja Yelich ( Croatian : Sonja Jelić ) , a poet , on November 7 , 1996 . She was raised in the nearby suburb of Devonport with her two sisters , Jerry and India , and her brother , Angelo . At age five , she joined a drama group and developed public speaking skills . At that same time , Lorde was attending Vauxhall School and later Belmont Intermediate School . Her mother encouraged her to read a range of genres , which Lorde cited as a lyrical influence , " I guess my mum influenced my lyrical style by always buying me books . She 'd give me a mixture of kid and adult books too , there weren 't really any books I wasn 't allowed to read . I remember reading Feed by M.T. Anderson when I was six , and her giving me Salinger and Carver at a young age , and Janet Frame really young too . " = = = 2009 – 11 : Career beginnings = = = In May 2009 , Lorde and musician friend Louis McDonald won the Belmont Intermediate School annual talent show as a duo . On August 13 , 2009 , Lorde and McDonald were invited in for a chat on Jim Mora 's Afternoons show on Radio New Zealand . There , they performed covers of Pixie Lott 's " Mama Do ( Uh Oh , Uh Oh ) " and Kings of Leon 's " Use Somebody " . McDonald 's father Ian sent both his home audio recording of her and Louis McDonald covering Duffy 's song " Warwick Avenue " and his home video recording of the pair singing Pixie Lott 's " Mama Do " to Universal Music Group ( UMG ) ' s A & R Scott Maclachlan . In 2009 Maclachlan signed her to UMG for development . Lorde was also part of the Belmont Intermediate School band Extreme ; the band placed third in the North Shore Battle of the Bands finals at the Bruce Mason Centre , Takapuna , Auckland on 18 November 2009 . In 2010 Lorde and McDonald performed covers live on a regular basis as a duet called " Ella & Louis " , playing at The Leigh Sawmill Cafe on 15 August , at Roasted Addiqtion Cafe in Kingsland on 20 August , at The Vic Unplugged at Victoria Theatre , Devonport on 27 October , and at Devonstock in Devonport on 12 December . While working on her music career , she attended Takapuna Grammar School from 2010 to 2013 , completing Year Twelve . She later chose not to return in 2014 to finish Year Thirteen . In 2011 , UMG hired vocal coach Frances Dickinson to give Lorde singing lessons twice a week for a year . During this time , she began writing songs and was set up with a succession of songwriters , but without success . At the age of fourteen , Lorde started reading short fiction and learned how to " put words together " . She performed her own original songs publicly for the first time at The Vic Unplugged II on the Devonport Victoria Theatre main stage on 16 November 2011 . In December 2011 , MacLachlan paired Lorde with Joel Little , a songwriter , record producer , and former Goodnight Nurse lead singer . The pair recorded five songs for an EP at Little 's Golden Age Studios in Morningside , Auckland , and finished within three weeks . = = = 2012 – present : Pure Heroine and The Hunger Games soundtrack = = = In November 2012 , Lorde self @-@ released the record , entitled The Love Club EP , through her SoundCloud account for free download . After being freely downloaded 60 @,@ 000 times , UMG decided to commercially release the EP for sales in March 2013 . The EP peaked at number two on the record charts of New Zealand and Australia . In June of that year , " Royals " was released as a single from the EP . The single became a crossover hit , peaking atop the US Billboard Hot 100 for nine consecutive weeks . Consequently , Lorde became the youngest solo artist to achieve a number @-@ one single in the US with " Royals " , since Tiffany 's " I Think We 're Alone Now " ( 1987 ) . The track eventually won the 2013 APRA Silver Scroll Award , and two Grammy Awards for Best Pop Solo Performance and Song of the Year at the 2014 Grammy Awards . In September 2013 , Lorde released her debut studio album , Pure Heroine . The album topped the charts of New Zealand and Australia and reached the top five of several national charts , including Canada , Ireland , Norway and the United Kingdom . In the U.S. , Pure Heroine peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 , and had sold 1 @.@ 33 million copies by 2014 . Worldwide , Pure Heroine had sold 1 @.@ 5 million copies by the end of 2013 . The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album . The release of Pure Heroine was preceded by four singles : " Tennis Court " was released in June 2013 , topping the New Zealand Singles Chart ; the third single , " Team " , became a top @-@ ten hit worldwide ; and " No Better " , a song only included on the extended version of Pure Heroine , and " Glory and Gore " were released as the two final singles from the record , respectively . In September 2013 , Lorde 's cover version of the Tears for Fears single " Everybody Wants to Rule the World " , produced by Michael A. Levine and Lucas Cantor , was included on The Hunger Games : Catching Fire film soundtrack . In November 2013 , Lorde signed a publishing deal with Songs Music Publishing , worth a reported US $ 2 @.@ 5 million , after a bidding war between various companies , including Sony Music Entertainment and her label UMG . The agreement gives the publisher the right to license Lorde 's music for films and advertising . Late that year , she started a relationship with photographer James Lowe . In December 2013 , Lorde announced that she had begun writing material for her second studio album . In June 2014 , Lorde said that her second studio album was in its early stages and that , so far , it was " totally different " from her debut album . In the first half of 2014 , Lorde headlined various festivals , including the Laneway Festival in Sydney , Australia , the three South American editions of Lollapalooza — Chile , Santiago ; Buenos Aires , Argentina ; and São Paulo , Brazil — and the Coachella Festival in California . To promote The Love Club EP and Pure Heroine , Lorde embarked on an international tour , the first leg of which was held in North America in early 2014 . She later announced the Australian leg , held in July , and the second North American leg , held in August . In April of that year , Lorde performed " All Apologies " with the surviving members of Nirvana during the band 's induction ceremony at the Rock N ' Roll Hall of Fame . On 1 August 2014 , Lorde performed at Lollapalooza again in Grant Park , Chicago . Lorde 's set was critically well received , with Billboard selecting it as the fifth @-@ best performance of the festival , while Rolling Stone deemed it the best segment of the Chicago event . On 29 September 2014 , Lorde released " Yellow Flicker Beat " as the first single from the soundtrack album for the film The Hunger Games : Mockingjay — Part 1 ; Lorde oversaw the collation of the album 's content , in addition to contributing vocals to several songs . By her 18th birthday in November 2014 , it was estimated that Lorde was worth NZ $ 11 million . In 2015 , Lorde was featured on " Magnets " , a track on Disclosure 's second studio album Caracal . At the 2016 Brit Awards , Lorde gave a performance of " Life on Mars " in tribute to the late English singer David Bowie . = = Artistry = = = = = Influences = = = Lorde grew up listening to American jazz musician Billie Holiday , and soul musicians Sam Cooke , Etta James and Otis Redding , whose music Lorde admires for " harvesting their suffering . " Additionally , she listened to her parents ' favourite records by the likes of Cat Stevens , Neil Young and Fleetwood Mac in her early years . Among those records , Lorde deemed Rumours by Fleetwood Mac as " a perfect record " . She cites the unusual vocals of Grimes , band Sleigh Bells and producer SBTRKT as her prominent influences . Furthermore , Lorde names Thom Yorke as an influence for his " smart " way of using his voice , as well as Nicki Minaj and Kendrick Lamar for their " sassy " tone . Other inspirations for Lorde include Lana Del Rey , Grace Jones , James Blake , Yeasayer , Animal Collective , Bon Iver , Radiohead , Jamie Woon , Arcade Fire , Kurt Vonnegut , Laurie Anderson , Kanye West and Prince . She cites rapper J. Cole and electronic producers as influences , saying that she was impressed by " their vocals in a really interesting way , whether it might be chopping up a vocal part or really lash or layering a vocal " . Katy Perry , Justin Timberlake , Bruno Mars and Sara Bareilles have also influenced Lorde vocally . Lorde also states that she was inspired by the initially hidden identities of Burial and The Weeknd , explaining , " I feel like mystery is more interesting " . She names her mother , a poet , as the main influence for her songwriting skill . In addition , Lorde names several authors including Raymond Carver , Wells Tower , Tobias Wolff , Claire Vaye Watkins , Sylvia Plath , Walt Whitman and T. S. Eliot as lyrical inspirations – particularly noting their sentence structures . = = = Musical style = = = Lorde 's music has been described as art pop , dream pop , indie pop , electropop , and indie @-@ electro . Multiple reviewers also note the influences of hip hop and R & B on Lorde 's releases . In a review for Consequence of Sound , Jon Hadusek details the minimal production on Lorde 's music " allows [ her ] to sing any melody she wants , layering them over one another to create a choral effect " . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard shares that her works features deep bass rumbles , lilting loops and programmed beats . Paul Lester from The Guardian compares Lorde 's music to that of Sky Ferreira , Lana Del Rey , Grimes and Eliza Doolittle . Lorde is an alto ; however , on " Royals " , she performs with a mezzo @-@ soprano vocal range . Lorde writes her music vocally and does not play musical instruments on her records or onstage . She states that her main focus is her voice , elaborating , " I don 't play any instruments , so my voice needs to have the focus . My vocal @-@ scape is really important . " PopMatters 's Evan Sawdey describes Lorde 's vocals as being " unique and powerfully intriguing " . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard praises her vocals for being " dynamic , smoky and restrained " . Lester characterises Lorde 's vocals as " sweet , sultry and sour " , while James Lachno from The Daily Telegraph details the singer 's voice as " twitchy electro " . In an article for The AV Club , Kevin McFarland writes that " [ Lorde 's ] voice is the alpha and omega of her talent . She has the presence and vocal development of singers more than twice her age . Her voice isn 't booming or overpowering , but rather mystifying and alluring , both floating on its own in a sea of reverb and digital blips and awash in an army of chorused overdubs . " = = = Songwriting and lyrics = = = Talking about her collaboration with Joel Little , Lorde shares that Little 's refining her " raw potential to end up with [ the music ] " was one of the best aspects of him . She also views Little as " the only one who was working with electronic music in the way [ she ] was interested in at the time " . Lorde details that her songs are shaped by her lyrics , which she felt as a " more cohesive way of working . " She said , " I tend to start with lyrics – sometimes the seed of a song will just be a word that I thought was rad , one that summed up a particular idea I 'd been trying to pin down . " Nonetheless , she points out that the songwriting process of " Tennis Court " was different to how she normally writes a song : the lyrics are built on the instant music and beat . The lyrical content of her two first major releases , The Love Club EP and Pure Heroine , criticises mainstream popular culture . Lindsay Zoladz from Pitchfork Media noted that Lorde expressed her indifference towards modern @-@ day 's culture , further explaining that " Lorde has introduced herself to the world as someone who gives very few fucks . " On behalf of Rolling Stone , critic Jonah Weiner also noted the typical themes of teen pop music , including " social anxiety , romantic yearning , debilitating ennui [ and ] booze @-@ soaked ragers " . Jim Pickney from the New Zealand Listener writes that Lorde 's lyrics are structured in a short story manner and praised that her songwriting ability " combines unmistakably teenage confusion , curiosity and confidence with word skills beyond her years . " = = Public image = = Lorde chose her stage name because she was fascinated with " royals and aristocracy " . However , she felt the name Lord was too masculine , thus she added an " e " to make it more feminine . She described her public image as coming " naturally " to her . Her music is noted for the manner in which its view of pop culture is contrasted with that of her contemporaries , such as Miley Cyrus and Rihanna . Lorde is a self @-@ identified feminist . In a November 2013 interview with Q , Lorde expressed frustration about " certain things about music " : " There are a lot of shock tactics these days . People trying to outdo each other , which will probably culminate in two people fucking on stage at the Grammys . " Following the release of Pure Heroine , she also described herself as a " sex @-@ positive " person , elaborating : People like to paint me in a certain way , but I 'm a hugely sex @-@ positive person and I have nothing against anyone getting naked . For me personally I just don 't think it really would complement my music in any way or help me tell a story any better . It 's not like I have a problem with dancing around in undies — I think you can use that stuff in a hugely powerful way . It just hasn 't felt necessary for me . In November 2013 , Lorde was included in Time 's list of the most influential teenagers in the world , with Mark Metcalfe from the publication commenting that she was " forging her own path " . In January 2014 , Forbes placed Lorde on their " 30 Under 30 " list of young people " who are changing our world " . She was the youngest individual to be featured on the list . In October of that year , Lorde was included in the list " The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014 " by Time . Featuring Lorde in its 6 September 2013 cover story , Billboard named Lorde " your new alt @-@ rock heroine " . Britney Spears is an admirer of Lorde , commenting that her music " [ is ] really different and cool . " In June 2014 , Lorde released a two @-@ piece make @-@ up limited edition collection in collaboration with MAC Cosmetics , consisting of a lipstick titled after her debut album , Pure Heroine , and an eyeliner . She filmed a video for the Electoral Commission to encourage voter turnout of young people at the 2014 New Zealand general election , despite being too young to vote at the time . On 13 May 2015 , a wax figure of Lorde was introduced to the Madame Tussauds Hollywood . Her career and the influence of the music industry were parodied in the episodes ″ The Cissy ″ and " # REHASH " of South Park ( season 18 , episode 3 and 9 ; broadcast in October / December 2014 ) . That role was also used in other episode of the same season . = = Discography = = Pure Heroine ( 2013 ) = = Awards and nominations = = Following her breakthrough , Lorde won four New Zealand Music Awards at the 2013 ceremony . " Royals " additionally earned the New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Awards in that year . At the 2014 Grammy Awards , Lorde received two Grammy Awards for her single " Royals " in the categories Best Pop Solo Performance and Song of the Year . She has also won two Billboard Music Awards , one MTV Video Music Award and three World Music Awards . = = Related articles = = Surname Jelić Surname O 'Connor
= Demi Lovato = Demetria Devonne " Demi " Lovato ( / ˈdɛmi loʊˈvɑːtoʊ / DEM @-@ ee loh @-@ VAH @-@ toh or lə @-@ VAH @-@ toh ; born August 20 , 1992 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and actress who made her debut as a child actress in Barney & Friends . In 2008 , Lovato rose to prominence in the Disney Channel television film Camp Rock and signed a recording contract with Hollywood Records . Musically , Lovato is considered a pop , pop rock , and R & B artist . She released her debut album , Don 't Forget , in September 2008 ; it debuted at No. 2 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of over 530 @,@ 000 copies . In 2009 , Lovato received her own television series , Sonny with a Chance . Her second album , Here We Go Again , was released that July and debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 , and it has been certified gold by the RIAA for sales of over 496 @,@ 000 copies . Its title track became her first single to reach the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number 15 , and was certified platinum . After the release of additional television films and their soundtracks in 2010 , Lovato 's personal issues put her career on hiatus and ended Sonny with a Chance after its second season . Her third album , Unbroken ( 2011 ) , addresses several of her difficulties . Its lead single , " Skyscraper " , became Lovato 's second top ten single as well as first platinum single in the United States ; its second single , " Give Your Heart a Break " , was certified triple platinum . Lovato was a judge and mentor on the American version of The X Factor in 2012 and 2013 . Her fourth album , Demi ( 2013 ) , had first @-@ week sales of 110 @,@ 000 copies ( the best debut week of Lovato 's recording career ) and debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 . Its lead single , " Heart Attack " , became her third top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also peaked at No. 3 in the United Kingdom , becoming her highest charting single and first to reach the top 10 in the UK . Lovato 's fifth album , Confident ( 2015 ) , debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 . Its lead single " Cool for the Summer " peaked at number eleven on the Hot 100 and was certified platinum . Lovato has won a number of awards , including an MTV Video Music Award , 13 Teen Choice Awards , five People 's Choice Awards , an ALMA Award , and a Billboard Touring Award . In 2013 , Maxim ranked her 26th on its Hot 100 list and Billboard ranked her second on its Social 50 Artists of the Year list . Outside the entertainment industry , Lovato is involved with several social and environmental causes . In May 2013 , she was cited for her dedication as a mentor to teens and young adults with mental health challenges at a National Children 's Mental Health Awareness Day hosted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in Washington , D.C. She has also become an advocate for the LGBT community . In 2014 , she was announced as the Grand Marshal for LA Pride week , and that same year she became the face for Human Rights Campaign 's Americans for Marriage Equality Campaign . = = Life and career = = = = = 1992 – 2006 : Early life and career beginnings = = = Lovato was born on August 20 , 1992 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , to engineer and musician Patrick Martin Lovato ( 1960 — June 22 , 2013 ) and former Dallas Cowboys cheerleader Dianna Lee Hart ( nee Smith ; born August 8 , 1962 ) . Lovato has an older sister , Dallas ( born February 4 , 1988 ) ; a younger maternal half @-@ sister , actress Madison De La Garza ; and an older paternal half @-@ sister , Amber , to whom she first spoke when she was 20 . Lovato 's parents divorced in the late summer of 1994 , shortly after her second birthday . Lovato 's father was of Mexican descent , while her mother has English and Irish ancestry . Through her father , Lovato is a descendant of Civil War Union veteran Francisco Perea ( 1830 – 1913 ) and Santa Fe de Nuevo México governor Francisco Xavier Chávez . Lovato was raised in Dallas , Texas . With Selena Gomez , she began her acting career on the children 's television series Barney & Friends as Angela . She began playing piano at age seven and guitar at ten , when she also began dancing and acting classes . Lovato told Ellen DeGeneres that she was bullied so badly that she asked for homeschooling , and she received her high @-@ school diploma through homeschooling in April 2009 . She later became a spokesperson for the anti @-@ bullying organization PACER and appeared on America 's Next Top Model to speak out against bullying . In 2006 , Lovato appeared on Prison Break , and on Just Jordan the following year . As of September 2015 , Lovato 's name appears on the " Unclaimed Coogan " list , which is a fund for child actors whose earnings were partially withheld , but which remain unclaimed by the former child performers . = = = 2007 – 08 : Camp Rock and Don 't Forget = = = In 2007 and 2008 , Lovato played Charlotte Adams on the Disney Channel short series As the Bell Rings . Lovato auditioned for the channel 's television film Camp Rock and series Sonny with a Chance during the summer of 2007 , and got both roles . Lovato played the lead character , aspiring singer Mitchie Torres , in Camp Rock . The film premiered on June 20 , 2008 to 8 @.@ 9 million viewers . Its soundtrack was released three days earlier ; however , the music was considered less current than that of High School Musical . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Lovato 's acting skills were underwhelming and she " has the knee @-@ jerk smile of someone who is often told she has a great smile " . Lovato sang four songs on the soundtrack , including " We Rock " and " This Is Me " . That summer , she began her Demi Live ! Warm Up Tour before the release of her debut album and appeared on the Jonas Brothers ' Burnin ' Up Tour . Lovato 's debut album , Don 't Forget , was released on September 23 , 2008 and was met with generally positive reviews from critics . Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly said , " Demi Lovato might satisfy her ' tween fans but she won 't be winning any rockers over with Don 't Forget " . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of 89 @,@ 000 copies . Ten of its songs were co @-@ written with the Jonas Brothers . Don 't Forget was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for US sales of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . Its lead single , " Get Back " , was praised for its pop rock style and peaked at number 43 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , selling over 560 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . The album 's second single , " La La Land " , was cited for its strong rock elements and peaked at number 52 in the US , and cracked the top 40 in Ireland and the United Kingdom . The music video was directed by Brendan Malloy and Tim Wheeler The album 's third single , " Don 't Forget " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number sixty @-@ eight on October 11 , 2008 and fell off the chart the following week . = = = 2009 – 10 : Sonny With a Chance and Here We Go Again = = = In 2009 , Lovato recorded " Send It On " , a charity single and the theme song for Disney 's Friends for Change , with friends Selena Gomez , Miley Cyrus and the Jonas Brothers . All proceeds from the song were donated to environmental charities supported by the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund . Lovato 's Disney Channel sitcom Sonny with a Chance , with her character Sonny Munroe the newest cast member of the show @-@ within @-@ a @-@ show So Random ! , premiered on February 8 . Lovato 's acting ability was described by Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times as " very good " , and he compared her favorably to Hannah Montana star ( and friend ) Miley Cyrus . That June , she co @-@ starred as Princess Rosalinda with Selena Gomez in the Disney Channel film , Princess Protection Program . The film , the third highest @-@ rated Disney Channel original movie , premiered to 8 @.@ 5 million viewers . Lovato 's second album , Here We Go Again , was released on July 21 , 2009 ; she described its acoustic style as similar to that of John Mayer . The album received favorable reviews from critics who appreciated its enjoyable pop @-@ rock elements , echoing reviews of Don 't Forget . Lovato 's first number @-@ one album , it debuted atop the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 108 @,@ 000 copies . Before its release , she began her Summer Tour 2009 . The album 's lead single , " Here We Go Again " peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and managed to peak at number 15 , becoming Lovato 's highest peaking solo single at the time , The song peaked at number 68 on the Canadian Hot 100 and 38 in New Zealand . The album 's second and final single , " Remember December " failed to match the success of its predecessor , but it peaked at number 80 on the UK Singles Chart . The entertainer made her first 40 @-@ city national concert tour , Live in Concert , in support of Here We Go Again . The tour , from June 21 to August 21 , 2009 , had David Archuleta , KSM and Jordan Pruitt as opening acts and Lovato and Archuleta received the Choice Music Tour award at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards . In March 2010 , Lovato and Joe Jonas recorded " Make a Wave " as the second charity single for Disney 's Friends for Change . In May Lovato guest @-@ starred as a teenage schizophrenic in the sixth @-@ season Grey 's Anatomy episode , " Shiny Happy People " . Although critics praised her versatility , they were underwhelmed by her acting and felt that her appearance was designed primarily to attract viewers . Later that year , she headlined her first international tour , the South American Tour , and joined the Jonas Brothers Live in Concert tour as a guest . Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam , with Lovato reprising her role as Mitchie Torres , premiered on September 3 , 2010 . Critics were ambivalent about the film 's plot , and it has a 40 @-@ percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes . However , Lovato 's performance was called " dependably appealing " by Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly . The film premiered to eight million viewers , the number @-@ one cable @-@ television movie of the year by the number of viewers . Its accompanying soundtrack was released on August 10 with Lovato singing nine songs , including " Can 't Back Down " and " Wouldn 't Change a Thing " . The soundtrack debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of 41 @,@ 000 copies . The Jonas Brothers ' 2012 World Tour was reworked to incorporate Lovato and the rest of the film 's cast ; it began on August 7 , two weeks later than planned . The Sonny with a Chance soundtrack was released on October 5 ; Lovato sang on four tracks , including " Me , Myself and Time " . It debuted ( and peaked ) at number 163 on the Billboard 200 , her lowest @-@ selling soundtrack . = = = 2010 – 12 : Unbroken and The X Factor = = = That month , Lovato also announced her departure from Sonny with a Chance , putting her acting career on hiatus and ending the series ; she later said that she would return to acting when she felt confident doing so . Her departure led to the spin @-@ off series So Random ! with the Sonny cast , featuring sketches from the former show @-@ within @-@ a @-@ show . The series was cancelled after one season . Lovato released her third album , Unbroken , on September 20 , 2011 . Begun in July 2010 , the album experimented with R & B and featured less pop rock . The album and the stylistic change received mixed to positive reviews from critics , who saw a growth in musicianship because of her struggles and have praised Lovato 's vocals but found the music more generic than her previous efforts . The record was a commercial success , peaking at number four on the Billboard 200 , with sales exceeding 97 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release , and going on to sell over 500 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , being certified Gold . The album 's lead single , " Skyscraper " , was acclaimed for its messages of self @-@ worth and confidence , peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 176 @,@ 000 downloads during the first week of release , becoming Lovato 's highest first week sales , until the release of " Heart Attack " by Lovato in 2013 . The song also Lovato 's highest @-@ peaked single since " This Is Me " reached number nine in August 2008 . The song also debuted at number two on the Hot Digital Songs chart . " Skyscraper " received the Best Video With a Message award at the September 2012 MTV Video Music Awards . The album 's second and final single , " Give Your Heart a Break " , peaked Billboard Hot 100 at number 16 , making Lovato 's fourth highest peaking song . Also , it has peaked at number 12 on the US Adult Top 40 chart , number 1 on the US Pop Songs chart and became the longest climb by a female artist to No. 1 in the Pop Songs chart history . In April 2014 , the song was certified three @-@ times platinum by the RIAA ; as of October 2014 , it has sold 2 @.@ 1 million digital copies . In May , she became a judge for the second season of the American version of The X Factor , with a reported salary of one million dollars . Joining Britney Spears , Simon Cowell and L.A. Reid , it was speculated that she was chosen to attract a younger audience . Mentoring the Young Adults category , her final act ( CeCe Frey ) finished sixth . At the Minnesota State Fair in August , Lovato announced that after a pre @-@ show performance at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards she would release a single by December . On December 24 , she released a video on her YouTube account of herself singing " Angels Among Us " dedicated to the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting . In March , she was confirmed as returning for the The X Factor 's third season , with her salary reportedly doubling . = = = 2013 – 14 : Demi and Glee = = = Demi was released on May 10 , 2013 , the album features influences of synthpop and bubblegum pop and was met with positive reviews who have praised Lovato 's vocals , although Jon Carmichael of The New York Times found Lovato 's transition fun , according to Entertainment Weekly it signified a less @-@ mature image . The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 110 @,@ 000 copies , the best @-@ selling debut week of Lovato 's career . It was also successful internationally , charting in the top ten in New Zealand , Spain and the UK. and has been certified Gold in the US . On June 11 , Lovato released an e @-@ book , Demi , on iBooks . Her lead single , " Heart Attack , " debuted at number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , with first @-@ week sales of 215 @,@ 000 copies . " Heart Attack " had the third @-@ highest opening @-@ week sales of 2013 , behind Justin Timberlake 's " Suit & Tie " and Ariana Grande 's " The Way " . The song peaked at number 10 ( Lovato 's third showing in the US top ten ) , and was also successful in Australia and Spain . The second single , " Made in the USA " peaked at number 80 on Billboard Hot 100 chart . The third single from Demi , " Neon Lights " , peaked in the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 36 and in the US Hot Dance Club Songs at number one . The fourth single ; " Really Don 't Care " featuring English recording artist Cher Lloyd , became Lovato 's third number one hit on the US Dance chart and debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 98 before rising to peak position number 26 . Lovato later released a deluxe version of her fourth studio album , which was to include 7 new tracks , consisting of 4 live performances and 3 studio recordings . One of these songs included a collaboration with Olly Murs on a song for his fourth studio album , entitled " Up " . Lovato contributed to the The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones soundtrack album with " Heart by Heart " . Lovato planned to appear in at least six episodes of the fifth season of Glee . She played Dani , a struggling New York @-@ based artist who befriends Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) and Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) and interacts with fellow newcomer Adam Lambert 's character . Lovato debuted in the season 's second episode , which aired on October 3 . On November 19 , she released a book , Staying Strong : 365 Days a Year , which topped The New York Times bestseller list . The entertainer has agreed to write a memoir , which is expected to be published in 2014 . She announced her upcoming Neon Lights Tour ( including a Canadian leg ) on 29 September 2013 , which began February 9 , 2014 and ended May 17 . On October 21 , she released " Let It Go " for the Disney film Frozen , which was released in theaters on November 27 , and the song was promoted as the single for the film 's soundtrack . The song peaked in the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 38 , spending twenty weeks on the chart . On December 18 , 2013 , Lovato confirmed that she would not return to the The X Factor for a fourth season . On May 18 , 2014 , " Somebody to You " featuring Lovato was released as the fourth single from The Vamps ' debut album , Meet the Vamps . On May 29 , she announced her fourth concert tour ( and first world tour , covering 25 cities ) , the Demi World Tour , and its first North American dates . In November 2014 , Lovato opened the UK shows on Enrique Iglesias 's Sex and Love Tour . She also worked with her longtime friend Nick Jonas on a song for his self @-@ titled album called " Avalanche , " released November 2014 . Lovato was featured on " Up " , the second single from Olly Murs ' fourth studio album , Never Been Better . Lovato announced her skincare line called Devonne by Demi to be available in December 2014 . She released a music video for her song " Nightingale " on December 24 , 2014 as an early Christmas present for her fans . = = = 2015 – present : Confident = = = Lovato 's fifth album , Confident , was released on October 16 , 2015 , and received generally positive reviews from music critics . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 98 @,@ 000 copies . During the album 's production , Lovato commented : " I 've already started recording for my new album , and I have plans to record during the tour . The sound just evolves into everything that I 've been and everything that I want to become . " She further stated , " I 've never been so sure of myself as an artist when it comes down to confidence , but not only personal things , but exactly what I want my sound to be and what I know I 'm capable of and this album will give me the opportunity to show people what I can really do . " In May 2015 , Billboard revealed Lovato was in the process of starting an " artist @-@ centric " new record label , Safehouse Records , of which she will be co @-@ owner . The label will be a partnership between her , Nick Jonas , and Lovato 's manager Phil McIntyre , and will form part of a new collaborative arrangement with record label Island . Confident was released through the new venture deal . This will be Lovato 's second multi @-@ label venture of her career ; she was formerly part of Jonas Records , a UMG / Hollywood / Jonas Brothers partnership , which is now defunct . Lovato released the lead single from Confident titled " Cool for the Summer " on July 1 , 2015 . On September 18 , 2015 , the title track " Confident " was released as the album 's second single . On October 17 , 2015 , she performed a " Cool for the Summer " and " Confident " medley , and " Stone Cold " on Saturday Night Live during the series ' forty @-@ first season . Lovato was also featured on the re @-@ release of " Irresistible " , the fourth single from Fall Out Boy 's sixth studio album American Beauty / American Psycho . The same month , she signed with the major modeling agency , Wilhelmina Models . Lovato released the music video for her R & B @-@ influenced song " Waitin for You " featuring American rapper Sirah on October 22 , 2015 . On October 26 , 2015 , Lovato and Nick Jonas announced that they would tour together on the Future Now Tour . She was honored with the first @-@ ever Rulebreaker Award on December 11 , 2015 at the 2015 Billboard Women in Music event . On April 2 , 2016 , Lovato received GLAAD Vanguard Award for making a significant difference in promoting equal rights for LGBT people at the 27th GLAAD Media Awards ceremony . In June 2016 , Lovato was among the artists that signed an open letter to stop gun violence , created by Billboard . That month , the Human Rights Campaign also released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando gay nightclub shooting ; in the video , Lovato and others told the stories of the people killed there . On July 1 , 2016 , Lovato released a new single titled " Body Say " . = = Philanthropy = = In May 2009 , Lovato was named an Honorary Ambassador of Education by the American Partnership For Eosinophilic Disorders . As part of her involvement with Disney 's Friends for Change , Lovato , Selena Gomez , Miley Cyrus and the Jonas Brothers recorded the initiative 's theme song ( " Send It On " ) in 2009 . The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 20 , and its proceeds were directed to environmental charities through the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund . Lovato and Joe Jonas recorded another song , " Make a Wave " , for the charity in March 2010 . She is also spokesperson for the Join the Surge Campaign ! , DoSomething.Org and Joining the Surge by Clean & Clear ; the latter is a national campaign encouraging teenagers to take action in their communities . Lovato was featured in a January 2010 public @-@ service announcement for Voto Latino to promote the organization 's " Be Counted " campaign preparing for the 2010 United States Census . In October 2010 she was the spokeswoman for the anti @-@ bullying organization , PACER . Lovato participated in the " A Day Made Better " school @-@ advocacy campaign and has supported DonateMyDress.org , Kids Wish Network , Love Our Children USA , St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital and City of Hope . In April 2012 she became a contributing editor of Seventeen magazine , describing her personal struggles to its female teenage audience . In October Lovato was named the ambassador of Mean Stinks , a campaign focused on eliminating bullying by girls . In May 2013 she was cited for her dedication as a mentor to teens and young adults with mental @-@ health problems at a National Children 's Mental Health Awareness Day hosted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in Washington . In late June 2013 Lovato announced the creation of the Lovato Treatment Scholarship Program , named for her late father , to pay treatment costs for mentally @-@ ill patients . In August 2013 , she traveled to Kenya for her 21st birthday to participate in a program of the international charity organization Free the Children . In May 2014 , Lovato was named the LA Pride Parade Grand Marshal and the lead performer for NYC Pride Week for her contribution to the LGBT community . NYC Pride spokesperson Patti Diluigi said , " Demi Lovato is an amazing role model for today 's youth , both LGBT and non @-@ LGBT , for her activism in the area of equality , positive messaging on body image , and level of openness with her struggles . As a community , we 're fortunate to have an ally like Demi . " Lovato has also become the face of Human Rights Campaign 's America 's for Marriage Equality . For the announcement of the campaign , Lovato stated " Whether you 're LGBT or straight , your love is valid , beautiful and an incredible love . So let 's protect love and strengthen the institution of marriage by allowing loving , caring and committed same @-@ sex couples to legally marry . Please join me and the majority of American citizens who support marriage equality . " = = Artistry = = = = = Influences = = = Lovato has listed Christina Aguilera and Kelly Clarkson as her biggest influences . Her other influences include Aretha Franklin , Gladys Knight , Mariah Carey , Whitney Houston , Billie Holiday , and Billy Gilman . About Gilman she said , " We had the same voice range when I was young . I would practice to his songs all the time . " Lovato listened to metal music in her teens , and has said that John Mayer 's songwriting has been a " huge influence " on her . She has said that after the release of Unbroken , her musical styles shifted towards hip hop and R & B. Lovato says , " I had a lot of respect for Whitney Houston , and Christina Aguilera , on some songs where she was really amazing and wasn 't trying to be sexy or anything like that . " About her admiration for Clarkson , Lovato says , " I just thought she was a great role model . She was never publicly seen drinking and driving or wearing really scandalous clothes or anything like that . I feel like she set a really great example and she was extremely talented . " Lovato 's Neon Lights Tour was " inspired by Beyoncé . " = = = Voice = = = Lovato is a Mezzo @-@ soprano . She has a vocal range of four octaves , 1 note and a semitone , including the whistle register . Nick Levine , of Digital Spy , commenting on her vocals for her album , Don 't Forget , stated , " she 's certainly a stronger singer than the Jonases . In fact , her full @-@ bodied vocal performances are consistently impressive . " Becky Brain of Idolator wrote that Lovato has a " killer voice and the A @-@ list material to put it to good use . " According to Sophie Schillaci of the The Hollywood Reporter , the entertainer " has a voice that can silence even the harshest of critics . Something not often found in her peers . " For Lovato 's second studio album , Here We Go Again , Jeff Miers from The Buffalo News wrote , " Unlike so many of her Disney @-@ fied peers , Lovato can really sing ... [ and it 's ] refreshing [ she doesn 't need Auto @-@ Tune ] to mask any lack of natural ability . " Upon working with Lovato on her third studio album , Unbroken , Ryan Tedder stated , " Demi blew me out of the water vocally ! I had no idea how good her voice is . She 's one of the best singers I 've ever worked with . Literally , that good ... I mean , she 's a Kelly Clarkson @-@ level vocalist . And Kelly has a set of pipes . " He also commented on their work together on the song " Neon Lights " from Lovato 's fourth studio album , saying , " She , in pop music , has one of the biggest ranges , possibly the highest full voice singer I 've ever worked with . " Tamsyn Wilce from Alter The Press commented on her vocals on Demi , stating " it shows just how strong her vocal chords are and the variation of styles that she can completely work to make her own . " In a review for the ' Neon Lights Tour , ' Mike Wass from Idolator commented " you don 't need shiny distractions when you can belt out songs like Demi and connect with the crowd on such an emotional level . " In a review for the ' Demi World tour , ' Marielle Wakim from Los Angeles Magazine commented on Lovato 's vocals , stating " For those who haven ’ t bothered to follow Lovato ’ s career , let ’ s get something out of the way : the girl can sing . Get over your fear of being judged by your Facebook friends and Spotify her discography , because you ’ re going to have the last laugh five years down the road ( probably sooner ) when she wins a Grammy . At 22 years old , her vocal range is astounding . " She went on to further describe her vocals as " spectacular . " Her vocal ability has been praised by Rihanna , Justin Timberlake , Lionel Richie , Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , and Patti LaBelle . = = Personal life = = = = = Residence = = = On her 18th birthday , Lovato bought a Mediterranean @-@ style house in Los Angeles , California ; however , she decided to live in a " sober house " in Los Angeles after leaving rehab in January 2011 . = = = Relationships = = = From early to May 2010 , Lovato dated her Camp Rock co @-@ star and musician Joe Jonas . They remain good friends . In 2010 , Lovato began dating actor Wilmer Valderrama . They announced the end of their relationship on social media on June 3 , 2016 . Lovato had no interest in forging a relationship with her late father , Patrick , after his divorce from her mother . Patrick died of cancer on June 22 , 2013 , at age 53 . After his death , Lovato said that he had been mentally ill , and in his honor she created the Lovato Treatment Scholarship Program . = = = Personal struggles = = = Lovato had suffered from depression , an eating disorder , self @-@ harm and being bullied before she went into rehab at the age of 18 in November 2010 . On October 30 , 2010 , Lovato withdrew from the Jonas Brothers Live in Concert tour , entering a treatment facility for " physical and emotional issues " . It was reported that she decided to enter treatment after punching female dancer Alex Welch ; her management and family conducted a formal intervention after this incident to convince her she needed help . Lovato said she took " 100 percent , full responsibility " for the incident . On January 28 , 2011 , Lovato completed inpatient treatment at Timberline Knolls and returned home . She acknowledged that she had had bulimia , had harmed herself , and had been " self @-@ medicating " with drugs and alcohol " like a lot of teens do to numb their pain " . She added that she " basically had a nervous breakdown " and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder during her treatment . Lovato later said that she had used cocaine several times a day and smuggled cocaine onto airplanes . In April 2011 , Lovato became a contributing editor for Seventeen magazine , writing an article that described her struggles . In March 2012 , MTV aired a documentary ( Demi Lovato : Stay Strong ) about Lovato 's rehab and recovery . She began work on her fourth album the following month . In January 2013 , it was reported that Lovato had been living in a sober @-@ living facility in Los Angeles for more than a year because she felt it was the best way to avoid returning to her addictions and eating disorder . = = = Beliefs = = = Lovato is a Christian and she prays with her band before they perform . She is an active supporter of gay rights . When the Defense of Marriage Act was struck down in June 2013 , she tweeted : " Gay , straight , lesbian , bi . ... No one is better than any one else . What an incredible day for California AND for equality . " Lovato later said : " I believe in gay marriage , I believe in equality . I think there 's a lot of hypocrisy with religion . But I just found that you can have your own relationship with God , and I still have a lot of faith . " In an early November 2013 interview with Latina magazine , she said that she finds spirituality to be an important part of maintaining balance in life . She said : " I 'm the closest I 've ever been with God . I have my own relationship with God and that 's all that matters " . On December 23 , 2011 , Lovato posted a message on Twitter criticizing her former network for airing episodes of Shake It Up and So Random ! in which characters joked about eating disorders . Disney Channel publicity officials quickly took action , apologizing to Lovato and removing the episodes from the network 's broadcast and video on demand sources after additional criticism ( following Lovato 's post ) on the network 's public @-@ relations account . Lovato identifies as a feminist . She spoke at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia , July 25 . = = Filmography = = = = Discography = = Don 't Forget ( 2008 ) Here We Go Again ( 2009 ) Unbroken ( 2011 ) Demi ( 2013 ) Confident ( 2015 ) = = Concert tours = = = = Publications = = Staying Strong : 365 Days a Year , Feiwel & Friends ( November 19 , 2013 ) , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 250 @-@ 05144 @-@ 8 Staying Strong : A Journal , Feiwel & Friends ( October 7 , 2014 ) , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 250 @-@ 06352 @-@ 6
= Clotted cream = Clotted cream ( sometimes called scalded , clouted , Devonshire or Cornish cream ) is a thick cream made by indirectly heating full @-@ cream cow 's milk using steam or a water bath and then leaving it in shallow pans to cool slowly . During this time , the cream content rises to the surface and forms " clots " or " clouts " . It forms an essential part of a cream tea . Although its origin is uncertain , the cream 's production is commonly associated with dairy farms in southwest England and in particular the counties of Cornwall and Devon . The current largest commercial producer in the UK is Rodda 's in Redruth , Cornwall , which can produce up to 25 tons ( 25 @,@ 000 kg ; 55 @,@ 000 lb ) of clotted cream a day . In 1998 the term Cornish clotted cream became a Protected Designation of Origin ( PDO ) by European Union directive , as long as the milk is produced in Cornwall and the minimum fat content is 55 % . = = Description = = Clotted cream has been described as having a " nutty , cooked milk " flavour , and a " rich sweet flavour " with a texture that is grainy , sometimes with oily globules on the crusted surface . It is a thick cream , with a very high fat content ( a minimum of 55 percent , but an average of 64 percent ) ; in the United States it would be classified as butter . For comparison , the fat content of single cream is only 18 percent . Despite its popularity , virtually none is exported due to its short shelf life . Due to its high saturated fat content , the regular consumption of clotted cream is usually thought to be bad for health , though some dairy fat in the diet is considered beneficial . A 2006 survey of nutrition professionals ranked clotted cream as the least healthy of 120 foods selected to be representative of the British diet . According to the United Kingdom 's Food Standards Agency , a 100 @-@ gram ( 3 @.@ 5 oz ) tub of clotted cream provides 586 kilocalories ( 2 @,@ 450 kJ ) , roughly equivalent to a 200 @-@ gram ( 7 @.@ 1 oz ) cheeseburger . = = History = = Originally made by farmers to reduce the amount of waste from their milk , clotted cream has become so deep @-@ rooted in the culture of southwest Britain that it is embedded as part of the region 's tourist attraction . While there is no doubt of its strong and long association with Cornwall and Devon , it is not clear of its actual antiquity , or more recent development . The Oxford Companion to Food follows traditional folklore by suggesting it may have been introduced to Cornwall by Phoenician traders in search of tin . It is similar to kaymak ( or kajmak ) , a Near Eastern delicacy that is made throughout the Middle East , southeast Europe , Iran , Afghanistan , India , and Turkey . A similar clotted cream known as ' urum ' ( өрөм ) is also made in Mongolia . However , contemporary ancient food experts , noting Strabo 's commentaries on Britain ; " They live off their herds ... As they have mines of tin and lead , they give these metals and hides from their cattle to the sea traders ... instead of olive oil they use butter . " have proposed that the early Britons would probably have clotted cream to preserve its freshness . More recently , regional archaeologists have associated the stone fogou ( dial . ' fuggy @-@ hole ' ) , or souterrains , found across Atlantic Britain , France , and Ireland as a possible form of " cold store " for dairy production of milk , cream , and cheese in particular . Similar functions are ascribed the linney ( dial . ' lean @-@ to ' ) stone @-@ built form , often used as a dairy in later medieval longhouses in the same regions . It has long been disputed whether clotted cream originated in Devon or Cornwall , and which county makes it the best . There is evidence that the monks of Tavistock Abbey were making clotted cream in the early 14th century . After their abbey had been ransacked by Vikings in 997 CE , the monks rebuilt it with the help of Ordulf , Earl of Devon . Local workers were drafted in to help with the repairs , and the monks rewarded them with bread , clotted cream , and strawberry preserves . The 1658 cookery book The Compleat Cook had a recipe for " clouted cream " . In the 19th century it was regarded as better nourishment than " raw " cream because that cream was liable to go sour and be difficult to digest , causing illness . An article from 1853 calculates that creating clotted cream will produce 25 percent more cream than regular methods . In Devon , it was so common that in the mid @-@ 19th century it was used in the formative processes of butter , instead of churning cream or milk . The butter made in this way had a longer lifespan and was free from any negative flavours added by the churning . It has long been the practice for local residents in southwest England , or those on holiday , to send small tins or tubs of clotted cream by post to friends and relations in other parts of the British Isles . Food regulations for perishable goods prohibit it being sent abroad . = = = EU directives = = = In 1993 , an application was made for the name Cornish clotted cream to have a Protected Designation of Origin ( PDO ) in the European Union for cream produced by the traditional recipe in Cornwall . This was accepted in 1998 . Cornish clotted cream must be made from milk produced in Cornwall and have a minimum butterfat content of 55 percent . The unique , slightly yellow , Cornish clotted cream colour is due to the high carotene levels in the grass . = = Preparation = = Traditionally , clotted cream was created by straining fresh cow 's milk , letting it stand in a shallow pan in a cool place for several hours to allow the cream to rise to the surface , then heating it either over hot cinders or in a water bath , before a slow cooling . The clots that had formed on the top were then skimmed off with a long @-@ handled cream @-@ skimmer , known in Devon as a reamer or raimer . By the mid @-@ 1930s , the traditional way of using milk brought straight from the dairy was becoming a rarity in Devon because using a cream separator actively separated the cream from the milk using centrifugal force , which produced far more clotted cream than the traditional method from the same amount of milk . As a farmer 's wife in Poundsgate said , " the separator saves a whole cow ! " Today , there are two distinct modern methods for making clotted cream . The " float cream method " includes scalding a floating layer of double cream in milk ( skimmed or whole ) in shallow trays . To scald , the trays are heated using steam or very hot water . After the mixture has been heated for up to an hour it is slowly cooled for 12 hours or more , before the cream is separated and packaged . The " scald cream method " is similar , but the milk layer is removed and a layer of cream which has been mechanically separated to a minimum fat level is used . This cream is then heated in a similar manner , but at a lower temperature and after a set amount of time it is then chilled and packaged . In the United Kingdom the resultant cream is deemed to be equivalent to pasteurised for legal purposes . Unlike pasteurisation , however , there is no requirement for the temperatures to be recorded on thermograph charts . As the temperatures are lower than used in standard pasteurisation , much care is needed in ensuring high standards of hygiene . The largest UK manufacturer is Rodda 's , a family @-@ owned business based in Scorrier , Cornwall . Founded in 1890 , the company was producing over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 pounds ( 450 @,@ 000 kg ) per year in 1985 , and in 2010 the managing director said that they might produce as little as 5 or 6 tons ( 5 @,@ 000 or 6 @,@ 000 kg ) a day in January , but up to 25 tons ( 25 @,@ 000 kg ) a day as Christmas approached . In the early 1980s , Rodda 's signed deals with international airlines to serve small tubs of clotted cream with the in @-@ flight desserts . The company considers the annual Wimbledon tennis championships one of their peak selling periods . As a by @-@ product , for every 100 imperial gallons ( 450 l ; 120 US gal ) of milk used , 94 imperial gallons ( 430 l ; 113 US gal ) of skimmed milk is produced , which is then used in food manufacture . One Devon manufacturer , Definitely Devon was purchased by Robert Wiseman Dairies in March 2006 , closing one of the two Devon dairies and moving all production to Okehampton . However , in 2011 Robert Wiseman sold the Definitely Devon Brand to Rodda 's , who moved the production of Definitely Devon to Cornwall , which caused some controversy as the name was not changed , prompting an investigation by Trading Standards . Throughout Cornwall and southwest England , clotted cream manufacture is a cottage industry , with many farms and dairies producing cream for sale in local outlets . Clotted cream is also produced in Somerset , Dorset , Herefordshire , Pembrokeshire , and the Isle of Wight . When authentic clotted cream is not available , there are ways to create a substitute product , such as by mixing mascarpone with whipped cream , a little sugar , and vanilla extract . = = Uses = = = = = Cream tea = = = Clotted cream is an essential part of a cream tea , a favourite with tourists in Cornwall and Devon . It is served on scones — or the more traditional " splits " in Cornwall — with strawberry or raspberry jam , along with a pot of tea . Traditionally , there are differences in the way it is eaten in each county : in Devon , the cream is traditionally spread first on the scone , with the jam dolloped on top . In Cornwall the jam is spread first with a dollop of cream . Cream teas spread to southern Australia as early immigrants from Cornwall and Devon took their traditional recipes with them . In 2010 , Langage Farm in Devon started a campaign for " Devon cream tea " to have protected designation of origin similar to " Cornish clotted cream " . One variation on a cream tea is called " Thunder and Lightning " which consists of a round of bread topped with clotted cream and golden syrup , honey , or treacle . = = = Confectionery = = = Clotted cream can be used as an accompaniment to hot or cold desserts . Clotted cream , especially clotted cream from Devon , where it is less yellow due to lower carotene levels in the grass , is regularly used in baking . It is used throughout southwest England in the production of ice cream. and fudge . = = = Savoury dishes = = = Clotted cream is used in some savoury dishes , and can be incorporated into mashed potato , risotto or scrambled eggs . = = = Historical = = = Cabbage cream ( which does not contain cabbage ) was a delicacy in the mid @-@ 17th century : layers of clotted cream were interspersed with sugar and rosewater , creating a cabbage effect when served . It was a common accompaniment to junket , a milk @-@ based dessert which went out of fashion in the mid @-@ 20th century . = = Literature and folklore = = Clotted cream was mentioned in The Shepheardes Calendar , a poem by Edmund Spenser in 1579 : As with many Cornish and Devonian icons , clotted cream has become entrenched in local folklore . For example , one myth tells of Jenny who enticed the giant Blunderbore ( sometimes called Moran ) by feeding him clotted cream . He eventually fell in love with her and made her his fourth wife . Another myth , from Dartmoor , tells of a princess who wanted to marry an elven prince , but according to tradition had to bathe in pure cream first . Unfortunately , a witch who wanted the prince for her daughter kept souring the cream . Eventually , the prince offered the princess clotted cream , which the witch was unable to sour .
= Edmund Andros = Sir Edmund Andros ( 6 December 1637 – 24 February 1714 ) was an English colonial administrator in North America . He was the governor of the Dominion of New England during most of its three @-@ year existence . At other times , Andros served as governor of the provinces of New York , East and West Jersey , Virginia , and Maryland . Before his service in North America , he served as bailiff of Guernsey . His tenure in New England was authoritarian and turbulent , as his views were decidedly pro @-@ Anglican , a negative quality in a region home to many Puritans . His actions in New England resulted in his overthrow during the 1689 Boston revolt . Andros was considered to have been a more effective governor in New York and Virginia , although he became the enemy of prominent figures in both colonies , many of whom worked to remove him from office . Despite these enmities , he managed to negotiate several treaties of the Covenant Chain with the Iroquois , establishing a long @-@ lived peace involving the colonies and other tribes that interacted with that confederacy . His actions and governance generally followed the instructions he was given upon appointment to office , and he received approbation from the monarchs and governments that appointed him . Andros was recalled to England from Virginia in 1698 , and resumed the title of bailiff of Guernsey . Although he no longer resided entirely on Guernsey , he was appointed lieutenant governor of the island , and served in this position for four years . Andros died in 1714 . = = Early life = = Andros was born in London on 6 December 1637 . Amice Andros , his father , was Bailiff of Guernsey and a staunch supporter of Charles I. His mother was Elizabeth Stone , whose sister was a courtier to the king 's sister , Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia . Although it has been claimed that Andros was present at the surrender in 1651 of Guernsey 's Castle Cornet , the last royalist stronghold to surrender in the English Civil War , there is no firm evidence to support this . It is possible that he fled Guernsey with his mother in 1645 . In 1656 , he was apprenticed to his uncle , Sir Robert Stone , captain of a cavalry company . Andros then served in two winter campaigns in Denmark , including the relief of Copenhagen in 1659 . As a result of these experiences he gained fluency in French , Swedish , and Dutch . He remained a firm supporter of the Stuarts while they were in exile . Charles II , after his restoration to the throne , specifically commended the Andros family for its support . Andros served as a courtier to Elizabeth of Bohemia from 1660 until her death in 1662 . In 1671 , he married Mary Craven , the daughter of Thomas Craven of Burnsall in the West Riding of Yorkshire ( now North Yorkshire ) , the son of a cousin to the Earl of Craven , one of the queen 's closest advisors , and a friend who served as his patron for many years . During the 1660s he served in the English army against the Dutch . He was next commissioned a major in the regiment of Sir Tobias Bridge , which was sent to Barbados in 1666 . He returned to England two years later , carrying despatches and letters . = = Governor of New York = = After his father died in 1674 , Andros was named to succeed as bailiff of Guernsey . He was also appointed by the Duke of York to be the first proprietary governor of the Province of New York . The province 's territory included the former territories of New Netherland , ceded to England by the Treaty of Westminster , including all of present @-@ day New Jersey , the Dutch holdings on the Hudson River from New Amsterdam ( renamed New York City ) to Albany , as well as Long Island , Martha 's Vineyard , and Nantucket . In 1664 Charles II had granted James all of this territory , as well as all of the land in present @-@ day Maine between the Kennebec and St. Croix Rivers , but with the intervening Dutch retaking of the territory , Charles issued a new patent to James . Andros arrived in New York harbor in late October , and negotiated the handover of the Dutch territories with local representatives and Dutch Governor Anthony Colve , which took place on 10 November 1674 . Andros agreed to confirm the existing property holdings and to allow the Dutch inhabitants of the territory to maintain their Protestant religion . = = = Connecticut boundary dispute = = = Andros was also involved in boundary disputes with the neighboring Connecticut Colony . Dutch claims had originally extended as far east as the Connecticut River , but these claims had been ceded in the 1650 Treaty of Hartford , and reduced to a boundary line 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of the Hudson in 1664 . York 's territorial claim did not acknowledge these , and Andros announced to Connecticut authorities his intentions to reclaim that territory ( which included Connecticut capital , Hartford ) in early 1675 . Connecticut leaders pointed out the later revisions to Connecticut 's boundaries , but Andros pressed his claim , arguing that those revisions had been superseded by York 's grant . Andros used the outbreak of King Philip 's War in July 1675 as an excuse to go by ship to Connecticut with a small military force to establish the duke 's claim . When he arrived at Saybrook at the mouth of the river on 8 July he found the fort there occupied by Connecticut militia , who were flying the English flag . Andros came ashore , had a brief conversation with the fort commander , read his commission , and returned to New York City . This was the full extent of Andros ' attempt to claim the territory , but it would be remembered in Connecticut when later attempts were made to assert New York authority . = = = King Philip 's War = = = Following his Connecticut expedition , Andros traveled into Iroquois country to establish relations there . He was well received , and agreed to continue the Dutch practice of supplying firearms to the Iroquois . This action successfully blunted French diplomatic successes with the Iroquois . It also led to charges in New England that Andros provided arms to Indians allied to King Philip ( as the Wampanoag leader Metacom was known to the English ) ; in fact , Andros provided gunpowder to Rhode Island that was used in the Great Swamp Fight against the Narragansetts in December 1675 , and specifically outlawed the sale of munitions to tribes known to be allied to Philip . The charges poisoned the atmosphere between Andros and Massachusetts leaders , even though Andros ' conduct met with approval in London . In the meeting with the Iroquois Andros was given the name " Corlaer " , which was used thereafter by the Iroquois to refer to the New York governor ( in the same way the French governor was dubbed " Onontio " ) . One other consequence was the establishment at Albany of a colonial department for Indian affairs , with Robert Livingston as its first head . Philip was known to be in the Berkshires in western Massachusetts that winter , and New Englanders accused Andros of sheltering him . Historian John Fiske suggests that Philip 's purpose was not to draw the Iroquois into the conflict , but instead to draw the Mahicans into the conflict with a view toward attacking Albany . An offer by Andros to send New York troops into Massachusetts to attack Philip was rebuffed , based on the idea that it was covert ploy to again assert authority to the Connecticut River . Instead , Mohawks from the Albany area did battle with Philip , driving him eastward . When Connecticut authorities later appealed to Andros for assistance , Andros replied that it was " strange " that they would do so , considering their previous behavior , and refused to help . In July 1676 Andros established a haven for the Mahicans and other Indian war refugees at Schaghticoke . Although the conflict came to an end in southern New England in 1676 , there continued to be friction between the Abenakis of northern New England and English settlers . These prompted Andros to send a force to the duke 's territory in Maine , where they established a fort at Pemaquid ( present @-@ day Bristol ) . Andros annoyed Massachusetts fishermen by restricting their use of the duke 's land for drying fish . In November 1677 Andros departed for England , where he would spend the next year . During this visit he was knighted as a reward for his performance as governor , and he sat in on meetings of the Lords of Trade in which agents for Massachusetts Bay defended its charter , and gave detailed accounts of the state of his colony . = = = Southern border disputes = = = The southernmost territories of the duke , roughly encompassing northern Delaware , were desired by Charles Calvert , Baron Baltimore , who sought to extend the reach of his proprietary Province of Maryland into the area . At the same time Calvert was seeking an end to a frontier war with the Iroquois to the north , having persuaded the intervening Susquehannocks to move to the Potomac River , well within Maryland territory . Furthermore , the Lenape , who dominated Delaware Bay , were unhappy with seizures of their lands by Virginia and Maryland settlers , and war between these groups had been imminent in 1673 when the Dutch retook New York . When Andros came to New York , he moved to stabilize the situation . He befriended the Lenape sachems ( chiefs ) , convincing them to act as mediators between the English and other tribes . Peace appeared to be imminent when Bacon 's Rebellion broke out in Maryland , resulting in an attack on the Susquehannock fort on the Potomac . The surviving Susquehannocks sneaked out of the fort one night , some of them making their way east toward Delaware Bay . In June 1676 Andros offered , in exchange for their moving into his jurisdiction , to protect them from their enemies among the Virginian and Maryland settlers . He also extended an offer given by the Mohawk for the Susquehannocks to settle among them . These offers were well received , but Maryland authorities were unable to convince their Indian allies to make the peace offered by Andros , and organized them to march toward the Delaware , which would also fulfil the goal of strengthening the Maryland claim to the area . Andros responded by urging the Susquehannocks to retreat into New York , where they would be beyond Maryland 's reach , and delivering a strongly worded threat to Maryland , that it would either have to acknowledge his sovereignty over the Susquehannocks , or they would have to peacably take them back . He also offered his services as a mediator , pointing out that the absence of the Susquehannocks now left Maryland settlements open to direct attack by the Iroquois . In a council held at the Lenape village of Shackamaxon ( site of present @-@ day Philadelphia ) in February and March 1677 , all of the major parties met , but no final agreements were reached , and Andros ordered the Susquehannocks remaining with the Lenape to disperse to other parts of New York in April . Maryland sent Henry Coursey to New York to engage Andros and eventually the Iroquois in peace talks , while at the same time they sent surveyors to lay out plots on land also claimed by New York on Delaware Bay . Coursey was instructed to offer Andros what was in essence a £ 100 bribe that an Indian peace might be reached in exchange for that land . Andros refused the bribe , and Coursey ended up being compelled to negotiate further through Andros and the Mohawk in Albany . The peace agreed in negotiations that followed in Albany in the summer of 1677 is considered one of the foundations of the set of alliances and treaties called the Covenant Chain . Although Andros was unable to prevent Baltimore from granting some land on the Delaware , he did successfully blunt the Maryland leader 's attempt to control an even greater portion of land . The duke eventually deeded those lands to William Penn , and they became part of the state of Delaware . = = = Control of the Jerseys = = = Governance of the Jerseys also created problems for Andros . James had awarded the territory west of the Hudson River to proprietors John Berkeley and George Carteret , and Berkeley had then deeded the western portion ( which became known as West Jersey ) to a partnership of Quakers . Berkeley had not transferred his proprietary rights to this group , and the exact nature of the rights James had given both Berkeley and Carteret was disputed , in part because James believed that the second patent granted to him in 1674 overrode the earlier grants he had made to Berkeley and Carteret . This resulted in conflict when Andros attempted to extend his government over East Jersey , the territory governed on behalf of Carteret by the latter 's cousin Philip . Possibly based on orders given to him during his visit to England , Andros began to assert New York authority over East Jersey after George Carteret 's death in 1680 . Despite a friendly personal relationship between Andros and Governor Carteret , the issue of governance eventually prompted Andros to have Carteret arrested . In a dispute centering on the collection of customs duties in ports on the Jersey side of the Hudson , Andros in 1680 sent a company of soldiers to Philip Carteret 's home in Elizabethtown . According to Carteret 's account of the incident , he was beaten by the troops , who jailed him in New York . In a trial over which Andros presided , Carteret was acquitted by a jury on all charges . Carteret returned to New Jersey , but injuries he sustained in the arrest affected his health , and he died in 1682 . In the aftermath of the incident the Duke of York surrendered his claims to East Jersey to the Carterets . A less contentious standoff also occurred when settlers sent by William Penn sought to establish what is now Burlington , New Jersey . Andros insisted they had no right to settle there without the duke 's permission , but agreed to allow their settlement after they agreed to receive commissions falling under the authority of the New York gubernatorial administration . This situation was permanently resolved in 1680 when York renounced in favor of Penn his remaining claims to West Jersey . = = = Recall and analysis = = = The political opponents of Andros in the colony brought a number of charges against him to the Duke of York . Among them were accusations of favoritism toward Dutch businessmen , and engaging in business for private gain rather than that of the duke . Statements were also made to the duke that claimed that his revenues were lower than they should have been ; this , in addition to the other complaints , led the duke to order Andros back to England to explain the situation . Andros left the province in January 1681 , charging Anthony Brockholls with the administration of the New York government . Expecting a short visit to England , his wife remained in New York . During his time in New York he was thought to have demonstrated good administrative abilities , but his manner was considered imperious by his opponents among the colonists , and he made numerous enemies during his tenure as governor . = = Dominion of New England = = In 1686 he was appointed governor of the Dominion of New England . He arrived in Boston on 20 December 1686 , and immediately assumed the reins of power . His commission called for governance by himself , with a council . The initial composition of the council included representatives from each of the colonies the dominion absorbed , but because of the inconvenience of travel and the fact that travel costs were not reimbursed , the council 's quorums were dominated by representatives from Massachusetts and Plymouth . The Lords of Trade had insisted that he govern without an assembly , something he expressed concern over while his commission was being drafted . In a brief work , Sir Edmund Andros , historian Henry Ferguson attested to the fact that the deliberation of certain policies by an assembly of legislators may have proven inefficient . The Dominion initially consisted of the territories of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ( including present @-@ day Maine ) , Plymouth Colony , Rhode Island , Connecticut and New Hampshire , and was extended to include New York , and East and West Jersey in 1688 . Andros ' wife , who had joined him in Boston , died there in 1688 not long after her arrival . = = = Church of England = = = Shortly after his arrival , Andros asked each of the Puritan churches in Boston if its meetinghouse could be used for services of the Church of England . When he was rebuffed , he demanded and was given keys to Samuel Willard 's Third Church in 1687 . Services were held there under the auspices of Rev. Robert Ratcliff until 1688 , when King 's Chapel was built . These actions highlighted him as pro @-@ Anglican in the eyes of local Puritans , who would later accuse him of involvement in a " horrid Popish plot . " = = = Revenue laws = = = His council engaged in a lengthy process to harmonize dominion and English laws . This work consumed such a great amount of time that Andros in March 1687 issued a proclamation stating that pre @-@ existing laws would remain in effect until they were revised . Since Massachusetts had no pre @-@ existing tax laws , a scheme of taxation was created that would apply to the entire dominion . Developed by a committee of landowners , the first proposal derived its revenues from import duties , principally alcohol . After much debate , a different proposal was abruptly proposed and adopted , essentially reviving previous Massachusetts tax laws . These laws had been unpopular with farmers who felt the taxes on livestock were too high . To bring in immediate revenue , Andros also received approval to increase the import duties on alcohol . The first attempts to enforce the revenue laws were met with stiff resistance from a number of Massachusetts communities . Several towns refused to choose commissioners to assess the town population and estates , and officials from a number of them were consequently arrested and brought to Boston . Some were fined and released , while others were imprisoned until they promised to perform their duties . The leaders of Ipswich , who had been most vocal in their opposition to the law , were tried and convicted of misdemeanor offenses . The other provinces did not resist the imposition of the new law , even though , at least in Rhode Island , the rates were higher than they had been under the previous colonial administration . Plymouth 's relatively poor landowners were hard hit because of the high rates on livestock , and funds derived from whaling , once sources of profit for the individual towns , were now directed to the dominion government . = = = Town meeting laws = = = One consequence of the tax protest was that Andros sought to restrict town meetings , since these were where that protest had begun . He therefore introduced a law that limited meetings to a single annual meeting , solely for the purpose of electing officials , and explicitly banning meetings at other times for any reason . This loss of local power was widely hated . Many protests were made that the town meeting and tax laws were violations of the Magna Carta , which guaranteed taxation by representatives of the people . It was noted that those who made these complaints had , during the colonial charter , excluded large numbers of voters through the requirement of church membership , and then taxed them . = = = Land title reform = = = Andros had been instructed to bring colonial land title practices more in line with those in England , and introduce quit @-@ rents as a means of raising colonial revenues . Titles previously issued in Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Maine under the colonial administration often suffered from defects of form ( for example , lacking an imprint of the colonial seal ) , and most of them did not include a quit @-@ rent payment . Land grants in colonial Connecticut and Rhode Island had been made before either colony had a charter , and there were conflicting claims in a number of areas . The manner in which Andros approached the issue was necessarily divisive , since it threatened any landowner whose title was in any way dubious . Some landowners went through the confirmation process , but many refused , since they did not want to face the possibility of losing their land , and they viewed the process as a thinly veiled land grab . The Puritans of Plymouth and Massachusetts , some of whom had extensive landholdings , were among the latter . Since all of the existing land titles in Massachusetts had been granted under the now @-@ vacated colonial charter , Andros essentially declared them to be void , and required landowners to recertify their ownership , paying fees to the dominion and becoming subject to the charging of a quit @-@ rent . Andros attempted to compel the certification of ownership by issuing writs of intrusion , but large landowners who owned many parcels contested these individually , rather than recertifying all of their lands . = = = Connecticut charter = = = Since Andros ' commission included Connecticut , he asked Connecticut Governor Robert Treat to surrender the colonial charter not long after his arrival in Boston . Unlike Rhode Island , whose officials readily acceded to the dominion , Connecticut officials formally acknowledged Andros ' authority , but did little to assist him . They continued to run their government according to the charter , holding quarterly meetings of the legislature and electing colony @-@ wide officials , while Treat and Andros negotiated over the surrender of the charter . In October 1687 Andros finally decided to travel to Connecticut to personally see to the matter . Accompanied by an honour guard , he arrived in Hartford on 31 October , and met that evening with the colonial leadership . According to legend , during this meeting the charter was laid out on the table for all to see . The lights in the room unexpectedly went out , and when relit , the charter had disappeared . The charter was said to have been hidden in a nearby oak tree ( referred to afterward as the Charter Oak ) so that a search of nearby buildings would not locate the document . Whatever the truth of the account , Connecticut records show that its government formally surrendered its seals and ceased operation that day . Andros then traveled throughout the colony , making judicial and other appointments , before returning to Boston . On 29 December 1687 , the dominion council formally extended its laws over Connecticut , completing the assimilation of the New England colonies . = = = Inclusion of New York and the Jerseys = = = On 7 May 1688 , the provinces of New York , East Jersey , and West Jersey were added to the Dominion . Because they were remote from Boston , where Andros had his seat , New York and the Jerseys were run by Lieutenant Governor Francis Nicholson from New York City . Nicholson , an army captain and protégé of colonial secretary William Blathwayt , came to Boston in early 1687 as part of Andros ' honor guard , and had been promoted to his council . During the summer of 1688 , Andros traveled first to New York , and then to the Jerseys , to establish his commission . Dominion governance of the Jerseys was complicated by the fact that the proprietors , whose charters had been revoked , had retained their property , and petitioned Andros for what were traditional manorial rights . The dominion period in the Jerseys was relatively uneventful , due to their distance from the power centers , and the unexpected end of the dominion in 1689 . = = = Indian diplomacy = = = In 1687 the governor of New France , the Marquis de Denonville , launched an attack against Seneca villages in what is now western New York . His objective was to disrupt trade between the English at Albany and the Iroquois confederation , to which the Seneca belonged , and to break the Covenant Chain , a peace Andros had negotiated in 1677 while he was governor of New York . New York Governor Thomas Dongan appealed for help , and King James ordered Andros to render assistance . James also entered into negotiations with Louis XIV of France , which resulted in an easing of tensions on the northwestern frontier . On New England 's northeastern frontier , however , the Abenaki harbored grievances against English settlers , and began an offensive in early 1688 . Andros made an expedition into Maine early in the year , in which he raided a number of Indian settlements . He also raided the trading outpost and home of Jean @-@ Vincent d 'Abbadie de Saint @-@ Castin on Penobscot Bay . His careful preservation of the Catholic Castin 's chapel would be a source of later accusations of " popery " against Andros . When Andros took over the administration of New York in August 1688 , he met with the Iroquois at Albany to renew to covenant . In this meeting he annoyed the Iroquois by referring to them as " children " ( implying subservience to the English ) , rather than " brethren " ( implying equality ) . He returned to Boston amid further attacks on the New England frontier by Abenaki parties , who admitted that they were doing so in part because of French encouragement . During Andros 's presence in New York , the situation in Maine had deteriorated again , as well , with English colonists raiding Indian villages and taking prisoners . These actions were taken in accordance with a directive issued by dominion councillors remaining in Boston , who ordered that frontier militia commanders were to take into custody any Abenaki suspected of participating in the raids . This directive sparked a problem in Maine , when twenty Abenaki , including women and children , were taken into custody by colonial militia . The local authorities were faced with the dilemma of housing the captives , shipping them first to Falmouth and then to Boston , angering other natives in the area , who seized English hostages to ensure the safe return of the captives . Andros castigated the Mainers for their unwarranted acts and ordered the Indians released and returned to Maine . A brief skirmish during the process of exchanging captives resulted in the deaths of four English hostages , and sparked discontent in Maine . Faced with this discord , Andros returned to Maine with a significant force , and began the construction of additional fortifications to protect the settlers . Andros spent the winter in Maine , and returned to Boston in March upon hearing rumors of revolution in England and discontent in Boston . = = = Revolt = = = On 18 April 1689 , soon after news reached Boston of the overthrow of James II of England , the colonists of Boston rose up against his rule . A well @-@ organized " mob " descended on the city , arresting dominion officials and Anglicans . Andros had his quarters in Fort Mary , a garrison house on the south side of the city , where a number of officials took refuge . The old Massachusetts colonial leadership , restored due to the rebellion and headed by ex @-@ governor Simon Bradstreet , then summoned Governor Andros to surrender , for his own safety because of the mob which they claimed " whereof we were wholly ignorant " . He refused , and instead tried to escape to the Rose , the sole element of the Royal Navy present near Boston at the time of the revolt . However , the boat sent from the Rose was intercepted by militia , and Andros was forced back into Fort Mary . Negotiations ensued , and Andros agreed to leave the fort to meet with the rebel council . Promised safe conduct , he was marched under guard to the townhouse where the council had assembled . There he was told that " they must & would have the Government in their own hands " , and that he was under arrest . He was taken to the home of dominion treasurer John Usher , and held under close watch . After Fort Mary fell into rebel hands on the 19th , Andros was moved there from Usher 's house . He was confined there with Joseph Dudley and other dominion officials until 7 June , when he was transferred to Castle Island . It is during this period of captivity that he is said to have attempted an escape dressed in women 's clothing . The story , although it circulated widely , was disputed by the Anglican minister Robert Ratcliff , who claimed that story and others had " not the least foundation of Truth " , and that they were " falsehoods , and lies " propagated to " render the Governour odious to his people . " He did make a successful escape from Castle Island on 2 August , after his servant plied the sentries with drink . He managed to flee to Rhode Island , but was quickly recaptured and thereafter kept in virtual solitary confinement . He and others were held for 10 months before being sent to England for trial . The Massachusetts agents in London refused to sign the charges made against him , so the court summarily dismissed them , and freed him . When Andros was questioned about the various accusations that had been levelled against him , he pointed out that all of his actions had been taken to bring colonial laws into conformance with English law , or they were specifically taken in pursuit of his commission and instructions . While Andros was in captivity , the New York government of Lieutenant Governor Francis Nicholson was simultaneously deposed by a military faction led by Jacob Leisler , in an event that came to be known as Leisler 's Rebellion . Leisler would govern New York until 1691 , when he was captured and executed by a force led by newly appointed provincial governor Henry Sloughter . Andros was eventually allowed to depart for England ; by that point , the Dominion of New England had effectively ceased to exist , with the colonies in the dominion having reverted to their previous forms of governance . Massachusetts and its surrounding territories were reorganized into the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691 . = = Governor of Virginia = = Andros was well received at court upon his return to England . The king in particular recalled that Andros had visited his court in the Netherlands , and expressed approval of Andros ' service . In search of employment , Andros offered his services as a spy , offering the idea of going to Paris , ostensibly to meet with the exiled James , but to actually attempt to acquire French military plans . This plan was rejected . While in England he married for the second time , to Elizabeth Crisp Clapham , in July 1691 . She was the widow of Christopher Clapham , who was connected by that marriage to his first wife 's family . Andros ' next opportunity for employment came with the resignation in February 1692 of Lord Effingham as governor of the Province of Virginia . Although Francis Nicholson , formerly dominion lieutenant governor , was then serving as lieutenant governor or Virginia and sought the superior position , William awarded the governorship to Andros , and awarded Nicholson yet another lieutenant governorship , this time that of Maryland . This was destined to make Andros ' tenure more difficult , because his relationship with Nicholson had deteriorated for other reasons . The exact reasons for this enmity are unclear : one contemporary wrote that Nicholson " especially [ resented ] Sir Edmund Andros , against whom he has a particular pique on account of some earlier dealings " . Andros arrived in Virginia on 13 September 1692 , and began his duties a week later . Nicholson graciously received him , and not long after sailed for England . Andros settled at Middle Plantation ( the future site of Williamsburg ) , where he would live until 1695 . He worked to organize the provincial records , the maintenance of which had suffered since Bacon 's Rebellion , and promoted the enforcement of laws designed to prevent slave rebellions . He encouraged the diversification of Virginia 's economy , which was then almost entirely dependent on tobacco . The export @-@ oriented economy was also being badly hurt by the ongoing Nine Years ' War , because of which merchant ships were required to travel in convoys . For several years Virginia did not receive any military escorts , so their products were not going to market in Europe . Andros encouraged the introduction of new crops like cotton and flax , and the manufacture of fabric . Virginia was the first colonial posting in which Andros had to work with a local assembly . His relationship with the House of Burgesses was generally cordial , but he encountered some resistance , especially to measures related to the war and colonial defenses . He hired armed vessels to patrol the colony 's waters and contributed financially to New York 's colonial defenses , which formed a bulwark against the possibility of French and Indian incursions into Virginia . In 1696 Andros was ordered by the king to send troops to New York , for which the burgesses reluctantly appropriated £ 1 @,@ 000 . Andros ' management of colonial defense and Indian relations were successful : Virginia , unlike New York and New England , was not attacked during the war . During his tenure , Andros made an enemy of James Blair , a prominent Anglican minister . Blair was working to establish a new college for educating Anglican ministers , and he believed that Andros was not supportive of the idea . However , Blair and Nicholson worked closely together on this idea , with Nicholson often coming from Maryland for meetings on the subject . The two men were united in their dislike of Andros , and their activities helped to cause Andros ' resignation . The College of William and Mary was founded in 1693 . Despite Blair 's claims that Andros was unsupportive , Andros donated the cost of the bricks to construct the college 's chapel from his own funds , and convinced the House of Burgesses to approve funding of £ 100 per year for the college . Blair 's complaints , many of them vague and inaccurate , made their way to London , where proceedings into Andros ' conduct began at the Board of Trade and the ecclesiastical courts of the Church of England in 1697 . Andros had lost most of his support on the Board of Trade when a Whig faction came to power , and his advocates were unable to sway the board in favor of him . Anglican bishops staunchly supported Blair and Nicholson . In March 1698 Andros , complaining of fatigue and illness , asked to be recalled . = = Later years = = Andros ' recall was announced in London in May 1698 ; he was replaced by Nicholson . He returned to England , and resumed his post as bailiff of Guernsey . He divided his time between Guernsey and London , where he had a house in Denmark Hill . His second wife died in 1703 , and he married for the third time in 1707 , to Elizabeth Fitzhebert . In 1704 Queen Anne named him lieutenant governor of Guernsey , a post he held until 1708 . He died in London on 24 February 1714 and was buried at St Anne 's Church , Soho . His wife died in 1717 and was buried nearby . The church was destroyed during the Second World War , and there is no longer any trace of their graves . He had no issue by any of his wives . = = Legacy = = Andros remains a notorious figure in New England , especially in Connecticut . Connecticut officially excludes him from its list of colonial governors , but his portrait hangs in the Hall of Governors in the State Museum across from the State Capitol in Hartford . Although he was disliked in the colonies , he was recognized in England as an effective administrator , implementing the policies that he had been ordered to carry out and advancing the crown 's agenda . Biographer Mary Lou Lustig notes that he was " an accomplished statesman , a brave soldier , a polished courtier , and a devoted servant " , but that his style was often " autocratic , arbitrary , and dictatorial " , that he lacked tact , and that he had difficulty reaching compromises . Similarly , Andros was featured as an antagonist in the 1879 novel Captain Nelson , described as a " romance of colonial days " . Andros appears in several episodes of The Witch of Blackbird Pond , where his conflict with the Connecticut colonists forms the background to the protagonist 's more personal problems . It is believed that Andros Island in the Bahamas was named for him . Early proprietors of the Bahamas included members of his first wife 's family , the Cravens .
= Trevor Philips = Trevor Philips is a fictional character and one of the three lead protagonists of Grand Theft Auto V , a video game in the Grand Theft Auto series made by Rockstar Games . He appears as one of the three main protagonists , alongside Michael De Santa and Franklin Clinton . He is played by actor Steven Ogg , who provided the voice and motion capture for the character . Rockstar based Trevor 's appearance on Ogg 's physical appearance , while his personality was inspired by Charles Bronson . Grand Theft Auto V co @-@ writer Dan Houser described Trevor as purely driven by desire and resentment . To make players care for the character , the designers gave the character more emotions . Trevor is shown to truly care about people very close to him , despite his psychopathic actions . Trevor is considered one of the most controversial characters in video game history . Although the general attention given to Trevor by critics and gamers was mostly very positive , he has been criticised by many critics and players because of his violent personality and actions , but has also been praised for fitting in the world of the game . His design and personality have drawn comparisons to other influential video game and film characters . Many reviewers have called Trevor a likeable and believable character , and felt that he is one of the few protagonists in the Grand Theft Auto series that would willingly execute popular player actions , such as murder and violence . = = Character design = = Grand Theft Auto V co @-@ writer Dan Houser explained that Trevor " appeared to [ Rockstar ] pretty much out of nowhere as the embodiment of another side of criminality [ ... ] If Michael was meant to be the idea of some version of criminal control [ ... ] what about the guy who didn 't do that ? " He later described Trevor as " the person who 's driven purely by desire , resentment , no thought for tomorrow whatsoever , completely id rather than ego @-@ driven . " He stated that Trevor " kills without remorse , like a true psychopath , but very sentimental for the right reasons when it suits him . " Rockstar drew upon game protagonist archetypes during the scripting the characters ; Trevor was considered to embody insanity . Houser said the team characterised Michael and Trevor as juxtapositions of each other . He said , " Michael is like the criminal who wants to compartmentalise and be a good guy some of the time and Trevor is the maniac who isn 't a hypocrite " . He said that having three lead characters would help move the game 's plot into more original territory than its predecessors , which traditionally followed a single protagonist rising through the ranks of a criminal underworld . In Grand Theft Auto V , Steven Ogg portrayed Trevor . During the initial audition process , Ogg noticed an on @-@ set chemistry between him and Ned Luke ( who portrayed Michael ) , which he felt helped secure them the roles . Ogg said , " When [ Luke ] and I went in the room together we immediately had something " . While the actors knew their auditions were for Rockstar Games , it was when they signed contracts that they learned they would be involved in a Grand Theft Auto title . Ogg felt Trevor 's characterisation had evolved over time . He said , " Nuances and character traits that began to appear — his walk , his manner of speech , his reactions , definitely informed his development throughout the game " . The actors began working on the game in 2010 . Their performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology . Dialogue for scenes with characters seated in vehicles was recorded in studios . Because the actors had their dialogue and movements recorded on @-@ set , they considered their performances were no different from those of film or television roles . Their dialogue was scripted so that it did not allow the actors to ad @-@ lib ; however they sometimes made small changes to the performance with approval from the directors . = = Attributes = = Trevor is depicted as a sociopath in Grand Theft Auto V. He is relentless and easily kills without remorse . However , he is honest about everything and rarely shows hypocrisy , which he often points out in others . He appears to be very insecure about being born in Canada , and takes offence to people mocking his accent . Despite his sociopathic actions , Trevor is very emotional ; he seems to care about people very close to him , and he can be truly loyal to them . These people include his mother , Ashley Butler , Patricia Madrazo , Maude , Michael De Santa and his children Tracey and Jimmy , Lamar Davis , Ron , Lester , Wade and Franklin Clinton . Nevertheless , the other characters regard Trevor as dangerously unstable ; during the prologue , Michael leads Trevor into a trap where he is supposed to be shot and killed , and later implores Franklin to plead insanity if he is ever arrested with Trevor . It is implied that the knowledge and extent of Trevor 's crimes , the belief that Trevor 's depravity escalated without anyone to keep him in check and his silence on the matter all weigh heavily on Michael 's conscience . When portraying Trevor , Ogg cites Tom Hardy 's depiction of English criminal Charles Bronson in the 2008 biopic Bronson as a strong stylistic influence on his portrayal of Trevor . Ogg reflected that while Trevor embodies the violent , psychopathic Grand Theft Auto anti @-@ hero archetype , he wanted players to sympathise with Trevor 's story . " To elicit other emotions was tough , and it was the biggest challenge and it 's something that meant a lot to me , " Ogg said . = = Appearances = = = = = Grand Theft Auto V = = = Trevor is Canadian , born just north of the border of the United States . He grew up with a physically abusive father and an emotionally abusive mother . Trevor had a brother , Ryan , who died prior to the game 's events . Trevor 's father abandoned him in a shopping mall , which Trevor burnt down in retaliation . This upbringing combined with Trevor 's violent temper led Trevor to be severely unhinged , leading to numerous fights at school , including an assault on a teacher . Trevor loved planes , and at some point entered the military as a pilot , but was quickly forced to leave after being reproved in a psychological evaluation . Later on , Trevor committed crimes , the first one being a small robbery that landed him in jail for six months . He would continue his criminal ways , including using his piloting skills to become a smuggler . Trevor eventually met Michael Townley and both men realised that they wanted to earn money by performing large heists , and both men became successful in doing so . However , their partnership began to strain after Michael married a stripper named Amanda and started a family with her . During one of their heists with their mutual accomplice Brad Snider , Michael and Brad are shot by police while Trevor escapes , and he believes Michael died and Brad was sent to jail . Trevor eventually settles in Sandy Shores , Blaine County , where he establishes a small criminal enterprise that he dubs " Trevor Philips Industries " that smuggles weapons and manufactures methamphetamine , which he hopes will grow into a large empire . Due to raging abandonment issues , Trevor surrounds himself with two loyal friends that he kidnapped and brainwashed from their previous lives named " Nervous " Ron Jakowski and Wade Hebert . Trevor also enters an uneasy truce with his competitors in Sandy Shores , including The Lost Motorcycle Club led by Johnny Klebitz , the Varrios Los Aztecas gang , and the O 'Neil Brothers . Nine years after the fateful heist , Trevor finds out that Michael faked his death , and is so spooked and enraged that he breaks the truce and kills most of his competition in one burst of violence , a deadly streak that continues when a potential game @-@ changing deal with the Triads falls through . He drives to Los Santos , taking over the apartment and ruining the life of Wade 's cousin Floyd , and reunites with Michael , who now took on the name " De Santa " . After Michael introduces Trevor to Franklin Clinton , the two perform heists again , this time including Franklin . Trevor is determined to rob anything guarded by Merryweather Security Consulting , a private security firm that he dislikes , but he often fails . After not getting paid for a job , Trevor kidnaps Patricia , the wife of kingpin Martin Madrazo . Due to her kind maternal nature and his own abandonment issues , Trevor falls in love with her and only returns her after much demanding from Michael . However , the two stay in contact until the end of the game . Trevor eventually discovers that Michael set him and Brad up , and that Brad is not in jail but buried in Michael 's fake grave . This leads to Trevor vowing to kill Michael , but needing him alive for one last heist . When that heist is successful , Trevor is so pleased that he lifts the death vow but still hates Michael . Near the end of the game , Franklin is given a choice : kill Trevor , kill Michael , or let them live and face their enemies . If the latter is chosen , Trevor kills Haines , before capturing Weston , and killing him alongside Michael and Franklin . Trevor once again considers Michael his friend , albeit a friend that he hates , which Michael accepts . If the second option is chosen , Trevor ends all contact with Franklin and says to stay away from him after finding out about Michael 's death . If the first option is chosen , Franklin meets up with Trevor , before chasing him with Michael to an oil plant . When Trevor crashes into an oil tank , causing himself to be covered in oil , either Franklin or Michael shoot the oil , setting Trevor alight and killing him . If Trevor and Michael are spared , they continue to spend time together with Franklin , during which Trevor eventually admits that he over @-@ reacted after learning the truth about Brad , and refers to himself and Michael as friends . = = = Grand Theft Auto Online = = = Trevor appears as a main character in Grand Theft Auto Online , the online multiplayer mode of Grand Theft Auto V. He provides missions to the player character once they reach Rank 13 ; after the player steals Trevor 's rolling meth lab , Trevor demands that they are to complete jobs for him to settle the issue . The jobs that Trevor demands generally consist of stealing drugs from rival groups , specifically the Lost Motorcycle Club , while killing the dealers . The narrative of Grand Theft Auto Online is set several months prior to the events of the single @-@ player story . = = Cultural impact = = = = = Reception = = = Trevor 's character was met with generally positive feedback following the release of Grand Theft Auto V. Edge singled out Trevor as the stand @-@ out of the three protagonists , which they owed to his volatile personality . Like Edge , Caroline Petit of GameSpot considered Trevor " a truly horrible , terrifying , psychotic human being — and a terrific character . " Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell , however , felt that Trevor undermined the other characters because he was a " shallow and unconvincing " sensationalised anti @-@ hero , and that " his antics derail [ ed ] the narrative " and overshadowed the character development of Michael and Franklin . Xav de Matos of Joystiq found all three characters unlikable to the extent that they had an alienating effect on the story , noting that " though each character has a valid motivation for his journey , it 's difficult to want them to succeed . " He also felt that the ambivalence between Trevor and Michael was a tired device by the conclusion of the story as it became a " seemingly endless cycle " of conflict between them . Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar praised Trevor for being the first character in the series that " makes sense " . He stated that , upon their first playthrough of a Grand Theft Auto game , most players " carjacked some poor schlub , then started doing 90mph on the sidewalk , mowing over civilians " , as opposed to playing peacefully . " Trevor 's existence isn 't a commentary on any group of people – he 's just the first logical fit to the way people have been playing GTA games for the past decade , " he said . Sullivan concluded that Trevor is one of the few protagonists in the Grand Theft Auto series that would willingly execute popular player actions , such as murder and violence . Trevor has been compared to many other characters in video games and films . Calvin Khan of IGN compared Trevor to Heath Ledger 's Joker in the 2008 film The Dark Knight . Khan felt that Trevor is the only character in Grand Theft Auto V not trying to fake his persona , stating " Trevor absolutely knows that he 's a monster but just doesn 't care . He enjoys causing misery and harm , lives for it and embraces it and – much like Heath Ledger 's Joker – he exists purely for unadulterated anarchy . " He also felt that Trevor 's only reasoning for hurting people and messing everything up around him is simply because it 's just too much fun not to . Khan concluded saying that it 's clear that the world through the eyes of Trevor is already royally broken and he sees no harm in messing it up some more , hence the reason for Trevor 's actions . Trevor won the Cheat Code Central 's 7th Annual Cody Awards for " Best Male Character " and was nominated for various other awards . Those include the Spike VGX 2013 for " Character of the Year " , won by BioShock Infinite 's Lutece Twins , Hardcore Gamer 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 for " Best New Character " , won by The Last of Us 's Ellie and Destructoid 's Best of 2013 for " Best Character " , also won by the Lutece Twins . Steven Ogg was also nominated for his work as Trevor in Spike VGX 2013 for " Best Voice Actor " , won by Troy Baker , Telegraph Video Game Awards 2013 for " Best Performer " , also won by Troy Baker and 10th British Academy Video Games Awards for " Performer " , won by Ashley Johnson . = = = Controversies = = = The mission " By the Book " from Grand Theft Auto V was criticised for its depiction of torture . In the mission , Trevor interrogates a man named Ferdinand Kerimov ( called Mr. K ) for information about a suspected Azerbaijani fugitive who poses a threat to the FIB ( the game 's version of the FBI ) . Trevor uses torture equipment on the restrained man , which players select from a table . Once Mr. K provides the FIB with the information , Trevor is asked to kill him , but instead drives him to the airport , providing him an opportunity to escape . While driving Kerimov , Trevor monologues about the ineffectiveness of torture , pointing out Kerimov 's readiness to supply the FIB with the information without being tortured , and expressing that torture is used as a power play " to assert ourselves " . Reviewers echoed that while the mission served as political commentary on the use of torture by the United States government , its use of torture was in poor taste . GameSpot 's Petit felt that placing the torture scene in context with the monologue created a hypocrisy in the mission 's function as a commentary device , and IGN 's MacDonald felt it " pushed the boundaries of taste " . In an editorial , Bramwell discussed whether the political commentary was overshadowed by the violent content , comparing the mission to Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 's " No Russian " controversy . He considered the sequence lacking enough context to justify its violence and summarised its function as " flawed " . Labour MP Keith Vaz expressed concern that underage players could be exposed to the mission . Keith Best of Freedom from Torture said the torturer role @-@ play " crossed a line " . Tom Chick defended the torture sequence , and wrote that unlike the " No Russian " mission or the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty , the underlying political commentary on torture in " By the Book " necessitated the violent content .
= Punctuated equilibrium = Punctuated equilibrium ( also called punctuated equilibria ) is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that once species appear in the fossil record they will become stable , showing little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history . This state is called stasis . When significant evolutionary change occurs , the theory proposes that it is generally restricted to rare and geologically rapid events of branching speciation called cladogenesis . Cladogenesis is the process by which a species splits into two distinct species , rather than one species gradually transforming into another . Punctuated equilibrium is commonly contrasted against phyletic gradualism , the belief that evolution generally occurs uniformly and by the steady and gradual transformation of whole lineages ( called anagenesis ) . In this view , evolution is seen as generally smooth and continuous . In 1972 , paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould published a landmark paper developing their theory and called it punctuated equilibria . Their paper built upon Ernst Mayr 's model of geographic speciation , I. Michael Lerner 's theories of developmental and genetic homeostasis , as well as their own empirical research . Eldredge and Gould proposed that the degree of gradualism commonly attributed to Charles Darwin is virtually nonexistent in the fossil record , and that stasis dominates the history of most fossil species . = = History = = Punctuated equilibrium originated as a logical extension of Ernst Mayr 's concept of genetic revolutions by allopatric and especially peripatric speciation as applied to the fossil record . Although some of the basic workings of the theory were proposed and identified by Mayr in 1954 , historians of science generally recognize the 1972 paper by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould as the foundation of the new paleobiological research program . Punctuated equilibrium differs from Mayr 's theory mainly in that Eldredge and Gould placed considerably greater emphasis on stasis , whereas Mayr was generally concerned with explaining the morphological discontinuity ( or " sudden jumps " ) found in the fossil record . Mayr later complimented Eldredge and Gould 's paper , stating that evolutionary stasis had been " unexpected by most evolutionary biologists " and that punctuated equilibrium " had a major impact on paleontology and evolutionary biology . " A year before their 1972 Eldredge and Gould paper , Niles Eldredge published a paper in the journal Evolution which suggested that gradual evolution was seldom seen in the fossil record and argued that Ernst Mayr 's standard mechanism of allopatric speciation might suggest a possible resolution . The Eldredge and Gould paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America in 1971 . The symposium focused its attention on the possibility that modern microevolutionary studies could revitalize various aspects of paleontology and macroevolution . Tom Schopf , who organized that year 's meeting , assigned Gould the topic of speciation . Gould recalls that " Eldredge 's 1971 publication [ on Paleozoic trilobites ] had presented the only new and interesting ideas on the paleontological implications of the subject — so I asked Schopf if we could present the paper jointly . " According to Gould " the ideas came mostly from Niles , with yours truly acting as a sounding board and eventual scribe . I coined the term punctuated equilibrium and wrote most of our 1972 paper , but Niles is the proper first author in our pairing of Eldredge and Gould . " In his book Time Frames Eldredge recalls that after much discussion the pair " each wrote roughly half . Some of the parts that would seem obviously the work of one of us were actually first penned by the other — I remember for example , writing the section on Gould 's snails . Other parts are harder to reconstruct . Gould edited the entire manuscript for better consistency . We sent it in , and Schopf reacted strongly against it — thus signaling the tenor of the reaction it has engendered , though for shifting reasons , down to the present day . " John Wilkins and Gareth Nelson have argued that French architect Pierre Trémaux proposed an " anticipation of the theory of punctuated equilibrium of Gould and Eldredge . " = = The fossil record = = The fossil record of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear , and ultimately disappear , in many cases close to a million years later , without any change in external appearance . Graphically , these fossil species are represented by horizontal lines , whose lengths depict how long each of them existed . The horizontality of the lines illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph . During each species ' existence new species appear at random intervals , each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance . The exact relatedness of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine . This is illustrated in the following diagram depicting the evolution of modern humans from the time that the Hominins separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives , the chimpanzees . For similar evolutionary time lines , showing the identical pattern of evolutionary change , see , for instance , the paleontological list of African dinosaurs , Asian dinosaurs , the Lampriformes and Amiiformes . ( Note the different time scales in these different diagrams . ) = = Theoretical mechanisms = = = = = Punctuational change = = = When Eldredge and Gould published their 1972 paper , allopatric speciation was considered the " standard " model of speciation . This model was popularized by Ernst Mayr in his 1954 paper " Change of genetic environment and evolution , " and his classic volume Animal Species and Evolution ( 1963 ) . Allopatric speciation suggests that species with large central populations are stabilized by their large volume and the process of gene flow . New and even beneficial mutations are diluted by the population 's large size and are unable to reach fixation , due to such factors as constantly changing environments . If this is the case , then the transformation of whole lineages should be rare , as the fossil record indicates . Smaller populations on the other hand , which are isolated from the parental stock , are decoupled from the homogenizing effects of gene flow . In addition , pressure from natural selection is especially intense , as peripheral isolated populations exist at the outer edges of ecological tolerance . If most evolution happens in these rare instances of allopatric speciation then evidence of gradual evolution in the fossil record should be rare . This hypothesis was alluded to by Mayr in the closing paragraph of his 1954 paper : Rapidly evolving peripherally isolated populations may be the place of origin of many evolutionary novelties . Their isolation and comparatively small size may explain phenomena of rapid evolution and lack of documentation in the fossil record , hitherto puzzling to the palaeontologist . " As time went on Gould moved away from wedding punctuated equilibrium to allopatric speciation , particularly as evidence accumulated in support of other modes of speciation . Gould was particularly attracted to Douglas Futuyma 's work on the importance of reproductive isolating mechanisms . Other biologists have also applied punctuated equilibrium to non @-@ sexual species , including the evolution of viruses . = = = Stasis = = = Before Eldredge and Gould alerted their colleagues to the prominence of stasis in the fossil record , most evolutionists considered stasis to be rare or unimportant . George Gaylord Simpson , for example , believed that phyletic gradual evolution ( called horotely in his terminology ) comprised 90 % of evolution . However one meta @-@ analysis examining 58 published studies on speciation patterns in the fossil record showed that 71 % exhibited stasis , 63 % of which were also associated with punctuated patterns of evolutionary change . According to Michael Benton , " it seems clear then that stasis is common , and that had not been predicted from modern genetic studies . " Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the putative causes of stasis . Gould was initially attracted to I. Michael Lerner 's theories of developmental and genetic homeostasis . However this hypothesis was rejected over time , as evidence accumulated against it . Other plausible mechanisms which have been suggested include : habitat tracking , stabilizing selection , the Stenseth @-@ Maynard Smith stability hypothesis , constraints imposed by the nature of subdivided populations , normalizing clade selection , and koinophilia . Evidence for the existence of stasis has also been corroborated from the genetics of sibling species , species which are morphologically indistinguishable , but whose proteins have diverged sufficiently to suggest they have been separated for millions of years . A paramount example of evolutionary stasis is the fern Osmunda claytoniana . Based on paleontological evidence it has remained unchanged , even at the level of fossilized nuclei and chromosomes , for at least 180 million years . According to Gould , " stasis may emerge as the theory 's most important contribution to evolutionary science . " Philosopher Kim Sterelny adds , " In claiming that species typically undergo no further evolutionary change once speciation is complete , they are not claiming that there is no change at all between one generation and the next . Lineages do change . But the change between generations does not accumulate . Instead , over time , the species wobbles about its phenotypic mean . Jonathan Weiner 's The Beak of the Finch describes this very process . " The fossil record includes well documented examples of phyletic gradualism and punctuational evolution . As such , much debate persists over the prominence of stasis in the fossil record . = = = Hierarchical evolution = = = Punctuated equilibrium has also been cited as contributing to the hypothesis that species are Darwinian individuals , and not just classes , thereby providing a stronger framework for a hierarchical theory of evolution . = = Common misconceptions = = Much confusion has arisen over what proponents of punctuated equilibrium actually argued , what mechanisms they advocated , how fast the punctuations were , what taxonomic scale their theory applied to , how revolutionary their claims were intended to be , and how punctuated equilibrium related to other ideas like quantum evolution , saltationism , and mass extinction . = = = Saltationism = = = The punctuational nature of punctuated equilibrium has engendered perhaps the most confusion over Eldredge and Gould 's theory . Gould 's sympathetic treatment of Richard Goldschmidt , the controversial geneticist who advocated the idea of " hopeful monsters , " led some biologists to conclude that Gould 's punctuations were occurring in single @-@ generation jumps . This interpretation has frequently been exploited by creationists to mischaracterize the weakness of the paleontological record , and to portray contemporary evolutionary biology as advancing neo @-@ saltationism . In an often quoted remark , Gould stated , " Since we proposed punctuated equilibria to explain trends , it is infuriating to be quoted again and again by creationists — whether through design or stupidity , I do not know — as admitting that the fossil record includes no transitional forms . Transitional forms are generally lacking at the species level , but they are abundant between larger groups . " Although there exist some debate over how long the punctuations last , supporters of punctuated equilibrium generally place the figure between 50 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 years . = = = Quantum evolution = = = Quantum evolution was a controversial hypothesis advanced by Columbia University paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson , who was regarded by Stephen Jay Gould as " the greatest and most biologically astute paleontologist of the twentieth century . " Simpson 's conjecture was that according to the geological record , on very rare occasions evolution would proceed very rapidly to form entirely new families , orders , and classes of organisms . This hypothesis differs from punctuated equilibrium in several respects . First , punctuated equilibrium was more modest in scope , in that it was addressing evolution specifically at the species level . Simpson 's idea was principally concerned with evolution at higher taxonomic groups . Second , Eldredge and Gould relied upon a different mechanism . Where Simpson relied upon a synergistic interaction between genetic drift and a shift in the adaptive fitness landscape , Eldredge and Gould relied upon ordinary speciation , particularly Ernst Mayr 's concept of allopatric speciation . Lastly , and perhaps most significantly , quantum evolution took no position on the issue of stasis . Although Simpson acknowledged the existence of stasis in what he called the bradytelic mode , he considered it ( along with rapid evolution ) to be unimportant in the larger scope of evolution . In his Major Features of Evolution Simpson stated , " Evolutionary change is so nearly the universal rule that a state of motion is , figuratively , normal in evolving populations . The state of rest , as in bradytely , is the exception and it seems that some restraint or force must be required to maintain it . " Despite such differences between the two models , earlier critiques — from such eminent commentators as Sewall Wright as well as Simpson himself — have argued that punctuated equilibrium is little more than quantum evolution relabeled . = = = Multiple meanings of gradualism = = = Punctuated equilibrium is often portrayed to oppose the concept of gradualism , when it is actually a form of gradualism . This is because even though evolutionary change appears instantaneous between geological sedimentary layers , change is still occurring incrementally , with no great change from one generation to the next . To this end , Gould later commented that " Most of our paleontological colleagues missed this insight because they had not studied evolutionary theory and either did not know about allopatric speciation or had not considered its translation to geological time . Our evolutionary colleagues also failed to grasp the implication ( s ) , primarily because they did not think at geological scales " . Richard Dawkins dedicated a chapter in The Blind Watchmaker to correcting , in his view , the wide confusion regarding rates of change . His first point is to argue that phyletic gradualism — understood in the sense that evolution proceeds at a single uniform rate of speed , called " constant speedism " by Dawkins — is a " caricature of Darwinism " and " does not really exist . " His second argument , which follows from the first , is that once the caricature of " constant speedism " is dismissed , we are left with one logical alternative , which Dawkins terms " variable speedism . " Variable speedism may also be distinguished one of two ways : " discrete variable speedism " and " continuously variable speedism . " Eldredge and Gould , believing that evolution jumps between stability and relative rapidity , are described as " discrete variable speedists , " and " in this respect they are genuinely radical . " They believe that evolution generally proceeds in bursts , or not at all . " Continuously variable speedists , " on the other hand believe that " evolutionary rates fluctuate continuously from very fast to very slow and stop , with all intermediates . They see no particular reason to emphasize certain speeds more than others . In particular , stasis , to them , is just an extreme case of ultra @-@ slow evolution . To a punctuationist , there is something very special about stasis . " Dawkins therefore commits himself here to an empirical claim about the geological record , in contrast to his earlier claim that " The paleontological evidence can be argued about , and I am not qualified to judge it . " It is this particular commitment that Eldredge and Gould have aimed to overturn . = = Criticism = = Richard Dawkins believes that the apparent gaps represented in the fossil record document migratory events rather than evolutionary events . According to Dawkins , evolution certainly occurred but " probably gradually " elsewhere . However , the punctuational equilibrium model may still be inferred from both the observation of stasis and examples of rapid and episodic speciation events documented in the fossil record . Dawkins also emphasizes that punctuated equilibrium has been " oversold by some journalists " , but partly due to Eldredge and Gould 's " later writings " . Dawkins contends that the theory " does not deserve a particularly large measure of publicity " . It is a " minor gloss , " an " interesting but minor wrinkle on the surface of neo @-@ Darwinian theory , " and " lies firmly within the neo @-@ Darwinian synthesis " . In his book Darwin 's Dangerous Idea , philosopher Daniel Dennett is especially critical of Gould 's presentation of punctuated equilibrium . Dennett argues that Gould alternated between revolutionary and conservative claims about the theory , and that each time Gould made a revolutionary statement — or appeared to do so — he was criticized , and thus retreated to a traditional neo @-@ Darwinian position . Gould responded to Dennett 's claims in The New York Review of Books , and in his technical volume The Structure of Evolutionary Theory . Literary scholar Heidi Scott argued that Gould 's use of analogy and metaphor constitutes a non @-@ scientific discourse attempting to validate a scientific hypothesis . She claims that Gould — particularly in his popular essays — uses a variety of strategies from literature , political science , and personal anecdotes to substantiate the general pattern of punctuated equilibrium in the context of natural science ( long periods of stasis interrupted by rapid , catastrophic change ) . Gould responded that critics often made the mistake of confusing the context of discovery with the context of justification . While Gould is celebrated for the color and energy of his prose , as well as his interdisciplinary knowledge , critics such as Scott have concerns that the theory has gained undeserved credence among non @-@ scientists because of Gould 's rhetorical skills . " Punctuated equlibrium " has also been seized upon and misinterpreted by some creationists as refuting evolution of new species by natural selection , since classical Darwinian theory emphasized gradual change rather than punctuated change . John Lyne and Henry Howe , in a more positive evaluation , state that " re @-@ analysis of existing fossil data has shown , to the increasing satisfaction of the paleontological community , that Eldredge and Gould were correct in identifying periods of evolutionary stasis which are interrupted by much shorter periods of evolutionary change . " = = Darwin 's theory = = The sudden appearance of most species in the geologic record and the lack of evidence of substantial gradual change in most species — from their initial appearance until their extinction — has long been noted , including by Charles Darwin who appealed to the imperfection of the record as the favored explanation . When presenting his ideas against the prevailing influences of catastrophism and progressive creationism , which envisaged species being supernaturally created at intervals , Darwin needed to forcefully stress the gradual nature of evolution in accordance with the gradualism promoted by his friend Charles Lyell . He privately expressed concern , noting in the margin of his 1844 Essay , " Better begin with this : If species really , after catastrophes , created in showers world over , my theory false . " It is often incorrectly assumed that he insisted that the rate of change must be constant , or nearly so , but even the first edition of On the Origin of Species states that " Species of different genera and classes have not changed at the same rate , or in the same degree . In the oldest tertiary beds a few living shells may still be found in the midst of a multitude of extinct forms ... The Silurian Lingula differs but little from the living species of this genus " . Lingula is among the few brachiopods surviving today but also known from fossils over 500 million years old . In the fourth edition ( 1866 ) of On the Origin of Species Darwin wrote that " the periods during which species have undergone modification , though long as measured in years , have probably been short in comparison with the periods during which they retain the same form . " Thus punctuationism in general is consistent with Darwin 's conception of evolution . According to early versions of punctuated equilibrium , " peripheral isolates " are considered to be of critical importance for speciation . However , Darwin wrote , " I can by no means agree ... that immigration and isolation are necessary elements .... Although isolation is of great importance in the production of new species , on the whole I am inclined to believe that largeness of area is still more important , especially for the production of species which shall prove capable of enduring for a long period , and of spreading widely . " The importance of isolation in forming species had played a significant part in Darwin 's early thinking , as shown in his Essay of 1844 . But by the time he wrote the Origin he had downplayed its importance . He explained the reasons for his revised view as follows : Throughout a great and open area , not only will there be a greater chance of favourable variations , arising from the large number of individuals of the same species there supported , but the conditions of life are much more complex from the large number of already existing species ; and if some of these species become modified and improved , others will have to be improved in a corresponding degree , or they will be exterminated . Each new form , also , as soon as it has been improved , will be able to spread over the open and continuous area , and will thus come into competition with many other forms ... the new forms produced on large areas , which have already been victorious over many competitors , will be those that will spread most widely , and will give rise to the greatest number of new varieties and species . They will thus play a more important role in the changing history of the organic world . Thus punctuated equilibrium contradicts some of Darwin 's ideas regarding the specific mechanisms of evolution , but generally accords with Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection . = = Supplemental modes of rapid evolution = = Recent work in developmental biology has identified dynamical and physical mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis that may underlie abrupt morphological transitions during evolution . Consequently , consideration of mechanisms of phylogenetic change that have been found in reality to be non @-@ gradual is increasingly common in the field of evolutionary developmental biology , particularly in studies of the origin of morphological novelty . A description of such mechanisms can be found in the multi @-@ authored volume Origination of Organismal Form ( MIT Press ; 2003 ) . = = Language change = = In linguistics , R. M. W. Dixon has proposed a punctuated equilibrium model for language histories , with reference particularly to the prehistory of the indigenous languages of Australia and his objections to the proposed Pama – Nyungan language family there . Although his model has raised considerable interest , it does not command majority support within linguistics . Separately , recent work using computational phylogenetic methods claims to show that punctuational bursts play an important factor when languages split from one another , accounting for anywhere from 10 to 33 % of the total divergence in vocabulary . Note that punctuational bursts also occurs in mythology in even greater proportions .
= William Montagu , 1st Earl of Salisbury = William Montagu , alias de Montacute , 1st Earl of Salisbury , 3rd Baron Montagu , King of Mann ( 1301 – 30 January 1344 ) was an English nobleman and loyal servant of King Edward III . The son of William Montagu , 2nd Baron Montagu , he entered the royal household at an early age and became a close companion of the young Prince Edward . The relationship continued after Edward was crowned king following the deposition of Edward II in 1327 . In 1330 , Montagu was one of Edward 's main accomplices in the coup against Roger Mortimer , who until then had been acting as the king 's protector . In the following years Montagu served the king in various capacities , primarily in the Scottish Wars . He was richly rewarded , and among other things received the lordship of the Isle of Man . In 1337 , he was created Earl of Salisbury , and given an annual income of 1000 marks to go with the title . He served on the Continent in the early years of the Hundred Years ' War , but in 1340 he was captured by the French , and in return for his freedom had to promise never to fight in France again . Salisbury died of wounds suffered at a tournament early in 1344 . Legend has it that Montagu 's wife Catherine was raped by Edward III , but this story is almost certainly French propaganda . William and Catherine had six children , most of whom married into the nobility . Modern historians have called William Montague Edward 's " most intimate personal friend " and " the chief influence behind the throne from Mortimer 's downfall in 1330 until his own death in 1344 . " = = Family background = = William Montagu , born at Cassington , Oxfordshire in 1301 , was the second but eldest surviving son of William Montagu , 2nd Baron Montagu , and Elizabeth de Montfort , daughter of Sir Peter Montfort of Beaudesert , Warwickshire. by Matilda / Maud de la Mare daughter and heiress of Henry de la Mare of Ashtead , Surrey , Royal Justice , Seneschal of William Longspree II Earl of Salisbury . The Montagu family , a West Country family with roots going back to the Conquest , held extensive lands in Somerset , Dorset and Devon . The father , William Montagu , distinguished himself in the Scottish Wars during the reign of Edward I , and served as steward of Edward II 's household . Some members of the nobility , including Thomas of Lancaster , viewed Montagu with suspicion , as a member of a court party with undue influence on the king . For this reason he was sent to Aquitaine , to serve as seneschal . Here he died on 18 October 1319 . Even though he sat in parliament as a baron , the second lord Montagu never rose above a level of purely regional importance . = = Early service = = The younger William was still a minor at the time of his father 's death , and entered the royal household as a ward of the king in 1320 . On 21 February 1323 he was granted his father 's lands and title . His service to Edward II took him abroad to the Continent in both 1320 and 1325 . In 1326 he was knighted . After the deposition of Edward II in 1327 , Montagu continued in the service of Edward 's son Edward III . He helped the new king in repelling the Scottish invasion of 1327 , and was created knight banneret in 1328 . Montagu enjoyed a close relationship with Edward III , and accompanied him abroad on a diplomatic mission in 1329 . That same year he was sent on an embassy to negotiate a marriage alliance with King Philip VI of France . His most important task , however , came in connection with a mission to the Papacy in Avignon . The young king — along with his government — was under the dominance of his mother Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer , who had been responsible for the deposition of the king 's father . Montagu explained the king 's situation , and Pope John XXII asked for a special signal that assure him that he was dealing with the king in person . After Montagu 's return , Richard Bury , Keeper of the Privy Seal , wrote to inform the pope that only letters containing the words pater sancte ( holy father ) , in Edward 's own handwriting , were indeed from the king . Only Edward , Bury and Montagu were party to the scheme . = = Coup against Mortimer = = When Mortimer discovered the conspiracy against him , Montagu was brought in for interrogation – along with the king – but gave nothing away . Afterward he supposedly advised Edward to move against his protector , because " It was better that they should eat the dog than that the dog should eat them " . On 19 October 1330 , while Mortimer and Isabella were entrenched in Nottingham Castle , the constable of the castle showed Montagu a secret entrance through an underground tunnel . Along with William de Bohun , Robert Ufford , and John Neville and others , he entered the castle , where he met up with the king . A short brawl followed before Mortimer was captured . The queen stormed into the chamber shouting " Good son , have pity on noble Mortimer " . Edward did not obey his mother 's wishes , and a few weeks later Mortimer was executed for treason in London . As a reward for his part in the coup , Montagu was given lands worth £ 1000 , including the Welsh lordship of Denbigh that had belonged to Mortimer . His family also benefited ; his brother Simon Montacute became Bishop of Worcester and later of Ely . Another brother , Edward Montagu , 1st Baron Montagu , married Alice of Norfolk , a co @-@ heir of Thomas of Brotherton , 1st Earl of Norfolk . = = Service under Edward III = = In the years to come , Montagu acted as Edward 's closest companion . In April 1331 , the two went on a secret expedition to France , disguised as merchants so they would not be recognised . In September of the same year , Montagu held a tournament at Cheapside , where he and the king were costumed as Tartars . From 1333 onwards , Montagu was deeply engaged in the Scottish Wars , and distinguished himself at the Siege of Berwick and the Battle of Halidon Hill . It was after this event that his lordship over the Isle of Man was recognised , a right he held from his grandfather . The lordship was at the moment of a purely theoretical nature , however , since the island was still under Scottish control . In February 1334 Montagu was sent on a commission to Edinburgh , to demand Edward Balliol 's homage to Edward . In the great summer campaign of 1335 , it was Montagu who provided the largest English contingent , with 180 men @-@ at @-@ arms and 136 archers . He was well rewarded for his contributions : after the Scots had been forced to cede the Lowlands , Montagu was granted the county of Peeblesshire . He was also allowed to buy the wardship of Roger Mortimer 's son Roger for 1000 marks , a deal that turned out to be very lucrative for Montagu . At this point , however , the fortunes were turning for the English in Scotland . Montagu campaigned in the north again in 1337 , but the siege of Dunbar met with failure . Following the abortive attempt in Scotland , Edward III turned his attention to the continent . = = The Hundred Years ' War = = Montagu was created Earl of Salisbury on 16 March 1337 . This was one of six comital promotions Edward III made that day , in preparation for what was to become the Hundred Years ' War . To allow Montagu to support his new status , the king granted him land and rent of a value of 1000 marks a year . The money was provided from the royal stannaries of Cornwall . A contemporary poem tells of a vow made by the earl on the eve of the wars – he would not open one of his eyes while fighting in France . The story is probably a satire ; the truth was that Montagu had already lost the use of one of his eyes in a tournament . In April 1337 , Montagu was appointed to a diplomatic commission to Valenciennes , to establish alliances with Flanders and the German princes . In July 1338 , he accompanied the king on another mission to the continent , again providing the greatest number of soldiers , with 123 men @-@ at @-@ arms and 50 archers . In September of that year he was made Marshal of England . After the death of Thomas of Brotherton , Earl of Norfolk , this office had come into the hands of Norfolk 's daughter Margaret . The king did not trust the office with her husband , so he decided instead to bestow it on his trusted companion , Montagu . Edward 's policy of building alliances put him in great debt , and when he left the Low Countries to return to England late in 1338 , Salisbury had to stay behind as surety to the king 's debtors , along with the king 's family and the Earl of Derby . The earl had earlier voiced concerns about the costly alliances , but he nevertheless remained loyal to the king 's strategy . While Edward was away , Salisbury was captured by the French at Lille in April 1340 , and imprisoned in Paris . Reportedly , King Philip VI of France wanted to execute Salisbury and Robert Ufford , Earl of Suffolk , who was captured with him . Philip was , however , dissuaded by John of Bohemia , who argued that the earls could come in handy in an exchange , should any French noblemen be captured . Though released on parole in September , it was not until May 1342 that he reached a final settlement with the French . Salisbury was freed in a prisoner exchange , but only on the condition that he never fight in France again . = = Final years = = Salisbury had long been frustrated by the failure of the government in England to provide sufficient funds for the war effort . On his return , however , he played little part in the conflict of 1341 between King Edward and Chancellor John Stratford . In May that year he was appointed to a committee to hear the king 's charges against Stratford , but little came from this . In 1342 – 43 he fought with Robert of Artois in the Breton War of Succession , and in 1343 helped negotiate the Truce of Malestroit . It was probably sometime after this he made good his claim on the Isle of Man , by conquering the island which was until then held by the Scots . His final international commission took place late in 1343 , when he accompanied Henry of Grosmont , Earl of Derby , on a diplomatic mission to Castile . Early in 1344 he was back in England , where he took part in a great tournament at Windsor . It was during this tournament , according to the chronicler Adam Murimuth , that he received wounds that would prove fatal . Salisbury died on 30 January 1344 . He was buried at Bisham Priory in Berkshire , adjoining his home , Bisham Manor . He had founded the priory himself in 1337 , on his elevation to the earldom . King Edward 's financial obligations were never paid in full during the earl 's lifetime , and at Salisbury ' death the king owed him £ 11 @,@ 720 . Of this , some £ 6374 were written off by his executors in 1346 . = = Family = = In or before 1327 Salisbury married Catherine , daughter of William de Grandison , 1st Baron Grandison . Two anecdotal stories revolve around Catherine Montagu ; in one she is identified as the " Countess of Salisbury " from whose dropped garter Edward III named the Order of the Garter . In the other , Edward III falls in love with the countess , and arranges to be alone with her so he can rape her . Neither story is supported by contemporary evidence , and the latter almost certainly is a product of French propaganda . William and Catherine had six children , most of whom made highly fortunate matches with other members of the nobility . The first Earl of Salisbury made enormous additions to the family fortune ; at the time of his father 's death , the lands had been valued at just over £ 300 . In 1344 , only the annual income of the lands has been estimated to more than £ 2 @,@ 300 , equivalent to about £ 1 @.@ 83 million in present @-@ day terms . Edward was also free with granting franchises to Salisbury , including the return of writs , which gave the earl authority in his lands normally held by the royally appointed sheriff . Salisbury 's oldest son William succeeded his father in July 1349 , while still a minor , as William Montagu , 2nd Earl of Salisbury . The younger William was one of the founding members of the Order of the Garter , but he never enjoyed the same favour with the king as his father had . The children of William and Catherine were as follows : = = In fiction = = Salisbury is a character in Les Rois maudits ( The Accursed Kings ) , a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon . He was portrayed by Serge Maillat in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series .
= African river martin = The African river martin ( Pseudochelidon eurystomina ) is a passerine bird , one of two members of the river martin subfamily of the swallow family , Hirundinidae . When discovered , it was not initially recognised as a swallow , but a later understanding of differences in structure , including its stout beak and robust legs and feet , led to its current placement in a separate subfamily shared only with the Asian white @-@ eyed river martin . The African river martin is a large swallow , mainly black with a blue @-@ green gloss to the head and a greener tint to the back and wings . The under @-@ wings are brownish , the underparts are purple @-@ black , and the flight feathers are black . This martin has red eyes , a broad orange @-@ red bill and a black , square tail . Young birds are similar in appearance to the adults , but have browner plumage . This species has a variety of unmusical calls , and displays both in flight and on the ground , although the purpose of the terrestrial display is unknown . The main breeding areas are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) along the Congo River and its tributary , the Ubangi , in habitats characterised by a mixture of tropical forest types including swampy or seasonally flooded woodland . The African river martin is migratory , wintering in coastal savanna in southern Gabon and the Republic of the Congo . Breeding also occurs in these coastal areas , but it is unknown whether the migrants are raising a second brood or if there is a separate resident population . This martin feeds in flocks throughout the year , catching a variety of insects in the air , especially flying ants . It does not use perches during the breeding season , although it will often land on the ground . The African river martin nests in burrows in river sand banks , often alongside rosy bee @-@ eaters , but its incubation and fledging times are not known . It also digs tunnels for night @-@ time shelter when in its wintering areas . It appears to be common within its restricted range , despite being caught in large numbers by the local population for food , and large flocks are sometimes seen . However , due to a lack of detailed information about its breeding range and population numbers , this species is classed as Data Deficient by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . = = Taxonomy = = When German zoologist Gustav Hartlaub first described the African river martin in 1861 , it was not initially thought to be a member of the swallow and martin family , and he placed it with the rollers . Later authors either placed it in its own monotypic family , or with the woodswallows . A 1938 study of this martin 's anatomy by Percy Lowe revealed that the species was closest to the swallows and martins , but sufficiently distinct from them to be placed in a separate subfamily , Pseudochelidoninae . The only other member of the subfamily is the white @-@ eyed river martin Pseudochelidon sirintarae , known only from one site in Thailand and possibly extinct . These two species possess a number of features which distinguish them from other swallows and martins , including their robust legs and feet , stout bills , large syrinxes ( vocal organs ) and different bronchial structure . Genetic studies confirmed that the two river martins form a distinct clade from the typical swallows in the Hirundininae subfamily . The two river martins are in some ways intermediate between typical swallows and other passerine birds , and the arrangement of their leg muscles is more like that of a typical passerine than of a swallow . The extent of their differences from other swallows and the wide geographical separation of these two martins suggest that they are relict populations of a group of species that diverged from the main swallow lineage early in its evolutionary history . Like other early hirundine lineages , these martins nest in self @-@ excavated burrows , rather than adopted nest holes or mud nests . Their physical characteristics and breeding behaviour suggest that they may be the most primitive of the swallows . The genus name Pseudochelidon ( Hartlaub , 1861 ) comes from the Ancient Greek language prefix ψευδο / pseudo , meaning " false " , and χελιδον / chelidôn , meaning " swallow " . The species name reflects the superficial similarity to the rollers of the genus Eurystomus . The African and Asian Pseudochelidon species differ markedly in the size of their bills and eyes , suggesting that they have different feeding ecologies , with the white @-@ eyed river martin probably able to take much larger prey . The African species has a softer , fleshier , and much less prominent gape ( fleshy interior of the bill ) than its Thai relative . The bill of the white @-@ eyed river martin also averages 22 @.@ 5 % wider than that of the African river martin . Following a suggestion by the Thai bird 's discoverer , Kitti Thonglongya , Richard Brooke proposed in 1972 that the white @-@ eyed river martin was sufficiently different from the African species to be placed in a separate genus Eurochelidon , leaving the African martin in a monotypic genus . This treatment was contested by other authorities , and most authors retain the two species in Pseudochelidon , BirdLife International being a notable exception . = = Description = = The adult African river martin is a large swallow , 14 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) long . It is mainly black , with a silky blue @-@ green gloss to the head , becoming distinctly green on the back and wing coverts . The underparts , other than the brownish under @-@ wings , are purple @-@ black , and the flight feathers are black . The black square tail is 4 @.@ 8 cm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) long , and the soft feather shafts project beyond the barbed section . This feature is most pronounced in the two central feathers , which in the related white @-@ eyed river martin are greatly elongated . The African river martin has brown legs with a 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) long tarsus , red eyes , pink eye @-@ rings , and a broad orange @-@ red bill . The wing length averages 14 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) . The sexes are similar in appearance . There are many bird species in which there is sexual dichromatism which is not apparent to the human eye , but spectroscopic analysis of this martin 's head feathers suggests that the colour differences between the sexes are small even to the birds ' perception . Juveniles are duller and have sooty brown heads . The moult to adult plumage takes place in the wintering areas and is largely complete by October . The African river martin has a strong , fast flight interspersed with glides . It is a vocal species with a variety of sounds . It has a jingling song given in the aerial breeding display , and a number of contact calls , kee @-@ r @-@ r , chee @-@ chee and similar short , unmusical sounds . Flocks call together , cheer @-@ cheer @-@ cheer , as they take to the air , and this martin is very vocal during migration , giving harsh gull @-@ like calls . = = Distribution and habitat = = The African river martin breeds along the Congo River and its tributary , the Ubangi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) , an area estimated at 47 @,@ 000 km2 ( 18 @,@ 150 mi2 ) . This part of Africa is poorly known , and this martin may also breed on other tributaries , such as the Kasai , or on other suitable rivers . It also breeds in southern Gabon and the Republic of the Congo . The DRC breeding population is migratory , wintering in coastal savanna in Gabon , but it is not known if the birds nesting at the coast are a separate population , or if the migrants are breeding again in the wintering area . Westwards migration from the DRC is from June to early September , with birds arriving at the coast from mid @-@ August to mid @-@ September . Return migration is mainly from December to March . Three or four birds were seen passing through the southern Central African Republic in 1994 . This martin 's breeding requirement is forested rivers with islands that have sandy banks for nest burrows , and its habitat in the DRC is tropical forest with over 200 cm ( 78 @.@ 5 in ) of rain a year . This area is a patchwork of dry , seasonally flooded and permanently wet woodland , and seasonally flooded savanna , all of which are subject to inundation by the Congo River and its tributaries . The swamp forests contain trees such as Symphonia globulifera , raffia palms and Mitragyna species , and the riverbanks are often lined with arrowroot . This specialised habitat is shared with two other restricted @-@ range birds , the Congo sunbird and the Congo martin . The main coastal breeding area in Gabon , around Gamba , has a similar mosaic of habitats , with mangroves , swamp forests , wet evergreen woodlands and seasonally wet savanna . There are also two large lagoons , and drier areas of grassland and forest . All the breeding areas form part of a belt of forest that stretches from southern Cameroon through Gabon to the northern parts of the Republic of Congo , and extends through most of the DRC up to its eastern mountains . Outside of the breeding season , this martin roosts in reed @-@ beds or riverine vegetation . = = Behaviour = = The African river martin has flight displays in which pairs or small groups chase each other while making jingling calls . It also displays on the ground , with the wings drooped and slightly open , and the head raised but held horizontally ; the function of these terrestrial displays is uncertain . This species nests in colonies in sandbanks along forested rivers from December to April when the river is low . The colonies , sometimes shared with rosy bee @-@ eaters in Gabon , may contain up to 800 birds , each pair excavating a 1 – 2 m ( 39 – 79 in ) long tunnel in the sandbar . Two to four unspotted white eggs are laid onto a few twigs and leaves in the pocket at the end of the tunnel . The eggs measure 21 @.@ 9 mm – 26 @.@ 0 mm × 16 @.@ 4 mm – 18 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 86 in – 1 @.@ 02 in × 0 @.@ 65 in – 0 @.@ 72 in ) . The incubation and fledging times are unknown , although it is believed that both parents care for the nestlings . In the breeding areas , this martin rarely uses perches other than the ground , and once it has landed , it may walk around or cleanse itself with the sand . It feeds in flocks often far from the colony . Wintering birds use elevated perches much more readily , landing on treetops , wires and roofs , and feed in flight over rivers and forests , often far from water . The flocks feed on insects including flies , small beetles and bugs , but mainly on winged ants . Wintering birds dig tunnels in the sand in which to roost overnight . = = Status = = The total population size of the African river martin is unknown . In the late 1980s , it appeared to be common , if local , and large numbers were seen on migration in Gabon . However , it is particularly poorly studied in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) , and it is not known if there is any relationship between the birds breeding in the DRC and those breeding in coastal areas of Gabon and Congo . Several hundred birds were seen at Conkouati @-@ Douli National Park in Congo in 1996 and a flock of 15 @,@ 000 birds was seen in Gabon in 1997 . Investigations in Gabon in September 2003 extended the known range of this martin . More than 300 birds were found with hundreds of rosy bee @-@ eaters in the Omboué area and the newly established Iguéla National Park , and a mixed flock with rosy bee @-@ eaters at Loango National Park in Gabon was estimated at 100 @,@ 000 birds in total . In January 2010 , 250 martins were seen at a new location in Bakoumba , and single birds were observed in hirundine flocks near Moanda , at Mounana , and at Lekoni . Despite sightings of large flocks and a population which may exceed 100 @,@ 000 , the species is classed by the IUCN as Data Deficient due to the lack of detailed information on its range and numbers . This species is protected under national laws in the DRC ( Loi portant réglémentation de la chasses , 1985 ) . and Gabon ( Loi d 'orientation en matière des eaux et forêts , 1982 and Loi relative à la protection et à l 'amélioration de l 'environnement , 1993 ) , and by regional legislation in Nigeria , which does not have national wildlife laws . The Nigerian laws are based directly on older colonial era laws which includes a number of species , such as this martin , which are not native to the country . The African river martin is not a protected species in the Republic of Congo . In the 1950s , this martin was caught and eaten in large quantities in the DRC by the local population , and this practice could be increasing . The African river martins and the bee @-@ eaters with which they share their colonies are dug out of the breeding burrows for food . Breeding colonies in river sandbars are liable to flooding , but thousands of birds were breeding on the grasslands east of Gamba as recently as 2005 .
= Don 't Bother = " Don 't Bother " is a song performed by Colombian singer @-@ songwriter Shakira , taken from her seventh studio album and second English @-@ language album , Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 . The song was released on October 4 , 2005 , by Epic Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written by Shakira , Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards and Scott Spock , and was produced by Shakira . " Don 't Bother " is a rock @-@ influenced song in which Shakira assures her former lover that she does not need his sympathy and can move on without him . Upon its release , " Don 't Bother " received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who praised Shakira 's vocals but felt that the lyrics of the song were strange . Commercially , the track fared well on record charts , entering the top ten in countries including Austria , Germany , Italy , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . In the United States , the song peaked at number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and at number 25 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart . " Don 't Bother " was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for digital downloads of 500 @,@ 000 units . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Jaume de Laiguana , and features Shakira tormenting her former lover by crushing his car in a wrecking yard . For additional promotion , Shakira performed the song on a number of award and reality shows . It was also included in the setlist of her Oral Fixation Tour . = = Background and composition = = " Don 't Bother " was written by Shakira and American pop music production trio The Matrix , which is composed of Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards , and Scott Spock . Shakira also produced the song . Similar to her seventh studio album Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 , ( 2005 ) , " Don 't Bother " musically shifts to a more rock styled composition as compared to Shakira 's previous releases . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is published in the key of E minor ( Relative key G major is in the chorus ) and has a moderate rock tempo of 130 beats per minute . Shakira 's vocal range on the song spans from the key of E3 to E5 . Through the lyrics of the song , Shakira urges her former lover not to " bother " feeling sorry for her after he chose another woman over her . She promises him that he " won ’ t ever see me [ Shakira ] cry " and that she will move on in her life without him . The song contains a spoken bridge in which Shakira lists a number of things she could do to make him stay with her , such as " move ( ing ) to a communist country " , but admits that they would not have an effect on him . Pam Avoledo from Blogcritics found the theme of the song similar to the one in Shakira 's 2002 single " Objection ( Tango ) " . Shakira described the song as a feminist anthem , saying : " I think ' Don 't Bother ' has a lot of pain in it as a song , but also a lot of humour and sarcasm . Yes , it is a way of exorcising all of these feelings , a form of catharsis , getting rid of all of those emotions that torture us women at some point in our lives " The song was issued by Epic Records as the lead single from Oral Fixation , Vol 2 and was premiered on October 9 , 2005 , in the United States by AOL Music 's First Listen initiative . The single saw its worldwide physical release on October 4 , 2005 . The single was made available for digital download on the iTunes Store on October 18 , 2005 . = = Critical reception = = The song received generally mixed reviews from music critics . Matt Cibula from PopMatters praised its theme and Shakira 's " furious and sexual and self @-@ mocking " vocal delivery , but found the song " strange " and " internally inconsistent " . Alexis Petridis from the The Guardian complimented the unpredictable nature of the song , although he also noted that the lyrics at times suggested a " faltering grasp of English " . Edward Oculicz from Stylus Magazine gave it a positive review , calling the song 's chorus " bruised " and " anthemic " and the lyrics " impossible for native speakers to emulate " . Pam Avoledo from Blogcritics was also positive towards the song , noting improvement in Shakira 's vocal delivery and calling them " brassy yet sensitive " . Spencer D. from IGN Music felt the highlight to the song was Shakira 's spoken bridge , saying that it lets the " light tinges of her accent roll of her tongue and present her as herself rather than the obvious result of previous pop matrons " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic picked the song as a highlight from the album . = = Chart performance = = In Austria , the song entered the singles chart at number 17 and peaked at number six , spending a total of 24 weeks on the chart . In Finland , the song entered and peaked at number four on the chart , becoming Shakira 's highest peaking single in the region since " Whenever , Wherever " , ( 2001 ) . Its stay in the chart , however , was very short and lasted for only a week . " Don 't Bother " reached number five on the singles chart in Hungary , and also peaked at number six on the airplay chart . In Italy , the song performed moderately well , entering the chart at number 12 and peaking at number eight ; it spent a total of 11 weeks on the chart . In Norway , the song narrowly missed the top five by peaking at number six . In Switzerland , the song entered the chart at number 10 and peaked at number eight ; it stayed on the chart for a long period of 31 weeks . In the United Kingdom , the song debuted and peaked at number nine on the singles chart , spending a total of five weeks on the chart . It was Shakira 's first single since " Objection ( Tango ) " ( 2002 ) , to chart in the country . In the United States , " Don 't Bother " narrowly missed charting inside the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart by peaking at number 42 . It spent a total of nine weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , it peaked at number 25 and spent a total of 10 weeks on the chart . In the US , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 units . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Don 't Bother " was directed by Jaume de Laiguana , who had previously collaborated with Shakira on the video for " No " , and was released on November 15 , 2005 . The video begins with a man parking his sports car in front of a house and proceeding to enter it . Shakira is seen lying on a bed in the house and the man comes up and lies beside her , indicating that they are a couple . As soon as the man falls asleep , Shakira wakes up and lies atop the man and begins to caress him and bite and whisper in his ear a few times , although he does not wake up . Shakira takes the keys of the man 's car and drives it to a wrecking yard . The video then interludes to scenes of Shakira sexually romancing the man in a shower . The scene then changes back to the wrecking yard , where Shakira begins playing a pink guitar . After the spoken bridge of the song , Shakira places her partner 's car in a car crusher , which soon commences demolishing it . The man reacts in a similar manner to the car being crushed and begins experiencing continuous body jerks and spasms , indicating a connection between his car and his body . After the car is fully destroyed , Shakira leaves the man unconscious on the bed , exits the house , and begins walking on the street triumphantly . Shakira explained the usage of the car symbolism in the video , saying that " A man 's car is like an extension of their ego and their manhood . I thought this would be a video that would make women say , ' Yeah , yeah ! ' and it would make men feel " . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine positively reacted to the video and found it " rich with symbolism " . Shakira revealed that a nun from a Catholic high school she had attended was angered by the video by saying that " One of the nuns is looking for me after seeing the " Don 't Bother " video " . = = Live performances = = Shakira performed " Don 't Bother " live for the first time at the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony held on November 3 , 2005 , where she also won the award for " Best Female Artist " . On December 10 , 2005 , she performed the song along with " La Tortura " on Saturday Night Live . While headlining at the 2007 Live Earth concert held in Hamburg on July 7 , 2007 , Germany , Shakira performed " Don 't Bother " along with three other songs . She performed the song at Rock in Rio held at Madrid , Spain , on July 4 , 2008 . " Don 't Bother " was included in the concert setlist of her Oral Fixation Tour , which was launched to promote the albums Fijación Oral , Vol . 1 and Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 . = = Track listings = = CD single " Don 't Bother " – 4 : 17 " No " ft . Gustavo Cerati ( Album Version ) – 4 : 45 " Don 't Bother " ( Jrsnchz Main Mix ) – 5 : 34 " No " ft . Gustavo Cerati ( Music video ) Digital download " Don 't Bother " – 4 : 17 = = Charts and certifications = =
= Chat Moss = Chat Moss is a large area of peat bog that makes up 30 per cent of the City of Salford , in Greater Manchester , England . North of the Manchester Ship Canal and River Mersey , five miles ( 8 km ) to the west of Manchester , it occupies an area of about 10 @.@ 6 square miles ( 27 @.@ 5 km2 ) . As it might be recognised today , Chat Moss is thought to be about 7 @,@ 000 years old , but peat development seems to have begun there with the ending of the last ice age , about 10 @,@ 000 years ago . The depth of peat ranges from 24 to 30 feet ( 7 to 9 m ) . A great deal of reclamation work has been carried out , particularly during the 19th century , but a large @-@ scale network of drainage channels is still required to keep the land from reverting to bog . In 1958 workers extracting peat discovered the severed head of what is believed to be a Romano @-@ British Celt , possibly a sacrificial victim , in the eastern part of the bog near Worsley . Much of Chat Moss is now prime agricultural land , although farming in the area is in decline . A 228 @-@ acre ( 92 ha ) area of Chat Moss , notified as Astley and Bedford Mosses , was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1989 . Along with nearby Risley Moss and Holcroft Moss , Astley and Bedford Mosses has also been designated as a European Union Special Area of Conservation , known as Manchester Mosses . Chat Moss threatened the completion of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , until George Stephenson , with advice from East Anglian marshland specialist Robert Stannard , succeeded in constructing a railway line through it in 1829 ; his solution was to " float " the line on a bed of bound heather and branches topped with tar and covered with rubble stone . The M62 motorway , completed in 1976 , also crosses the bog , to the north of Irlam . = = History = = Chat Moss may be named after St Chad , a 7th @-@ century bishop of Mercia , but as it was once part of a great tree @-@ edged lake , as evidenced by the numerous wood remains in the lower levels of the peat , it is perhaps more likely that the name stems from the Celtic word ced , meaning wood . Chat Moss could also derive from Ceatta , an Old English personal name and mos , a swamp or alternatively the first element could be the Old English ceat meaning a piece of wet ground . It was recorded as Catemosse in 1277 and Chatmos in 1322 . Moss is the local name for a peat bog . Daniel Defoe visited the area in 1724 , on his way from Warrington to Manchester : From hence ( Warrington ) , on the road to Manchester , we pass 'd the great bog or waste call 'd Chatmos , the first of that kind that we see in England ... The surface , at a distance , looks black and dirty , and is indeed frightful to think of , for it will bear neither horse or man , unless in an exceeding dry season , and then not so as to be passable , or that any one should travel over them ... What nature meant by such a useless production , ' tis hard to imagine ; but the land is entirely waste , excep ... for the poor cottagers fuel , and the quantity used for that is very small . Peat bogs sometimes burst their boundaries , particularly after being subjected to heavy rainfall , and this seems to have happened with Chat Moss in the 16th century . John Leland , writing during the reign of King Henry VIII , described one such event : Chat Moss brast up within a mile of Mosley Haul , and destroied much grounde with mosse thereabout , and destroyed much fresh @-@ water fishche thereabout , first corrupting with stinkinge water Glasebrooke , and so Glasebrooke carried stinkinge water and mosse into Mersey water , and Mersey corrupted carried the roulling mosse , part to the shores of Wales , part to the isle of Man , and some unto Ireland . Chat Moss presented a significant challenge to the engineers constructing the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1826 because of the difficulty in providing a solid base for the track , in particular at a location known as Blackpool Hole . George Stephenson was the engineer in charge of the project , and his initial idea was to dump enough spoil in the bog so that it would reach the bottom . This approach turned out to be impractical however , as the liquidity of the bog allowed the spoil to flow away from where the track was to be laid . The eventual solution , to build the line on a " floating " wood and stone foundation , was hailed as a " great triumph of engineering " . The first train ran through Chat Moss in 1830 , and the line is still in use today . = = = Reclamation = = = The first attempt at reclaiming Chat Moss took place at the start of the 19th century . In 1793 William Roscoe began work on reclaiming the smaller Trafford Moss , now part of Trafford Park . By 1798 that work was sufficiently advanced for Roscoe to enter into a lease of part of Chat Moss from the de Trafford family , but no reclamation work was carried out until 1805 . Reclamation methods varied somewhat during the 19th century , but three basic operations featured ; constructing drains at appropriate intervals ; building a system of roads to allow access to the land so that materials such as clay , lime or marl could be dumped on it , to give it body ; and fertilising the land by adding manure , often in the form of the euphemistically named night soil , collected from neighbouring towns . The reclamation of Chat Moss and Trafford Moss was innovative in that instead of constructing roads to give access for the material to be dumped onto the bog , a movable light railway was developed . Narrow gauge track – which allowed the weight of the wagons to be spread evenly across an area of the bog – was temporarily laid down and then picked up and relaid elsewhere as needed . Roscoe was declared bankrupt in 1821 , but the reclamation work continued under the stewardship of others who took over his leasehold interest , amongst them William Baines , the anti @-@ Corn Law MP and owner of the Leeds Mercury newspaper . Between 1831 and 1851 , the population of nearby Manchester increased by more than 150 per cent , putting considerable pressure on refuse disposal . The problem was exacerbated by a gradual switch from the 1870s onwards from the older cesspit methods of sewage disposal to pail closets , which required regular emptying . By the 1880s , Manchester was producing more than 200 @,@ 000 tons ( 203 @,@ 209 t ) of refuse annually , about 75 per cent of that being night soil . In 1895 , Manchester Corporation purchased 2 @,@ 502 acres ( 1 @,@ 013 ha ) of Chat Moss known as Chat Moss Estate from Sir Humphrey de Trafford , with a view to using the moss as a refuse disposal site . The final price paid by the corporation was £ 137 @,@ 531 7s 1d ( £ 14 @.@ 3 million as of 2016 ) . Refuse was carried on barges down the Manchester Ship Canal as far as Boysnope Wharf , where it was loaded onto a light railway system to be taken into the moss for dumping . Farmers on Chat Moss were legally required by their tenancy agreements to accept a specified amount of refuse on their land , and were even obliged to pay for it . Farmers could themselves undertake reclamation work , with the land reclaimed being incorporated into their tenancies . An agreement dated 1905 , between Manchester Corporation and Plant Cottage Farm , shows that the corporation agreed to supply 300 tons ( 305 t ) of refuse per acre free of charge for the first year , with the tenant being obliged to accept 12 tons ( 12 t ) of refuse per acre each year thereafter . The dumping of night soil on Chat Moss ended in 1923 , but general refuse continued to be dumped on a diminishing scale until it finally ended in 1966 . Once drained , stabilised and fertilised , Chat Moss became prime agricultural land , supplying Manchester with salad and other vegetables . The drainage channels , still required today , give the area its distinctive flat landscape broken up by ditches instead of hedges or walls . Even after all of the reclamation work that has taken place , parts of the area remain remote and bleak . A scheme was devised during the Second World War to protect major cities from enemy bombing by lighting decoy fires on nearby open land . Manchester was protected by four of these Starfish sites as they were known , two of them on Chat Moss . RAF Balloon Command was responsible for the administration and manning of the sites , which were fully operational by 23 January 1941 . Each consisted of an air raid shelter for the crew along with various devices to simulate street lighting and the explosions of incendiary bombs . The effectiveness of the decoy sites is uncertain , and they were closed in 1943 . = = = Worsley Man = = = In August 1958 , workmen digging peat in an area of Chat Moss near Worsley discovered a severed head and called the police . It was initially believed that the head had been in the bog for less than a year , and so a search was conducted for more remains , but nothing was found . After X @-@ rays and chemical tests , it was determined that the head had been in the bog for at least 100 years . An inquest was held into the man 's death , at which the coroner returned an open verdict , and the head was put in the care of the Manchester Medical School . The discovery of the nearby Lindow Man in 1984 generated renewed interest in bog bodies , and in 1987 what had become known as Worsley Man was re @-@ examined . The inspection revealed a wound behind the right ear , fractures to the top of the skull , and a cut through the vertebra where he had been decapitated . The remains of a garotte were also found around his neck , all of which was suggestive of a ritual killing rather than an accidental death , perhaps related to the Celtic cult of the severed head . The condition of the tooth pulp suggested that Worsley Man was 20 – 30 years old at the time of his death , which radiocarbon dating of a fragment of preserved soft tissue indicated was during the late Iron Age , some time around 120 AD , identifying him as a Romano @-@ British Celt . Worsley Man is now in the care of the Manchester Museum . = = Geography and ecology = = At 53 ° 27 ′ 46 ″ N 2 ° 25 ′ 54 ″ W ( 53 @.@ 4629 , -2.4316 ) , Chat Moss lies at the southern edge of the Lancashire Plain , an area of Bunter sandstones overlaid with marls laid down during the Late Triassic period . Those rocks are themselves overlaid by a layer of boulder clay deposited during the last ice age , about 10 @,@ 000 years ago . The combination of the flat topography and the underlying clay resulted in extensive peat bogs developing along the Mersey Valley , and overflowing beyond the valley . The bogs in the area between the River Glaze in the west , and Worsley and Eccles in the east , to the north of what was the River Irwell – now the Manchester Ship Canal – are known collectively as Chat Moss . Chat Moss is a lowland raised bog . In areas where drainage is poor , water @-@ logging can slow down plant decomposition , producing peat , which over the years can raise the level of the bog above that of the surrounding land . The moss occupies an area of about 10 @.@ 6 square miles ( 27 @.@ 5 km2 ) , and is about 5 miles ( 8 km ) long , about 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) across at its widest point , lying 75 feet ( 23 m ) above sea level . Chat Moss lies mainly in Salford , but extends into Wigan . By the 1990s , an estimated 72 per cent of the bog had been reclaimed , most of it for agriculture . About 230 acres ( 93 ha ) of degraded bog remain , with 766 acres ( 310 ha ) of undamaged peat deposits in four former peat extraction sites . The peat varies in depth between 24 feet ( 7 m ) and 30 feet ( 9 m ) . The main bog mosses found in the peat of Chat Moss are Sphagnum cuspidatum , S. imbricatum , and S. acutifolia . The peat up to about 7 feet ( 2 m ) from the surface is mainly humidified S. acutifolia , with fresher S. imbricatum peat nearer the surface . A 228 @-@ acre ( 92 ha ) area of Chat Moss , to the north of the Liverpool – Manchester railway line , notified as Astley & Bedford Mosses , was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1989 . Astley & Bedford Mosses , along with Risley Moss and Holcroft Moss , is also a European Union designated Special Area of Conservation , known as Manchester Mosses . The major habitats in the moss are bog , heathland , woodland and acidic grassland , subject to varying degrees of wetness depending on the local drainage . The remaining areas of bog are dominated by common cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium and hare 's @-@ tail cottongrass E. vaginatum . Bog mosses are more scarce , but Sphagnum cuspidatum , S. recurvum , S. tenellum , S. fimbriatum and S. subnitens occur in patches . As the peat has become drier , areas have been taken over by purple moor grass Molinia caerulea and by downy birch Betula pubescens . The moss also supports several bird species , and is particularly important for wintering raptors such as the hen harrier Circus cyaneus cyaneus , the short @-@ eared owl Asio flammeus and the merlin Falco columbarius , along with breeding species such as the curlew Numenius arquata and the long @-@ eared owl Asio otus . There is a large heronry in Botany Bay Wood , the largest area of woodland in Greater Manchester . The domestic and industrial waste dumped on Chat Moss resulted in very high levels of heavy metals such as lead and copper in the soil , raising concerns that crops grown there may pose a health risk . The high pH of the peaty soil limits the mobility of the metals however , and prevents them being taken up by crops . = = Economy = = Chat Moss makes up the largest area of prime farmland in Greater Manchester , but farming on the moss is in decline . In 2003 , it was reported that of the 54 farms on the moss , occupying 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 214 ha ) , almost half the area of the bog , only three were growing vegetables . Others had turned to arable farming , turf growing or horse livery instead of salad and vegetable crops . Chat Moss also contains the largest block of semi @-@ natural woodland in Greater Manchester . Most of the area is now Green Belt , placing restrictions on the kinds of developments that can take place . There are areas of commercial peat extraction , but Salford City Council is seeking to return at least some back to wet mossland . Planning permission for peat extraction expired at the end of 2010 . At a meeting held on 30 June 2011 Salford Council decided not to renew the permission , and on 1 August obtained a court order prohibiting any further extraction pending an appeal by the companies involved . A public inquiry concluded in 2012 supported the council 's decision , and commercial peat extraction on Chat Moss ceased . = = Cultural references = = In 1994 the British composer Peter Maxwell Davies , who was born in Salford , wrote a seven @-@ minute tone poem for school orchestra , titled Chat Moss . Chat Moss was also the subject of a ceiling painting produced as the result of a research project jointly funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board and Arts Council England . The project was a collaboration between artist Derek Hampson and geographer Gary Priestnall . Hampson chose Chat Moss as their subject because of its 19th @-@ century historical significance as the site of the world 's first passenger railway and its " anti @-@ picturesque appearance " , a " nondescript landscape of stumpy trees and expanses of grass " . The 40 @-@ square @-@ metre ( 430 sq ft ) artwork , painted on more than 100 ceiling tiles , was exhibited in November 2004 at the REDUX Gallery in London .
= 2nd Army Group ( Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) = The 2nd Army Group was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation commanded by Armijski đeneral Milutin Nedić during the German @-@ led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II . It consisted of the 1st and 2nd Armies , comprising four infantry divisions , one horsed cavalry division , one horsed cavalry regiment , and two brigade @-@ strength infantry detachments . It was responsible for the defence of the border with Hungary from Slatina to the Tisza river . The 2nd Army Group was not directly attacked during the first few days of the invasion , but events to the east and west of its deployment area resulted in successive orders to withdraw to the lines of the Drava and Danube then the Sava . On 10 April , the crumbling defences of the 4th Army on the left flank of the 1st Army Group had been penetrated by the German 8th Panzer Division , which then turned east and drove into the left flank of the 1st Army Group on the following day . By the end of that day , the Germans had effectively routed the 2nd Army Group . Remnants continued to fight along the line of the Sava until early on 14 April , but mass surrenders began that day with tens of thousands of Yugoslav soldiers being taken into captivity by the Germans during their drive on Sarajevo in the centre of the country . The Yugoslav High Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12 : 00 on 18 April . = = Composition = = The 2nd Army Group was commanded by Armijski đeneral Milutin Nedić , and consisted of the 1st Army , commanded by Armijski đeneral Milan Rađenković , and the 2nd Army , commanded by Armijski đeneral Dragoslav Miljković . The 1st Army consisted of one infantry division , one horsed cavalry division , and two brigade @-@ strength infantry detachments , and was supported by artillery , anti @-@ aircraft artillery , and air reconnaissance elements of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force . The 2nd Army consisted of three infantry divisions and one horsed cavalry regiment , supported by artillery , anti @-@ aircraft artillery and border guards , with air reconnaissance support . The 2nd Army Group did not control any additional support units , and had several units with a significant proportion of Croat soldiers . = = Deployment = = The deployment plan for 2nd Army Group saw the 1st Army in the Bačka region between the Danube and the Tisza , with formations centred around the towns of Sombor , Bačka Topola and Senta , with the 3rd Cavalry Division held in depth , south of the Danube in the Fruška Gora region . The 2nd Army deployment plan saw it in the Baranya and Slavonia regions between Slatina and the Danube , with its formations positioned south of the Drava from just east of Slatina to Valpovo , and around the towns of Osijek and Vinkovci . Of the formations of the 2nd Army Group , two infantry divisions of the 2nd Army were partly mobilised , while the remaining two infantry divisions , the 3rd Cavalry Division , and the two brigade @-@ strength infantry detachments had only commenced mobilisation . To the right of the 1st Army Group was the 6th Army , an independent formation that was responsible for the defence of the Yugoslav Banat region east of the Tisza . The boundary with the 6th Army ran just to the east of the Tisza to the confluence with the Danube , then south across the Sava through Obrenovac . On the left flank of the 2nd Army Group was the 1st Army Group , which was responsible for the defence of northwestern Yugoslavia , along the Yugoslav – Hungarian west of Slatina , Yugoslav – Reich and Yugoslav – Italian borders . The army group boundary ran from just east of Slatina through Požega towards Banja Luka . = = Operations = = The 2nd Army Group faced the Hungarian 3rd Army across the border , and during the first few days after the commencement of the invasion , there were exchanges of fire with Hungarian border guards , but the Yugoslavs faced no direct attacks along the 2nd Army Group sector . Neither the 1st Army Group nor the Hungarians were ready for full @-@ scale fighting , as they were still mobilising and deploying their forces . On 9 April , due to German successes elsewhere in Yugoslavia , the 6th Army on the right flank of the 2nd Army Group was ordered to withdraw south of the Danube and deploy on a line facing east to defend against an attack from the direction of Sofia , Bulgaria . 2nd Army Group also received orders to withdraw south of the line of the Drava and Danube . 1st Army began to withdraw , and on the same day elements were approaching the Danube crossing . The headquarters of the 2nd Army issued orders to evacuate Baranja and reinforce the left flank . The following day , the situation deteriorated significantly when the German XLI Motorised Corps crossed the Yugoslav – Romanian border into the Yugoslav Banat and struck the 6th Army , halting its withdrawal and disrupting its ability to organise a coherent defence behind the Danube . Also on 10 April , the main thrust of the XLVI Motorised Corps of the 2nd Army , consisting of the 8th Panzer Division leading the 16th Motorised Infantry Division , crossed the Drava at Barcs in the 4th Army sector . The 8th Panzer Division turned southeast between the Drava and Sava rivers , and meeting almost no resistance and with strong air support , reached the left flank of the 2nd Army at Slatina by evening , despite poor roads and bad weather . Later that day , as the situation was becoming increasingly desperate throughout the country , Dušan Simović , who was both the Prime Minister and Yugoslav Chief of the General Staff , broadcast the following message : All troops must engage the enemy wherever encountered and with every means at their disposal . Don 't wait for direct orders from above , but act on your own and be guided by your judgement , initiative , and conscience . The bulk of the 1st Army were able to cross the Danube and began to prepare defences , and the 2nd Army was able to evacuate Baranja and organise a defence of the left flank of the 2nd Army Group , now threatened by the 8th Panzer Division , but Croat reservists began to desert their units , significantly reducing the combat power of the 2nd Army . By the evening of 10 April , the 2nd Army Group was ordered to withdraw from these positions and form a defensive line behind the Sava from Debrc to the confluence with the Vrbas river , for which one or two days would be needed . On the night of 10 / 11 April , the whole 2nd Army Group continued its withdrawal , but units of the 2nd Army on the left flank of the 1st Army that included significant numbers of Croats began to dissolve due to the fifth column activities of the fascist Ustaše and their sympathisers . At dawn on 11 April , Hungarian forces , consisting with the Mobile , IV and V Corps of Altábornagy ( Lieutenant General ) Elemér Gorondy @-@ Novák 's 3rd Army , crossed the Yugoslav border north of Osijek and near Subotica , overcame Yugoslav border guards and advanced on Subotica and Palić . The XLVI Motorised Corps continued to push east south of the Drava , with the 8th Panzer Division capturing Našice , Osijek on the Drava , and Vukovar on the Danube , followed by the 16th Motorised Infantry Division which advanced east of Našice , despite bridge demolitions and poor roads . The 8th Panzer Division had effectively routed the 2nd Army Group by 11 April . On the same day , Messerschmitt Bf 110s of I Group of the 26th Heavy Fighter Wing ( German : Zerstörergeschwader 26 , ZG 26 ) destroyed several 1st Air Reconnaissance Group Breguet 19s at Ruma . The rest were flown to Bijeljina , but all of the air reconnaissance assets of the 2nd Army Group were destroyed the following day when I / ZG 26 swept over the airfield in one of the most effective attacks of the campaign . On the night of 11 / 12 April , the 8th Panzer Division captured Sremska Mitrovica on the Sava at 02 : 30 , destroyed a bridge over the Danube at Bogojevo , and advanced on Lazarevac about 20 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) south of Belgrade . These advances delayed the withdrawal of the 2nd Army Group south of the Sava . By 12 April , the withdrawal of the 2nd Army Group was being threatened from the left flank , and by this time , according to the Polish historian Andrzej Krzak , 2nd Army had " no combat importance at all " . On the right flank , 6th Army attempted to regroup while being pressed by the 11th Panzer Division as it drove towards Belgrade . West of Belgrade , remnants of the 2nd Army Group tried to establish a line along the Sava , but XLVI Motorised Corps had already captured the bridges . When elements of the 8th Panzer Division captured Zemun without a fight , they captured 1st Army 's rear area units . On 12 April , the 1st Army 's 3rd Cavalry Division counter @-@ attacked at Šabac and pushed the Germans back across the Sava . The Hungarians pursued the 1st Army south , and occupied the area between the Danube and the Tisza meeting virtually no resistance . Serb Chetnik irregulars fought isolated engagements , and the Hungarian General Staff considered irregular resistance forces to be their only significant opposition . The Hungarian 1st Parachute Battalion captured canal bridges at Vrbas and Srbobran . This , the first airborne operation in Hungarian history , was not without incident . The battalion 's aircraft consisted of five Italian @-@ made Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.75 transport aircraft formerly belonging to the civilian airline MALERT , but pressed into service with the Royal Hungarian Air Force ( Hungarian : Magyar Királyi Honvéd Légierő , MKHL ) at the start of the European war . Shortly after takeoff from the airport at Veszprém @-@ Jutas on the afternoon of 12 April , the command plane , code E @-@ 101 , crashed with the loss of 20 or 23 lives , including 19 paratroopers . This was the heaviest single loss suffered by the Hungarians during the Yugoslav campaign . Meanwhile , Sombor was captured against determined Chetnik resistance , and Subotica was also captured . On the evening of 12 April , elements of the SS Motorised Infantry Division Reich , under command of XLI Motorised Corps , crossed the Danube in pneumatic boats and captured Belgrade without resistance . About the same time , most of the elements of XLVI Motorised Corps that were approaching Belgrade from the west were redirected away from the capital , but part of the 8th Panzer Division continued their thrust to capture the Sava bridges to the west of Belgrade , and entered the city during the night . The rest of the 8th Panzer Division turned southeast and drove towards Valjevo to link up with the left flank of the First Panzer Group southwest of Belgrade . The 16th Motorised Infantry Division was redirected south across the Sava , and advanced toward Zvornik . = = Fate = = On 13 April , the Hungarians occupied Baranja without resistance , and pushed south through Bačka to reach the line of Novi Sad and the Great Bačka Canal . Early on 14 April , the remnants of 2nd Army Group continued to fight against the 8th Panzer Division and 16th Motorised Infantry Division along the Sava . On 14 and 15 April , tens of thousands of Yugoslav soldiers were taken prisoner by the Germans during their drive on Sarajevo in the centre of the country , including 30 @,@ 000 around Zvornik and 6 @,@ 000 around Doboj . On 15 April , the 8th and 14th Panzer Divisions entered Sarajevo . After a delay in locating appropriate signatories for the surrender document , the Yugoslav High Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12 : 00 on 18 April . = = = Books = = = = = = Journals and papers = = = = = = Web = = =
= Italian ironclad Ruggiero di Lauria = Ruggiero di Lauria was an ironclad battleship built in the 1880s for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) . She was the lead ship of the Ruggiero di Lauria class , which included two other ships , Francesco Morosini and Andrea Doria . Ruggiero di Lauria , named for the medieval Sicilian admiral Ruggiero di Lauria , was armed with a main battery of four 17 @-@ inch ( 432 mm ) guns , was protected with 17 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 451 mm ) thick belt armor , and was capable of a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . The ship 's construction period was very lengthy , beginning in August 1881 and completing in February 1888 . She was quickly rendered obsolescent by the new pre @-@ dreadnought battleships being laid down and , as a result , her career was limited . She spent her career alternating between the Active and Reserve Squadrons , where she took part in training exercises each year with the rest of the fleet . The ship was stricken from the naval register in 1909 and converted into a floating oil tank . She was used in this capacity until 1943 , when she was sunk by bombs during World War II . The wreck was eventually raised and scrapped in 1945 . = = Design = = Ruggiero di Lauria was 105 @.@ 9 meters ( 347 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 19 @.@ 84 m ( 65 @.@ 1 ft ) and an average draft of 8 @.@ 29 m ( 27 @.@ 2 ft ) . She displaced 9 @,@ 886 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 730 long tons ; 10 @,@ 897 short tons ) normally and up to 10 @,@ 997 t ( 10 @,@ 823 long tons ; 12 @,@ 122 short tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight coal @-@ fired , cylindrical fire @-@ tube boilers . Her engines produced a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) at 10 @,@ 591 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 898 kW ) . She could steam for 2 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 200 km ; 3 @,@ 200 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 507 – 509 officers and men . Ruggiero di Lauria was armed with a main battery of four 17 in ( 432 mm ) / 27 guns , mounted in two pairs en echelon in a central barbette . She carried a secondary battery of two 6 in ( 152 mm ) / 32 guns , one at the bow and the other at the stern , and four 4 @.@ 7 in ( 119 mm ) / 32 guns . As was customary for capital ships of the period , she carried five 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . She was protected by belt armor that was 17 @.@ 75 in ( 451 mm ) thick , an armored deck that was 3 in ( 76 mm ) thick , and her conning tower was armored with 9 @.@ 8 in ( 249 mm ) of steel plate . The barbette had 14 @.@ 2 in ( 361 mm ) of steel armor . = = Service history = = Ruggiero di Lauria was laid down at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia shipyard on 3 August 1881 and launched on 9 August 1884 . She was not completed for another three and a half years , her construction finally being finished on 1 February 1888 . Because of the rapid pace of naval technological development in the late 19th century , her lengthy construction period meant that she was an obsolete design by the time she entered service . The year after she entered service , the British began building the Royal Sovereign class , the first pre @-@ dreadnought battleships , which marked a significant step forward in capital ship design . In addition , technological progress , particularly in armor production techniques — first Harvey armor and then Krupp armor — rapidly rendered older vessels like Ruggiero di Lauria obsolete . The ship served with the 1st Division of the Active Squadron during the 1893 fleet maneuvers , along with the ironclad Lepanto , which served as the divisional flagship , the torpedo cruisers Euridice and Monzambano , and four torpedo boats . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet . In 1895 , Ruggiero di Lauria , the ironclad Sardegna , and the torpedo cruiser Partenope were assigned to the 2nd Division of the Italian fleet in the Reserve Squadron . At the time , the ships of the Reserve Squadron were based in La Spezia . Ruggiero di Lauria joined the ironclads Re Umberto , Sardegna , and Andrea Doria and the cruisers Stromboli , Etruria , and Partenope for a visit to Spithead in the United Kingdom in July 1895 . Later that year , the squadron stopped in Germany for the celebration held to mark the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal . For the periodic fleet maneuvers of 1897 , Ruggiero di Lauria was assigned to the First Division of the Reserve Squadron , which also included the ironclads Caio Duilio and Lepanto and the protected cruiser Lombardia . The following year , the Reserve Squadron consisted of Ruggiero di Lauria , Francesco Morosini , Lepanto , and five cruisers . In 1899 , Ruggiero di Lauria , Andrea Doria , Sicilia , and Sardegna took part in a naval review in Cagliari for the Italian King Umberto I , which included a French and British squadron as well . That year , Ruggiero di Lauria and her two sisters served in the Active Squadron , which was kept in service for eight months of the year , with the remainder spent with reduced crews . The Squadron also included the ironclads Re Umberto , Sicilia , and Lepanto . In 1900 , Ruggiero di Lauria and her sisters were significantly modified and received a large number of small guns for defense against torpedo boats . These included a pair of 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) guns , ten 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) 40 @-@ caliber guns , twelve 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns , five 37 mm revolver cannon , and two machine guns . In 1905 , Ruggiero di Lauria and her two sisters were joined in the Reserve Squadron by the three Re Umberto @-@ class ironclads and Enrico Dandolo , three cruisers , and sixteen torpedo boats . This squadron only entered active service for two months of the year for training maneuvers , and the rest of the year was spent with reduced crews . During the annual training maneuvers in October 1906 , a severe storm swept a man overboard , drowning him . During a gunnery competition held during the maneuvers , Ruggiero di Lauria 's gunners came in last place . In 1908 , the Italian Navy decided to discard Ruggiero di Lauria and her sister Francesco Morosini . The former was stricken from the naval register on 11 November 1909 . The ship was then converted into a floating oil depot . She was renamed GM45 and stationed at La Spezia until 1943 , when she was sunk in shallow water by an air raid during World War II . Her wreck was scrapped after the end of the war in 1945 .
= Jacob Josefson = Jacob Peter Josefson ( born 2 March 1991 ) is a Swedish professional ice hockey centre , currently with the New Jersey Devils in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . After Josefson began playing hockey at the age of five , he was acquired by Djurgården 's youth organization at the age of ten , where he also began playing junior hockey in 2005 . Josefson made his Elitserien debut on 28 February 2008 , against Timrå IK , and became a regular member of Djurgården 's senior team . His achievements in the Swedish Elitserien drew attention from NHL and he was selected in the first round of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft by the New Jersey Devils , 20th overall . Josefson played with Djurgården for an additional season , before signing on for the Devils in May 2010 . Josefson has represented Sweden at four International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) sanctioned junior events , winning the silver medal at the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships and the bronze medal at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . He also participated in the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships , but only played three of Sweden 's six games , and the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships . = = Early life = = Josefson was born on 2 March 1991 , in Stockholm , Sweden , to Annika and Peter Josefson . He is the youngest of three brothers . At the age of two , Josefson began skating and joined IK Göta at the age of five . His older brothers had played for the same club . He played with Hammarby IF for a year before he was acquired by Djurgårdens IF at the age of ten , playing for the 1991 team . He also played football until the age of 13 , before deciding to focus entirely on hockey . Josefson attended high school at Vittra Gymnasium in Sweden while playing for Djurgården . = = Playing career = = = = = Djurgårdens IF = = = Josefson started to play junior hockey in 2005 for Djurgården 's under @-@ 18 team . During the 2006 – 07 season , he helped Djurgården 's under @-@ 16 team to win the Swedish championship . The 2007 – 08 season began with the national junior hockey tournament TV @-@ pucken . Josefson 's team Stockholm / Vit reached the final which ended with a 2 – 1 defeat to Småland . He made his Elitserien debut on 28 February 2008 , against Timrå IK . This proved to be the only appearance Josefson would make in the Elitserien during the 2007 – 08 season . Josefson played for the J20 @-@ team during most of the season scoring 14 goals and 31 points . His team reached the playoffs , but were defeated by Brynäs IF in the semi @-@ finals . After the loss , he joined the under @-@ 18 team during the playoffs where he helped the team defeat Färjestads BK to capture the Swedish championship . He signed a two @-@ year contract with Djurgården in May 2008 . The club 's initial plan for Josefson was to move him up to the senior team when regular players were out of the lineup with illness or injuries , while his usual team would be the J20 @-@ team . He scored his first goal in Elitserien on 23 September in his third game , a 4 – 1 win against Brynäs IF . Ultimately , Josefson played almost every game of the regular season , and usually played along with Carl Gustafsson and Henrik Eriksson on the 4th line . At the end of the season , Josefson had scored 5 goals and 16 points , a record for players 18 or younger playing with the senior team . Josefson was ranked third in the midterm rankings among European skaters by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau for the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . He was selected in the first round of the 2009 NHL draft by the New Jersey Devils , 20th overall . Josefson was also drafted in the third round , 61st overall , in the 2009 KHL Junior Draft by SKA Saint Petersburg . He participated at the Devils rookie camp in July 2009 . He has been compared with centres Nicklas Bäckström and John Madden . At the beginning of the 2009 – 10 season , Djurgården participated in the Nordic Trophy pre @-@ season tournament . In the second game , Josefson scored a hat trick and added two assists against the Malmö Redhawks . At the end of the group stage , Josefson was the scoring leader with five goals and seven points . He scored his first points for the regular season , three assists , in the Elitserien premiere away against HV71 . Djurgården lost the game 7 – 6 , but on 20 October , Josefson would get his revenge when he scored the game @-@ winning goal in the 3 – 2 victory over HV71 20 . This was also his first goal of the regular season . Josefson missed six Elitserien games due to the World Junior Hockey Championship , but was back in the roster against Timrå IK on 9 January . He recorded an assist against Rögle BK on 30 January , which was his 17th point of the season , putting him ahead of last season 's total . At the end of the regular season , Josefson had scored 8 goals and 20 points in 43 games . The 2009 – 10 playoffs were Josefson 's first Elitserien playoffs , and he played almost every game missing the first two semifinal games against Linköpings HC due to illness . Djurgården lost the finals 4 – 2 to HV71 . Josefson re @-@ signed with Djurgården for another year on 27 April . Despite this and an oral guarantee the club received from Josefson 's agent Peter Wallén that Josefson would stay , Josefson signed with the New Jersey Devils on 14 May 2010 . = = = New Jersey Devils = = = Josefson participated in the pre @-@ season camp with the Devils in September , but was assigned to their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Albany Devils after the camp . Josefson was called up to the Devils on 14 October 2010 , and made his NHL debut the next day , in a 3 – 2 victory against Colorado Avalanche at the Prudential Center . Josefson was slashed on his left hand and later fell on the same hand during the game against San Jose Sharks on 27 October , this caused a ligament in his thumb to tear , and forced him to undergo surgery . At last , Josefson returned from his injury on 7 January 2011 , when the Albany Devils played against the Charlotte Checkers . Josefson scored his first NHL goal against Al Montoya of the New York Islanders on 12 March 2011 . The Devils failed to reach the playoffs and Josefson ended up with three goals and ten points in 28 regular season games . In the fifth game of the 2011 – 12 season , Josefson broke his right clavicle after crashing shoulder first into the boards . He underwent surgery the following day on 22 October 2011 , and was expected to be sidelined for three or four months . On 3 April 2012 in a game against the Islanders , Josefson bumped awkwardly into Jay Pandolfo resulting in a broken left wrist . He returned to the lineup on 21 May 2012 in the fourth game of the Eastern Conference Finals against Rangers and played a total of six games in the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs , scoring one point . = = International play = = Josefson played in his first IIHF sanctioned tournament when he was part of Sweden 's team at the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships . He managed to score a hat @-@ trick in the first game against Belarus . He left the team in the morning before the fourth game due to an accident in which his father and uncle had been exposed to carbon monoxide poisoning . He made his second appearance at the U18 Championship the following year , at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships , where he also took the role as alternate captain . He managed to score three goals and seven points in six games . Josefson was a part of Sweden 's national junior team at the 2009 World Junior Championships . He played in all of Sweden 's six games but did not score any points . A few months later he yet again played for Sweden in the U18 Championship but could not help his team go further than fifth place in the tournament . Josefson participated in the World Junior Championship for the second time when he was named for Team Sweden by head coach Pär Mårts for the 2010 World Junior Championships , along with fellow Djurgården team @-@ mates Daniel Brodin and Marcus Krüger . He scored his first goal of the tournament and the first goal of the game against Austria in the preliminary rounds . He scored two additional goals in Sweden 's 7 – 1 victory over Finland in the last game of the preliminary rounds . Josefson , who also had three assists in the tournament , had six points in total . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = =
= 2015 Amstel Gold Race = The 2015 Amstel Gold Race was the 50th edition of the Amstel Gold Race one @-@ day race . It took place on 19 April and was the eleventh race of the 2015 UCI World Tour . The Amstel Gold Race is part of the Ardennes classics season , although it takes place in the Limburg region of the Netherlands rather than in the Belgian Ardennes . It takes place in the week before La Flèche Wallonne and Liège – Bastogne – Liège , the other principal Ardennes classics . The defending champion in the 2015 edition of the race was Philippe Gilbert , who had won the race three times and had also won the 2012 world championships on a very similar course . The race took place on a 258 kilometres ( 160 mi ) route centred on the town of Valkenburg ; the route included 34 short climbs , several of which were repeated . The decisive climb was the Cauberg , the fourth ascent of which came within 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of the finishing line . The race typically suits puncheurs . After several attacking groups were caught , the decisive action came on the final ascent of the Cauberg . A small group formed after the climb and sprinted for the race victory . The sprint was won by Michał Kwiatkowski , the reigning world champion ; it was his first road race victory since he won the world championships . Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) was second , with Michael Matthews ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) third . = = Teams = = The Amstel Gold Race is part of the UCI World Tour , which meant that the 17 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited and obliged to send a team . The race organisers also made eight wildcard invitations to UCI Professional Continental teams . The peloton was therefore made up of 25 teams . With eight riders on each team , a total of 200 riders were entered . Two of these , IAM Cycling 's Dries Devenyns and Thomas Degand , were forced to pull out before the start ( Degand with a stomach upset and Devenyns with a sore back ) , so 198 riders started the race . = = Route = = The 258 @-@ kilometre ( 160 mi ) route of the 2015 Amstel Gold Race began in Maastricht and left the city towards the north . The riders passed through the towns of Bunde and Geulle on their way to the first climbs of the day . The first climb of the day was the Slingerberg ; the peloton then passed through Beek and climbed the Adsteeg . These climbs came within the first 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) of racing . The route then turned south through Meerssen , where the riders climbed the third climb , the Lange Raarberg , then east in the direction of Heerlen . The course turned , however , before they reached Heerlen , first heading south across the climb of the Bergseweg , then west . At this point , the route entered a series of circuits around the town of Valkenburg . The riders climbed the Sibbergrubbe and the Cauberg for the first time . The first climb of the Cauberg came after 54 kilometres ( 34 mi ) . The first of the loops around Valkenburg was the longest at 101 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 63 @.@ 1 mi ) . The riders first climbed the Geulhemmerberg as they left Valkenburg , then turned south @-@ east . The next 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) contained no categorised climbs , though the roads were far from flat . The next climb , the Wolfsburg , came after 78 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 48 @.@ 5 mi ) and was followed quickly by the first climb of the Loorberg . The route then briefly turned north , before turning south again on the outskirts of Gulpen . The next climb , the Schweibergerweg , came after 92 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 57 @.@ 5 mi ) of racing , with the Camerig 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) later . The riders then entered a short circuit around the town of Vaals , where the Drielandenpunt , the Gemmenich and the Vijlenerbos came within 9 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) of one another . The route then returned to Gulpen along the same roads , with the Eperheide the only categorised climb . In Gulpen , the route crossed the Gulpenerberg , then turned east to cross the Plettenberg and the Eyserweg . The riders then reached Simpelveld , where they turned west again towards Valkenburg . The final part of the loop took the peloton across the climb of Huls and the Vrakelberg . As they entered Valkenburg , the riders climbed the Sibbergrubbe and the Cauberg for the second time . As the riders crossed the finish line in Valkenburg , they had completed 168 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 104 @.@ 5 mi ) and had 99 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 62 @.@ 0 mi ) remaining . The second loop was shorter than the first at 71 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 44 @.@ 3 mi ) . It again began with the climb of the Geulhemmerberg , then travelled through the outskirts of Maastricht . The route again turned north , this time to climb the Bemelerberg , before another turn to the south @-@ east towards Beutenaken . The route re @-@ used several of the roads that made up the first loop : the riders climbed the Loorberg for the second time , then turned north for the second climb of the Gulpenerberg . From this point , the peloton took a different route towards Valkenburg , which included the climbs of the Kruisberg , the Eyserbosweg , the Fromberg and the Keutenberg . On this loop , the riders did not climb the Sibbergrubbe but proceeded directly to the third climb of the Cauberg . This was seen as a moment when an early attack might succeed and came with 21 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 13 @.@ 1 mi ) remaining . The final loop was the shortest of the day at 18 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 11 @.@ 5 mi ) . The riders climbed the Geulhemmerberg for the third time , then the Bemelerberg for the second time . This was the penultimate climb of the day . The final climb was a fourth ascent of the Cauberg . At the base of the climb , there were 2 @,@ 600 metres ( 8 @,@ 500 ft ) remaining . The climb itself is 900 metres ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) in length , with an average gradient of 7 % and a maximum gradient of 12 % . At the top of the climb , there were approximately 1 @,@ 700 metres ( 5 @,@ 600 ft ) of fairly flat roads to the finish line in Berg en Terblijt . = = Pre @-@ race favourites = = The Amstel Gold Race has been won in the past by riders who have attacked a long distance from the finish line . This happened as recently as 2013 , when Roman Kreuziger attacked shortly after the penultimate climb of the Cauberg . Normally , however , the race is decided on the final ascent of the Cauberg ; in the 2014 edition , Philippe Gilbert ( BMC Racing Team ) attacked midway up the climb and was able to take a solo victory . As there is a flat section after the climb , there is also an opportunity for riders dropped on the Cauberg to rejoin any escapees and to bring the race together for a sprint finish . The race was therefore expected to suit puncheurs , especially those who were also able to defend a solo lead ahead of a chasing group . Gilbert , the defending champion , was the main favourite for the race . As well as his 2014 victory , he had won the race in 2010 and 2011 ; he also won the 2012 world championships road race , which was raced on a very similar course . Gilbert had demonstrated good form by coming third the previous week in the Brabantse Pijl . Several other former champions took part in 2014 : Kreuziger ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) , Enrico Gasparotto ( Wanty – Groupe Gobert ) , Damiano Cunego ( Nippo – Vini Fantini ) , Fränk Schleck ( Trek Factory Racing ) , Stefan Schumacher and Davide Rebellin ( both CCC – Sprandi – Polkowice ) . Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , who had come fourth in 2014 , was also among the major favourites and was in strong form following three stage wins during the Volta a Catalunya . Michał Kwiatkowski ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , the current world champion , Joaquim Rodríguez ( Team Katusha ) and Michael Matthews ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) were also considered to have a strong chance of winning the race . Matthews in particular was the favourite to win any small bunch sprint if a group came together after the Cauberg . = = Race report = = An early breakaway was formed by six riders after more than 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) , after the climb of the Lange Raarberg . The six riders were Laurens De Vreese ( Astana ) , Jan Polanc ( Lampre – Merida ) , Timo Roosen ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) , Linus Gerdemann ( Cult Energy Pro Cycling ) , Johan Van Zyl ( MTN – Qhubeka ) and Mike Terpstra ( Team Roompot ) . The peloton initially hesitated in letting the break escape , but soon relented and the leading group 's advantage grew to approximately 10 minutes by the time they reached Mechelen after 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) of racing . The peloton was led by BMC Racing Team and CCC – Sprandi – Polkowice . There were several crashes during this phase of the race ; Jelle Vanendert ( Lotto – Soudal ) , who was second in 2014 , and Lieuwe Westra ( Astana ) were among the riders forced to abandon the race . As the riders crossed the finish line for the second time , with 99 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 62 @.@ 0 mi ) remaining , they had a lead of approximately six minutes as the riders in the peloton began to chase . On the second loop around Valkenburg , Movistar Team came to the front of the peloton to chase the breakaway in support of Alejandro Valverde . They reduced the breakaway 's lead to four minutes and briefly broke a small group free on the descent from the Bemelerberg , but a mechanical problem for Valverde forced them to stop chasing and bring him back to the front of the peloton . As the riders came to the end of the loop , three riders had been dropped from the breakaway and the group 's lead was under a minute . The first attacks from the peloton came on the Eyserbosweg , with David Tanner ( IAM Cycling ) and Simon Clarke ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) attacking and forming a lead group . A second group attacked , made up of Tony Martin ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , Vincenzo Nibali and Diego Rosa ( both Astana ) , Wilco Kelderman ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) , Damiano Caruso ( BMC ) and Alex Howes ( Cannondale – Garmin ) . With 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) remaining , Clarke and Tanner had an 11 @-@ second lead over the second group , with the peloton a further 24 seconds behind . The original breakaway , meanwhile , had been caught . Kelderman missed a corner shortly afterwards and was forced to ride through a field to rejoin the race ; he was unable to catch up with the leading riders . The two groups came together shortly afterwards , although there was some disagreement in the group about the riders ' commitment to the breakaway attempt . Rosa and Caruso crashed on a corner , reducing the group to five riders , while Movistar were again leading the chasing peloton . The group was caught with 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) remaining . Clarke then attacked again , but was caught 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) later . One final attack was made by Jakob Fuglsang ( Astana ) and Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) ; Van Avermaet refused to assist Fuglsang in setting the pace and they were soon caught . The peloton was therefore all together for the final ascent of the Cauberg . In 2014 , Samuel Sánchez ( then BMC ) had attacked at the foot of the Cauberg on behalf of his teammate Philippe Gilbert , whose subsequent attack allowed him to take the race victory . BMC attempted to replicate this strategy with an attack from Ben Hermans in the same place as Sánchez 's . Gilbert 's attack , however , was less successful than his 2014 effort : although most riders were dropped , Michael Matthews was able to hold his wheel . Michał Kwiatkowski was chasing alone at this point . Valverde bridged across to Gilbert and Matthews , with another 15 riders joining the group shortly afterwards . Kwiatkowski was a long way behind with 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) remaining , but was able to stay in the slipstream of the other riders and recover from the climb . He then began a long sprint and was able to keep the rest of the group behind him . Valverde finished second , with Matthews third . Kwiatkowski 's win was his first win in the rainbow jersey of the world champion . = = Results = = = = Post @-@ race analysis = = = = = Riders ' reactions = = = Kwiatkowski 's win was his first road race victory since his victory at the 2014 world championships ( his only other 2015 victory was in the prologue individual time trial at the 2015 Paris @-@ Nice ) . He also became the fourth rider to win the Amstel Gold Race while wearing the rainbow jersey ; the others were Eddy Merckx , Jan Raas and Bernard Hinault . He described the race as " an amazing day " and said that it " [ put ] the dot on the i " following the Etixx – Quick @-@ Step team 's second @-@ place finishes at the Tour of Flanders and the Paris – Roubaix . BMC were praised for their tactics after the race , despite Gilbert 's failure to repeat his victory ; his tenth @-@ place finish was his worst result in several years . Gilbert attributed his failure to stay away from the chasing pack in part to the lack of a tailwind on the final flat section after the Cauberg , while his reputation as the main favourite for the race also worked to his disadvantage . Valverde , meanwhile , was delighted at his second @-@ place finish , which was the best result of his career at the Amstel Gold Race , declaring himself " happy with second " and looking forward to the remainder of the Ardennes classics . = = = UCI World Tour rankings = = = After winning 80 points for his victory in the race , Kwiatkowski moved up from thirteenth place to fourth place in the UCI World Tour rankings . His total of 195 points left him 108 points behind the leader , Richie Porte ( Team Sky ) . Valverde also moved into the top ten of the World Tour rankings . Etixx – Quick @-@ Step moved ahead of Team Sky to take the lead in the teams ' ranking ; Australia remained in the lead of the nations ' rankings .
= Pilot ( Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) = " Pilot " is the pilot and first episode of the first season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they investigate a super @-@ powered man and the hacktivist group the Rising Tide . It is the first television episode to be set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The episode was written by series creators Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , and was directed by Joss Whedon . The episode was ordered in 2012 , after Joss Whedon wrote and directed Marvel 's The Avengers , and was filmed in early 2013 in Los Angeles , California , with some additional filming in Paris , France . Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , and is joined by principal cast members Ming @-@ Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , and Elizabeth Henstridge . Cobie Smulders guest stars , reprising her role of Maria Hill from The Avengers , with previous Whedon collaborators J. August Richards and Ron Glass also guest starring . Emphasis was put on consistency and continuity with the MCU films , and some elements are reused from the films throughout the episode , most notably extremis . The visual effects for the episode were nominated at the Visual Effects Society Awards . " Pilot " originally aired on ABC on September 24 , 2013 , and according to Nielsen Media Research , was watched by 12 @.@ 12 million viewers , the highest ratings received by the first episode of a drama series since 2009 . The episode received a mostly positive response from critics , who praised Joss Whedon 's involvement and Richards ' performance , but were disappointed that the episode did not reach the standard of the MCU films . The use of the name ' Rising Tide ' received backlash from a real life group of the same name . = = Plot = = After the events of Iron Man 3 , Mike Peterson is out with his son , Ace , when the top floor of a nearby building explodes . Peterson uses enhanced strength to save a trapped woman from the building , and is filmed doing so by Skye , a member of the hacktivist group the Rising Tide . S.H.I.E.L.D. deputy director Maria Hill interviews Grant Ward for a new team under Agent Phil Coulson , who is officially dead . Coulson assigns Ward level 7 security clearance , and reveals the team 's first mission is to investigate the Rising Tide . Coulson also recruits the reluctant Agent Melinda May , who had previously retired from field duty . Skye meets with Peterson and warns him about S.H.I.E.L.D. ’ s penchant for covering up superhero based events . She is shortly arrested by Coulson , and placed in the S.H.I.E.L.D. team 's mobile base of operations ( a plane nicknamed " The Bus " ) . During questioning Coulson slowly begins to gain her trust , and she reveals her limited knowledge of the mysterious Project Centipede and the location of the explosion ; Agents Leo Fitz and Jemma Simmons go to investigate the scene . Peterson returns to the factory he was recently fired from , and injures his former boss , calling him the " bad guy " and himself the " hero " . Peterson then visits the woman he saved in the hospital , who is actually the doctor that gave him his abilities by implanting the Centipede device in his arm . She warns him against revealing his abilities to the public , which would be against the wishes of her backers . Fitz and Simmons discover from a damaged Centipede device , found at the explosion scene , that it combines several previously known sources of superpowers , including extremis , and it was the unstable extremis within a previous Centipede @-@ created superhero that had caused the explosion . Peterson abducts Skye and makes her delete his and Ace 's personal information from the government 's systems , though she manages to warn the team at the same time . The two are tracked to a train station by Coulson 's team and a gunman sent by Peterson 's doctor . May takes out the gunman , and Ward shoot ’ s Peterson with an advanced stun gun developed by Fitz and Simmons , which stabilizes his extremis . Afterwards , Coulson is offering Skye a place on his team when a call for an " 0 @-@ 8 @-@ 4 " comes in . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In August 2012 , ABC ordered a pilot from Joss Whedon , who wrote and directed The Avengers , for a series set within the MCU . Paul Lee , president of ABC , compared the pilot to the series Once Upon a Time , in terms of budgetary and technological ambition , and spoke of his excitement for the crossover potential with the larger film universe . " Pilot " was executive produced by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , Jeffrey Bell and Jeph Loeb . = = = Writing = = = Joss Whedon said that his previous television shows were based on ensembles , with S.H.I.E.L.D. being based in part on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode " The Zeppo " . That episode highlighted a lesser seen character , which was something he wanted to achieve with the character of Agent Phil Coulson . It was written by Whedon , along with his brother Jed Whedon and sister @-@ in @-@ law Maurissa Tancharoen . At the same time , he was writing the script for Avengers : Age of Ultron , which meant that he could use the series to explain the resurrection of Coulson rather than trying to include it in that film . Whedon revealed that he received notes from ABC on things to change in the pilot , but noted that the network was encouraging and excited about the project , so " you take the notes . You don ’ t take all of them . But you never walk in expecting not to get any . " At San Diego Comic @-@ Con 2013 , Tancharoen talked about telling a Marvel story on a television budget , calling it a challenge but noting that the series is " looking at it through a different lens " , telling the human stories in the superhuman universe , with Coulson , who was the human , grounded character in the films , leading a team of ' real people ' , albeit extremely skilled people . = = = Casting = = = In October 2012 , a casting sheet for five lead roles was sent out . Later that month , at the New York Comic Con , Joss Whedon , Kevin Feige and Clark Gregg announced that Gregg , who previously portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man , Iron Man 2 , Thor , and Marvel 's The Avengers , as well as the Marvel One @-@ Shots short films The Consultant and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor 's Hammer , would be reprising his role as agent Phil Coulson in the pilot . Toward the end of the month , actress Ming @-@ Na Wen was cast as agent Melinda May . In November 2012 , Elizabeth Henstridge and Iain De Caestecker were cast as agents Jemma Simmons and Leo Fitz , respectively . Later in November , newcomer Brett Dalton was cast as agent Grant Ward , while in December 2012 , Chloe Bennet was cast as Skye , the sixth and final main cast member . In January 2013 , actress Cobie Smulders , who portrayed Maria Hill in The Avengers , indicated that she would be open to appearing in the show . That July it was confirmed that she would guest star in the pilot , with Whedon stating that he wanted to include Smulders because " she IS SHIELD . She 's cool and commanding and has the dry humor that plays so well with Clark 's . " Other guest cast members in the episode include two actors that had previously worked with Whedon on other television shows : Ron Glass , who played Shepherd Book in Firefly and the subsequent film Serenity , appears in " Pilot " as a S.H.I.E.L.D. doctor ; and J. August Richards , who appeared in Whedon 's Angel as Charles Gunn , portrays the character Mike Peterson . Additionally , Shannon Lucio and Bob Stephenson guest star as the Centipede doctor Debbie and Mike 's former boss Gary , respectively . = = = Filming = = = Production on the pilot , under the name of S.H.I.E.L.D. , took place from January 23 to February 12 , 2013 in Los Angeles , to accommodate Joss Whedon 's busy schedule . Additional filming also took place on location in Paris for two days , with Dalton noting that " it lends a kind of authenticity to the show and production value . " When the crew was scouting locations , the weather was " almost too perfect " , but during shooting it was foggy and raining , which Dalton described as " more authentic " rather than unnecessarily " picaresque " . In May 2014 , Jed Whedon revealed that on the first day of shooting the pilot , images of vehicles meant to be kept secret during production of the episode had already been leaked online , quickly showing how difficult dealing with secrecy on a Marvel project would be . = = = Marvel Cinematic Universe tie @-@ ins = = = The episode uses the extremis virus from Iron Man 3 as one source of power for the character of Mike Peterson . Executive producer Jeffrey Bell explained that the idea of using it came up independent of the film , but the crew realized that it would be a good opportunity to tie in with the films , and worked with Marvel [ Studios ] on the tie @-@ in to ensure that " they didn 't feel like we were just ripping off their idea . " Additional sources of power for the character include : Chitauri technology , from The Avengers and Item 47 ; and super @-@ soldier serum , from Captain America : The First Avenger and The Incredible Hulk . The events of The Avengers are referenced numerous times throughout the episode , and archive footage from the film is briefly used in an opening montage . Also , Coulson 's flying car is a working model of the prototype seen in Captain America : The First Avenger . = = Release = = = = = Broadcast = = = " Pilot " was first aired in the United States on ABC on September 24 , 2013 . It was aired alongside the US broadcast in Canada on CTV , while it was first aired in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 on September 27 , 2013 . It premiered on the Seven Network in Australia on October 2 , 2013 , and on TV2 in New Zealand on February 16 , 2014 . = = = Marketing = = = The first television spot for the episode was released on May 12 , 2013 , during the season 2 finale of Once Upon a Time . It featured footage from The Avengers , along with new footage for the pilot episode , and was noted as having high production values , which were compared to those of the Marvel One @-@ Shots . Two days later an extended trailer was released , " devoted to expository dialogue , setting up the characters and establishing the pecking order " . " Pilot " was then screened at San Diego Comic @-@ Con on July 19 , 2013 , and was met with a very positive reaction from the crowd . Prior to the airing of the episode in the UK , a viral marketing campaign was underway to promote the show . Posters asking for witnesses of " Suspected Extraordinary Activity " were placed around London . = = = Home media = = = The episode , along with the rest of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' s first season , was released on Blu @-@ ray and DVD on September 9 , 2014 . Bonus features include behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . It was released in Region 2 on October 20 , and in Region 4 on November 11 , 2014 . On November 20 , 2014 , the episode became available for streaming on Netflix . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In the United States the episode received a 4 @.@ 7 / 14 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , meaning that it was seen by 4 @.@ 7 percent of all households , and 14 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast . It was watched by 12 @.@ 12 million viewers . This was the highest ratings received by the first episode of a drama series in the United States for almost four years since the pilot episode of ABC 's V , however NCIS was the most viewed show in the time slot with more than 20 million viewers . " Pilot " was watched by 2 @.@ 71 million viewers during its Canadian premiere , earning the third highest viewership for the week on the network . It was watched by 14 @.@ 2 percent of all viewers in the UK watching television at the time of the broadcast , an average of 3 @.@ 1 million . The broadcast had a 27 percent share of those aged between 16 and 34 . It was the most viewed new drama on Channel 4 in 2013 . The Seven Network premiere in Australia was watched by 1 @.@ 3 million viewers , the top show of the night . In New Zealand , the first episode premiered to 326 @,@ 790 viewers , the fourth highest show of the night , and the most watched show on TV2 . = = = Critical response = = = Jason Hughes of The Huffington Post said that " Everything about this premiere worked " . He felt that the show was a cross between Fringe and Heroes with elements of The X @-@ Files included . He thought that there was a potential for the series to be a success and thought that it would attract both Marvel fans and new viewers alike . Dave Bradley gave the episode four and a half out of five for SFX magazine , saying that the show was going to become a phenomenon alongside Doctor Who , The Walking Dead and Game of Thrones . He felt that using the Skye character to introduce the viewer to the series was cheesy , but effective . He praised J August Richards ' performance but did not enjoy some of the characterizations of the main characters , which made him think the team was similar to that seen in Torchwood . Eric Goldman at IGN rated " Pilot " 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 , stating that the " inspired collaboration " between Joss Whedon and Marvel that began with The Avengers is highly entertaining , and should keep fans wanting more , but noting that viewers wanting the series to have the same scale as the MCU films " will be disappointed – this is a high budget TV series , but it is a TV series " . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode a " B " , feeling that the episode had enough " fun and funny moments " to indicate that the series could " settle into a groove with time " , but also that there were cautious and predictable moments , and that even at its best , the episode feels like " the product of several hundred cooks . " Brian Lowry , writing for Variety , found the episode to be " OK " , finding some dialogue to be " a little precious and clunky " and feeling the plot to be " yet another twist on a procedural , albeit with a few mythological elements to sweeten the experience " , summing that " with great boxoffice and ostentatious synergy come super @-@ sized expectations . " Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter was not sure from the pilot whether the series would go on to be good or not . He thought that having Joss Whedon 's name attached the project would lead to positive reviews for at least a month . Goodman said that " It 's a fun hour and calling it ' good but not great ' has more to do with expectations in the wake of the Marvel movies than anything else . " Jim Steranko , known for his work on Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. , felt the episode was unfocused and " had no menace , no tension " . He lamented the absence of Samuel L. Jackson 's Nick Fury , and felt the episode needed " to be much tougher , much stranger , much edgier to reach its potential " . James Hunt of Den of Geek , thought that the episode struggled to meet expectations . He thought that the CGI was worse than that seen on Smallville and that the sets seemed small . However , he praised the script and in particular the speech given by Richards ' character at the end of the episode . He thought that the start was better than Whedon 's Dollhouse , but was not perfect . = = = Accolades = = = " Pilot " was nominated for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program at the 12th Visual Effects Society Awards , but lost to the Game of Thrones episode " Valar Dohaeris " . = = = Controversy = = = The episode introduced a group called the " Rising Tide " , also the name of a real @-@ life volunteer group who work on climate change issues . The group issued a statement saying that they were concerned with the use of the name for the fictional group which appeared to be similar to Anonymous . They have since been mistakenly contacted on Twitter by fans of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D and have created a petition against The Walt Disney Company to stop using the name .
= Joseph Parry = Joseph Parry ( 21 May 1841 – 17 February 1903 ) was a Welsh composer and musician . Born in Merthyr Tydfil , Wales , he is best known as the composer of Myfanwy and the hymn tune Aberystwyth , which the National anthem of South Africa , Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika , is said to be based on . Parry was also the first Welshman to compose an opera ; his composition , Blodwen , was the first opera in the Welsh language . Born into a large family , Parry left school to work in the local coal mines when he was nine years of age . He then went to work at the Cyfarthfa Ironworks , where his father was also employed . In 1854 the family emigrated to the United States , settling at Danville , Pennsylvania , where Parry again found employment at an iron works . Though Parry had a great interest in music , he had no opportunity to study it until there was a temporary closure of the Rough and Ready Iron Works . Some of his co @-@ workers were also musicians , and they offered music lessons while the iron works was closed . Parry joined a music sight @-@ reading class taught by one of the men . He continued to study harmony with another co @-@ worker , and learned how to read and write while he was learning about harmony . Parry soon began submitting compositions to eisteddfodau in Wales and the United States and winning awards . During a return visit to Wales for the National Eisteddfod at Llandudno , Parry was offered two music scholarships , but was unable to accept due to family obligations . A fund was established for the support of Parry and his family while he studied music . Parry went on to receive a Doctorate in Music from the University of Cambridge ; he was the first Welshman to receive Bachelor 's and Doctor 's degrees in music from the University . He returned to Wales in 1874 to become the first Professor of Music at Aberystwyth University , later accepting a position at Cardiff University . = = Life = = = = = Early years = = = Parry was born in Merthyr Tydfil in 1841 , the seventh of eight children of Daniel and Elizabeth Parry ( née Richards ) . The family was musically inclined , with all family members singing in the chapel choir . Parry 's mother , who performed at church functions , was remembered for her fine voice ; two of Parry 's sisters , Elizabeth and Jane , and a brother , Henry , gained some prominence in the United States as vocalists . He left school at age nine to work in the mines as the family needed the income . Young Parry worked a 56 hour week for twelve and a half pence while at the mine . By age 12 , Parry was working at the puddling furnaces of the Cyfarthfa Ironworks , where his father also worked . Parry 's father , Daniel , emigrated to the United States in 1853 ; the rest of the family followed in 1854 . Like his father and brother , Parry became a worker at the Rough and Ready Iron Works in Danville , Pennsylvania . Danville had a large Welsh community and he became involved in strengthening Welsh culture locally , attending the Congregational Chapel and the Sunday school . Parry also served as the organist for the Mahoning Presbyterian Church in Danville ; the organ he played is still in service . Although he had sung in church choirs in Wales and the United States , Parry received no formal music lessons until he was 17 and living in Danville . Parry 's opportunity to study music came in the form of a temporary closure of the iron works where he was employed . Parry had the good fortune to become friendly with three fellow workers who were also musicians . During rest periods , the three often would sing . Parry listened with interest at first , later joining in . One of the men started a music sight @-@ reading class while the iron works was closed ; Parry joined this class and became a fine sight @-@ reader . His interest in harmony made him want to study that also . One of his other co @-@ workers agreed to take Parry as a pupil . Young Parry was unable to read or write at the time he began harmony studies . The teacher patiently blended reading lessons with principles of harmony , and Parry quickly became skilled at both ; the teacher often found it hard to keep up with his pupil . During this time , Parry also learned to play the harmonium . = = = Return to Wales = = = Parry competed in the eisteddfod at Utica in 1861 , and took first prize for Temperance Vocal March . Curious as to how his music would be received in his native Wales , in 1864 , he sent an anthem to the National Eisteddfod of Wales at Llandudno . The adjudicators awarded him first prize , believing he was a professional musician . In 1865 , Parry again prepared an entry , but this time he travelled to the contest in Aberystwyth . Parry 's anthem entry was lost in the post , so it could not be judged . Instead , he was given a seat in the Gorsedd and the title " Pencerdd America " ( " Chief Musician of America " ) . During this visit , Parry and his friends who had accompanied him to Wales travelled the country giving concerts of Parry 's own works . They were well received throughout the land . Parry was offered the opportunity to study for a year under Dr Davies of Swansea , followed by a one year scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music . He had to refuse both offers since he had a wife and child in the United States dependent on him for support . By 1865 , Parry 's musical ability had become well @-@ known in Wales and in the United States . A fund was established to support Parry and his family while he studied music ; donations were received from both countries . Parry aided his own cause by giving concerts in Pennsylvania , New York and Ohio . In August 1868 Parry and his family arrived in England , where he began a three year study at the Royal Academy of Music under William Sterndale Bennett and Manuel Garcia . During his last year of study at the Royal Academy , Parry appeared before Queen Victoria three times , each time by her special request . The Queen made another request of Parry each time he appeared : that he perform only works he had composed . In 1871 , Bennett convinced Parry to enter University of Cambridge for a degree in music . While at Cambridge , Parry became the first Welshman to take both the MusB and MusD there . After earning his Bachelor 's degree , Parry and his family returned to Danville , where he operated a school of music for the next three years . When Aberystwyth University established a chair for music , it was offered to Parry ; he moved his family back to Wales , becoming the university 's first Professor of Music . = = = Professor and Doctor of music = = = Parry worked at Aberystwyth from 1874 to 1881 . In addition to his university duties , Parry frequently travelled as an adjudicator and conducting concerts of his compositions . He received his Doctorate from Cambridge in 1878 . At the time a candidate was required to compose a short oratorio and to have the work publicly performed ; the normal method was to have one of the college Chapel Choirs perform the oratorio . But Parry obtained the services of many Welsh singers ; 100 made the trip to Cambridge to perform Parry 's oratorio . When Parry resigned his position at Aberystwyth University in 1880 , he opened his own academy of music in the town . In 1881 , the Parry family left Aberystwyth for Swansea , where Parry became the organist at Ebenezer Chapel and was head of a musical college he founded . When he was offered a chair at Cardiff University in 1888 , Parry and his family moved to the nearby town of Penarth . He lectured and taught at the university and was known as " Y Doctor Mawr " ( " The Great Doctor " ) . Parry also accepted a position as the organist at Christ Church Congregational Church in Penarth . Parry became a candidate for principal of the Guildhall School of Music in 1896 ; the vacancy was due to the death of Sir Joseph Barnby . Officials of the city of Cardiff , colleagues and students at Cardiff University , as well as Parry 's former teachers wrote letters to the School of Music Committee in support of his election to the position . There were 38 applicants for the position ; the field was reduced to two candidates through a series of ballots by the Court of Common Council . Parry was no longer under consideration after the first round of reductions . He remained at the university and continued his work as an eisteddfod adjudicator , a conductor at Cymanfaoedd Canu , and as a performer and lecturer throughout Wales and the United States until the time of his death . = = = Personal life and characteristics = = = In 1861 , Parry married Jane Thomas . She was the daughter of Welsh immigrants and the sister of Gomer Thomas , who published many of Parry 's early compositions . The couple had three sons and two daughters . The older children were born when the family was still living in Danville ; only Parry 's youngest child was born in Wales . Two of Parry 's three sons died after the family moved to Penarth . Parry 's youngest son , William , died in 1892 ; his oldest son , Joseph Haydn , died two years later . While all of Parry 's children are said to have had musical talent , his eldest , Joseph Haydn , followed in his father 's footsteps as a composer and teacher . Later in 1894 , Parry and his wife hoped a trip to the US would help ease some of the sadness over the deaths of their two sons . Parry had last visited the United States on a vocal concert tour in 1880 . Though the Parrys would be visiting family , he believed he should be available to the public during the visit since many people in the US had helped him financially when he was studying music in England . Parry asked an old friend to notify the Welsh community in the United States that he would be visiting and would adjudicate at eisteddfodau , lecture or lead cymanfaoedd canu if desired . The community could arrange for Parry to visit by contacting Rev. Thomas Edwards of Edwardsville , Pennsylvania . Parry and his family visited many cities and towns in the eastern US and were warmly received wherever they went . He kept those back in Cardiff advised of his travels through letters to The Western Mail which were printed by the newspaper . Parry 's last journey to the United States in 1898 included a visit to Salt Lake City , where he adjudicated at the third Salt Lake eisteddfod which was held in the Mormon Tabernacle . His last major work , an opera entitled The Maid of Cefn Ydfa , premiered at the Grand Theatre in Cardiff in late December 1902 . Parry was known as a religious man and a hard worker both at the iron works and at his craft . Despite his recognition in Wales and in the United States , he was not a wealthy man . Parry had little aptitude for business . With his permission , a committee of his friends managed his affairs , with Parry creating compositions and his friends tending to the business of publications . Since his compositions were based primarily on Welsh subjects , many of Parry 's friends believed it would have been to his advantage to have settled in London , where there were more cosmopolitan experiences to draw inspiration from . In 1859 , Parry and his family became citizens of the United States ; he was equally proud of being a Welshman and a United States citizen . David Jenkins , who was a student and assistant to Parry at Aberystwyth , described him as impulsive and unable to criticise his own works , too erratic to be a good conductor and too impatient for all but advanced students , but with a boyish enthusiasm , especially for music . Sir Alexander Mackenzie , who also worked with Parry , also noted his great enthusiasm and described him as a man of great musical ability . = = = Death = = = About two weeks before his death , Parry became suddenly ill . The medical condition was serious enough to warrant surgery . An operation was performed and a full recovery was expected . Some days after the surgery , it was necessary to perform a second operation due to complications . Parry developed a high fever from blood poisoning a few days after the second surgery . There was a slight rally , but Parry continued to have relapses and grew steadily weaker . Parry , who had planned a tour of Australia and the US for 1904 , lay in his sick bed when The Maid of Cefn Ydfa was signed for performances by three opera companies ; he was never able to be told of the good news . Parry died at his Penarth home on 17 February 1903 . His last composition was written during his final illness @-@ a tribute to his wife , Jane , entitled Dear Wife . At least 7 @,@ 000 people from all parts of the country gathered in Penarth for the funeral of Joseph Parry . They lined the route from Parry 's home to Christ Church , where the family worshipped and to the churchyard at St Augustine 's . His family and friends were joined by officials from the city of Cardiff , faculty and students from Cardiff University , representatives from the National Eisteddfod and many members of various choirs throughout Wales . Ministers of various denominations were also part of those gathered to pay respects to Parry . He was buried on the north side of St Augustine 's Churchyard , Penarth . Parry 's monument is a marble column topped by a lyre with seven strings , with the strings representing the members of Parry 's family . Two of the seven strings of the lyre are broken to represent the deaths of his two sons , who died before Parry . Shortly after his death , a national fund was established in Parry 's name . This was meant to provide support for his widow , Jane , through an annual annuity ; any funds remaining after Jane 's death were to be used to provide a national music scholarship named for Parry . = = Compositions and other works = = Parry was a prolific composer ; one of his early works , " My Childhood Dreams " , was published while he was living in Danville . Despite his penchant for composing , most of his major works were not commercially successful . His oratorio , Saul of Tarsus , was commissioned for the National Eisteddfod at Rhyl in 1892 , and was somewhat successful . Parry and others considered it to be his best work ; the problem with the oratorio was that it was difficult to perform and that the score for the composition is 305 pages long . Parry is believed to have composed 27 complete works , among them ten operas , five cantatas and two oratorios , as well as countless songs and hymns . By the 1890s , Parry was sufficiently well known and was asked to produce many of his works on a commission basis . He dealt with a variety of publishers for some of his works , while he published others himself . Parry published his opera , Blodwen , himself but the reasons for this are not clear . He appears to have done less self @-@ publishing in the 1890s . Part of the reason for this may have been the loss of his printing plates in the Western Mail fire of 1893 . During Parry 's lifetime , many of his works remained unpublished ; the shelves of his study held stacks of manuscripts . A friend of Parry 's talked with him about the possibility of losing all of his manuscripts if there was a fire and suggested Parry needed a safe to store his manuscripts in . When Parry said he could not afford to buy a safe , the friend gave him one as a gift . Over 100 years after his death , one of his unknown works , Te Deum , was discovered by accident in the National Library of Wales archives . After Parry 's death , the Welsh Congregational Church sought to purchase the copyrights of all Parry 's works and to publish them . The church was successful in obtaining the copyright to Aberystwyth and more than 60 other hymns and anthems written by Parry . In 1916 , Parry 's widow , Jane , sold the rights to all works which Parry owned the copyrights of to Snell and Sons , music publishers , for £ 1150 . = = = Aberystwyth = = = The music , written by Parry , was first published in 1879 by Stephen and Jones in Second Book of Tunes and Hymns . It was paired with Charles Wesley 's words , " Jesus , Lover of My Soul " , and first sung at the English Congregational Church in Portland Street in Aberystwyth , where Parry worked as an organist . Enoch Sontonga worked in a Methodist mission school near Johannesburg . Sontonga , like Parry , was a choirmaster ; in 1897 , he set new words to Parry 's music and called the hymn Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika . Welsh missionaries often brought various copies of hymnals to their African missions ; it is believed Parry 's hymn reached Africa in this manner . While Sontonga wrote only one stanza of lyrics and a chorus for the song , Samuel Mqhayi composed seven more stanzas in 1927 . The song became the national anthem of South Africa and four other African nations . = = = Blodwen = = = Parry 's opera , Blodwen , was first performed in Aberystwyth 's Temperance Hall on 21 May 1878 , although Parry did not publish it until 1888 , while at Swansea . This was the first opera written by a Welsh composer and also the first opera to be performed in Welsh . The opera , with its libretto written by Richard Davies , is set during the time of the Welsh Revolt — the last attempt by the Welsh to preserve their independence . At the time , very few people in Wales had seen an opera , and they had no idea what it was like . The opera programmes provided explanations , especially that the singers would wear costumes but would not be acting . Those who were members of Welsh nonconformist churches needed reassurance that this was not a theatrical performance , as acting and theatres were held in as much contempt as taverns . Parry was raised in the nonconformist Annibynwyr Chapel and adhered to the tenets of his faith for his entire life . The majority of participants in the first performance of Blodwen were music students of Parry ; his two older sons were also part of the production , playing piano and harmonium . Before the performance , Parry spoke to the audience . He repeated what had been printed in the programmes : that the participants were not acting and explained to those gathered what an opera was . Despite this , there were some clergymen who were not pleased . Soon after the first performance of Blodwen , a local couple named their baby daughter after the opera 's heroine . There were no recorded instances of any children being named Blodwen until after the premiere of Parry 's opera . Records show the great popularity of the name for girls and also the popularity of Howell , the name of the hero , for boys . The opera was successful , with a further 500 performances worldwide by 1896 . Despite the success of Aberystwyth and Myfanwy , Blodwen seems to have been Parry 's most popular work while he was living , = = = Myfanwy = = = While Parry is most often thought of as the sole creator of the ballad , it was actually the work of three men . At some point , Thomas Walter Price , a poet and journalist , published a poem in English called Arabella . It is believed that Parry wrote the music before the Welsh words of Myfanwy were written by Richard Davies . Parry 's work was published in 1875 , with Parry selling all rights to the song to a publisher for £ 12 . The song was first performed at the first concert of the Aberystwyth and University Musical Society on 28 May 1875 , with Parry as the conductor . It remains a standard in repertoires of Welsh male choirs today . = = = Te Deum = = = Edward @-@ Rhys Harry reconstructed Parry 's setting of the Te Deum taken from the text of The Book of Common Prayer . The manuscript was discovered in the National Library of Wales archives . Parry wrote the manuscript in 1863 , while living in Danville . Harry uncovered the manuscript while researching choral traditions at the library . He worked a year at transcribing the original Parry manuscript . The London Welsh Chorale gave the work its world première performance under Harry at St Giles Cripplegate , Barbican , London on 14 July 2012 . = = = Other works = = = Parry was also involved in music @-@ related publishing . Beginning in 1861 , he was a regular contributor of Tonic sol @-@ fa material to the Welsh music journal , Y cerddor Cymreig . Parry 's work with making Tonic sol @-@ fa accessible allowed everyone with an interest in choral work to participate . He edited Cambrian Minstrelsie ( A National Collection of Welsh Songs ) in 1893 . He also complied Dr Parry 's Book of Songs , which was a collection of his own works , and wrote Elfenau Cerddoriaeth ( " Elements of Music " ) , a Welsh handbook on theory , in 1888 . In 1895 , Parry entered into an agreement with an American music publishing firm , the John Church Company . The company published some of Parry 's songs along with English translations of poems by Heinrich Heine . The translations were done by poets of note , including James Thomson . Since it is doubtful that Parry was familiar with Heine 's work , there is the possibility that Parry was commissioned by the company to write the songs during an extensive US trip he had made the year before . After his move to Penarth , Parry became involved in journalism , writing regular columns for both The Cardiff Times and The South Wales Weekly News . He also did some writing for The Western Mail . In his later years , Parry wrote an autobiography which has been described as inaccurate ; he never published the information . The National Library of Wales acquired this manuscript in 1935 from Edna Parry Waite , Parry 's daughter and his last surviving child . The National Library published Parry 's writings as a bilingual book , The Little Hero @-@ the Autobiography of Joseph Parry , in 2004 . = = Legacy = = = = = Britain = = = In 1947 , another son of Merthyr Tydfil , Jack Jones , based his novel , Off to Philadelphia in the Morning , on the events in the life of Joseph Parry . The book became a BBC three @-@ part presentation of the same name in 1978 . Jones never offered the book as anything except a work of fiction ; despite this , some aspects of the novel have been misconstrued as fact . The centenary of Parry 's death was marked by an open air concert in Merthyr Tydfil 's Cyfarthfa Park featuring performances of Parry 's works . The concert was recorded on 28 July 2002 by Welsh television production company Avanti Media . It was broadcast by S4C on 17 February 2003 . A great @-@ grandaughter of Parry 's , who was a professional opera singer , was present for the event . An anthem Parry composed with the Rev. Robert David Thomas while living in Pennsylvania was performed for the first time in Wales to mark the centenary of the composer 's death . There was no record of the anthem , " Cymry Glan Americ " , having been performed in Wales ; it is not certain if the work , which was written on January 1 , 1872 had ever been performed previously . A relative of Rev. Thomas located the composition and shared the information with Geraint Jones , the conductor of the Trefor brass band . Jones and his band performed the anthem on 28 May 2002 in Pwllheli at the centenary of the town hall . In 2011 conductor Edward @-@ Rhys Harry oversaw the total reconstruction of Parry 's oratorio Emmanuel , which was performed by Cor Bro Ogwr and The British Sinfonietta , conducted by Harry , in December of that year . In May 2013 , Emmanuel was performed in the US for the first time when Harry and Côr Bro Ogwr performed in New York and Philadelphia . = = = Parry 's cottage = = = The cottage at 4 Chapel Row , Merthyr Tydfil , where Parry was born , is now open to the public as a museum . The row of cottages was attached to the Bethesda Chapel , where the family attended services . There are two bedrooms upstairs with the kitchen and another bedroom downstairs . The Parry family lived here with two lodgers until emigrating to the United States in 1854 . The chapel and its attached cottages were slated for demolition in 1977 ; efforts by the local council and students from Cyfarthfa High School saved the row of cottages , but not the Bethesda Chapel . In 1979 , the Merthyr Tydfil Heritage Trust opened the cottage to the public . Exhibitions were installed upstairs in 1986 and restoration of the ground floor was completed in 1990 . Parry 's home was refurbished in 2016 through funds from a local company and was reopened to the public beginning on what would have been the composer 's 175th birthday . The home is now part of the Cyfarthfa Heritage Area . = = = United States = = = Parry is warmly remembered , particularly at the Mahoning Presbyterian Church in Danville , where he served as organist and choirmaster . Each time he visited the US , Parry returned to the church to play the organ . The Susquehanna Valley Welsh Society holds an annual Cymanfa Canu in his honour at the church on the Sunday nearest his May 21st birthday . In 2007 , the church 's steeple was restored with help from the National Welsh American Foundation . The re @-@ dedication of the church was held on May 21st , the birthday of Parry . A plaque has been placed at one of his homes in Danville ; the community marked the centenary of his death at the local Danville Festival by a memorial concert of Parry 's works .
= New York State Route 122 = New York State Route 122 ( NY 122 ) is an east – west state highway in northern Franklin County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 37 in the town of Westville . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Burke . Near its midpoint , NY 122 has a short overlap with NY 30 in the town of Constable . NY 122 serves as a northerly bypass of the village of Malone , situated 6 miles ( 10 km ) to the south . NY 122 was assigned c . 1938 as a north – south connector between what is now NY 11B and US 11 in the nearby town of Bangor . It was extended northeast to Burke via Westville after the state acquired ownership of the Westville – Burke highway in 1980 , and truncated to begin in Westville about 10 years later . Modern NY 122 follows what was originally designated New York State Route 188 during the 1930s . = = Route description = = NY 122 begins at an intersection with NY 37 in the Westville hamlet of Westville Center as an eastward continuation of County Route 19 ( CR 19 , Jewett Road ) . The route initially heads eastward from NY 37 as a rural , two @-@ lane road before ducking to the southeast . After an intersection with Bird Road roughly 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) from Westville Center , it continues on a southeasterly track for 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , running alongside the Salmon River before curving eastward into the town of Constable . NY 122 soon enters the hamlet of the same name , where the undeveloped surroundings give way to a stretch of residences on both sides of the highway . In the center of Constable , NY 122 intersects NY 30 , which overlaps with NY 122 for one block on its way from Malone to the Canadian border . The highway continues east from NY 30 , serving residences in the eastern part of the hamlet before curving to the southeast and entering another rural area . The road crosses into the town of Burke at a junction with Constable – Burke Town Line Road 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of Constable , and subsequently takes on a more pronounced southeasterly alignment . NY 122 ends 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) later at an intersection with US 11 just west of the hamlet of Burke Center . = = History = = In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , a north – south highway in the town of Bangor that linked the hamlets of Bangor and North Bangor was designated as part of NY 187 , an east – west route connecting Nicholville to North Bangor via Bangor . Farther north , an east – west roadway between NY 10 ( now NY 30 ) in Constable and US 11 in Burke was assigned the NY 188 designation . NY 187 was realigned c . 1937 to continue east from Bangor to Malone via modern NY 11B . Its former routing between Bangor and North Bangor was designated as NY 122 by the following year . Meanwhile , NY 188 was extended west to NY 37 in Westville c . 1932 before it was removed c . 1939 . On April 1 , 1980 , ownership and maintenance of former NY 188 ( by this point redesignated as CR 22 ) was transferred from Franklin County to the state of New York as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . In return , the state transferred all of then @-@ NY 122 to Franklin County . The new Westville – Burke state highway became part of NY 122 , which was extended north along CR 19 to Westville Center and east along former NY 188 to Burke . NY 122 was truncated between 1985 and 1993 to consist only of the state @-@ maintained part of the route between Westville and Burke . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Franklin County .
= John D. Rockefeller = John Davison Rockefeller Sr. ( July 8 , 1839 – May 23 , 1937 ) was an American industrialist and philanthropist . He was a co @-@ founder of the Standard Oil Company , which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust . Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry , and along with other key contemporary industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie , defined the structure of modern philanthropy . In 1870 , he founded Standard Oil Company and actively ran it until he officially retired in 1897 . Rockefeller founded Standard Oil as an Ohio partnership with his brother William along with Henry Flagler , Jabez A. Bostwick , chemist Samuel Andrews , and a silent partner , Stephen V. Harkness . As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance , Rockefeller 's wealth soared and he became the world 's richest man and the first American worth more than a billion dollars , controlling 90 % of all oil in the United States at his peak . His fortune upon his death in 1937 stood at US $ 1 @.@ 4 billion ( equivalent to $ 23 billion in 2015 dollars ) . At the time , his fortune accounted for more than 1 @.@ 5 % of the national economy , equivalent to $ 253 billion in 2013 . His peak net worth was estimated at $ 336 billion or almost 2 % of the American economy ( in 2007 USD ; inflation @-@ adjusted ) at 74 years of age , making him arguably the richest person in modern history . Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement at his estate , Kykuit , in Westchester County , New York . His fortune was mainly used to create the modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy . He was able to do this through the creation of foundations that had a major effect on medicine , education and scientific research . His foundations pioneered the development of medical research and were instrumental in the eradication of hookworm and yellow fever . Rockefeller was also the founder of both the University of Chicago and Rockefeller University and funded the establishment of Central Philippine University in the Philippines . He was a devout and devoted Northern Baptist , and supported many church @-@ based institutions . Rockefeller adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco throughout his life . He was a faithful congregant of the Erie Street Baptist Mission Church , where he taught Sunday school , and served as a trustee , clerk , and occasional janitor . Religion was a guiding force throughout his life , and Rockefeller believed it to be the source of his success . Rockefeller was also considered a supporter of capitalism based on a perspective of social darwinism , and is often quoted as saying " The growth of a large business is merely a survival of the fittest . " = = Early life = = Rockefeller was the second of six children and eldest son born in Richford , New York , to con artist William Avery " Bill " Rockefeller ( November 13 , 1810 – May 11 , 1906 ) and Eliza Davison ( September 12 , 1813 – March 28 , 1889 ) . His siblings were Lucy ( 1838 – 1878 ) , William Jr . ( 1841 – 1922 ) , Mary ( 1843 – 1925 ) , and twins Franklin ( Frank ) ( 1845 – 1917 ) and Frances ( 1845 – 1847 ) . His father was of English and German descent while his mother was of Scots @-@ Irish descent . Bill was first a lumberman and then a traveling salesman who identified himself as a " botanic physician " and sold elixirs . The locals referred to the mysterious but fun @-@ loving man as " Big Bill " and " Devil Bill " . He was a sworn foe of conventional morality who had opted for a vagabond existence and who returned to his family infrequently . Throughout his life , Bill became notorious for shady schemes . In between the births of Lucy and John , Bill and his mistress / housekeeper Nancy Brown had a daughter named Clorinda ( c . 1838 – ? , died young ) . Between John and William Jr . ' s births , Bill and Nancy had another daughter , Cornelia ( c . 1840 – ? ) . Eliza , a homemaker and devout Northern Baptist , struggled to maintain a semblance of stability at home , as Bill was frequently gone for extended periods . She also put up with his philandering and his double life , which included bigamy . Thrifty by nature and necessity , she taught her son that " willful waste makes woeful want " . Young Rockefeller did his share of the regular household chores and earned extra money raising turkeys , selling potatoes and candy , and eventually lending small sums of money to neighbors . He followed his father 's advice to " trade dishes for platters " and always get the better part of any deal . Bill once bragged , " I cheat my boys every chance I get . I want to make ' em sharp . " When he was a boy , his family moved to Moravia , NY , and in 1851 to Owego , where he attended Owego Academy . In 1853 , his family moved to Strongsville , a suburb of Cleveland . Rockefeller attended Cleveland 's Central High School , the first high school in Cleveland and the first free , public high school west of the Alleghenies . Then , he took a ten @-@ week business course at Folsom 's Commercial College , where he studied bookkeeping . In spite of his father 's absences and frequent family moves , young John was a well @-@ behaved , serious , and studious boy . His contemporaries described him as reserved , earnest , religious , methodical , and discreet . He was an excellent debater and expressed himself precisely . He also had a deep love of music and dreamed of it as a possible career . Early on , he displayed an excellent mind for numbers and detailed accounting . = = Pre @-@ Standard Oil career = = = = = As a bookkeeper = = = In September 1855 , when Rockefeller was sixteen , he got his first job as an assistant bookkeeper working for a small produce commission firm called Hewitt & Tuttle . He worked long hours and delighted , as he later recalled , in " all the methods and systems of the office . " He was particularly adept at calculating transportation costs , which served him well later in his career . Making 50 cents a day , the full salary for his first three months ' work was $ 50 ( equivalent to $ 1 thousand in 2015 dollars ) . As a youth , Rockefeller reportedly said that his two great ambitions were to make $ 100 thousand ( equivalent to $ 3 million in 2015 dollars ) and to live 100 years . = = = Business partnership and Civil War service = = = In 1859 , Rockefeller went into the produce commission business with a partner , Maurice B. Clark , and they raised $ 4 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 100 thousand in 2015 dollars ) in capital . Rockefeller went steadily ahead in business from there , making money each year of his career . After wholesale foodstuffs , the partners built an oil refinery in 1863 in " The Flats " , then Cleveland 's burgeoning industrial area . The refinery was directly owned by Andrews , Clark & Company , which was composed of Clark & Rockefeller , chemist Samuel Andrews , and M. B. Clark 's two brothers . The commercial oil business was then in its infancy . Whale oil had become too expensive for the masses , and a cheaper , general @-@ purpose lighting fuel was needed . While his brother Frank fought in the Civil War , Rockefeller tended his business and hired substitute soldiers . He gave money to the Union cause , as did many rich Northerners who avoided combat . Rockefeller was an abolitionist who voted for President Abraham Lincoln and supported the then @-@ new Republican Party . As he said , " God gave me money " , and he did not apologize for it . He felt at ease and righteous following John Wesley 's dictum , " gain all you can , save all you can , and give all you can . " In February 1865 , in what was later described by oil industry historian Daniel Yergin as a " critical " action , Rockefeller bought out the Clark brothers for $ 72 @,@ 500 ( equivalent to $ 1 million in 2015 dollars ) at auction and established the firm of Rockefeller & Andrews . Rockefeller said , " It was the day that determined my career . " He was well positioned to take advantage of postwar prosperity and the great expansion westward fostered by the growth of railroads and an oil @-@ fueled economy . He borrowed heavily , reinvested profits , adapted rapidly to changing markets , and fielded observers to track the quickly expanding industry . = = = Beginning in the oil business = = = In 1866 , his brother William Rockefeller Jr. built another refinery in Cleveland and brought John into the partnership . In 1867 , Henry M. Flagler became a partner , and the firm of Rockefeller , Andrews & Flagler was established . By 1868 , with Rockefeller continuing practices of borrowing and reinvesting profits , controlling costs , and using refineries ' waste , the company owned two Cleveland refineries and a marketing subsidiary in New York ; it was the largest oil refinery in the world . Rockefeller , Andrews & Flagler was the predecessor of the Standard Oil Company . = = Standard Oil = = = = = Founding and early growth = = = By the end of the American Civil War , Cleveland was one of the five main refining centers in the U.S. ( besides Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , New York , and the region in northwestern Pennsylvania where most of the oil originated ) . By 1869 there was three times more kerosene refining capacity than needed to supply the market , and the capacity remained in excess for many years . On 10 January , 1870 , Rockefeller abolished the partnership of Rockefeller , Andrews & Flagler , forming Standard Oil of Ohio , which rapidly became the most profitable refiner in Ohio . Standard Oil grew to become one of the largest shippers of oil and kerosene in the country . The railroads competed fiercely for traffic and , in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates , formed the South Improvement Company in collusion with Standard and other oil companies outside the main oil centers . The cartel received preferential treatment as a high @-@ volume shipper , which included not just steep rebates of up to 50 % for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products . Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges . This touched off a firestorm of protest from independent oil well owners , including boycotts and vandalism , which led to the discovery of Standard Oil 's part in the deal . A major New York refiner , Charles Pratt and Company , headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers , led the opposition to this plan , and railroads soon backed off . Pennsylvania revoked the cartel 's charter , and non @-@ preferential rates were restored for the time being . Undeterred , though vilified for the first time by the press , Rockefeller continued with his self @-@ reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners , improving the efficiency of his operations , pressing for discounts on oil shipments , undercutting his competition , making secret deals , raising investment pools , and buying rivals out . In less than four months in 1872 , in what was later known as " The Cleveland Conquest " or " The Cleveland Massacre " , Standard Oil absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors . Eventually , even his former antagonists , Pratt and Rogers , saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil : in 1874 , they made a secret agreement with Rockefeller to be acquired . Pratt and Rogers became Rockefeller 's partners . Rogers , in particular , became one of Rockefeller 's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust . Pratt 's son , Charles Millard Pratt , became Secretary of Standard Oil . For many of his competitors , Rockefeller had merely to show them his books so they could see what they were up against and make them a decent offer . If they refused his offer , he told them he would run them into bankruptcy and then cheaply buy up their assets at auction . He saw himself as the industry 's savior , " an angel of mercy " absorbing the weak and making the industry as a whole stronger , more efficient , and more competitive . Standard was growing horizontally and vertically . It added its own pipelines , tank cars , and home delivery network . It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors , made its products affordable to the average household , and , to increase market penetration , sometimes sold below cost . It developed over 300 oil @-@ based products from tar to paint to Vaseline petroleum jelly to chewing gum . By the end of the 1870s , Standard was refining over 90 % of the oil in the U.S. Rockefeller had already become a millionaire ( $ 1 million is equivalent to $ 25 million in 2015 dollars ) . " He instinctively realized that orderliness would only proceed from centralized control of large aggregations of plant and capital , with the one aim of an orderly flow of products from the producer to the consumer . That orderly , economic , efficient flow is what we now , many years later , call ' vertical integration ' I do not know whether Mr. Rockefeller ever used the word ' integration ' . I only know he conceived the idea . " A Standard Oil of Ohio successor of Rockefeller In 1877 , Standard clashed with Thomas A. Scott , the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad , Standard 's chief hauler . Rockefeller envisioned pipelines as an alternative transport system for oil and began a campaign to build and acquire them . The railroad , seeing Standard 's incursion into the transportation and pipeline fields , struck back and formed a subsidiary to buy and build oil refineries and pipelines . Standard countered and held back its shipments and , with the help of other railroads , started a price war that dramatically reduced freight payments and caused labor unrest . Rockefeller prevailed and the railroad sold its oil interests to Standard . But in the aftermath of that battle , in 1879 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania indicted Rockefeller on charges of monopolizing the oil trade , starting an avalanche of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil 's business practices . Rockefeller was under great strain during the 1870s and 1880s when he was carrying out his plan of consolidation and integration and being attacked by the press . He complained that he could not stay asleep most nights . Rockefeller later commented : " All the fortune that I have made has not served to compensate me for the anxiety of that period . " = = = Monopoly = = = Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil refining and marketing in the United States through horizontal integration . In the kerosene industry , Standard Oil replaced the old distribution system with its own vertical system . It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets , and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers , thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers . Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public ( the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80 % over the life of the company ) , Standard Oil 's business practices created intense controversy . Standard 's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling , differential pricing , and secret transportation rebates . The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence , in part for these monopolistic methods , giving momentum to the antitrust movement . By 1880 , according to the New York World , Standard Oil was " the most cruel , impudent , pitiless , and grasping monopoly that ever fastened upon a country " . To the critics Rockefeller replied , " In a business so large as ours ... some things are likely to be done which we cannot approve . We correct them as soon as they come to our knowledge . " At that time , many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another . As a result , Rockefeller and his associates owned dozens of separate corporations , each of which operated in just one state ; the management of the whole enterprise was rather unwieldy . In 1882 , Rockefeller 's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings , giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust . The " trust " was a corporation of corporations , and the entity 's size and wealth drew much attention . Nine trustees , including Rockefeller , ran the 41 companies in the trust . The public and the press were immediately suspicious of this new legal entity , and other businesses seized upon the idea and emulated it , further inflaming public sentiment . Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility , always prevailing against competitors , critics , and political enemies . It had become the richest , biggest , most feared business in the world , seemingly immune to the boom and bust of the business cycle , consistently making profits year after year . The company 's vast American empire included 20 @,@ 000 domestic wells , 4 @,@ 000 miles of pipeline , 5 @,@ 000 tank cars , and over 100 @,@ 000 employees . Its share of world oil refining topped out above 90 % but slowly dropped to about 80 % for the rest of the century . In spite of the formation of the trust and its perceived immunity from all competition , by the 1880s Standard Oil had passed its peak of power over the world oil market . Rockefeller finally gave up his dream of controlling all the world 's oil refining , he admitted later , " We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil . " Over time foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance . In the early 1880s , Rockefeller created one of his most important innovations . Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly , Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions . Rockefeller then ordered the issuance of certificates against oil stored in its pipelines . These certificates became traded by speculators , thus creating the first oil @-@ futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on . The National Petroleum Exchange opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate the trading of oil futures . Even though 85 % of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s , drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market . Robert Nobel had established his own refining enterprise in the abundant and cheaper Russian oil fields , including the region 's first pipeline and the world 's first oil tanker . The Paris Rothschilds jumped into the fray providing financing . Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java . Even more critical , the invention of the light bulb gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination . But Standard Oil adapted , developing a European presence , expanding into natural gas production in the U.S. then into gasoline for automobiles , which until then had been considered a waste product . Standard Oil moved its headquarters to New York City at 26 Broadway , and Rockefeller became a central figure in the city 's business community . He bought a residence in 1884 on 54th street near the mansions of other magnates such as William Henry Vanderbilt . Despite personal threats and constant pleas for charity , Rockefeller took the new elevated train to his downtown office daily . In 1887 , Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission which was tasked with enforcing equal rates for all railroad freight , but by then Standard depended more on pipeline transport . More threatening to Standard 's power was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 , originally used to control unions , but later central to the breakup of the Standard Oil trust . Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti @-@ trust laws , and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892 , the first step in the dissolution of the trust . In the 1890s , Rockefeller expanded into iron ore and ore transportation , forcing a collision with steel magnate Andrew Carnegie , and their competition became a major subject of the newspapers and cartoonists . Rockefeller also went on a massive buying spree acquiring leases for crude oil production in Ohio , Indiana , and West Virginia , as the original Pennsylvania oil fields began to play out . Amidst the frenetic expansion , Rockefeller began to think of retirement . The daily management of the trust was turned over to John Dustin Archbold and Rockefeller bought a new estate , Pocantico Hills , north of New York City , turning more time to leisure activities including the new sports of bicycling and golf . Upon his ascent to the presidency , Theodore Roosevelt initiated dozens of suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act and coaxed reforms out of Congress . In 1901 , U.S. Steel , then controlled by J. Pierpont Morgan , having bought Andrew Carnegie 's steel assets , offered to buy Standard 's iron interests as well . A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged Standard 's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company ’ s board of directors . In full retirement at age 63 , Rockefeller earned over $ 58 million in investments in 1902 . One of the most effective attacks on Rockefeller and his firm was the 1904 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company , by Ida Tarbell , a leading muckraker . She documented the company 's espionage , price wars , heavy @-@ handed marketing tactics , and courtroom evasions . Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company , Tarbell stated she was surprised at its magnitude . " I never had an animus against their size and wealth , never objected to their corporate form . I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could , but only by legitimate means . But they had never played fair , and that ruined their greatness for me . " Tarbell 's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair . Rockefeller called her " Miss Tarbarrel " in private but held back in public saying only , " not a word about that misguided woman . " Instead Rockefeller began a publicity campaign to put his company and himself in a better light . Though he had long maintained a policy of active silence with the press , he decided to make himself more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as " capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction . " He wrote and published his memoirs beginning in 1908 . Critics found his writing to be sanitized and disingenuous and thought that statements such as " the underlying , essential element of success in business is to follow the established laws of high @-@ class dealing " seemed to be at odds with his true business methods . Rockefeller and his son continued to consolidate their oil interests as best they could until New Jersey , in 1909 , changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re @-@ creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company . Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock . At last in 1911 , the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act . By then the trust still had a 70 % market share of the refined oil market but only 14 % of the U.S. crude oil supply . The court ruled that the trust originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies . These included , among many others , Continental Oil , which became Conoco , now part of ConocoPhillips ; Standard of Indiana , which became Amoco , now part of BP ; Standard of California , which became Chevron ; Standard of New Jersey , which became Esso ( and later , Exxon ) , now part of ExxonMobil ; Standard of New York , which became Mobil , now part of ExxonMobil ; and Standard of Ohio , which became Sohio , now part of BP . Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies . Rockefeller , who had rarely sold shares , held over 25 % of Standard 's stock at the time of the breakup . He and all other stockholders received proportionate shares in each of the 34 companies . In the aftermath , Rockefeller 's control over the oil industry was somewhat reduced but over the next 10 years , the breakup also proved immensely profitable for him . The companies ' combined net worth rose fivefold and Rockefeller ’ s personal wealth jumped to $ 900 million . = = Colorado Fuel and Iron = = In 1902 , facing cash flow problems , John Cleveland Osgood turned to George Jay Gould a principle stockholder of the Denver and Rio Grande for a loan . Gould , via Frederick Taylor Gates , Rockefeller 's financial adviser , brought John D. Rockefeller in to help finance the loan . Analysis of the company 's operations by John D. Rockefeller , Jr. showed a need for substantially more funds which were provided in exchange for acquisition of CF & I 's subsidiaries such as the Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company , the Crystal River Railroad Company , and possibly the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company . Control was passed from the Iowa Group to Gould and Rockefeller interests in 1903 with Gould in control and Rockefeller and Gates representing a minority interests . Osgood left the company in 1904 and devoted his efforts to operating competing coal and coke operations . = = = Strike of 1913 – 14 and the Ludlow Massacre = = = The strike , called in September 1913 , by the United Mine Workers over the issue of union representation , was against coal mine operators in Huerfano and Las Animas counties in southern Colorado where the majority of CF & I 's coal and coke production was located , and was fought by the coal mine operators association and its steering committee which included Welborn , president of CF & I , who was spokesman for the coal operators . Lamont Montgomery Bowers , Rockefeller 's man , remained in the background . Few of the miners actually belonged to the union or participated in the strike call , but the majority honored it . Scabs were threatened and sometimes attacked . Both sides purchased substantial arms and ammunition . Striking miners were forced to abandon their homes in company towns and lived in tent cities erected by the union such as the tent city at Ludlow , a railway stop north of Trinidad . Under the protection of the National Guard , some miners returned to work and some strikebreakers imported from the eastern coalfields joined them as Guard troops protected their movements . In February 1914 a substantial portion of the troops were withdrawn , but a substantial contingent remained at Ludlow . On April 20 , 1914 , a general fire @-@ fight occurred between strikers and troops . The camp burned , and 15 women and children in the camp were burned to death . Costs to both mine operators and the union were high . Due to reduced demand for coal resulting from an economic downturn many of CF & I 's coal mines never reopened and many men were thrown out of work . The union was forced to discontinue strike benefits in February 1915 . There was destitution in the coal fields . With the help of funds from the Rockefeller Foundation relief programs were organized by the Colorado Committee on Unemployment and Relief , a state agency created by Governor Carlson , offering work to unemployed miners building roads and doing other useful projects . The casualties suffered at Ludlow were successfully labeled a massacre and mobilized public opinion against the Rockefellers and the coal industry . The United States Commission on Industrial Relations conducted extensive hearings singling out John D. Rockefeller , Jr. and the Rockefellers ' relationship with Bowers for special attention . Bower was relieved of duty and Welborn restored to control in 1915 and industrial relations improved . Initially following the massacre , Rockefeller denied any responsibility and minimized the seriousness of the event . When testifying on the Ludlow Massacre , and asked what action he would have taken as Director , John D. Rockefeller stated , " I would have taken no action . I would have deplored the necessity which compelled the officers of the company to resort to such measures to supplement the State forces to maintain law and order . " Rockefeller admitted that he had made no attempt to bring the militiamen to justice . = = Illnesses and death = = In his 50s Rockefeller suffered from moderate depression and digestive troubles and , during a stressful period in the 1890s , developed alopecia , a condition that causes the loss of some or all body hair . By 1901 he did not have a hair on his body , and he began wearing wigs . The hair never grew back , but his other health complaints subsided as he lightened his workload . Rockefeller died of arteriosclerosis on May 23 , 1937 , less than two months shy of his 98th birthday , at The Casements , his home in Ormond Beach , Florida . He was buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland . = = Personal life = = = = = Family = = = Against long circulating speculations that his family has French roots , genealogists proved the German origin of Rockefeller and traced them back to the early 17th century . Thereupon Johann Peter Rockenfeller ( baptized 27 September 1682 in the Protestant church of Rengsdorf ) immigrated in 1723 from Altwied ( today a district of Neuwied , Rhineland @-@ Palatinate ) with three children to North America and settled down in Germantown , Pennsylvania . The name Rockenfeller ( from Rockenfeld ) refers to a deserted place Rockenfeld ( English : distaff field ) in the district of Neuwied . Even today there are numerous inhabitants in this region with the surname Rockenfeller . = = = Marriage = = = In 1864 , Rockefeller married Laura Celestia " Cettie " Spelman ( 1839 – 1915 ) , daughter of Harvey Buell Spelman and Lucy Henry . They had four daughters and one son together . He said later , " Her judgment was always better than mine . Without her keen advice , I would be a poor man . " Elizabeth " Bessie " Rockefeller ( August 23 , 1866 – November 14 , 1906 ) Alice Rockefeller ( July 14 , 1869 – August 20 , 1870 ) Alta Rockefeller ( April 12 , 1871 – June 21 , 1962 ) Edith Rockefeller ( August 31 , 1872 – August 25 , 1932 ) John Davison Rockefeller , Jr . ( January 29 , 1874 – May 11 , 1960 ) The Rockefeller wealth , distributed as it was through a system of foundations and trusts , continued to fund family philanthropic , commercial , and , eventually , political aspirations throughout the 20th century . John Jr . ' s youngest son David Rockefeller was a leading New York banker , serving for over 20 years as CEO of Chase Manhattan ( now part of JPMorgan Chase ) . Second son , Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller , was Republican governor of New York and the 41st Vice President of the United States . Fourth son Winthrop Aldrich Rockefeller served as Republican Governor of Arkansas . Grandchildren Abigail Aldrich " Abby " Rockefeller and John Davison Rockefeller III became philanthropists . Grandson Laurance Spelman Rockefeller became a conservationist . Great @-@ grandson John Davison " Jay " Rockefeller IV served from 1985 until 2015 as a Democratic Senator from West Virginia and as a former governor of West Virginia , and another , Winthrop Paul Rockefeller , served ten years as Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas . = = = Religious views = = = John D. Rockefeller was born in the New York state area known as the Burned @-@ over district amidst the Second Great Awakening ; an evangelical revival which drew masses to various Protestant churches — especially Baptist and Methodist ones — urging believers to follow such ideals as hard work , prayer and good deeds to build " the Kingdom of God on Earth " . Early in his life , he regularly went with his siblings and mother Eliza to the local Baptist church — the Erie Street Baptist Church ( later the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church ) — belonging to the Triennial Convention ( 1907 @-@ 1950 called the Northern Baptist Convention ; modern American Baptist Churches USA ) . His mother was deeply religious and disciplined , and had a major influence on him in religious matters . During church service , his mother would urge him to contribute his few pennies to the congregation . He came to associate the church with charity . A Baptist preacher once encouraged him to " make as much money as he could , and then give away as much as he could " . Later in his life , Rockefeller recalled : " It was at this moment , that the financial plan of my life was formed " . Money making was considered by him a god @-@ given gift . A devout Northern Baptist , Rockefeller would read the Bible daily , attend prayer meetings twice a week and even led his own Bible study with his wife . Burton Folsom Jr. has noted , he sometimes gave tens of thousands of dollars to Christian groups , while , at the same time , he was trying to borrow over a million dollar to expand his business . His philosophy of giving was founded upon biblical principles . He truly believed in the biblical principle found in Luke 6 : 38 , " Give , and it will be given to you . A good measure , pressed down , shaken together and running over , will be poured into your lap . For with the measure you use , it will be measured to you . " Rockefeller would support Baptist missionary activity , fund universities , and heavily engage in religious activities at his Cleveland , Ohio church . While traveling the South , he would donate large sums of money to churches belonging to the Southern Baptist Convention , various Black churches , as well as other Christian denominations . One time , he paid for a slave 's freedom and gave to a Roman Catholic orphanage . As he grew rich , his donations became more generous , especially to his church in Cleveland . = = = Rumors = = = At the height of John D. Rockefeller 's power as monopolist there were the first rumors that the family are said to guard as an " embarrassing secret " . Joseph Pulitzer offered a reward of $ 8 @,@ 000 for information about John 's father Bill aka " Doc Rockefeller " , by whom was only known that he was alive under a false name . However , the journalists could not find him before his death , and only two years later the whole story was published . Bill , who traveled as a mountebank across the country , sometimes a glad @-@ handing huckster or occasionally as " herbal doctor " , although he had no legitimate medical training , abandoned his family around 1855 , but remained legally married to Eliza up to her death . He adopted the name William Levingston and married , as a bigamist in Norwich , Ontario , Margaret L. Allen ( 1834 – 1910 ) , without issue . He died in 1906 and his tomb was paid from the property of his second wife . = = Philanthropy = = Rockefeller 's charitable giving began with his first job as a clerk at age 16 , when he gave six percent of his earnings to charity , as recorded in his personal ledger . By the time he was twenty , his charity exceeded ten percent of his income . Much of his giving was church @-@ related . His church was later affiliated with the Northern Baptist Convention , which formed from American Baptists in the North with ties to their historic missions to establish schools and colleges for freedmen in the South after the American Civil War . Rockefeller attended Baptist churches every Sunday ; when traveling he would often attend services at African @-@ American Baptist congregations , leaving a substantial donation . As Rockefeller 's wealth grew , so did his giving , primarily to educational and public health causes , but also for basic science and the arts . He was advised primarily by Frederick Taylor Gates after 1891 , and , after 1897 , also by his son . He was influenced by a meeting with Swami Vivekananda , who urged him to use more of his philanthropy to help the poor and distressed people . Rockefeller believed in the Efficiency Movement , arguing that : " To help an inefficient , ill @-@ located , unnecessary school is a waste ... it is highly probable that enough money has been squandered on unwise educational projects to have built up a national system of higher education adequate to our needs , if the money had been properly directed to that end . " Rockefeller and his advisers invented the conditional grant , which required the recipient to " root the institution in the affections of as many people as possible who , as contributors , become personally concerned , and thereafter may be counted on to give to the institution their watchful interest and cooperation " . In 1884 , Rockefeller provided major funding for a college in Atlanta for African @-@ American women , which became Spelman College ( named for Rockefeller 's in @-@ laws who were ardent abolitionists before the Civil War ) . The oldest existing building on Spelman 's campus , Rockefeller Hall , is named after him . Rockefeller also gave considerable donations to Denison University and other Baptist colleges . Rockefeller gave $ 80 million to the University of Chicago under William Rainey Harper , turning a small Baptist college into a world @-@ class institution by 1900 . He also gave a grant to the American Baptist Missionaries foreign mission board , the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society in establishing Central Philippine University , the first Baptist and second American university in Asia , in 1905 in the Philippines . Rockefeller 's General Education Board , founded in 1903 , was established to promote education at all levels everywhere in the country . In keeping with the historic missions of the Baptists , it was especially active in supporting black schools in the South . Rockefeller also provided financial support to such established eastern institutions as Yale , Harvard , Columbia , Brown , Bryn Mawr , Wellesley and Vassar . On Gates ' advice , Rockefeller became one of the first great benefactors of medical science . In 1901 , he founded the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City . It changed its name to Rockefeller University in 1965 , after expanding its mission to include graduate education . It claims a connection to 23 Nobel laureates . He founded the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1909 , an organization that eventually eradicated the hookworm disease , which had long plagued rural areas of the American South . His General Education Board made a dramatic impact by funding the recommendations of the Flexner Report of 1910 . The study had been undertaken by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching ; it revolutionized the study of medicine in the United States . Rockefeller created the Rockefeller Foundation in 1913 to continue and expand the scope of the work of the Sanitary Commission , which was closed in 1915 . He gave nearly $ 250 million to the foundation , which focused on public health , medical training , and the arts . It endowed Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health , the first of its kind . It also built the Peking Union Medical College in China into a notable institution . The foundation helped in World War I war relief , and it employed William Lyon Mackenzie King of Canada to study industrial relations . In the 1920s , the Rockefeller Foundation funded a hookworm eradication campaign through the International Health Division . This campaign used a combination of politics and science , along with collaboration between healthcare workers and government officials to accomplish its goals . Rockefeller 's fourth main philanthropy , the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation , was created in 1918 . Through this , he supported work in the social studies ; this was later absorbed into the Rockefeller Foundation . In total Rockefeller donated about $ 550 million . Rockefeller became well known in his later life for the practice of giving dimes to adults and nickels to children wherever he went . He even gave dimes as a playful gesture to wealthy men , such as tire mogul Harvey Firestone . = = Florida home = = Henry Flagler , one of the co @-@ founders of Standard Oil along with Rockefeller , bought the Ormond Hotel in 1890 , located in Ormond Beach , Florida , two years after it opened . Flagler expanded it to accommodate 600 guests and the hotel soon became one in a series of Gilded Age hotels catering to passengers aboard Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway . One of Flagler 's guests at the Ormond Hotel was his former business partner John D. Rockefeller , who first stayed at the hotel in 1914 . Rockefeller liked the Ormond Beach area so much that after four seasons at the hotel , he bought an estate in Ormond Beach called " The Casements " . It would be Rockefeller 's winter home during the latter part of his life . Sold by his heirs in 1939 , it was purchased by the city in 1973 and now serves as a cultural center and is the community 's best @-@ known historical structure . = = Legacy = = Rockefeller had a long and controversial career in the oil industry followed by a long career in philanthropy . His image is an amalgam of all of these experiences and the many ways he was viewed by his contemporaries . These contemporaries include his former competitors , many of whom were driven to ruin , but many others of whom sold out at a profit ( or a profitable stake in Standard Oil , as Rockefeller often offered his shares as payment for a business ) , and quite a few of whom became very wealthy as managers as well as owners in Standard Oil . They also include politicians and writers , some of whom served Rockefeller 's interests , and some of whom built their careers by fighting Rockefeller and the " robber barons " . Biographer Allan Nevins , answering Rockefeller 's enemies , concluded : The rise of the Standard Oil men to great wealth was not from poverty . It was not meteor @-@ like , but accomplished over a quarter of a century by courageous venturing in a field so risky that most large capitalists avoided it , by arduous labors , and by more sagacious and farsighted planning than had been applied to any other American industry . The oil fortunes of 1894 were not larger than steel fortunes , banking fortunes , and railroad fortunes made in similar periods . But it is the assertion that the Standard magnates gained their wealth by appropriating " the property of others " that most challenges our attention . We have abundant evidence that Rockefeller 's consistent policy was to offer fair terms to competitors and to buy them out , for cash , stock , or both , at fair appraisals ; we have the statement of one impartial historian that Rockefeller was decidedly " more humane toward competitors " than Carnegie ; we have the conclusion of another that his wealth was " the least tainted of all the great fortunes of his day . " Biographer Ron Chernow wrote of Rockefeller : What makes him problematic — and why he continues to inspire ambivalent reactions — is that his good side was every bit as good as his bad side was bad . Seldom has history produced such a contradictory figure . Notwithstanding these varied aspects of his public life , Rockefeller may ultimately be remembered simply for the raw size of his wealth . In 1902 , an audit showed Rockefeller was worth about $ 200 million — compared to the total national GDP of $ 24 billion then . His wealth continued to grow significantly ( in line with U.S. economic growth ) after as the demand for gasoline soared , eventually reaching about $ 900 million on the eve of the First World War , including significant interests in banking , shipping , mining , railroads , and other industries . According to the New York Times obituary , " it was estimated after Mr. Rockefeller retired from business that he had accumulated close to $ 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 out of the earnings of the Standard Oil trust and out of his other investments . This was probably the greatest amount of wealth that any private citizen had ever been able to accumulate by his own efforts . " By the time of his death in 1937 , Rockefeller 's remaining fortune , largely tied up in permanent family trusts , was estimated at $ 1 @.@ 4 billion , while the total national GDP was $ 92 billion . According to some methods of wealth calculation , Rockefeller 's net worth over the last decades of his life would easily place him as the wealthiest known person in recent history . As a percentage of the United States ' GDP , no other American fortune — including those of Bill Gates or Sam Walton — would even come close . Rockefeller , at the age of 86 , penned the following words to sum up his life :
= Donde Quiera Que Estés = " Donde Quiera Que Estés " ( English : " Wherever You Are " ) is a duet recorded by American Latin pop quintet the Barrio Boyzz and American Tejano singer Selena . Released on the Barrio Boyzz ' album of the same name , " Donde Quiera Que Estés " was written by K. C. Porter , Miguel Flores , Desmond Child , and produced by A.B. Quintanilla III , Domingo Padilla and Bebu Silvetti . The lyrics explore feelings felt after a breakup between first @-@ time lovers who hope that their love will one day return . " Donde Quiera Que Estés " is a dance pop song with influences from hip @-@ hop music . Before the recording sessions , the Barrio Boyzz and Selena were unaware of each other until EMI Latin acquainted them to record the song . After filming the music video for the song in New York , the Barrio Boyzz and Selena went on a mini @-@ tour throughout Texas and Mexico . The song peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for six consecutive weeks . It eventually became the sixth most performed Latin song of 1994 in the United States . " Donde Quiera Que Estés " was nominated for Vocal Duo of the Year at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards . The song was a critical success with music journalist favoring its musical composition . = = Background and production = = " Donde Quiera Que Estés " was written by American music producers K. C. Porter , Miguel Flores , and Desmond Child for EMI Latin 's project . The record company wanted the Barrio Boyzz and Selena to record the tune , the two were unaware of each other and were acquainted to record the song . Selena 's sister and drummer of Selena y Los Dinos , Suzette Quintanilla said in a 2002 interview that " [ the other company ] were like " well who is Selena ? " and vice versa " who is the Barrio Boyzz ? " , we weren 't too familiar with them . " Selena flew to New York with her mother Marcella Quintanilla to record and film the song with the Barrio Boyzz . The song was produced by Selena 's brother – record producer A.B. Quintanilla , American hip @-@ hop producer Domingo Padilla , and Argentine musician and producer Bebu Silvetti . The song was included in the 1993 sophomore album of the same name by the Barrio Boyzz , the album was later certified platinum ( Latin field ) for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 units in the United States . According to El Salvador ( El Mundo ) , Jose Behar , then @-@ president of EMI Latin , initially wanted to expand the Barrio Boyzz and Selena 's exposure from two different regions of the United States where they were relatively unknown . On March 31 , 1995 , Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of the singer 's Selena Etc. boutiques . At the time of her death , Selena was working on a crossover album that marketed her as an American solo pop artist . The Barrio Boyzz were asked to re @-@ record the song into a bilingual duet with Selena entitled " Wherever You Are " . The song was added to the track listing of Dreaming of You ( 1995 ) , which was later certified 35 × platinum ( Latin field ) for shipments of 3 @.@ 5 million units in the United States . = = Composition and chart history = = " Donde Quiera Que Estés " is a Spanish @-@ language dance pop song with influences of hip @-@ hop music . It is performed in a moderate groove with a tempo of 90 beats per minute . Both the Spanish and English versions are performed in E minor and the musical instruments used in the recording are the piano and drums . The song makes use of scat singing , which were absent from the Spanish version . The lyrics explored feelings of a couples ending relationship , though both hope that their love will soon return . The song was released onto U.S. radios on 22 January 1994 and debuted at number 20 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart on the week ending 5 February 1994 . The song jumped to number six in the second week and to number three on the following week . John Lannert of Billboard called " Donde Quiera Que Estés " a " fast @-@ climbing " song and predicted it — along with Los Fugitivos ' song " La Loca " — to have outperform Ana Gabriel 's chart topper " Luna " in the following week . The song fell to number four on the week ending 26 February 1994 , it reclaimed the third position the following week for two consecutive weeks . On 26 March 1994 , " Donde Quiera Que Estés " peaked at number one on the chart and remained atop the chart for six consecutive weeks . This gave the Barrio Boyzz their second consecutive number one song , with their first being " Cerca de Ti " which peaked at number one on the week ending 18 December 1993 . " Donde Quiera Que Estés " provided Selena her first number one song in two years , her first number one was " Buenos Amigos " with Alvaro Torres , which peaked at number one on 6 June 1992 . " Donde Quiera Que Estés " knocked Gloria Estefan 's " Mi Buen Amor " , which was logged atop the chart for two consecutive weeks . In its fourth week at number one , " Donde Quiera Que Estés " scored a " commanding point bulge " and its score at the time didn 't seem to be diminishing . In its fifth week , Lannert pointed out that La Mafia 's " Vida " song was vastly approaching the number one spot , however , he predicted that the song should remain at number one for one more week before being dethroned . = = Critical reception and legacy = = The song was nominated for Vocal Duo of the Year at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards , where the Barrio Boyzz and Selena performed the track . John Lannert of Billboard called " Donde Quiera Que Estés " a " pop / dance monster " during its reign on the top of Latin charts in 1994 . After Selena 's death , Lannert wrote a retrospective article on the singer for Billboard released on 10 June 1995 , he called " Donde Quiera Que Estés " a " pop duet smash " . After Selena was inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame on that same issue , Lannert allude the song as being a " rhythmic pop number " . On his album review of Dreaming of You , Paul Verna of Billboard called the track a " smash collaboration " . Marco Torres wrote in the Houston Press that " Donde Quiera Que Estés " is " probably the best music video of all time " . He further wrote that Selena " showcases her pop @-@ princess qualities by teaming up with New York City Latino pop group [ the ] Barrio Boyzz " . Torres also states that " this song about first loves is the perfect balance of harmony , sultry whispers and Selena 's ability to turn an otherwise mediocre song into a spectacular hit . " The Argus @-@ Press believed that " Donde Quiera Que Estés " and Selena 's subsequent single " Amor Prohibido " , were added on Dreaming of You to " show how her style grew . " Reviewing " Wherever You Are " , Howard Cohen and Fernando Gonzalez of The Day , called the track a hip @-@ hop number . Salsa singers Isidro Infante and La Elite covered the song for the tribute album Familia RMM Recordando a Selena ( 1996 ) . For the live televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 , Aleks Syntek and Fey performed and recorded the song . It was later made available for the album of the concert , released on 10 May 2005 . Syntek later re @-@ released the song for his compilation album 3 Décadas de Duetos ( 2012 ) . In March 2010 , the music video for " Donde Queira Que Estés " and other Selena music videos formed part of a tribute to mark the fifteenth anniversary of the singer 's death . It was broadcast to 42 million homes nationwide on Music Choice On Demand in the United States for a limited time . = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = = = = Personnel = = Music video Laurice Bell — director Jose Behar ( EMI Latin ) — producer Desmond Charles ( Tango Productions ) — producer Donde Quiera Que Estés Selena — vocals the Barrio Boyzz — vocals , scats Joe Ojeda — piano Chris Pérez — electric guitar Suzette Quintanilla — drums A.B. Quintanilla — producer Domingo Padilla — producer Bebu Silvetti — producer K. C. Porter — composer Miguel Flores — composer Desmond Child — composer Lisette Lorenzo — art direction
= Italian cruiser Calatafimi = Calatafimi was a torpedo cruiser of the Partenope class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . She was built by the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando shipyard ; her keel was laid in July 1891 , she was launched in May 1894 , and was commissioned in December 1895 . Her main armament were her five torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of eleven small @-@ caliber guns . Calatafimi spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . The ship was sold in March 1907 and broken up for scrap . = = Design = = Calatafimi was 73 @.@ 1 meters ( 239 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 8 @.@ 22 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 48 m ( 11 ft 5 in ) . She displaced 839 metric tons ( 826 long tons ; 925 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Specific figures for Calatafimi 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 @.@ 1 to 20 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 5 to 38 @.@ 5 km / h ; 20 @.@ 8 to 23 @.@ 9 mph ) at 3 @,@ 884 to 4 @,@ 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 896 to 3 @,@ 297 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 and 121 personnel . Calatafimi was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) / 43 guns mounted singly.α She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her six 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 @.@ 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick ; her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate . = = Service history = = The new cruiser was originally to have been named Tersicore , but she was renamed Calatafimi the day construction began . The last member of her class , Calatafimi was laid down on 15 September 1891 at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ( Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia ) , and was launched on 18 March 1893 . After fitting @-@ out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 16 January 1894 . The following year , she was assigned to the 2nd Division of the Permanent Squadron , which included her sister ship Euridice , the ironclad battleship Francesco Morosini , and the protected cruiser Etruria . The Squadron was based at La Spezia at the time , though Calatafimi was stationed primarily in Taranto and Naples , along with most of the other torpedo cruisers of the Italian fleet . In 1895 , unrest in the Ottoman Empire that killed hundreds of foreign nationals prompted several of the European great powers to send an international fleet to pressure the Ottomans into compensating the victims . In November , a small Italian squadron sent to Smyrna to join the fleet in there ; Calatafimi was mobilized as part of a larger force in Naples that consisted of the ironclads Francesco Morosini , Lepanto , and Ruggiero di Lauria , the protected cruiser Elba , the torpedo cruiser Folgore , and five torpedo boats . This second squadron was stocked with coal and ammunition in the event that it would need to reinforce the squadron at Smryna . In 1896 , she took part in the annual summer maneuvers in July as part of the First Division of the Reserve Squadron , which also included the ironclads Re Umberto and Lepanto and the protected cruiser Ettore Fieramosca . In 1898 , Calatafimi was assigned to the Reserve Squadron , which included the ironclads Lepanto , Francesco Morosini , and Ruggiero di Lauria , three protected cruisers , and the torpedo cruiser Goito . The following year , she returned to the Active Squadron , where she served with six ironclads , the armored cruiser Vettor Pisani , the protected cruiser Lombardia , and Goito . The ship was sold for scrap in March 1907 and subsequently broken up .
= Delaware Route 299 = Delaware Route 299 ( DE 299 ) is a state highway in New Castle County , Delaware . It runs 9 @.@ 77 mi ( 15 @.@ 72 km ) from Maryland Route 282 ( MD 282 ) at the Maryland border east of Warwick , Maryland to DE 9 in Mathews Corners , passing through Middletown and Odessa . It overlaps U.S. Route 301 ( US 301 ) from just east of the Maryland border to the west end of Middletown . It is also concurrent with DE 15 along the eastern part of the US 301 concurrency . The road runs through a mix of suburban development . Delaware Route 299 was originally designated as DE 4 in 1938 , running as far east as US 13 in Odessa . By 1957 , DE 4 became DE 299 to match MD 299 ( now MD 282 ) and was extended east to DE 9 in 1959 . Over the years , several different routes had followed the DE 299 alignment including DE 71 west of Middletown between 1959 and 1987 and US 301N between Middletown and Odessa from 1959 to 1971 . In 2008 , a widening of DE 299 in the western part of Middletown began ; it was completed in November 2010 . = = Route description = = DE 299 heads east from the Maryland border on Warwick Road , passing through farmland . At the state line , the road continues west into Maryland as MD 282 . Shortly after the state line , it merges onto US 301 and heads to the northeast on Middletown Warwick Road . DE 15 joins with the two routes , heading from the south on Levels Road , and they head into the commercial western part of Middletown . At the point DE 15 makes a left onto Bunker Hill Road , US 301 continues straight and DE 299 makes a right onto Main Street , heading east across Norfolk Southern 's Delmarva Secondary rail line into the downtown area of Middletown . In the center of town , DE 299 intersects DE 71 ( Broad Street ) . After running through the downtown area , the route heads east through suburban commercial development in the eastern part of Middletown , passing to the north of Middletown High School , and becomes Middletown Odessa Road . It intersects the DE 1 toll road at a diamond interchange and heads east through a mix of farms and homes into Odessa , becoming Main Street . In Odessa , the route is lined with homes and intersects US 13 , which is split onto 5th Street northbound and 6th Street southbound . Following this intersection , the road runs through the Odessa Historic District . Past Odessa , DE 299 crosses the Appoquinimink River and heads to the southeast on Old State Road into housing developments . The route makes a left turn onto Taylors Bridge Road briefly and ends at DE 9 in Mathews Corners . Portions of DE 299 are designated as part of the Delaware Byways system . The section between Silver Lake Road in Middletown and DE 9 is part of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway while the section between US 13 in Odessa and DE 9 is a spur of the Delaware 's Bayshore Byway . DE 299 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 16 @,@ 456 vehicles at the west end of the DE 15 concurrency to a low of 433 vehicles at the Old State Road intersection . The portion of DE 299 concurrent with US 301 is part of the National Highway System . = = History = = By 1920 , what is now DE 299 existed as an unimproved county road . This county road was paved by 1924 . The present @-@ day alignment of DE 299 became a state highway by 1935 . The current DE 299 was originally designated as DE 4 in 1938 , running between the Maryland border and US 13 in Odessa . By 1957 , DE 4 was renumbered to DE 299 to match MD 299 ( now MD 282 ) across the border and DE 71 was designated concurrent with most of the route west of Middletown . US 301 was designated along the DE 71 / DE 299 concurrency in 1959 while US 301N was designated between DE 71 and US 13 . Also at this time , DE 299 was extended east to DE 9 . The US 301N designation was removed between Middletown and Odessa in 1971 . DE 71 was rerouted off US 301 / DE 299 by 1987 . By 1994 , DE 15 was designated to follow a portion of US 301 / DE 299 west of Middletown . In July 2008 , a widening project began on US 301 / DE 299 between United Drive and the east end of the concurrency . This widening to four lanes was completed in November 2010 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in New Castle County .
= New Guinea Air Warning Wireless = The New Guinea Air Warning Wireless , also known as the " New Guinea Air Warning Wireless Company " , " NGAWW " , or " The Spotters " , was a unique signals unit of the Australian Army formed in January 1942 in Port Moresby , Territory of Papua , during World War II , to provide early warning of Japanese air attack , and subsequently providing surveillance of shipping and ground based troops . During the first month of operations 16 stations were established , with positions set up along the Papuan coast as well as in the mountains near Port Moresby . They often operated behind Japanese lines and were at risk of being captured by the Japanese due to the nature of their operations , while a number of outstations were over @-@ run and the men manning them killed . By the end of 1942 the company was maintaining 61 operational stations and had a strength of 180 men . Eventually , at its peak in late 1944 there were more than 150 spotter stations deployed on islands and mainland territories throughout Papua , New Guinea and Dutch New Guinea . The company 's headquarters moved to Nadzab in June 1944 , by which time stations had been established as far as Hollandia . However , in September 1944 the Australian military decided that it would not agree to American requests for the unit to serve outside the Australian area of operations and it was subsequently withdrawn after being left without a future operational role . Returning to Australia , it was disbanded in April 1945 . Many of its members received awards for their actions , with the company having the distinction of being Australia 's most highly decorated signals unit of World War II . = = History = = = = = Makeshift arrangements = = = The unit that became the New Guinea Air Warning Wireless Company ( NGAWW ) was initially formed in Port Moresby in late January 1942 from volunteers primarily from the 39th Infantry Battalion , a Militia battalion sent to hastily garrison Port Moresby following Japan 's entry into the war . The unit was raised as a result of the experiences of the ill @-@ fated Australian garrison at Rabaul , where the lack of an early warning system to detect Japanese air raids and the movement of an invasion force had complicated its defence before it was ultimately overwhelmed . Operating in a similar manner as the Coastwatchers , they were considered a " top @-@ secret " signals unit . The role of the NGAWW was initially to provide warning of Japanese air raids around Port Moresby . Later , it would be expanded to allow the reporting of Japanese movements by air , land and sea across the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) . Other tasks included the long @-@ range transmission of general intelligence about the enemy , friendly force information , meteorological data and the provision of administrative communications for the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit ( ANGAU ) . Attached to New Guinea Force , the company was conceived by Major Donald Small , Chief Signals Officer of the 8th Military District , who , having experienced the Japanese air raids on Rabaul , observed that the lack of an effective early @-@ warning system around New Britain had resulted in the defenders being caught by surprise when attacked . By employing volunteers from Army units stationed in the area , he planned a network of observation posts , each equipped with a wireless transmitter to screen Port Moresby around a 150 @-@ kilometre ( 93 mi ) radius , providing early warning of air raids , in addition to data on their size , height and strength . The decision of the territory administration to withdraw the civilian wireless operators following the entry of Japan into the war had also left holes in the coastwatching network , reducing its effectiveness . In the nine days following the fall of Rabaul , hasty arrangements were made by Small to assemble an ad hoc group of volunteer infantrymen with only a little signals training using civilian wireless equipment for deployment to the north coast with the assistance of two Short Sunderland flying boats from the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . = = = Initial activities = = = The first group of " spotters " left Port Moresby on 1 February 1942 for the Samarai area , at the strategically important tip of Papua . The NGAWW issued its first air warning on 3 February after spotters at Tufi observed Japanese aircraft heading towards Port Moresby to attack it for the first time . During the first month of operations 16 stations were established , with positions set up along the Papuan coast as well as in the mountains near Port Moresby . The control station for this group was located at Awala , while there was a rear link to company headquarters at Rouna , approximately 34 kilometres ( 21 mi ) from Port Moresby . However , whilst the outer perimeter was able to provide the anti @-@ aircraft defences at Port Moresby with approximately an hour 's warning of an air raid , the system would be unable to track approaching aircraft if they changed course after crossing the reporting line . As a consequence a second , inner perimeter , was established in March , at a range of 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) from Port Moresby to provide ten minutes ' warning of an attack . The air warning system was set up so that the inner perimeter stations were under RAAF control , while the outer stations were supervised by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . In addition , there were a number of spotter stations set up and manned by the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles , as well as a few civilian stations reporting to ANGAU . In March the crew of a shot @-@ down Japanese bomber were engaged from an observation post at Gona by a team of spotters , resulting in the killing of the first Japanese in Papua by Australian ground forces . Working with Kanga Force , a network was set up around Wau in May . For three weeks in June 1942 , spotters manned an observation post in a tree just 300 yards ( 270 m ) from the Japanese airstrip at Salamaua . Spotter Ross Kirkwood was photographed by Damien Parer in this post with an agreement not to release the pictures . Yet the photos were soon published in a newspaper in Sydney and the observation post was attacked by the Japanese the day after , with Kirkwood forced to make a narrow escape . In July 1942 , the Buna station reported the landing of Japanese forces in Papua , an event which marked the commencement of the Kokoda Track Campaign . = = = Formation of the NGAWW = = = Following the rapid expansion that had been required to provide effective coverage in response to the crises caused by the initial Japanese movements a review of the makeshift organisation was undertaken . In October 1942 , the NGAWW Company was officially formed as part of New Guinea Force Signals to consolidate the Army , RAAF and Coastwatcher stations . Meanwhile , efforts were made to standardise equipment across the network and to implement common procedures . The company subsequently came under command of New Guinea Force Signals and its headquarters was established at 9 @-@ mile near Port Moresby . Captain Thomas Warren was in command of the company at this time . The establishment of the company at this time included a headquarters , a Moresby area section , a sub @-@ area section , and a spotting station . Sub @-@ area sections were raised as required and at various times were located at Milne Bay , Dobodura , Wau , Bena Bena , Bulolo , Nadzab , Gusap , Hollandia and Aitape . By the end of 1942 the company was maintaining 61 operational stations and had a strength of 180 men . In mid @-@ 1943 , Warren was transferred to Milne Force and he handed over command temporarily to Captain Gordon King . In October 1943 , the unit was given " Separate Independent Establishment " status under the control of New Guinea Force , becoming the only non @-@ commando independent company . Prior to this they had been known as No. 4 Company , 18th Line of Communication Signals ( NGAWW Company ) . They were subsequently authorised to wear the commando " double diamond " colour patch in 1944 . The Unit Colour Patch was made up of the double diamonds of the independent companies ( later commando companies ) in purple ( denoting divisional engineeers or signals ) on a grey background with the white over blue flash of the Corps of Signals , initially in a zigzag pattern forming a " W " , but later as a rectangle in the centre of the field . The grey background represented a unit of the Second Australian Imperial Force ( Second AIF ) and distinguished it from units raised as part of the First AIF during World War I. The officer commanding , Major Cyril Guiney , who had recently taken over command , applied for an increased establishment at this time to expand the size of the unit and allow it to take an increased role in anticipation of employment outside of SWPA ; however , this was ultimately not approved . = = = Subsequent operations = = = In some cases , travelling through unmapped areas , men took up to six weeks just to reach their destinations . They often had to carry all their supplies , arms and their radio , often with the help of Papuan carriers . Teams of two or three spotters typically maintained the stations , each led by an acting non @-@ commissioned @-@ officer ( NCO ) , working in isolation from friendly forces in remote locations for extended periods of time . The teams survived on limited rations , usually supplemented by native food sources . Once their initial supplies were expended they usually had to fend for themselves , although stations were also sometimes re @-@ supplied by airdrop or by sea , but usually only in the event of a failure of mission essential equipment , or when petrol for the radios ran low . Spotting stations were usually only lightly armed , being usually equipped with just one Owen Gun with 600 rounds for the NCO in charge , and a rifle with only 50 rounds for each other man . Personnel from the company were often at risk of being captured by the Japanese due to the nature of their operations , while a number of outstations were over @-@ run and the men manning them killed . Indeed , the landing of Japanese forces on Papua in 1942 had required a shift from providing air raid warnings to furnishing military intelligence . As a result , many stations found themselves isolated behind Japanese lines , relying on the support of the native population whilst evading capture in order to continue operating . Later , as the tide of war turned in the Allies ' favour , it became necessary for the spotters to move ahead of the advancing Allied forces and also compelled the spotters to work in close proximity to Japanese forces . In 1944 , a team operated a station on Lake Rombebai , 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) in advance of the nearest Allied forces . Between them the spotters rescued or buried more than 200 crashed American and Australian airmen , caring for the injured and arranging safe transport for others . In early 1944 , the unit was reorganised as the war moved north and planning began for it to deploy further afield . Major Lennard Cumpston took over command from Guiney in March . Meanwhile , in March and April a number of stations closed or transferred to ANGAU following a reduction in the threat of large @-@ scale air raids against Australian controlled territory . As debate about the future employment of Australian forces in the Pacific continued , the future of the unit was in doubt and there was consideration given to it being disbanded . However , following a request from the Americans a detachment of 43 signalers , cipher operators , and medical orderlies was subsequently attached to US forces during operations as part of the advance to Hollandia and Tadji , with the NGAWW being the only Australian unit involved in this action . In April 1944 , five USAAF personnel , as well as four officers and 20 enlisted men from the US Signal Corps , were seconded to the NGAWW to be trained as spotters for the purpose of establishing the American Air Warning Wireless Unit to function in the Philippines . The company 's headquarters moved to Nadzab in June 1944 , by which time stations had been established as far as Hollandia , with many behind Japanese lines . Eventually , at its peak in late 1944 there were more than 150 spotter stations deployed on islands and mainland territories throughout Papua , New Guinea and Dutch New Guinea . However , in September 1944 the Australian military decided that it would not agree to American requests for the unit to serve outside the Australian area of operations and it was subsequently withdrawn after being left without a future operational role . Meanwhile , Captain John Marsh took over command from Cumpston who was posted to Washington as a liaison officer . Marsh then oversaw the closure of the remaining network and the preparation of the unit for shipping back to Australia . The spotters were subsequently concentrated at Nadzab , with many meeting each other face @-@ to @-@ face for the first time . The unit left New Guinea in December 1944 . = = = Disbandment = = = After Christmas leave the company concentrated at Balcombe in Victoria where it was officially disbanded on 20 April 1945 , although many of the men continued to serve in other signals units until the end of the war . Although complete records were unable to be maintained , a nominal roll of the unit lists the names of approximately 792 men that served in the NGAWW . During its service , the unit lost eight men killed in action , while another three died of other causes while on active service . The company had the distinction of being Australia 's most highly decorated signals unit of World War II , with its members receiving one MBE , ten Military Medals , and ten Mentions in Dispatches . Numerous Commendation Cards were also awarded by the Commander @-@ In @-@ Chief . Flight Lieutenant Leigh Vial ( then an RAAF pilot officer working as a Coastwatcher ) was also awarded the US Distinguished Service Cross for service behind the lines around Salamaua during a joint mission with NGAWW personnel . = = Equipment = = The spotters were initially equipped with Teleradio 3A sets and amateur equipment ; however , many outstations later had these replaced by improved 3B and 3BZ sets to provide higher power communications . This occurred following a decision to standardise on the 3B following the formation of the NGAWW . In addition , some teams operating in more difficult jungle and mountain terrain , such as that closer to Port Moresby , were equipped with RAAF supplied ATR @-@ 2 radios which were lighter than the Teleradio 3A sets provided to the more distant outstations . The Australian @-@ designed and manufactured Type 3 Teleradio transmitter / receiver had been developed prior to the war by Amalgamated Wireless ( Australasia ) ( AWA ) to provide long @-@ range wireless communications across Australia and in the surrounding islands of New Guinea , the Solomons , and Fiji where the plantations , airstrips , mines and settlements were widely separated . The isolated nature of civilian out @-@ stations in these areas meant that there was no other means of communication available . Even before the outbreak of hostilities the RAN had organised many civilian wireless users in the islands of the Pacific into networks of " spotters " , known as Coastwatchers , in order to provide reports of any suspicious activities . Some were issued with the new 3B sets ; however , following suggestions for improvements as the spotters developed their communications techniques , the Teleradio 3BZ was developed by AWA in 1942 . Although it had many similarities to the 3B , its receiver had been partially modified and it had a transmitter which had been redesigned to include six crystal channels . It had also been " tropicalised " to protect it against the effects of the moist environment by reducing its susceptibility to mildew , rot and fungus . The Type 3 set consisted of three main cases containing the transmitter , receiver and speaker . Other parts included the headphones , key , microphone , 6 or 12 volt accumulators , as well as a small petrol charging generator or a pedal generator based on a bicycle frame ( often operated using native labour ) . Often the equipment used by a Coastwatcher would include parts from the 3A , 3B and 3BZ , or whatever other items were locally available to them , yet they were commonly referred to as the " 3BZ " regardless of this . Total weight was approximately 100 kilograms ( 200 lb ) including ancillaries , with the generator weighing 30 kilograms ( 60 lb ) , while the receiver was 15 kilograms ( 32 lb ) . The steel cases of the 3B and 3BZ were 41 centimetres ( 16 in ) wide , 26 centimetres ( 10 in ) high , and 26 centimetres ( 10 in ) deep . Depending on the aerial used , the 3B provided a range of up to 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) . = = Legacy = = After the war the Australian Signal Officer @-@ in @-@ Chief , Major @-@ General Colin Simpson , paid tribute to the spotters , writing that they were " infantrymen without a typical battlefield , artillerymen without field pieces and tank crews without tanks . Apart from a hard core of very talented personnel , all that most spotters had in common was an abysmal ignorance of anything to do with signals . Yet they won the respect of our Allies and every branch of the Australian forces " . He continued , stating that " they were dedicated to their duty and they never failed . The New Guinea Air Warning Wireless Company is a Signal unit of which very little has been heard as their duties were top secret at all times . It can be stated that the successful course of the war could have been seriously delayed , if not greatly prolonged , if this signal unit had not operated so efficiently . " Within the Australian Army the role of long range clandestine communications is currently performed by the 301st and 126th Signals Squadrons , which form part of the 1st and 2nd Commando Regiment respectively , and the 152nd Signal Squadron which operates with the Special Air Service Regiment . They trace their lineage back to units such as the Coastwatchers , New Guinea Air Warning Wireless and the " M " and " Z " Special Units . The role pioneered by these and other units during World War II is now known as Special Reconnaissance ( SR ) : " Special Forces teams are infiltrated behind enemy lines to provide the theater commander with intelligence on the enemy or to gather information on the terrain , local populace , etc. of an area . Verify , through observation or other collection methods , information concerning enemy capabilities , intentions , and activities in support of strategic / operational objectives or conventional forces . Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted at strategic or operational levels to complement national and theater @-@ level collection efforts . Collect meteorological , hydrographic , geographic , and demographic data ; provide target acquisition , area assessment , and post @-@ strike reconnaissance data . " = = Commanding Officers = = The following officers commanded the NGAWW : Major Donald William Francis Small ( 1942 ) ; Captain Thomas Richard Warren ( 1942 – 43 ) ; Captain Gordon Charles Allen King ( 1943 ) ; Major Cyril Kevin Guiney ( 1943 – 44 ) ; Major Lennard Wesley Cumpston ( 1944 ) ; and Captain John Henry Marsh ( 1944 – 45 ) .
= Sjumandjaja = Sjumandjaja ( Perfected Spelling : Syumanjaya ; 5 August 1934 – 19 July 1985 ) was an Indonesian director , screenwriter , and actor . During his career he wrote numerous films , directed fourteen , acted in ten , and produced nine ; he also won five Citra Awards from the Indonesian Film Festival . His films reflected social realism . Sjumandjaja was born in Batavia ( modern day Jakarta ) , Dutch East Indies , and grew up there . During high school , he became interested in creative writing and acting , eventually joining the Senen Artists ' Group . In 1956 , when one of his short stories was adapted into a film , Sjumandjaja became active in the filmmaking industry , writing two films for the production company Persari . After receiving a government scholarship , he moved to Moscow and attended the All @-@ Union State Institute of Cinematography . Upon returning to Indonesia in 1965 , Sjumandjaja took a job at the Ministry of Information and continued writing screenplays . In 1971 , after leaving the ministry , he directed his first feature film , Lewat Tengah Malam ( Past Midnight ) . He continued to write and direct films until his death from a heart attack on 19 July 1985 . Reportedly a strict director , Sjumandjaja valued creative value over receiving a director 's fee . He married three times and had three children , two with his first wife and one with his second . His son , Sri Aksana , is the former drummer of Dewa 19 , and his daughter Djenar Maesa Ayu is also a Citra Award @-@ winning director . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Sjumandjaja was born in Batavia on 5 August 1934 . The fifth of eight children , Sjumandjaja was ethnically Javanese but soon became accustomed to the local Betawi culture . He studied Quran reading for a period of three days , but stopped after numerous disagreements with the teacher . When he was ten years old , his father died , leaving Sjumandjaja to be raised by his mother . During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies from 1942 to 1945 , he witnessed several forced labourers being beaten to death near his home during the construction of Kemayoran Airport . While attending high school at Taman Siswa , Sjumandjaja became interested in drama . Together with his schoolmates S. M. Ardan and Savitri ( daughter of dramatist Sanusi Pane ) , he put on a production of Utuy Tatang Sontani 's play " Awal dan Mira " ( " Awal and Mira " ) ; another schoolmate , Misbach Yusa Biran , directed . During this period , Sjumandjaja was also a member of the Senen Artists ' Group , named after its meeting place in Senen , together with his former classmates and several others such as future Minister of Information Harmoko . With the group he wrote short stories , poems , and works of literary criticism . In 1956 , Sjumandjaja played a role in Terang Bulan Terang di Tengah Kali ( Moon Shining Light in the Middle of the Stream ) , written by Ardan and directed by Wim Umboh . That same year , his short story " Kerontjong Kemajoran " ( " Keroncong from Kemayoran " ) was adapted into a film by the production company Persari under the title Saodah . The following year , another of Sjumandjaja 's short stories , " Anakku Sajang " ( " My Dear Child " ) was adapted by the company ; he took on the role of assistant director for the film . Sjumandjaja became an employee of Persari in 1958 , under the leadership of Asrul Sani . In 1959 , Sjumandjaja received a government scholarship to study in Moscow . After a year @-@ long preparatory course , in 1960 he enrolled at the All @-@ Union State Institute of Cinematography ; he was the first Indonesian student to attend the institute . A womanizer on campus , he graduated summa cum laude from the institute in 1964 or 1965 . His submission , Bajangan ( Shadows ) , a film based on a story by Erskine Caldwell , was a 25 @-@ minute long black and white profile of a woman waiting for her grandson . He was only the seventh person to graduate summa cum laude from the institution , and the first foreigner . = = = Film career = = = After returning to Indonesia in 1965 , Sjumandjaja worked at the Ministry of Information ; from 1966 to 1968 he was the head of the film directorate and succeeded in passing a bill which used the profits from film imports to fund local productions . He later continued directing and screenwriting while taking a five @-@ year term as the head of the Jakarta Art Bureau . His 1971 feature film debut , Lewat Tengah Malam ( Past Midnight ) , produced by Allied Film Indonesia , brought him under close supervision by the Suharto @-@ led government for its social critique , while Pengantin Remadja ( Teenage Newlyweds ) , which he wrote , won an award at the 1971 Asian Film Festival . This was followed by Flambojan ( Flamboyant ; 1972 ) . In 1972 , Sjumandjaja founded his production company Matari Film ; the company 's first film , Si Doel Anak Betawi ( Doel the Betawi Child ) , which he directed , was critically acclaimed and led to a surge in popularity for both Betawi culture and the film 's star Rano Karno . Two of his later films , Si Mamad ( The One Called Mamad ; 1974 ) and Pinangan ( A Proposal ; 1976 ) , were based on the works of Anton Chekov , while the 1975 film Laila Majenun ( Laila is Possessed ) was an adaptation of West Side Story . After filming Yang Muda Yang Bercinta ( The Young Fall in Love ) , which was delayed by the censorship board , in 1977 , he took another hiatus to deal with health issues . During this period he became a more devout Muslim . On 25 December 1978 , Sjumandjaja announced his return with a new film , Kabut Sutra Ungu ( Mist of Purple Silk ) , an adaptation of the novel by Ike Soepomo . Kabut Sutra Ungu was followed by several more films , including Bukan Sandiwara ( Not a Play ; 1980 ) , the biopic of female emancipation figure Kartini R. A. Kartini ( 1981 ) , and Budak Nafsu ( Slave to Lust ; 1983 ) , which was based on the novel Fatimah by Titie Said . Sjumandjaja 's last film before his death , Kerikil @-@ Kerikil Tajam ( Sharp Pebbles ) was released in 1984 . After suffering from a heart attack during prayer at Soepomo 's home on 19 July 1985 , Sjumandjaja was brought to Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta . He died at 3 : 50 p.m. local time ( UTC + 7 ) and was buried the following day at Kawi @-@ Kawi Public Cemetery . He left behind a nearly finished film , Jakarta Opera , which had been exerting himself heavily to complete . It was later completed by Sutomo Gandasubrata . = = Directing style = = Sjumandjaja was reportedly a very strict director and unwilling to receive criticism from actors . According to El Manik , who played a Japanese soldier in Budak Nafsu , Sjumandjaja refused to listen to El Manik 's concern that a Japanese man would not be able to speak Indonesian fluently , instead telling the actor to write Japanese dialog himself if he wanted . Gandasubrata recalled that Sjumandjaja fired his own father @-@ in @-@ law from Jakarta Opera when the latter could not perform to the director 's expectations . According to producer Manoo Sukmajaya , Sjumandjaja would refuse to accept a directing offer if he found the script uninteresting , valuing creative worth over the director 's fee . Sjumandjaja was influenced by numerous Russian works , which he had seen while in the Soviet Union . These works included Mikhail Kalatozov 's Letyat Zhuravli ( The Cranes Are Flying ; 1957 ) , Grigori Chukhrai 's Sorok Pervyy ( The Forty @-@ First ; 1956 ) , and Ballada o Soldate ( Ballad of a Soldier ; 1959 ) . The romanticism in these post @-@ Stalinist works was reflected in Sjumandjaja 's work up until Kerikil @-@ Kerikil Tajam . His works have also been classified as social realism , with films such as Si Mamad and Atheis reflecting issues relevant to modern society . Several of his films , such as Yang Muda Yang Bercinta , contain themes of self @-@ awareness and discovery , while Budak Nafsu contained what Marselli , writing in Kompas , described as a " vulgar eroticism " . Technique @-@ wise , Sjumandjaja used the camera to emphasise the narrative . Bajangan , his first work , used long shots to show the main character 's lonesomeness . He would often use several shots to show the psychological issues faced by his characters , focusing on both the characters and the space around them . He also used references to well @-@ known cultural works ; a scene in Kartini was framed so to reflect Leonardo da Vinci 's The Last Supper . = = Accolades = = Sjumandjaja received five Citra Awards at the Indonesian Film Festival ( FFI ) for his works , namely Best Screenplay for Laila Majenun ( FFI 1976 ) , Best Director and Best Screenplay for Si Doel Anak Modern ( FFI 1977 ) , Best Director for Budak Nafsu ( FFI 1984 ) , and Best Screenplay for Kerikil @-@ Kerikil Tajam ( FFI 1985 ) . = = Personal life = = Sjumandjaja first marriage was to ballet dancer Farida Utoyo , whom he met and married while in the Soviet Union ; Utoyo was studying at the Moscow State Academy of Choreography . With Utoyo he had two sons , Aridya Yudistira and Sri Aksana ( former drummer of Dewa 19 ) . The couple 's separation in the early 1970s served as his inspiration for Flambojan ( Flamboyant ; 1972 ) . After divorcing Utoyo , Sjumandjaja married actress Tuti Kirana before the release of Si Doel Anak Betawi . In 1973 the couple had a daughter , Djenar Maesa Ayu , who later became a writer @-@ cum @-@ director and won a Citra Award for her debut film Mereka Bilang , Saya Monyet ! ( They Say I 'm a Monkey ! ; 2007 ) . In 1982 his relationship with Kirana soured , and the couple divorced . In 1984 he married a third wife , Zoraya Perucha . Sjumandjaja was known as a heavy drinker , which contributed to his health issues . Starting with beer while in high school , he later switched to hard liquor despite suffering from liver issues while still in his teens . Towards the end of his life , when he became more religious , he drank less . = = Filmography = = = = = Actor = = = = = = Director = = = = = = Writer = = = = = = Producer = = =
= Walter Dix = Walter Dix ( born January 31 , 1986 ) is an American sprinter who specializes in the 100 meters and 200 meters . He is the fourth @-@ fastest 200 @-@ meter runner ever with a best of 19 @.@ 53 seconds , and has broken the 10 @-@ second barrier in the 100 meters , with a best of 9 @.@ 88 seconds . Dix was a highly successful amateur athlete , setting a state record in the 100 m and trying out for the US Olympic Team at the age of eighteen . He joined Florida State University and in his first year he broke the 100 m American junior record and won at the NCAA Outdoor Championships . After a fourth @-@ place finish at the 2005 US Championships , Dix continued with his collegiate success , setting an NCAA record of 19 @.@ 69 seconds in the 200 m and coming within one hundredth of the 100 m record . He completed a 100 m , 200 m , and 4 × 100 meter relay sweep at the 2007 NCAA Outdoor Championships , the first to do so since John Carlos in 1969 . He closed his amateur career in 2008 : another NCAA 200 m title made him the third most decorated track athlete in NCAA history , and he won gold and silver at the 2008 US Olympic Trials . Dix turned professional in mid @-@ 2008 , signing a multimillion @-@ dollar contract with Nike . He reached the Olympic finals in the 100 and 200 m , and won two bronze medals ; the only American track athlete to win two individual medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics . He suffered an injury at the 2009 US Championships , thus missing out on the World Championships , and a contract dispute with his agent resulted in only a handful of appearances that season . In 2011 he was both the 100 and 200 m American champion and won silver medals in the events at the 2011 World Championships . An injury at the 2012 Olympic trials meant he missed a second Olympic appearance . = = Early life = = The son of a track and field coach , Walter Dix competed at athletics meetings from a young age , specialising in sprinting and the long jump . His speed also translated well to the football field , and he often played the sport at school . Dix was an accomplished high school runner : in his final year at Coral Springs High School in 2004 he recorded 10 @.@ 28 seconds in the 100 meters , then third all @-@ time on the Florida high school record list behind only Houston McTear and Curtis Johnson , and broke the 200 meters Florida high school record with 20 @.@ 62 seconds . Aside from J @-@ Mee Samuels ' 10 @.@ 28 seconds in the 100 m , these were the two fastest marks by a high school athlete that year . Both these times were within the Olympic standard for the events . He competed at the US Olympic Trials in the 200 m , but did not progress beyond the heats stage . = = College track athletics = = He began attending Florida State University ( FSU ) in late 2004 , working with coach Bob Braman . At his first regional meeting for the university , he won the 60 @-@ meter dash , 200 m and 4 × 400 meter relay , and was chosen as the Atlantic Coast Conference rookie of the year . He made his first major impact at the NCAA Indoor Championships : after a sixth @-@ place finish in the 60 m , he came second in the 200 m with a world junior record of 20 @.@ 37 s , beaten only by Wallace Spearmon . Following this , he became USA Track & Field 's Athlete of the Week after setting an American junior record in the 100 m . Running in the Icahn Stadium at the 2005 NCAA East Regional Championships , his heat @-@ winning time of 10 @.@ 06 seconds bettered Stanley Floyd 's 25 @-@ year @-@ old mark . Dix went on to win the 100 m final and also won the 200 m in 20 @.@ 23 seconds , the fourth fastest time by an American junior sprinter . At his first NCAA Outdoor Championships , Dix became FSU 's first winner at the championships since 1980 , and the first to do so as a freshman . He won the 100 m in 10 @.@ 21 seconds , beating the defending NCAA champions DaBryan Blanton and Tyson Gay to the title . After recording a personal best of 20 @.@ 18 seconds in the semifinals , he managed a fourth @-@ place finish in the 200 m race . Dix competed at his first US senior championships that year and , as the only amateur to reach the 100 m final , he finished fourth . The only athletes to beat him were Leonard Scott , reigning Olympic Champion Shawn Crawford and the eventual world champion Justin Gatlin . = = = Multiple NCAA champion = = = Dix 's second year at FSU was characterised by success in the 200 m . He won his first indoor NCAA title in the 200 m and was runner @-@ up in the 60 m , having set a personal best of 6 @.@ 59 seconds in the heats . His time of 20 @.@ 27 seconds in the 200 m final was the fastest indoor run in the world that year . His fastest of the season came at the Reebok invitational and his time of 20 @.@ 25 seconds placed him as the 13th fastest runner in 2006 . He completed a 200 m NCAA Championship double by taking the outdoor title , and he also finished as runner @-@ up in the 100 m , second to Xavier Carter . In his third year as an FSU athlete he won four NCAA Division I titles , starting with a 200 m win indoors . In the 2007 NCAA East Regional final , he won the 100 m dash in 10 @.@ 05 seconds . His performance in the 200 m was more impressive however : he set the all @-@ time collegiate record of 19 @.@ 69 seconds in the 200 m , breaking Joe DeLoach 's record that had stood since 1988 . This made him the sixth fastest 200 m runner ever and it was the seventh fastest run in history at the time . At the NCAA Outdoor Championships that year , he won three separate national titles , beating all opposition in the 100 m , 200 m , and 4 × 100 meter relay races . This achievement made him the first man to win the three races at an NCCA Championships since John Carlos did so in 1969 . Dix 's time of 9 @.@ 93 seconds in the 100 m was a world @-@ leader at that point of the season , and was just 0 @.@ 01 behind Ato Boldon 's NCAA record . For these accomplishments , he was again named USATF 's Athlete of the Week . In his final year as an amateur athlete , he spent much of early 2008 battling a hamstring injury . However , he returned in April to win his third 200 m NCAA outdoor title , while placing fourth in the 100 m . Although his personal bests rivalled those of top professional athletes , Dix decided to finish his degree in social science at FSU , as his graduation in May 2008 allowed him to focus on the Olympic Trials thereafter . Over the course of his college career , Dix became only the second athlete to win three NCAA 200 m outdoor titles ( after Ralph Metcalfe ) and , with six outdoor NCAA titles , he is listed as the joint third on all @-@ time list . Furthermore , he finished with two indoor titles and 18 All @-@ American honors . = = Professional career = = = = = 2008 Olympic Games = = = Competing at the 2008 US Olympic Trials in Eugene , Oregon , Dix qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in both the 100 and 200 m events . After recording a personal @-@ best @-@ equaling 9 @.@ 93 seconds in the 100 m semifinals , he took second place behind Tyson Gay with a wind @-@ assisted 9 @.@ 80 seconds . He stated that his NCAA experience had helped raise his confidence and that he was less nervous than he was at the 2005 US Championships . The 200 m favorite Gay suffered an injury in the qualifying rounds , and Dix and Crawford both finished the 200 m final with 19 @.@ 86 seconds , with Dix elected the winner by a photo finish . After signing a sponsorship deal with Nike worth around $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 a year , described by his agent as " the largest deal ever for a track athlete just coming out of college " , Dix stated that his aims for the Olympics were personal bests in the individual sprints and a gold in the relay race . Competing in his first Olympics , Dix qualified for the 100 m final with a season 's best of 9 @.@ 95 seconds . In the final he registered a personal best of 9 @.@ 91 seconds , finishing behind new world record holder Usain Bolt of Jamaica and Richard Thompson of Trinidad and Tobago . The Olympic bronze medal was Dix 's first medal at a major international competition . A few days later , he finished fifth in the 200 m final with a time of 19 @.@ 98 seconds , some distance off the winner Usain Bolt who had broken the world record . However , it transpired that both the silver and bronze medalists ( Churandy Martina of the Netherlands Antilles and American Wallace Spearmon ) had stepped out of their lanes thus they were disqualified . As a result , Dix received his second Olympic bronze medal . Further disqualifications occurred in the heats of the Olympic 4 × 100 meter relay race : Darvis Patton and Tyson Gay misjudged a baton pass , causing the American team to be eliminated and spoiling any chance of Dix receiving a relay medal . He finished the Olympics as the only American sprinter to medal in two individual events . Dix closed the season with two sub @-@ 10 second runs at the Weltklasse and Athletissima meetings , finishing second to a Jamaican on both occasions ( Bolt and Asafa Powell ) . = = = Low @-@ key 2009 = = = The year after the Olympics , Dix began the season with a world @-@ leading time of 10 @.@ 00 seconds in Tallahassee in April . He also set a world @-@ leading relay time of 37 @.@ 92 seconds with Travis Padgett , Shawn Crawford and Darvis Patton at the Penn Relays . However , he failed to maintain this strong form through the rest of 2009 . Coach Teddy Long planned to improve Dix 's start and acceleration in his races , but the two parted company in April . He placed third behind Michael Rodgers and Asafa Powell at the Prefontaine Classic but , unusually , this proved to one of the highlights of a low @-@ profile year for Dix . He competed at the US Championships , but injuries forced him out of both the 100 m and 200 m races and he did not qualify for the World Championships . Furthermore , he entered a legal battle with his management company , regarding whether they merited the 20 % portion of his multimillion @-@ dollar sponsorship contract with Nike . The dispute with his agent Kimberly Holland was resolved in July : although the terms were undisclosed , Dix left Holland 's Icon Management and decided to be his own agent . With his father as his coach , a legal battle and no major races to prepare for , Dix ran only a handful of local meetings in the rest of 2009 . = = = Return to top level = = = Dix returned to national competition with an appearance at the 2010 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships . He took fourth place in the final and set a new 60 m indoor best of 6 @.@ 58 seconds . Event winner Ivory Williams was disqualified after testing positive for marijuana and Dix was upgraded to third . He opened his outdoor season at the Seminole Twilight meet in May , recording 9 @.@ 98 seconds in the 100 m and 19 @.@ 89 seconds for the 200 m . He began to participate in Diamond League meetings , competing on the European circuit for the first time . He beat Wallace Spearmon at the Golden Gala 's 200 m race , breaking Michael Johnson 's meet record . He also took to the national stage , winning the 100 m and finishing as the 200 m runner @-@ up at the 2010 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships . A week later , Dix beat Tyson Gay at the Prefontaine Classic for another meet record of 19 @.@ 72 seconds . In August at a meet in Nottwil , Switzerland , Dix ran a new personal best of 9 @.@ 88 seconds , finishing second behind Nesta Carter who also set a new personal best of 9 @.@ 86 seconds . An injury at the London Grand Prix brought an end to his season . In the first meeting of the 2011 IAAF Diamond League , at the Qatar Athletic Super Grand Prix , he won the 200 m with a time of 20 @.@ 06 seconds . Dix took further 200 m victories at the Eugene and London legs of the series , while Usain Bolt won the other three 200 m mid @-@ season legs . He achieved a 100 / 200 sprint double at the 2011 USA Track and Field Championships , winning in the absence of Tyson Gay and Wallace Spearmon . Running in both the events at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics , he first secured the silver medal in the 100 m final – defending champion Bolt was disqualified for a false start and Dix was runner @-@ up to another Jamaican , Yohan Blake , in a comparatively slow 10 @.@ 08 seconds . In the 200 @-@ meter final Bolt beat the field but Dix was the closest to him , running 19 @.@ 70 seconds to take his second silver of the tournament . He attempted to gain a third medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay final , but a mid @-@ race collision between Darvis Patton and Britain 's Harry Aikines @-@ Aryeetey meant the American team 's baton never reached Dix 's final leg . At the Diamond League 200 m final at the Memorial Van Damme he ran a personal best of 19 @.@ 53 seconds . Blake was even faster ( 19 @.@ 26 ) , however , leaving Dix in second place even as he became the fourth fastest 200 m runner of all @-@ time and then won the league series . He moved to Southern California in 2012 to train with John Smith and opened his outdoor season with a wind @-@ aided run of 9 @.@ 85 seconds . A 200 m win followed at the Doha Diamond League meet . He entered the 2012 US Olympic Trials and reached the 100 m final but , having pulled a muscle in his semi @-@ final , he finished last in the race . This brought an end to his season . = = 2015 Annual Bests = = Event Result Wind Venue Date 55m i 6 @.@ 31 Gainesville ( USA ) 23 @.@ 01 @.@ 2015 60m 6 @.@ 67 Daytona Beach ( USA ) 21 @.@ 02 @.@ 2015 100m 10 @.@ 17 + 1 @.@ 4 Rieti ( ITA ) 13 @.@ 09 @.@ 2015 200m 20 @.@ 41 Daytona Beach ( USA ) 21 @.@ 02 @.@ 2015 400m 47 @.@ 86 Tampa ( USA ) 13 @.@ 03 @.@ 2015 = = Personal life = = Walter Dix is the son of Washington and Plinnie Dix . His father , a former sprinter , is an assistant principal and track coach at New River Middle School , while his mother is a high school teacher . He has two older brothers , Alex and William , who also were track runners . While attending Florida State University , Dix became a member of the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity . = = Personal bests = = As of 2013 , Dix 's best in the 200 m outdoors makes him the fourth fastest man of all time , while his indoor best for the distance makes him the seventh fastest . His best in the 100 m is the eighth fastest by an American athlete . All information from IAAF Profile = = Major competition record = =
= Hurricane Paine ( 1986 ) = Hurricane Paine contributed to one of the most significant flooding events in Oklahoma history . The 16th tropical storm and 8th hurricane of the 1986 Pacific hurricane season , Paine formed on September 28 off the southeast coast of Mexico . It moved around a ridge , later turning to the north and brushing the Baja California Peninsula . By that time , Paine had attained peak winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) , but it weakened slightly before hitting the Mexican state of Sonora . The remnant moisture combined with a cold front to produce heavy rainfall in the south @-@ central United States . In Mexico , Paine produced rainfall along much of the coastline , with maxima in inland Oaxaca , Jalisco , and Sonora where it moved ashore . Prior to the arrival of the remnants of Paine in the United States , there was an extended period of heavy rainfall , which caused at least 10 deaths , forced thousands of people from their homes , and resulted in heavy flooding damage . The moisture from Paine produced the highest daily rainfall for any station in Oklahoma . Severe river flooding occurred along the Osage and Arkansas Rivers . The overall flooding event caused $ 350 million in damage , of which half came from crop losses . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Hurricane Paine were from a system that entered the eastern Pacific Ocean through Central America on September 27 . By the next day , it organized into Tropical Depression 27 while located about 185 miles ( 300 km ) southwest of the coast of Guatemala . With a high pressure system to its north , the depression moved generally westward at first , although an approaching upper @-@ level trough influenced a more northerly track . The depression slowly organized while paralleling the Mexican coastline , and it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Paine on September 30 , while the storm was about 350 miles ( 565 km ) west @-@ southwest of Acapulco . Tropical Storm Paine quickly intensified after it was first upgraded to a tropical storm . Late on September 30 , a NOAA reconnaissance plane flew into the storm , one of two cyclones in the basin that warranted aircraft data , the other being Hurricane Newton . The plane observed sustained winds of 82 mph ( 133 km / h ) , and as a result , Paine was upgraded to hurricane status . As it neared the Baja California Peninsula , the hurricane turned more northward , and late on October 1 reached peak winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) , while located just offshore of the southern tip of Baja California . Hurricane Paine did not intensify further due to the presence of mid @-@ level wind shear , as well as insufficient moisture in the air ; nevertheless , it was located over an area of 82 @.@ 9 ° F ( 28 @.@ 3 ° C ) water temperatures . The outer eyewall moved across Cabo San Lucas , and the resultant land interaction was believed to have slightly weakened the inner core of the hurricane . After reaching its peak intensity , the hurricane turned north @-@ northeastward , making landfall near San José , Sonora with winds of 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) . Paine rapidly dissipated over land , although the remnants continued northeastward across Mexico into Texas and the south @-@ central United States . Moisture from the system combined with an advancing cold front , producing heavy rainfall over Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas . = = Impact = = As a tropical cyclone , Paine brought rainfall to most of Mexico , including heavier amounts along the coastline and interior northern Oaxaca . The highest total in the country was 12 @.@ 01 inches ( 30 @.@ 5 cm ) in Apazulco , Jalisco . Light precipitation fell in the southern portion of the Baja California Peninsula , and where Paine moved ashore , upwards of 7 inches ( 18 cm ) fell across its path . In the area around where it made landfall , strong winds knocked down trees and caused disruptions to city services . In the south @-@ central United States , the remnants of Paine dropped moderate to heavy rainfall in regions that already received above normal rainfall . Isolated locations in Texas , northern Oklahoma , and southeastern Kansas received over 10 inches ( 25 @.@ 4 cm ) of precipitation , and the highest total in the United States was 11 @.@ 35 inches ( 28 @.@ 8 cm ) at Fort Scott , Kansas . Moderate rainfall extended northeastward through Missouri and Illinois . In Barnsdall , Oklahoma , a station recorded 10 @.@ 42 inches ( 26 @.@ 5 cm ) on September 29 , which was the highest daily precipitation for any station in the state . In combination with previous storms , some locations received over 20 inches of rainfall in an 8 @-@ day period , which produced severe river flooding along the Osage and Arkansas Rivers . The flooding resulted in record discharge rates along many streams and creeks , while many reservoirs were nearly filled to capacity . The Mississippi River in St. Louis reached the fifth highest flood stage on record . Prior to its arrival , flooding across the central United States killed six people , forced thousands of people from their homes , and left at least $ 76 million in damage ( 1986 USD ) . Additional flooding from Paine exacerbated the situation ; the flooding affected 52 of the 77 counties in Oklahoma , which resulted in a total of $ 350 million in damage , half of which from agriculture . The remnants of Paine brought about the end of the extended period of rainfall , which overall had forced 55 @,@ 000 people from their homes , including 1 @,@ 200 in East Saint Louis , Illinois where a floodgate broke . It was described as one of the worst floods in Oklahoma history .
= ToeJam & Earl = ToeJam & Earl is an action video game developed by Johnson Voorsanger Productions and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis video game console . Released in 1991 , it centers on the titular ToeJam and Earl — alien rappers who have crash @-@ landed on Earth . As they attempt to escape the planet , players assume the role of either character and collect pieces of their wrecked spacecraft . ToeJam & Earl 's design was heavily influenced by the role @-@ playing video game Rogue , and took from it such features as the random generation of levels and items . It references and parodies 1980s and early 90s urban culture and is set to a funk soundtrack . The game was positively received by critics , who praised its originality , soundtrack , humor and two @-@ player cooperative mode . It attained sleeper hit status despite low initial sales , and its protagonists were used as mascots by Sega . ToeJam & Earl was followed by two sequels : ToeJam & Earl in Panic on Funkotron and ToeJam & Earl III : Mission to Earth , released for the Mega Drive and Xbox , respectively . The sequels ' commercial and critical success was mixed . A fourth title , ToeJam & Earl : Back in the Groove , is currently in development with funds from Kickstarter . The game was re @-@ released for the Wii 's Virtual Console in December 2006 and re @-@ released again on PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade in November 2012 . = = Synopsis = = ToeJam & Earl has been called a surreal , comic satire , and a " daringly misanthropic commentary on Earthly life " . ToeJam is red and has three legs . Earl is fat and orange . ToeJam wears a large gold medallion and a backwards baseball cap , while Earl is marked by high @-@ tops and oversized sunglasses ; both outfits are " over @-@ the @-@ top appropriations " of 1990s urban culture . Their speech features California slang . The game is set to a soundtrack which has been described both as jazz @-@ funk , and as hip hop . For the game 's unique sound , composer John Baker was inspired by Herbie Hancock and The Headhunters . In the game 's opening sequence , ToeJam explains that Earl 's erratic piloting abilities have resulted in a crash @-@ landing on planet Earth . He says that they must find the widely scattered pieces of their spacecraft 's wreckage to return to their home planet , Funkotron . The player guides the characters as they avoid Earth 's antagonistic inhabitants and search for the debris . Should the player succeed , the final sequence depicts ToeJam and Earl escaping the planet in their reconstructed spacecraft . Under the player 's control , the characters proceed across a purple landscape that represents Funkotron , and are greeted by their friends and family . = = Gameplay = = ToeJam & Earl takes place from a 3 / 4 perspective in a 2D game world . Its gameplay mechanics were inspired by Rogue , which has led to its description as a Roguelike or dungeon @-@ crawl game . The game contains both single @-@ player and two @-@ player cooperative modes . The latter displays a single screen when both characters are near each other , but splits it apart when they are not . Playing the game with two players reveals dialogue and jokes between the characters not heard in the single player game . The game is set on Earth , which is represented by randomly generated islands that float in space , each one a layer above the last . They are connected by elevators . Some islands contain pieces of spacecraft wreckage , of which the player must collect 10 to win the game . The player character drops to the island below if he falls from an island 's edge , which necessitates that the player again locate an elevator . Each island is populated by antagonistic " Earthlings " , such as phantom ice @-@ cream trucks , aggressive packs of " nerds " , giant hamsters , Bogeymen , man @-@ eating mailboxes , and chickens armed with mortars that shoot tomatoes . Certain Earthlings aid the player . The game has been described as " largely non @-@ violent " , as the protagonists can only attack enemies with thrown tomatoes — one of many temporary , randomly generated power @-@ ups . Power @-@ ups are contained in wrapped presents , which are categorized by appearance . The contents of a present are unknown to the player until it is opened ; afterwards , all presents of that appearance are identified . Identification of presents ' contents is a central gameplay mechanic . Each power @-@ up has a unique effect : while one might increase the player characters ' running speed , another distracts enemies . Certain presents contain harmful power @-@ ups , such the loss of a " life " , or the " randomizer " , which hides the identity of all presents . In the game 's cooperative mode , if one player character opens a present in the vicinity of the other , its contents affect both characters . As players open more presents , the chances of accidentally opening the randomizer are increased , which prevents the game from becoming easier as more presents are identified . = = Development = = ToeJam & Earl creator Greg Johnson became a fan of Rogue as a university student . After he left university , he worked on games for Electronic Arts , including Starflight ( 1986 ) . After the completion of Starflight 2 , Johnson conceived ToeJam & Earl — first the characters , then the plot — while on a beach in Hawaii . The idea was a combination of Rogue 's gameplay concepts and a lighter version of Starflight 's science @-@ fiction themes . Johnson met programmer Mark Voorsanger through a mutual friend , while walking on Mount Tam in 1989 . He related the concept of ToeJam & Earl to Voorsanger , and the two resolved to make the game together . They formed Johnson Voorsanger Productions , and serious work on the game began soon after . Their status as commercial game designers allowed them to meet with Sega of America , and they used cards covered in landscape drawings to demonstrate their idea of randomly generated levels . Sega marketing manager Hugh Bowen was immediately interested in the concept and he enlisted the aid of producer Scott Berfield to sell the game to management ; Sega wanted innovative games and new mascots to compete with Nintendo . The game 's small development team was composed of Johnson 's previous colleagues , and its music was composed by John Baker . The team 's goal was to make a humorous game that was " original , easy to understand and offered an immediate response to the player 's actions " . The designers wanted to include a two @-@ player mode so that they could play together , and considered ToeJam & Earl " a two player game with a one player option . " While Sega believed that hardware issues would prevent the feature from working , Voorsanger successfully implemented it . In a 1992 interview with Sega Visions , Johnson stated that the characters ToeJam and Earl evolved as reflections of his and Voorsanger 's personalities . Voorsanger disagreed , and called the characters " two different aspects of Greg 's personality " . Steve Purcell has stated that he contributed character designs to the game . = = Reception = = ToeJam & Earl received positive reviews , which Bill Paris of UGO described as " almost unanimous critical acclaim " . However , Sega deemed it a commercial failure due to low initial sales . The game built a cult following through word of mouth , and it was further aided by the Mega Drive 's Christmas 1991 sales spike , caused by the release of Sonic the Hedgehog . ToeJam & Earl was later considered a " cult " success . Mean Machines found the game addictive and original , but found fault with its slow @-@ paced combat . One of the reviewers said , " Not everyone will like it — it 's not normal enough for mass appeal — but I think it 's destined to become a massive cult classic " . GamePro called the game 's originality " incredible " , and praised its graphics , music and humor . MegaTech praised the graphics , and the 2 @-@ player option , and said the game was " great fun - pure and simple " . Mega said that it was " An OK game , but one which becomes completely essential when played with someone else . Got any friends ? Buy this . Haven 't got any friends ? Buy this and make some " . The game also appeared at number 26 on its list of the best games of all time . Entertainment Weekly praised the " absolutely hilarious " sound effects and music . Jeff Csatari of Boys ' Life called it " another hot game " for the Mega Drive , alongside Sonic the Hedgehog . Ed Martinez of Game Informer commended the game 's soundtrack and unique concept , but found it to be too easy . A review published in both the Chicago Tribune and Rome News @-@ Tribune likened ToeJam and Earl to " an outer @-@ space , rap version of Abbott and Costello " . The reviewers called it " the funniest game we 've seen in a long time " , and praised its soundtrack , graphics and action . The Toronto Star acclaimed the game 's " hilariously designed split @-@ screen two @-@ player mode " , and said , " If you 've got a Sega @-@ Genesis system , you simply must check out [ this ] awesome rap ' n ' roll game " . Sega Visions praised the game 's " no @-@ repetitive action " and said , " This is the zaniest game that ever rocked Sega 's Genesis system . " Several months after the game 's release , Mega ranked it the 13th best Mega Drive game in its All @-@ Time Top 100 feature . The magazine praised the game 's " superbly manic and zany action " , and deemed it both " original and insane " . The Channel 4 video game programme GamesMaster gave the game a 70 % rating . ToeJam & Earl was re @-@ released on the Nintendo Wii 's Virtual Console in 2006 . Official Nintendo Magazine scored the game 85 % , and praised its humor , originality and two @-@ player mode . However , the reviewer believed that the game 's enjoyability had diminished with time . GameSpot felt that the game 's 1990s idioms were dated , but that the gameplay — particularly the two @-@ player mode — was still enjoyable by modern standards . Jeremy Parish of 1UP found the game 's two @-@ player co @-@ operative mode more enjoyable than its single @-@ player , and described the graphics and sound as " oddly primitive " . Parish considered it " one of the best games to hit VC to date " . Eurogamer 's reviewer negatively received the game , and believed its gameplay to be unsatisfying and overly slow . IGN called the game 's visuals a " mixed bag " and derided the slow pace , but praised its unpredictability and believed that its sound design was " one thing you absolutely can 't fault " . = = Legacy = = ToeJam and Earl became " one of Sega 's second tier mascots , alongside Sonic " , and one of the Mega Drive 's " key exclusive franchises " . The characters appeared in a spin @-@ off light gun game , Ready , Aim , Tomatoes , developed by Johnson Voorsanger Productions as one of six mini @-@ games for the Menacer 6 @-@ game cartridge . In early 1992 , the developers began work on a sequel to ToeJam & Earl , and spent three months expanding on the original game 's concept by adding indoor areas and more terrain types . Sega was not impressed by the sequel , and believed it to be unmarketable . The team redesigned it as a platform game , as Sega was inclined to publish games in this genre . The game , titled ToeJam & Earl in Panic on Funkotron , was highly anticipated , and was a commercial and critical success when it released in 1993 . However , fans of the original game were disappointed by the change in design to a perceived generic style . Due to poor North American sales of the Sega Saturn , Sega 's next generation video game console , the ToeJam & Earl franchise was neglected . A ToeJam & Earl game planned for the Dreamcast was cancelled ( a beta of the game was preserved , and on Christmas Day 2013 released on the internet by enthusiasts ) , but a third installment , ToeJam & Earl III : Mission to Earth , was released for the Xbox in 2002 . The release returned to the concepts of the original game , but generated mixed reviews and poor sales . A new ToeJam & Earl game is currently in development by HumaNature Studios . ToeJam & Earl has been called " weird " , " strange " , and " thoroughly odd " . Critics have difficulty in determining a genre for the game ; it has been called a platform game and Roguelike , as well as action and action @-@ adventure . While ToeJam & Earl 's success did not match that of the Mega Drive 's other popular titles , it has been considered a " classic " , and a " cult " game . Prior to ToeJam & Earl III 's conception , research by its developers found that the original ToeJam & Earl was preferred over its sequel . In an IGN survey , 65 % of respondents cited it as their favorite of the three games . The game was set to be re @-@ released on Xbox Live Arcade after winning a poll arranged by Sega , but this became uncertain because Johnson owns the rights to the characters rather than Sega . The game , along with its sequel , was announced as part of Sega Vintage Collection series for release on November 7 , 2012 , to be released individually on PlayStation Network and as a collection on Xbox Live Arcade . The notion of a ToeJam & Earl game for the Nintendo DS failed to generate interest from publishers , but Johnson has reiterated the possibility of such a game in the future . In February 2015 , Johnson announced a new title , ToeJam & Earl : Back in the Groove , which is being developed independently from Sega and funded by Kickstarter . The game revisits the format of the original game , featuring 2D character models on 3D worlds with overhead perspective , and is planned to support online multiplayer . The game was seeking a funding target of $ 400 @,@ 000 USD by March 27 , 2015 , and reached its goal on March 25 , 2015 . On the last funding day , it reached $ 508 @,@ 638 USD with 8 @,@ 873 backers , so the game will feature " old school " skins for ToeJam and Earl , the Hyper Funk Zone from ToeJam and Earl : Panic on Funkotron , and will include bonus playable characters such as ToeJam 's cousin GeekJam , Earl 's Mom , Lewanda and Peabo from ToeJam and Earl : Panic On Funkotron and even Latisha from ToeJam and Earl III : Mission to Earth .
= Flag of Singapore = The national flag of Singapore was adopted in 1959 , the year Singapore became self @-@ governing within the British Empire . It was reconfirmed as the national flag when the Republic gained independence on 9 August 1965 . The design is a horizontal bicolour of red above white , overlaid in the canton ( upper @-@ left quadrant ) by a white crescent moon facing a pentagon of five small white five @-@ pointed stars . The elements of the flag denote a young nation on the ascendant , universal brotherhood and equality , and national ideals . Vessels at sea do not use the national flag as an ensign . Merchant vessels and pleasure craft fly a civil ensign of red charged in white with a variant of the crescent and stars emblem in the centre . Non @-@ military government vessels such as coast guard ships fly a state ensign of blue with the national flag in the canton , charged with an eight @-@ pointed red and white compass rose in the lower fly . Naval warships fly a naval ensign similar to the state ensign , but in white with a red compass rose emblem . Rules defined by the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act govern the use and display of the national flag . These have been relaxed to allow citizens to fly the flag from vehicles during national holidays and from homes at any time of the year . = = History = = Singapore was under British rule in the 19th century , having been amalgamated into the Straits Settlements together with Malacca and Penang . The flag that was used to represent the Settlements was a British Blue Ensign containing three gold crowns — one for each settlement — separated by a red inverted pall , which resembles an inverted Y. The Settlement of Singapore had no separate flag , although the city was granted a coat of arms which featured a lion in 1911 . During the occupation of Singapore by the Japanese during the Second World War , the Japanese national flag was used on land by the military and during public events . Soon after the Second World War , Singapore became an independent Crown colony and adopted its own flag . It was modified from the Straits Settlements flag to reduce the number of crowns from three to one . Singapore became self @-@ governing within the British Empire on 3 June 1959 . Six months later , upon the installation of the new Yang di @-@ Pertuan Negara ( head of state ) on 3 December 1959 , the national flag was officially adopted , along with the state coat of arms and the national anthem Majulah Singapura ( " Onward Singapore " ) . Then @-@ Deputy Prime Minister Toh Chin Chye discussed the creation of the national flag in a 1989 interview : [ A ] lthough we were self governing it was necessary right from the beginning that we should rally enough different races together as a Singapore nation ... [ A ] part from the anthem we have to produce the flag and the crest , we insisted that it was a Singapore state flag and should be flown side by side with the Union Jack . The design of the flag was completed in two months by a committee headed by Toh . He initially wanted the flag 's entire background to be red , but the Cabinet decided against this , as red was regarded as a rallying point for communism . According to an account given by Lee Kuan Yew , the Chinese population wanted five stars , which were modeled off the flag of the People 's Republic of China and the Muslim population wanted a crescent moon . Both of these symbols were combined to create the national flag of Singapore . On 30 November 1959 , the Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 was passed to regulate the use and display of the State Arms and State Flag and the performance of the National Anthem . When presenting the motion to the Legislative Assembly of Singapore on 11 November 1959 , Sinnathamby Rajaratnam , the Minister for Culture , stated : " National flags , crest and anthem express symbolically the hopes and ideals of a people ... The possession of a national flag and crest is , for a people , symbolic of self @-@ respect . " In September 1962 , the people of Singapore voted to join the Federation of Malaysia . The process was completed on 16 September 1963 , when the Malaysian flag was hoisted on Singapore by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew . The Singapore flag was reconfirmed as the national flag when Singapore became fully independent from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 . = = Design = = The Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules define the flag 's composition and the symbolism of its elements : red symbolizes " universal brotherhood and equality of man " , and white , " pervading and everlasting purity and virtue " . The waxing crescent moon " represents a young nation on the ascendant " . The five stars " stand for the nation 's ideals of democracy , peace , progress , justice and equality " . During the second half of the 20th century , the star and crescent symbol came to be recognized as a symbol of Islamism , and Singapore 's flag came to be seen in this context by the nation 's Muslim activists . It remains the only non @-@ Muslim nation to have a crescent moon in its national flag . The ratio of the flag is two units high by three units wide . For the manufacturing of flags , the Government of Singapore stated that the shade of red used on the flag is Pantone 032 . According to guidelines published by the Ministry of Information , Communications and the Arts ( MICA ) , the flag may be reproduced in any size and displayed at all times , but it must be in its specified proportions and colours . MICA recommends the sizes 915 by 1 @,@ 370 mm ( approx . 36 by 54 in ) , 1 @,@ 220 by 1 @,@ 830 mm ( approx . 48 by 72 in ) , and 1 @,@ 830 by 2 @,@ 740 mm ( approx . 72 by 108 in ) . The material that is recommended for the national flag is bunting wool . = = Regulations and guidelines = = Until 2004 , the flag was used exclusively on or in front of buildings owned by the government , ministries , statutory boards and educational institutions on a year @-@ round basis . The flag could only be flown by individuals and non @-@ governmental organisations during the month of August to mark the country 's national day on 9 August . During the National Day celebrations period ( 1 July — 30 September ) , rules governing the flying of the national flag outside buildings are relaxed . The flag may be displayed on any vehicle ( other than a hearse ) , vessel or aircraft , and may be incorporated as part of any costume or attire , so long as this is done in a respectful manner . These restrictions on individuals and non @-@ governmental organisations were relaxed in 2004 to allow the flag to be flown year @-@ round under certain conditions . A statement from the Ministry of Information and the Arts ( now MICA , the Ministry of Information , Communications and the Arts ) said that " [ t ] he national flag , national anthem and Singapore lion head ... are our most visible symbols of our sovereignty , pride and honour " and urged Singaporeans to use those " rallying " symbols to " identify with the nation " . No rationale was provided for the changes , although BBC News correspondents noted that the government had recently been trying to rally patriotic sentiment dampened by economic issues . ( In 2003 , unemployment in Singapore reached a 17 @-@ year @-@ high of 5 @.@ 9 % , and the severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) epidemic in East Asia seriously affected the island 's tourist trade , causing Singapore Airlines to suffer a financial loss for the first time in its history . ) Following requests by Singaporeans , guidelines for the use of the flag were further broadened in 2006 to give residents a variety of opportunities to express their loyalty to Singapore during National Day celebrations such as the National Day Parade . MICA permitted them to display the flag on vehicles and on themselves or belongings with minimal restrictions , from the middle of July to the end of August for a trial period . The period was extended in 2007 to three months from July to September . Singaporean citizens , government and non @-@ governmental organisations may display or fly the national flag throughout the year to identify themselves with the nation , and especially encouraged to do so during occasions of national celebration or national significance . Non @-@ Singaporean businesses and organisations are also allowed to display the flag throughout the year . The use and display of the flag is governed by Part III of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules made under the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act . It is an offence to knowingly contravene specified provisions of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules ; the penalty is a fine not exceeding S $ 1 @,@ 000 . The Singaporean government dictates that no person may treat the national flag with disrespect , such as allowing the flag to touch the ground . The flag must not be displayed below any other flag , emblem or object ; dipped in salute to any person or thing ; or displayed or carried flat or horizontally , but always aloft and free . Within Singapore , the national flag takes precedence over all other flags , subject to international practice . As such , when it is displayed or flown with other flags , it must be in a position of honour ; that is , it should be positioned , where practical , either above all other flags or , if displayed side by side with other flags on the same level , to the left of the other flags ( as seen by a person facing the flags ) . When the flag is raised or carried in a procession with other flags , it must be done so in front of the other flags in a single file , or on the right as seen by the standard bearers if the flags are carried side by side ( i.e. , on the left as seen by the viewer ) . The standard bearer must carry the flag high on his or her right shoulder . When the flag is displayed on a platform or stage , it must be above all decorations and be behind and above any person speaking from the platform or stage . If it is displayed from a staff standing on the platform or stage , it must be on the right side of the person speaking from the platform or stage . Finally , when the flag is hung , it must be hung against a vertical wall or other vertical flat surface , with the crescent and stars on the top left position as seen by any spectator facing the flag and the wall or surface . When the flag is displayed outside a building , it shall be displayed on or in front of the building only from a flagpole . If the flag is flown at night , it should be properly illuminated . The flag must not be displayed on any motor vehicle except on one in which the President of Singapore or any Government minister is travelling on official business . The flag may not be displayed on any private vessel or aircraft . No person may use or apply the flag or any image of it for any commercial purposes or as part of any furnishing , decoration , covering or receptacle , except in such circumstances as may be approved ( by MICA ) in which there is no disrespect for the flag . Further , it is not permitted to use the flag as part of any trademark , or to produce or display any flag which bears any graphics or word superimposed on the design of the national flag . The flag or any image of it may also not be used or applied as or as part of any costume or attire . The Government may ask for the flag to be lowered to half @-@ mast in the event of the death of an important person or for national mourning . No person is permitted to use the flag at any private funeral ceremony . However , the national flag can be draped on a coffin during a military or state funeral . No person may display any flag that is damaged or dirty . Any worn out or damaged flag should be packed into a sealed black trash bag before being disposed and not left visible in dustbins . = = Use of the national flag = = = = = During National Day celebrations = = = Singaporeans are encouraged to display the national flag outside their homes during National Day celebrations , and residents ' committees , particularly those of public housing estates , often arrange co @-@ ordinated displays . However , some Singaporeans decline to do so as they associate it with the People 's Action Party , the ruling party in Parliament , rather than with the nation . During the period beginning 1 July and ending on 30 September of each year , any person may , without the need for the approval of the Minister under paragraph ( 4 ) , incorporate the Flag or an image thereof as part of any costume or attire except that he shall do so in a manner that does not give rise to any disrespect to the Flag . On National Day in 2007 at the Padang , 8 @,@ 667 volunteers holding up red and white umbrellas formed the largest @-@ ever representation of Singapore 's flag at an event organised by Young NTUC , a youth movement associated with the National Trades Union Congress . = = = At other times = = = Outside the National Day celebrations period , the national flag of Singapore is flown from all buildings housing government and government @-@ related departments , such as armed forces installations , court houses , offices , and educational institutions . A picture of the flag is commonly found in each classroom , and schools conduct ceremonies at the beginning and the end of the school day at which the national flag is raised and lowered , the national anthem is sung and the national pledge is taken . The national flag is sometimes flown by Singapore @-@ registered vessels , although this is considered incorrect , as such vessels are required to hoist proper national colours either when entering or leaving port . The ensign is red and charged with a circle enclosing a crescent surmounted by five stars in a circle , all in white . The national flag is not used by coast guard ships and military warships ; both classes of ships have their own specific ensigns . The Singapore Government makes announcements regarding the lowering of the flag to half @-@ mast in the event of a death of an important personage or mourning affecting the nation . The flag has been flown at half @-@ mast during the funerals of former presidents and senior politicians , and on 9 January 2005 as a mark of respect for those who perished in the 2004 Asian Tsunami disaster . = = = In culture = = = Singaporean composer Lim Su Chong composed a song in 1969 entitled Five Stars Arising which took the elements of the national flag as its theme . The lyrics of the song speak of a new moon , five stars and a new flag " arising out of the stormy sea " . The moon is " [ y ] outhful and bright and bearing hope , and tranquil as can be " , each of the stars is " a lamp to guide our way ; a lamp for all to see " and the flag is " [ c ] rimson as the blood of all mankind , yet white and pure and free " . The song is often sung during National Day celebrations . In January 2003 , Singaporean artist Justin Lee Chee Kong was prevented by the Media Development Authority ( MDA ) from exhibiting a painting entitled Double Happiness — A Fantasy in Red , which consisted of an image of the Singapore flag with various red images of the Chinese characters for double happiness . The move was made on the grounds that " the National Flag is a national symbol and no words or graphics should be superimposed on it " . Lee reported that the work was simply a display of one 's love for their country and an expression of joy at Singapore 's success , and in a press statement , he asked that the piece be " treated as an artistic and complimentary interpretation of a national icon " . When interviewed by The New Paper , he said " I know as a citizen that we are not allowed to do it , but this is art and I am an artist . " He also complained about double standards as a Chinese artist , Gu Wen Da , had recently exhibited a national flag made of hair at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay . Lee felt the use of hair to create the nation 's flag meant that the flag was in the wrong colours , and was distasteful . Also in 2003 , The Rolling Stones performed in Singapore as part of their 2002 / 2003 Licks World Tour . At the first performance , there were two inflatable dolls on stage . Both of the dolls had flags placed in their crotch area ; one had the Rolling Stones logo and the other had a Singapore flag . Because of the illegal use of the state flag , and for fear of dealing with the government , the dolls and the flags were removed from the second concert by the organizer . In August 2007 , a Singaporean pub , Loof , sent an electronic direct mailer ( e @-@ flyer ) to at least 1 @,@ 500 members on its mailing list featuring a close @-@ up shot of the crotch of a female model wearing a red swimsuit or pair of underpants bearing the crescent and five stars of the national flag . This was done as part of the pub 's publicity campaign for its National Day events . According to Loof 's marketing manager , " [ T ] he ad was definitely not meant as an insult to the country or anyone . I hope that the ad will be taken in the spirit of humour and fun . " A majority of people polled by The New Paper felt the advertisement was disrespectful and in bad taste . MICA said that the advertisement did not breach the law as it only reproduced some components of the flag — it did not , for example , incorporate the flag 's red and white background together . However , K.U. Menon , director of MICA 's National Resilience Division , said : " MICA does not encourage such ads which treat the national flag with disrespect . [ ... ] Symbols should be treated with some measure of dignity and we hope Loof will withdraw the ad on its own initiative . " In November 2010 , during the Asian Games held in China , the Singaporean men 's water polo team 's swim trunks came under controversy for inappropriately displaying elements of the Singaporean Flag . Critics deemed the garment insulting and an embarrassment to the country , with the crescent moon positioned in the centre of the brief , directly over the crotch area . The garment had been designed by the team itself but had not received prior approval from the Ministry of Information , Communications and the Arts . However , even after the controversy came to light , the team was still able to continue wearing it as competition rules did not permit changing a team 's uniform midway through the Games . The team was apologetic over the blunder and promised to tweak the design after that competition . = = Other flags of Singapore = = In addition to the national flag and ensigns , there are other flags used for official purposes . = = = Articles = = = Smith , Whitney ( 1966 ) . A History of the Symbols of Singapore . Flag Bulletin 5 ( Winchester , Mass . : Flag Research Center ) . pp. 60 – 67 . ISSN 0015 @-@ 3370 . . " No conflict , clear @-@ cut symbol of unity " . The Sunday Times . 1981 @-@ 08 @-@ 09 @.@ p . 13 . Aslaksen , Helmer ( 2007 @-@ 03 @-@ 11 ) . " The mathematics and astronomy of the Singapore flag " . Department of Mathematics , National University of Singapore . Retrieved 2007 @-@ 11 @-@ 03 . = = = Books = = = Singapore Legislative Assembly ( 1959 ) . State Arms and Flag and National Anthem of Singapore ( Legislative Assembly ( New Series ) Misc . 2 of 1959 ) . Singapore : Printed at the Government Printing Office . State Arms & Flag of Singapore . Singapore : Publicity Division , Ministry of Culture . 1977 . Crampton , William ( 1992 ) . The World of Flags : A Pictorial History ( Rev. ed . ) . London : Studio Editions. p . 88 . The National Symbols Kit . Singapore : Prepared by Programmes Section , Ministry of Information and the Arts . 1999 . A kit on the key symbols of Singapore consisting of eight fact sheets , one booklet , one CD and one national flag . = = = Other media = = = Singapore Broadcasting Corporation ( 1988 ) . Flag and Anthem , 3 December 1959 [ videorecording ] . Singapore : Television Corporation of Singapore . A documentary on the national flag and anthem of Singapore . Gives an account on how the present design of the flag was arrived at , and includes an interview with the national anthem 's composer , Zubir Said .
= St George 's Academy = St George 's Academy is a co @-@ educational comprehensive secondary school based in the English market town of Sleaford in Lincolnshire , with a satellite school at nearby Ruskington . Its origins date to 1908 , when Sleaford Council School opened at Church Lane to meet the growing demand for elementary education in the town . After the Education Act 1944 , the senior department became a secondary modern . A second school building was constructed at Westholme in the 1950s and expanded in 1983 , allowing the Church Lane site to close ; to mark the occasion , it was renamed St George 's School . After it became grant @-@ maintained , the school received a Technology specialism , became a Technology College in 1994 and later converted to Foundation status . Coteland 's School in Ruskington federated with St George 's in 2007 ; they merged to form the Academy in 2010 . The Sleaford school opened with a capacity for 600 pupils in 1908 , but St George 's had 2 @,@ 220 on roll across both sites in 2015 , of which 374 attended the Sixth Form ; the Ruskington site , with roughly 350 pupils , makes up a small proportion of the total . Pupils generally sit examinations for ten General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) qualifications in Year Eleven ( aged 15 – 16 ) , and they have a choice of three or four A @-@ levels in the sixth form , which is part of the Sleaford Joint Sixth Form consortium . In 2013 , 88 % of pupils achieved five GCSEs at grade A * -C and 51 % achieved that including English and mathematics . An Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and Skills ( Ofsted ) inspection in 2015 graded St George 's Academy as " good " in every category . = = History = = = = = Elementary school = = = During most of the 19th century , schooling in England was provided either on a fee @-@ paying basis or by the Church . To ensure that all children had access to elementary education , the Forster Act 1870 set up Local School Boards to provide elementary schools for all children aged 5 to 10 . From 1880 , schooling became compulsory for that age group . The Education Act 1902 consolidated these boards into local education authorities and allowed them to subsidise schools with money raised from local rate @-@ payers . Alongside a grammar school for boys , a private school for girls and a mixed National School , Sleaford had four elementary schools in 1905 : two Wesleyan ( one was for infants ) , one Catholic and one other infants school . The construction of the Bass maltings ( 1901 – 1906 ) and the Rauceby Asylum ( 1897 – 1902 ) led to an increase in the town 's population and school inspectors found that the four schools could not accommodate every child in the town . The indebted Wesleyan schools could not afford any enlargements so the town 's elementary school managers opted for Kesteven County Council to take responsibility under the 1902 Act . The Council built a schoolhouse on Church Lane at the cost of £ 11 @,@ 500 , which opened as Sleaford Council School on 4 May 1908 . The staff and pupils at the Wesleyan schools were transferred there ; its first headmaster was H. H. Godfrey , who had been master at the Wesleyan school . Built with a capacity of 600 pupils , 280 were on roll when teaching commenced . From the outset , the school was run as an elementary school with an infants ' department . In 1918 , the Fisher Act raised the school leaving age to 14 and many schools subsequently split into junior and senior departments ; to accommodate senior children at Sleaford Council School , the County Council proposed formally introducing separate departments , one for infants and junior pupils ( those aged below 10 ) , and another for the remaining ( senior ) pupils . The Board of Education approved these plans in 1922 . In 1935 the County Council reorganised schooling in Sleaford so that the Council School 's senior department received all the town 's children in elementary education aged over 10 . The Board of Education sanctioned these changes on the condition that new classrooms be added to the Council school to accommodate Senior pupils and a new Infants ' department be erected at the site . Financial setbacks and delays over the purchasing of land meant that the new Infants ' school was not completed until 1939 . = = = Secondary Modern and new site = = = The Education Act 1944 made secondary education available to all children up to the age of 15 ; a ' tripartite system ' of secondary schools was established to provide curricula based on aptitude and ability : grammar schools for " academic " pupils , secondary moderns for practical studies , and technical schools for science and engineering . Pupils were allocated to them depending on their score in the eleven @-@ plus examination . The Senior department at the Sleaford Council School became its own school in March 1945 and was designated a secondary modern ; the County Council announced in May 1947 that the Infants ' School would close and the former Senior school would be allocated £ 50 @,@ 000 for adaptions as part of its conversion into a secondary modern for boys . The school would use parkland at Westholme for playing fields , where a separate secondary modern for girls would be constructed and the High School rebuilt . In 1957 the Secondary Education Sub @-@ Committee amended the plans so that a new mixed secondary modern school be built on Westholme to replace the Church Lane school , which would become a further education college . The school would be allocated over 18 acres ( 7 @.@ 3 ha ) of the parkland . By 1960 , a new school building at Westholme had opened but Sleaford Secondary Modern was now split between there and the Church Lane site . = = = Comprehensive debate = = = The educational opportunities for secondary modern pupils were limited compared to those at grammar schools , prompting criticism of the selection system ; grammar schools and the eleven plus were also criticised for alienating working @-@ class families . A reluctance to improve secondary moderns or expand grammar schools under the Conservatives prompted the Labour Government to issue Circular 10 / 65 in 1965 which requested local education authorities convert to a comprehensive system . In 1971 , Sleaford parents voted in favour of comprehensive education , but rejected the Council 's proposals . New plans were unveiled in 1973 : the High School and the Secondary Modern sites were to become mixed 11 – 16 schools and Carre 's would become a sixth form college . Parents voted for the plans ( 1 @,@ 199 to 628 ) , albeit with a 50 % turnout . The County Council approved them , but allowed governors a veto . Following negotiations with governors at Carre 's , the scheme was revised in 1974 so that Carre 's and the High School became 11 – 18 schools ; the secondary modern would be closed , Westholme absorbed by the High School and the Church Lane site by Carre 's . Despite support from most staff and all three headteachers , the new Lincolnshire County Council voted to return the scheme for further consultation in January 1975 , a moved the Sleaford Standard called " politically motivated " . Two of the leading opponents , councillors Eric Fairchild and Reg Brealey , were governors at the secondary modern and Brealey was a former pupil . He proposed a three @-@ school system , arguing it offered more choice : the secondary modern would be consolidated at Westholme as a single @-@ site 11 – 16 school ; Carre 's and the High School would operate Sixth Forms . Fairchild argued that this would be more popular and cheaper . After the Government ordered the Council to submit a comprehensive proposal in 1977 , it voted to submit the three @-@ school system , which had become popular with parents and was championed by Brealey , who had become chairman of the Governors . But , the Labour Education Secretary , Shirley Williams , dismissed the proposals in 1978 on grounds that the Sixth Forms would be too small . The council then voted against the two @-@ school system again . = = = St George 's : rebuilding , growth and specialist status = = = In the 1979 general election , a Conservative government came to power and the Council shifted focus towards retaining Grammar Schools where they still existed and improving schools where work had been put on hold during the comprehensive debate ; despite 90 % of English councils adopting comprehensive education , Lincolnshire had resisted . In 1979 , the schools sub @-@ committee recommended that the Westholme site be rebuilt . By December , the Council had approved the consolidation of the school at Westholme , but the catchment area was decreased to protect the smaller schools at Billingborough and Billinghay , causing controversy amongst parents in affected areas and governors at the school . A new building was constructed at Westholme between 1981 and 1983 , allowing the Church Lane site to close in 1983 − 4 . Reg Brealey donated £ 250 @,@ 000 in 1982 towards the establishment of a languages centre , which opened in 1985 . To commemorate the new buildings and the end of the dual @-@ site format , the Board of Governors voted to adopt a new name : St George 's School , which came into effect from September 1984 . A new badge , to be worn on pupil 's blazers , was designed by pupil Stephen Robinson : it featured a gold sword atop a red dragon on a blue shield , bordered with gold , all above a scroll with the motto Loyalty . By 1991 , St George 's was grant @-@ maintained ; in 1992 , it was awarded Technology School status , which was accompanied by a Government grant of £ 500 @,@ 000 and a gift of £ 250 @,@ 000 made by Reg Brealey ; these contributed to the construction of a Science and Technology building , which opened in 1994 . Sponsored by Brealey , St George 's was one of the first schools designated a Technology College ( a specialist school ) in England in February 1994 , a status renewed in 1997 . More extensions followed : an English building in 1994 , a library with art and physics classrooms in 1997 , a sports hall in 2001 , and a science building in 2005 . In 2000 , the Technology College status was renewed for the second time and the school received the Schools Curriculum and Sportsmark awards and was recognised as the 10th most improved specialist school in the country . After the abolition of grant @-@ maintained status in 1998 , St George 's converted to a Foundation School . = = = Federation , merger and conversion to an Academy = = = In 2002 , Ofsted recommended that Lincolnshire County Council review schools with under 600 pupils . Two years later , the Council 's education officers suggested that some of these schools merge , close or federate to make them more economical . One such school was Lafford High in Billinghay , which had been under @-@ performing in GCSE and A @-@ level league tables . St George 's became federated with Lafford and another small village school , Aveland High in Billingborough in 2005 and 2006 respectively . A plan to merge them into an Academy was announced the following year ; Coteland 's School in Ruskington was allowed to opt @-@ in . When David Veal retired as headteacher of Coteland 's in 2007 , the school joined the federation ; with that , Paul Watson became executive head of all four schools . Despite improvements , the village schools were performing below the national average and Aveland was one of the lowest performing schools academically in Lincolnshire . The County Council began consulting parents in 2008 about closing Lafford due to falling numbers . Despite denials from Watson , parents complained that he had lost " passion " for the school and that St George 's " cherry @-@ picked " the most able pupils . After a heated meeting with them in 2008 , Watson resigned as Principal at Lafford and the school closed in 2010 . The first Academy plans outlined a £ 24 million grant for rebuilding Aveland and refurbishing Lafford . Despite a delay in 2008 , the scheme was revived the following year : the three remaining schools would merge and up to £ 40 million of funds were being considered to pay for the redevelopment of each site . The chairman of the governors , Graham Arnold , pledged to raise £ 2 million towards the scheme . A feasibility report indicated that Aveland was not sustainable due to falling enrolment and would have to close ; instead the remaining two sites would be redeveloped with £ 20 million of Government funding . The scheme was approved and , on 4 January 2010 , St George 's combined with Coteland 's and Aveland to become St George 's Academy . As planned , September 2012 saw the Billingborough site close and the remaining pupils transfer to the other sites . The oldest part of the Sleaford site was demolished and main building and sixth form centre constructed in its place , while new science and IT buildings were added and a new IT system rolled out ; the original post @-@ war buildings at the Ruskington site were pulled down and a new school built . = = School structure = = St George 's Academy is a state @-@ run comprehensive secondary school and Sixth Form serving pupils aged between 11 and 18 . It converted to an Academy on 4 January 2010 and is run by St George 's Academy Trust and sponsored by the University of Lincoln , Lincolnshire County Council and Graham Arnold , who is the main sponsor . The school operates across two sites : one at Westholme , Sleaford , and the other in Ruskington , which approximately 350 pupils attend . The school is co @-@ educational and has a maximum capacity of 2 @,@ 500 pupils ; as of January 2014 , there are 2 @,@ 220 pupils on roll : 1 @,@ 175 boys and 1 @,@ 045 girls . 11 @.@ 2 % of these pupils receive free school meals . St George 's can admit up to 380 pupils annually . Upon admission , pupils are allocated a mixed ability form , where they are registered , taught Life Skills and have access to pastoral support from their tutors . For all other lessons , pupils are setted by ability . Each year group has a progress manager with responsibility for the students in that year . Since the Education Act 2002 , years 7 , 8 and 9 have been grouped into Key Stage 3 and years 10 and 11 into Key Stage 4 , which co @-@ ordinates how the National Curriculum is taught . At St George 's , a manager is assigned to each Key Stage for pastoral support . Before the conversion to Academy status , the school uniform consisted of a navy @-@ blue blazer with the school emblem sewn on , a white shirt , navy @-@ blue tie and dark @-@ grey trousers ( girls could wear plain @-@ blue skirts ) for all pupils in years 7 – 10 ; year 11 pupils could wear a dark @-@ blue jumper , shirt and grey trousers . Since 2010 , girls no longer wear ties , and must wear a revere collar blouse . Dark @-@ grey trousers or a pleated dark @-@ grey skirt are available for girls to wear ; boys have dark @-@ grey trousers . All pupils wear a blue blazer , but those in Key Stage 3 have bright blue piping on their lapels ; shirts are white until Year 11 , when thin blue stripes are worn . There is capacity for 450 pupils in the Sixth Form , including up to 50 people from outside the Academy . Along with Carre 's Grammar School , St George 's is part of the Sleaford Joint Sixth Form , which was founded in 1983 and included Kesteven and Sleaford High School until it withdrew in 2010 . It provides a common timetable across both sites and allows for pupils to choose from A @-@ Level options offered at both schools . Pupils may apply to be based at either school , where their pastoral and tutorial activities take place . Pupils are required meet minimum grade requirements for their subject choices and may have interviews to revise offers where appropriate . The Sixth Form has been based in the Arnold Centre since 2012 . Sixth Formers are not required to wear school uniform , but must wear business @-@ like attire , namely a lounge suit for boys , including a tie , and a business suit for girls , with either full @-@ length trousers , or a knee @-@ length skirt or dress . = = Curriculum = = = = = Key Stages 3 and 4 = = = As of 2014 , the school follows the National Curriculum in Years 7 – 11 and offers a range of GCSEs ( national exams taken by pupils aged 14 – 16 ) and A @-@ Levels ( national exams taken by pupils aged 16 – 18 ) . The school has no affiliation with a particular religious denomination , but religious education is given throughout the school , and pupils may opt to take the subject as part of their GCSE course . Although morning assemblies take place and are Christian in nature , they are non @-@ denominational ; in some cases , local clergy attend as guest speakers . Pupils participate in a number of educational visits throughout their school career and Year 10 pupils are offered the opportunity to participate in a work experience programme , which usually lasts for two @-@ weeks . For Key Stage 3 pupils , the curriculum comprises English , mathematics , science , technology , a modern foreign language , art , Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) , geography , history , religious education ( RE ) , physical education ( PE ) , and a life skills programme , incorporating citizenship , sex and relationships education and personal and social education . The school offers French , Spanish and German as foreign languages and , in Year 8 , pupils take a second language to supplement the one studied in Year 7 . The use of ICT is central to all teaching and is taught as a subject in Key Stage 3 . In Key Stage 4 ( Years 10 and 11 ) , pupils study a core curriculum comprising English , mathematics , science , PE , RE and citizenship . They are required to take GCSEs in English , mathematics and science , alongside two option blocks , plus either a modern foreign language or a vocational course . English Language is taught in Year 10 and Literature the following year . Mathematics in taken by all pupils ; they may opt @-@ in for a GCSE in Statistics in Year 10 , and the most able pupils may take Further Maths at GCSE in Year 11 . Science courses are based on ability ; pupils may study for three separate science qualifications , a dual or single award in Science or BTEC Applied Science. pupils may choose a modern foreign language ( French , Spanish or German ) , a humanity ( history or geography ) , computing or separate sciences ( biology , chemistry and physics ) for their options as part of the English Baccalaureate . Additionally , the school offers six technology courses at GCSE ( electronics , food technology , graphics , product design , resistant materials and textiles ) , as well as art and design , drama , music , PE , RE and child development GCSE qualifications . Vocational courses are also offered at Level 2 , including applied business , construction , engineering , health and social care , ICT , music , performing arts , and travel and tourism . Pupils also participate in work @-@ related learning . = = = Sixth Form = = = The majority of pupils take four A @-@ levels subjects in Year 12 , with most choosing to focus on three in Year 13 . The Joint Sixth Form allows pupils to choose from 63 vocational or academic subjects including : art and photography ( separate A @-@ Level or BTEC options ) , applied Science , biology , bricklaying , business ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , childcare , carpentry , chemistry , computing or ICT ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , drama or performing arts ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , electronics , engineering , English ( language and / or literature ) , film or media studies , French , German , geography , government and politics , health and social care , history , hospitality and catering , law , mathematics and further mathematics , music ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , philosophy and ethics , psychology , physical education or sport ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , physics , product design , public services , light vehicle maintenance , Spanish , sociology , travel and tourism , and work skills . = = = Examinations = = = In 2013 , 88 % of pupils achieved five GCSEs at grade A * -C and 51 % achieved that including English and Maths , the thirty @-@ fourth highest percentage in the county ( out of ninety @-@ six ) . Figures for the 2010 / 11 cohort show that 84 % of pupils continue in education after leaving Year 11 , with 45 % carrying on to Sixth Form , 33 % going into Further Education and 6 % participating in an apprenticeship programme . In 2013 , 50 % of pupils achieved at least three A @-@ Levels at grades A * -E and 4 % achieved at least three A @-@ Levels at a minimum of AAB grades including at least two " facilitating subjects " ; the average point score per pupil was 660 @.@ 4 and the average grade per entry was a D + . = = = Extracurricular activities = = = School clubs and societies include singing and drama clubs , chess club , sports clubs , film club and computer games club . A student council system is in place which acts as a forum between pupils and staff ; elected representatives of each year group attend fortnightly , pupil @-@ run meetings to discuss school policies with staff . On the Ruskington site , a pupil @-@ run Interact Club , sponsored by the Rotary Club of Sleaford and Kesteven , coordinates charitable and community work in the school . The school newspaper club produces an annual newsletter and the school takes part in the BBC School Report day . Badminton , association football , volleyball , trampolining and gymnastics clubs are run every week at the Academy . The physical education department runs Inter @-@ House sports competitions and co @-@ ordinates school rugby , association football , basketball , boccia and netball teams . The music department hosts a junior and senior choir , swing band , Woodwind ensemble , Samba group and Vocal groups ; the music rehearsal rooms can be booked for band practice . Pupils can audition for parts in the school 's annual musical production and summer cabaret . For a fee , pupils may take up music lessons taught by tutors at the school . The school has supported music students in local and regional music festivals . = = Sites and property = = = = = Church Lane , Sleaford ( 1908 – 1984 ) = = = The site at Church Lane was acquired at a cost of £ 900 in c . 1908 ; it was undeveloped when the previous Ordnance Survey map was completed in 1905 . The schoolhouse was constructed to the plans of Mr Dunne of Lincoln by the contractors Messrs Wright and Son , also of Lincoln , who secured the contract for £ 7 @,@ 442 . The school building had entrances for girls and boys , who were taught separately in six classrooms ; the assembly hall was 62 by 28 feet ( 18 @.@ 9 by 8 @.@ 5 m ) with a domed ceiling . An infants ' department consisted of three classrooms , while a workshop and kitchen were housed in separate buildings . When teaching was transferred to the Westholme site in 1984 , the original schoolhouse was demolished . The Infants ' School buildings survived until the early 2000s , when they were also torn down to make way for the new buildings of its successor , Church Lane Primary School . = = = Westholme , Sleaford ( 1957 – present ) = = = Westholme House was designed by Charles Kirk the younger and built by his firm Kirk and Parry in c . 1849 . The Gothic stone mansion , off Westgate , is situated in grounds spanning 32 acres ( 13 ha ) ( as of 2011 ) . The Victorian buildings also include stables , which Sir Nikolaus Pevsner called " charming " , and two Tudor @-@ style lodges . Initially occupied by Kirk 's business partner Thomas Parry , the businessman and Liberal politician Samuel Pattinson lived at the house from at least 1924 until his death in 1942 . His wife , Betsy Sharpley Pattinson , died the same year and their trustees auctioned off the furniture at Westholme in 1944 . During the Second World War , the grounds were occupied by the War Department , but by 1945 Kesteven County Council had acquired the land and planned to use it for educational purposes . In 1957 , the Council proposed a new mixed secondary modern school building on the site and , by 1960 , the new building housed Sleaford Secondary Modern , which operated there and at the Church Lane premises . A new building at Westholme was constructed from 1981 to 1983 at the cost of £ 1 million . It included a gymnasium , changing facilities , and music , technology and domestic science classrooms . A civic centre opened in the main building with conference rooms and a bar which could be hired out . Run by a committee of Town Councillors , school governors and the headmaster , the centre could also let out the school hall and gymnasium to the public . A languages centre , partially funded by Reg Brealey , opened in 1985 . Fitted with a satellite dish that could pick up signals from Russia , the centre housed a computer laboratory and classrooms ; a local reporter described it as " probably the most advanced in the country " at the time its designs were released to the public . In 1994 , science , technology and English buildings opened followed by a library and art centre in 1997 . A second sports hall was completed in 2001 and extended in 2003 to include ICT classrooms ; science and construction buildings were completed in 2005 , a childcare centre in 2008 and an art building in c . 2009 . The school 's conversion to an Academy included a £ 20 million grant , which funded renovations around the site and the construction of two new buildings : a science and IT building , and the Arnold Centre , which opened in 2012 and included a new hall , Sixth Form centre , library , drama studio and classrooms . = = = Billingborough ( 2010 – 2012 ) = = = The Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire , the Earl of Ancaster , opened Billingborough County Secondary Modern School in 1963 . On 11 acres ( 4 @.@ 5 ha ) of playing ground , including tennis courts , the steel @-@ framed building was constructed by Messrs. Fosters of Grantham under the supervision of J. W. H. Barnes , county architect . It housed an assembly hall and dining space , gymnasium and three @-@ storeys of classrooms alongside workshops for practical subjects . Following the closure of the Billingborough site , the buildings were demolished in 2014 . = = = Ruskington ( 2010 – present ) = = = In 1947 , Kesteven County Council outlined its 15 @-@ year plan for secondary education , which included the construction of a new secondary modern school at Ruskington . The buildings were completed in the 1950s and teaching commenced at Ruskington Secondary Modern School in 1956 ; the buildings were officially opened by Sir John Wolfenden , Vice @-@ Chancellor of the University of Reading , the following year . Built on a 9 @-@ acre ( 3 @.@ 6 ha ) site at a cost of £ 100 @,@ 658 , the new school buildings consisted of a three @-@ storeys of classrooms and a gymnasium , assembly / dining hall , library and greenhouse . The buildings were built around a prefabricated steel frame and modular concrete blocks clad in brick . Much of the site was devoted to playing fields , which were supplemented by eight grass tennis courts and playground . These buildings were demolished in 2012 and work began on a new school as part of the Academy development plans . A hall and classrooms were completed in January 2015 as the first phase of the rebuilding ; work on the second phase , which is planned to include vocational classrooms and a technology suite , began two months later and was scheduled for completion in September 2015 . With the second phase complete , the new campus buildings were officially opened on 6 November 2015 . = = Headteachers = = The first headmaster at Sleaford Council School was H. H. Godfrey , who had been schoolmaster at the Weslyan school on Westgate since the 1890s . His successor at the Senior department , A. R. N. Rooksby , had taught in Grantham , a background not dissimilar to the third headmaster , F. A. Speechley . Appointed in 1973 , John Hodgson was the first university @-@ educated headteacher of the school . All four remained in the role for at least twenty years , with Hodgson being the longest serving at 25 years . Upon retirement , he was succeeded by Paul Watson , who had served at two Lincolnshire schools before his appointment ; he formally used the title " principal " instead of headteacher . He was at St George 's for 15 years until he retired and gave way to Wayne Birks , in 2014 .
= Ravi Shankar = Ravi Shankar , KBE ( IPA : [ ˈrɔbi ˈʃɔŋkɔr ] ; 7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012 ) , born Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury , his name often preceded by the title Pandit ( ' Master ' ) , was a known Indian musician and a composer of Hindustani classical music . He was one of the best @-@ known exponents of the sitar in the second half of the 20th century and influenced many other musicians throughout the world . Shankar was born to a Bengali family in India , and spent his youth touring India and Europe with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar . He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar playing under court musician Allauddin Khan . After finishing his studies in 1944 , Shankar worked as a composer , creating the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray , and was music director of All India Radio , New Delhi , from 1949 to 1956 . In 1956 he began to tour Europe and the Americas playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching , performance , and his association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin and Beatles guitarist George Harrison . His influence on the latter helped popularize the use of Indian instruments in pop music throughout the 1960s . Shankar engaged Western music by writing compositions for sitar and orchestra , and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s . From 1986 to 1992 , he served as a nominated member of Rajya Sabha , the upper chamber of the Parliament of India . He continued to perform until the end of his life . In 1999 , Shankar was awarded India 's highest civilian honour , the Bharat Ratna . = = Early life = = Shankar was born on 7 April 1920 in Varanasi , British India , to a Bengali family , as the youngest of seven brothers . His father , Shyam Shankar , was a Middle Temple barrister and scholar from East Bengal ( now Bangladesh ) . A respected statesman , lawyer and politician , he served for several years as dewan ( chief minister ) of Jhalawar , Rajasthan , and used the Sanskrit spelling of the family name and removed its last part . Shyam was married to Hemangini Devi who hailed from a small village named Nasrathpur in Mardah block of Ghazipur district , near Benares , and her father was a prosperous landlord . Shyam later worked as a lawyer in London , England , and there he married a second time while Devi raised Shankar in Varanasi , and did not meet his son until he was eight years old . Shankar shortened the Sanskrit version of his first name , Ravindra , to Ravi , for " sun " . Shankar had six siblings , only four of whom lived past infancy : Uday ( who became a famous choreographer and dancer ) , Rajendra , Debendra and Bhupendra . Shankar attended the Bengalitola High School in Benares between 1927 and 1928 . At the age of ten , after spending his first decade in Varanasi , Shankar went to Paris with the dance group of his brother , choreographer Uday Shankar . By the age of 13 he had become a member of the group , accompanied its members on tour and learned to dance and play various Indian instruments . Uday 's dance group toured Europe and the United States in the early to mid @-@ 1930s and Shankar learned French , discovered Western classical music , jazz , cinema and became acquainted with Western customs . Shankar heard Allauddin Khan - the lead musician at the court of the princely state of Maihar - play at a music conference in December 1934 in Calcutta , and Uday convinced the Maharaja of Maihar in 1935 to allow Khan to become his group 's soloist for a tour of Europe . Shankar was sporadically trained by Khan on tour , and Khan offered Shankar training to become a serious musician under the condition that he abandon touring and come to Maihar . = = Career = = = = = Training and work in India = = = Shankar 's parents had died by the time he returned from the European tour , and touring the West had become difficult because of political conflicts that would lead to World War II . Shankar gave up his dancing career in 1938 to go to Maihar and study Indian classical music as Khan 's pupil , living with his family in the traditional gurukul system . Khan was a rigorous teacher and Shankar had training on sitar and surbahar , learned ragas and the musical styles dhrupad , dhamar , and khyal , and was taught the techniques of the instruments rudra veena , rubab , and sursingar . He often studied with Khan 's children Ali Akbar Khan and Annapurna Devi . Shankar began to perform publicly on sitar in December 1939 and his debut performance was a jugalbandi ( duet ) with Ali Akbar Khan , who played the string instrument sarod . Shankar completed his training in 1944 @.@ he moved to Mumbai and joined the Indian People 's Theatre Association , for whom he composed music for ballets in 1945 and 1946 . Shankar recomposed the music for the popular song " Sare Jahan Se Achcha " at the age of 25 . He began to record music for HMV India and worked as a music director for All India Radio ( AIR ) , New Delhi , from February 1949 to January 1956 . Shankar founded the Indian National Orchestra at AIR and composed for it ; in his compositions he combined Western and classical Indian instrumentation . Beginning in the mid @-@ 1950s he composed the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray , which became internationally acclaimed . He was music director for several Hindi movies including Godaan and Anuradha . = = = 1956 – 69 : International career = = = V. K. Narayana Menon , director of AIR Delhi , introduced the Western violinist Yehudi Menuhin to Shankar during Menuhin 's first visit to India in 1952 . Shankar had performed as part of a cultural delegation in the Soviet Union in 1954 and Menuhin invited Shankar in 1955 to perform in New York City for a demonstration of Indian classical music , sponsored by the Ford Foundation . Shankar declined to attend because of problems in his marriage , but recommended Ali Akbar Khan to play instead . Khan reluctantly accepted and performed with tabla ( percussion ) player Chatur Lal in the Museum of Modern Art , and he later became the first Indian classical musician to perform on American television and record a full raga performance , for Angel Records . Shankar heard about the positive response Khan received and resigned from AIR in 1956 to tour the United Kingdom , Germany , and the United States . He played for smaller audiences and educated them about Indian music , incorporating ragas from the South Indian Carnatic music in his performances , and recorded his first LP album Three Ragas in London , released in 1956 . In 1958 , Shankar participated in the celebrations of the tenth anniversary of the United Nations and UNESCO music festival in Paris . From 1961 , he toured Europe , the United States , and Australia , and became the first Indian to compose music for non @-@ Indian films . Chatur Lal accompanied Shankar on tabla until 1962 , when Alla Rakha assumed the role . Shankar founded the Kinnara School of Music in Mumbai in 1962 . Shankar befriended Richard Bock , founder of World Pacific Records , on his first American tour and recorded most of his albums in the 1950s and 1960s for Bock 's label . The Byrds recorded at the same studio and heard Shankar 's music , which led them to incorporate some of its elements in theirs , introducing the genre to their friend George Harrison of the Beatles . Harrison became interested in Indian classical music , bought a sitar and used it to record the song " Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) " . This led to Indian music being used by other musicians and created the raga rock trend . Harrison met Shankar in London in June 1966 and visited India later that year for six weeks to study sitar under Shankar in Srinagar . During the visit , a documentary film about Shankar named Raga was shot by Howard Worth , and released in 1971 . Shankar 's association with Harrison greatly increased Shankar 's popularity and Ken Hunt of AllMusic would state that Shankar had become " the most famous Indian musician on the planet " by 1966 . In 1967 , he performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and won a Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance for West Meets East , a collaboration with Yehudi Menuhin . The same year , the Beatles won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , which included " Within You Without You " by Harrison , a song that was influenced by Indian classical music . Shankar opened a Western branch of the Kinnara School of Music in Los Angeles , in May 1967 , and published an autobiography , My Music , My Life , in 1968 . In 1968 , he scored for the movie Charly . He performed at the Woodstock Festival in August 1969 , and found he disliked the venue . In the 1970s Shankar distanced himself from the hippie movement . = = = 1970 – 2012 : International career = = = In October 1970 Shankar became chair of the department of Indian music of the California Institute of the Arts after previously teaching at the City College of New York , the University of California , Los Angeles , and being guest lecturer at other colleges and universities , including the Ali Akbar College of Music . In late 1970 , the London Symphony Orchestra invited Shankar to compose a concerto with sitar . Concerto for Sitar & Orchestra was performed with André Previn as conductor and Shankar playing the sitar . Hans Neuhoff of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has criticized the usage of the orchestra in this concert as " amateurish " . George Harrison organized the charity Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 , in which Shankar participated . After the musicians had tuned up on stage for over a minute , the crowd broke into applause , to which the amused Shankar responded : " If you like our tuning so much , I hope you will enjoy the playing more . " Although interest in Indian music had decreased in the early 1970s , the concert album became one of the best @-@ selling recordings to feature the genre and won Shankar a second Grammy Award . During the 1970s , Shankar and Harrison worked together again , recording Shankar Family & Friends in 1973 and touring North America the following year to a mixed response after Shankar had toured Europe with the Harrison @-@ sponsored Music Festival from India . The demanding schedule weakened Shankar , and he suffered a heart attack in Chicago in November 1974 , causing him to miss a portion of the tour . In his absence , Shankar 's sister @-@ in @-@ law , singer Lakshmi Shankar , conducted the touring orchestra . The touring band visited the White House on invitation of John Gardner Ford , son of US President Gerald Ford . Shankar toured and taught for the remainder of the 1970s and the 1980s and released his second concerto , Raga Mala , conducted by Zubin Mehta , in 1981 . Shankar was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Music Score for his work on the 1982 movie Gandhi , but lost to John Williams ' ET He served as a member of the Rajya Sabha , the upper chamber of the Parliament of India , from 12 May 1986 to 11 May 1992 , after being nominated by Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi . Shankar composed the dance drama Ghanashyam in 1989 . His liberal views on musical co @-@ operation led him to contemporary composer Philip Glass , with whom he released an album , Passages , in 1990 . Shankar underwent an angioplasty in 1992 due to heart problems , after which George Harrison participated in a number of Shankar 's projects . Because of the positive response to Shankar 's 1996 career compilation In Celebration , Shankar wrote a second autobiography , Raga Mala , with Harrison as editor . He performed in between 25 and 40 concerts every year during the late 1990s . Shankar taught his daughter Anoushka Shankar to play sitar and in 1997 became a Regents ' Professor at University of California , San Diego . In the 2000s , he won a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album for Full Circle : Carnegie Hall 2000 and toured with Anoushka , who released a book about her father , Bapi : Love of My Life , in 2002 . Anoushka performed a composition by Shankar for the 2002 Harrison memorial Concert for George and Shankar wrote a third concerto for sitar and orchestra for Anoushka and the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra . In June 2008 , Shankar played what was billed as his last European concert , but his 2011 tour included dates in the United Kingdom . On 1 July 2010 , at the Southbank Centre 's Royal Festival Hall , London , England , Anoushka Shankar , on sitar , performed with the London Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by David Murphy what was billed the first Symphony by Ravi Shankar . This performance was recorded and is available on CD . It is 40 : 52 minutes long and is composed of 4 movements ( in the tempi allegro ( fast ) , slow , scherzo ( fast ) , finale ( fast ) ) like a classical Western symphony but uses an Indian raga as the mode for each movement : I. Allegro ( Kafi Zila ) 9 : 21 minutes , II . Lento ( Ahir Bhairav ) 7 : 52 minutes , III . Scherzo ( DoGa Kalyan ) 8 : 49 minutes IV . Finale ( Banjara ) 14 : 50 minutes . The website of the Ravi Shankar Foundation provides the information that " The symphony was written in Indian notation in 2010 , and has been interpreted by his student and conductor , David Murphy . " The information available on the website does not explain this process of " interpretation " of Ravi Shankar 's notation by David Murphy , nor how Ravi Shankar 's Indian notation could accommodate Western orchestral writing . = = Style and contributions = = Shankar developed a style distinct from that of his contemporaries and incorporated influences from rhythm practices of Carnatic music . His performances begin with solo alap , jor , and jhala ( introduction and performances with pulse and rapid pulse ) influenced by the slow and serious dhrupad genre , followed by a section with tabla accompaniment featuring compositions associated with the prevalent khyal style . Shankar often closed his performances with a piece inspired by the light @-@ classical thumri genre . Shankar has been considered one of the top sitar players of the second half of the 20th century . He popularised performing on the bass octave of the sitar for the alap section and became known for a distinctive playing style in the middle and high registers that used quick and short deviations of the playing string and his sound creation through stops and strikes on the main playing string . Narayana Menon of The New Grove Dictionary noted Shankar 's liking for rhythmic novelties , among them the use of unconventional rhythmic cycles . Hans Neuhoff of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has argued that Shankar 's playing style was not widely adopted and that he was surpassed by other sitar players in the performance of melodic passages . Shankar 's interplay with Alla Rakha improved appreciation for tabla playing in Hindustani classical music . Shankar promoted the jugalbandi duet concert style and claims to have introduced new ragas Tilak Shyam , Nat Bhairav and Bairagi . = = Recognition = = = = = Indian governmental honours = = = Sangeet Natak Akademi Award ( 1962 ) Padma Bhushan ( 1967 ) Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship ( 1975 ) . Padma Vibhushan ( 1981 ) Kalidas Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh for 1987 – 88 Bharat Ratna ( 1999 ) = = = Other governmental and academic honours = = = Ramon Magsaysay Award ( 1992 ) and the . Commander of the Legion of Honour of France ( 2000 ) Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) by Elizabeth II for " services to music " ( 2001 ) Honorary degrees from universities in India and the United States . Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Melbourne , Australia ( 2010 ) = = = Arts awards = = = 1964 fellowship from the John D. Rockefeller 3rd Fund Silver Bear Extraordinary Prize of the Jury at the 1957 Berlin International Film Festival ( for composing the music for the movie Kabuliwala ) . UNESCO International Music Council ( 1975 ) Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize ( 1991 ) Praemium Imperiale for music from the Japan Art Association ( 1997 ) Polar Music Prize ( 1998 ) Five Grammy Awards 1967 : Best Chamber Music Performance - West Meets East ( with Yehudi Menuhin ) 1973 : Album of the Year - The Concert for Bangladesh ( with George Harrison ) 2002 : Best World Music Album - Full Circle : Carnegie Hall 2000 2013 : Best World Music Album - The Living Room Sessions Pt . 1 Lifetime Achievement Award received at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards Nominated for an Academy Award . Posthumous nomination in the 56th Annual Grammy Awards for his album " The Living Room Sessions Part 2 " . First recipient of the Tagore Award in recognition of his outstanding contribution to cultural harmony and universal values ( 2013 ; posthumous ) = = = Other honours and tributes = = = American jazz saxophonist John Coltrane named his son Ravi Coltrane after Shankar . On April 7 , 2016 Google published a Google Doodle to honor his work . = = Personal life and family = = Shankar married Allauddin Khan 's daughter Annapurna Devi in 1941 and their son , Shubhendra Shankar , was born in 1942 . Shankar separated from Devi during the 1940s and had a relationship with Kamala Shastri , a dancer , beginning in the late 1940s . An affair with Sue Jones , a New York concert producer , led to the birth of Norah Jones in 1979 . He separated from Shastri in 1981 and lived with Sue until 1986 . In 1989 he married Sukanya Rajan , whom he had known since the 1970s , at Chilkur Temple in Hyderabad , India . Their daughter Anoushka Shankar was born in 1981 . Shankar 's son , Shubhendra " Shubho " Shankar , often accompanied him on tours . He could play the sitar and surbahar , but elected not to pursue a solo career . Shubhendra died of pneumonia in 1992 . Ananda Shankar , the experimental fusion musician , is his nephew . Norah Jones became a successful musician in the 2000s , winning eight Grammy Awards in 2003 . Anoushka Shankar was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album in 2003 . Anoushka and her father were both nominated for Best World Music Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards for separate albums . Shankar was a Hindu , and a devotee of the Hindu deity , Hanuman . As well , he was an " ardent " devotee of the revered , Bengali Hindu saint , Sri Anandamayi Ma . Shankar used to visit Anandamayi Ma frequently and performed for her on various occasions . Shankar wrote of his hometown , Varanasi , and his initial encounter with " Ma " : " Varanasi is the eternal abode of Lord Shiva , and one of my favorite temples is that of Lord Hanuman , the monkey god . The city is also where one of the miracles that have happened in my life took place : I met Ma Anandamayi , a great spiritual soul . Seeing the beauty of her face and mind , I became her ardent devotee . Sitting at home now in Encinitas , in Southern California , at the age of 88 , surrounded by the beautiful greens , multi @-@ colored flowers , blue sky , clean air , and the Pacific Ocean , I often reminisce about all the wonderful places I have seen in the world . I cherish the memories of Paris , New York , and a few other places . But Varanasi seems to be etched in my heart ! " In his later years , Shankar became a vegetarian . He wore a large diamond ring which he said was " manifested " by Sathya Sai Baba . He lived with Sukanya in Encinitas , California . Shankar performed his final concert , with daughter Anoushka , on 4 November 2012 at the Terrace Theater in Long Beach , California . = = Illness and death = = On 6 December 2012 , Shankar was admitted to Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla , San Diego , California after complaining of breathing difficulties . He died on 11 December 2012 at around 16 : 30 PST after undergoing heart valve replacement surgery . The Swara Samrat festival organized on 5 – 6 January 2013 was dedicated to Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan where musicians like Shivkumar Sharma , Birju Maharaj , Hari Prasad Chaurasia , Zakir Hussain , and Girija Devi performed . = = Discography = = = = Books = = Shankar , Ravi ( 1968 ) . My Music , My Life . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 @-@ 671 @-@ 20113 @-@ 1 . Shankar , Ravi ( 1979 ) . Learning Indian Music : A Systematic Approach . Onomatopoeia . OCLC 21376688 . Shankar , Ravi ( 1997 ) . Raga Mala : The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar . Genesis Publications . ISBN 0 @-@ 904351 @-@ 46 @-@ 7 .
= Bronwyn Bancroft = Bronwyn Bancroft ( born 1958 ) is an Australian artist , notable for being amongst the first Australian fashion designers invited to show her work in Paris . Born in Tenterfield , New South Wales , and trained in Canberra and Sydney , Bancroft worked as a fashion designer , and is an artist , illustrator , and arts administrator . In 1985 , Bancroft established a shop called Designer Aboriginals , selling fabrics made by Aboriginal artists including herself . She was a founding member of Boomalli Aboriginal Artists Co @-@ operative . Art work by Bancroft is held by the National Gallery of Australia , the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Art Gallery of Western Australia . She has provided art work for more than 20 children 's books , including Stradbroke Dreaming by writer and activist Oodgeroo Noonuccal , and books by artist and writer Sally Morgan . She has received design commissions , including one for the exterior of a sports centre in Sydney . Bancroft has a long history of involvement in community activism and arts administration , and has served as a board member for the National Gallery of Australia . Her painting Prevention of AIDS ( 1992 ) was used in a campaign to raise awareness of HIV / AIDS in Australia . Bancroft has served on the boards of copyright collection agency Viscopy and Tranby Aboriginal College , and the Artists Board at the Museum of Contemporary Art , Sydney . = = Early life = = A Bundjalung woman , Bancroft was born in Tenterfield , a town in rural New South Wales , in 1958 . She was the youngest of seven children of Owen Cecil Joseph Bancroft , known as " Bill " — an Aboriginal Australian from the Djanbun clan — and Dot , who is of Scottish – Polish ancestry . Bancroft has said that her great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ grandmother Pemau was one of only two or three survivors from her clan , the rest murdered when their land was settled by a white farmer . Her grandfather and uncle worked in local goldmines . She recalled that her father 's education was obstructed by discrimination because he was Aboriginal . His lack of formal training meant that he had to work away from home cutting railroad sleepers , while her mother worked at home as a dressmaker . Bancroft 's father was an engineer during World War II , managing barges at Madang and Rabaul . Following her father 's advice on the importance of getting an education or a trade , Bancroft completed high school in Tenterfield before moving to Canberra in 1976 with her husband @-@ to @-@ be Ned Manning , who had also been her teacher . There Bancroft completed a Diploma of Visual Communications through the Canberra School of Art , followed by a Master of Studio Practice and a Master of Visual Arts ( Paintings ) at the University of Sydney . She never returned to live in Tenterfield , although her three sisters were living there in 2004 . Her father died around 1990 . Bancroft has three children : Jack was born in 1985 , Ella in 1988 . She separated from Manning when they were very young ; her third child Rubyrose was born in 1999 . Jack was awarded NSW Young Australian of the Year in 2010 for his work arranging the mentoring of Indigenous school students . = = Career = = = = = Art and design = = = Bancroft was a founding member of the Boomalli Aboriginal Artists Co @-@ operative , one of Australia 's oldest Indigenous @-@ run artists ' organisations , established in 1987 . She served in the roles of chairperson , director , and treasurer during its first two decades . In 1985 , she opened a shop in Sydney called Designer Aboriginals , selling the work of designers including her own fabrics , and staffed by her Indigenous female students . Bancroft , Euphemia Bostock and Mini Heath were the first Australian fashion designers invited to show their works in Paris , where Bancroft 's painted designs on cloth were exhibited at the 1987 Printemps Fashion Parade . Two years later , in 1989 , she contributed to a London exhibition , Australian Fashion : The Contemporary Art . Despite these successes , she moved away from the fashion industry , telling an interviewer in 2005 that she had not done fabric design for 15 years . Described as " an instinctive colourist " , Bancroft has since worked primarily as a painter , and has developed " a glowing style reminiscent of stained glass windows " . She has cited as influences the American painter Georgia O 'Keeffe , European painters Joan Miró , Wassily Kandinsky , and Marc Chagall , and Australian Indigenous artists such as Emily Kngwarreye , Rover Thomas , and Mary MacLean . Although initially known as a fabric and textile designer , Bancroft has worked with many artistic media , including " jewellery design , painting , collage , illustration , sculpture and interior decoration " . Art works by Bancroft are held by the National Gallery of Australia , the Art Gallery of New South Wales , the Art Gallery of Western Australia and the Queensland Art Gallery . The National Gallery holds one of her screenprints , Entrapped , created in 1991 . Between 1989 and 2006 , Bancroft held eight solo exhibitions and participated in at least 53 group exhibitions , including shows at the Australian Museum in Sydney , the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra , and the National Gallery of Victoria . Her art has been exhibited in Indonesia , New Zealand , the USA , France , and Germany . In 2004 , Bancroft was commissioned to design a large mural covering the exterior of a sports centre housing two basketball courts at Tempe Reserve in Marrickville , New South Wales . The mural depicts a snake , a man , and a woman , representing both biblical and Indigenous Australian creation stories . It also includes the goanna , the ancestral totem of the Marrickville area 's original inhabitants , the Wangal people . Bancroft ventured into illustrating children 's books in 1993 , when she provided the artwork for Fat and Juicy Place written by Dianna Kidd . The book was shortlisted for the Children 's Book Council of Australia 's Book of the Year and won the Australian Multicultural Children 's Book Award . In the same year , she illustrated Stradbroke Dreamtime by Indigenous activist and writer Oodgeroo Noonuccal . She was the third artist to have provided images for successive editions of the book , of which the first edition was released in 1972 . Bancroft has since contributed artwork for over 20 children 's books , including some by prominent Australian writer and artist Sally Morgan , whom she regards as a mentor and friend . These books include Dan 's grandpa ( 1996 ) and Sam 's bush journey ( 2009 ) . The two artists collaborated on an exhibition of prints at Warrnambool Art Gallery in Victoria in 1991 . Researcher and museum curator Margo Neale has described the art of both Bancroft and Morgan as depicting " their relationship to country and family in generally high @-@ keyed works , celebrating and commemorating through personal or collective stories in mainly figurative narratives . " As well as working with established writers , Bancroft has created a number of children 's books in her own right , including An Australian 1 2 3 of Animals and An Australian ABC of Animals , which have been favourably reviewed as imaginative and well @-@ illustrated . Her style of illustration has been described as " bold and mysterious " , and as " traditional Australian Aboriginal representation rendered in bright , eye @-@ catching colors . " In 2009 Bancroft received an Australian literary award — the Dromkeen Medal — for her contribution to children 's literature . In May 2010 , the Governor @-@ General of Australia Quentin Bryce launched Bancroft 's latest book , Why I Love Australia . A long @-@ time supporter of Bancroft 's work , Ms Bryce said : " Why I love Australia is a work and title that , again , speaks volumes of its author and illustrator . It simply and exquisitely rejoices in telling a story of this magnificent , sacred land we share : the mountains , rivers and gorges ; seas and coral reefs ; grasslands and bushlands ; saltpans and snow ; houses and streets ; the jewelled night sky , and so much more . " Bancroft 's art has also appeared in the publications of a number of other individuals and organisations , including as cover art for books from the Australian Museum and the New South Wales Education Department , for Larissa Behrendt 's novel Home , and for Roberta Sykes 's controversial autobiographical narratives Snake Cradle and Snake Dancing , among others . = = = Administration and activism = = = Bancroft has been active in arts organisations , and served two terms on the board of the National Gallery of Australia during the 1990s . She was chair of the Visual Arts Board of the New South Wales Ministry for the Arts , and of the National Indigenous Arts Advocacy Organisation from 1993 to 1996 . In the lead @-@ up to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Bancroft was a member of the design committee that advised on the development of the games ' official logo , and has acted as a judge for the $ 35 @,@ 000 Country Energy Art Prize . Bancroft was a member of the board of directors of the Australian copyright collection agency , Viscopy , and while serving in that position has been an advocate of resale royalty rights for artists . She has observed that " resale royalties are an intrinsic link to the improvement of the inherent rights of Australian artists to a fair income " . She was a member of the Sydney Museum of Contemporary Art 's Artist Advisory Group in 2005 , and is a member of the Museum 's Artists Board . She has served on the board of the Indigenous training organisation , Tranby Aboriginal College . Within and beyond her artistic works , Bancroft has demonstrated concern for a range of social issues , particularly those affecting Indigenous Australians . Her painting Prevention of AIDS ( 1992 ) was reproduced on posters and postcards aimed at raising awareness of HIV / AIDS , and was one of several of her images commissioned by the federal Department of Health to highlight issues regarding the disease in the Indigenous community . In 2000 , two years after the death of activist Mum ( Shirl ) Smith , Bancroft and the Boomalli Aboriginal Artists Co @-@ operative organised a fund @-@ raising exhibition of art works in Smith 's honour . Bancroft is a director of the Australian Indigenous Mentoring Experience , a not @-@ for @-@ profit organisation that aims to increase senior high school and university admission rates for Indigenous students . She has taught and mentored Indigenous school students such as Jessica Birk , a winner of the Australia Council 's inaugural Emerging and Young Artist Award in May 2009 . = = Selected published works = = Walking the boundaries ( illustrator ) , Angus & Robertson , 1993 , ISBN 0 @-@ 207 @-@ 17796 @-@ 1 Stradbroke dreamtime ( illustrator ) , Angus & Robertson , 1993 , ISBN 0 @-@ 207 @-@ 17938 @-@ 7 Dirrangun ( illustrator ) , Angus & Robertson , 1994 , ISBN 0 @-@ 207 @-@ 18482 @-@ 8 Dan 's Grandpa ( illustrator ) , Fremantle Press , 1996 , ISBN 1 @-@ 86368 @-@ 159 @-@ 0 Leaving ( illustrator ) , Roland Harvey , 2000 , ISBN 0 @-@ 949714 @-@ 75 @-@ 5 The Outback ( illustrator ) , with Annaliese Porter , Magabala Books , 2005 , ISBN 1 @-@ 875641 @-@ 86 @-@ 6 An Australian ABC of Animals , Little Hare Books , 2005 , ISBN 1 @-@ 877003 @-@ 97 @-@ 2 Ready to Dream ( illustrator ) , Bloomsbury , 2008 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 59990 @-@ 049 @-@ 0 An Australian 1 , 2 , 3 of animals , Little Hare Books , 2009 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 921541 @-@ 11 @-@ 7 W is for wombat : my first Australian word book , Little Hare Books , 2009 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 921541 @-@ 17 @-@ 9 Why I love Australia , Little Hare Books , 2010 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 921541 @-@ 78 @-@ 0 = = Major collections = = Artbank Art Gallery of New South Wales Art Gallery of Western Australia Australian Museum Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet ( Australia ) National Gallery of Australia National Museum of Australia New York Public Library Print Collection Newark Museum Parliament House Art Collection Queensland Art Gallery
= M @-@ 179 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 179 is a 16 @.@ 963 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 27 @.@ 299 km ) state trunkline highway in the western portion of the US state of Michigan . It runs from US Highway 131 ( US 131 ) at exit 61 outside of Bradley to M @-@ 43 just west of Hastings in the Lower Peninsula . The highway crosses through forest land and provides access to state recreational areas . M @-@ 179 has been given the Chief Noonday Recreational Heritage Route designation by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) . Prior to October 1998 , this highway was the eastern portion of county road A @-@ 42 . The number was formally assigned by the next year . This is not the first time the number was used in Michigan , an unrelated M @-@ 179 previously existed in the 1930s through the 1950s farther north . = = Route description = = M @-@ 179 begins at an interchange with US 131 just west of Bradley . From there , the road travels to the east past the Gun Lake Casino and through the community before bending around the southern edge of Sager Lake . After passing the lake , the highway resumes its easterly course and continues through the rural forest areas of eastern Allegan County , where the road is known as 129th Avenue . M @-@ 179 crosses the county line and heads into Barry County north of Gun Lake . The road is then locally known as Chief Noonday Road . Here it continues its eastward trek until it winds its way through the Yankee Springs State Recreation Area . After passing through the recreation area , the road continues to the east passing through wooded area before a slight curve to the north , after which it continues to the east and terminates at a junction with M @-@ 43 just west of Hastings . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) maintains the roadway as a part of the state highway system . As a part of this role , the department tracks the average annual daily traffic on its roadways , a calculation of the number of vehicles to use a highway segment on any average day of the year . In 2009 , MDOT determined that 5 @,@ 622 vehicles in Allegan County and 4 @,@ 253 vehicles in Barry County used M @-@ 179 daily . For the whole length of the highway , the commercial traffic was calculated to be 246 trucks daily in 2009 . No section of the highway has been listed on the National Highway System , a system of roads important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . M @-@ 179 has been named the Chief Noonday Trail Recreational Heritage Route ( now a Pure Michigan Byway ) by MDOT for its " natural beauty " and access to recreational areas . = = History = = The original version of M @-@ 179 was established in 1935 as a shortcut near Le Roy between US 131 and what was M @-@ 63 . That route was turned back to local control in late 1958 or 1959 , and the designation disappeared from the system . ( The original M @-@ 63 itself was decommissioned a few years later in 1961 . ) On October 1 , 1998 , as part of the Rationalization process , a jurisdictional transfer turned county road A @-@ 42 between US 131 and M @-@ 43 over to the state , which the state later designated as M @-@ 179 for the following year . = = Major intersections = =
= Tzachas = Tzachas ( Greek : Τζαχᾶς ) , also known as Chaka Bey ( Turkish : Çaka Bey ) was an 11th @-@ century Seljuk Turkish military commander who ruled an independent state based in Smyrna ( present @-@ day Izmir ) . Originally in Byzantine service , he rebelled and seized Smyrna , much of the Aegean coastlands of Asia Minor and the islands lying off shore in 1088 – 91 . At the peak of his power , he even declared himself Byzantine emperor , and sought to assault Constantinople in conjunction with the Pechenegs . In 1092 , a Byzantine naval expedition under John Doukas inflicted a heavy defeat on him and retook Lesbos , while in the next year he was treacherously slain by his son @-@ in @-@ law Kilij Arslan I. Smyrna and the rest of Tzachas ' former domain were recovered by the Byzantines a few years later , in c . 1097 . = = Life = = Very little is known about his life , and that mostly from only one source , the Alexiad of the Byzantine princess Anna Komnene , daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos ( r . 1081 – 1118 ) . He is also mentioned in the 13th @-@ century Danishmendname , but it is not a very reliable source due to the semi @-@ legendary nature of its material . According to the Alexiad , Tzachas was originally a raider , who was taken as a prisoner by the Byzantines during the reign of Nikephoros III Botaneiates ( ruled 1078 – 81 ) . Tzachas entered Byzantine service and advanced rapidly through imperial favour , receiving the title of protonobilissimus and rich gifts . However , when Alexios I Komnenos deposed Botaneiates in 1081 , Tzachas lost his position and fled Byzantium . From ca . 1088 on , he used his base at Smyrna to wage war against the Byzantines . Employing Christian craftsmen , he built a fleet , with which he captured Phocaea and the eastern Aegean islands of Lesbos ( except for the fortress of Methymna ) , Samos , Chios and Rhodes . A Byzantine fleet under Niketas Kastamonites was sent against him , but Tzachas defeated it in battle . Some modern scholars have speculated that his activities during this time may have been in conjunction , and perhaps even coordination , with two contemporary Byzantine Greek rebels , Rhapsomates in Cyprus , and Karykes in Crete . In 1090 / 91 , the Byzantines under Constantine Dalassenos recovered Chios . Undeterred , Tzachas rebuilt his forces , and resumed his attacks , even proclaiming himself emperor ( basileus ) and seeking to conclude an alliance against Alexios I with the Pechenegs in Thrace for a joint attack on Constantinople . In 1092 , Dalassenos and the new megas doux , John Doukas , were sent against Tzachas , and attacked the fortress of Mytilene on Lesbos . Tzachas resisted for three months , but finally had to negotiate a surrender of the fortress . During his return to Smyrna , Dalassenos attacked the Turkish fleet , which was almost destroyed . In spring 1093 , Tzachas attacked the port of Abydos in the Sea of Marmara . Alexios I called upon the Sultan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Kilij Arslan I ( r . 1092 – 1107 ) , who was married to Tzachas 's daughter and was thus his son @-@ in @-@ law , to attack Tzachas from the rear . The Sultan advanced to Abydos , where , at the pretext of inviting Tzachas to a banquet , he had his father @-@ in @-@ law murdered . However , in ca . 1097 a " Tzachas " — possibly the original Tzachas ' son — is reported as still holding Smyrna when the Byzantine army under John Doukas recaptured the city .
= Country Joe and the Fish = Country Joe and the Fish was an American psychedelic rock band formed in Berkeley , California , in 1965 . The band was among the influential groups in the San Francisco music scene during the mid- to late 1960s . Much of the band 's music was written by founding members Country Joe McDonald and Barry " The Fish " Melton , with lyrics pointedly addressing issues of importance to the counterculture , such as anti @-@ war protests , free love , and recreational drug use . Through a combination of psychedelia and electronic music , the band 's sound was marked by innovative guitar melodies and distorted organ @-@ driven instrumentals which were significant to the development of acid rock . The band self @-@ produced two EPs that drew attention on the underground circuit before signing to Vanguard Records in 1966 . Their debut album , Electric Music for the Mind and Body , followed in 1967 . It contained their only nationally charting single , " Not So Sweet Martha Lorraine " , and their most experimental arrangements . Their second album , I @-@ Feel @-@ Like @-@ I 'm @-@ Fixin ' -to @-@ Die , was released in late 1967 ; its title track , with its dark humor and satire , became their signature tune and is among the era 's most recognizable protest songs . Further success followed , including McDonald 's appearance at Woodstock , but the group 's lineup underwent changes until its disbandment in 1970 . Members of the band continue in the music industry as solo recording artists and sporadically reconvene . = = History = = = = = Formation ( 1965 ) = = = The first lineup of Country Joe and the Fish formed in mid @-@ 1965 , when Country Joe McDonald ( vocals , acoustic guitar ) and Barry " The Fish " Melton ( lead guitar , vocals ) came together as a duo . The two musicians had a background rooted in folk music , were enamored with the recordings of Woody Guthrie , and worked on the local acoustic coffeehouse circuit in the early 1960s . Melton honed his political protest prowess as a guitarist in Los Angeles , at venues such as the Ash Grove , before relocating to Berkeley , California , where he was a regular at the Jabberwock cafe . Prior to the group , McDonald set up two folk and jug bands , the Berkeley String Quartet and the Instant Jug Band , both of which served as outlets for his original material , and with the latter group including Melton . In addition , McDonald was a publisher of the left @-@ wing underground magazine Et Tu Brute , which later became Rag Baby , containing poetry , drawings , and political messages . By early 1965 , McDonald had become involved in the burgeoning folk scene in Berkeley , and the Free Speech Movement that was organizing demonstrations in University of California , Berkeley which opposed the war in Vietnam . Not long afterwards , McDonald was inspired to record a " talking issue " of his magazine , and organized Country Joe and the Fish with Melton and fellow musicians Carl Schrager ( washboard , kazoo ) , Bill Steele ( bass guitar ) , and Mike Beardslee ( vocals ) , out of both necessity of a recording alias and political device , to self @-@ produce an extended play . ED Denson , the co @-@ publisher of Rag Baby , introduced McDonald to Chris Strachwitz , who owned Arhoolie Recording Studios , to self @-@ produce the EP . Sensing the band 's potential , Denson assumed management control , and was responsible for coining the group 's name — a reference to Josef Stalin and to Mao Zedong 's description of a revolutionary as " the fish who swim in the sea of the people " . McDonald , who had recording experience , began utilizing Arhoolie Recording Studios to record four songs split equally between the band and a local folk musician , Peter Krug . It was during this time at Arhoolie Records that Country Joe and the Fish 's folk sound and political protest prowess — an amalgam of their own Guthrie @-@ influenced material and their folk music roots — began to emerge . The band 's side of the EP featured two originals by McDonald , an acoustic version of " I Feel Like I 'm Fixin ' to Die Rag " ( also known as " The Fish Cheer " ) , and " Superbird " . According to McDonald , " The Fish Cheer " was written in 30 minutes , with a purpose of expressing satiric and dark commentary on the US 's involvement in the Vietnam conflict . In October 1965 , 100 copies of the EP , titled Rag Baby Talking Issue No. 1 , were distributed on McDonald 's independent label at a Teach @-@ in in UC Berkeley and underground shops selling Rag Baby magazine . For a brief period , McDonald and Melton performed together as a duo at college campuses in the Northwest on behalf of Students for a Democratic Society before returning as regulars at the Jabberwock cafe . The two were joined by local jug band musicians , including Melton 's roommates , bass player Bruce Barthol and guitarist Paul Armstrong , and bluegrass guitarist David Bennett Cohen , with whom Melton played in another jug band . The addition of drummer John Francis @-@ Gunning rounded out the six @-@ piece ensemble . It was during their residency at the Jabberwock that Country Joe and the Fish learned to play as a group and expand their repertoire . Within months , based on McDonald and Melton 's interest in the live performances of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band , the recordings on Bob Dylan 's album , Highway 61 Revisited , and their use of the mind @-@ altering drug , LSD , the group began equipping themselves with electric instruments and delving more into psychedelia . As a result , Cohen was moved over to the organ . Cohen 's experience with keyboards was limited to having played piano at a semiprofessional capacity at the Jabberwock , but , nonetheless , he quickly adapted to the qualities of the instrument . Melton describes the change of the group : " Once we hit into the electric medium and into the rock medium , we were pandering to the public taste . We became extraordinarily popular . The little folk club where we used to play once every two weeks , we played every single night for a month , or something like that , and filled it . And after a while we filled two shows every single night " . = = = Electric music ( 1966 – 68 ) = = = As Country Joe and the Fish 's popularity grew , the band relocated to San Francisco in early 1966 and became popular fixtures at the Avalon and the Filmore Auditorium . On June 6 , 1966 , the band recorded a second self @-@ produced EP , which was packaged separately from the Rag Baby magazine and , upon its release , debuted the new psychedelic rock incarnation of the group . The EP fulfilled the band 's ambitions to incorporate electric instruments into their music , effectively melding the instrumentals and pioneering an early template for the musical subgenre of acid rock . It included McDonald 's compositions " ( Thing Called ) Love " and " Bass Strings " on the A @-@ side and the six @-@ minute " Section 43 " on the B @-@ side . Music historian Richie Unterberger praised " Section 43 " , saying its " Asiatic guitar , tribal maracas , devious organ , floating harmonica , and ethereal mid @-@ sections of delicate koto @-@ like guitar picking rivaled the Paul Butterfield Blues Band 's East West as the finest psychedelic instrumental ever " . Within three months , airplay of the EP spread across the new so @-@ called progressive radio stations , reaching as far as New York City , and establishing Country Joe and the Fish as a nationally relevant musical act . Through connections that Cohen had with record producer Samuel Charters , the group signed a recording contract with Vanguard Records in December 1966 , just as the label , which had primarily released folk music , was attempting to branch out into the growing psychedelic rock scene . While the band waited to record their debut album , they were present at the Human Be @-@ In , along with other influential San Francisco musical acts , including Jefferson Airplane , Big Brother and the Holding Company , and Quicksilver Messenger Service . The event was a prelude to the Summer of Love and helped publicize counterculture ideals such as ecology , free @-@ love and the use of illicit drugs . In February 1967 , Country Joe and the Fish entered Sierra Sound Laboratories to record their debut album , Electric Music for the Mind and Body , with Charters and Denson overseeing the process . Prior to their studio work , Armstrong left the group and began a two @-@ year alternative assignment as a conscientious objector , driving a truck for Goodwill Industries . Francis @-@ Gunning was involved in the beginnings of the album 's development but left when the rest of the band complainted about his drumming technique . He was replaced by Gary " Chicken " Hirsh . The next recording session was postponed for three days as the most recognizable lineup of Country Joe and the Fish rehearsed with their new drummer at the Barn , in Santa Cruz . Hirsh 's abilities were immediately distinguishable on the album , as he demonstrated an acute and articulate drum beat that music critic Bruce Eder praised as " some of the best drumming on a psychedelic record this side of the late Spencer Dryden " . Electric Music for the Mind and Body was released on May 11 , 1967 . Much of the album 's material continued to expand upon the band 's new psychedelic medium , with it embracing all facets of the members ' influences , which ranged from their folk roots , blues , raga rock and hard rock . The album also saw Cohen coming forward in a larger role with inventive distorted @-@ organ melodies . In addition , McDonald 's lyrical content , which brazenly pronounced topics of political protest , recreational drug use , and love , augmented by satirical humor , clearly introduced the band 's orientation and message . The compositional structures followed discrete movement patterns emulating the style of John Fahey , who McDonald admired . Though Electric Music for the Mind and Body was among the most complex works to date , it possessed the quality that several other San Francisco acts shared of being recorded mostly live , with only the vocals being overdubbed after the instrumentals were completed . Electric Music for the Mind and Body was a success upon release , charting at number 39 on the Billboard 200 , and remains one of the most enduring psychedelic works of the counterculture era . A single , " Not So Sweet Martha Lorraine " , was distributed a month prior to the release of the album and became the only Country Joe and the Fish single to chart , peaking at number 98 on the Billboard Hot 100 , in large part a culmination of its airplay on FM broadcasting and college stations . A reworked version of " The Fish Cheer " was intended to be released as a track on the album . However , Charters vetoed the decision to see whether the controversial song " Superbird " would face a radio ban . Nonetheless , the band was considered a forerunner in the emerging music scene in San Francisco , exhibiting one of the more polished debuts , just as its contemporaries were still refining their own sound . Melton attributes the album 's success , particularly in San Francisco , to the band 's appearance at the Monterey Pop Festival in June 1967 . Subsequently , the group toured the East Coast with an elaborate psychedelic light show . The band returned to the studio , this time at Vanguard Studios in New York City , between July and September 1967 . When " Superbird " , a tune mocking President Lyndon Johnson , was not banned from radio promotion , the band was given the go @-@ ahead to record " The Fish Cheer " , which saw the group moving away from the original folk composition toward electric instrumentals more synthesized toward psychedelia . The song became the title track of the band 's second album , I @-@ Feel @-@ Like @-@ I 'm @-@ Fixin ' -to @-@ Die , released in November 1967 . The album was not as successful as its predecessor , but still charted at number 67 . The composition represented growing anti @-@ war sentiment expressed by those opposing the Vietnam War , and is often considered one of the most recognized and celebrated protest songs of the era . " The Fish Cheer " was also pivotal in communicating the attitude against the war , but was set apart from other anti @-@ war songs for its use of sarcastic humor and satire on the controversial conflict . Writer Lee Andresen reflects on the song 's meaning , saying , " the happy beat and insouciance of the vocalist are in odd juxtaposition to the lyrics that reinforce the sad fact that the American public was being forced into realizing that Vietnam was no longer a remote place on the other side of the world , and the damage it was doing to the country could no longer be considered collateral , involving someone else . " The song met unprecedented exposure among the band 's young audience after a performance at the Schaefer Music Festival in New York City , in the summer of 1968 . Hirsh suggested that instead of the opening chorus spelling " fish " , it would spell " fuck " , giving birth to the infamous " Fuck Cheer " . The crowd of young teenagers and college students applauded the act ; however executives from The Ed Sullivan Show barred Country Joe and the Fish from their scheduled appearance on the program , and any other possible events . Hirsh has never explained why he recommended the change in lyrics , but the act is seen as a social and political statement advocating free speech . The recorded version of " The Fish Cheer " received airplay , even on mainstream radio stations , which contributed to the success of the band 's third album , Together , its most commercially successful . The album , released in August 1968 , featured songwriting by all of the band members and charted at number 23 nationally . = = = Lineup changes and Woodstock ( 1969 – 70 ) = = = In September 1968 , Barthol left the band , just prior to their fourth album . His departure was due to the rest of the band 's unwillingness to partake in the Fesitval for Life , an event established by the Youth International Party in Chicago that was intended to have the participation of several well @-@ known musicians attract thousands of spectators for the 1968 Democratic National Convention . However , the city refused to issue any permits , and the band members , by majority vote , decided to withdraw out of fear that their equipment would be damaged . After the festival resulted in riots and violent clashes between demonstrators and the police , Barthol 's conviction that Country Joe and the Fish should have held a larger role precipitated his departure from the group and move to England . Between January 9 and 11 , 1969 , the band performed at the Fillmore West as a farewell to the group 's most famous lineup , with Jack Casady of Jefferson Airplane standing in as the bass player . The band was joined by Jerry Garcia , Jorma Kaukonen , Steve Miller , and Mickey Hart for the 38 @-@ minute finale , " Donavan 's Reef Jam " . Recordings from the concerts were later assembled on the live album Live ! Fillmore West 1969 , released on March 12 , 1996 . Hirsh and Cohen left soon after recording their next album , Here We Are Again , and a new lineup was configured with Casady and David Getz , who formerly played drums with Big Brother and the Holding Company . The group released Here We Are Again in the spring of 1969 . It charted at number 48 , and saw Country Joe and the Fish moving to a pop @-@ oriented approach . Country Joe and the Fish 's personnel remained relatively stable for the next six months , though Peter S. Albin , also an alumnus of Big Brother and the Holding Company , replaced Casady at bass . However , when McDonald reassembled the band for a last @-@ minute scheduling at the Woodstock Festival , another personnel change resulted in the group 's final lineup , which included recruits Mark Kapner on keyboards , Doug Metzner on bass , and Greg Dewey on drums . Among the festival 's most memorable moments was McDonald 's unexpected solo performance on August 16 , 1969 , which included " The Fuck Cheer " as a finale . The audience receptively responded by chanting along with McDonald . McDonald 's rendition of " The Fuck Cheer " propelled the song into the mainstream culture in the U.S. , and was featured on the Woodstock film , which was released on March 26 , 1970 . Radio stations regularly played both versions of the cheer , though the opposition to " The Fuck Cheer " limited its exposure to underground stations . In December 1969 , McDonald began his own career outside the band , releasing cover versions of Guthrie @-@ penned songs on Thinking of Woody Guthrie , and country standards on Tonight I 'm Singing Just For You . All the while , the group looked to capitalize on the momentum from Woodstock and their appearance in the film , Zachariah , by releasing their fifth album , CJ Fish , in May 1970 . The album was a moderate success , reaching number 111 nationally . However the band members lacked the motivation for touring and recording , which led to their disbandment in mid @-@ 1970 . = = = Aftermath and reunions = = = McDonald pursued his solo recording career , which spans over 30 albums , and remains an active anti @-@ war campaigner . He has also appeared in every Woodstock reunion festival since 1979 . Melton performed solo as well , under the moniker " The Fish " , and later became a member of the Bay Area supergroup , the Dinosaurs , in the 1980s . Since 1982 , Melton was able to practice law in California and became a Public Defender of Yolo County , California until his retirement in June 2009 . Country Joe and the Fish members sporadically reconvene , most notably when the classic 1967 lineup recorded Reunion in 1977 . The lineup , except Hirsh , came together again as the Country Joe Band in 2004 . In the same year , the group resumed touring , released the Barthol @-@ penned single , " Cakewalk to Baghdad " , and the live album Live in Berkeley . Though the Country Joe Band disbanded in 2006 , some of the members still occasionally tour together . = = Discography = = = = = Singles = = = " Not So Sweet Martha Lorraine " b / w " Masked Marauder " ( 1967 ) ( # 98 Billboard Hot 100 ) " Janis " b / w " Janis " ( instrumental ) ( 1967 ) " Who Am I ? " b / w " Thursday " ( 1968 ) " Rock and Soul Music Part 1 " b / w " Rock and Soul Music Part 2 " ( 1968 ) " Here I Go Again " b / w " Baby You 're Driving Me Crazy " ( 1969 ) " I Feel Like I 'm Fixin ' to Die Rag " b / w " Janis " ( 1969 ) " Hang On " b / w " Hand of Man " ( 1971 ) = = = EPs = = = Talking Issue # 1 , Rag Baby ( 1965 ) Country Joe and the Fish , Rag Baby ( 1966 ) = = = Studio albums = = = Electric Music for the Mind and Body ( 1967 ) I @-@ Feel @-@ Like @-@ I 'm @-@ Fixin ' -to @-@ Die ( 1967 ) Together ( 1968 ) Here We Are Again ( 1969 ) CJ Fish ( 1970 ) Reunion ( 1977 ) = = = Live album = = = Live ! Fillmore West 1969 ( 1994 ) = = = Compilations = = = Greatest Hits , Vanguard ( 1969 ) The Life and Times of Country Joe and the Fish , Vanguard ( 1971 ) Collector 's Items : The First 3 EPs , Rag Baby ( 1980 ) Collected Country Joe and the Fish , Vanguard ( 1987 ) Time Flies By . Rag Baby ( 2012 )
= Batman : Arkham Asylum = Batman : Arkham Asylum is a 2009 action @-@ adventure video game based on the DC Comics superhero Batman . It was developed by Rocksteady Studios and published by Eidos Interactive in conjunction with Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles , and Microsoft Windows . It was released worldwide for consoles , beginning in North America on August 25 , 2009 , with a Microsoft Windows version following on September 15 . Written by veteran Batman writer Paul Dini , Arkham Asylum is based on the long @-@ running comic book mythos . In the game 's main storyline , Batman 's archenemy , the Joker , instigates an elaborate plot to seize control of Arkham Asylum and trap Batman inside with many of his incarcerated foes . With Joker threatening to detonate hidden bombs around fictional Gotham City , Batman is forced to fight his way through the asylum 's inmates and put an end to the Joker 's plans . Most of the game 's leading characters are voiced by actors who have appeared in other media based on the DC Animated Universe ; Kevin Conroy , Mark Hamill , and Arleen Sorkin reprised their roles as Batman , the Joker , and his sidekick Harley Quinn respectively . The game is presented from the third @-@ person perspective with a primary focus on Batman 's combat and stealth abilities , detective skills , and gadgets that can be used in combat and exploration . The game received critical acclaim — particularly for its narrative — and won several awards , including Best Action Adventure game , Best Game , and Game of the Year from different media outlets . It held the Guinness World Record for " Most Critically Acclaimed Superhero Game Ever " . A Game of the Year edition was released on March 26 , 2010 , and an OS X version was released in November 2011 . A remastered version will be released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on July 26 , 2016 . Arkham Asylum 's success launched a series of Batman : Arkham sequels , beginning in October 2011 with Batman : Arkham City . = = Gameplay = = Batman : Arkham Asylum is an action @-@ adventure game viewed from the third @-@ person perspective . The playable character is visible on the screen and the camera can be freely rotated around him . The player controls Batman as he traverses Arkham Asylum , a secure facility for the criminally insane located off the coast of Gotham City . The opening areas of the game are linear , serving as a tutorial for the moves and approaches available to the player . Once the player emerges onto the island he can freely explore the game world , although some areas remain inaccessible until certain milestones in the main story . Batman can run , jump , climb , crouch , glide from heights using his cape , and use his grapple gun to climb low structures or escape to higher ledges . The player can use " Detective Vision " — a visual mode which provides contextual information , tinting the game world blue and highlighting interactive objects like destructible walls and removable grates , the number of enemies in an area and their status — such as their awareness of Batman 's presence — and shows civilians and corpses . The mode is also used to follow footprints , investigate odors , and solve puzzles . Batman has access to several gadgets which he can use to explore or fight . The batarang is a throwing weapon that can temporarily stun enemies or trigger remote devices . A remotely controlled version can be steered once thrown , and the sonic batarang can be used to attract the attention of specific enemies wearing monitoring collars , or detonated to knock a nearby enemy unconscious . Explosive gel can be used on weak walls and floors , and can be remotely detonated — sending rubble crashing onto an enemy . The line launcher can be used to traverse horizontal spans . The Batclaw — a grappling device — can be used to interact with remote objects such as vent covers or to grab enemies . The Cryptographic Sequencer is used to override security panels , open new paths , or disable various asylum functions . Some areas are inaccessible until Batman acquires the gadgets necessary to overcoming the obstacle . The player is encouraged to explore the game world away from the main game to find and solve riddles left by the Riddler — who hacks into Batman 's communication system to challenge him with riddles . Objects can be collected , and some of the Riddler 's puzzles require the player to find areas related to the answer to a riddle and scan it with " Detective Vision " . The game world has 240 collectable items , such as Riddler trophies , chattering Joker teeth , interview tapes with some of Arkham 's inmates , and cryptic messages left in the asylum by its founder Amadeus Arkham that discuss the facility 's bleak history . The player is rewarded for solving riddles and finding collectibles with experience points and additional game content , including challenge maps that test the player 's skill at the game 's combat system , character biographies , and in @-@ game statues of Arkham Asylum 's characters . Players can traverse enemy @-@ controlled areas using stealth or direct combat . The game 's " Freeflow " combat uses three main buttons : attack , stun , and counter . The system lets Batman move quickly between enemies , chaining attacks together until all enemies are unconscious . Combining the three main abilities can keep Batman attacking while moving between enemies and avoiding being attacked himself . The more combo attacks that are chained together , the faster and more agile Batman becomes , and special attacks — such as a throw , grapple , and an instant takedown which can immediately defeat an enemy — become available . Combat is rewarded with experience points , which are used to unlock gadgets , combat moves , and health upgrades . Higher combos , a wider variety of moves , and avoiding damage delivers more points . Enemy attacks are preempted with a warning icon , which indicate the attack can be countered . Some enemies require different approaches to overcome ; knife @-@ wielding thugs must be stunned before they can be attacked , and others must be struck from behind . Some enemies are armed with guns which significantly damage Batman . Enemies react to Batman 's elimination of their allies , which raises their fear level and alters their behavior ; for example , they will adopt new patrol routes , requiring the player to adapt to the changing situation . During combat , Batman 's health is diminished by attacks , but is fully restored once the battle ends . The player can use predatory tactics through stealth — including silent takedowns , dropping from overhead perches and snatching enemies away , or using the explosive gel to knock foes off their feet — to tilt the odds in their favor . Some areas feature sections that require the player to use these tactics to avoid alerting the Joker 's henchmen and thus failing to meet an objective . Many areas feature stone gargoyles placed high above , helping Batman remain concealed . Batman can use his grapnel gun to reach the gargoyles , giving him a high vantage point over the area and the enemies . From the gargoyles , Batman can glide down to attack enemies or hang upside down from the gargoyles to grapple a nearby enemy and leave him tethered there . The player can use floor grates to attack from below , hide around corners , use batarangs to stun enemies from afar , and use the grapnel gun to pull enemies over ledges . Arkham Asylum features a series of challenge maps separate from the game 's story mode that are unlocked while playing , and others are available as optional downloadable content ( DLC ) . The maps focus on the completion of specific goals , such as eliminating successive waves of enemies in combat , and subduing patrolling enemies while using stealth . The methods and variety of abilities used to achieve these goals earn an overall performance score that is ranked online against other players . On the PlayStation 3 , the Joker is a playable character in the combat and stealth challenge maps via optional DLC ; he must confront the asylum guards and police commissioner James Gordon . The Joker has his own combat abilities and weapons , such as a handgun , exploding chattering teeth , and x @-@ ray glasses which allow him to see opponents through walls . On compatible systems , the Microsoft Windows version uses nVidia 's PhysX software engine to produce realistic , dynamic interactions with the game world . With PhysX enabled , some areas contain smoke or fog which reacts to Batman moving through it , while with PhysX disabled the fog will not appear at all . Other effects include dynamic interaction with paper and leaves , surfaces which can be scratched and chipped , and dynamic , destructible cloth elements such as banners and cobwebs . The Game of the Year version features the ability to play the game in 3D on any 2D television using anaglyph 3D glasses . = = Synopsis = = = = = Characters = = = Arkham Asylum is set in the fictional Arkham Asylum , a facility on Arkham Island off the coast of Gotham City that houses criminally insane supervillains . The game features a large ensemble of characters from the history of Batman comics . Three voice actors , who worked on the DC Animated Universe series of film and television , reprised their roles for the game . Kevin Conroy voices Batman — a superhero trained to the peak of human physical perfection and an expert in martial arts , Mark Hamill voices Batman 's psychopathic nemesis the Joker , and the Joker 's sidekick Harley Quinn is voiced by Arleen Sorkin . Batman is aided by his allies Oracle ( Kimberly Brooks ) — who remotely provides him with intelligence , and police commissioner James Gordon ( Tom Kane ) . In the asylum , Batman is faced with several supervillains ; he must defend himself from an enraged Bane ( Fred Tatasciore ) , subdue indiscriminate serial killer Victor Zsasz ( Danny Jacobs ) , confront the monstrous Killer Croc ( Steven Blum ) , defeat the plant @-@ controlling Poison Ivy ( Tasia Valenza ) , and battle his way through hallucinogen @-@ induced nightmares created by the Scarecrow ( Dino Andrade ) . The Riddler ( Wally Wingert ) does not physically appear in the game , but communicates with Batman and challenges him to solve riddles placed around the island . Other characters appearing in the game include the asylum 's warden Quincy Sharp ( also voiced by Kane ) , Batman 's parents Thomas and Martha Wayne ( voiced by Conroy and Valenza respectively ) , and asylum guard Aaron Cash ( Duane R Shepard , Sr ) . The shape @-@ shifting Clayface appears in cameo , taking on the guise of other characters as he tries to trick the player into releasing him . The Mad Hatter was almost included in the game , but the developers removed him . The body of Ra 's al Ghul is in the asylum 's morgue and the Ventriloquist 's dummy , Scarface , appears several times in the story . Several other characters — including the Penguin , Jack Ryder , Mr. Freeze , Two @-@ Face , Catwoman , and the asylum 's founder Amadeus Arkham — are referenced in the game , but do not appear in it . = = = Plot = = = After the Joker assaults Gotham City Hall , he is caught by Batman and taken to Arkham Asylum , which temporarily houses many members of the Joker 's gang , who were transferred after a fire at Blackgate Prison . Believing the Joker allowed himself to be captured , Batman accompanies him into the asylum . The Joker 's plan is revealed as Harley Quinn takes control of the security and the Joker escapes into the facility , aided by a corrupt guard who kidnaps Commissioner Gordon . The Joker threatens to detonate bombs hidden around Gotham City if anyone tries to enter Arkham , forcing Batman to work alone . While pursuing Quinn to rescue Gordon , Batman is exposed to the Scarecrow 's fear toxin and hallucinates , seeing Gordon 's death and the corpses of his parents talking to him . Batman fights off Scarecrow and the toxin 's influence , and eventually finds Quinn , knocks her unconscious , and rescues Gordon . The Joker then directs Batman to the captured Bane , who has been experimented on by asylum doctor Penelope Young . The Joker frees Bane and Batman is forced to fight him , after which he navigates his way to a secret Batcave installation he had hidden on the island , where Batman restocks his gadgets . There , Batman learns that the Joker returned to the asylum to gain access to Young , who has been developing Titan — a more powerful version of the Venom drug that gives Bane his strength — intending to use it to help patients survive more strenuous therapies . Young learned that the Joker had been funding her research to create an army of superhuman henchmen ; her refusal to hand over the formula precipitated Joker 's return to the Asylum . While searching for Young , Batman is again attacked by Scarecrow and the fear toxin , and hallucinates the night of his parents ' deaths . After he recovers , Batman destroys Young 's Titan formula and rescues Young from Victor Zsasz . An explosion kills Young and the Joker obtains the completed batches of Titan . Quinn releases Poison Ivy from her cell and later fights Batman , but is defeated and imprisoned . Quinn inadvertently reveals that Joker has a Titan production facility in the Arkham botanical gardens . Batman travels there and learns that Titan is created by genetically modified plants . He tries to enlist Ivy 's help to create an antidote , but she tells him that it can only be made from spores found exclusively in Killer Croc 's lair in a sewer . En route to Croc , Batman is again attacked by Scarecrow and overcomes several doses of fear toxin . Meanwhile , Joker injects Ivy with Titan , enhancing her powers . Ivy begins ravaging Arkham Island with giant mutant plants . Pursued by Batman into the sewers , Scarecrow is attacked by Croc and disappears . Batman recovers the necessary spores and subdues Croc before returning to the Batcave , but can only synthesize one dose of the antidote before Ivy 's plants breach the cave and destroy his equipment . Batman returns to the botanical gardens and defeats Ivy , halting the rampaging plants . The Joker announces that the preparations for his party are finally complete and Batman travels to the asylum 's visitor center where the Joker 's applauding henchmen welcome him . The Joker reveals he has recaptured Gordon and tries to shoot him with a Titan @-@ filled dart ; Batman leaps to Gordon 's defense and is shot instead . Batman attempts to resist the change , and an upset Joker takes an overdose of Titan , mutating into a massive monster . In a makeshift arena on the building 's roof , the Joker challenges Batman to a fight as Titan @-@ induced monsters in front of news helicopters . Batman refuses to transform , uses the antidote on himself , and defeats the Titan @-@ affected Joker and his henchmen , knocking his nemesis unconscious with an explosive gel @-@ enhanced punch . In the aftermath , those affected by Titan begin to revert to normal , including the Joker — who is restrained and taken into custody as police officers retake the asylum . Batman overhears a call about a crime led by Two @-@ Face in progress and flies back to Gotham City in the Batwing . In a post @-@ credits scene , a crate of Titan formula is shown floating in the ocean near the asylum when a hand surfaces and grabs it . = = Development = = Batman : Arkham Asylum was first announced in August 2008 ; it was developed by British studio Rocksteady Studios under the aegis of Eidos Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . Eidos obtained the rights to make a Batman game in spring 2007 , and approached then little @-@ known Rocksteady after viewing the developer 's prototype . At Eidos ' request , Rocksteady presented their approach to the Batman license , and by May 2007 , they had begun developing the game 's concept , with full production beginning in September . Writer Paul Dini ( Batman : The Animated Series , Detective Comics ) was first approached by DC Comics around late 2007 about the prospect of creating a story for an original Batman video game . Dini found the idea intriguing , believing that few Batman games were based on an original idea , instead being adapted from film or television . DC Comics asked Dini what his approach to writing a new Batman film or graphic novel would be , but one that was designed for gameplay . He later met with the Rocksteady team , where it was decided that Dini 's ideas were in line with what Rocksteady wanted to achieve . By the time Dini joined the project , Rocksteady were investigating the idea of setting the game within Arkham , and had produced preliminary designs depicting it as a huge estate on an island connected to mainland Gotham City by a bridge . The cast had not been finalized , but given the setting it was certain that the Joker would play a large role . The game and story were developed together , with the limitations of mechanics requiring the story to be built around them . The core aim was to make the game engaging enough for players to spend 8 – 10 hours completing it , especially those uninterested in Batman @-@ franchised media . Rocksteady would guide Dini when they thought he was writing too much story or character motivation . Among various Neal Adams and Frank Miller @-@ penned Batman stories , Grant Morrison 's Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth was an inspiration for the game 's design . Producer Nathan Burlow said the narrative and atmosphere of the 2007 game BioShock influenced Arkham Asylum 's design . Director Sefton Hill said the influences of the gadgets and abilities that can be combined and used in different ways in The Legend of Zelda and Metroid . The design team isolated the components that they felt made Batman , and exaggerated these elements . Design ideas which contradicted these facets of the character were dropped , and other elements of Batman , such as his refusal to kill his enemies , were strictly enforced , which provided additional challenges in allowing the player to have complete freedom in the game without transgressing on that fundamental aspect of the character . Arkham Asylum was chosen as the setting because it confined the player to an area containing several enemies , whereas in an open city setting he could receive help , return to the Batcave , or otherwise be able to distance himself from his opponents . The development team wanted to include iconic aspects of the Batman mythos , and decided early on in production to have Conroy , Hamill , and Sorkin reprise their roles in Dini 's Batman : The Animated Series as Batman , the Joker , and Harley Quinn , respectively . Hamill has thousands of lines of dialogue in the game , and Conroy has relatively few in comparison . After seeing character models of the Joker 's Arkham Asylum appearance , Hamill decided to portray the character as dark and gritty while retaining a clownish and playful nature . Although the game features references to plot events in both The Animated Series and Batman comics , the story does not directly follow any singular story or depiction of the character . The game took approximately 21 months to complete ; Rocksteady began development with a team of 40 , which had expanded to around 60 by the game 's completion . Combat was considered one of the greatest challenges in developing the game ; the system went through three iterations . Rocksteady originally developed the game 's combat as a full rhythm action game . It was later set in 2D , which involved colored circles crashing into each other during fights ; the final system was based on this 2D model . Combat was designed to be unique for Batman , and was given a simple control scheme to reflect the ease with which Batman can perform the moves . Arkham Asylum was built on Epic Games ' Unreal Engine 3 . Eidos president Ian Livingstone said one developer spent two years programming Batman 's cape , using over 700 animations and sound effects to make it move realistically . The developers intended to use other Batman characters in the game , but these were removed when it was decided they would not work within the story . For example , Batman 's enemy Mr. Freeze did not fit because the character has different motivations to the Joker . Unlike the Riddler , who is obsessed with proving his superiority over Batman , Mr. Freeze does not hold a personal grudge against Batman , and Mr. Freeze would not care about the other villains ' plans . A garden maze under Poison Ivy 's control was considered as a location ; she could grow it in different directions . In its center , Batman would find the Mad Hatter hosting a tea @-@ party , but the developers decided these ideas would not match the game 's tone . Batman 's vehicles , the Batmobile and Batwing , were considered for inclusion in the game , but developing unique control mechanics and gameplay segments for them would have taken too much time , and compromised its quality ; the vehicles appear in the game , but players cannot control them . Rocksteady began conceiving ideas for a possible sequel , which became Batman : Arkham City , approximately seven months before development of Arkham Asylum was completed . Rocksteady developed ideas for the sequel 's story and setting so the games ' narratives could be effectively connected . A secret room containing hints , blueprints , and concept art for the next game was hidden in the asylum warden 's office in Arkham Asylum . The room remained hidden for six months following the game 's release until Rocksteady revealed its presence . Arkham Asylum 's musical score was composed by Ron Fish and Nick Arundel , who also composed the soundtrack for the sequel , Batman : Arkham City . = = = Design = = = To develop the game 's overall aesthetic , the main aim was to create designs that would combine comic book style with realism . The environmental architecture and characters had to be extravagant enough to represent the Batman universe , but needed realistic texture and detail . The second aim was to recreate the dark , Gothic imagery inherent to the Batman universe , especially Arkham Asylum , so that the structure would feel as insane as those whom it houses . The asylum was considered an ideal location because it can house many of Batman 's foes . Batman 's design was heavily influenced by the work of comic artist Jim Lee , who drew Batman as a strong , muscular character who could believably take part in extreme combat . His black and dark gray costume was based on modern versions , and has military influences and an industrial look . About 13 concept designs were produced before his final appearance took form . Artists avoided film interpretations of the Joker , partly because the developers only had access to the rights to the original Batman license . Alan Moore 's 1988 graphic novel Batman : The Killing Joke influenced the character 's design . Harley Quinn underwent a drastic redesign , removing her black and red full @-@ body outfit and jester 's hat , and replacing them with a costume with design elements from a nurse 's outfit and a schoolgirl 's uniform . WildStorm , Lee 's now @-@ defunct comic book publishing company , produced concept art for the game . Designs for the asylum departed from comic interpretations of a large mansion and instead developed an entire island , with hints of Alcatraz prison , composed of multiple buildings to allow for greater variety and exploration . Each building was designed with a different architectural style to make the facility appear believable and to imbue each location with a history . The medical building was inspired by Victorian architecture and its metalwork structure was intended to inspire feelings of horror . The intensive treatment unit has a Gothic , industrial aesthetic . The catacombs beneath the facility , inspired by early twentieth @-@ century brickwork and Victorian industry , were meant to feel oppressive . The maximum security area was designed to feel claustrophobic and was retrofitted like a bunker , and the Arkham mansion displays a High Gothic style . The designers integrated crooked lines into environmental objects , such as trees and drainpipes , where possible . 40 rooms , 34 corridors , 3 exterior areas , and 3 Scarecrow @-@ induced hallucination areas were designed for the game . To bring these areas to life , the level designers produced game mechanic elements using simple room layouts and shapes , while concept artists worked in tandem to create artwork for each location , following the art direction . Environment artists would then build 3D layouts based on those designs . Finding an appropriate color palette for the game world was difficult ; browns and monochromatic colors could depict the desired dark and moody atmosphere , but the developers wanted the aesthetic to resemble the vibrant color schemes of a comic book . To this end , they used saturated colors for in @-@ game lighting . Lighting was an important component of the game , being used to highlight points of interest and to draw the player onward in otherwise boring corridors . To maintain the intended level of detail and allow the game 's console versions to fit into the devices ' memory , each area had to be streamed in and out of memory seamlessly to free up memory for textures and geometry . All of the cutscenes were storyboarded by Rocksteady artists , being visualized in the game engine before the character performances were motion @-@ captured . The design team decided that cutscenes should be used to advance character relationships , and that after each cutscene the player should have had their goal changed or the importance of their actions modified . Priority was given to keeping action scenes under the player 's control rather than showing them in cutscenes . = = Release = = Batman : Arkham Asylum was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in North America on August 25 , 2009 , and on August 28 in Europe and Australia . It was released for Microsoft Windows in North America on September 15 , 2009 , and on September 18 in Europe and Australia . A Game of the Year edition was released on March 26 , 2010 , in Europe and on May 11 in North America . Feral Interactive developed an OS X version , which was released on disc and as a download on November 3 , 2011 . On the Windows version of the game , the developers used an anti @-@ duplication measure that disables Batman 's glide ability and causes other bugs , preventing copied games from progressing beyond a certain point . Although not the first game to implement such countermeasures , Arkham Asylum received media coverage , as this was seen as a novel method of copy protection . A Collector 's Edition containing the game , a 14 @-@ inch ( 36 cm ) replica of Batman 's batarang , a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes DVD , a leather @-@ bound 48 @-@ page book about Arkham 's inmates , and a code to download the " Crime Alley " challenge map was released . Pre @-@ ordering the game at some retailers allowed access to the " Dem Bones " challenge map . The Game of the Year version was initially announced for release only in Europe , Asia , and Australia , but a North American release was later added . The Game of the Year version includes the game , support for TriOviz 3D visual effects , two pairs of themed 3D glasses , and the six released DLC challenge maps — two of which were omitted from the North American version . Batman : Return to Arkham , developed by Virtuos , features remastered versions of Arkham Asylum and Arkham City using the Unreal Engine 4 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Additionally , both games include all previously released downloadable content , and feature improved graphics , upgraded models and environments , and improvements in the lighting , effects and shaders for both games . Originally intended for release in North America on July 26 , 2016 , and in Europe on July 29 , 2016 , the collection has since been delayed indefinitely in order to give the development team " additional time to deliver a polished Batman Arkham game experience . " = = = Downloadable content = = = In April 2009 , it was announced that the Joker would be a downloadable playable character for use in the game 's challenge maps exclusively for the PlayStation 3 . Additional DLC packs were later released . The Insane Night pack , containing the " Totally Insane " combat and " Nocturnal Hunter " stealth challenge maps , was released on September 17 , 2009 . The " Prey in the Darkness " pack was released on September 23 , 2009 , and contains the " Heart of Darkness " combat and " Hothouse Prey " stealth challenge maps . In North America , the " Prey in the Darkness " pack was released exclusively for the PlayStation 3 . = = = Marketing = = = A demo version of the game was released via digital download for the PlayStation 3 on August 6 , 2009 , and for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows on August 7 . The PlayStation 3 version of Arkham Asylum unlocked a Batcave @-@ themed virtual apartment for players on the social @-@ gaming platform , PlayStation Home . Additionally , North American game retailer GameStop ran a contest which allowed one winner to be rendered in @-@ game as an Arkham inmate . A series of action figures based on character designs from the game were released through Warner Bros. ' outlet DC Direct . = = Reception = = Batman : Arkham Asylum received critical acclaim . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Xbox 360 version 92 @.@ 34 % and 92 / 100 , the PlayStation 3 version 92 @.@ 07 % and 91 / 100 , and the Microsoft Windows version 91 @.@ 89 % and 91 / 100 . The game held the Guinness World Record for " Most Critically Acclaimed Superhero Game Ever " based on an average Metacritic score of 91 @.@ 67 , until it was succeeded by Arkham City . Arkham Asylum was called one of the best comic book superhero games ever made . Edge magazine said it was " by some distance the best superhero game of modern times " , IGN 's Greg Miller called it " the greatest comic book game of all time " , and Eurogamer 's Dan Whitehead called it " the best superhero game bar none " , and wrote that it has " excellent visuals , a compelling story and superb voice acting . " Whitehead also wrote , even without the iconic superhero , it would be a polished and engrossing game featuring compelling story and superb voice acting . PSM3 's Andy Kelly wrote , " Rocksteady have struck the perfect balance of giving you the confident power of a superhero , but with enough weaknesses to make the game challenging ; a remarkable feat of balancing and design " . Wired 's Chris Kohler said that the game 's strength lies in its tight script and masterful acting , making what could be a generic game captivating . 1UP.com 's Thierry Nguyen gave the game an A − , stating that Rocksteady " manages to combine combat , stealth , storytelling , and cartoon voices into the best digital Batman simulator we 've seen to date . " Several reviewers compared Arkham Asylum to other games — including BioShock for its ability to deliver a unique adventure and establish a connection with the game world , and its innovative ideas ; The Legend of Zelda for its adventuring style ; Metroid for its world layout ; and Resident Evil and Tomb Raider for its classic action @-@ adventuring that acts as a true hybrid of brawling , stealth , and platforming . The game world 's design and the game 's attention to detail were well received by critics . Game Informer 's Andrew Reiner said the game 's setting had a taut and mesmerizing atmosphere , and was a place of wonder and inexplicable horror . Miller called it the right mix of creepy and cool , and appreciated the gradual damage reflected on Batman 's suit as the story progressed , but said that pixelated CGI and lip synching issues diminished the presentation . Whitehead said that the impressive animation makes Batman feel alive , but wrote that the world itself was lifeless and lacking in interactive objects . He criticized segments in which character logic was sacrificed for video game tropes , citing repeated use of poison gas and electric floors as obstacles . The combat system was well received for the simplicity of its implementation , allowing players to use it effectively without learning complex combinations of special moves , and the emphasis upon timing and flow to create fluid , graceful , and satisfyingly brutal attacks . Reviewers said that the combat remained challenging with the inclusion of more difficult @-@ to @-@ overcome enemies , and better use of combat was well incentivized without punishing those unable to master it . The design of stealth and the wide variety of methods available to disable enemy opponents were praised . Computer and Video Games ' Andy Robinson wrote that it is a " thinking man 's stealth game " that is the centerpiece of the game , and Edge said that the stealth offering was thrilling . Others wrote about the way in which enemies react with fear to the elimination of their allies , but some reviewers criticized the AI for allowing Batman to easily escape when discovered , and for being oblivious to Batman 's presence . Whitehead said that stealth was not as directly rewarding as combat , citing difficulty in controlling Batman at close quarters and the inconsistent contextual actions . Arkham Asylum 's boss fights were criticized , with many reviewers labeling them as the game 's biggest failing . Reviewers found that the battles often rely on old @-@ fashioned , tedious , and repetitive game tropes that required the player to learn and repeat monotonous routines — some of which , in the case of Bane , had already been employed on lesser enemies — or to confront repetitive attack patterns and one @-@ hit deaths . Reviewers generally agreed that the fights were anti @-@ climactic to their build @-@ up spectacle . The final boss fight with the Joker was singled out for vapid gameplay , a battle with Killer Croc was labeled boring and overly long , and the reviewers said these should not have been in the game . However , the fear toxin @-@ induced hallucination segments of Scarecrow 's battles were almost unanimously praised as some of the game 's best and most cerebral moments for their fourth wall manipulation , subversion of the game 's established narrative and expectations , and meta @-@ textual influences that were compared to the battle against Psycho Mantis in 1998 's Metal Gear Solid , and 2002 's Eternal Darkness . The main voice cast — including Conroy as Batman , Sorkin as Harley Quinn , Valenza as Poison Ivy , and Wingert as Riddler — was well received , but Hamill 's performance received consistent praise , with reviewers commenting upon his excellent inflection and timing on a cackling , maniacal performance that steals the show . Nguyen said that Dini and Hamill 's Joker was the best depiction of the character outside of The Killing Joke and Heath Ledger 's incarnation in The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) . Writer Grant Morrison said the game was the inspiration for his Batman Incorporated comic book . He said he wanted to " capture the feeling of the Batman : Arkham Asylum game ... When I played that game , it was the first time in my life where I actually felt what it is like to be Batman ... We are now the heroes , and we can look through their eyes . " = = = Sales = = = Worldwide , the game sold nearly two million units in its first three weeks of release , and had sold 2 @.@ 5 million by the end of September 2009 . According to NPD Group , Batman : Arkham Asylum sold approximately 593 @,@ 000 units in North America during the five tracked days following its release on August 25 . By December 2009 , the PlayStation 3 version of the game had outsold the Xbox 360 version by approximately 10 @,@ 000 units despite multi @-@ platform titles typically selling better on the Xbox 360 at the time . The exclusive content featuring the Joker as a playable character was cited as a possible reason for the success of the PlayStation 3 version . The game took two of the top five spots on the US software chart in its first week of release , and topped the UK all @-@ format chart for two weeks . = = = Accolades = = = At the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards , Rocksteady Studios won Studio of the Year , while the game received nominations for Best Action Adventure Game , Best Graphics , Best Voice for Hamill and Sorkin , respectively , Best Xbox 360 Game , and Game of the Year . As part of the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences ( AIAS ) 2009 awards , it won Outstanding Achievement awards for Character Performance ( Mark Hamill as the Joker ) , Game Design , and Adapted Story , and was nominated for Adventure Game of the Year , Overall Game of the Year , and Outstanding Achievement awards for Animation , Original Music Composition , and Game Direction . At the 6th British Academy Video Games Awards , it won the awards for Best Game , and Gameplay , and received nominations for Action , Original Score , Story , Use of Audio , Artistic Achievement , and the publicly voted GAME Award of 2009 . It won Best Game Design at the 10th Game Developers Choice Awards , and was nominated for Game of the Year and Best Writing . It was also nominated for Best Sound Editing : Computer Entertainment for the 2010 Golden Reel Awards . According to Metacritic , on all platforms , Arkham Asylum was tied with God of War Collection and Forza Motorsport 3 as the fourth @-@ highest @-@ rated game of 2009 . It was also the highest @-@ rated Microsoft Windows game alongside Dragon Age : Origins and Street Fighter IV , the third @-@ highest @-@ rated Xbox 360 game alongside Forza Motorsport 3 , and the fifth @-@ highest @-@ rated PlayStation 3 game alongside FIFA 10 and Killzone 2 . Batman : Arkham Asylum appeared on several lists of the top video games of 2009 . It was placed at number one by The A.V. Club , number two by CNET , Time and CraveOnline , number three by Complex , IGN UK , Joystiq , and The Daily Telegraph , number four by CBC News and Wired , and number five by Gamasutra and IGN Australia . Giant Bomb named it the 2009 Best Multiplatform Game , GamesRadar labeled it their Game of the Year ahead of Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , and Eurogamer listed it on their " Games of 2009 " series . GameSpot listed it as having the Best Atmosphere and the Best Use of a Creative License as part of their " Best Games of 2009 " series , and IGN UK named it the Best PC Action Game and Best Xbox 360 story . GameTrailers named the title both Best Action @-@ Adventure Game and Biggest Surprise of 2009 . In 2013 , Eurogamer listed it as the twentieth best game of the contemporary console generation , Game Informer named it the second best superhero game of all time , and GamingBolt listed it as the eighty @-@ ninth greatest game ever made . In 2014 , Empire named it the 28th Greatest Video Game of All Time , behind Arkham City at number 12 , and IGN listed as the twenty @-@ second best game of the console generation . In 2015 , PC Gamer named it the fiftieth best PC game , and IGN listed it as the 91st Top Game of All Time . = = Legacy = = Arkham Asylum 's success launched a series of Batman : Arkham sequels , beginning in October 2011 with Batman : Arkham City . Batman : Arkham City , set one year after the events of Arkham Asylum , is the direct sequel to the earlier game . It was developed by Rocksteady Studios , and distributed by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . Manipulated by Hugo Strange , Gotham City 's mayor Quincy Sharp closes Arkham Asylum and Blackgate prison , and converts a section of the city 's slums into an open air prison known as Arkham City , to house all of Gotham 's criminals . While a wary Batman watches over the activities in Arkham City , the Joker is dying from his consumption of Titan . The sequel introduces several new characters — including Hugo Strange , Robin , Catwoman , Ra 's al Ghul , and Mr. Freeze — to the series . A limited , six @-@ issue comic series , also titled Batman : Arkham City — bridging the plots of Arkham Asylum and Arkham City — was written by Paul Dini and featured art by Carlos D 'Anda . The first issue was released on May 11 , 2011 . A third installment of the Arkham series ( not developed by Rocksteady ) , Batman : Arkham Origins , was released in October 2013 , featuring a story set before the events of Arkham Asylum . A narrative sequel to Arkham City , Batman : Arkham Knight , was released on June 23 , 2015 and is the series ' concluding chapter .
= Star Trek : Voyager – Elite Force = Star Trek : Voyager – Elite Force is a first @-@ person shooter video game developed by Raven Software and published by Activision . The game was initially released on September 20 , 2000 for Windows and Mac OS personal computers . Aspyr Media was responsible for porting the game to the Mac OS platform . Elite Force was later ported to the PlayStation 2 console by Pipe Dream Interactive and published by Majesco Entertainment on December 11 , 2001 . The game is set in the Star Trek universe , specifically relating to the fourth Star Trek television series , Star Trek : Voyager . The dates in the game place Elite Force 's plot late in Voyager 's sixth season . The player assumes the role of Ensign Alex Munro , a member of the Hazard Team , a new elite security section created to deal with particularly dangerous and hostile away missions . The game 's plot focuses on the USS Voyager being trapped in a starship graveyard , heavily damaged and under attack from a variety of hostile factions . The Hazard Team is tasked with protecting Voyager as repairs are made , and investigating the cause of their entrapment . Elite Force was one of several Star Trek games announced after Activision secured the license to Star Trek video games from Viacom in 1998 . The game was one of the first to license id Tech 3 , a game engine by id Software used by a number of video games during the early 2000s . Elite Force was a critical success , and is often praised as the first truly successful Star Trek video game , able to appeal to people who were not Star Trek fans . Raven Software released an expansion pack to the game in May 2001 , while Wildstorm adapted the story for a short graphic novel in July 2000 . A sequel developed by Ritual Entertainment , Star Trek : Elite Force II , was published in 2003 . = = Gameplay = = An example of the first @-@ person shooter genre , Elite Force is based on gameplay conventions shared by multiple other games . The game is focused on story @-@ driven combat within a 3D environment , with all activity viewed as if from the eyes of the game 's protagonist . The player controls the movement of the player character through walking , crouching , jumping or interacting with the environment . The only exception to this is in cut scenes , where the player loses control of the character to a third @-@ person view for scripted events . The player character possesses numerical values for their health and armor , which are displayed on the game 's heads @-@ up display . As the player character takes damage from non @-@ player characters and certain aspects of the environment , both values will decrease ; when the health value reaches zero , the player character will die . Armor lessens the impact to the player character 's health from hostile action , but once depleted the player will be more susceptible to damage . However , both armor and health can be restored by using wall @-@ mounted terminals or from receiving assistance from certain friendly non @-@ player characters such as the Doctor . Elite Force includes an arsenal of Star Trek – themed weapons , such as phasers and disruptors . The weapons vary in power , ammunition consumption and effectiveness in given situations . Usually , the player is equipped with a hand phaser , a low @-@ damage weapon that automatically recharges ammunition , and a phaser compression rifle , a more powerful weapon with an optional sniper mode for long distance kills . Other weapons , acquired as the game progresses , include grenade launchers , stasis weaponry and pulse energy weapons . The player can restock on ammunition by using wall @-@ mounted terminals that dispense weapon energy , or by picking up certain items in the game environment . = = = Single @-@ player = = = The game 's single @-@ player campaign consists of around 30 linear levels , divided up into eight distinct missions . Missions have different objectives , from retrieving a particular item and accessing computer systems , escorting a friendly character through hostile territory , or destroying vital ship and station components . Enemies come in multiple forms in the game , often as Star Trek species such as the Borg and the Klingons . Each group of enemies uses a different means of attacking : most humanoid enemies are armed with weapons similar to the player , and will use cover and squad tactics to attempt to kill the player character . The Borg differ from this in that , instead of using squad tactics , they eventually adapt their personal energy shields to most of the player 's weapons , slowly rendering the player 's attacks useless as they advance . Other enemies may attempt to swarm the player and eliminate them with melee attacks . The player is usually accompanied by one or more friendly non @-@ player characters , who will follow the player and provide assistance in combat against enemies . As they are often key to the story , friendly characters must not be killed in combat except during scripted events . In between combat missions , the player can move around the USS Voyager and interact with other members of its crew , often performing non @-@ combat tasks to progress the story . = = = Multiplayer = = = Elite Force was originally released with a 32 @-@ player multiplayer element , in which participants use the weaponry and characters from the single @-@ player game to compete in several different game modes . Referred to as a " holomatch " , the multiplayer is themed as though it were a holodeck experience . Players can compete against other players in local area network and Internet games , or play against bots , opponents that use the game 's artificial intelligence . Each player can choose one of a variety of Star Trek characters as their aesthetic player character in multiplayer . The initial release contained multiplayer game modes shared by other multiplayer games in the genre . The standard " deathmatch " game mode involves each player moving around a level , collecting weaponry and killing the other players , with the first to reach a particular amount of kills winning . As player characters are killed , they respawn into the game after a short time . " Team deathmatch " follows the same principle , albeit grouping the players into teams to do so . Capture the flag involves two teams of players attempting to retrieve a flag within the other team 's base and returning it to their own to score . The Elite Force expansion pack added an additional five @-@ game types . In an " assimilation " match , one team plays as Borg and must attempt to assimilate the other team ; if a player is assimilated , they join the Borg team , gradually reducing the amount of players on the other team . The " action hero " mode gives one player more weapons , health , and overall power than every other player , but when an opposing player kills this player they take these advantages . A further game type known as " elimination " is a deathmatch game except that players can 't respawn . As player characters are killed , they sit out the remainder of the round until only one player is left alive . The " disintegration " mode gives every player a slow firing semi @-@ automatic phaser rifle that will kill and vaporize an opposing player in one shot , thus requiring shots to be carefully aimed to ensure they hit . The final game mode , called " specialties , " adds a class @-@ based mode for team deathmatch and capture the flag modes , giving players the option to choose from one of six combat roles , such as a sniper , medic or infiltrator , each with different weapons , speeds and abilities . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = Elite Force is based on the fourth Star Trek television series , Star Trek : Voyager . The series follows the adventures of the Starfleet vessel USS Voyager , which is stranded by an enigmatic alien power in the Delta Quadrant of the Milky Way galaxy . 70 @,@ 000 light @-@ years from Federation space , the series shows Voyager 's effort to make the 75 @-@ year journey home . The stardate of 53854 @.@ 7 given in the game places Elite Force in the latter parts of the sixth season of Star Trek : Voyager , in the year 2376 . Significant parts of the game are set on Voyager itself , although much of the game takes place on away missions to other ships and space stations . The player interacts with several races from the series , such as the Borg , Hirogen and Malon , as well as new species created solely for the game . = = = Characters = = = Elite Force incorporates a large cast of characters , both original characters created for the game and characters from the television series . All nine of the core Voyager characters in the sixth season appear , such as Captain Kathryn Janeway and Lieutenant Commander Tuvok , each voiced by the appropriate cast member from the television series . The only exception to this is the character of Seven of Nine , who was voiced by Joan Buddenhagen in the initial release ; however , actress Jeri Ryan retroactively replaced Buddenhagen 's voice through a later patch and the expansion pack . The player takes on the role of Ensign Alex Munro ; depending on the player 's choice of gender , Alex is short for either Alexander or Alexandria . Munro is the second in command of an elite security force , the Hazard Team , a special unit created by Tuvok . Munro reports to Lieutenant Les Foster , the team 's commanding officer . Although fourteen characters make up the Hazard Team , the player only interacts consistently with a limited number of these characters , among them Telsia Murphy , the team 's scout and sharpshooter , Austin Chang , a demolitionist and good friend of Munro 's , and Kendrick Biessman , a boisterous heavy weapons specialist . In addition , two core members of the Hazard Team are minor characters from the television series itself ; Juliet Jurot , the team 's combat medic and a telepath , is seen in the episode " Counterpoint " , while Chell , the squad 's technician , is an apprehensive Bolian character who appears in several Voyager episodes . Most character development , such as Munro 's growing relationship with Murphy , takes place between missions , when the player has the chance to explore areas of the ship and interact with the crew . = = = Plot = = = The game opens with the Hazard Team conducting a holodeck training exercise set on a Borg ship ; however , the team fails the exercise as most get captured by the Borg , and Munro accidentally destroys the ship while trying to rescue them . Following the termination of the exercise , Voyager is attacked by an unidentified ship . Voyager manages to destroy the ship , but takes heavy damage in the battle . The hostile ship explodes , emitting a shockwave that teleports the now – crippled Voyager to an unknown location , surrounded by derelict ships . As the Voyager crew attempts repairs , the ship is boarded by scavengers , who steal some of Voyager 's cargo supplies before being driven off . In an effort to establish where Voyager is , the Hazard Team is sent to a derelict ship where power is still functioning to download the derelict 's database . The mission goes awry when aliens begin transporting in and attacking the team ; however , the aliens , identifying themselves as Etherians , eventually manage to communicate with the team , and the ordeal is waved off as a misunderstanding , allowing the Hazard Team to access the Etherian database . Through the Etherians , Voyager learns of an energy field being projected by a gigantic space station , the Forge , which is draining power and preventing repairs from being completed . To counteract the effects of the field , chief engineer B 'Elanna Torres suggests the use of a rare substance called Isodesium , and the Hazard Team is sent on a stealth mission to the scavenger base to steal their supplies of Isodesium . However , the mission is a disaster : despite acquiring the Isodesium , one crewman is briefly captured and another team member is critically injured . As the team attempts to extract , Borg drones transport into the extraction point , killing another team member , capturing Lieutenant Foster and taking the Isodesium . In Foster 's absence , Munro is made the team leader . Along with Seven of Nine , the team transports to the Borg cube to retrieve the Isodesium . While on the cube , Munro is given the chance to rescue Foster from assimilation by the Borg . Matters are complicated when the Borg corner the team , leveraging their freedom and the Isodesium for assistance against a number of Species 8472 on board , a race highly resistant to the Borg . Although successful , the Borg attempt to assimilate the team ; anticipating a double cross , however , Munro has Chang detonate an explosive in a sensitive part of the cube and the team escapes with the Isodesium in the chaos . As Voyager installs the Isodesium , a ship is sent from the Forge to tear Voyager apart for resources . Tuvok leads the Hazard Team to a nearby derelict dreadnought gunship to use the gunship 's weaponry to destroy the incoming ship , but is only successful in disabling it as it attaches to Voyager . Voyager is consequently swarmed by crab @-@ like aliens intent on carrying off crew and cargo , although the crew manages to eliminate these aliens . Munro prompts the captain to counterattack , in order to destroy the dampening field projected by the station . The Hazard Team uses the Forge 's ship to infiltrate the Forge and disable its defensive systems , allowing the Voyager crew to attack using shuttlecraft ; however , Crewman Biessman is killed while waiting for Voyager 's reinforcements . The Forge 's power core is destroyed , thereby dropping the dampening field . Munro , however , learns of the species behind the Forge , the Vohrsoth , and the station 's true purpose : to harvest the genetic features of those trapped by the Forge to create an army designed for conquering the galaxy . Munro disobeys orders to ensure the Vohrsoth cannot recreate the Forge and kills the Vohrsoth commander . With power restored , Voyager attacks the Forge and destroys the station , beaming Munro off in the last few moments . Voyager and other active ships in the area are freed , and Munro is promoted to lieutenant . = = Development = = Publisher Activision acquired the rights to produce Star Trek video games from Viacom in September 1998 . With Viacom leaving the video game industry , Activision 's licensing agreement allowed the publisher to hold the rights to Star Trek video games for ten years . Elite Force was one of several Star Trek games announced shortly afterward . Developed by Raven Software , a company whose past projects included the first @-@ person shooters Heretic and Soldier of Fortune , Elite Force was developed using technology created by id Software . Elite Force was one of the first games to license id Tech 3 , the game engine which debuted with Quake III : Arena . During late 1999 and early 2000 , Raven revealed several screenshots and discussed the premise of the game , with Activision setting a release date for the second quarter of 2000 . Activision presented a demonstration of Elite Force at the E3 convention in May 2000 , alongside Away Team and Bridge Commander . In the months following the E3 convention , the biographies of several of the game 's key characters were released as promotional material . On August 29 , 2000 , Activision announced that Raven Software had completed development on Elite Force , stating that the game would be released later in September . Elite Force was consequently published on September 20 , 2000 . Raven continued to support the game post @-@ release , with the addition of patches and bonus content for the game 's multiplayer mode . In a June 2000 interview , Raven Software co @-@ founder Brian Raffel stated that one of the objectives of the game was to make the player feel " like [ they 're ] part of a Voyager episode " . To this end , Elite Force extensively uses scripted sequences to interact with non @-@ player characters , convey plot information and build up the immersion in the game 's setting , with Valve Corporation 's first @-@ person shooter title Half @-@ Life cited as a direct inspiration . However , in contrast to Half @-@ Life , the player is given the ability to influence the outcome of some scripted sequences , which can often involve the injury or death of other characters , sometimes with immediate or delayed repercussions depending on the player 's actions . Over fifty in @-@ game cut scenes were produced for Elite Force , in addition to computer @-@ generated cinematics . In addition , large portions of the USS Voyager were recreated from the series to enhance the player 's immersion in the Star Trek setting . = = Versions and sequels = = = = = Graphic novel = = = Prior to the release of Elite Force , Wildstorm published a graphic novel based on Raven Software 's story . The graphic novel was released in July 2000 as part of a Star Trek : Voyager graphic novel series produced by Wildstorm , written by British comic book authors Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning . The book 's artwork was produced by Jeffrey Moy and W.C. Carani . The book follows a broadly similar storyline to that of the game , predominantly focusing on USS Voyager being trapped by the Forge , which is controlled by an ancient race , the Tarlus , for the purpose of creating an army to conquer the galaxy . The Elite Force graphic novel focuses on a limited number of the Hazard Team , and does not expand on the plot points created by the Etherians and the scavengers in the game , instead using the Borg to fill in these roles . = = = PS2 port = = = The development of a PlayStation 2 version of Elite Force was announced in late 2000 . Whereas the original version of Elite Force had been published by Activision and developed by Raven Software , the PlayStation 2 version was published by Majesco Entertainment and developed by their in @-@ house studio , Pipe Dream Interactive . Elite Force was to be the second PlayStation 2 project undertaken by Majesco . The PlayStation 2 version of the game includes most of the same content as the computer version of the game , albeit that the game 's graphics was simplified slightly for the console . Due to the lack of online support for the PlayStation 2 , the port only allows for four players to compete in a multiplayer game . Pipe Dream paid particular attention to adjusting the controls of the game to suit the PlayStation 2 's gamepad , introducing an auto @-@ aim feature to assist the player . The first screenshots of the game were released in March 2001 , and the game was released on December 11 , 2001 . = = = Expansion Pack for PC = = = An expansion pack to the computer version of Elite Force was announced by Activision in February 2001 . The expansion pack does not add new campaign content in the conventional sense , rather adding a " Virtual Voyager " mode to the game , allowing the player to explore ten more decks of the ship . Within these ten levels , the player can interact with a variety of characters , collect secret items and operate various ship functions such as using replicators , reading characters ' personal logs and accessing the ship 's computer files . Two new combat campaigns are added , integrated as holodeck programs ; the first revolves around Tom Paris ' black @-@ and @-@ white Captain Proton hobby , while the second is based around an infiltration mission into a Klingon base . In addition , five new multiplayer modes were introduced . Development was completed on May 5 , 2001 , and the expansion pack was released on May 16 , 2001 . With ratings of 59 percent and 62 percent on the aggregator sites Game Rankings and Metacritic , respectively , the expansion did not enjoy the critical acclaim of the original material . While the pack was considered to maintain its predecessor 's production values , it was thought to lack the focus and breadth of the original game . As well as updating the original to the latest version , the expansion pack also replaced Joan Buddenhagen 's Seven of Nine character voice with that of Jeri Ryan . = = = Elite Force II = = = Towards the end of March 2002 , rumors were reported that a sequel to Elite Force was in development . Activision confirmed these rumors at the beginning of April , officially announcing Star Trek : Elite Force II on April 4 , 2002 . The game was the last Star Trek title to be developed under Activision 's supervision , following a dispute with Star Trek licensing holder Viacom , and was produced by Ritual Entertainment . Like Elite Force , Elite Force II was developed on the id Tech 3 game engine , one of the last games to do so . Most of the core Hazard Team characters return in Elite Force II , this time set on the USS Enterprise @-@ E following the events of the tenth film , Star Trek : Nemesis . Elite Force II was released in June 2003 to favorable reviews from critics , although with ratings of 80 percent and 78 percent on the review aggregator sites Game Rankings and Metacritic , it was not as successful as its predecessor . = = Reception = = Elite Force was a critical success , scoring 86 percent on the review aggregator sites Metacritic and Game Rankings . Although sales figures for Elite Force have not been released , the game 's sales were reported to have significantly contributed to Activision 's revenues for the second quarter of 2000 . Praise was bestowed on the game 's story , level design , gameplay and graphics , although criticisms focused on the perceived short length of the game 's single @-@ player campaign . In addition , Elite Force was recipient to several Editor 's Choice commendations from individual publications . A number of reviews praised Elite Force 's gameplay and level design . The battles were described by GameSpot as " particularly intense " , enhanced by friendly non @-@ player characters being " surprisingly responsive " in combat , giving the player the sense that they are " not doing all the fighting by [ themselves ] " . While GameSpy voiced the view that Elite Force does not deviate radically from other games in the genre , it stated that " what it does do , it does extremely well " . Admiring the game 's pacing , GameSpy noted that the use of periods with character interaction rather than combat helped prevent the game becoming a " continuous onslaught " and allowed the story to flow smoothly , a point echoed by GameSpot . However , both GameSpot and GameSpy were critical of the game 's artificial intelligence in some circumstances , leading friendly characters to get in the way of the player during firefights . IGN was impressed with the variety of gameplay , from finding solutions to problems in coordination with other characters , engaging in stealth missions and pursuing a wide selection of objectives within the individual missions . Several reviewers were complimentary towards the design of the weapons in the game , commenting that they were powerful and fun to use as well as fitting for the Star Trek theme . The game 's graphics were thought to be very good , using the id Tech 3 engine effectively . Describing the graphics as superb , Game Revolution commented that " from detailed weapons to terrific lighting effects to smooth character animation , everything just looks great " . Eurogamer commented that the characters were " very well done " on the engine , although Allgame felt that the character models for the original Voyager cast were " just a little off " . Other reviewers were equally impressed ; IGN described the graphics as " fantastic " while GameSpy commented that " in each environment it 's obvious that the artists were limited only by their imaginations " . Elite Force 's attention to immersing the player within the Star Trek universe was praised as one of the stronger points of the game ; GamePro suggested that even people who were not fans of the franchise " will marvel at the amount of detail in the ships and characters " , further praising the game 's " faithful " recreation of key sets of the USS Voyager in the TV series . Many reviewers were positive towards the game 's story , GameSpy suggesting that the plot " really draws you in " , while IGN praised the story as one in stark contrast to many of the poorly produced storylines used in the TV series . However , many reviewers felt that the game 's single @-@ player campaign was too short , while others felt the game 's closing levels were disappointing . Due to shared technology and similar gameplay conventions , critics often compared Elite Force 's multiplayer to that in Quake III : Arena , with varied opinions . For their part , Raven Software stated that so little had been fundamentally changed that the multiplayer could almost be labeled as a modification of Quake III . Game Revolution commented that the multiplayer felt more refined than that in Quake III and innovative in its attempt to mimic a holodeck , and while Eurogamer agreed with the latter , criticisms were directed towards the gameplay seeming " very slow and unexciting " . However , other reviewers disagreed ; IGN described the multiplayer as " a solid experience " , and GamePro expressed that it helped compensate for the short length of the single @-@ player campaign . There was a consensus amongst reviewers that Elite Force was the first truly successful Star Trek game , standing out from past titles deemed to be mediocre in quality and design . Game Revolution stated that Elite Force managed to " fight off the curse which until now has plagued most Star Trek action games " , while IGN enthusiastically proclaimed " Trekkies , rejoice ! You 've finally got something to be proud of " . GamePro further commented that " you don 't even have to be a full @-@ fledged Trekker to appreciate the gaming goodness that Elite Force has to offer " . GameSpot put Elite Force 's success down to the influence of Half @-@ Life and its expansion Opposing Force , noting that the influence of these games is " evident in Elite Force 's level design " . GameSpy closed its review by putting Elite Force as one of the year 's best first @-@ person shooters , and " almost certainly the best Star Trek game period , a franchise infamous for its string of bad titles " . Likewise , PC Gamer UK commended the game as " the best Star Trek game ever , and a first @-@ rate FPS in its own right " . Although the original PC version of Elite Force gained critical acclaim , the 2001 PlayStation 2 port received a more negative reception . Majesco 's port of the game garnered mediocre reviews , holding scores of 54 percent and 52 percent on Game Rankings and Metacritic respectively . While the level design , story and atmosphere were praised , critics were negative towards what was seen to be a poorly performed port , with complaints focused on difficult controls , graphical problems and frame rate issues . In addition , the artificial intelligence was deemed to be significantly worse than the earlier PC incarnation of the game . Several reviews suggested that Majesco had simply not put effort into the port , resulting in a level of quality behind that which was expected of PlayStation 2 games at the time .
= Darius Charles = Wesley Darius Donald Charles ( born 10 December 1987 ) , known as Darius Charles , is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League One club AFC Wimbledon . Charles started his career after progressing through the Brentford youth system and he made his first @-@ team debut in 2005 . He was loaned out by Brentford on seven occasions and he joined the last of these , Ebbsfleet United , permanently in 2009 in a historic transfer . Six months later , a proposed transfer to York City fell through , after he decided against moving to the city . He spent another season with Ebbsfleet before signing for Stevenage in 2010 . = = Club career = = = = = Brentford = = = Charles first played football aged 11 while at school , for Greenford Celtic . He later played for Drayton Manor before signing for and graduating from the Centre of Excellence at Brentford . He made his first @-@ team debut as a left midfielder in a 2 – 1 victory over Hull City on 7 May 2005 ; the final day of the 2004 – 05 season . He made his first appearance of the 2005 – 06 season in the Football League Trophy against Oxford United , which finished as a 1 – 1 draw after extra time and a 4 – 3 defeat in a penalty shoot @-@ out , while Charles played as a left @-@ back . His first league appearance of the season came as an 88th minute substitute in a 1 – 1 draw with Chesterfield on 10 December 2005 . He went on to play as a 32nd @-@ minute substitute in a 3 – 3 draw with Bradford City on 2 January 2006 , which proved to be his final appearance of the season for Brentford , which he finished with three appearances . He was loaned out to Conference South team Thurrock on 3 February 2006 , where he made one appearance , in a 1 – 0 defeat to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . He was subsequently sent out to Yeading on a work experience deal on 16 March 2006 , and he made his debut in a 2 – 1 defeat to Eastbourne Borough , before finishing the loan spell with six appearances . Charles signed a professional contract with Brentford on 27 June 2006 . After having made nine appearances for Brentford during the 2006 – 07 season , he signed for Staines Town of the Isthmian League Premier Division on a one @-@ month loan on 16 October 2006 . He made two appearances for Staines before returning to Brentford in November 2006 . He joined Conference National team Crawley Town on loan on 9 February 2007 until the end of April . He made his debut a day later after coming on as a 72nd @-@ minute substitute in a 2 – 2 draw with St Albans City . He finished the loan spell with six appearances . He played for Brentford on five further occasions , which included scoring the winning goal in the 89th minute of a 4 – 3 victory over Port Vale , and he finished the season with 19 Brentford appearances . Brentford took up their option for his contract to be extended for another season in May 2007 , before he signed a new two @-@ year contract with the option of another year with the club in June . He signed for Sutton United of the Conference South on an initial three @-@ month loan on 2 August 2007 . He made his debut in a 1 – 0 defeat to Basingstoke Town . He was recalled by Brentford in September 2007 , after making seven appearances for Sutton . He made his first appearance for Brentford of the 2007 – 08 season in a 2 – 0 victory over Chester City on 22 September 2007 . = = = Ebbsfleet United = = = He joined Conference Premier team Ebbsfleet United on loan until the end of the season on 21 March 2008 , having made 18 appearances for Brentford up to that point in the 2007 – 08 season . Charles made his Ebbsfleet debut the following day as a 78th @-@ minute substitute in a 3 – 1 defeat to Stevenage Borough . He started in the following match , a 2 – 1 victory over Cambridge United , and he finished the loan spell with nine appearances . He made one more appearance for Brentford in 2007 – 08 , in a 1 – 0 away defeat to Stockport County on 3 May 2008 , finishing the season with 19 appearances for the club . Charles re @-@ signed for Ebbsfleet after joining on loan for the 2008 – 09 season on 21 June . He fouled Simon Brown to concede a penalty kick against Wrexham on 13 September 2008 , which was scored by Brown , as Ebbsfleet lost 3 – 2 . He was sent off for a second bookable offence late into a 1 – 0 defeat to Histon on 6 October 2008 . After his Brentford contract was cancelled he moved to Ebbsfleet permanently on 29 January 2009 , after the owners of Ebbsfleet , MyFootballClub , ratified a compensation fee of £ 25 @,@ 000 , making this the first transfer in football history to be decided by a group of members . He finished the season with 44 appearances and was named Ebbsfleet 's Player of the Year . Conference Premier rivals York City made a £ 10 @,@ 000 bid for Charles in June , which was subsequently rejected , with MyFootballClub members voting against the offer with over a 98 % majority . Following this , York manager Martin Foyle said it was unlikely they would increase their offer for Charles . Ebbsfleet later agreed to sell Charles and striker Michael Gash for a combined fee of £ 80 @,@ 000 to an unnamed club , which was revealed to be York and he was reported to have signed on 29 June 2009 . However , the deal eventually fell through after Charles decided against joining the club as he did not want to relocate to York . Shortly after Ebbsfleet received an enquiry about him from an unnamed League Two club , although nothing came of this interest . He later became Ebbsfleet captain and was sent off for dissent in a 1 – 0 defeat to Tamworth on 21 November 2009 . He made 42 appearances for Ebbsfleet during the 2009 – 10 as they were relegated into the Conference South . = = = Stevenage = = = Charles turned down a new contract with Ebbsfleet to sign for newly promoted League Two team Stevenage on a two @-@ year contract for a compensation fee on 18 May 2010 . He made his Stevenage debut in the club 's 3 – 1 home victory against Stockport , playing 78 minutes of the match . The following week , he started against Aldershot Town , but was taken off after 38 minutes after struggling with injury . Charles returned to the starting eleven on 18 September 2010 , starting in a 0 – 0 draw against Torquay United , Stevenage 's first clean sheet of the season . He scored his first goal for the club in Stevenage 's 1 – 1 draw with Milton Keynes Dons in an FA Cup first round replay on November 2010 . Charles ' goal came in the fifth minute of stoppage time , taking the game to extra time and then to a penalty shoot @-@ out , which Stevenage won 7 – 6 . Charles received a straight red card for a professional foul on John Johnson in Stevenage 's 1 – 0 home loss to Northampton Town on 11 December 2010 , just ten minutes after coming on as a substitute . He scored his second goal for Stevenage in the club 's fourth round FA Cup tie against Championship side Reading , cutting inside and curling the ball past the outstretched arm of Adam Federici to restore parity in a game that Stevenage went on to lose 2 – 1 . Charles scored his first league goal of the 2010 – 11 season with a shot from 12 yards in Stevenage 's 2 – 1 home win against Bradford City on 2 April 2011 . He provided the assist for Joel Byrom 's goal after flicking a right @-@ wing cross in Stevenage 's 2 – 0 play @-@ off victory over Accrington Stanley , a game in which he also hit the crossbar with a strike from 30 yards out . Charles started upfront for Stevenage in the 2011 League Two play @-@ off Final , played at Old Trafford on 28 May 2011 . Charles ' pass through to John Mousinho resulted in the only goal of the game , as a 1 – 0 victory over Torquay United meant Stevenage were promoted into League One . He played 33 games for Stevenage during the 2010 – 11 season , scoring four goals . After starting in both of Stevenage 's opening fixtures of the 2011 – 12 campaign , Charles signed a contract extension on 11 August 2011 , keeping him contracted to the club until 2013 . Two days later , Charles scored his first goal of the season with a close range header in a 1 – 1 draw away at Chesterfield . Charles ' appearances were sporadic throughout the remainder of 2011 , with the player suffering from a knee injury . He made his first start in nearly two months in Stevenage 's 1 – 0 away victory against Reading at the Madejski Stadium in the FA Cup on 7 January 2012 , with Charles scoring the winning goal in the first @-@ half with a finish from the edge of the area . Charles ' season ended prematurely after he suffered a hamstring injury in Stevenage 's 1 – 1 draw with Wycombe Wanderers on 31 March 2012 , with the injury ruling him out of action for up to six weeks . He made 34 appearances during the campaign , scoring five times . Ahead of the 2012 – 13 season , Charles signed a new two @-@ year contract with the club . He started in the club 's first game of the campaign , a 3 – 1 home win over AFC Wimbledon in the League Cup , playing the whole game at left @-@ back . He scored his first goal of the season in a 1 – 1 draw against Shrewsbury Town on 1 September 2012 , after cutting in from the wing to strike into the top corner to restore parity in the match . It turned out to be his only goal of the season as Charles played most of the season at left @-@ back , making 41 appearances during the campaign . With a year remaining on his current deal , Charles ' contract was extended for a further year in June 2013 , keeping him contracted to the club until the summer of 2015 . He made a goalscoring start to the 2013 – 14 campaign , scoring after pouncing on a loose ball in a 4 – 3 home defeat to Oldham Athletic on the opening day of the season . = = = Burton Albion = = = Charles signed for newly promoted League One club Burton Albion on a one @-@ year contract on 19 June 2015 . Having failed to appear for Burton , he joined League Two club AFC Wimbledon on loan until the end of 2015 – 16 on 17 March 2016 . Charles started for AFC Wimbledon as they beat Plymouth Argyle 2 – 0 at Wembley Stadium in the 2016 League Two play @-@ off Final , meaning they were promoted into League One for the first time . = = = AFC Wimbledon = = = On 31 May 2016 , Charles signed for AFC Wimbledon permanently after a successful loan spell at the club . = = International career = = Charles was named in the England C team , who represent England at non @-@ League level , in May 2009 , for the final of the 2007 – 09 International Challenge Trophy against Belgium . He started the match to make his debut for England and they were defeated 1 – 0 . He was called up to the team for a friendly against the Poland Olympic team in November , and he started the game as England won 2 – 1 . = = Style of play = = Charles ' preferred position is centre @-@ back , although he can also play as a left @-@ back , left midfielder or centre @-@ forward . = = Personal life = = Charles was born in Ealing , London . His footballing hero when growing up was Ronaldo , and this was because he could " change any game with one bit of genius " . He supports Manchester United , and states that the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich was the best match he has ever watched . Charles ' ex @-@ partner was pregnant as of July 2009 . = = Career statistics = = As of match played 30 May 2016 . = = Honours = = Stevenage League Two play @-@ offs : 2010 – 11 AFC Wimbledon League Two play @-@ offs : 2015 – 16 Individual Ebbsfleet United Player of the Year : 2008 – 09
= The Boat Race 1897 = The 54th Boat Race took place on 3 April 1897 . The Boat Race is an annual side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race . The crews were almost evenly matched weight @-@ wise , Oxford marginally the heavier , whose crew consisted almost entirely of veterans of the event . In a race umpired by former rower Frank Willan , Oxford won by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 12 seconds , the victory taking the overall record to 31 – 22 in their favour . It was Oxford 's eighth consecutive victory and the third fastest winning time in the history of the event . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the boat clubs of University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , as of 2014 it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by two @-@ fifths of a length in the previous year 's race , and held the overall lead , with 30 victories to Cambridge 's 22 . Oxford were coached by G. C. Bourne who had rowed for Oxford in the 1882 and 1883 races , William Fletcher , who rowed for Oxford in the 1890 , 1891 , 1892 and 1893 races and Douglas McLean ( an Oxford Blue five times between 1883 and 1887 ) . There is no record of who coached the Cambridge crew . Oxford were very quick , and set a full course record ( on the ebb tide ) of 18 minutes and 27 seconds two weeks before the race . Conversely , according to author and former rower George Drinkwater , Cambridge " never fulfilled its early promise ... always slow into the water . " The umpire for the race for the ninth year in a row was Frank Willan who won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 6 @.@ 25 lb ( 78 @.@ 8 kg ) , 0 @.@ 875 pounds ( 0 @.@ 4 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . The Cambridge boat included four former Blues in their number five William Augustus Bieber who was participating in his third Boat Race . Five of the Light Blues were studying at Trinity Hall . Their number four , American rower Benjamin Hunting Howell , was the only participant in the race registered as non @-@ British , hailing from the New York . All but one of Oxford 's crew had rowed in the event prior to 1897 , only G. O. C. Edwards was new to the race . Eight of the nine members of the Dark Blue crew were educated at Eton College ; four of their crew were studying at New College . George Drinkwater , former Oxford rower and author stated " this year saw the finest Oxford crew that has ever rowed " . = = Race = = As a result of their impressive performances during the build up to the race , Oxford were clear favourites to win . Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Oxford . The race was started at 2 : 24 p.m. in a light breeze from the east on a favourable tide . The Light Blues made the quicker start , with stroke William James Fernie taking his crew off at 41 strokes per minute . Within a quarter of a mile , Cambridge held a half @-@ length lead but the Dark Blues began to draw back into contention and took the lead just before Craven Cottage . A spurt at the Mile Post from the Light Blues kept them in touch but Oxford rowed away from them , taking a clear water advantage by Hammersmith Bridge , effectively ending the contest . Oxford extended their lead " as they liked " and passed the finishing post two and a half lengths clear of Cambridge , in a winning time of 19 minutes 12 seconds . It was Oxford 's eighth consecutive victory and was , at the time , the third fastest winning time in the history of the event . It took the overall record to 31 – 22 in Oxford 's favour .
= Coltrane for Lovers = Coltrane for Lovers is a posthumous compilation album by American jazz musician John Coltrane , released on January 23 , 2001 , by Impulse ! Records . Its tracks were recorded during December 1961 to April 1963 at engineer Rudy Van Gelder 's recording studio in Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey . The first in the Verve for Lovers series by Verve Records , the album contains eleven of Coltrane 's romantic ballads recorded during his early years with Impulse ! Records . The songs feature Coltrane 's classic quartet and collaborations with vocalist Johnny Hartman and pianist Duke Ellington . The recordings compiled for Coltrane for Lovers initially received criticism for Coltrane 's stylistic move from complex jazz compositions of the free jazz form to a simplistic formula of ballads and blues . Following the initial controversy , the album 's recordings gained a legacy as one of Coltrane 's most popular recordings and significant in the genre of romantic jazz . The tracks were compiled by producer Richard Seidel and remastering engineer was Allan Tucker at Foothill Digital , New York City . Coltrane for Lovers was issued 33 years after Coltrane 's death and nearly 40 years after the original recording dates . The album peaked at number 5 on the Top Jazz Albums chart and received generally positive reviews from most music critics , despite some criticism from writers who viewed it as a cash @-@ in compilation from the release 's label . The album was later compiled , along with other For Lovers titles , onto the box set The Complete Verve for Lovers Collection . = = Background and recording = = Shortly before completing his contract with Atlantic in May 1961 , John Coltrane joined the newly formed Impulse ! label , with whom the " Classic Quartet " would record . It is generally assumed that the clinching reason Coltrane signed with Impulse ! was that it would enable him to work again with recording engineer Rudy Van Gelder , who had taped his Prestige sessions , as well as Blue Train . It was at Van Gelder 's new studio in Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey that Coltrane would record most of his records for the label . During this period of Coltrane 's recording career , critics and fans were fiercely divided in their estimation of Coltrane , who had radically altered his style from bebop to the modal and free jazz styles , as featured on Coltrane ( 1962 ) , his first studio project for the Impulse ! label . John Tynan of Down Beat magazine went so far as to call his playing " anti @-@ jazz . " In the midst of this controversy , Coltrane decided to release his next three albums in order to improve the critical perception of himself . In an interview with music journalist Gene Lees , Coltrane was asked of his musical and stylistic change from modal and free jazz to more simplistic forms and standards . He responded by stating " Variety " . John Coltrane 's primary record producer , Bob Thiele , who had worked with Coltrane on his previous albums Live ! at the Village Vanguard ( 1961 ) and Coltrane ( 1962 ) , acknowledged that the next three Coltrane albums to be released were to be recorded at his behest and as ballad @-@ themed to quiet the negative criticism of Coltrane 's more diverse playing . The material chosen for Coltrane 's next records would be suited for more slow @-@ tempo , smooth and romantic playing , in contrast to Coltrane 's forceful , aggressive style that had dominated his previously issued recordings , and which had led to reviewers describing his playing as " angry " . The recordings featured on Coltrane for Lovers were recorded between December 1961 and April 1963 , during his early years with Impulse ! Records . = = Composition = = As Bob Thiele intended , the next of Coltrane 's releases featured the hard bop form of playing , incorporating influences from rhythm and blues , gospel music , and the blues , especially with the saxophone and piano , and straght @-@ ahead ballads and standards . Ballads , recorded in late 1961 and 1962 , was at first criticized as predictable and too simple after the aggressiveness Coltrane displayed on his previous recordings , but was later reevaluated favorably , by some as a masterpiece . On Duke Ellington and John Coltrane , Ellington " sat in " with the John Coltrane Quartet for a set dominated by the pianist 's songs . Some performances had Ellington 's usual sidemen , bassist Aaron Bell and drummer Sam Woodyard , replacing Jimmy Garrison and Elvin Jones in the group . Recording for the collaboration LP John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman ( 1963 ) found the " classic quartet " backing up singer Hartman on ballad standards . Rolling Stone magazine later described the album as " ... one of Coltrane 's least innovative records , but impeccably dignified and elegant " , and music critic Richard S. Ginell commented by saying that " Coltrane 's eloquence and the warm , masculine baritone of Hartman can still break your heart . " Renowned writer and poet Al Young wrote of the album 's most well @-@ known recording , " My One and Only Love " , and interpretation of the song by Coltrane and Hartman : Shortly after the release of his ballad @-@ oriented albums , Coltrane returned to a more experimental phase , recording Impressions ( 1963 ) and his magnum opus A Love Supreme ( 1965 ) . In spite of this , the previous serious of ballad @-@ oriented recordings served in helping increase Coltrane 's legacy and influence on romantic jazz . = = Release = = Compiling eleven of the recordings from this period seen best fit for a romance @-@ themed compilation , Coltrane for Lovers was issued in the United States by the Verve Music Group on January 23 , 2001 . Thirty @-@ three years after Coltrane 's death and nearly 40 years after the original recording dates , the album entered the Top Jazz Albums chart on February 10 , 2001 and peaked at number 5 . It remained on the chart for 83 weeks , until February 1 , 2003 , nearly two years after entering the chart . The album served as the first of several other For Lovers compilations that the Verve label would later issue , including recordings by Sarah Vaughan , Chet Baker , and Charlie Parker . A similar compilation , entitled Plays for Lovers , was released by Prestige in 2003 . Another Verve compilation of Coltrane ballads , entitled More Coltrane for Lovers , followed in 2005 . Coltrane for Lovers was later compiled , along with other For Lovers titles , onto the box set The Complete Verve for Lovers Collection , released exclusively on Amazon.com on November 14 , 2006 . = = Critical reception = = In a four @-@ star review , Allmusic editor Alex Henderson called Coltrane for Lovers " an excellent collection that has no problem reminding us just how warm and expressive his ballad playing could be . " After discussing how Coltrane 's ballad @-@ playing has been undervalued in comparison to his more experimental recordings , in a December 21 , 2001 article for The New York Times , writer Ben Ratliff wrote that " This collection ... presents all the argument you need . " Some , however , have criticized the album and Verve negatively for repackaging Coltrane material for an unnecessary cash @-@ in compilation . In The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD , Richard Cook and Brian Morton gave the album one out of four stars and commented , " Oh , for goodness ' sake ! We 're tempted to tell you that this contains a previously unreleased rehearsal of Ascension , which we have long regarded as excellent make @-@ out music , but it does not . Needless to say , the music is fine ... It 's the concept we have problems with . Avoid . " In a 2007 interview for Esquire magazine , author and Coltrane biographer Ben Ratliff praised Coltrane 's music and balladry , stating " His work contains most of the well @-@ known ideals of jazz ... If you 're interested in improvisation , this guy pushed improvisation to the wall . He was the best blues player of his time . He wrote and played incredible ballads . Record companies are still putting out compilations of Coltrane ballads called Coltrane for Lovers or whatever . You can poke fun at the idea , but if you ever listen to one , they 're indescribably beautiful . " The recordings compiled for Coltrane for Lovers have endured a legacy as one of Coltrane 's best performing and interpreting of ballads and standards . In a September 2000 essay on the recordings , writer Al Young elaborated on John Coltrane 's ability during the period of recording the compiled jazz ballads , writing that " The rapport between performer and audience smooths and deepens when a player of John Coltrane 's caliber breathes personal expression into some aspect of a song 's lyric or meaning . " Young continued in his review of the album , stating : = = Track listing = = All tracks have John Coltrane playing tenor saxophone . Track sources a originally from Coltrane ( 1962 ) b originally from Duke Ellington and John Coltrane ( 1962 ) c originally from Ballads ( 1962 ) d originally from John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman ( 1963 ) e originally from Impressions ( 1963 ) = = Chart history = = Billboard Music Charts ( North America ) – Coltrane for Lovers 2001 : Top Jazz Albums – # 5 ( 83 weeks ) = = Personnel = = = = = Musicians = = = = = = Production = = =
= Cyclone Tia = Severe Tropical Cyclone Tia was the first of six tropical cyclones to affect Vanuatu , during the 1991 – 92 South Pacific cyclone season . The system was first noted within the South Pacific convergence zone as a small tropical depression on November 13 , to the northeast of the Solomon Islands . Over the next few days the system gradually developed further within an area of light winds in the upper troposphere , before it was named Tia early on November 16 . Later that day due to a developing northerly steering current , the system slowed down and undertook a small anticlockwise loop before starting to move towards the southwest and rapidly intensify . After rapidly intensifying throughout November 16 and 17 , Tia passed within 55 km ( 35 mi ) of the Solomon Island : Anuta at around 1800 UTC on November 17 , before passing near Tikopia Island six hours later . As Tia moved near Tikopia , the system reached its peak intensity as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone , with 10 ‑ minute sustained windspeeds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . During November 18 , due to cooler waters and increased wind shear , Tia started to weaken as it moved southwards under the influence of a strengthening upper @-@ level northerly wind flow . Over the next 24 hours , the system continued to move southwards and passed within 150 km ( 95 mi ) of Vanuatu 's Banks Islands , while gradually weakening further . Tia subsequently degenerated into a tropical depression during November 20 , before it was last noted the next day as it crossed a part of its former track , where it had been producing hurricane @-@ force wind speeds a few days earlier . While it was active Tia directly affected the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu , while it indirectly affected Kiribati . The Solomon Island of Tikopia was the worst affected island , after more than 1000 people were left homeless on the island and 90 % of all dwellings were destroyed . Damage was minimal in Vanuatu , and was mainly confined to crops and fruit trees on the Banks and Torres Islands . After this usage of the name Tia , the name was retired and withdrawn from use on the tropical cyclone naming lists . = = Meteorological history = = A small tropical depression developed within the South Pacific convergence zone , to the northeast of the Solomon Islands during November 13 . During that day the system moved towards the south @-@ west , before it sharply turned towards the east early the next day , as an equatorial westerly wind burst took place to the north of the cyclone . During that day the depression gradually developed further within an area of light winds in the upper troposphere and sea @-@ surface temperatures of over 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Early on November 15 , the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated advisories on the depression and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 03P , after it had become equivalent to a tropical storm . During that day the system 's upper level outflow characteristics became more favourable for further development , before the system was named Tia by the Fiji Meteorological Service TCWC Nadi named the system Tia early the next day after the system had developed into a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale . When it was named , Tia moving slowly and was located about 250 nmi ( 465 km ) to the northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands , before the JTWC reported at around 0600 UTC that Tia had become equivalent to a category one hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale with 1 ‑ minute sustained windspeeds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . Around this time , because of a developing northerly steering current , Tia slowed down and undertook a small anticlockwise loop , before starting to move towards the southwest and rapidly intensify . After rapidly intensifying throughout November 16 and 17 , Tia passed within 55 km ( 35 mi ) of Anuta Island at around 1800 UTC on November 17 , before passing near Tikopia Island six hours later . As Tia moved near Tikopia , TCWC Nadi reported that the system had reached its peak intensity as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone , with sustained windspeeds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . The JTWC followed suit six hours later and reported that the cyclone had peaked as a category 2 equivalent hurricane with sustained windspeeds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) . By 1800 UTC on November 18 , due to cooler waters and increased wind shear , Tia started to weaken as it moved southwards under the influence of a strengthening upper @-@ level northerly wind flow . Over the next 24 hours , the system continued to move southwards and passed within 150 km ( 95 mi ) of Vanuatu 's Banks Islands , while gradually weakening further before moving to the southeast under the influence of strong upper level northwesterlies . By 0000 UTC on November 20 , Tia had weakened into a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian Scale and became slow moving while located about 370 km ( 230 mi ) to the east of Port Villa in Vanautu . During that day the system turned and moved towards the northwest , before TCWC Nadi reported later that day at 1200 UTC , that Tia had weakened below tropical cyclone intensity . However , the JTWC monitored the system as a tropical cyclone for another 24 hours , before issuing their final advisory on the system at 1200 UTC as the system had weakened below tropical cyclone intensity . Tia was subsequently last noted by TCWC Nadi and JTWC later that day as it crossed a part of its former track , where it had been producing hurricane @-@ force windspeeds a few days earlier . = = Preparations and impact = = Apart from several smaller islands no major inhabited islands lied in the path of Tia , while no deaths were associated with the system . After this usage of the name Tia , the name was retired and withdrawn from use on the tropical cyclone naming lists . = = = Solomon Islands = = = During November 17 , warnings were issued by the Solomon Islands Meteorological Service for parts of Temotu Province in the Solomon Islands , after it became apparent that Tia was moving towards the eastern most islands of Anuta and Tikopia . During that day the system affected the province and came to within 55 km ( 35 mi ) of Anuta at around 1800 UTC on November 17 , before passing near to Tikopia six hours later . The southern most Solomon Island of Tikopia was the worst affected island , with 90 % of all dwellings destroyed and the remaining 10 % either having walls destroyed or roofs blown off . As a result , more than 1000 people were left homeless on the island , which was declared a disaster area by the Solomon Islands National Disaster Council . The cyclone also destroyed seven of the eight church buildings and all but one of the classroom buildings belonging to the two primary schools . Food crops were destroyed with all coconut trees either blown down or uprooted . High seas and waves caused extensive damage to the coasts and flooded low @-@ lying areas , which damaged the taro , other food crops and the water supply on the island due to salt spray . Sustained windspeeds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , wind gusts of 172 km / h ( 105 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 987 @.@ 9 hPa ( 29 @.@ 17 inHg ) were all reported by the automatic weather station on Anuta . = = = Other islands = = = On November 16 , the Kiribati islands suffered the side @-@ effects of Cyclone Tia , with several houses in Tarawa and seaweed farms damaged . Late on November 17 , TCWC Nadi started to release special advisories for Vanautu after it had become clear that the systems south @-@ southwest movement , would bring the cyclone sufficiently close to the Banks and Torres Islands to cause either gale or storm force winds . Over the next 24 hours , TCWC Nadi continued to issue these bulletins as the system moved southwards and brought gale force winds to Maewo , Pentecost and the Banks Islands before they issued the final advisory early on November 19 . Tia was the first of six tropical cyclones to affect Vanuatu during the 1991 – 92 South Pacific cyclone season , and caused minor damage that was mainly confined to houses , crops and fruit trees on the Banks and Torres Islands . Within the Banks Islands a church was flattened , several roads were blocked and a man was slightly injured by flying debris .
= Evanna Lynch = Evanna Patricia Lynch ( born 16 August 1991 ) is an Irish actress and model . She rose to prominence for her portrayal of Luna Lovegood in the Harry Potter film series , appearing in four films and their tie @-@ in video games . She has made fashion accessories and recorded an audiobook of Foster by Claire Keegan . She has also appeared in photo shoots for various magazines , and modelled for Katrin Thomas and Ciaran Sweeney . = = Early life = = Lynch was born in Termonfeckin , County Louth , Ireland , the daughter of Marguerite and Donal Lynch . She has two older sisters , Emily and Mairead , and one younger brother , Patrick . As a child , Lynch read the Harry Potter series and became a fan , sending letters to the author , J. K. Rowling . She attended Cartown National School in Termonfeckin until June 2004 , and then moved to Our Lady 's College in Drogheda , where her father was the deputy principal . In 2008 , Lynch studied speculative fiction and drama at the Centre for the Talented Youth of Ireland , a summer school for gifted teens , in Glasnevin . While on the Harry Potter set , she was tutored for at least three hours a day . From September 2010 , Lynch attended the Institute of Education to repeat her Leaving Certificate . Lynch has mentioned having a Catholic upbringing but no longer practices . = = Career = = = = = Harry Potter = = = Lynch credits her being cast in the Harry Potter films to the obsession she had with the Harry Potter book series . At age 11 , during the release of the fifth book in 2003 , she was hospitalized and her family consulted with the book 's publisher and the hospital and Lynch was allowed to leave for an hour and collect a signed copy of the book . While some have stated that her prior relationship with J. K. Rowling ( a strictly epistolary relationship ) was the reason behind the casting decision , this theory has been debunked by both Lynch and Rowling , confirming that Rowling was unaware of Lynch being cast in the role of Luna Lovegood until the producers mentioned Lynch ’ s name . Lynch got the role by reading about the casting call on one of the many Harry Potter fan sites and going to the open audition . In 2006 , Lynch auditioned at a casting call in London for the role of Luna Lovegood in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the fifth film in the series adapted from the books . After auditioning against 15 @,@ 000 other girls , and a subsequent screen test with lead actor Daniel Radcliffe , she was cast at the age of 14 . Producers were impressed with her affinity for the character ; David Heyman said " The others could play Luna ; Evanna Lynch is Luna . " Although uninvolved in the casting process , Rowling believed that Lynch was perfect for the role . She had never acted professionally before the Harry Potter series , her experience limited to school plays . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was Lynch 's debut screen performance in 2007 . The film was a box office hit , taking US $ 938 million worldwide , and garnered generally favourable reviews . Critics praised the performances of the supporting cast , often singling out Lynch for particular acclaim ; A. O. Scott of The New York Times called her performance " spellbinding " , and Jane Watkins of Country Life said she " [ brought ] an appealing sweetness to her character that 's not so developed in the book " . She reprised her role as Luna in the film 's tie @-@ in video game . Two years later , Lynch again starred as Luna in Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince , the sixth installment in the series . The film was critically and financially successful . Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe wrote that Lynch as Luna " combats the movie 's occasional sluggishness with a hilarious sluggishness of her own " , and Michael Dwyer of The Irish Times called her the best Irish actress of 2009 for her work on the film . Her performance earned her Scream Award and Young Artist Award nominations , and she reprised her role in the film 's tie @-@ in video game . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 , the first of two films adapted from the seventh and final Harry Potter book , was released in 2010 . The film was a success at the box office and drew generally favourable reviews from critics . James Verniere of The Boston Herald commented that Luna " is still delightfully lunar , " while Simon Miraudo of Quickflix criticised the film commenting that " the delightful Evanna Lynch is brutally underutilised as the loopy Luna Lovegood " . She reprised her role in the film 's tie @-@ in video game . Lynch again appeared as Luna in the eighth and final installment in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 . The film opened to critical acclaim and went on to become the fifth highest @-@ grossing film of all time , grossing US $ 1 @.@ 328 billion in box @-@ office receipts worldwide . Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times wrote that Lynch " continues to be all @-@ that @-@ and @-@ a @-@ radish @-@ earring as the ever @-@ wafting Luna Lovegood , " and Roger Moore of The Orlando Sentinel named her as " maybe " one of his " favorite players in the finale . " She again reprised her role in the film 's tie @-@ in video game . In August 2012 at Leakycon in Chicago she joined the cast of StarKid to play Luna Lovegood in a script reading of the third Harry Potter parody musical , A Very Potter Senior Year ( the other two being A Very Potter Musical and A Very Potter Sequel . ) The author of the Harry Potter series , J.K. Rowling , gave a speech during the world premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 on 7 July 2011 in London , England . She stated that there were seven major cast members in the series , whom she referred to as The Big Seven , and she named Lynch as one of the seven members , along with Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson , Tom Felton , Matthew Lewis , and Bonnie Wright . Rowling has said that , of all the actors in the film series , Lynch has had the most influence on how her character was subsequently written . In 2012 , she told Charlie Rose that when composing the final books , " I saw her . [ She ] got in my head . I even heard her voice when I was writing Luna . " = = = Further career = = = Lynch went on to guest star as Princess Alehna ( daughter of Taryn , played by Orla Brady ) in the first season finale of the Sky1 television series Sinbad . She was also scheduled to play Fiona Carrick @-@ Smith in the 2013 indie crime drama film Monster Butler . The film was to have been based on the life of British serial killer and thief Archibald Hall . The film was cancelled due to problems with funding . Lynch also starred in indie teen comedy G.B.F. , which screened at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York in April 2013 and at the Frameline Film Festival in San Francisco on 30 June 2013 . In May 2013 , it was announced that Lynch was to star in the British stage tour production called Houdini which performed at various theatres in the United Kingdom from 9 September 2013 to 12 October 2013 . Lynch played the role of Bess Houdini , the wife and assistant of the famous magician Harry Houdini . In December 2013 , it was announced that Lynch would play Theresa Bornstein in the independent crime thriller Dynamite : A Cautionary Tale . Filming for the production took place in New York City and was set to be filmed for eighteen days . In September 2014 , it was announced that Lynch would star in her first lead role as the titular character in the Irish @-@ produced film My Name Is Emily , written and directed by a man battling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Filming began in Ireland that month and the film was released in 2015 . = = Other work = = Lynch has used the fame that she has achieved from her role in the films as a way to promote healthy self @-@ esteem and body image in young girls because of her previous experiences with the disorder anorexia nervosa . From the age of 11 Lynch was in and out of rehabilitation clinics for two years . She soon found a connection with the character of Luna Lovegood from the Harry Potter book series and was inspired by the character ’ s embracing of her own oddities . Lynch wrote an essay entitled “ Why the Body Bind is My Nightmare ” in which she describes her emotional struggle with her appearance and how she managed to overcome this through the use of allusions that pertain to the Harry Potter series . Lynch has made and helped design a number of fashion accessories for the Harry Potter films . She has modelled for Katrin Thomas and Ciaran Sweeney , and in 2012 appeared on the cover of the Fall issue of Runway magazine . She has also recorded an abridged audiobook version of Claire Keegan 's short story Foster . Her charity work includes participation with the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Ireland , in which she launched their MS Readathon fundraiser in 2010 . Lynch is also a member of the Board of Advisors for the non @-@ profit organisation , the Harry Potter Alliance ( HPA ) . With the HPA , she has supported same @-@ sex marriage in Maine , taken part in a webcast fundraiser , written an article about body image and contributed to a fundraising book . In 2015 Lynch became vegan . = = Personal life = = Lynch is dating her Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix co @-@ star Robbie Jarvis . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Video games = = = = = Stage = = = = Awards and nominations = =
= Legacy Parkway = Legacy Parkway ( designated as State Route 67 , SR @-@ 67 ) is an 11 @.@ 5 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 18 @.@ 5 km ) four @-@ lane controlled @-@ access parkway located almost completely within Davis County in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah . The parkway travels north from Interstate 215 ( I @-@ 215 ) in northwestern Salt Lake City to an interchange named the Wasatch Weave in Farmington with two intermediate interchanges providing access to Woods Cross and Centerville . Wetlands of the nearby Great Salt Lake and nature preserves border the western side of the parkway while the eastern side roughly parallels Union Pacific and Utah Transit Authority rail lines and I @-@ 15 . Construction began in 2006 and was completed in 2008 , with the parkway opening in September of the same year . The parkway was controversial in its construction and was challenged in court several times before a compromise was met between the state and the Sierra Club , which limited the speed on the road and banned trucks on the highway except in emergencies . In addition to the restrictions on speed and trucks , the road was reduced from a six @-@ lane expressway to a four @-@ lane parkway . On average , between 20 @,@ 000 and 23 @,@ 000 vehicles use the parkway daily . = = Route description = = The parkway begins at an incomplete interchange with I @-@ 215 in extreme northern Salt Lake County near the Jordan River Off @-@ Highway Vehicle State Recreation Area . The interchange allows motorists from the Interstate to transfer onto Legacy Parkway and travelers to access I @-@ 215 southbound . After about 1 ⁄ 4 mile ( 400 m ) , Legacy Parkway enters Davis County , and heads northerly with two lanes in each direction through semi @-@ rural Woods Cross . The parkway then turns northeasterly and back north again , meeting 500 South at a diamond interchange , which also provides a connection to Redwood Road ( SR @-@ 68 ) . The eastern border of the Legacy Nature Preserve is formed by the parkway as it travels north . In West Bountiful , the parkway curves to the northeast as it follows the contour of the wetlands which lie on the western side of the road . Before reverting to its original northerly direction , the route intersects Parrish Lane ( SR @-@ 105 ) at another diamond interchange . Past the intersection , Union Pacific and Utah Transit Authority ( FrontRunner ) railroad tracks run between the parkway and I @-@ 15 to the east . For the remainder of the parkway 's length , I @-@ 15 is located approximately 300 feet ( 91 m ) east . Upon entering Farmington , the parkway gains one lane in each direction and terminates at a triple @-@ junction with I @-@ 15 , SR @-@ 225 and U.S. Route 89 west of Lagoon . This interchange is referred to as the Wasatch Weave . The design of the road was re @-@ envisioned to include extensive wetland protection west of the parkway and in the parkway median , a trail system along the side of the parkway , and numerous pedestrian overpasses and underpasses for ease of access to the trail system . Many of the architectural features were also specially @-@ designed to give the parkway a unique feel . There are a total of 2 @,@ 225 acres ( 900 ha ) of protected areas to the west of the highway , and an additional 20 acres ( 8 @.@ 1 ha ) of wetlands along the length of the highway . The Legacy Nature Preserve lays along the western border of the parkway near its southern terminus . Further north , the parkway forms much of the eastern border of the Farmington Bay Waterfowl Management Area . For the entirety of the parkway 's length it is paralleled by the Legacy Parkway Trail , and is partially paralleled by the Denver and Rio Grande Western rail trail . Every year , the Utah Department of Transportation ( UDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2012 , UDOT calculated that as many 22 @,@ 955 vehicles used the highway on an average day near its junction with 500 South , and as few as 20 @,@ 240 vehicles used the highway at its southern terminus at I @-@ 215 . The Federal Highway Administration classifies Legacy Parkway as a MAP @-@ 21 Principal Arterial . = = History = = Legacy Parkway is part of the larger Legacy Highway project first proposed by then @-@ governor Mike Leavitt , which ultimately will run north from Nephi toward Brigham City . The concept of a western Davis County highway has existed since the 1960s , with some proposals routing the highway over Antelope Island or across Farmington Bay . Legacy Parkway was to extend to the west side of the Salt Lake City International Airport and connect to I @-@ 80 at 5600 West ; however , that plan was abandoned in October 1997 . A survey taken by Valley Research for The Salt Lake Tribune in December 1997 showed 64 percent of Davis County residents were in support of building the parkway , with just 19 percent opposing the construction . State officials had hoped to have the parkway open in time for the 2002 Winter Olympics being held in Salt Lake City ; however , construction was delayed too many times for that to occur . Initial construction of Legacy Parkway began in 2001 ; however , it was forced to stop as a result of lawsuits over the completeness of the environmental impact statement ( EIS ) . A federal appeals court ruled that the EIS was " inadequate " and " ... arbitrary and capricious " as it did not study other alternate routes that were less harmful to wetlands that the parkway was originally to be routed through . A supplemental EIS ( SEIS ) , which changed the routing of the highway as well as increased the amount of land to be part of the Legacy Nature Preserve , was completed in January 2005 . The SEIS also added in the trail system that now parallels the parkway . On September 21 , 2005 , the State of Utah and the Sierra Club ( acting on behalf of numerous groups opposing the overall Legacy Highway project ) officially signed a compromise regarding Legacy Parkway . Some of the agreements reached include no billboards along the route , no semi @-@ trailer trucks allowed on the parkway ( except in cases where they are used in response to an accident or there is construction on I @-@ 15 ) , and a 55 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 90 km / h ) speed limit . This speed limit is routinely ignored by commuters , who will typically add 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) to the court @-@ ordered speed limit . The speed limit on the parallel I @-@ 15 is 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) ; however speeds in the leftmost lane can reach upwards of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Original plans for the highway had included a six @-@ lane expressway , compared to the four @-@ lane controlled @-@ access parkway that was built . Construction of the parkway resumed in March 2006 , with limited construction activity followed by heavy construction on the road beginning December 2006 . The parkway earned the Federal Highway Administration 's Environmental Excellence Award in 2007 . The highway was opened by then @-@ governor Jon Huntsman , Jr . , John Njord of UDOT and Stuart Adams of the Utah Transportation Commission on September 13 , 2008 around 4 : 40 PM . The total cost of the parkway was $ 685 million ( equivalent to $ 791 million in 2015 ) . The original budget for the parkway was $ 451 million ( equivalent to $ 521 million in 2015 ) . A 5K and 10K run ( 3 @.@ 1 and 6 @.@ 2 mi ) and a 20 mi ( 32 km ) bike race were held the morning of the opening of the highway along the main roadway to support cancer research . The route was designated a Utah Scenic Byway ( as the Great Salt Lake Legacy Parkway Scenic Byway ) on May 16 , 2002 , six years prior to its opening . Should the parkway be extended further north , significant work will have to be done to reroute the parkway or move the Farmington FrontRunner station and shopping complex which was built just north of the parkway . = = Exit list = =
= Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern , BWV 1 = Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern ( How beautifully the morning star shines ) , BWV 1 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in 1725 in Leipzig for the feast of the Annunciation and led the first performance on 25 March 1725 , which that year fell on Palm Sunday . It is a chorale cantata , based on Philipp Nicolai 's hymn " Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern " ( 1599 ) . Bach was in his second year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig , where the feast was the only occasion during Lent when festive music was permitted . The theme of the hymn suits both the Annunciation and Palm Sunday , in a spirit of longing expectation of an arrival . An unknown poet retained , as in the other chorale cantatas of Bach 's second cantata cycle , the hymn 's first and last stanza unchanged , but paraphrased the themes of the inner stanzas to a sequence of alternating recitatives and arias . Bach scored the cantata for three vocal soloists , a four @-@ part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns , two oboes da caccia , two solo violins , strings and continuo . All instruments play in the opening festive chorale fantasia , while the soprano carries the hymn tune and the lower voices answer in counterpoint of instrumental motifs . An oboe da caccia accents the first aria , the solo violins and strings return in the second aria , and an independent horn part crowns the closing chorale . The cantata was the last chorale cantata of the cycle , possibly because Bach lost a librettist who had inspired him . The work was chosen to open the first attempt to publish Bach 's complete works , a century after his death . = = History and words = = When Bach composed the cantata , he was in his second year as Thomaskantor ( director of church music ) in Leipzig . He had written during his first year a cycle of cantatas for the occasions of the liturgical year that began on the first Sunday after Trinity 1723 . In his second year he had composed a second annual cycle of cantatas that was planned to consist exclusively of chorale cantatas based on Lutheran hymns . Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern is based on Philipp Nicolai 's " Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern " ( 1599 ) . The hymn in seven stanzas was associated with Epiphany but also with the Annunciation . The prescribed readings for the day are Isaiah 's prophecy of the birth of the Messiah ( Isaiah 7 : 10 – 16 ) and from the Gospel of Luke , the angel Gabriel announcing the birth of Jesus ( Luke 1 : 26 – 38 ) . The feast of the Annunciation fell on Palm Sunday in 1725 . The unknown librettist retained the first and the last stanza of the hymn , and paraphrased the other stanzas to recitatives and arias , using stanza 2 for the first recitative , stanza 3 for the first aria , stanza 4 and part of stanza 5 for the second recitative , and stanza 6 for the second aria . The hymn , expressing the longing for the arrival of the Saviour , can be connected to Jesus ' birth being announced to Mary . The theme of arrival was also fitting for Palm Sunday when the arrival of Jesus in Jerusalem is celebrated . The Bach scholar Alfred Dürr notes : " The librettist must be credited with the empathy he shows for that fervour which characterizes Nicolai 's poem and which has made his hymns into an enduring possession of the Protestant Church . " While the name of the librettist , a " poetically and theologically competent specialist " is not known , scholars have suggested Andreas Stübel ( 1653 – 1725 ) , a former headmaster of the Thomasschule . Bach led the first performance of the cantata on 25 March 1725 which was in that year both the Annunciation and Palm Sunday . Annunciation was the only occasion for festive music during Lent when Leipzig observed tempus clausum ( silent time ) . Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern turned out to be the last chorale cantata Bach composed in his second cantata cycle . If Stübel was the librettist , his death in January 1725 explains that Bach lacked a competent collaborator . The composer returned to other texts for the remaining liturgical time of Easter , Pentecost and Trinity . The completion of the cycle of chorale cantatas meant so much to him , that he included the early chorale cantata for Easter Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 , and added a few chorale cantatas for occasions that were missing . Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern was chosen by the Bach @-@ Gesellschaft to begin the first volume of Bach 's complete works , which the Bach @-@ Gesellschaft began in 1850 , a century after Bach 's death . It was later listed as BWV 1 in the Bach @-@ Werke @-@ Verzeichnis . = = Scoring and structure = = Bach structured the cantata in six movements . The text and tune of the hymn are kept in the outer choral movements , a chorale fantasia and a four @-@ part closing chorale , which frame a sequence of alternating recitatives and arias . Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists ( soprano ( S ) , tenor ( T ) and bass ( B ) ) , a four @-@ part choir , and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns ( Co ) , two oboes da caccia ( Oc ) , two violins ( Vl ) , two obbligato violins ( Vs ) , viola ( Va ) and basso continuo . A festive scoring like this , including brass , was usually performed on holidays . The duration of the cantata is given as 25 minutes . In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The continuo , playing throughout , is not shown . = = Music = = The scoring provides a rich orchestration , the sparkle of the morning star is illustrated by two solo violins , first in the first chorus , and reappearing with the other strings in the second aria . The sound of the oboe da caccia returns in the first aria . The horn sound returns in the closing chorale , with the second horn enriching the texture of the four @-@ part setting by an independent line . The scoring is reminiscent of Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen , BWV 65 , written for Epiphany . Bach would later use the pair of horns in Part IV of his Christmas Oratorio , dealing with the naming of Jesus as announced to Mary . These works are all set in F major , observed by the musicologist Julian Mincham to be a key of " personal and contemplative " joy , compared to the " rousing , communal , major , sharp @-@ key " joy of the opening chorus of the Christmas Oratorio , for example . = = = 1 = = = The cantus firmus , " Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern " ( How beautifully the morning star shines ) , in the chorale fantasia of the opening chorus is sung by the sopranos . The orchestra , with the two solo violins illustrating the sparkle of the morning star , plays indepently and festively . Bach achieves " unusual animation " by setting the hymn not in common time but 12 / 8 . John Eliot Gardiner who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000 , notes that movement begins intimately with a phrase of the second solo violin , answered by other instruments together and echoed individually , preparing the entrance of the soprano . The lower counter the cantus firmus by a version of the theme heard at the beginning in the solo violin . In further lines , the lower voices even enter first in their counterpoint , preparing the chorale tune entry . One phrase stands out as composed in chordal wwriting : " lieblich , freundlich " ( loving , friendly ) , = = = 2 = = = The tenor expresses in secco recitative the belief " Du wahrer Gottes und Marien Sohn " ( You , very son of God and Mary ) . = = = 3 = = = In the first aria , the soprano renders " Erfüllet , ihr himmlischen göttlichen Flammen " ( Fill utterly , you divine celestial flames ) , accompanied by an obbligato oboe da caccia , an instrument in alto range . The instruments illustrates in coloraturas the celestial flames . = = = 4 = = = In another secco recitative , the bass contrasts " Ein irdscher Glanz , ein leiblich Licht rührt meine Seele nicht " ( An earthly flash , a corporeal light does not stir my soul ) with heavenly light , illustrated by a melisma on both " Freudenschein " ( joyful radiance ) and " Erquickung " ( refreshment ) . = = = 5 = = = The two solo violins return from the first movement , accompanying with the other strings the tenor in the second aria , an expression of thanks and praise , " Unser Mund und Ton der Saiten " ( Our mouths and the tones of strings ) . The song of praise is intensified by a dance @-@ like motion , called " graceful minuet pulse " by the Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann . The voice has to master coloraturas on the repeated word " Gesang " ( singing ) . = = = 6 = = = The closing chorale , " Wie bin ich doch so herzlich froh " ( How earnestly glad I am indeed ) , is embellished by an independent part of the second horn , while the other instruments double the voices . Thus , the last chorale cantata in the second cantata cycle reaches an " air of baroque festive splendour " . = = Selected recordings = = The selection is taken from the listing by Aryeh Oron on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are roughly marked as large by red background ; green background indicates vocalists with one voice per part ( OVPP ) and instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances .
= Day of Rage ( Bahrain ) = Day of Rage ( Arabic : يوم الغضب ) is the name given by protesters in Bahrain to 14 February 2011 , the first day of their national uprising . Inspired by the successful uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia , Bahraini youth organised protests using social media websites . They appealed to the Bahraini people " to take to the streets on Monday 14 February in a peaceful and orderly manner . " The day had a symbolic value being the ninth and tenth anniversaries of the Constitution of 2002 and the National Action Charter respectively . Some opposition parties supported the protests ' plans , while others did not explicitly call for demonstration . However , they demanded deep reforms and changes similar to those by the youth . Before the start of protests , the government introduced a number of economic and political concessions . The protests started with a sit @-@ in in solidarity with the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 in the vicinity of the Egyptian embassy in the capital , Manama ten days before the ' Day of Rage ' . On the eve of 14 February , security forces dispersed hundreds of protesters south of Manama . On 14 February , thousands of Bahrainis participated in 55 marches in 25 locations throughout Bahrain . Protests were peaceful and protesters demanded deep reforms . The earliest demonstration started at 5 : 30 a.m. in Nuwaidrat , the last just minutes before midnight in the vicinity of Salmaniya hospital heading to the Pearl Roundabout . The largest was in Sitra island . Security forces responded to protests by firing tear gas , rubber bullets , stun grenades and birdshot . More than 30 protesters were injured and one was killed by birdshot . The Bahraini Ministry of Interior said a number of security forces were injured after groups of protesters attacked them . = = Background = = Bahrain is a tiny island in the Persian Gulf that hosts the United States Naval Support Activity Bahrain , the home of the US Fifth Fleet ; the US Department of Defense considers the location critical for its ability to counter Iranian military power in the region . The Saudi Arabian government and other Gulf region governments strongly support the King of Bahrain . Although government officials and media often accuse the opposition of being influenced by Iran , a government @-@ appointed commission found no evidence supporting the claim . Iran has historically claimed Bahrain as a province , but the claim was dropped after a UN 1970 survey found that most Bahraini people preferred independence over Iranian control . = = = Modern political history = = = Bahrainis have protested sporadically throughout the last decades demanding social , economic and political reforms . In the 1950s , following sectarian clashes , the National Union Committee was formed by reformists ; it demanded an elected popular assembly and carried out protests and general strikes . In 1965 a month @-@ long uprising broke out after hundreds of workers at Bahrain Petroleum Company were laid off . Bahrain became independent from Britain in 1971 and the country had its first parliamentary election in 1973 . Two years later , the government proposed a law called the " State Security Law " giving police wide arresting powers and allowing individuals to be held in prison without trial for up to three years . The assembly rejected the law , prompting the late Amir to dissolve it and suspend the constitution . It was not until 2002 that Bahrain held any parliamentary elections , after protests and violence between 1994 and 2001 . = = = Economy = = = Despite its oil @-@ rich Gulf neighbors , Bahrain 's oil , discovered in 1932 , has " virtually dried up " making it poorer than other countries in its region . In recent decades , Bahrain has moved towards banking and tourism making it one of the most important financial hubs in the region ; it has since held some of the top international rankings in economic freedom and business @-@ friendly countries , making it the freest economy in the Middle East . However , Bahrainis suffer from relative poverty . Semi @-@ official studies found that the poverty threshold ( the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a given country . ) in the country in 1995 was .د.ب 308 . The Bahrain Centre for Human Rights said that by 2007 it had increased to .د.ب 400 at least , putting half of Bahrainis under the poverty line . In 2008 , the government rejected the UN 's conclusion that 2 % of Bahrainis lived in " slum @-@ like conditions " . Poor families receive monthly financial support . In 2007 , CNN produced a documentary titled " Poverty in Bahrain " , which was criticized by pro @-@ government newspaper , Gulf Daily News . Al Jazeera produced a similar documentary in 2010 . The unemployment rate in Bahrain is among the highest in GCC countries . Sources close to the government estimated it between 3 @.@ 7 % and 5 @.@ 4 % , while other sources said it was as high as 15 % . Unemployed was especially widespread among youth and the Shia community . Bahrain also suffers from a " housing problem " with the number of housing applications reaching about 53 @,@ 000 in 2010 . These conditions prompted the Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights to consider housing one of the most important problems in Bahrain . = = = Human rights = = = Human rights in Bahrain improved after the government introduced reform plans in 1999 – 2002 but declined again in subsequent years . Between 2007 and 2011 Bahrain 's international rankings fell 21 places from number 123 to 144 on the Democracy Index , as ranked by the Economist Intelligence Unit . The Freedom in the World index on political freedom classified Bahrain as " Not Free " in 2010 – 2011 . A Freedom House " Freedom on the Net " survey classified " Net status " as " Not free " and noted that more than 1 @,@ 000 websites were blocked in Bahrain . The Press Freedom Index ( by Reporters Without Borders ) declined significantly : in 2002 Bahrain was ranked number 67 and by 2010 it had fallen to number 144 . The Freedom of the Press report ( by Freedom House ) classified Bahrain in 2011 as " Not Free " . Human Rights Watch has described Bahrain 's record on human rights as " dismal " , and having " deteriorated sharply in the latter half of 2010 " . = = = = Torture = = = = During the period between 1975 and 1999 known as the " State Security Law Era " , the Bahraini government frequently used torture , which resulted in a number of deaths . After the Emir Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa succeeded his father Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa in 1999 , reports of torture declined dramatically and conditions of detention improved . However Royal Decree 56 of 2002 gave effective immunity to all those accused of torture during the uprising in the 1990s and before ( including notorious figures such as Ian Henderson and Adel Flaifel . ) . Towards the end of 2007 the government began employing torture again and by 2010 its use had become common again . = = = = Shia grievances = = = = The Shia majority ruled by the Sunni Al khalifa family since the eighteenth century have long complained of what they call systemic discrimination . They are blocked from serving in important political and military posts and the government has reportedly naturalized Sunnis originally from Pakistan and Syria in what Shia say is an attempt to increase the percentage of Sunnis in the population . According to Khalil al @-@ Marzooq of Al Wefaq , the number of those granted Bahraini nationality between 2001 and 2008 is 68 thousand . According to al @-@ Marzooq , this number was calculated using official estimates by subtracting the population in 2001 ( 405 @,@ 000 ) and natural increase ( 65 @,@ 000 ) from the population in 2008 ( 537 @,@ 000 ) . In a rally against " political naturalization " , Sunni opposition activist Ibrahim Sharif estimated that 100 @,@ 000 were naturalized by 2010 and thus comprised 20 % of Bahraini citizens . The government rejected accusations of undertaking any " sectarian naturalization policy " . Shia grievances were exacerbated when in 2006 Salah Al Bandar , then an adviser to the Cabinet Affairs Ministry , revealed an alleged political conspiracy aiming to disenfranchise and marginalize Shias , who comprise about 60 % of the population . = = = = 2010 crackdown = = = = In August 2010 , authorities launched a two @-@ month @-@ long crackdown , referred to as the Manama incident , arresting hundreds of opposition activists , most of whom were members of the Shia organizations Haq Movement and Al Wafa ' Islamic party , in addition to human rights activists . The arrestees were accused of forming a " terrorist network " aiming to overthrow the government . However , a month later Al Wefaq opposition party , which was not targeted by the crackdown , won a plurality in the parliamentary election . = = Calls for a revolution = = Inspired by the successful uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia , opposition activists began in January to post on a large scale to the social media websites Facebook and Twitter and online forums , and to send e @-@ mails and text messages with calls to stage major pro @-@ democracy protests . The Bahraini government blocked a Facebook page which had 14 @,@ 000 " likes " calling for a revolution and a " day of rage " on 14 February ; however the " likes " had risen to 22 @,@ 000 few days later . Another online group called " The Youth of the February 14th Revolution " described itself as " unaffiliated with any political movement or organisation " and rejected any " religious , sectarian or ideological bases " for their demands . They issued a statement listing a number of demands and steps it said were unavoidable in order to achieve " change and radical reforms " . Bahraini youths described their plans as an appeal for Bahrainis " to take to the streets on Monday 14 February in a peaceful and orderly manner in order to rewrite the constitution and to establish a body with a full popular mandate to investigate and hold to account economic , political and social violations , including stolen public wealth , political naturalisation , arrests , torture and other oppressive security measures , [ and ] institutional and economic corruption . " One of the main demands was resignation of the king 's uncle , Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa from his post as prime minister . He had been the unelected prime minister of Bahrain since 1971 , making him the world 's longest serving prime minister . The day had a symbolic value ; it was the tenth anniversary of a referendum in favor of the National Action Charter which had promised to introduce democratic reforms following the 1990s uprising . It was also the ninth anniversary of the Constitution of 2002 , which had made opposition feel " betrayed " by the king . The Constitution had brought some promised reforms , such as an elected parliament ; however opposition activists said it went back on reform plans , giving the king the power to appoint half the parliamentary seats and withholding power from parliament to elect the prime minister . Unregistered opposition parties such as Haq Movement and Bahrain Freedom Movement supported the plans . The National Democratic Action Society only announced a day before the protests that it supported " the principle of the right of the youth to demonstrate peacefully " . Other opposition groups including Al Wefaq , Bahrain 's main opposition party , did not explicitly call for or support protests ; however Al Wefaq leader Ali Salman did demand political reforms . = = Events leading to the protests = = A few weeks before the protests , the Cabinet of Bahrain made a number of concessions , including increasing social spending and offering to free some of the minors arrested in the Manama incident in August . On 4 February , several hundred Bahrainis gathered in front of the Egyptian embassy in Manama to express support for anti @-@ government protesters there . According to The Wall Street Journal , this was " one of the first such gatherings to be held in the oil @-@ rich Persian Gulf states . " At the gathering , Ibrahim Sharif , the secretary @-@ general of the National Democratic Action Society ( Wa 'ad ) , called for " local reform . " On 11 February , hundreds of Bahrainis and Egyptians took to the streets near the Egyptian embassy in Manama to celebrate the fall of Egypt 's president Hosni Mubarak following the successful Egyptian Revolution of 2011 . Security forces reacted swiftly to contain the crowd by setting a number of roadblocks . In the Khutbah preceding Friday prayer , Shiekh Isa Qassim , a leading Shia cleric , said " the winds of change in the Arab world [ are ] unstoppable " . He demanded an end to torture and discrimination , the release of political activists and a rewriting of the constitution . Appearing on the state media , king Hamad announced that each family would be given 1 @,@ 000 Bahraini Dinars ( $ 2 @,@ 650 ) to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the National Action Charter referendum . Agence France @-@ Presse linked payments to the 14 February demonstration plans . The next day , the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights sent an open letter to the king urging him to avoid a " worst @-@ case scenario " by introducing a wide range of reforms , including " releasing more than 450 detainees including [ Bahraini ] human rights defenders , religious figures and more than 110 children , dissolv [ ing ] the security apparatus and prosecut [ ing ] its official [ s ] responsible [ for ] violations " . At night , residents of Jidhafs held a public dinner banquet to celebrate the fall of Egypt 's president . On 13 February , authorities set up a number of checkpoints and increased the presence of security forces in key locations such as shopping malls . Al Jazeera interpreted the move as " a clear warning against holding Monday 's [ 14 February ] rally " . At night , police fired tear gas and rubber bullets on a small group of youth who organized a protest in Karzakan after a wedding ceremony . According to a photographer working for the Associated Press , several people were injured and others suffered from the effects of tear gas . Bahrain 's Ministry of Interior said that about 100 individuals who gathered in an unauthorized rally in the village attacked security forces injuring three policemen and in response police fired two rubber bullets , one of which rebounded from the ground , injuring a protester . Small protests and clashes occurred in other locations as well , such as Sabah Al Salem , Sitra , Bani Jamra and Tashan , leading to minor injuries among both protesters and security forces . = = 14 February = = Over 6 @,@ 000 people participated in 55 demonstrations and political rallies in 25 different locations throughout Bahrain . Helicopters hovered over areas where marches were due to take place and the presence of security forces was heavy in a number of key locations such as the Central Business District , shopping malls and Bab Al Bahrain . The traffic directorate closed a number of roads such as those leading to Pearl Roundabout , Dana mall , Al Daih and parts of Budaiya highway in order to anticipate any non @-@ permitted protests . Throughout the day and especially in the evening , Internet speed was much slower than usual . According to Bikya Masr blog , " many people " linked this to government attempts to contain the protests . The demonstrators demanded the release of detained protesters , socio @-@ economic and political reforms and constitutional monarchy . Protesters sought no permits , although it is required by Bahraini law . The Bahraini newspaper Al Wasat reported that protests were peaceful and that demonstrators did not throw stones at security forces or burn tires in streets as they used to in the previous protests . The earliest demonstration was recorded at 05 : 30 in the mainly Shia village of Nuwaidrat , where 300 people are said to have participated . The rally was led by Shia political activist Abdulwahhab Hussain . Police dispersed this rally , resulting in some injuries , and the hospitalization of one demonstrator . Police continued to disperse rallies throughout the day with tear gas , rubber bullets , and shotguns , causing additional injuries , and hospitalizing three more demonstrators . One major demonstration took place in the Shi 'a island of Sitra , where several thousand men , women , and children took to the streets . According to witnesses interviewed by Physicians for Human Rights , hundreds of fully armed riot police arrived on the scene and immediately began firing tear gas and sound grenades into the crowds . They then fired rubber bullets into the unarmed crowd , aiming at people in the front line who had sat down in the street in protest . In Sanabis , security forces fled the location after protesters approached them , leaving one of their vehicles behind . Protesters attached the flag of Bahrain to the vehicle instead of damaging or burning it . In Sehla , hundreds held maghrib prayer in the streets after staging a march . In Bilad Al Qadeem , protesters held a sit @-@ in at afternoon and started marching at evening , after which security forces intervened to disperse them . In Karzakan , protesters staged a march that was joined by another march starting in Dumistan and ended peacefully . In Duraz security forces fired tear gas on 100 protesters , breaking up their rally . On its Twitter account , the Ministry of Interior said that six masked individuals participating in a march in Jidhafs attacked security forces . They wrote that police responded , injuring the legs and back of one of the attackers . = = = Casualties = = = In the evening of 14 February , Ali Mushaima died from police shotgun wounds to his back at close range . The government says that Ali was part of a group of 800 protesters that attacked eight policemen with rocks and metal rods . The government asserts that the police exhausted their supply of tear gas and rubber bullets in a failed attempt to disperse the crowd , and resorted to the use of shotguns . Witnesses say that there were no demonstrations at the time Ali was shot . They say Ali was seen walking with a group of officers who were pointing their guns at him . As Ali walked away , he was shot in the back by one of the officers . The Ministry of Interior expressed its regret at the incident and announced that the death would be investigated . Later , several hundred demonstrators congregated in the car park of the hospital where Ali was taken . They staged a protest outside the hospital heading to the Pearl Roundabout ; meanwhile another march was heading to the same location from King Faisal Highway . Security forces intervened , injuring some protesters and arresting 24 . By the end of the day , more than 30 protesters had been injured , mostly by birdshot and rubber bullets . = = Aftermath = = The following day another man , Fadhel Al @-@ Matrook , was killed by police during the funeral of Mushaima . Protesters then marched and occupied the Pearl Roundabout without police interference . Thousands continued camping at the site for another day . On 17 February , in what became known as Bloody Thursday , authorities launched a pre @-@ dawn raid and cleared the site , killing four protesters and injuring hundreds . Protesters took refuge in Salmaniya Medical Complex where many of them demanded the fall of the regime . Defying the government ban on gatherings , on the evening of 18 February , hundreds of protesters marched toward the Pearl Roundabout , now under the control of the army . When protesters neared the site , the army opened fire , killing Abdulredha Buhmaid and injuring dozens of others . Troops withdrew from the Pearl Roundabout on 19 February , and protesters reestablished their camps there . The crown prince assured protesters that they would be allowed to camp at the roundabout and that he would lead a national dialogue . Protests involving up to one @-@ fifth of the population continued over the next month until the government called in Gulf Cooperation Council troops and police and declared a three @-@ month state of emergency . Despite the police crackdown that followed , smaller @-@ scale protests and clashes continued , mostly outside Manama 's business districts . By April 2012 , more than 80 people had died during the uprising . As of December 2012 , protests are ongoing . = = Local and international reactions = = In a rare national TV address on Tuesday , February 15 , King Hamad expressed regret , offered his " deep condolences " to the families of those killed and announced a ministerial probe into the events . He also promised reforms including a reduction in government restrictions of the Internet and other media . In reference to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , Hussain al @-@ Rumeihy , a member of Parliament , said on 15 February it was wrong for protesters to copy the events of other Arab countries , because the situation in Bahrain is different . The following day , Prime minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa praised the king 's speech and shared his regret and condolences . On the other hand , Al Wefaq , the country 's largest opposition party suspended their participation in the Parliament on 15 February and threatened to resign , in protest of what it called " the brutal practices of security forces " . The same day , other opposition parties protested what they called the government 's " excessive " reaction to protests , and the Progressive Democratic Tribune called for formation of a national body to unite Shia and Sunna like the National Union Committee had done in the 1950s . The Bahrain Human Rights Society criticized the government response to protests of 14th and 15th , accusing it of censorship and non @-@ compliance with international covenants that it had signed . Internationally , Navi Pillay , the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 15 February , called the government of Bahrain to stop what she called " the excessive use of force " against protesters and to release protest @-@ related prisoners . United States State Department spokesman P.J. Crowley said that the US was " very concerned by recent violence surrounding protests " of the 14th and 15th . In a 15 February appeal , Amnesty International called the Bahraini authorities to stop using what it called " excessive force " against protesters , to put all security forces ' members who had used excessive force on trial and " to respect and protect the right of freedom expression , movement and assembly in Bahrain " .
= Blue Ridge Road = Blue Ridge Road is a 19 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 30 @.@ 9 km ) long roadway in Essex County , New York , in the United States . The road is designated as County Route 84 ( CR 84 ) from NY 28N in Newcomb to Interstate 87 ( I @-@ 87 ) in North Hudson , and as New York State Route 910K ( NY 910K ) between I @-@ 87 and U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in North Hudson . The CR 84 portion is an 18 @-@ mile ( 29 km ) , two @-@ lane stretch of rural highway maintained by the Essex County Department of Public Works ' Highway Division while NY 910K is a 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) highway maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) . All of Blue Ridge Road has been designated as the " Blue Ridge Road Scenic Byway " by NYSDOT . Blue Ridge Road was designated as part of NY 73 in the 1930 renumbering of state routes in New York . NY 73 was truncated to Schroon in the mid @-@ 1930s . = = Route description = = Blue Ridge Road consists of Essex County 's CR 84 , which composes the bulk of the route , and NY 910K , which is a short , state @-@ maintained roadway connecting I @-@ 87 to US 9 . The entirety of Blue Ridge Road is designated as the " Blue Ridge Road Scenic Byway " , a New York State Scenic Byway , by NYSDOT . = = = County Route 84 = = = Blue Ridge Road begins at an intersection with NY 28N and CR 75 ( Eaton Lane ) in the area south of Tahawus ( pronounced " ta @-@ hawz " ) . The road heads to the northeast , initially paralleling the Hudson River , then intersects with CR 25 ( Tahawus Road ) , which heads north to the hamlet of Tahawus . After that , the route diverges from the Hudson River , turning to the southeast and climbing slightly to the side of Pine Hill , before progressing downhill . At the base of the mountain , CR 84 crosses over Vanderwhacker Brook , which flows into nearby Vanderwhacker Pond . The road winds its way around several different mountain peaks , passing to the north of Cheney Pond . After passing through the hamlet of Boreas River , CR 84 briefly follows Wolf Pond Brook , which eventually turns north for nearby Wolf Pond . The road continues eastward past Sand Pond and begins to descend , roughly following Sand Pond Brook . It passes along the base of Ragged Mountain , a high peak in the Adirondacks , after which the road runs along the edge of the valley of the stream known as " The Branch . " At the base of Three Brothers Mountain , CR 84 curves northeast before making a turn to the southeast , soon entering the hamlet of Blue Ridge . With The Branch still paralleling to the south , CR 84 continues its eastward descent and eventually intersects with its first road in several miles , Lazy Street , which provides access to the creek . At the base of Nippletop Mountain , Blue Ridge Road passes along the north shore of Palmer Pond , a small pond visible from the Adirondack Northway ( I @-@ 87 ) . Soon after , Blue Ridge Road intersects with the ramps leading to and from the Northway and the county @-@ maintained portion of Blue Ridge Road ends . = = = NY 910K = = = The eastern end of Blue Ridge Road , beginning at the ramps to and from the Adirondack Northway , is maintained by NYSDOT as NY 910K . The route heads eastward from the Northway ramps to nearby US 9 . On this 0 @.@ 72 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 16 km ) stretch , there is one intermediate intersection , this being with an unnamed roadway . The route ends at US 9 in the hamlet of North Hudson . = = History = = The entirety of Blue Ridge Road was designated as the westernmost portion of NY 73 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 73 initially ran from NY 28N east to an intersection with US 9 in North Hudson , where NY 73 turned south to follow US 9 toward Schroon . The route was truncated c . 1936 to begin at US 9 in Schroon . NY 73 's former alignment along Blue Ridge Road was redesignated as CR 2B by 1969 . The section between the Northway and US 9 was later transferred to the state and assigned the NY 910K designation . On May 21 , 2009 , New York Governor David Paterson announced that stimulus money from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act would be used to reconstruct the CR 84 segment of the Blue Ridge Road , seeing it as a major connector from NY 28N to I @-@ 87 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Essex County .
= Another Suitcase in Another Hall = " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " is a song recorded by Scottish singer Barbara Dickson , for the 1976 concept album , Evita , which contains songs from the musical of the same name . The musical was based on the life of Argentinian leader Eva Perón . Written by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber , the song is presented during a sequence where Eva throws out her husband 's mistress on the streets . The latter sings the track , wondering about her future and coming to the conclusion that she would be fine . Dickson was enlisted by the songwriters to record the track after hearing her previous work . Rice and Webber asked her to record the song using a higher than usual pitch , so that she sounded younger like her character . Featuring instrumentation from guitar , marimba , harp and keyboard , " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " finds Dickson singing in a soprano voice . Critically appreciated , the song was released as a single on 7 February 1977 , and reached number 18 on the UK Singles Chart . Dickson has stated that she did not like her recorded version of the track and employed a different arrangement during her future live renditions . The song has been covered and performed many times by other artists , namely Elaine Paige , Marti Webb , Kimberley Walsh from British girl group Girls Aloud , as well as actress Samantha Barks . Another notable version was recorded by American singer Madonna who played the part of Eva for the 1996 film adaptation of the musical . It was released on 3 March 1997 , by Warner Bros. as the third and final single from the film 's soundtrack . Unlike the musical , in the film the track was sung by Madonna 's character instead of the mistress . Upon its release , the song garnered positive response from music critics and reached the top @-@ ten of the charts in Italy and the United Kingdom . = = Background and recording = = " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice while they were developing the Evita for broadway in 1976 . Both were extremely intrigued by the stories surrounding the life of Eva Perón while researching about her during the mid @-@ 1970s . They came to know about her husband Juan Perón , and his affinity for young women , and Rice and Webber decided to use it as one of the backstories behind Eva and Juan 's rise to power . In the original musical , the song is performed by the character of Juan 's teenage mistress ( played by Siobhán McCarthy ) after she is " kicked out " by his future wife , Eva . According to director Michael Grandage , the story took the " edge off " a supposed fairy tale like interpretation of Eva and Juan , unveiling their ambitions and cut @-@ throat personality . From a production point @-@ of @-@ view , it also allowed Grandage to show ruthlessness of Eva , when Juan allows her to throw his " mistress " away . The girl is ultimately left on the streets with nowhere to go , and there she sings the song . It is a particularly poignant melody that should play with an audience 's emotions . The mistress clearly knew what she was doing sleeping with an older man , and yet there is something expletive about it as well . Eva 's bitchiness should be enjoyed by an audience , but they should also be investing in the plight of a young girl 's eviction . The narrative of this section is so well structured that it is obvious the journey of the mistress is complete by her exit . This allows the audience to invest in a single moment while also learning more about Eva and Peron 's character as they move forward in the story . " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " was first recorded by singer Barbara Dickson in 1976 for the Evita concept album that eventually became the stage musical ; Dickson did not appear in the musical itself . Rice and Webber had already enlisted actress Julie Covington to sing the part of Eva , hence they were on the look @-@ out for other supporting vocal personnel . They found about Dickson who had recently starred in the Willy Russell musical , John , Paul , George , Ringo ... and Bert , and had charted on the UK Singles Chart with her cover version of the David Whitfield and Frankie Laine song , " Answer Me " ( 1976 ) . Dickson and her manager , Bernard Theobald , had a discussion with Rice and Webber about starring in the musical , but her voice was declared " too delicate " for singing the numbers on Evita . So they offered her one song which was not sung by Eva 's character , and that was " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " . = = Music composition = = Dickson recalled that during the recording sessions , Webber asked her to sing in a higher range than her usual , since the " mistress " character was a teenager , and should have sounded younger . Before the sequence of the eviction of the mistress occurs in Act I of the musical , Eva 's character sings the song " Hello and goodbye " and then " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " begins . A soft strummed guitar in broken chord patterns heralds the introductory music . Dickson sings the opening verse , and the chorus which is repeated twice as she asks , " So , what happens now ? " and wonders about her immediate future , ultimately concluding that she would survive . For the second verse , the lyrics reflect on this recurring pattern of being evicted out of men 's lives , and the final verses have a more positive outlook toward 's the subject 's life . The song finishes with the mistress asking the question , " Where am I going to ? " as a male voice pacifies by saying , " Don 't ask , anymore " . In 2004 , author Rikky Rooksby released the book , The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , where he wrote his thoughts about the popularity of the song : Eva is the center of attention [ in the song ] but the lyric does not allow a transfer of meaning outside of the context of her story . Part of the song 's popularity lies in the way it finds an image — the suitcase in the hall — to express the nomadic nature of modern civilization , the feeling of urban rootlessness that many people experience . The theme of constant moving strikes a resonant note . " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " features instrumentation from guitar , marimba , harp and keyboard , with Dickson singing in a soprano voice . Author Mark Ross Clark noted in his book , The Broadway Song : A Singer 's Guide , that her vocals portrayed different kind of emotions , with standard pitch correction in the lower middle C. Her vocals contrast the lyrics with an " underlying coolness " , while the light voice enabled Dickson to sing the lines " So , what happens now ? " in sixteenth note , E ♭ major . The song is high @-@ pitched to make its syllables appear as difficult to sing . = = Release and reception = = After the first single from the Evita album , " Don 't Cry for Me Argentina " , achieved commercial success , " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " was released as the second single on 7 February 1977 . A reviewer from Melody Maker complimented the song , saying that without the context of Evita , the song was more acceptable and was " poignant and lovely . How lucky Lloyd Webber and Rice are to have Julie Covington and now Dickson , to add the flesh and bones to songs which might otherwise be wrecks of soppy melodrama . A smash hit . " It was Dickson 's second single to chart on the UK Singles Chart , following " Answer Me " in 1976 , and entered the chart at number 44 in its first week and peaked at number 18 in its fifth week . It was present for a total of seven weeks on the chart . Due to the high @-@ pitch employed in the recording , Dickson reflected in later years that she " never liked the original [ track ] for that reason . The song has seasoned over the years with my singing of it . " Dickson believed that she did not sound like herself on the song . While performing it later point of time on her concerts , Dickson sang it in her actual tone , saying that although the track " might have been written for a teenage girl , but the experience of being abandoned by a man is one , women of all ages can relate to . I think you have to be honest with songs and with yourself . " The singer 's music director Ian Lynn arranged the track differently which she performs currently . = = Track listing = = 7 " Single , Company Sleeve " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " ( Album version ) – 3 : 00 " Requiem For Evita " ( Choir and London Philharmonic Orchestra ) – 3 : 05 = = Personnel = = Barbara Dickson – vocals Tim Rice – writer Andrew Lloyd Webber – writer , producer , orchestra Nigel Wright – producer , mixing Denis Blackham – mixing , mastering at Master Room Studios Credits adapted from the single 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Other versions = = English singer Elaine Paige recorded the song for her 1983 album Stages . Sarah Brightman , who was married to Webber from 1984 to 1990 , included the song on her album The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection . Marti Webb 's version of the song was included in the 1995 album Music & Songs From Evita . English musician Hank Marvin included an instrumental version of the song on his 1997 tribute album Hank Marvin and the Shadows Play the Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice . Kimberley Walsh , from British girl group Girls Aloud , covered the song for her debut studio album Centre Stage ( 2013 ) . Singer Hayley Westenra included the song on her 2000 album Walking in the Air . On the tribute show Andrew Lloyd Webber : 40 Musical Years , the song was performed by actress Samantha Barks . = = Madonna version = = = = = Background and development = = = In 1996 , Madonna starred in the film adaptation of the musical , titled Evita , playing the role of Eva ; she had desired to play the part for a long time and even wrote to director Alan Parker , explaining how she would be perfect for the part . After securing the role , she underwent vocal training with coach Joan Layder since Evita required the actors to sing their own parts . Layder noted that the singer " had to use her voice in a way she 's never used it before . Evita is real musical theater — its operatic , in a sense . Madonna developed an upper register that she didn 't know she had . " Unlike the musical , in the film the song is performed by Eva after ending her relationship with Agustín Magaldi , deciding she wants to improve her life . The song was not promoted and only a video was created using footage and scenes from the film . = = = Recording and composition = = = Recording sessions for the film 's songs and soundtrack began in September 1995 , and took place at the CTS Studios in London with Madonna accompanied by co @-@ actors Antonio Banderas and Jonathan Pryce . However , trouble arose as Madonna was not comfortable with laying down a " guide vocal " simultaneously with an 84 piece orchestra inside the studio . She was used to singing over a pre @-@ recorded track and not have musicians listen to her . Also , unlike her previous soundtrack releases , she had little to no control over the project . An emergency meeting was held between Parker , Webber and Madonna where it was decided that the singer would record her part in a more contemporary studio while the orchestration would take place somewhere else . She also had alternate days off from the recording . Madonna 's version of the song begins with the same soft strummed guitar in broken chords . Madonna sings in a breathy voice , giving her character more vulnerability . The first vocal entrance leads into an engaging melody with the opening phrase , " so what happens now ? " , being repeated twice . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , the song is set in common time , with a slow tempo of 50 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C ♭ major , with Madonna 's vocals spanning from A3 to E ♭ 5 . The song has a sequence of C ♭ – F ♭ when Madonna sings the opening verse " I don 't expect my love affairs to last for long " . = = = Release and reception = = = The song was officially released as the soundtrack 's third single on 3 March 1997 . Originally , there were talks about releasing an Evita EP , containing remixed versions of " Buenos Aires " , " Don 't Cry for Me Argentina " and " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " . As it was not given a commercial release in the United States , it was ineligible to enter the Billboard Hot 100 . In the United Kingdom , the song peaked at number 7 on the UK Singles Chart , the week of 29 March 1997 , and was present on the top 100 for a total of 8 weeks . According to the Official Charts Company , the single had sold 75 @,@ 233 copies in the United Kingdom as of August 2008 . In Italy , it reached the fourth position of the FIMI Singles Chart . The song also reached a peak of number 23 on the Irish Singles Chart , where it remained for 3 weeks . Elsewhere , it had a relatively poor chart performance ; in Sweden it peaked at number 60 , while in the Netherlands it peaked at number 91 . " Another Suitcase in Another Hall " was Madonna 's first single released in Australia to miss the ARIA top 100 . AllMusic 's Jose F. Promis , wrote that " the song finds Madonna giving an understated and inspired performance [ ... ] One hopes that this overlooked gem might find its way onto future [ Madonna ] hits collections , because it is truly a wonderful song " . Author Thomas S. Hischak called it " plaintive " . Billboard 's Geoff Burpee called it " A sterling , intimate moment from the Evita soundtrack . Yes kids , she [ Madonna ] can sing " . Writing for Los Angeles Times , David Gritten opined Madonna 's voice sounded " pitch @-@ perfect and clear as a bell " . Greg Morago , from the Hartford Courant , felt that " By giving her ' Another Suitcase ' with its heartbreaking ' Where am I going to ? ' refrain , Madonna adds a necessary , fragile vulnerability to her ambitious , rags- to @-@ riches Eva Peron " . Neil Strauss from The Herald Journal , said that " Madonna radiates on ' Another Suitcase in Another Hall ' " . Peter Keough , from the Boston Phoenix , described the track as " a poignant , winsome exploration of pathos , defilement , and resolution sung by a young , struggling Eva forced into prostitution with a series of drab johns " . = = = Track listing and formats = = = = = = Credits and personnel = = = Madonna – vocals , mixing Tim Rice – writer Andrew Lloyd Webber – writer , producer Alan Parker – producer Nigel Wright – producer , mixing David Reitzas – mixing John Mauceri – conductor David Caddick and Mike Dixon – additional conductors Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = = Charts = = =
= Tao Li = Tao Li ( Chinese : 陶李 ; pinyin : Táo Lǐ ; born 10 January 1990 ) is a China @-@ born Singaporean competitive swimmer specializing in the backstroke and butterfly stroke . A Singapore Sports School student , Tao has represented Singapore at the Southeast Asian Games ( SEA Games ) and Asian Games and holds several national records . She won four gold medals and a bronze at the 2005 SEA Games in the Philippines , and reached the finals of the women 's 50 metres , 100 metres and 200 metres butterfly events at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne though she did not gain any medals . In December 2006 , Tao took a gold medal at the 50 metres butterfly in Doha 's 2006 Asian Games , beating China 's multi @-@ gold medallist Xu Yanwei and breaking her own national record in the process . She became Singapore 's most medalled athlete at the 2007 SEA Games in Nakhon Ratchasima ( Korat ) , Thailand , winning four gold medals . Earlier in the year , she also became the first Singaporean female swimmer to reach a FINA World Aquatics Championships final , finishing seventh in the 50 metres butterfly . Tao made her Olympic début for Singapore at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . She qualified for the 100 metres finals , ranking fourth in the semifinals with a time of 57 @.@ 54 seconds and setting two Asian records in two days . She thus became the first Singaporean swimmer to enter an Olympic final . She emerged fifth at the women 's 100 metres butterfly finals with a time of 57 @.@ 99 seconds . = = Early life and education = = Tao Li was born on 10 January 1990 in Wuhan , Hubei , in the People 's Republic of China , the only child of Tao Ran and his wife Li Yan , who were both former provincial swimmers and are now swimming coaches . Her early years were spent in Wuhan , the capital of Hubei province . She started swimming at the age of five , and had started competitive swimming by the time she was ten . In her first contest she won two gold medals and broke two age records . On one occasion at a particular local meet that she was confident of winning , she had her parents attend . However , she lost and was so upset and worried about " losing face " that she asked her parents not to come for future competitions . While she has now overcome that fear , her parents still keep to the " tradition " of not attending her meets in order not to distract her . In 2002 , at the age of 13 years , Tao was brought to Singapore by her mother . It was difficult for her parents to decide to send her to Singapore , and her father was initially against the idea as at the time she was training with a provincial swimming team and earning a monthly salary of RMB500 , and there was a good chance she might do well enough to join the Chinese national team . However , they decided to do so after she was deemed too short for the national team . As her mother was not earning much , she found covering Tao 's swimming expenses difficult . In addition , because Tao 's English was not good , she had to join a Primary 5 class in Queenstown Primary School though she was three years older than her classmates and found things tough @-@ going . However , she worked hard and took extra language lessons , and now converses fluently in English . Tao became a Singapore citizen in August 2005 . She is a Secondary 3 student at the Singapore Sports School in 2008 , and is expected to continue her education there until she graduates with a diploma in sports science under an arrangement between the school and the Auckland University of Technology . She trains under the school 's swimming coach Peter Churchill . Previously at the Aquatic Performance Swim Club under former Olympian Ang Peng Siong from 2001 , following what was reported to be a contract dispute she started training in October 2006 with another former Olympian , David Lim , at Swimfast Aquatic Club . = = Career as national swimmer = = Tao has represented Singapore at the Southeast Asian Games ( SEA Games ) and Asian Games . Following her success at the 1st Hong Kong Open Invitational Championships in 2005 at which she won four gold medals and was named most outstanding female swimmer , at the 23rd SEA Games held in the Philippines later that year , she won golds for the 100 metres backstroke , 200 metres butterfly , and 4 x 100 metres medley relay with teammates Ho Shu Yong , Nicolette Teo and Joscelin Yeo . In March the following year , she won gold in the 50 metres butterfly at the Milo Asia Swimming Championships in Singapore , the Republic 's first top award at the competition . Between 16 and 21 March 2006 she took part in the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne , reaching the finals of the 50 metres , 100 metres and 200 metres butterfly , though she did not gain any medals . In December the same year , Tao won a gold medal at the 50 metres butterfly in Doha 's 2006 Asian Games , beating China 's multi @-@ gold medallist Xu Yanwei and breaking her own national record in the process . She also won a bronze medal at the 100 metres butterfly earlier in the tournament , recording a national and Asian mark of 58 @.@ 96 seconds . Tao became the first Singaporean female swimmer to reach a FINA World Aquatics Championships final . The 2007 World Aquatics Championships were held in Melbourne from 17 March to 1 April 2007 , and she finished seventh in the 50 metres butterfly . Later that year at the 2007 SEA Games in Nakhon Ratchasima ( Korat ) , Thailand , she was Singapore 's most medalled athlete at the Games , winning four gold medals in the 100 metres backstroke , 100 and 200 metres butterfly , and 4 x 100 metres medley relay . On 28 June 2008 , Tao was named Sportswoman of the Year in the Singapore Sports Awards given out by the Singapore National Olympic Council each year . She also won the award in 2007 . In January 2008 , Tao became embroiled in controversy after the Singapore Swimming Association ( SSA ) introduced a 15 % levy on the cash awards given to swimmers , with about 6 % set aside for youth development . As part of the government 's Multi @-@ Million Dollar Award Programme ( MAP ) , she received S $ 23 @,@ 750 for winning three individual titles and one team gold at the 2007 SEA Games . She was therefore " taxed " S $ 3 @,@ 562 @.@ 50 , with S $ 1 @,@ 425 going to youth development . Unhappy with this , Tao said : " If they [ the SSA ] want to cultivate youth , they should find their own money , not pay using our awards . It 's through our hard work that we got the money . So , I don 't see the point that we should give the money to the youths . " She also said it had been her school and not the SSA which had borne the expense of her overseas training . The SSA said it was " very disappointed " with her comments , and pointed out that the association had spent " easily in excess of $ 20 @,@ 000 " in sending her for competitions abroad such as the World Championships , Hong Kong Open and Japan International , and a stint at the Australian Institute of Sport . SSA Vice @-@ President Oon Jin Gee told the press , " Even with the Sports School funding it , it 's our taxpayers ' dollars going into her development . It doesn 't matter which avenue it comes from , it 's still Singapore 's support for her . " = = = 2008 Summer Olympics = = = Tao made her Olympic début for Singapore at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , arriving ranked 26th out of 49 butterfly swimmers . On 9 August , the second day of the swimming competition , she qualified fourth fastest for the semifinals of the 100 metres butterfly after winning her heat with a personal best time of 57 @.@ 77 seconds . The following day she made it to the finals , shaving off 0 @.@ 23 seconds for another personal best time and new Asian record of 57 @.@ 54 seconds . She came fourth behind her role model , Australian swimmer Lisbeth Trickett , and the USA 's Christine Magnuson and Australia 's Jessicah Schipper . She thus set two Asian records and the national record for the event , and became the eighth fastest butterfly swimmer in the world and first Singaporean swimmer to enter an Olympic final . On 11 August , she came fifth at the 100 metres butterfly finals with a time of 57 @.@ 99 seconds . The top three spots were taken by Trickett ( 56 @.@ 73 seconds ) , Magnuson ( 57 @.@ 10 seconds ) and Schipper ( 57 @.@ 25 seconds ) . Asked by The Straits Times about her performance , Tao said , " If I have given another personal best , it would not have gotten me a medal . The top three winners were just too good . I wanted to do my best and I pushed all the way and hoped for the best . " Given Tao 's age compared to those of the medallists , there are hopes that she will be able to improve her performance at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . On 12 August , Tao swam in the second heat of the 200 metres butterfly . She finished fifth ( 26th in a field of 34 ) and thus did not proceed to the semi @-@ finals , but her time of 2 minutes 12 @.@ 63 seconds was a new national record . Discussions have begun regarding plans for her future development . The Singapore Sports Council 's high performance chief Wayde Clews has said : " Money will not be a prohibitive factor in providing the support and necessary resources for Tao Li to reach her full potential ... with the 2012 Olympics as the target . " As Tao needs to gain more high @-@ level competing experience , there is also the issue of whether she should continue training in Singapore or head overseas , particularly to Australia or the US . = = = Events between 2008 and 2012 = = = On 1 November 2008 at the FINA / Arena Swimming World Cup in Singapore , Tao achieved gold in the 100 metres short @-@ course ( 25 metres ) butterfly , and the following evening a bronze in the 50 metres butterfly in a personal @-@ best time of 25 @.@ 93 seconds . She repeated her feat in the 100 metres butterfly at the Stockholm leg of the competition on 11 November , and in Berlin on 15 November when she set a competition record with a time of 56 @.@ 28 seconds . Tao was named the inaugural The Straits Times Athlete of the Year 2008 , and came second in Today newspaper 's 2008 list of athletes of the year . Tao participated in the 25th Southeast Asian Games in Vientiane , Laos . On 10 December 2009 , she took the gold in the 200 metres backstroke in a time of 2 minutes 17 @.@ 12 seconds . Three days later , she was part of the winning 4 x 100 metres medley relay team with Roanne Ho , Shana Lim and Quah Ting Wen , and on 14 December she broke her own 2005 Games record in the 200 metres butterfly in a time of 2 minutes 13 @.@ 49 seconds . As she chalked up five wins , including the 100 metres backstroke and butterfly events , these were her most successful Games to date . On 18 November 2010 , Tao won Singapore 's first gold medal at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou , China , in the 50 metres butterfly . Her time of 26 @.@ 10 seconds was a personal best as well as a national record . She had achieved silver in the 100 metres butterfly on 13 November . = = = 2012 Summer Olympics = = = Tao competed for Singapore at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . In the women 's 100 metres butterfly she reached the semifinals held on 28 July , but with a time of 58 @.@ 18 seconds did not do well enough to join the eight swimmers who advanced to the finals with times below 58 seconds . The next day , in the women 's 100 metres backstroke , she bettered her national record with a time of 1 minute 1 @.@ 6 seconds but did not advance beyond the heats , ranking only 26th out of 45 swimmers . = = Medals = = = = National records = = As of 30 July 2012 , Tao was the holder of the following Singapore records : = = = Open = = = Some of the above information was obtained from Singapore national records ( long @-@ course metres ) , Singapore Swimming Association , 8 June 2008 , archived from the original on 22 August 2008 , retrieved 11 August 2008 . = = = Under 17 years of age = = = The above information was obtained from Singapore national records ( long @-@ course metres ) , Singapore Swimming Association , 6 June 2008 , archived from the original on 2 August 2008 , retrieved 11 August 2008 .
= Harvey Littleton = Harvey Littleton ( June 14 , 1922 – December 13 , 2013 ) was an American glass artist and educator . Born in Corning , New York , he grew up in the shadow of Corning Glassworks , where his father headed Research and Development during the 1930s . Expected by his father to enter the field of physics , Littleton instead chose a career in art , gaining recognition first as a ceramist and later as a glassblower and sculptor in glass . In the latter capacity he was very influential , organizing the first glassblowing seminar aimed at the studio artist in 1962 , on the grounds of the Toledo Museum of Art . His aim was to take the manufacture of glass out of its industrial setting and put it within the reach of the studio artist . In his role as an educator , Littleton was an " ... outspoken and eloquent advocate of university education in the arts . " He organized the first hot glass program at an American university ( the University of Wisconsin – Madison ) and promoted the idea of glass as a course of study in university art departments in the Midwest and northeastern United States . Several of Littleton 's students went on to disseminate the study of glass art throughout the U.S. , including Marvin Lipofsky , who started a glass program at the University of California at Berkeley and Dale Chihuly , who developed the glass program at the Rhode Island School of Design and later was a founder of Pilchuck Glass School in Stanwood , Washington . Littleton retired from teaching in 1976 to focus on his own art . Exploring the inherent qualities of the medium , he worked in series with simple forms to draw attention to the complex interplay of transparent glass with multiple overlays of thin color . = = Early life = = Harvey Kline Littleton was born in Corning , New York where his father , Dr. Jesse T. Littleton , Jr . , was Director of Research for Corning Glass Works . A physicist , Dr. Littleton is remembered today as the developer of Pyrex glassware . Harvey Littleton 's introduction to the world of glass began when he was six . On Saturdays his father would take Harvey off his mother 's hands for a few hours by bringing him to the laboratory . There he was turned over to the laboratory stockman who entertained him or , at least , kept the little boy out of trouble . At home , the properties of glass and its manufacture were frequent topics at the family dinner @-@ table . Dr. Littleton was fascinated by glass and believed that the material had almost unlimited uses . = = Education = = When he was eighteen , Harvey Littleton enrolled at the University of Michigan to study physics . His choice of major was influenced by his father , who wanted one of his children to follow him in his profession ( Littleton ’ s two elder brothers chose medicine and business as careers ; his sister was an industrial psychologist ) . According to Littleton , " I always thought I would be a physicist like my father " . Littleton 's interest in art began in high school , where he took life drawing and sculpture classes . He also took a sculpture class during his freshman year at the University of Michigan . His growing preference for art eventually proved stronger than his respect for his father 's wishes . After three semesters of physics he transferred to Cranbrook Academy of Art for its 1941 spring semester . There he studied under sculptor Marshall Fredericks and worked part @-@ time as a studio assistant to Carl Milles . Dr. Littleton was not pleased by his son 's decision . Littleton enlisted his elder sister Martha 's aid in pleading his case to their father , and a compromise was reached . Littleton would return to the University of Michigan that fall , but not to physics . The study of fine art was not part of the compromise ; instead , Littleton agreed to major in industrial design . During summer break in 1942 Littleton worked as a mold maker at Corning Glass Works in the Vycor multiform project laboratory . There he cast his first work in glass , an academic torso , in white Vycor . That fall Littleton was forced to delay his education for three years when he was drafted into the U.S. Army Signal Corps . He served in North Africa and Italy and , near the end of the war , received a commendation for his work in encoding . In early 1946 he was in England , waiting his turn to be shipped home . To fill the time he attended classes at the Brighton School of Art , where he modeled and fired a small clay torso that he carried home in his barracks bag . Once back in Corning , New York , Littleton cast the torso , again in Vycor , as a small edition . He finished his degree in industrial design in 1947 at the University of Michigan . With his father 's encouragement Littleton submitted a proposal to Corning to create a workshop within the factory to research the aesthetic properties of industrial glass . The proposal was rejected and instead Littleton and two friends , Bill Lewis and Aare Lahti , opened a design studio in Ann Arbor . = = As a ceramist = = In 1949 Littleton enrolled as a graduate student in ceramics at Cranbrook Academy of Art . That same year , he accepted a position teaching ceramics at the Toledo Museum of Art School of Design commuting between Toledo , Ohio and Bloomfield Hills weekly . For that portion of the week that Littleton was in Toledo , he stayed at the apartment of artist Hal Lotterman . There , at one of Lotterman 's Wednesday night poker games , Littleton met Dominick Labino , who would be important to the success of Littleton 's first glass workshop a dozen years later . Littleton 's production as a potter focused on functional stoneware that he sold in Chicago @-@ area art fairs and in galleries from Chicago to New York City . His work was included in group shows in the United States , including " Designer Craftsmen U.S.A. , " sponsored by the American Craft Council in 1953 and the Ceramic National exhibition at the Syracuse Museum of Art in 1954 . His pottery gained international exposure in 1956 at the First International Exposition of Ceramics in Cannes , France . While heading up the ceramics department at the University of Wisconsin , Madison , he designed a manually operated wheel called the " Littleton Kick Wheel " . These wheels were used by students in the ceramics lab at the UWM . = = Research = = After earning his master 's degree in ceramics , Littleton began teaching at the University of Wisconsin – Madison in 1951 . In 1957 a university research grant allowed him to visit Europe , where he studied the influence of Islamic culture on contemporary Spanish pottery . However , he first stopped in Paris to visit Jean Sala , who had been recommended to Littleton as an artist who worked alone in glass . After four and a half months of research in Spain , Littleton visited the site of his war @-@ time service in Naples . He was surprised to find seven small glass factories there . On a later visit to the island of Murano , he visited more than fifty glass factories . He was fascinated by the little demonstration furnaces that some of the factories placed outside their walls . The furnaces would be staffed by a couple of the factory 's glassblowers , who would perform their craft for tourists . Prior to this Littleton believed that glass could only be made in an industrial setting , by a team of workers . His Murano experience convinced him that a single artist could melt and work glass in a private studio . Upon his return to his Verona , Wisconsin studio Littleton began melting small batches of glass in his ceramics kiln , using hand @-@ thrown stoneware bowls as crucibles . As a result of these experiments , the American Craft Council asked him to chair a panel on glass at its Third National Conference in 1958 . The panelists were glass artists and designers Michael and Frances Higgins and Earl McCutchen , who worked in laminated glass at the University of Georgia . Paul Perrot , director of the Corning Museum of Glass , was the fifth panelist . By the time the American Craft Council convened its fourth conference in 1961 , Littleton not only presented a paper on his own work in glass but also exhibited a sculpture made of three faceted pieces of cullet that he had melted , formed and carved in the previous year . After the conference , Littleton began applying for grants to get his vision of a hot glass studio program off the ground . = = 1962 glass workshop = = In March 1962 , Otto Wittmann , director of the Toledo Museum of Art , offered Littleton the use of a storage shed on the grounds of the museum for a one @-@ week glassblowing workshop . According to former student and Littleton biographer Joan Falconer Byrd , " Littleton brought a small pot furnace he had built at his farm and hooked it up in the museum garage with the help of Norm Schulman , pottery instructor at the museum school . Dominick Labino , then director of research for Johns Manville Corporation ... volunteered a low @-@ melting glass formula . " Because of a misreading of Labino 's formula , the first batch of glass was ruined . Labino himself oversaw the conversion of the pot furnace into a day tank , supplying it with low @-@ melting @-@ point glass marbles he had developed for use in the production of fiberglass . This glass proved easy to work for glass blowing , and the workshop participants experimented with it in shifts for the remainder of the week . On the final day of the workshop , Harvey Leafgreen , a retired glassblower from the Libbey glass plant in Toledo , presented an unexpected two @-@ hour demonstration of the craft . The ten attendees at the March 1962 Toledo workshop included Littleton , Dominick Labino , Norm Schulman , Tom McGlauchlin from the University of Iowa , Karl Martz from Indiana University , John Stephenson from the University of Michigan , William Pitney from Wayne State University , Clayton Bailey , Littleton 's Graduate Assistant from the University of Wisconsin , artist Dora Reynolds and Edith Franklin , one of Schulman 's ceramics students at the Toledo Museum of Art . A second , better advertised Toledo workshop that attracted more participants was held that June . Littleton , Labino , Leafgreen and Schulman shared teaching duties at the second workshop . = = Glass at the University of Wisconsin = = In the summer of 1962 Littleton once again traveled to Europe , this time to research how glass was taught in universities there . He found nothing that he could bring back to the U.S. to help him educate art students at the University of Wisconsin . At that time , European glass programs were geared solely toward industrial production . Students were not taught hands @-@ on techniques with the material ; the craft of working with hot glass was still taught at the factories , under the apprenticeship system . What Littleton did find in Europe was a kindred spirit in glass art , the German Erwin Eisch , who is recognized today as a founder of European studio glass . Eisch had set up a small work area in his family ’ s glass factory in Frauenau for the production of his own glass art . Trained as a fine artist in the academies of Germany , he was largely self @-@ taught as a glass blower and at the time produced his work with the help of the factory ’ s craftsmen . Through the fall 1962 and spring 1963 semesters , Littleton taught glass in a garage at his Verona farm to six students under an independent study program . By the following year he had secured University of Wisconsin funding to rent and equip an off @-@ campus glass department in Madison . Through the University ’ s glass program , Littleton would train many prominent glass artists , including Bill Boysen , Dale Chihuly , Marvin Lipofsky , Fritz Dreisbach , Sam Herman , Tom McGlauchlin , Christopher Ries , Michael Taylor and Kent Ipsen . With the launching of the first college glass department Littleton said that he " ... became a kind of evangelist for the medium . " He gave lectures at university art departments throughout the midwest and northeast United States about the potential of glass as a medium for the studio artist . Littleton served as the chairman of the University of Wisconsin art department from 1964 – 1967 and from 1969 – 1971 . He retired from teaching in 1976 , and in 1977 was named professor emeritus . It was around this time that Littleton , in addition to his work in glass , began to develop the technique of vitreography — printmaking using glass plates . = = " Technique is cheap " = = In 1972 Littleton was at the Seventh National Sculpture Conference in Lawrence , Kansas when he uttered the words , " Technique is cheap . " The statement touched off a debate that still finds currency among glass artists : Should technique , or content , take precedence in glass art ? This was a question that Littleton had evidently been thinking about for some time . In his 1971 book , Glassblowing : A Search for Form , he wrote : " The method used by the contemporary artist is a constant probing and questioning of the standards of the past and the definitions of the present to find an opening for new form statements in the material and process . It is even said that this search is an end in itself . Although knowledge of chemistry or physics as they apply to glass will broaden the artist ’ s possibilities , it cannot create them . Tools can be made , furnaces and annealing ovens can be built cheaply . But it is through the insatiable , adventurous urge of the artist to discover the essence of glass that his own means of expression will emerge . " The offhand phrase " technique is cheap " soon took on a life of its own . For some it was a rallying cry to discover the inherent possibilities of a " new " medium for the artist ; for others the statement expressed nothing more than arrogant disdain for the timeless value of craftsmanship . In a 2001 interview for the Smithsonian ’ s Archives of American Art , Littleton commented on what he termed the " misinterpretation " of the phrase : " All I meant by that is that technique is available to everybody , that you can read technique , if you have any background . Technique in and of itself is nothing . But technique in the hands of a strong , creative person , like Voulkos or Dante Marioni , takes on another dimension . " Behind this point is another , as expressed by writer and curator William Warmus : " It might even be argued that Littleton sought long @-@ term to put the artist back in control of the factory , even as he sought to put the furnace into the artist ’ s studio . " For Littleton , the epitome of technique vs. content was to be found in factory @-@ made art glass , where the division of labor was inflexible . Traditionally the art glass designer was a draftsman who made a conceptual drawing for a glass object , and then passed it along to industry craftsmen for execution . According to Littleton , the factory designer “ ... is frustrated by the peculiar misplacement of his skill , and his inclusion in a process where little experimentation or interference is permitted . As for the factory craftsman , his training under the apprenticeship system " limited him to one phase in the production of glass . This training could not prepare anyone to function as an independent artist , but only to serve as a cog in the industrial machinery . " = = Work in glass = = In 1962 Littleton ’ s first pieces in blown glass were , like his earlier works in pottery , functional forms : vases , bowls and paperweights . His breakthrough to non @-@ functional form came in 1963 when , with no purpose in mind , he remelted and finished a glass piece that he had earlier smashed in a fit of pique . The object lay in his studio for several weeks before he decided to grind the bottom . As Littleton recounts in his book Glassblowing : A Search for Form , he brought the object into the house where " it aroused such antipathy in my wife that I looked at it much more closely , finally deciding to send it to an exhibition . Its refusal there made me even more obstinate , and I took it to New York ... I later showed it to the curators of design at the Museum of Modern Art . They , perhaps relating it to some other neo @-@ Dada work in the museum , purchased it for the Design Collection . " This led to Littleton ’ s mid @-@ 1960s series of broken @-@ open forms , and " Prunted , " " Imploded " and " Exploded " forms . These sculptures , especially the " Prunted , " or " Anthropomorpic , " forms were influenced by Littleton ’ s colleague Erwin Eisch , who visited and worked with Littleton in his Wisconsin studio for a month in late 1967 . Several weeks after Eisch ’ s departure , Littleton realized that he had unconsciously adopted his friend 's strongly personal figural style in his own work . Littleton reacted to this discovery by turning to simple , clean shapes in 1968 , forming tubes , rods and columns of glass that he cut and grouped together on bases of plate glass or steel . Allowing the pull of gravity to stretch and bend hot glass while on the blowpipe or punty led Littleton to his " Folded Forms " and " Loops " series , which continued until 1979 . His " Eye " forms , also from the 1970s , take the form of concentric cups of various colors in diminishing sizes that nestle one inside the next . Littleton explored cutting and slumping industrial glass , including plate and optic glass , beginning in 1970 . In sculptures such as Do Not Spindle and Distortion Box , slumped squares of glass are transfixed by a brass rod . In Rock Around the Clock , a bent piece of optic glass bar from Corning Glass Works in Danville , Virginia , can be set rocking on its bronze plate glass base with a touch of the hand . Littleton incorporated optical lens blanks manufactured by Corning with his own hot @-@ worked glass . In each case he sandblasted and cut the optical disc draping , and in one case piercing , the disc with fluid , cased glass forms . These were followed , in 1978 , by Littleton ’ s Solid Geometry series , in which heavy cased glass forms were cut into trapezoidal , spheroid and ovoid shapes and highly polished . Perhaps Littleton ’ s best known body of work is his " Topological Geometry " group of series , made between 1983 and 1989 . Included under this heading are his signature " Arc " forms and " Crowns , " as well as his late " Lyrical Movement " and " Implied Movement " sculptural groups . In 1989 chronic back problems forced Littleton to retire from working in hot glass . = = Public collections = = Littleton 's artwork is in the collections of museums worldwide , including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York City ; Corning Museum of Glass , Detroit Institute of Arts , Indianapolis Museum of Art , Los Angeles County Museum of Art , Milwaukee Art Museum , Museum of Arts & Design , Museum of Fine Arts , Houston , Smithsonian Institution and the Toledo Museum of Art , among numerous others . Overseas his work is in Glasmuseet Ebeltoft in Denmark ; Museum Bellrive in Zürich , Switzerland ; Museum Boijmans van Beuningen in Rotterdam , Holland ; National Museum of Modern Art , Kyoto in Japan ; Hokkaido Museum of Modern Art in Sapporo , Japan ; the Victoria and Albert Museum in London ; Glasmuseum Frauenau ( Sammlung Wolfgang Kermer ) and the Decorative Arts Museums in Frankfurt , Hamburg , Prague and Vienna . = = Personal = = Littleton was married to Bess Tamura Littleton in 1947 . She predeceased him on October 8 , 2009 . The couple had four children : Carol L. Shay , Thomas Littleton , Maurine Littleton and John Littleton . All work in the field of glass art . Carol L. Shay is the curator at Littleton Studios ; Tom Littleton owns and manages Spruce Pine Batch Company , which supplies batch ( the dry ingredients of which glass is made ) to artists and art departments around the U.S. ; Maurine Littleton is the owner and director of Maurine Littleton Gallery which specializes in glass art , in Washington , DC . With his wife and collaborative partner , Kate Vogel , John Littleton is a glass artist in Bakersville , North Carolina . Harvey Littleton died on December 13 , 2013 , aged 91 at his home in Spruce Pine , North Carolina .
= Little owl = The little owl ( Athene noctua ) is a bird that inhabits much of the temperate and warmer parts of Europe , Asia east to Korea , and north Africa . It was introduced into Britain at the end of the nineteenth century and into the South Island of New Zealand in the early twentieth century . This owl is a member of the typical or true owl family , Strigidae , which contains most species of owl , the other grouping being the barn owls , Tytonidae . It is a small , cryptically coloured , mainly nocturnal species and is found in a range of habitats including farmland , woodland fringes , steppes and semi @-@ deserts . It feeds on insects , earthworms , other invertebrates and small vertebrates . Males hold territories which they defend against intruders . This owl is a cavity nester and a clutch of about four eggs is laid in spring . The female does the incubation and the male brings food to the nest , first for the female and later for the newly hatched young . As the chicks grow , both parents hunt and bring them food , and the chicks leave the nest at about seven weeks of age . Being a common species with a wide range and large total population , the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as " least concern " . = = Description = = The little owl is a small owl with a flat @-@ topped head , a plump , compact body and a short tail . The facial disc is flattened above the eyes giving the bird a frowning expression . The plumage is greyish @-@ brown , spotted , streaked and barred with white . The underparts are pale and streaked with darker colour . It is usually 22 centimetres ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) in length with a wingspan of 56 centimetres ( 22 in ) for both sexes , and weighs about 180 grams ( 6 @.@ 3 oz ) . The adult little owl of the most widespread form , the nominate A. n. noctua , is white @-@ speckled brown above , and brown @-@ streaked white below . It has a large head , long legs , and yellow eyes , and its white “ eyebrows ” give it a stern expression . Juveniles are duller , and lack the adult 's white crown spots . This species has a bounding flight like a woodpecker but the rounded wingtips and general appearance of the birds are quite different . The call is a querulous kiew , kiew . Less frequently , various whistling or trilling calls are uttered . In the breeding season , other more modulated calls are made , and a pair may call in duet . Various yelping , chattering or barking sounds are made in the vicinity of the nest . = = Distribution and habitat = = The distribution is widespread across Europe , Asia and North Africa . Its range in Eurasia extends from the Iberian Peninsula and Denmark eastwards to China and southwards to the Himalayas . In Africa it is present from Mauritania to Egypt , the Red Sea and Arabia . The bird has been introduced to New Zealand , and to the United Kingdom , where it has spread across much of England and the whole of Wales . This is a sedentary species which is found in open countryside in a great range of habitats . These include agricultural land with hedgerows and trees , orchards , woodland verges , parks and gardens , as well as steppes and stony semi @-@ deserts . It is also present in treeless areas such as dunes , and in the vicinity of ruins , quarries and rocky outcrops . It sometimes ventures into villages and suburbs . In the United Kingdom it is chiefly a bird of the lowlands , and usually occurs below 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) . In continental Europe and Asia it may be found at much higher elevations ; one individual was recorded from 3 @,@ 600 m ( 12 @,@ 000 ft ) in Tibet . = = Behaviour and ecology = = The owl usually perches in an elevated position ready to swoop down on any small creature it notices . It feeds on prey such as insects and earthworms , as well as small vertebrates including amphibians , reptiles , birds and mammals . It may pursue prey on the ground and it caches surplus food in holes or other hiding places . A study of the pellets of indigestible material that the birds regurgitate found mammals formed 20 to 50 % of the diet and insects 24 to 49 % . Mammals taken included mice , rats , voles , shrews , moles and rabbits . The birds were mostly taken during the breeding season and were often fledglings , and including the chicks of game birds . The insects included Diptera , Dermaptera , Coleoptera , Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera . Some vegetable matter ( up to 5 % ) was included in the diet and may have been ingested accidentally . The little owl is territorial , the male normally remaining in one territory for life . However the boundaries may expand and contract , being largest in the courtship season in spring . The home range , in which the bird actually hunts for food , varies with the type of habitat and time of year . If a male intrudes into the territory of another , the occupier approaches and emits its territorial calls . If the intruder persists , the occupier flies at him aggressively . If this is unsuccessful , the occupier repeats the attack , this time trying to make contact with his claws . In retreat , an owl often drops to the ground and makes a low @-@ level escape . The territory is more actively defended against a strange male as compared to a known male from a neighbouring territory ; it has been shown that the little owl can recognise familiar birds by voice . This owl becomes more vocal at night as the breeding season approaches in late spring . The nesting location varies with habitat , nests being found in holes in trees , in cliffs , quarries , walls , old buildings , river banks and rabbit burrows . A clutch of three to five eggs is laid ( occasionally two to eight ) . The eggs are broadly elliptical , white and without gloss ; they measure about 35 @.@ 5 by 29 @.@ 5 mm ( 1 @.@ 40 by 1 @.@ 16 in ) . They are incubated by the female who sometimes starts sitting after the first egg is laid . While she is incubating the eggs , the male brings food for her . The eggs hatch after twenty @-@ eight or twenty @-@ nine days . At first the chicks are brooded by the female and the male brings in food which she distributes to them . Later , both parents are involved in hunting and feeding them . The young leave the nest at about seven weeks , and can fly a week or two later . Usually there is a single brood but when food is abundant , there may be two . When the young disperse , they seldom travel more than about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) . Pairs of birds often remain together all year round and the bond may last until one partner dies . The little owl is partly diurnal and often perches boldly and prominently during the day . If living in an area with a large amount of human activity , little owls may grow used to humans and will remain on their perch , often in full view , while people are around . The little owl has a life expectancy of about sixteen years . However , many birds do not reach maturity ; severe winters can take their toll and some birds are killed by road vehicles at night , so the average lifespan may be in the order of three years . = = Status = = A. noctua has an extremely large range . It has been estimated that there are between 560 thousand and 1 @.@ 3 million breeding pairs in Europe , and as Europe equates to 25 to 49 % of the global range , the world population may be between five million and fifteen million birds . The population is believed to be stable , and for these reasons , the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the bird 's conservation status as being of " least concern " . = = In human culture = = Owls have often been depicted from the Upper Palaeolithic onwards , in forms from statuettes and drawings to pottery and wooden posts , but in the main they are generic rather than identifiable to species . The little owl is , however , closely associated with the Greek goddess Athena and the Roman goddess Minerva , and hence represents wisdom and knowledge . A little owl with an olive branch appears on a Greek tetradrachm coin from 500 B.C. and in a 5th @-@ century B.C. bronze statue of Athena holding the bird in her hand . The call of a little owl was thought to have heralded the murder of Julius Caesar . The genus name , Athene commemorates the goddess , whose original role as a goddess of the night might explain the link to an owl . The species name noctua has , in effect , the same meaning , being the Latin name of an owl sacred to Minerva , Athena 's Roman counterpart . In 1992 , the little owl appeared as a watermark on Jaap Drupsteen ’ s 100 guilder banknote for the Netherlands .
= Henry I of England = Henry I ( c . 1068 – 1 December 1135 ) , also known as Henry Beauclerc , was King of England from 1100 to his death . Henry was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts . On William 's death in 1087 , Henry 's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England , respectively , but Henry was left landless . Henry purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert , but William and Robert deposed him in 1091 . Henry gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William against Robert . Henry was present when William died in a hunting accident in 1100 , and he seized the English throne , promising at his coronation to correct many of William 's less popular policies . Henry married Matilda of Scotland but continued to have a large number of mistresses , by whom he had many illegitimate children . Robert , who invaded in 1101 , disputed Henry 's control of England ; this military campaign ended in a negotiated settlement that confirmed Henry as king . The peace was short @-@ lived , and Henry invaded the Duchy of Normandy in 1105 and 1106 , finally defeating Robert at the Battle of Tinchebray . Henry kept Robert imprisoned for the rest of his life . Henry 's control of Normandy was challenged by Louis VI of France , Baldwin of Flanders and Fulk of Anjou , who promoted the rival claims of Robert 's son , William Clito , and supported a major rebellion in the Duchy between 1116 and 1119 . Following Henry 's victory at the Battle of Brémule , a favourable peace settlement was agreed with Louis in 1120 . Considered by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective ruler , Henry skilfully manipulated the barons in England and Normandy . In England , he drew on the existing Anglo @-@ Saxon system of justice , local government and taxation , but also strengthened it with additional institutions , including the royal exchequer and itinerant justices . Normandy was also governed through a growing system of justices and an exchequer . Many of the officials who ran Henry 's system were " new men " of obscure backgrounds rather than from families of high status , who rose through the ranks as administrators . Henry encouraged ecclesiastical reform , but became embroiled in a serious dispute in 1101 with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury , which was resolved through a compromise solution in 1105 . He supported the Cluniac order and played a major role in the selection of the senior clergy in England and Normandy . Henry 's only legitimate son and heir , William Adelin , drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120 , throwing the royal succession into doubt . Henry took a second wife , Adeliza , in the hope of having another son , but their marriage was childless . In response to this , Henry declared his daughter , Matilda , his heir and married her to Geoffrey of Anjou . The relationship between Henry and the couple became strained , and fighting broke out along the border with Anjou . Henry died on 1 December 1135 after a week of illness . Despite his plans for Matilda , the King was succeeded by his nephew , Stephen of Blois , resulting in a period of civil war known as the Anarchy . = = Early life , 1068 – 1099 = = = = = Childhood and appearance , 1068 – 86 = = = Henry was probably born in England in 1068 , in either the summer or the last weeks of the year , possibly in the town of Selby in Yorkshire . His father was William , who had originally been the Duke of Normandy and then , following the invasion of 1066 , became the King of England , with lands stretching into Wales . The invasion had created an Anglo @-@ Norman elite , many with estates spread across both sides of the English Channel . These Anglo @-@ Norman barons typically had close links to the kingdom of France , which was then a loose collection of counties and smaller polities , under only the minimal control of the king . Henry 's mother , Matilda of Flanders , was the granddaughter of Robert II of France , and she probably named Henry after her uncle , King Henry I of France . Henry was the youngest of William and Matilda 's four sons . Physically he resembled his older brothers Robert Curthose , Richard and William Rufus , being , as historian David Carpenter describes , " short , stocky and barrel @-@ chested , " with black hair . As a result of their age differences and Richard 's early death , Henry would have probably seen relatively little of his older brothers . He probably knew his sister , Adela , well , as the two were close in age . There is little documentary evidence for his early years ; historians Warren Hollister and Kathleen Thompson suggest he was brought up predominantly in England , while Judith Green argues he was initially brought up in the Duchy . He was probably educated by the Church , possibly by Bishop Osmund , the King 's chancellor , at Salisbury Cathedral ; it is uncertain if this indicated an intent by his parents for Henry to become a member of the clergy . It is also uncertain how far Henry 's education extended , but he was probably able to read Latin and had some background in the liberal arts . He was given military training by an instructor called Robert Achard , and Henry was knighted by his father on 24 May 1086 . = = = Inheritance , 1087 – 88 = = = In 1087 , William was fatally injured during a campaign in the Vexin . Henry joined his dying father near Rouen in September , where the King partitioned his possessions among his sons . The rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain ; in some parts of France , primogeniture , in which the eldest son would inherit a title , was growing in popularity . In other parts of Europe , including Normandy and England , the tradition was for lands to be divided up , with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands – usually considered to be the most valuable – and younger sons given smaller , or more recently acquired , partitions or estates . In dividing his lands , William appears to have followed the Norman tradition , distinguishing between Normandy , which he had inherited , and England , which he had acquired through war . William 's second son , Richard , had died in a hunting accident , leaving Henry and his two brothers to inherit William 's estate . Robert , the eldest , despite being in armed rebellion against his father at the time of his death , received Normandy . England was given to William Rufus , who was in favour with the dying king . Henry was given a large sum of money , usually reported as £ 5 @,@ 000 , with the expectation that he would also be given his mother 's modest set of lands in Buckinghamshire and Gloucestershire . William 's funeral at Caen was marred by angry complaints from a local man , and Henry may have been responsible for resolving the dispute by buying off the protester with silver . Robert returned to Normandy , expecting to have been given both the Duchy and England , to find that William Rufus had crossed the Channel and been crowned king , as William II . The two brothers disagreed fundamentally over the inheritance , and Robert soon began to plan an invasion of England to seize the kingdom , helped by a rebellion by some of the leading nobles against William Rufus . Henry remained in Normandy and took up a role within Robert 's court , possibly either because he was unwilling to openly side with William Rufus , or because Robert might have taken the opportunity to confiscate Henry 's inherited money if he had tried to leave . William Rufus sequestered Henry 's new estates in England , leaving Henry landless . In 1088 , Robert 's plans for the invasion of England began to falter , and he turned to Henry , proposing that his brother lend him some of his inheritance , which Henry refused . Henry and Robert then came to an alternative arrangement , in which Robert would make Henry the count of western Normandy , in exchange for £ 3 @,@ 000 . Henry 's lands were a new countship based around a delegation of the ducal authority in the Cotentin , but it extended across the Avranchin , with control over the bishoprics of both . This also gave Henry influence over two major Norman leaders , Hugh d 'Avranches and Richard de Redvers , and the abbey of Mont Saint @-@ Michel , whose lands spread out further across the Duchy . Robert 's invasion force failed to leave Normandy , leaving William Rufus secure in England . = = = Count of the Cotentin , 1088 – 90 = = = Henry quickly established himself as count , building up a network of followers from western Normandy and eastern Brittany , whom historian John Le Patourel has characterised as " Henry 's gang " . His early supporters included Roger of Mandeville , Richard of Redvers , Richard d 'Avranches and Robert Fitzhamon , along with the churchman Roger of Salisbury . Robert attempted to go back on his deal with Henry and re @-@ appropriate the county , but Henry 's grip was already sufficiently firm to prevent this . Robert 's rule of the Duchy was chaotic , and parts of Henry 's lands became almost independent of central control from Rouen . During this period , neither William nor Robert seems to have trusted Henry . Waiting until the rebellion against William Rufus was safely over , Henry returned to England in July 1088 . He met with the King but was unable to persuade him to grant him his mother 's estates , and travelled back to Normandy in the autumn . While he had been away , however , Odo , the Bishop of Bayeux , who regarded Henry as a potential competitor , had convinced Robert that Henry was conspiring against the duke with William Rufus . On landing , Odo seized Henry and imprisoned him in Neuilly @-@ la @-@ Forêt , and Robert took back the county of the Cotentin . Henry was held there over the winter , but in the spring of 1089 the senior elements of the Normandy nobility prevailed upon Robert to release him . Although no longer formally the Count of Cotentin , Henry continued to control the west of Normandy . The struggle between Henry 's brothers continued . William Rufus continued to put down resistance to his rule in England , but began to build a number of alliances against Robert with barons in Normandy and neighbouring Ponthieu . Robert allied himself with Philip I of France . In late 1090 William Rufus encouraged Conan Pilatus , a powerful burgher in Rouen , to rebel against Robert ; Conan was supported by most of Rouen and made appeals to the neighbouring ducal garrisons to switch allegiance as well . Robert issued an appeal for help to his barons , and Henry was the first to arrive in Rouen in November . Violence broke out , leading to savage , confused street fighting as both sides attempted to take control of the city . Robert and Henry left the castle to join the battle , but Robert then retreated , leaving Henry to continue the fighting . The battle turned in favour of the ducal forces and Henry took Conan prisoner . Henry was angry that Conan had turned against his feudal lord . He had him taken to the top of Rouen Castle and then , despite Conan 's offers to pay a huge ransom , threw him off the top of the castle to his death . Contemporaries considered Henry to have acted appropriately in making an example of Conan , and Henry became famous for his exploits in the battle . = = = Fall and rise , 1091 – 99 = = = In the aftermath , Robert forced Henry to leave Rouen , probably because Henry 's role in the fighting had been more prominent than his own , and possibly because Henry had asked to be formally reinstated as the count of the Cotentin . In early 1091 , William Rufus invaded Normandy with a sufficiently large army to bring Robert to the negotiating table . The two brothers signed a treaty at Rouen , granting William Rufus a range of lands and castles in Normandy . In return , William Rufus promised to support Robert 's attempts to regain control of the neighbouring county of Maine , once under Norman control , and help in regaining control over the Duchy , including Henry 's lands . They nominated each other as heirs to England and Normandy , excluding Henry from any succession while either one of them lived . War now broke out between Henry and his brothers . Henry mobilised a mercenary army in the west of Normandy , but as William Rufus and Robert 's forces advanced , his network of baronial support melted away . Henry focused his remaining forces at Mont Saint @-@ Michel , where he was besieged , probably in March 1091 . The site was easy to defend , but lacked fresh water . The chronicler William of Malmesbury suggested that when Henry 's water ran short , Robert allowed his brother fresh supplies , leading to remonstrations between Robert and William Rufus . The events of the final days of the siege are unclear : the besiegers had begun to argue about the future strategy for the campaign , but Henry then abandoned Mont Saint @-@ Michel , probably as part of a negotiated surrender . He left for Brittany and crossed over into France . Henry 's next steps are not well documented ; one chronicler , Orderic Vitalis , suggests that he travelled in the French Vexin , along the Normandy border , for over a year with a small band of followers . By the end of the year , Robert and William Rufus had fallen out once again , and the Treaty of Rouen had been abandoned . In 1092 , Henry and his followers seized the Normandy town of Domfront . Domfront had previously been controlled by Robert of Bellême , but the inhabitants disliked his rule and invited Henry to take over the town , which he did in a bloodless coup . Over the next two years , Henry re @-@ established his network of supporters across western Normandy , forming what Judith Green terms a " court in waiting " . By 1094 , he was allocating lands and castles to his followers as if he were the Duke of Normandy . William Rufus began to support Henry with money , encouraging his campaign against Robert , and Henry used some of this to construct a substantial castle at Domfront . William Rufus crossed into Normandy to take the war to Robert in 1094 , and when progress stalled , called upon Henry for assistance . Henry responded , but travelled to London instead of joining the main campaign further east in Normandy , possibly at the request of the King , who in any event abandoned the campaign and returned to England . Over the next few years , Henry appears to have strengthened his power base in western Normandy , visiting England occasionally to attend at William Rufus 's court . In 1095 Pope Urban II called the First Crusade , encouraging knights from across Europe to join . Robert joined the Crusade , borrowing money from William Rufus to do so , and granting the King temporary custody of his part of the Duchy in exchange . The King appeared confident of regaining the remainder of Normandy from Robert , and Henry appeared ever closer to William Rufus , the pair campaigning together in the Norman Vexin between 1097 and 1098 . = = Early reign , 1100 – 06 = = = = = Taking the throne , 1100 = = = Henry became King of England following the death of William Rufus , who had been shot while hunting . On the afternoon of 2 August 1100 , the King had gone hunting in the New Forest , accompanied by a team of huntsmen and a number of the Norman nobility , including Henry . An arrow was fired , possibly by the baron Walter Tirel , which hit and killed William Rufus . Numerous conspiracy theories have been put forward suggesting that the King was killed deliberately ; most modern historians reject these , as hunting was a risky activity , and such accidents were common . Chaos broke out , and Tirel fled the scene for France , either because he had fired the fatal shot , or because he had been incorrectly accused and feared that he would be made a scapegoat for the King 's death . Henry rode to Winchester , where an argument ensued as to who now had the best claim to the throne . William of Breteuil championed the rights of Robert , who was still abroad , returning from the Crusade , and to whom Henry and the barons had given homage in previous years . Henry argued that , unlike Robert , he had been born to a reigning king and queen , thereby giving him a claim under the right of porphyrogeniture . Tempers flared , but Henry , supported by Henry de Beaumont and Robert of Meulan , held sway and persuaded the barons to follow him . He occupied Winchester Castle and seized the royal treasury . Henry was hastily crowned king in Westminster Abbey on 5 August by Maurice , the Bishop of London , as Anselm , the Archbishop of Canterbury , had been exiled by William Rufus , and Thomas , the Archbishop of York , was in the north of England at Ripon . In accordance with English tradition and in a bid to legitimise his rule , Henry issued a coronation charter laying out various commitments . The new king presented himself as having restored order to a trouble @-@ torn country . He announced that he would abandon William Rufus 's policies towards the Church , which had been seen as oppressive by the clergy ; he promised to prevent royal abuses of the barons ' property rights , and assured a return to the gentler customs of Edward the Confessor ; he asserted that he would " establish a firm peace " across England and ordered " that this peace shall henceforth be kept " . In addition to his existing circle of supporters , many of whom were richly rewarded with new lands , Henry quickly co @-@ opted many of the existing administration into his new royal household . William Giffard , William Rufus 's chancellor , was made the Bishop of Winchester , and the prominent sheriffs Urse d 'Abetot , Haimo Dapifer and Robert Fitzhamon continued to play a senior role in government . By contrast , the unpopular Ranulf Flambard , the Bishop of Durham and a key member of the previous regime , was imprisoned in the Tower of London and charged with corruption . The late king had left many church positions unfilled , and Henry set about nominating candidates to these , in an effort to build further support for his new government . The appointments needed to be consecrated , and Henry wrote to Anselm , apologising for having been crowned while the Archbishop was still in France and asking him to return at once . = = = Marriage to Matilda , 1100 = = = On 11 November 1100 Henry married Matilda , the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland . Henry was now around 31 years old , but late marriages for noblemen were not unusual in the 11th century . The pair had probably first met earlier the previous decade , possibly being introduced through Bishop Osmund of Salisbury . Historian Warren Hollister argues that Henry and Matilda were emotionally close , but their union was also certainly politically motivated . Matilda had originally been named Edith , an Anglo @-@ Saxon name , and was a member of the West Saxon royal family , being the niece of Edgar the Ætheling , the great @-@ granddaughter of Edmund Ironside and a descendent of Alfred the Great . For Henry , marrying Matilda gave his reign increased legitimacy , and for Matilda , an ambitious woman , it was an opportunity for high status and power in England . Matilda had been educated in a sequence of convents , however , and may well have taken the vows to formally become a nun , which formed an obstacle to the marriage progressing . She did not wish to be a nun and appealed to Anselm for permission to marry Henry , and the Archbishop established a council at Lambeth Palace to judge the issue . Despite some dissenting voices , the council concluded that although Matilda had lived in a convent , she had not actually become a nun and was therefore free to marry , a judgement that Anselm then affirmed , allowing the marriage to proceed . Matilda proved an effective queen for Henry , acting as a regent in England on occasion , addressing and presiding over councils , and extensively supporting the arts . The couple soon had two children , Matilda , born in 1102 , and William Adelin , born in 1103 ; it is possible that they also had a second son , Richard , who died young . Following the birth of these children , Matilda preferred to remain based in Westminster while Henry travelled across England and Normandy , either for religious reasons or because she enjoyed being involved in the machinery of royal governance . Henry had a considerable sexual appetite and enjoyed a substantial number of sexual partners , resulting in a large number of illegitimate children , at least nine sons and 13 daughters , many of whom he appears to have recognised and supported . It was normal for unmarried Anglo @-@ Norman noblemen to have sexual relations with prostitutes and local women , and kings were also expected to have mistresses . Some of these relationships occurred before Henry was married , but many others took place after his marriage to Matilda . Henry had a wide range of mistresses from a range of backgrounds , and the relationships appear to have been conducted relatively openly . He may have chosen some of his noble mistresses for political purposes , but the evidence to support this theory is limited . = = = Treaty of Alton , 1101 – 02 = = = By early 1101 , Henry 's new regime was established and functioning , but many of the Anglo @-@ Norman elite still supported Robert , or would be prepared to switch sides if Henry 's elder brother appeared likely to gain power in England . In February , Flambard escaped from the Tower of London and crossed the Channel to Normandy , where he injected fresh direction and energy to Robert 's attempts to mobilise an invasion force . By July , Robert had formed an army and a fleet , ready to move against Henry in England . Raising the stakes in the conflict , Henry seized Flambard 's lands and , with the support of Anselm , Flambard was removed from his position as bishop . Henry held court in April and June , where the nobility renewed their oaths of allegiance to him , but their support still appeared partial and shaky . With the invasion imminent , Henry mobilised his forces and fleet outside Pevensey , close to Robert 's anticipated landing site , training some of them personally in how to counter cavalry charges . Despite English levies and knights owing military service to the Church arriving in considerable numbers , many of his barons did not appear . Anselm intervened with some of the doubters , emphasising the religious importance of their loyalty to Henry . Robert unexpectedly landed further up the coast at Portsmouth on 20 July with a modest force of a few hundred men , but these were quickly joined by many of the barons in England . However , instead of marching into nearby Winchester and seizing Henry 's treasury , Robert paused , giving Henry time to march west and intercept the invasion force . The two armies met at Alton where peace negotiations began , possibly initiated by either Henry or Robert , and probably supported by Flambard . The brothers then agreed to the Treaty of Alton , under which Robert released Henry from his oath of homage and recognised him as king ; Henry renounced his claims on western Normandy , except for Domfront , and agreed to pay Robert £ 2 @,@ 000 a year for life ; if either brother died without a male heir , the other would inherit his lands ; the barons whose lands had been seized by either the King or the Duke for supporting his rival would have them returned , and Flambard would be reinstated as bishop ; the two brothers would campaign together to defend their territories in Normandy . Robert remained in England for a few months more with Henry before returning to Normandy . Despite the treaty , Henry set about inflicting severe penalties on the barons who had stood against him during the invasion . William de Warenne , the Earl of Surrey , was accused of fresh crimes , which were not covered by the Alton amnesty , and was banished from England . In 1102 Henry then turned against Robert of Bellême and his brothers , the most powerful of the barons , accusing him of 45 different offences . Robert escaped and took up arms against Henry . Henry besieged Robert 's castles at Arundel , Tickhill and Shrewsbury , pushing down into the south @-@ west to attack Bridgnorth . His power base in England broken , Robert accepted Henry 's offer of banishment and left the country for Normandy . = = = Conquest of Normandy , 1103 – 06 = = = Henry 's network of allies in Normandy became stronger during 1103 . Henry married Juliana , one of his illegitimate daughters , to Eustace of Breteuil , and another illegitimate daughter , Matilda , to Rotrou , the Count of Perche , on the Normandy border . Henry attempted to win over other members of the Normandy nobility and gave other English estates and lucrative offers to key Norman lords . Duke Robert continued to fight Robert of Bellême , but the Duke 's position worsened , until by 1104 , he had to ally himself formally with Bellême to survive . Arguing that Duke Robert had broken the terms of their treaty , Henry crossed over the Channel to Domfront , where he met with senior barons from across Normandy , eager to ally themselves with the King . Henry confronted his brother and accused him of siding with his enemies , before returning to England . Normandy continued to disintegrate into chaos . In 1105 , Henry sent his friend Robert Fitzhamon and a force of knights into the Duchy , apparently to provoke a confrontation with Duke Robert . Fitzhamon was captured , and Henry used this as an excuse to invade , promising to restore peace and order . Henry had the support of most of the neighbouring counts around Normandy 's borders , and King Philip of France was persuaded to remain neutral . Henry occupied western Normandy , and advanced east on Bayeux , where Fitzhamon was held . The city refused to surrender , and Henry besieged it , burning it to the ground . Terrified of meeting the same fate , the town of Caen switched sides and surrendered , allowing Henry to advance on Falaise , which he took with some casualties . Henry 's campaign stalled , and the King instead began peace discussions with Robert . The negotiations were inconclusive and the fighting dragged on until Christmas , when Henry returned to England . Henry invaded again in July 1106 , hoping to provoke a decisive battle . After some initial tactical successes , he turned south @-@ west towards the castle of Tinchebray . He besieged the castle and Duke Robert , supported by Robert of Bellême , advanced from Falaise to relieve it . After attempts at negotiation failed , the Battle of Tinchebray took place , probably on 28 September . The battle lasted around an hour , and began with a charge by Duke Robert 's cavalry ; the infantry and dismounted knights of both sides then joined the battle . Henry 's reserves , led by Elias , the Count of Maine and Alan , the Duke of Brittany , attacked the enemy 's flanks , routing first Bellême 's troops and then the bulk of the ducal forces . Duke Robert was taken prisoner , but Bellême escaped . Henry mopped up the remaining resistance in Normandy , and Robert ordered his last garrisons to surrender . Reaching Rouen , Henry reaffirmed the laws and customs of Normandy and took homage from the leading barons and citizens . The lesser prisoners taken at Tinchebray were released , but Robert and several other leading nobles were imprisoned indefinitely . Henry 's nephew , Robert 's son William Clito , was only three years old and was released to the care of Helias of Saint @-@ Saens , a Norman baron . Henry reconciled himself with Robert of Bellême , who gave up the ducal lands he had seized and rejoined the royal court . Henry had no way of legally removing the Duchy from his brother Robert , and initially Henry avoided using the title " duke " at all , emphasising that , as the King of England , he was only acting as the guardian of the troubled Duchy . = = Government , family and household = = = = = Government , law and court = = = Henry inherited the kingdom of England from William Rufus , giving him a claim of suzerainty over Wales and Scotland , and acquired the Duchy of Normandy , a complex entity with troubled borders . The borders between England and Scotland were still uncertain during Henry 's reign , with Anglo @-@ Norman influence pushing northwards through Cumbria , but Henry 's relationship with King David I of Scotland was generally good , partially due to Henry 's marriage to his sister . In Wales , Henry used his power to coerce and charm the indigenous Welsh princes , while Norman Marcher Lords pushed across the valleys of South Wales . Normandy was controlled via various interlocking networks of ducal , ecclesiastical and family contacts , backed by a growing string of important ducal castles along the borders . Alliances and relationships with neighbouring counties along the Norman border were particularly important to maintaining the stability of the Duchy . Henry ruled through the various barons and lords in England and Normandy , whom he manipulated skilfully for political effect . Political friendships , termed amicitia in Latin , were important during the 12th century , and Henry maintained a wide range of these , mediating between his friends in various factions across his realm when necessary , and rewarding those who were loyal to him . Henry also had a reputation for punishing those barons who stood against him , and he maintained an effective network of informers and spies who reported to him on events . Henry was a harsh , firm ruler , but not excessively so by the standards of the day . Over time , he increased the degree of his control over the barons , removing his enemies and bolstering his friends until the " reconstructed baronage " , as historian Warren Hollister describes it , was predominantly loyal and dependent on the King . Henry 's itinerant royal court comprised various parts . At the heart was Henry 's domestic household , called the domus ; a wider grouping was termed the familia regis , and formal gatherings of the court were termed curia . The domus was divided into several parts . The chapel , headed by the chancellor , looked after the royal documents , the chamber dealt with financial affairs and the master @-@ marshal was responsible for travel and accommodation . The familia regis included Henry 's mounted household troops , up to several hundred strong , who came from a wider range of social backgrounds , and could be deployed across England and Normandy as required . Initially Henry continued his father 's practice of regular crown @-@ wearing ceremonies at his curia , but they became less frequent as the years passed . Henry 's court was grand and ostentatious , financing the construction of large new buildings and castles with a range of precious gifts on display , including the King 's private menagerie of exotic animals , which he kept at Woodstock Palace . Despite being a lively community , Henry 's court was more tightly controlled than those of previous kings . Strict rules controlled personal behaviour and prohibited members of the court from pillaging neighbouring villages , as had been the norm under William Rufus . Henry was responsible for a substantial expansion of the royal justice system . In England , Henry drew on the existing Anglo @-@ Saxon system of justice , local government and taxes , but strengthened it with additional central governmental institutions . Roger of Salisbury began to develop the royal exchequer after 1110 , using it to collect and audit revenues from the King 's sheriffs in the shires . Itinerant justices began to emerge under Henry , travelling around the country managing eyre courts , and many more laws were formally recorded . Henry gathered increasing revenue from the expansion of royal justice , both from fines and from fees . The first Pipe Roll that is known to have survived dates from 1130 , recording royal expenditures . Henry reformed the coinage in 1107 , 1108 and in 1125 , inflicting harsh corporal punishments to English coiners who had been found guilty of debasing the currency . In Normandy , Henry restored law and order after 1106 , operating through a body of Norman justices and an exchequer system similar to that in England . Norman institutions grew in scale and scope under Henry , although less quickly than in England . Many of the officials that ran Henry 's system were termed " new men " , relatively low @-@ born individuals who rose through the ranks as administrators , managing justice or the royal revenues . = = = Relations with the church = = = = = = = Church and the King = = = = Henry 's ability to govern was intimately bound up with the Church , which formed the key to the administration of both England and Normandy , and this relationship changed considerably over the course of his reign . William the Conqueror had reformed the English Church with the support of his Archbishop of Canterbury , Lanfranc , who became a close colleague and advisor to the King . Under William Rufus this arrangement had collapsed , the King and Archbishop Anselm had become estranged and Anselm had gone into exile . Henry also believed in Church reform , but on taking power in England he became embroiled in the investiture controversy . The argument concerned who should invest a new bishop with his staff and ring : traditionally , this had been carried out by the king in a symbolic demonstration of royal power , but Pope Urban II had condemned this practice in 1099 , arguing that only the papacy could carry out this task , and declaring that the clergy should not give homage to their local temporal rulers . Anselm returned to England from exile in 1100 having heard Urban 's pronouncement , and informed Henry that he would be complying with the Pope 's wishes . Henry was in a difficult position . On one hand , the symbolism and homage was important to him ; on the other hand , he needed Anselm 's support in his struggle with his brother Duke Robert . Anselm stuck firmly to the letter of the papal decree , despite Henry 's attempts to persuade him to give way in return for a vague assurance of a future royal compromise . Matters escalated , with Anselm going back into exile and Henry confiscating the revenues of his estates . Anselm threatened excommunication , and in July 1105 the two men finally negotiated a solution . A distinction was drawn between the secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates , under which Henry gave up his right to invest his clergy , but retained the custom of requiring them to come and do homage for the temporalities , the landed properties they held in England . Despite this argument , the pair worked closely together , combining to deal with Duke Robert 's invasion of 1101 , for example , and holding major reforming councils in 1102 and 1108 . A long @-@ running dispute between the Archbishops of Canterbury and York flared up under Anselm 's successor , Ralph d 'Escures . Canterbury , traditionally the senior of the two establishments , had long argued that the Archbishop of York should formally promise to obey their Archbishop , but York argued that the two episcopates were independent within the English Church and that no such promise was necessary . Henry supported the primacy of Canterbury , to ensure that England remained under a single ecclesiastical administration , but the Pope preferred the case of York . The matter was complicated by Henry 's personal friendship with Thurstan , the Archbishop of York , and the King 's desire that the case should not end up in a papal court , beyond royal control . Henry badly needed the support of the Papacy in his struggle with Louis of France , however , and therefore allowed Thurstan to attend the Council of Rheims in 1119 , where Thurstan was then consecrated by the Pope with no mention of any duty towards Canterbury . Henry believed that this went against assurances Thurstan had previously made and exiled him from England until the King and Archbishop came to a negotiated solution the following year . Even after the investiture dispute , the King continued to play a major role in the selection of new English and Norman bishops and archbishops . Henry appointed many of his officials to bishoprics and , as historian Martin Brett suggests , " some of his officers could look forward to a mitre with all but absolute confidence " . Henry 's chancellors , and those of his queens , became bishops of Durham , Hereford , London , Lincoln , Winchester and Salisbury . Henry increasingly drew on a wider range of these bishops as advisors – particularly Roger of Salisbury – breaking with the earlier tradition of relying primarily on the Archbishop of Canterbury . The result was a cohesive body of administrators through which Henry could exercise careful influence , holding general councils to discuss key matters of policy . This stability shifted slightly after 1125 , when Henry began to inject a wider range of candidates into the senior positions of the Church , often with more reformist views , and the impact of this generation would be felt in the years after Henry 's death . = = = = Personal beliefs and piety = = = = Like other rulers of the period , Henry donated to the Church and patronised various religious communities , but contemporary chroniclers did not consider him an unusually pious king . His personal beliefs and piety may , however , have developed during the course of his life . Henry had always taken an interest in religion , but in his later years he may have become much more concerned about spiritual affairs . If so , the major shifts in his thinking would appear to have occurred after 1120 , when his son William Adelin died , and 1129 , when his daughter 's marriage teetered on the verge of collapse . As a proponent of religious reform , Henry gave extensively to reformist groups within the Church . He was a keen supporter of the Cluniac order , probably for intellectual reasons . He donated money to the abbey at Cluny itself , and after 1120 gave generously to Reading Abbey , a Cluniac establishment . Construction on Reading began in 1121 , and Henry endowed it with rich lands and extensive privileges , making it a symbol of his dynastic lines . He also focused effort on promoting the conversion of communities of clerks into Augustinian canons , the foundation of leper hospitals , expanding the provision of nunneries , and the charismatic orders of the Savigniacs and Tironensians . He was an avid collector of relics , sending an embassy to Constantinople in 1118 to collect Byzantine items , some of which were donated to Reading Abbey . = = Later reign , 1107 – 35 = = = = = Continental and Welsh politics , 1108 – 14 = = = Normandy faced an increased threat from France , Anjou and Flanders after 1108 . Louis VI succeeded to the French throne in 1108 and began to reassert central royal power . Louis demanded Henry give homage to him and that two disputed castles along the Normandy border be placed into the control of neutral castellans . Henry refused , and Louis responded by mobilising an army . After some arguments , the two kings negotiated a truce and retreated without fighting , leaving the underlying issues unresolved . Fulk V assumed power in Anjou in 1109 and began to rebuild Angevin authority . Fulk also inherited the county of Maine , but refused to recognise Henry as his feudal lord and instead allied himself with Louis . Robert II of Flanders also briefly joined the alliance , before his death in 1111 . In 1108 , Henry betrothed his eight @-@ year @-@ old daughter , Matilda , to Henry V , the future Holy Roman Emperor . For King Henry , this was a prestigious match ; for Henry V , it was an opportunity to restore his financial situation and fund an expedition to Italy , as he received a dowry of £ 6 @,@ 666 from England and Normandy . Raising this money proved challenging , and required the implementation of a special " aid " , or tax , in England . Matilda was crowned Henry V 's queen in 1110 . Henry responded to the French and Angevin threat by expanding his own network of supporters beyond the Norman borders . Some Norman barons deemed unreliable were arrested or dispossessed , and Henry used their forfeited estates to bribe his potential allies in the neighbouring territories , in particular Maine . Around 1110 , Henry attempted to arrest the young William Clito , but William 's mentors moved him to the safety of Flanders before he could be taken . At about this time , Henry probably began to style himself as the Duke of Normandy . Robert of Bellême turned against Henry once again , and when he appeared at Henry 's court in 1112 in a new role as a French ambassador , he was arrested and imprisoned . Rebellions broke out in France and Anjou between 1111 and 1113 , and Henry crossed into Normandy to support his nephew , Count Theobald of Blois , who had sided against Louis in the uprising . In a bid to diplomatically isolate the French King , Henry betrothed his young son , William Adelin , to Fulk 's daughter Matilda , and married his illegitimate daughter Matilda to Conan III , the Duke of Brittany , creating alliances with Anjou and Brittany respectively . Louis backed down and in March 1113 met with Henry near Gisors to agree a peace settlement , giving Henry the disputed fortresses and confirming Henry 's overlordship of Maine , Bellême and Brittany . Meanwhile , the situation in Wales was deteriorating . Henry had conducted a campaign in South Wales in 1108 , pushing out royal power in the region and colonising the area around Pembroke with Flemings . By 1114 , some of the resident Norman lords were under attack , while in Mid @-@ Wales , Owain ap Cadwgan blinded one of the political hostages he was holding , and in North Wales Gruffudd ap Cynan threatened the power of the Earl of Chester . Henry sent three armies into Wales that year , with Gilbert Fitz Richard leading a force from the south , Alexander , King of Scotland , pressing from the north and Henry himself advancing into Mid @-@ Wales . Owain and Gruffudd sued for peace , and Henry accepted a political compromise . Henry reinforced the Welsh Marches with his own appointees , strengthening the border territories . = = = Rebellion , 1115 – 20 = = = Concerned about the succession , Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to accept his son , William Adelin , as the legitimate future Duke of Normandy , in exchange for his son 's homage . Henry crossed into Normandy in 1115 and assembled the Norman barons to swear loyalty ; he also almost successfully negotiated a settlement with King Louis , affirming William 's right to the Duchy in exchange for a large sum of money , but the deal fell through and Louis , backed by his ally Baldwin of Flanders , instead declared that he considered William Clito the legitimate heir to the Duchy . War broke out after Henry returned to Normandy with an army to support Theobald of Blois , who was under attack from Louis . Henry and Louis raided each other 's towns along the border , and a wider conflict then broke out , probably in 1116 . Henry was pushed onto the defensive as French , Flemish and Angevin forces began to pillage the Normandy countryside . Amaury III of Montfort and many other barons rose up against Henry , and there was an assassination plot from within his own household . Henry 's wife , Matilda , died in early 1118 , but the situation in Normandy was sufficiently pressing that Henry was unable to return to England for her funeral . Henry responded by mounting campaigns against the rebel barons and deepening his alliance with Theobald . Baldwin of Flanders was wounded in battle and died in September 1118 , easing the pressure on Normandy from the north @-@ east . Henry attempted to crush a revolt in the city of Alençon , but was defeated by Fulk and the Angevin army . Forced to retreat from Alençon , Henry 's position deteriorated alarmingly , as his resources became overstretched and more barons abandoned his cause . Early in 1119 , Eustace of Breteuil and Henry 's daughter , Juliana , threatened to join the baronial revolt . Hostages were exchanged in a bid to avoid conflict , but relations broke down and both sides mutilated their captives . Henry attacked and took the town of Breteuil , despite Juliana 's attempt to kill her father with a crossbow . In the aftermath , Henry dispossessed the couple of almost all of their lands in Normandy . Henry 's situation improved in May 1119 when he enticed Fulk to switch sides by finally agreeing to marry William Adelin to Fulk 's daughter , Matilda , and paying Fulk a large sum of money . Fulk left for the Levant , leaving the County of Maine in Henry 's care , and the King was free to focus on crushing his remaining enemies . During the summer Henry advanced into the Norman Vexin , where he encountered Louis 's army , resulting in the Battle of Brémule . Henry appears to have deployed scouts and then organised his troops into several carefully formed lines of dismounted knights . Unlike Henry 's forces , the French knights remained mounted ; they hastily charged the Anglo @-@ Norman positions , breaking through the first rank of the defences but then becoming entangled in Henry 's second line of knights . Surrounded , the French army began to collapse . In the melee , Henry was hit by a sword blow , but his armour protected him . Louis and William Clito escaped from the battle , leaving Henry to return to Rouen in triumph . The war slowly petered out after this battle , and Louis took the dispute over Normandy to Pope Callixtus II 's council in Reims that October . Henry faced a number of French complaints concerning his acquisition and subsequent management of Normandy , and despite being defended by Geoffrey , the Archbishop of Rouen , Henry 's case was shouted down by the pro @-@ French elements of the council . Callixtus declined to support Louis , however , and merely advised the two rulers to seek peace . Amaury de Montfort came to terms with Henry , but Henry and William Clito failed to find a mutually satisfactory compromise . In June 1120 , Henry and Louis formally made peace on terms advantageous to the English King : William Adelin gave homage to Louis , and in return Louis confirmed William 's rights to the Duchy . = = = Succession crisis , 1120 – 23 = = = Henry 's succession plans were thrown into chaos by the sinking of the White Ship on 25 November 1120 . Henry had left the port of Barfleur for England in the early evening , leaving William Adelin and many of the younger members of the court to follow on that night in a separate vessel , the White Ship . Both the crew and passengers were drunk and , just outside the harbour , the ship hit a submerged rock . The ship sank , killing as many as 300 people , with only one survivor , a butcher from Rouen . Henry 's court was initially too scared to report William 's death to the King . When he was finally told , he collapsed with grief . The disaster left Henry with no legitimate son , his various nephews now the closest male heirs . Henry announced he would take a new wife , Adeliza of Louvain , opening up the prospect of a new royal son , and the two were married at Windsor Castle in January 1121 . Henry appears to have chosen her because she was attractive and came from a prestigious noble line . Adela seems to have been fond of Henry and joined him in his travels , probably to maximise the chances of her conceiving a child . The White Ship disaster initiated fresh conflict in Wales , where the drowning of Richard , Earl of Chester , encouraged a rebellion led by Maredudd ap Bleddyn . Henry intervened in North Wales that summer with an army and , although the King was hit by a Welsh arrow , the campaign reaffirmed royal power across the region . With William dead , Henry 's alliance with Anjou – which had been based on his son marrying Fulk 's daughter – began to disintegrate . Fulk returned from the Levant and demanded that Henry return Matilda and her dowry , a range of estates and fortifications in Maine . Matilda left for Anjou , but Henry argued that the dowry had in fact originally belonged to him before it came into the possession of Fulk , and so declined to hand the estates back to Anjou . Fulk married his daughter Sibylla to William Clito , and granted them Maine . Once again , conflict broke out , as Amaury de Montfort allied himself with Fulk and led a revolt along the Norman @-@ Anjou border in 1123 . Amaury was joined by several other Norman barons , headed by Waleran de Beaumont , one of the sons of Henry 's old ally , Robert of Meulan . Henry dispatched Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf le Meschin to Normandy and then intervened himself in late 1123 . Henry began the process of besieging the rebel castles , before wintering in the Duchy . In the spring , campaigning began again . Ranulf received intelligence that the rebels were returning to one of their bases at Vatteville , allowing him to ambush them en route at Rougemontiers ; Waleran charged the royal forces , but his knights were cut down by Ranulf 's archers and the rebels were quickly overwhelmed . Waleran was captured , but Amaury escaped . Henry mopped up the remainder of the rebellion , blinding some of the rebel leaders – considered , at the time , a more merciful punishment than execution – and recovering the last rebel castles . Henry paid Pope Callixtus a large amount of money , in exchange for the Papacy annulling the marriage of William Clito and Sibylla on the grounds of consanguinity . = = = Planning the succession , 1124 – 34 = = = Henry and his new wife did not conceive any children , generating prurient speculation as to the possible explanation , and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk . Henry may have begun to look among his nephews for a possible heir . He may have considered Stephen of Blois as a possible option and , perhaps in preparation for this , he arranged a beneficial marriage for Stephen to a wealthy heiress , Matilda . Theobald of Blois , his close ally , may have also felt that he was in favour with Henry . William Clito , who was King Louis 's preferred choice , remained opposed to Henry and was therefore unsuitable . Henry may have also considered his own illegitimate son , Robert of Gloucester , as a possible candidate , but English tradition and custom would have looked unfavourably on this . Henry 's plans shifted when the Empress Matilda 's husband , the Emperor Henry , died in 1125 . King Henry recalled his daughter to England the next year and declared that , should he die without a male heir , she was to be his rightful successor . The Anglo @-@ Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster on Christmas 1126 , where they swore to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have . Putting forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual : opposition to Matilda continued to exist within the English court , and Louis was vehemently opposed to her candidacy . Fresh conflict broke out in 1127 , when Charles , the childless Count of Flanders , was murdered , creating a local succession crisis . Backed by King Louis , William Clito was chosen by the Flemings to become their new ruler . This development potentially threatened Normandy , and Henry began to finance a proxy war in Flanders , promoting the claims of William 's Flemish rivals . In an effort to disrupt the French alliance with William , Henry mounted an attack into France in 1128 , forcing Louis to cut his aid to William . William died unexpectedly in July , removing the last major challenger to Henry 's rule and bringing the war in Flanders to a halt . Without William , the baronial opposition in Normandy lacked a leader . A fresh peace was made with France , and the King was finally able to release the remaining prisoners from the revolt of 1123 , including Waleran of Meulan , who was rehabilitated into the royal court . Meanwhile , Henry rebuilt his alliance with Fulk of Anjou , this time by marrying Matilda to Fulk 's eldest son , Geoffrey . The pair were betrothed in 1127 and married the following year . It is unknown whether Henry intended Geoffrey to have any future claim on England or Normandy , and he was probably keeping his son @-@ in @-@ law 's status deliberately uncertain . Similarly , although Matilda was granted a number of Normandy castles as part of her dowry , it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them . Fulk left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129 , declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine . The marriage proved difficult , as the couple did not particularly like each other and the disputed castles proved a point of contention , resulting in Matilda returning to Normandy later that year . Henry appears to have blamed Geoffrey for the separation , but in 1131 the couple were reconciled . Much to the pleasure and relief of Henry , Matilda then gave birth to a sequence of two sons , Henry and Geoffrey , in 1133 and 1134 . = = Death and legacy = = = = = Death , 1135 = = = Relations between Henry , Matilda , and Geoffrey became increasingly strained during the King 's final years . Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England . In 1135 they urged Henry to hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was still alive , and insisted that the Norman nobility swear immediate allegiance to her , thereby giving the couple a more powerful position after Henry 's death . Henry angrily declined to do so , probably out of concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy . A fresh rebellion broke out amongst the barons in southern Normandy , led by William , the Count of Ponthieu , whereupon Geoffrey and Matilda intervened in support of the rebels . Henry campaigned throughout the autumn , strengthening the southern frontier , and then travelled to Lyons @-@ la @-@ Forêt in November to enjoy some hunting , still apparently healthy . There Henry fell ill – according to the chronicler Henry of Huntingdon , he ate a number of lampreys against his physician 's advice – and his condition worsened over the course of a week . Once the condition appeared terminal , Henry gave confession and summoned Archbishop Hugh of Amiens , who was joined by Robert of Gloucester and other members of the court . In accordance with custom , preparations were made to settle Henry 's outstanding debts and to revoke outstanding sentences of forfeiture . The King died on 1 December 1135 , and his corpse was taken to Rouen accompanied by the barons , where it was embalmed ; his entrails were buried locally at Port @-@ du @-@ Salut Abbey , and the preserved body was taken on to England , where it was interred at Reading Abbey . Despite Henry 's efforts , the succession was disputed . When news began to spread of the King 's death , Geoffrey and Matilda were in Anjou supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army , which included a number of Matilda 's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester . Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late king was properly buried , which prevented them from returning to England . The Norman nobility discussed declaring Theobald of Blois king . Theobald 's younger brother , Stephen of Blois , quickly crossed from Boulogne to England , however , accompanied by his military household . With the help of his brother , Henry of Blois , he seized power in England and was crowned king on 22 December . The Empress Matilda did not give up her claim to England and Normandy , leading to the prolonged civil war known as the Anarchy between 1135 and 1153 . = = = Historiography = = = Historians have drawn on a range of sources on Henry , including the accounts of chroniclers ; other documentary evidence , including early pipe rolls ; and surviving buildings and architecture . The three main chroniclers to describe the events of Henry 's life were William of Malmesbury , Orderic Vitalis , and Henry of Huntingdon , but each incorporated extensive social and moral commentary into their accounts and borrowed a range of literary devices and stereotypical events from other popular works . Other chroniclers include Eadmer , Hugh the Chanter , Abbot Suger , and the authors of the Welsh Brut . Not all royal documents from the period have survived , but there are a number of royal acts , charters , writs , and letters , along with some early financial records . Some of these have since been discovered to be forgeries , and others had been subsequently amended or tampered with . Late medieval historians seized on the accounts of selected chroniclers regarding Henry 's education and gave him the title of Henry " Beauclerc " , a theme echoed in the analysis of Victorian and Edwardian historians such as Francis Palgrave and Henry Davis . The historian Charles David dismissed this argument in 1929 , showing the more extreme claims for Henry 's education to be without foundation . Modern histories of Henry commenced with Richard Southern 's work in the early 1960s , followed by extensive research during the rest of the 20th century into a wide number of themes from his reign in England , and a much more limited number of studies of his rule in Normandy . Only two major , modern biographies of Henry have been produced , Warren Hollister 's posthumous volume in 2001 , and Judith Green 's 2006 work . Interpretation of Henry 's personality by historians has altered over time . Earlier historians such as Austin Poole and Richard Southern considered Henry as a cruel , draconian ruler . More recent historians , such as Hollister and Green , view his implementation of justice much more sympathetically , particularly when set against the standards of the day , but even Green has noted that Henry was " in many respects highly unpleasant " , and Alan Cooper has observed that many contemporary chroniclers were probably too scared of the King to voice much criticism . Historians have also debated the extent to which Henry 's administrative reforms genuinely constituted an introduction of what Hollister and John Baldwin have termed systematic , " administrative kingship " , or whether his outlook remained fundamentally traditional . Henry 's burial at Reading Abbey is marked by a local cross , but Reading Abbey was slowly demolished during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century . The exact location is uncertain , but the most likely location of the tomb itself is now in a built @-@ up area of central Reading , on the site of the former abbey choir . A plan to locate his remains was announced in March 2015 , with support from English Heritage and Philippa Langley , who aided with the successful exhumation of Richard III . = = Family and children = = = = = Legitimate = = = Henry and his first wife , Matilda , had at least two legitimate children : Matilda , born in 1102 , died 1167 . William Adelin , born in 1103 , died 1120 . Possibly Richard , who , if he existed , died young . Henry and his second wife , Adeliza , had no children . = = = Illegitimate = = = Henry had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses . = = = = Sons = = = = Robert of Gloucester , born in the 1090s . Richard , born to Ansfride , brought up by Robert Bloet , the Bishop of Lincoln . Reginald de Dunstanville , Earl of Cornwall , born in the 1110s or early 1120s , possibly to Sibyl Corbet . Robert the King 's son , born to Ede , daughter of Forne . Gilbert FitzRoy , possibly born to an unnamed sister or daughter of Walter of Gand . William de Tracy , possibly born in the 1090s . Henry the King 's son , possibly born to Nest ferch Rhys . Fulk the King 's son , possibly born to Ansfride . William , the brother of Sybilla de Normandy , probably the brother of Reginald de Dunstanville . = = = = Daughters = = = = Matilda FitzRoy , Countess of Perche . Matilda FitzRoy , Duchess of Brittany . Juliane , wife of Eustace of Breteuil , possibly born to Ansfrida . Mabel , wife of William Gouet . Constance , Vicountess of Beaumont @-@ sur @-@ Sarthe . Aline , wife of Matthew de Montmorency . Isabel , daughter of Isabel de Beaumont , Countess of Pembroke . Sybilla de Normandy , Queen of Scotland , probably born before 1100 . Matilda Fitzroy , Abbess of Montvilliers . Gundrada de Dunstanville . Possibly Rohese , wife of Henry de la Pomerai . Emma , wife of Guy of Laval . Adeliza , the King 's daughter . The wife of Fergus of Galloway . Possibly Sibyl of Falaise . = = Ancestors = =
= 1995 Pacific hurricane season = The 1995 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season since 1979 . Of the eleven tropical cyclones that formed during the season , four affected land , with the most notable storm of the season being Hurricane Ismael , which killed at least 116 people in Mexico . The strongest hurricane in the season was Hurricane Juliette , which reached peak winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) , but did not significantly affect land . Hurricane Adolph was an early @-@ season Category 4 hurricane . Hurricane Henriette brushed the Baja California Peninsula in October . The season officially started on May 15 , 1995 , in the Eastern Pacific , and on June 1 , 1995 , in the Central Pacific , and lasted until November 30 , 1995 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean . The season saw eleven tropical cyclones form , of which ten became tropical storms . Seven of these storms attained hurricane status , three of them becoming major hurricanes . There were fewer tropical storms than the average of 16 , while the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes were slightly below average . The season marked the beginning of a multi @-@ decade period of low activity in the Eastern Pacific . = = Season summary = = The seasonal activity during 1995 was below normal , and marked the first of several seasons with lower than normal activity , a trend that persists to this date . Four tropical cyclones affected Mexico : first , Hurricane Flossie passed within 75 miles ( 120 km ) of Baja California Peninsula , producing moderate winds and killing seven people . Afterwards , Tropical Storm Gil dropped heavy rainfall in Southern Mexico early in its life , though caused no damage . Hurricane Henriette later made landfall near Cabo San Lucas with winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , resulting in moderate damage but no deaths . Finally , Ismael struck the state of Sinaloa as a minimal hurricane . Offshore , fishermen were caught off guard by the hurricane , causing 57 of them to drown . On land , Ismael destroyed thousands of houses , leaving 30 @,@ 000 homeless and killing another 59 . Both Hurricanes Flossie and Ismael also produced moisture and localized damage in the Southwestern United States . Activity in the Central Pacific Ocean was below normal , as well . No tropical storms formed in the basin . For the first time in four years , Barbara was the only tropical cyclone to exist within the basin , but it formed in the Eastern Pacific . It entered as a weakening tropical storm , and quickly dissipated , without affecting land . It was the least activity in the basin since 1979 , when the basin was completely quiet , as no storms entered the basin that year . = = Storms = = Eleven Tropical Cyclones , including one Tropical Depression that failed to attain tropical storm status , developed in the Eastern Pacific Ocean in 1995 . = = = Tropical Depression One @-@ E = = = A westward @-@ moving tropical wave entered the Pacific Ocean in mid @-@ May . Convection within the disturbance became more concentrated and organized on May 19 while the wave was located a short distance south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec . The deep convection concentrated around a low @-@ level circulation with expanding outflow , and the system developed into Tropical Depression One @-@ E on May 21 , while located about 400 mi ( 645 km ) south of Manzanillo , Mexico . Initially the depression was forecast to strengthen to reach winds of 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) as it moved westward under the influence of a high @-@ pressure system to its north . Outflow increased as the storm moved through an area of warm waters and a favorable upper @-@ level environment , and two satellite classifications indicated the system was at tropical storm status around nine hours after forming . Despite the favorable environment and satellite classifications of tropical storm status , the depression failed to organize further . The convection and organization continued to decrease , and on May 23 the depression dissipated . While it was developing , locally moderate to heavy rainfall fell across southern Mexico along the disturbance 's northern periphery , with rainfall totals peaking at 5 @.@ 18 inches ( 132 mm ) at Vallecitos / Petatlan . = = = Hurricane Adolph = = = An area of disturbed weather associated with a tropical wave organized off the southwest coast of Mexico during the middle of June . Banding features developed as a circulation persisted on the northeast side of its deep convection , and the system developed into Tropical Depression Two @-@ E on June 15 . Under weak steering currents , the depression moved slowly northward , and with deep convection organizing near its center , the depression intensified to Tropical Storm Adolph on June 16 . Located in an area of warm waters , Adolph exhibited a well @-@ defined outflow pattern , and rapidly strengthened to attain hurricane status on June 17 as a banding @-@ type eye developed . Hurricane Adolph turned to the northwest and attained major hurricane status late that same day . The small eye of the hurricane continued to organize , as very deep convection surrounded the eyewall , and Adolph reached its peak intensity of 135 mph ( 215 km / h ) on June 18 , making it a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . Shortly thereafter , the storm weakened , as the upper @-@ level environment became more hostile , and the system moved over progressively cooler waters . On June 19 , Adolph turned to the west , and degenerated back into a tropical storm later that day . On June 20 , the storm weakened to a tropical depression , and on June 21 , Adolph began to dissipate as its center became devoid of deep convection . As Adolph moved north towards Mexico while about 290 mi ( 465 km ) off the coast , the Mexican government issued a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch from Punta Tejupan to Cabo Corrientes . When the storm turned to the northwest and later to the west , the government discontinued the warnings as it was determined the storm would not be a threat to land . No damage or casualties were reported . = = = Hurricane Barbara = = = A few days later , on June 24 , another weak tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa . It moved steadily westward through the Atlantic Ocean without any development , and entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 5 . At this point , convection developed along the wave axis , and the system gradually organized . A circulation developed as it passed through an area of warm waters , and the system developed into Tropical Depression Three @-@ E on July 7 , while located about 600 miles ( 965 km ) south of Manzanillo , Colima . Although the outer rainbands warmed slightly in the hours after the formation , the convection near the center deepened further with favorable upper @-@ level outflow , and the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Barbara early on July 8 . Barbara steadily intensified , and following the development of a ragged eye that night , Barbara strengthened into a hurricane on July 9 , while located about 700 miles ( 1130 km ) south of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula . After moving into an area of light vertical shear and warm water temperatures , Barbara quickly intensified to reach major hurricane status on July 10 . The eye continued to become better organized , and Barbara attained winds of 135 mph ( 215 km / h ) later on July 10 . After maintaining its intensity for 24 hours , increased wind shear from an upper @-@ tropospheric trough degraded the appearance of the deepest convection , and the eye became obscured from satellite images . After weakening to a 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) hurricane , Barbara maintained its intensity for 30 hours before moving into an area with very warm waters and a favorable upper @-@ level environment . On July 13 , the hurricane re @-@ organized , a distinct eye again developed , and Barbara strengthened to reach its peak intensity of 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) later that day . Barbara continued westward under the influence of a subtropical ridge to its north , and began to steadily weaken on July 14 as it moved into an area of cooler water temperatures . The hurricane degraded to a tropical storm on July 16 , and a day later it deteriorated to a tropical depression . As a depression with little to no convection near its center , Barbara continued west @-@ northwestward until dissipating on July 18 while located 720 mi ( 1160 km ) east @-@ southeast of Hilo , Hawaii . Barbara remained away from land for its entire lifetime , and it did not cause any damage or deaths . = = = Hurricane Cosme = = = As Barbara moved away from land , another area of disturbed weather moved off the coast of Central America on July 11 . Moving westward , this area slowly organized , and developed a low @-@ level circulation on July 15 . The convection developed into curved rainbands , and based on Dvorak classifications of 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) , the National Hurricane Center estimated that the system developed into Tropical Depression Four @-@ E on July 17 , while located about 400 mi ( 645 km ) south @-@ southeast of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula . As the depression was situated in an area with warm waters and moderate upper @-@ level outflow , the system was forecast to slowly intensify to a 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) tropical storm . Initially , the depression followed the forecasts , and it intensified into a tropical storm about 30 hours after developing , receiving the name " Cosme " . Cosme was expected to strengthen only slightly due to predicted cooler waters and increased shear . On July 18 , contrary to the predictions , Cosme became much better organized , and well @-@ defined banding features were visible on satellite imagery . The storm continued to steadily intensify , and subsequent to the development of an eye , Cosme strengthened into a hurricane late on July 19 , while located 380 miles ( 615 km ) west @-@ southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula . After maintaining hurricane status for 18 hours , Cosme weakened back to a tropical storm on July 20 . Cooler water temperatures deteriorated the convection near the center , resulting in Cosme quickly weakening to a tropical depression on July 21 . After turning to the west @-@ southwest , Cosme dissipated on July 22 . Cosme never affected land , and as a result caused no damage or fatalities . However , the intensity of the storm is still uncertain ; late on July 18 , a ship 70 mi ( 110 km ) to the east of Cosme reported winds of 17 mph ( 27 km / h ) , despite that a normal 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) tropical storm would produce tropical storm force winds for locations within at least 70 mi ( 110 km ) of the center . = = = Tropical Storm Dalila = = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 11 . It moved westward and quickly developed two areas of convection along the wave axis . One of the areas nearly developed into a tropical depression after moving northwestward , though it failed to organize further and dissipated . The southern area continued westward and ultimately entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 21 . Thunderstorms along the wave axis became more concentrated a few hundred miles south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec , and the system developed into Tropical Depression Five @-@ E on July 24 while located 500 mi ( 800 km ) southwest of Manzanillo , Mexico . Located in an area of weak steering currents and easterly wind shear , the tropical depression drifted to the north @-@ northeast while the convection was displaced up to 70 mi ( 110 km ) west of the circulation . Slightly strengthening occurred , and on July 25 the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Dalila . The storm turned to the northwest , and later to the west @-@ northwest , and remained a minimal tropical storm until July 28 when a decrease in wind shear allowed Dalila to strengthen . A strong anticyclone developed to the north of the system , causing Dalila to accelerate to the northwest . Late on July 28 , Dalila reached a peak intensity of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) at a position 570 mi ( 915 km ) southwest of Cabo San Lucas . Tropical Storm Dalila slowly weakened after moving over progressively cooler water temperatures , and on August 1 it degenerated into a tropical depression . Dalila turned to the southwest after much of the convection waned , and the system dissipated on August 2 . = = = Tropical Storm Erick = = = On July 17 a tropical wave exited the coast of Africa , and moved westward . An area of convection along the wave organized slightly on July 18 , though the next day the convection diminished . After moving through the Windward Islands on July 23 , deep convection again increased . The system failed to organize further , though convection continued to develop upon entering the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 27 . The cloudiness and thunderstorms became more consolidated off the coast of southern Mexico , and on July 31 Dvorak classifications began on the system . A circulation developed , and the system organized into Tropical Depression Six @-@ E on August 1 while located about 520 mi ( 835 km ) south of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula . Initially , the depression was a small system with moderate amounts of easterly wind shear . It organized slowly , and after moving to the southwest for 24 hours it turned to the northwest . Subsequent to an increase in convection over the center , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Erick on August 4 . Erick gradually strengthened as it moved to the west @-@ northwest , and reached peak winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) on August 5 while located about 720 miles ( 1160 km ) southwest of Cabo San Lucas . Operationally , the storm was forecast to continue to strengthen to reach hurricane status , though this did not occur . The mid @-@ level ridge which had been tracking Erick westward weakened , resulting in Erick to turn to the north over cooler waters . It quickly weakened to a tropical depression on August 6 , and after turning to an eastward drift Erick dissipated on August 8 while located 700 mi ( 1130 km ) west @-@ southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula . Erick never affected land . = = = Hurricane Flossie = = = A large circulation with an area of low pressure persisted in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean in early August . The large circulation was well @-@ developed by August 7 , and the convection concentrated a few hundred miles southwest of Acapulco . Based on its organization , the National Hurricane Center designated the system Tropical Depression Seven @-@ E. On August 8 , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Flossie , based on ship reports . The storm paralleled the coast of Mexico as it moved northwestward , and after a decrease of wind shear Flossie developed very deep convection over its center . It intensified into a hurricane on August 10 , reaching peak winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) as an embedded warm spot appeared in the center of the storm . After maintaining its peak intensity for 18 hours and passing within 75 mi ( 121 km ) of Baja California Peninsula , Flossie weakened over cooler waters and degenerated to a tropical storm on August 12 . The storm continued to weaken , and early on August 14 Flossie dissipated . The government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Punta Tejupan to Cabo Corrientes early in its life , though it was discontinued shortly thereafter . Officials issued a tropical storm watch and later a warning for Baja California Sur south of La Paz , which was later extended from Loreto on the east coast to San Juanico on the west coast . The large circulation of Hurricane Flossie produced gusty winds along the west coast of Mexico and southern Baja California Peninsula . Cabo San Lucas reported a gust of 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) , and San José del Cabo recorded a gust of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . The storm produced heavy rainfall , peaking at 9 @.@ 72 in ( 247 mm ) at San Felipe / Los Cabos . Seven people died in Mexico from the storm , including two that drowned in Cabo San Lucas . A monsoon surge moving around its eastern periphery produced heavy rainfall in the American Southwest . Flooding from the rainfall killed one person and left eleven motorists stranded . Thunderstorms in Tucson , Arizona , produced hurricane @-@ force wind gusts which caused widespread power outages and damage . Damage from the storm in Arizona totaled to $ 5 million ( 1995 USD ; $ 7 @.@ 76 million 2016 USD ) , although damage in Mexico , if any , is unknown . = = = Tropical Storm Gil = = = An area of disturbed weather , possibly related to a tropical wave , persisted and gradually organized in the Gulf of Tehuantepec . A circulation developed within its deep convection , and the system organized into Tropical Depression Seven @-@ E on August 19 while located about 115 mi ( 185 km ) southeast of Acapulco . Operationally , it was not until 15 hours later that the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on the system . The depression moved westward and quickly intensified into a tropical storm . A nearby ship confirmed the existence of tropical storm force winds , and Gil reached winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) early on August 21 . With well @-@ defined outflow and continually developing convection , forecasters predicted Gil to strengthen more and attain hurricane status within two days of becoming a tropical storm . However , increased northeasterly wind shear initially prevented further strengthening . On August 22 , the cloud pattern of Gil became better organized , though the low @-@ level circulation was located to the northeast of the deep convection due to the wind shear . The shear also limited outflow to the east , preventing further strengthening . Gradually the convection developed nearer to the center . After Gil turned to the northwest , the deep convection organized into a central dense overcast , and it strengthened to reach winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) on August 24 . Later that day the storm attained a peak strength of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) while located 380 mi ( 610 km ) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula . After maintaining its peak strength for 30 hours , Gil moved over progressively cooler waters , and weakened to a tropical depression on August 26 . The depression drifted westward and later turned to the north , and dissipated on August 27 while located 670 mi ( 1075 km ) to the west of Cabo San Lucas . While located a short distance off of Mexico , Gil produced heavy rainfall near the coast . However , there were no reports of casualties or damages in association with the storm . = = = Hurricane Henriette = = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 15 . It traversed westward and entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 29 . The system quickly developed deep convection and a low @-@ level circulation , and on September 1 it organized into Tropical Depression Nine @-@ E while located about 170 mi ( 270 km ) off the southwest coast of Mexico . Under favorable conditions , the depression slowly strengthened to become Tropical Storm Henriette on September 2 while located 220 mi ( 350 km ) west of Manzanillo . Henriette quickly organized and intensified into a hurricane on September 3 while located 135 mi ( 235 km ) west @-@ southwest of Puerto Vallarta in Jalisco . Late on September 3 , an eye began to form in the center of the deep convection as Henriette turned to the northwest . The eye became better defined the next day , and Henriette attained a peak intensity of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) as the northern portion of the eyewall moved over southern Baja California Peninsula . The hurricane quickly crossed the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula and re @-@ emerged into the Pacific Ocean . Convection gradually waned as the hurricane moved over progressively colder waters , and on September 6 Henriette weakened to a tropical depression . On September 2 , a few hours after Henriette became a tropical storm , the government of Mexico issued tropical cyclone warnings and watches for Baja California Peninsula . The threat of Hurricane Henriette prompted a Carnival Cruise Line ship to alter their route . Winds of up to 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) in southern Baja California Sur left much of Cabo San Lucas without water or power . 2 @,@ 000 people were directly affected by the hurricane . A strong storm surge produced flooding and heavy road damage in the state . 800 people were forced from their homes , and crop damage was reported . No damage estimates are available , and no deaths were reported . = = = Hurricane Ismael = = = Hurricane Ismael developed from a persistent area of deep convection on September 12 , and steadily strengthened as it moved to the north @-@ northwest . Ismael attained hurricane status on September 14 while located 210 mi ( 340 km ) off the coast of Mexico . It continued to the north , and after passing a short distance east of Baja California Peninsula it made landfall on Topolobampo in the state of Sinaloa with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Ismael rapidly weakened over land , and dissipated on September 16 over northwestern Mexico . The remnants entered the United States and extended eastward into the mid @-@ Atlantic states . Offshore , Ismael produced waves of up to 30 ft ( 9 m ) in height . Hundreds of fishermen were unprepared by the hurricane , which was expected to move more slowly , and as a result 52 ships were wrecked , killing 57 fishermen . The hurricane destroyed thousands of houses , leaving 30 @,@ 000 people homeless . On land , Ismael caused 59 casualties in mainland Mexico and resulted in $ 26 million in damage ( 1995 USD ; $ 40 @.@ 4 million 2016 USD ) . Moisture from the storm extended into the United States , causing heavy rainfall and localized moderate damage in southeastern New Mexico . = = = Hurricane Juliette = = = Hurricane Juliette was the strongest and final hurricane of the season . It formed on September 16 from a tropical wave off the southwest coast of Mexico , and moved west @-@ northwest for the early part of its duration . Juliette was smaller than usual tropical cyclones , and as a result it intensified quickly , reaching hurricane status on September 18 and major hurricane status a day later . On September 20 , Juliette reached peak winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) , a Category 4 on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . It subsequently began a slow weakening trend and turned toward the northeast , briefly threatening the Baja California Peninsula . Instead , strong wind shear overcame the storm , and Juliette dissipated on September 26 without significantly affecting land . = = Other storms = = = = = Tropical Depression One @-@ W = = = According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center , on January 4 a tropical depression formed east of the International Dateline , and 3 days later it exited CPHC 's area of responsibility ; however , this storm wasn 't included into CPHC database . = = = Tropical Depression Colleen = = = According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and Japan Meteorological Agency , on November 10 a tropical depression formed east of the International Dateline , and soon it exited CPHC 's area of responsibility ; however , this storm wasn 't included into CPHC database . As it entered into western Pacific , it strengthened as a tropical storm and received the name Colleen . = = Accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) ranking = = The table on the right shows the accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) for each storm in the season . The total ACE for the 1995 season was 100 @.@ 2 x 104 kt2 . The ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the storm multiplied by the length of time it existed for , so hurricanes that lasted a long time have higher ACEs . Because several storms in the season were long @-@ lasting or intense , the ACE of the season was near normal . The 1995 season total was the lowest since 1981 , though due to a period of inactivity in the following years it has only been surpassed by four seasons . Hurricane Barbara had the highest overall ACE of the season with a total of 29 @.@ 83 x 104 kt2 . Source of data : Best track data from the National Hurricane Center 's Tropical Cyclone Reports . = = Storm names = = The following names were used for named storms that formed in the northeast Pacific in 1995 . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray . The names not retired from this list were used again in the 2001 season . This is the same list used for the 1989 season . The name Dalila was used for the first time in 1995 ; in the 1989 season , it was Dalilia , though an error in documents prior to the season changed it . The name change has remained . For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility , encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line , all names are used in a series of four rotating lists . The next four names that were slated for use in 1995 are shown below , however none of them were used . = = = Retirement = = = The World Meteorological Organization retired one name in the spring of 1996 : Ismael . It was originally replaced in the 2001 season by Israel , but for political reasons , due to its connection with Israel and the coincidence that the first name of 2001 was " Adolph " ( later retired for similar reasons ) , this was changed to Ivo after the season began , but before it reached the " I " storm .
= The Fame Ball Tour = The Fame Ball Tour was the debut concert tour by American singer Lady Gaga , in support of her debut studio album The Fame ( 2008 ) . North American shows began in March , followed by dates in Oceania and a solo trek through Europe . Dates in Asia soon followed , as well as two performances at England 's V Festival and two shows in North America that had been postponed from April . Gaga described the tour as a traveling museum show incorporating artist Andy Warhol 's pop @-@ performance art concept . Tickets were distributed for charity also . Alternate versions of the show with minimal variations were planned by Gaga to accommodate different venues . The show consisted of four segments , with each segment being followed by a video interlude to the next segment , and it ended with an encore . The set list consisted of songs from her debut album only . Gaga appeared on the stage in new costumes including an innovative dress made entirely of bubbles and premiered an unreleased song called " Future Love " . An alternate set list with minor changes were performed after the first North American leg of the tour . The show has received critical acclaim with critics complimenting her vocal clarity and fashion sense as well as her ability to pull off theatrics like a professional artist . = = Background = = The tour was officially announced on January 12 , 2009 through Gaga 's official MySpace page . It was her first headlining tour ; she has previously served as opening act for New Kids on the Block 's New Kids on the Block : Live tour , as well as The Pussycat Dolls ' Doll Domination Tour . Gaga stated , " I consider what I do to be more of an Andy Warhol concept : pop performance art , multimedia , fashion , technology , video , film . And it 's all coming together , and it 's going to be traveling museum show . " Gaga started planning for the show while on the tour with The Pussycat Dolls . In an interview with MTV News , she described the tour as , " It 's not really a tour , it 's more of a traveling party . I want it to be an entire experience from [ the ] minute you walk in [ the ] front door to [ the ] minute I begin to sing . And when it 's all over , everyone 's going to press rewind and relive it again . [ ... ] It 's going to be as if you 're walking into New York circa 1974 : There 's an art installation in the lobby , a DJ spinning your favorite records in the main room , and then the most haunting performance that you 've ever seen on the stage . [ ... ] I 'm on the phone every minute of every day , talking to people , being creative , planning this Ball , and my tour manager is constantly saying , ' Come on , we have to go , we 've got to go right now , ' [ ... ] But to me , the Ball is so important . I want so much to make every depression dollar that everyone spends on my show worth it . And , yeah , I 'm paying a lot for it — out of my own pocket . But that 's OK . I just don 't care about money . " Gaga prepared three versions of her show to cater to different sizes of the venues she played . In an interview with Billboard she said , " I am so mental and sleepless and excited for this tour , [ ... ] This is so different than anything you 've seen from me in the past year . What 's fantastic about [ the show ] was I was able to plan it while I was on another tour that was on a much smaller scale , opening for the Dolls . This is going to be , like , the ultimate creative orgasm for me ' cause I 'm ready to move on . I 'm not restricted to a certain structure for my show anymore . No limitations . I 'm free . [ ... ] I want to have a clear schedule of the dimensions for each venue so that we can properly execute all the technology and visuals . I need to mentally prepare days in advance if things are going to be taken out ; otherwise , I won 't have a good show ... Every show 's gonna be an A show by the time I 'm done screaming at everyone – ' Hang it ! Hang everything ! Find a place to hang it ! ' That 's gonna be my motto . " The set list consisted of songs from her debut album mainly , but some new songs like " Fashion " from the Confessions of a Shopaholic soundtrack were also considered . In May , during an interview with Edmonton Sun Gaga announced that the tour would continue through European festivals in summer . She also declared plans for a bigger North American tour including Canada . Gaga explained that the show is supposed to be much bigger than the previous version . She said , " Oh , you have no idea , [ ... ] The tour that we 're about to announce is such a dream that I have to pinch myself almost every day to remind myself that it 's happening . " = = Concert synopsis = = The show is mainly divided into four parts with the last part being the encore . The main show began with a video introduction called " The Heart " where Gaga appeared as alter @-@ ego Candy Warhol . She was shown dressing up and displayed the symbol of a pink heart on her T @-@ shirt and said " My name is Lady Gaga , and this is my Haus " . The video was projected on a giant screen in front of the stage . As the video approached towards the end , a countdown from ten to one happened , Gaga 's face was shown wearing the video sunglasses , and flames engulfed the screen as it dropped . Gaga appeared in the middle of the stage being surrounded by her dancers holding glass encrusted plates which camouflage them . She wore a futuristic black dress in geometric patterns with a triangular piece on her right breast and peplum . DJ Space Cowboy was present at a corner , playing the backing music . Gaga came out in the center as the plates rolled around and started singing " Paparazzi " . The performance ends with continuous clicking of the camera . Gaga comes to the top of the pillar and sings a combination of " Starstruck " and " LoveGame " as she is joined by her dancers in tracks and jackets and hands Gaga her trademark disco stick . After " LoveGame " , she talks a monologue about the year " 3009 " . And says that " The kids came out of New York and shot the paparazzi . " followed by saying " It was a thousand years before when the monster first entered the city , vanished for our hearts and for our brains and for our faces ( referencing to the three video interludes of the tour ) " and " we knew we could co @-@ exist with this monster with our MUSIC ! ! ! With our art and with our fashion . My name is Lady Gaga . " and tells the crowd she feels " beautiful and dirty rich " and sang " Beautiful , Dirty , Rich " . This leads to the end of the first part wherein a video introduction called " The Brain " starts with Gaga appearing again as Candy Warhol and brushing her hair . After the video ends , Gaga appears on the stage in a black and white leotard with high @-@ pointed " puff " shoulders and lightning shaped symbols , while riding on a similarly colored vespa . She then starts singing " The Fame " . This is followed by a speech . Gaga said she 's been " travelling the whole world , but when I get back , I can still smell the stench of greed . " And then she performs " Money Honey " with the dancers who are wearing backpacks . " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " starts immediately , accompanied by hand @-@ waving and Gaga wore a hat made of toppled dominoes . Gaga then leaves the stage only to appear shortly after in a dress completely made of plastic bubbles . She sits in front of a glass piano and starts singing an acoustic version of " Poker Face " . She sometimes puts her leg on the piano and even plays it with her stilettos . And then , thanks the audience and surprises them by performing an unreleased and new song called " Future Love " whose lyrics referenced far @-@ off galaxies , mechanical hearts and constellations . She was surrounded by a glowing mannequin while singing the song . The stage had a blue setting with mechanical fog . Gaga left for a costume change as the third video interlude titled The Face starts . After the video ended , she then came on the stage wearing a tutu shaped dress with pointed shoulder pads and peplum . Her dancers were clad in Louis Vuitton Steven Sprouse printed trousers which matched Gaga 's shoes . The backdrop changed to show blinking disco lights and Gaga stood in the center wearing her video sunglasses which display the line " Pop Music Will Never Be Low Brow " . A remix of the intro for " Just Dance " started and Gaga was joined by her dancers on stage . When the song shifts to the bridge , Gaga once again is handed her disco stick and performs the bridge with it . The ending shifts to a remixed version of the song . Then Gaga and the dancers , joined by DJ Space Cowboy or DJ Nicodemus , take a bow in front of the audience . Gaga comes back with her dance to perform the encore . The encore of the tour consisted of " Boys , Boys , Boys " and the original version of " Poker Face " . Gaga was dressed in a khaki leotard embellished with crystals . She wore an admiral 's cap and gloves on her hands , both were decorated with the word Gaga on them . = = = Changes from Oceania shows = = = Since the Fame Ball show in Auckland , New Zealand , Gaga performed a different setlist during the rest of the tour , involving outfit changes as well . " Paparazzi " , " LoveGame " , and " Beautiful , Dirty , Rich " were performed in a similar , this time tinfoil tutu with a triangular piece . " The Fame " and " Money Honey " was then followed by " Boys Boys Boys " – all three songs were performed in a glittering silver leotard with small pointy wings , riding a similarly colored vespa . " Just Dance " and " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " were performed in the yellow dress from the American leg of the tour . After performing " Brown Eyes " ( replacing " Future Love " ) and " Poker Face " on the piano , Gaga closed the show with the album version of " Poker Face " , wearing a nude corseted leotard embellished with crystals . = = Reception = = The Fame Ball Tour received acclaim from critics . Whitney Pastorek from Entertainment Weekly gave a mixed review of the concert saying , " Her onstage banter was at times a bit silly and the visuals occasionally lacking in coherent theme , but her voice was strong and refreshingly free of overbearing tracking vocals . For all her cocky bluster , perhaps the most undeniable aspect of Gaga 's talent is this : The girl can , and does , sing . " The show was described to be a " sartorial experimentation that it made Rocky Horror look like cotillion . One presumed the Lady approved – and somewhere , to be sure , Andy Warhol stirred in his grave . " Sheri Linden from Yahoo ! gave a positive review of the concert saying " Gaga 's first theater tour is a hot ticket – and the Lady did not disappoint . Borrowing from Madonna , Grace Jones , David Bowie and Daryl Hannah 's " Blade Runner " replicant , Gaga put on a compelling show revolving around her mysterious persona , a trio of leather @-@ jacketed dancers , multiple costume changes and props and a lone DJ providing musical accompaniment . " Christopher Muther from The Boston Globe reviewed the concert in House of Blues and said " The combination of song and spectacle was crowd @-@ pleasing and exhilarating . Her club @-@ ready songs were delivered by a woman who is clearly studied , intelligent , and talented . " Lynn Saxberg from Ottawa Citizen gave a positive review of the concert at Bronson Centre in Ottawa and said , " Accompanied by a DJ who also played a funky electric guitar , the curvy dynamo ( Gaga and Space Cowboy ) fronted one of wildest spectacles ever mounted at Bronson Centre , an action @-@ packed circus of sound , lights , video images , fog and choreography . Though heavy on theatrics , there was no skimping on the music . " She also commented on Gaga 's fashion sense and style in her costumes by saying , " In an hour , Gaga proved her star power by packing in all her hits , displaying influences that ranged from Motown to 80s pop , and exhibiting a fearless fashion sense in several costume changes , none of which covered her bum . " Andy Downing from Chicago Tribune was impressed by the show at House of Blues and said " The work is paying off . Just weeks into her first nationwide headlining tour , the 22 @-@ year @-@ old New Yorker [ ... ] already commands the stage like a seasoned pro . " Jill Menze from Billboard also gave a positive review for the performance and complimented songs like " Just Dance " , LoveGame " , Poker Face " , " Boys , Boys , Boys " and the fame obsessed " Paparazzi " . The reviewer also said that " [ From ] her chart success , Lady Gaga has proven herself to be an of @-@ the @-@ moment pop sensation . Dig deeper , and it 's clear she 's versatile and talented enough to have staying power . " Mikel Wood from Rolling Stone also gave a positive review saying " The tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek tabloid @-@ victim shtick that provides some laughs on The Fame grew somewhat tiresome at the Wiltern , especially when the singer started spewing half @-@ baked media @-@ studies nonsense like , ' Some say Lady Gaga is a lie ' ... Fortunately , this is a woman who knows how to lighten a mood : Within 10 minutes or so , she 'd donned a flesh @-@ colored leotard and a bedazzled admiral 's cap and was rhyming ' boys in cars ' with ' buy us drinks in bars . " On March 13 , 2009 Gaga was presented with a plaque from the Recording Industry Association of America by social blogger Perez Hilton commemorating three million sales of her debut single " Just Dance " , during her performance at the Wiltern Theatre . This show was also attended by rapper Kanye West . Craig Rosen from The Hollywood Reporter said that " Lady Gaga showed she 's a serious contender to Madonna 's crown Friday at the Wiltern . She might be a relative newcomer , but the artist born Stefani Joanne Germanotta commanded the stage with a royal air during her hourlong set , at times even sporting a glowing scepter . " = = Opening acts = = The White Tie Affair ( North America ) Chester French ( North America ) Cinema Bizarre ( North America ) Gary Go ( Great Britain ) = = Set list = = " Paparazzi " ( contains elements of " Starstruck " ) " LoveGame " ( contains elements of " Chew Fu GhettoHouse Fix " remix ) " Beautiful , Dirty , Rich " " The Fame " " Money Honey " " Boys Boys Boys " " Just Dance " " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " " Starstruck " ( Intermission ) " Brown Eyes " " Poker Face " ( Piano Version ) " Poker Face " = = Tour dates = = Cancellations = = = Box office score data = = =
= The Exchange , Bristol = The Exchange is a Grade I listed building built in 1741 – 43 by John Wood the Elder , on Corn Street , near the junction with Broad Street in Bristol , England . It was previously used as a corn and general trade exchange but is now used as offices and St Nicholas Market . The Exchange underwent major building work in 1872 , including roofing over the courtyard , and again in the early 1900s when the City Valuer 's Department moved to the building . Since World War II the external clock tower has been removed and the roof lowered . Outside the building are four bronze tables dating from the 16th and 17th centuries , known as " nails , " at which merchants carried out their business . At the front of the building is a clock showing both Greenwich Mean Time and " local time " . = = History = = The Exchange was built in 1741 – 43 by John Wood the Elder , with carvings by Thomas Paty . Wood was also the architect of the Liverpool Exchange , which was completed in 1754 and gutted by fire in 1795 . The London Exchange of Wood 's day was also destroyed by fire in 1838 . Bristol 's Exchange is therefore unique , the only surviving 18th @-@ century exchange building in England . When finished in 1743 the Exchange , as planned , had " the outward appearance of one grand structure , ” and the much @-@ admired exterior remains today largely as built . The front of the building has Corinthian columnsin the centre and pilasters to the sides . A central semicircular @-@ arched doorway has cast @-@ iron lion @-@ head knockers . A frieze with human and animal heads symbolises trade , and a Royal Coat of Arms is displayed in the tympanum . The rear of the building is symmetrical with pedimented windows and semicircular ground @-@ floor arches . Internally , however , it consisted of various spaces . On either side of the front entrance in Corn Street were a coffeehouse and tavern , each of four storeys . Above and below the main entrance were rooms designed as strongrooms . In the centre of the Exchange was an open court , surrounded by a colonnade . At the back of the building was a two @-@ storey range , consisting of an arcade on the ground floor and a long first @-@ floor room . Facing All Saints Lane were two four @-@ storey houses for business or trades persons , and on the frontage to Exchange Avenue were a further three houses . Below these various elements were cellars . Those below the five houses were each separate ; the others were mostly interconnected . In 1872 a major programme of building works was undertaken to a design by Edward Middleton Barry . This provided a roof over the central court of the Exchange and a new suite of offices on the first floor above the colonnades around the court . Other internal alterations appear to have been made in the late 19th century , possibly also by Barry in 1872 . This is uncertain as Barry 's plans are yet to be found . Further extensive alterations were made in the 1900s when the City Valuer 's Department moved to the Exchange in 1907 . These included the provision of a lift from the basement and cellars to the first floor and major alterations to the cellars under the central part of the Exchange . Since 1945 further alterations have included the replacement of the roof over the central court by a temporary roof at a lower level , the removal of the clock tower at the back of the building and the internal rebuilding of all four floors of the coffeehouse together with the corresponding floors over the main entrance . Despite its name it was intended for merchants of all types , and a number directly involved in the Guinea and West Indian slave trade used it for business transactions . Inside the Corn Exchange the plasterwork in the main hall represents the four corners of the world , including Africa and America , the latter wearing a headdress of tobacco leaves . On the outside of the building are carvings of African , American , Asian and European figures and animals , again symbols of Bristol 's foreign trade including the Bristol slave trade . During the mid- to late 1960s the Exchange was a popular concert venue . British Beat groups including The Rolling Stones , The Yardbirds , Cream , The Pretty Things and Spencer Davis all played several times in the main hall . A regular Tuesday night club called The Bristol Chinese R 'n'B and Jazz Club was also established which attracted American Blues singers including John Lee Hooker , Sonny Boy Williamson and Little Walter . Today the Exchange is designated as a Grade I listed building . Always owned by the City of Bristol , the building has served a variety of purposes , currently housing offices of both the former City Valuer 's Department , Market Traders and the Joint Trade Unions Safety Office = = Nails = = Four bronze tables are located outside The Exchange on Corn Street , probably modelled after mobile tables which were taken to trade fairs and markets . Before the Corn Exchange was built in the 18th century , the tables — called nails — were located in the Tolzey Walk . This covered area was along the south wall of All Saints Church , which remains as a narrow lane giving access to commercial premises . The bronze nails , with their flat tops and raised edges which prevent coins from tumbling onto the pavement , were made as convenient tables at which merchants could carry out their business . The oldest pillar is undated , but experts say it is late Elizabethan . The second oldest was given by Bristol merchant Robert Kitchen , who died in 1594 . The two remaining nails are dated 1625 and 1631 . The four nails were made at different times , and this is reflected in their varying designs . One of the nails bears the name John Barker on its rim . Barker was a wealthy merchant who owned houses and storehouses on the Quay , in Wine Street and in Small Street . He was mayor during the reign of Charles I and represented Bristol in the 1623 Parliament . Deals could be closed by payment on the nails — the popularly supposed origin of the saying " pay on the nail " or " cash on the nail " . However , this origin of the term is disputed . = = Clock = = The clock was first installed in 1822 . A second minute hand was later added to show the time in London as well as the local time in Bristol ; the red minute hand shows Greenwich Mean Time and the black minute hand shows Bristol time . This became necessary following the arrival of the railways , which required a standardised time for timetabling around the country , known as railway time ; Bristol officially adopted railway time on 14 September 1852 . The city is 2º 35 ' west of Greenwich , so when it is noon in Bristol by old local time , it is just after 12 : 10 p.m. in London by standard time .
= Gyromitra caroliniana = Gyromitra caroliniana , known commonly as the Carolina false morel or big red , is an ascomycete fungus of the genus Gyromitra , within the Pezizales group of fungi . It is found in hardwood forests of the southeastern United States , where it fruits in early spring soon after snowmelt . Although it is collected and eaten by some , there is some suggestion it may contain the toxic compound gyromitrin like its poisonous relative , the false morel G. esculenta , and for this reason it is usually not recommended for consumption . The fruit body , or ascocarp , appears on the ground in woodland , and can grow to massive sizes . The heavily wrinkled cap is red @-@ brown in color , nearly spherical to roughly elliptical in shape , and typically measures 15 to 20 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 to 7 @.@ 9 in ) tall and 6 to 13 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 5 @.@ 1 in ) wide . The stipe is massive , up to 11 cm ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) thick , with a white felt @-@ like surface . The brittle flesh is densely packed into the cap in convoluted folds that form internal locules . = = Taxonomy = = The species was originally named Morchella caroliniana by French botanist Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc in 1811 , and later sanctioned under this name by Elias Fries in 1822 . It was transferred to Gyromitra by Fries in 1871 . Gyromitra caroliniana is the type species of subgenus Caroliniana of genus Gyromitra . This grouping comprises species that have , in maturity , coarsely reticulate ascospores ( i.e. , with a network of ridges on the surface ) with multiple blunt spines that originate from the reticulum on the spores . Other species in this subgenus include G. fastigiata and the central European species G. parma . In 1969 , Erich Heinz Benedix believed that the spore reticulation was sufficiently unique to be worthy of designation as a separate genus , and he described Fastigiella to contain G. caroliniana . Harri Harmaja disagreed , later placing Fastigiella in synonymy with Gyromitra . In a 2009 review of the genus Gyromitra , authors van Vooren and Moreau say that Bosc 's original species description is ambiguous , leaving much room for interpretation , and they suggest that several reports of the species occurring in Europe should be referred to Gyromitra fastigiata . They point out that in 1970 , Estonian mycologist Ain Raitviir considered Bosc 's Morchella caroliniana a nomen dubium , and Fries 's description as nomen confusum , and advocated the abandonment of the specific epithet caroliniana . In the early 1970s , Kent McKnight redefined the taxon and selected a neotype , based on five specimens collected from Lorton , Virginia in 1942 . The specific epithet refers to the Carolinas , where it was first collected scientifically . Common names include the " brown false morel " , " Carolina false morel " , " big red " , ( particularly in Missouri and Arkansas ) , or " river red " . = = Description = = The cap is roughly spherical to elliptical , and features a folded , crumpled , or corrugated surface that somewhat resembles the surface of a brain . It has areas of more or less symmetrical pits , or ribs arranged vertically . The cap margin is close to the stipe and sometimes adheres to it . The color is reddish to reddish @-@ brown , but becomes darker in weathered specimens ; the reverse side is whitish . Fruit bodies are typically 6 – 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 – 2 @.@ 8 in ) across but can grow to be much larger . Fred J. Seaver reported one specimen to have grown to a height of 10 @.@ 5 in ( 27 cm ) , but a more usual height range is 15 – 20 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 – 7 @.@ 9 in ) . The underside is whitish , but not readily visible . The stipe is short and stout , furrowed , typically 6 – 10 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) long by 4 – 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) wide but sometimes much larger , and usually thickest at the base . Pure white when young and with a felt @-@ like surface , it discolors in age or with handling . The upper portion of the stipe is usually branched , but the branches are hidden by the cap . The whitish flesh forms locules ( chambers ) and is densely packed in the stipe and cap , forming branches to the points of attachment . The spores are narrowly elliptical , hyaline ( translucent ) , and apiculate ( with a sharply pointed tip ) , measuring 30 – 33 by 11 @.@ 5 – 14 μm . Spores usually have one large oil droplet and one or two smaller ones . Initially smooth , the spore surface becomes reticulate and coarse , developing small warts . The use of scanning electron microscopy has revealed up to 6 short apiculi ( the part of a spore that attaches to the sterigmata ) that originate from extensions of the reticulation . Asci ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are 320 – 420 by 18 @.@ 5 – 23 μm , and the paraphyses are 6 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 9 μm wide . Although some guides indicate the species is edible with suitable preparation ( such as boiling ) , it is generally not recommended for consumption because of the risk of confusion with other toxic Gyromitra species that contain the compound gyromitrin . When boiled in water , or digested in the body , this compound is readily hydrolyzed to the toxic compound monomethylhydrazine — used as a propellant in some rocket fuels . = = = Similar species = = = Gyromitra brunnea is similar in appearance to G. caroliana , and has an overlapping geographical range . G. brunnea is distinctly lobed , and lacks ribs and cross @-@ ribs . Consequently , " seams " can usually be found where the undersurface is exposed . In contrast , G. caroliniana is almost never lobed and thus lacks seams . Its tightly wrinkled and attached cap mostly hide the undersurface . G. korfii has a more block @-@ like or square appearance , and its yellowish @-@ brown to reddish @-@ brown cap surface has fewer wrinkles , folds , and convolutions . G. fastigiata is a European species that resembles the North American G. brunnea . The common and widespread G. esculenta has a loosely lobed , irregularly shaped , brainlike cap . It has shorter spores measuring 21 – 25 by 12 – 13 μm . = = Habitat and distribution = = The fungus fruits singly or in loose groups on the ground under hardwood trees , in rich humus . Common habitats include near stumps and other dead wood , particularly oak , and along river bottoms . In the southern states , it can appear as early as March , but elsewhere it typically fruits in April and May . The species has been used as an indicator signalling the start of " morel season " . Gyromitra species are " officially " considered saprobic , but exhibit some mycorrhizal tendencies , and may integrate both ecological lifestyles in their life cycle . The range of G. caroliniana includes Oklahoma to the Carolinas and north to the Great Lakes . Erich Benedix reported the fungus in Thuringia and Austria , where he claimed it had previously often been misidentified with young forms of Gyromitra infula . A more recent revision disputes those claims , saying " Reports from Europe are unsubstantiated and are due to confusion with G. fastigiata and G. gigas " . The fruit bodies develop slowly , and specimens left until late in the season can grow up to five pounds or more . = = = Cited literature = = = Abbott SP , Currah RS ( 1997 ) . " The Helvellaceae : systematic revision and occurrence in northern and northwestern North America " . Mycotaxon 62 : 1 – 125 .
= Jenny ( Doctor Who ) = Jenny , portrayed by Georgia Moffett , is a fictional character in the long @-@ running British science fiction television series Doctor Who . She appeared in the episode " The Doctor 's Daughter " , originally broadcast 10 May 2008 . Jenny is the daughter of the series protagonist the Doctor , a product of altered DNA extracted from a tissue sample from his hand . Jenny was introduced by writer Stephen Greenhorn . Moffett herself is the real @-@ life daughter of the actor Peter Davison who portrayed the Doctor 's fifth incarnation from 1981 to 1984 . She was cast as Jenny after auditioning for a more minor part in the episode " The Unicorn and the Wasp " , and impressing the series producers . Following the broadcast of " The Doctor 's Daughter " , the character was generally well received by reviewers , with many speculating that Jenny would return to the franchise . Moffett also expressed an interest in this possibility . = = Appearance = = When the Doctor 's time travelling TARDIS is drawn to the planet Messaline , his DNA is used by warring human soldiers on the planet in a Progenation Machine , a device that instantly creates a fully grown and educated new person , and the Doctor recognises her as his " daughter " . Born a fighter , with combat skills and tactics automatically programmed , she is initially ideologically at odds with the Doctor 's pacifism , but after learning she has two hearts and is connected to the near @-@ extinct race of Time Lords , she begins to pattern her behaviour on that of her father . Named " Jenny " by the Doctor 's companion Donna ( Catherine Tate ) as she is a " generated anomaly " , she is initially received with ambivalence by the Doctor , whom she reminds of the loss of his previous family . He eventually warms to her , however , and welcomes her aboard his crew as a companion . Just as peace appears to have been restored between the planet 's warring factions , Jenny is shot and apparently killed . The Doctor cradles her dying form in his arms , and is visibly distraught when she does not revive or regenerate from the wound . In the episode 's closing scenes after the Doctor leaves , Jenny revives , takes a small spaceship , and takes off into the unknown to become an explorer like her father . In the accompanying Doctor Who Confidential episode , David Tennant ( who portrays the Doctor ) refers to her as " another member of that race , or something closely akin to it . " In the episode itself the Doctor says to Jenny , " You 're an echo , that 's all . A Time Lord is so much more . A sum of knowledge , a code , shared history , shared suffering " , but later accepts her as his daughter , saying " You 're going to be more than great ; you 're going to be amazing " . Jenny 's ' death ' is shown during " Journey 's End " when the Doctor recalls those who have died while helping him , as he did not know she revived . = = Characterisation = = = = = Character creation = = = While it is well established within Doctor Who that the Doctor once had a family — his first incarnation having travelled with his granddaughter , Susan — this fact has been seldom referenced in the show . As executive producer Russell T Davies stated , when discussing the creation of Jenny as the Doctor 's newest family member : " In the current series once or twice we 've had fleeting little mentions , he said to Rose in the TARDIS in " Fear Her " that he 'd been a father once . And now obviously this story , it 's not a natural , biological daughter , you could argue , but this really brings him face to face with fatherhood . " Regarding the creation of the character Jenny , series producer Phil Collinson explained , " It came out of a desire to keep pushing David , and keep taking him in new directions , and keep challenging him , really . To suddenly find himself with a member of family is kind of one of the biggest challenges you could give him , so I 'm chuffed we did it . " Tennant has agreed that giving the character a daughter was " an interesting , emotional , dramatic place for the character to go , " while the episode 's writer , Stephen Greenhorn , has spoken of the manner in which creating Jenny allowed the show to broach " aspects of the Doctor 's past life that we don 't often get to discuss , about his previous family that he had and lost in the Time War . " Steven Moffat suggested that the character lives in the episode 's conclusion . = = = Casting = = = Before being cast as Jenny , Georgia Moffett had previously auditioned for a smaller role in Doctor Who episode " The Unicorn and the Wasp " . Phil Collinson revealed that : " As soon as we saw her , we realised there was a much bigger and better part later on in the series ... so Georgia kindly waited until the time was right . " Coverage of her casting focused on the fact that Moffett is the daughter of Peter Davison , who played the Doctor 's fifth incarnation — as the Radio Times stated : " a Doctor 's daughter is playing the Doctor 's Daughter " . Moffett has described how , after Davison filmed the 2007 Children in Need segment " Time Crash " , in which the Fifth Doctor briefly returned to meet the Tenth Doctor , her father called her to inform her : " Right , now it 's your go . " Discussing Moffett 's casting as Jenny , both actors relayed their amusement at the character 's first line being " Hello , Dad , " with Davison describing his own daughter playing the Doctor 's daughter as " kind of surreal " . He has denied that there was any nepotism involved in the casting process , explaining , " She got it off her own bat . I would love to get another part in Doctor Who , I 'm certainly not going to get her one first . " Moffett has praised her character and the episode in which she appeared , asserting that : " If I 'd had to write my ideal part in an episode of Doctor Who it would have been that script . " She has also expressed a desire to return to the role , calling on the show 's producers to " Bring Jenny back . Please ! " = = = Characteristics = = = Over the course of the episode " The Doctor 's Daughter " , the character of Jenny undergoes marked change . Moffett explained : " She starts off not being particularly likeable but by the end she 's learned a lot from her experiences and from The Doctor . She becomes something that he 's very proud of . " Initially , Jenny is portrayed as an " action hero " character , described by series producer Phil Collinson as : " a warrior . [ ... ] She 's born to fight . She 's born to use weapons , she 's born to karate chop and kick her feet " , and by episode writer Stephen Greenhorn as : " a kind of manufactured soldier , with a kinda pre @-@ programming towards aggression and war . " Shortly after her creation within the episode , the character explains that she was born knowing just " How to fight , and how to die . " Learning from the Doctor , Jenny begins to adapt her ideology . Moffett explained that her character : " begins to become much more like the Doctor , and much more like a Time [ lord ] , " describing the episode as " a journey , " over the course of which Jenny learns to use her fighting skills " in the right way , " developing morals as she grows on a personal level . Executive producer Russell T Davies has discussed the Doctor 's initial reluctance to accept Jenny as his daughter , explaining , " It 's awful for him in that this daughter is everything he wouldn 't be ; she 's a soldier , she 's got military protocols downloaded into her brain , she can fight , and she wants to fight , that 's the important thing , that she thinks killing is fine . " Greenhorn asserts that as the character develops , " You can see the Doctorishness in her . And you can see that actually , the reason he would warm to that is because he begins to recognise there are elements in her that are strong in him as well . " Concluding the character 's development over the course of the episode , Moffett surmised , " By the end of it , they 've both realised that they want to be a little bit more like the other one , and admire that in each other . " = = Reception = = Martin Anderson of Den of Geek ! has suggested that the creation of a daughter character for the Doctor was a move designed to lay to rest decades long speculation that the Doctor himself might one day regenerate into a female form . He describes the act of reviving the character at the end of the episode as " a pretty cheap trick " , but asserts that ; " this is outshone by the big surprise at Jenny 's career @-@ choice at the conclusion of The Doctor 's Daughter . Wow . " Newsround 's Lizo Mzimba opines that Moffett 's appearance as Jenny is " superb " , while Doctor Who producer Phil Collinson has hailed the introduction of Jenny as the Doctor 's daughter : " One of the best pre @-@ title sequences we 've ever had . " Despite reviewing the episode " The Doctor 's Daughter " poorly as a whole , Digital Spy 's Ben Rawson @-@ Jones argues that Jenny " deserved a stronger narrative context for her debut " , and that Georgia Moffett portrayed the character with " the right spirit , arrogance and compassion that befits a sprog of the Time Lord . " Ian Berriman , writing for SFX , is somewhat more critical of the character , stating : " we 're not given much time to get to know Jenny ( and you always suspect she 's a redshirt ) , so her " death " is not as affecting as it could have been . " The Stage 's Mark Wright is similarly critical of the character and her conception , writing : " I 'll admit to feeling cheated that she isn 't the real thing and it 's a bit of techno @-@ gubbins malarkey to give the Doctor something to emote against . I don 't quite buy the bond that springs up between the Doctor and Georgia Moffett 's Jenny ( a name she is given rather quickly ) . She is a genetically engineered soldier with military tactics and skills programmed in , and knows what to do with a gun , much to the Doctor 's horror . But why does he care , she isn 't really his daughter ? " Anderson , Berriman , Wright , and The Times ' Andrew Billen all speculate that the character is likely to return to the series in the future , with Anderson assessing that the episode 's ending left " vast scope " for the return of the character in her own spin @-@ off : " Moffett herself has the obvious credentials due to her real @-@ life dad , and she 's certainly young , attractive and athletic enough to cross quite a few barriers in viewer demographics . " Billen adds : " If Jenny [ ... ] does not spin off into , at least , her own comic books , I shall be surprised . " Georges Jeanty , artist of the comic series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight , felt that the character of Jenny was a homage to Joss Whedon 's influential character Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) , from Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Jeanty returned the favour by modelling Buffy 's outfit in Season Eight # 32 after Jenny 's outfit in " The Doctor 's Daughter " .
= 2011 NBA lockout = The 2011 NBA lockout was the fourth lockout in the history of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The owners began the work stoppage upon expiration of the 2005 collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) . The 161 @-@ day lockout began on July 1 , 2011 and ended on December 8 , 2011 . It delayed the start of the 2011 – 12 regular season from November 1 to December 25 , and it reduced the regular season from 82 to 66 games . The previous lockout in 1998 – 99 had shortened the season to 50 games . During the lockout , teams could not trade , sign or contact players , and players could not access NBA team facilities , trainers , or staffs . Negotiations between the owners , led by commissioner David Stern , and the players , led by director Billy Hunter and president Derek Fisher of the labor union National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) , began in early 2011 and continued through November . The main issues dividing both sides were the division of revenue and the structure of the salary cap and luxury tax . Owners proposed to reduce the players ’ share of basketball related income ( BRI ) from 57 % to 47 % , but the players countered with 53 % of BRI . Owners wanted to implement a hard salary cap and a harsher luxury tax , hoping to increase competition among teams , whereas players wanted to keep the current soft salary cap structure intact . As both sides failed to reach an agreement , the NBA canceled the preseason and all games through December . On November 14 , the players dissolved the union , allowing them to file antitrust lawsuits against the league . On November 26 , both sides reached a tentative agreement to end the lockout . The new CBA calls for a revenue split of 49 @-@ to @-@ 51 @.@ 2 % and a flexible salary cap structure with harsher luxury tax . After the tentative deal was reached , owners allowed players to have voluntary workouts at team sites starting December 1 . After the deal was ratified on December 8 , training camps , trades and free agency began the next day . During the lockout , some players signed contracts to play in other countries , mostly in Europe and Asia , with most of them having the option to return upon the lockout 's conclusion . The lockout also affected the economy due largely to NBA cities losing revenue generated by games as well as television networks losing ratings and advertisement revenue . = = Chronology = = July 1 , 2011 : The lockout begins . September 23 , 2011 : The NBA canceled training camp , which was to begin October 3 , and the first week of preseason games , which were to run October 9 through 15 . October 4 , 2011 : The NBA canceled the remainder of the preseason . October 10 , 2011 : The first two weeks of the regular season canceled . October 28 , 2011 : All games through November 30 canceled . November 14 , 2011 : The NBPA dissolves labor union into a trade association . November 15 , 2011 : The NBA canceled all games through December 15 . Players filed antitrust lawsuits against the NBA in California and Minnesota federal courts . November 26 , 2011 : The NBA owners and players reached a tentative agreement to end the lockout . December 1 , 2011 : The NBPA re @-@ formed as a union . December 8 , 2011 : The new CBA is ratified , officially ending the lockout . December 25 , 2011 : NBA season begins . = = Background = = After the previous lockout , which shortened the 1998 – 99 season from 82 to 50 games , a six @-@ year deal between the owners , led by commissioner David Stern , and the players , led by director Billy Hunter and president Patrick Ewing of the labor union National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) , was reached . As the CBA was set to expire on June 30 , 2005 , the two sides began to negotiate in early 2005 . There were several issues obstructing the new agreement , which included adding an age limit for rookies , toughening the existing drug @-@ testing program and limiting the length of long @-@ term contracts . However , negotiations went smoothly and the two sides were able to reach a deal in June 2005 , avoiding the lockout . That deal guaranteed players 57 percent of basketball @-@ related income ( BRI ) and lasted for six years , until June 30 , 2011 . A year after signing the deal , eight owners signed a petition requesting Stern address the disparity between small @-@ market and large @-@ market teams . They wrote that " the hard truth is that our current economic system works only for larger @-@ market teams and a few teams that have extraordinary success ... The rest of us are looking at significant and unacceptable annual financial losses . " Derek Fisher succeeded Ewing as NBPA president in 2006 . In early 2011 , negotiations on a new CBA began . The league claimed that it was losing $ 300 million a year ( 22 out of 30 teams were losing money last season ) and proposed to reduce 40 % of players ' salary ( about $ 800 million ) and institute a hard salary cap ( at $ 45 million per team ) as opposed to a soft cap ( at $ 58 million ) currently in use . The union disputed those figures and steadfastly opposed those changes . Hunter said that he was advising players to prepare for a lockout . In May 2011 , the NBPA filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) , accusing the league of negotiating in bad faith by failing to provide critical financial data to the union and repeatedly threatening to lock out players . The NBA quickly rejected the complaint , saying that the league complies fully with federal labor laws . The union also considered the option of decertification , which allows players to file an antitrust lawsuit against the NBA . With time winding down , negotiations continued in May and June . On the salary cap , the owners , in their newest proposal , call for a system called the " flex cap " that limits payroll at $ 62 million but penalizes teams if the teams payroll exceeds the league 's average payroll of that season . The union argued that it is still a hard cap because the ceiling would kick in eventually . On salary reduction , players offered to cut $ 500 million over the next five years ( their share of BRI would be reduced from 57 to 54 @.@ 3 percent ) . The owners instead proposed to cut $ 2 billion over the next 10 years . As a last @-@ ditch effort to avert a lockout , owners and players met again on June 30 , 2011 , to negotiate , but both sides failed to reach a resolution on key issues like salary cap and BRI splits . Both Stern and Hunter said that the two sides remained far apart . The owners demanded a larger share , claiming that they were losing money . The players , on the other hand , were willing to make concessions , but they refused to completely cave in to owners ' demands . Negotiations broke off , and the CBA expired at midnight . = = Lockout = = = = = Initial months = = = The lockout was officially started by the owners on July 1 , 2011 , during which , teams could not trade , sign or contact players , and players could not access NBA team facilities , trainers or staffs . Negotiations resumed at an August 1 bargaining session , but it fell apart after three hours . On August 2 , 2011 , the NBA filed two unfair labor practice claims against the NBPA , one at the NLRB and another at a federal district court in New York . The league accused the players of being uncooperative in negotiations by threatening to dissolve their union and file antitrust lawsuits . Hunter , in a statement released by the union , called the lawsuits " without merit " and that the union would seek to dismiss it in court . On August 4 , Hunter said that he thought the entire 2011 – 12 season would likely be canceled . The NBPA and the owners returned to negotiate again on August 31 with a sense of urgency . No specifics were disclosed although both sides hoped to meet again soon . " Everyone loses if we don 't reach an agreement , that 's something that I think has always been understood , " said union president Derek Fisher . " I will say we are not apart in terms of an agreed urgency on getting a deal done , " said NBA deputy commissioner Adam Silver . The union and owners met again on September 13 but the negotiation soon collapsed . The salary cap structure remained the main source of disagreement . Owners wanted to create a hard cap for team payroll . The union wanted to keep the current structure intact , referring to it as a " blood issue " . Players were willing to cut salary only if owners agree to compromise on the salary cap . But owners were unwilling to concede , saying that there must be a system in place that allows all teams to compete . Five of the sports agents — Arn Tellem , Bill Duffy , Mark Bartelstein , Jeff Schwartz and Dan Fegan — who represent one @-@ third of NBA players spoke with each other about decertifying the union . They believed owners have most of the leverage in negotiation and viewed decertification as a way for players to take control . Hunter said however that players have not considered decertification at this point . On September 15 , Fisher sent an email to 400 @-@ plus players asking for unity . In the email , he said that recent meetings were " effective " . He suggested that the failure of having a deal was not due to disagreement between players and owners , but due to disagreement among owners . Fisher also used the opportunity to counter agents ' suggestion of disbanding the union , saying that they were not making " a drastic move that leaves players without a union " . According to sources , there was indeed disagreement among the owners . Some thought players ' proposal of taking 52 % of BRI was fair , and were willing to compromise on things like tying players ' future earnings to NBA 's future revenue growth and maintaining current salary level . Cavaliers ' Dan Gilbert and Suns ' Robert Sarver were among the hardliners who oppose the deal while Knicks ' James Dolan and the Lakers ' Jerry Buss were among the group in favor of it . Stern denied that there was a rift among owners the following day , saying , " I don 't know what the basis of Derek 's belief is . " = = = Cancellations = = = On September 23 , 2011 , the NBA canceled training camp , which was to begin October 3 , and the first week of preseason games , which were to run October 9 through 15 . The incident marks only the second time in league history that games have been lost to a labor stoppage . Both the owners and the union had planned to meet on September 30 in New York and pledged to continue through the weekends if progress was being made . A source close to the situation leaked to ESPN that Stern plans to threaten the cancellation of the season if no deal is made , but the union sees this as a scare tactic and not a serious threat . Commentators speculated that Stern wants to put pressure on the players and prevent negotiation from dragging through the fall . The meeting on September 30 was tense as Dwyane Wade reportedly yelled at Stern after he pointed his finger at Wade . The players nearly stormed out , but they remained in the meeting only after Hunter asked them to . Stern also backed down from his earlier threat that he would cancel the season if there is no deal . On October 4 , the NBA canceled the remainder of the preseason . Stern said the league would lose $ 200 million by canceling the preseason , and warned that the first two weeks of the season would be in jeopardy if no deal is reached by October 10 . The players proposed that they receive 53 % of BRI , while the owners countered with 47 % . The two sides then discussed a 50 – 50 split of BRI , with the owners offering the players 49 % of BRI with incentives that would raise the value to 51 % . The players countered by asking for 51 % , which would increase to 53 percent using those same incentives . It was rejected by the owners . Attempts for the sides to meet on October 7 failed . The union said the NBA demanded a 50 – 50 revenue split prior to the meeting , while the league refuted making any such demands . After talks on October 9 and 10 , the two sides were unable to reach a deal and Stern subsequently canceled the first two weeks of regular @-@ season games , which were originally scheduled to begin on November 1 . BRI remained the main issue , but other differences included luxury tax , player contract length , and the mid @-@ level exception . The owners proposed a $ 2 tax for every $ 1 that a team spends above the tax threshold for player salaries . The tax would rise to as high as $ 4 for every $ 1 above the limit for teams that are repeat offenders . The previous CBA in comparison called for a $ 1 tax for every $ 1 over the limit . The players refused to accept a hard salary cap , which they felt the more punitive luxury taxes would effectively create . Stern said the owners felt a harsher luxury tax would make the league more competitive . Wade countered that a small @-@ market team like the San Antonio Spurs had won multiple championships . Andrew Zimbalist , an economist at Smith College , said that " the statistical correlation between payroll and win percentage is practically nonexistent " in the NBA . ESPN.com concluded that a team 's draft efficiency accounted for 34 % of its winning percentage in the past decade , while payroll showed only a 7 % correlation . The New York Times noted that a fairer system was needed for the small @-@ market teams , but the league 's popularity historically relied on predictably successful teams with multiple superstars . NBPA leaders met with around 30 players on October 14 and stressed unity . Washington Wizards player JaVale McGee left the meeting early and told reporters there were some players " saying that they 're ready to fold " , but the majority was united . McGee later denied mentioning that players were ready to fold , but his comment was recorded by reporters . Fisher said McGee had " no ability to make that statement " based on the limited time he spent at the meeting . Owners and players met again on October 18 – 20 for 30 hours of talks over three days . They met before a federal mediator , George Cohen — the director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service . Cohen tried unsuccessfully to resolve the 2011 NFL lockout . At the conclusion of the meetings , the sides remained split on the revenue split and the structure of the salary cap . The league proposed a 50 – 50 split of BRI , and the players proposed a range that would allow them as low as 50 % of BRI to a maximum of 53 % , depending on the league 's revenues . Gilbert told the players to trust that the salary cap issues could be resolved if they accepted the 50 – 50 proposal . Hunter responded , " I can 't trust your gut . I got to trust my own gut . " Silver and San Antonio Spurs owner Peter Holt told reporters that the players refused to negotiate after the 50 – 50 proposal . Fisher told the press " that you guys were lied to " by the owners . Hunter said the owners told them , " Take it or leave it . " Cohen decided that there was " no useful purpose " to continue mediation . Tentative agreements were reached on smaller issues , allowing a one @-@ time exemption for teams to waive players without counting against the salary cap , granting teams an annual exemption to waive players and prorate the impact to the salary cap over multiple years , and a mid @-@ level exception of $ 5 million . Hunter characterized the small @-@ market owners as being inflexible in negotiation . However , The New York Times wrote that the views of individual owners " cannot be easily categorized by market size , revenue , personal wealth or championship aspirations . " Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban , whose team is in the fifth @-@ largest market and has one of the highest payrolls , and Portland Trail Blazers owner Paul Allen , the 23rd @-@ wealthiest person in America , are as interested as small @-@ market owners in changing the economy of the NBA in an effort to increase competition . While owners of profitable teams like Buss and Dolan are willing to accept modest changes to the CBA , they remain united with the small @-@ market teams based on concerns for the league 's long @-@ term health . Despite the earlier cancellation announcement , the players and the league hoped that a full 82 @-@ game schedule could be salvaged if a deal is reached in time . On October 28 , Stern announced the cancellation of all games through November 30 after negotiations regarding division of revenue ended without an agreement . He said that Hunter was unwilling " to go a penny below 52 % " on BRI , while Hunter said , " We made a lot of concessions , but unfortunately at this time it 's not enough . " Stern indicated that an 82 @-@ game season was no longer possible . He added that tentative agreement was reached for maximum contract lengths of five years for players staying with their teams or four years when signing with another team . Reports of division among players and owners surfaced . Jason Whitlock of Foxsports.com wrote that Fisher was privately working with Stern on the 50 – 50 split and that Hunter confronted Fisher about the issue . Fisher and Stern denied a private meeting took place . In a letter to the players , Fisher called the reports " absurd " and demanded " a retraction for the libelous and defamatory stories " through his attorneys . Hunter said his " relationship with Derek is very good . There was no confrontation . " Fisher , as union president , is not empowered to make unilateral decisions for the union . While Fisher believed a 50 – 50 deal could be considered , Hunter maintained that the owners should never " make the same or more than the players . " Miami Heat owner Micky Arison , one of the owners willing to settle with players , responded to a fan complaining about greedy owners and players on Twitter , saying that " You are barking at the wrong owner . " He was fined $ 500 @,@ 000 by Stern , five times larger than any previous amount against an owner for publicly commenting on the labor situation . Washington Wizards owner Ted Leonsis and Charlotte Bobcats owner Michael Jordan had been fined $ 100 @,@ 000 each for public comments on the lockout . Leonsis had commented about the owners ' desire for a hard salary cap , while Jordan told an Australian newspaper that the league 's business model was " broken " , citing the owners ' desire for revenue sharing . A group of 10 to 14 hardline owners , led by Jordan , wanted to cap the players ' share of BRI at 50 % and as low as 47 . During the labor dispute in 1998 , then @-@ player Jordan told Washington Wizards then @-@ owner Abe Pollin , " If you can ’ t make a profit , you should sell your team . " Whitlock called Jordan a " sellout " wanting " current players to pay for his incompetence . " He cited Jordan 's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison . In early November , about 50 players renewed talks of union decertification if the union went lower than 52 @.@ 5 % of BRI or agreed to additional restrictions on contracts , salary @-@ cap exceptions , or free agency . Decertifying would require that 30 % of the union — about 130 players — sign a petition , allowing an election under the auspices of the NLRB by all NBPA members to decertify with a simple majority . The NLRB traditionally does not consider a decertification petition while a charge is pending , such as the NBPA 's unfair labor practice charges filed in August . The owners and players union met on November 6 , and they were joined again by federal mediator Cohen . The players proposed that they receive 51 % of BRI , with a 1 % portion taken out for retired players . The owners offered a " band " that would pay the players 49 to 51 % , depending on revenue growth . Jeff Kessler , the union ’ s attorney , said the league 's proposal was really 50 @.@ 2 % and called the possibility of reaching 51 % an " illusion . " The league also proposed restrictions for teams that pay the luxury tax , banning them from sign and trade deals and limiting their use of the mid @-@ level exception . They also proposed a " repeater tax " for teams that exceed the tax threshold thrice in a five @-@ year span . Stern issued an ultimatum , giving the players until November 9 to accept the deal before it is lowered to 47 % BRI and a flex salary cap . On November 15 , the NBA canceled all games through December 15 . = = = Dissolving the union = = = The union rejected the offer on November 9 and asked for another bargaining session . The two sides met again as the deadline passed . After two days of negotiation , the owners put forth a revised final offer and said that they were done bargaining . If accepted by the players , Stern hoped to start a 72 @-@ game season in mid December . On November 14 , the union rejected the last offer and dissolved the union . The NBPA was converted into a trade association , enabling the players as individual employees to participate in a class action antitrust lawsuit against the league , calling the lockout an illegal group boycott . Attorney David Boies , who represented the NFL owners in their 2011 lockout , agreed to represent the players and join Keesler , who also represented the players in the NFL lockout . On November 15 , one group of NBA players ( including Carmelo Anthony , Chauncey Billups , Kawhi Leonard , and Leon Powe ) filed an antitrust lawsuit against the NBA in a California federal court , while another ( including Anthony Tolliver , Ben Gordon , Caron Butler and Derrick Williams ) filed their own suit against the NBA in a Minnesota federal court . November 15 was also the day players were to receive their first paychecks if the season was played . On November 21 , the California lawsuit was dropped in order to merge with the Minnesota lawsuit . Boies hoped that the move would speed up the process since the courts will likely merge the suits as they are similar complaints seeking the same outcome . The league has until December 5 to respond in court . = = = Settlement = = = On November 23 , the league and the players agreed to resume negotiating on November 25 . On November 26 , after 15 hours of talks , a tentative deal was reached . The NBPA re @-@ formed as a union on December 1 , receiving support from over 300 players , exceeding the requirement for at least 260 signatures . Signature cards were sent to the roughly 440 players on rosters at the end of the previous season , as well as to the 60 rookies drafted in 2011 and to players who signed at least two 10 @-@ day contracts . The re @-@ formation enabled further negotiations with the league on secondary issues such as the age limit for the NBA draft and rules on players being sent to and recalled from the NBA D @-@ League . The players and owners concluded their voting on the deal on December 8 , when the deal was ratified , and the lockout ended after 161 days . The owners approved the deal by a 25 – 5 vote , while 86 % of the more than 200 players who voted approved the deal . Miami Heat 's Micky Arison and Dallas Mavericks ' Mark Cuban are the two owners who have publicly disclosed that they voted against the new CBA . The players would receive 51 @.@ 2 % of BRI in 2011 – 12 , with a 49 @-@ to @-@ 51 band in subsequent years . Teams are allowed a one @-@ time amnesty exemption to waive one player and remove him from the team 's salary cap . The player could be claimed off waivers by the highest bidder ; the waiving team would be responsible for the remaining salary without it counting against their cap . In a rule dubbed the " Derrick Rose Rule " after the 2011 NBA Most Valuable Player Award winner , a player finishing his rookie contract could be re @-@ signed at up to 30 % of his team 's salary cap — an increase from the previous CBA 's 25 % — if he was either a two @-@ time All @-@ Star starter , twice voted All @-@ NBA Team , or won an MVP award . The maximum salary for a player otherwise would remain unchanged at 25 , 30 , or 35 % of the salary cap , depending on the player 's years of service . = = = Racial comments = = = Bryant Gumbel on his HBO Real Sports show in October likened Stern 's role in the lockout to a " modern plantation overseer , treating NBA men as if they were his boys ... keeping the hired hands in their place . " The NBA owners are predominantly white , while the players are mostly black . ESPN noted that William C. Rhoden in his book $ 40 Million Slaves had earlier dealt with the topic of players as " slaves " in spite of earning millions of dollars . Stern dismissed Gumbel 's comments as " an occupational hazard " of being the NBA commissioner . In early November , NBPA attorney Jeff Kessler criticized the owners ' " take it or leave it " bargaining approach : " instead of treating the players like partners , they ’ re treating them like plantation workers . " Hall of Famer Magic Johnson called the comments " ridiculous " and defended Stern 's record of promoting blacks . ESPN The Magazine said that the NBPA did not condone Kessler 's statements , and they had intentionally avoided getting involved with Gumbel 's earlier remarks . Kessler later apologized for his comments . = = = Impact = = = The revised season schedule with 16 fewer regular @-@ season games and a reduced pre @-@ season caused an estimated loss of $ 400 million for both the team owners and the players . According to CNBC , the average player lost $ 220 @,@ 000 after the first missed paycheck on November 15 . However , each player did receive $ 100 @,@ 000 from the NBA to compensate for salaries falling below the 57 % BRI level in 2010 – 11 . As of October 25 , an estimated 400 NBA jobs were lost due to layoffs and attrition since the lockout — around 200 in the league office and another 200 among the 30 teams . As the lockout dragged on toward the holiday season , many NBA arenas workers felt the effect . Many of them worked part @-@ time in order to supplement their income or to simply pay bills and they were unable to recover lost wages that resulted from cancelled games . = = Players ' alternatives = = = = = Going overseas = = = The players union encouraged players to find work overseas , hoping owners would offer better deals if they saw players having more options . Josh Childress , who played for Greek team Olympiacos before returning to the NBA in 2010 , said he would not consider playing overseas during the lockout . He cited concerns with reliability of getting paid , differences in coaching styles , and lower standards of business travel compared to the NBA . The International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) announced on July 29 that it would allow players under NBA contracts to play overseas , provided that the contracts they signed had opt @-@ out clauses that allowed players to return once the work stoppage ended . Stern said the league would allow players to play overseas , but he warned that it could divide the union and possibly jeopardize players ' contracts if they were seriously injured . Most leagues permitted the signing of locked @-@ out NBA players with the option of opting out ; the Chinese Basketball Association , however , only allowed its clubs to sign foreign free agents who could play for at least the entire season . Chinese nationals were exempt from this rule ; this allowed Yi Jianlian to return to the NBA upon the end of the lockout . More than 90 players decided to sign with foreign teams during the lockout . The New York Times called the migration of players overseas " one of the most overblown stories of the lockout " with a majority of those signing being " rookies , middling veterans and fringe players . " Deron Williams was the only 2011 All @-@ Star going overseas , signing a one @-@ year contract for $ 5 million to play for Beşiktaş of the Turkish Basketball League . Former first overall draft pick Kenyon Martin , a free agent , signed a one @-@ year contract with the Xinjiang Flying Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association that would make him the highest paid player in the league 's history at $ 500 @,@ 000 a month . Unlike players who signed more lucrative contracts overseas , three @-@ time NBA champion Tony Parker opted to play for the minimum wage of $ 2 @,@ 000 per month with ASVEL Basket , the French team he partly owns . Parker joined several foreign players , such as Leandro Barbosa , Boris Diaw , Rudy Fernández , Andrei Kirilenko and Mehmet Okur , who opted to play in their home countries until the lockout ended . An NBA player playing in Europe could earn as little as $ 50 @,@ 000 – $ 75 @,@ 000 per month , while the average NBA annual salary was $ 5 @.@ 8 million with the minimum around $ 500 @,@ 000 . The large contracts signed by Williams and Martin were extreme exceptions . In October after the cancellation of regular season games , it was not anticipated that many additional NBA players would be signed overseas ; leagues had started playing , their rosters were full , and new players could disrupt the teams . = = = Other alternatives = = = Many players opted to stay in the United States instead . The New York Times speculated that many Americans would have found it hard to leave and change their lifestyle . Some played in local pick @-@ up games , while others ranging from stars like Kevin Durant to players like Dorell Wright played in the more organized exhibition tournaments such as the Drew League in Los Angeles , the Melo League located in Baltimore and the Goodman League in Washington , D.C. An exhibition game between two of the leagues was played on August 20 , 2011 , with the Goodman League defeating the Drew League , 135 – 134 . Drew commissioner Dino Smiley said such pro – am games during the NBA off @-@ season were not new , but " the lockout has taken these games to a new level " . A tournament of NBA @-@ only players was held in September in Las Vegas , Nevada , featuring eight teams with seven to eight players each . Named the Impact Basketball Competitive Training Series , the league was dubbed by The New York Times as the " Lockout League " . Training camp was not expected to be long if there ended up being a season . Some players organized workouts for their teams to build team chemistry . The NBPA announced it was setting up workout centers in Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Houston and possibly Miami for players to work out at the union 's expense . The continuing lockout in October and the canceled preseason allowed Renaldo Balkman , José Juan Barea and Carlos Arroyo to play for Puerto Rico in the Pan American Games that month . Puerto Rico won the gold medal . = = Outside impact = = = = = Olympics = = = Although the 2012 Olympic men 's basketball tournament was then more than a year away , qualifying tournaments in all five of FIBA 's continental zones were to be held in the Northern Hemisphere summer of 2011 ( the traditional basketball offseason throughout the world ) . The lockout resulted in the suspension of an agreement between the NBA and FIBA by which the NBA would take on most of the costs for insuring the value of its players ' contracts in the event they were injured during international competition . As a result , national federations that wish to have NBA players on their squads must now provide full coverage instead of supplemental insurance . These costs are surprisingly high — one agent who represents an unnamed NBA player set to earn $ 10 million in the 2010 – 11 season said the player had received a $ 400 @,@ 000 quote to insure his contract for his national team 's FIBA qualifier . The Spanish Basketball Federation said that insuring all the NBA players on its national team for EuroBasket 2011 , which doubles as the European Olympic qualifiers , could cost as much as $ 5 @.@ 67 million . Basketball Australia announced that Andrew Bogut would not be available for the 2011 FIBA Oceania Championship ; his agent indicated that the final deal @-@ breaker was when insurers stated that they would not insure his remaining $ 39 million in NBA salary unless pre @-@ existing elbow , wrist , and back injuries were excluded from the policy . The French , Russian and Argentine federations were able to insure their NBA players , and several other federations were also expected to be able to do so . Over 30 NBA players participated in EuroBasket 2011 , while Ben Gordon and Marcin Gortat opted out due to insurance concerns . = = = Other sports = = = A couple of weeks before the NBA season was originally scheduled to start , Reuters and Bloomberg Businessweek speculated on the prospect of increased interest in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) among NBA fans . The NHL had experienced steady growth since the 2005 – 06 season , and they again opened the 2011 – 12 season in early October to record crowds . Businessweek wrote , " Just maybe , the NBA ’ s sketchy situation is already having a positive effect on the NHL . " However several NHL teams ( nearly half of which do not have an NBA team in their market ) had no plans to market directly to NBA fans during the lockout . The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ) , in its inaugural college football season , drew 40 @,@ 000 fans to its games in September . The San Antonio Business Journal speculated on UTSA 's opportunities to grow its fan base with the canceled NBA games in San Antonio . Boston Herald speculated that NCAA college basketball would have higher television ratings and attendance during the lockout . However , Sporting News noted that " there was no obvious boost in popularity in the college game " during the previous lockout when college basketball attendance increased by an average of 21 people per game . = = = NBA cities = = = Mayors from 14 NBA cities wrote an open letter to NBA commissioner David Stern and NBPA chief Billy Hunter , requesting that they end the lockout based on " the perspective [ of city ] residents and the negative impact a canceled season might have on them , our cities , and our local economies . " TIME noted that arena workers would be affected by the cancellation of games . However , separate studies by University of Maryland , Baltimore County and Lake Forest College found no historic significant effect to the economies of cities with sports franchises affected by work stoppages . Explanations included consumer shifting of spending on sporting events to other forms of entertainment , reduced local government spending on crowd and traffic control , and higher productivity by the general workforce without the distraction of games . = = = Other businesses = = = It was estimated that a complete lockout had cost an upwards of $ 1 billion in lost television advertisement revenue . The lockout had dealt a sizable blow to the current licensed product market which was estimated at $ 2 @.@ 7 billion , and had created a big loss in television ratings for networks that cover NBA games such as the regional sports networks , TNT and ESPN . = = Rescheduled season = = The NBA revised the schedule to play two preseason games and a 66 @-@ game regular season schedule per team rather than the standard seven preseason games and an 82 @-@ game regular season schedule . Teams were allowed to contact players ' agents on November 30 . Players could begin working out voluntarily at team facilities with trainers on December 1 , but coaches and general managers were not allowed to observe the workouts nor could any drills be conducted . NBA teams began talking to free agents on December 5 , 2011 at 10 a.m. EST . Training camps and free agency started on December 9 with the regular season beginning on Christmas Day with five games , two more than the original schedule . ESPN / ABC analyst Jeff Van Gundy said about the NBA opening on Christmas Day : " It 's a different opening day than has ever happened in the past and Christmas Day games have always been a big day for the NBA . This unique situation combined with the unveiling of a championship banner for the Mavericks in a finals rematch , and then to see the Lakers and the debut of Mike Brown as head coach , those things are all going to be very compelling . " The league built a new schedule from scratch based on available arena dates . In October , the league had allowed arenas in Los Angeles and Chicago to reassign NBA dates for other events . The number of games between conferences was affected as was the case in the 1999 lockout , when each team played only five or six interconference games in a 50 @-@ game schedule . Normally , each team plays teams in the other conference twice each . Teams played 48 conference games and 18 non @-@ conference games in a 66 @-@ game schedule , compared to 52 conference games and 30 non @-@ conference games in a normal 82 @-@ game season . Teams played on average two more games per month and also played three @-@ consecutive games at least once in the season . In total , the league had 42 sets of back @-@ to @-@ back @-@ to @-@ back games , with 11 teams playing two such sets . The three @-@ game set , or " triple " , had not occurred since the shortened 1999 season , which featured 64 triples and sloppier play due to tired players . Before that , the last occurrence was two decades earlier . During the season , there were 29 occasions when teams played five games in six days . With fewer off days during the season , the level of play was lower due to fatigue , and some older players rested to avoid burnout and recuperate from injuries . When the San Antonio Spurs rested Tim Duncan for a game in March at the end of a back @-@ to @-@ back @-@ to @-@ back , coach Gregg Popovich submitted the description of Duncan 's absence as " Old " . Nonetheless , some players still sustained injuries . In the 2012 playoffs , the Chicago Bulls were eliminated after losing Derrick Rose and Joakim Noah to injuries , and the New York Knicks lost to the Miami Heat while losing Baron Davis and Iman Shumpert to knee injuries . The Heat were not immune , losing Chris Bosh for most of the playoffs en route to their NBA championship . Stern initially said there was no connection between the injuries and the 66 @-@ game schedule compressed into 124 days ; however , he backed off those comments a week later , saying more research was needed .
= Jan Willem Spruyt = Jan Willem Spruyt ( 4 July 1826 in Uithoorn , Netherlands – 8 September 1908 in Inanda , Natal ) , also known as Jan Willem Spruijt and Jan Willem Landskroon Spruijt ( birthname ) , was a South African civil servant , lawyer and statesman of Dutch descent . Spruyt was government secretary ( 1856 – 1862 ) and several times acting state president of the Orange Free State , and state secretary of the South African Republic ( 1866 – 1869 ) . Spruyt grew up in the Netherlands , studied law , but did not complete his studies , and worked as a schoolteacher , before coming to South Africa . Here he practised as law agent in private practice in both Boer republics . Soon after his arrival he was also quickly enrolled in the administration of the Orange Free State , and attained a powerful position as government secretary . In this capacity he stood in for state president M.W. Pretorius several times in the period 1860 – 1862 . In the third quarter of the nineteenth century several many Afrikaner politicians and government officials served in both Boer republics . So did Spruyt , who finished his career as state secretary of the South African Republic . = = Biography = = = = = Early life and migration = = = Spruyt was the son of Jacobus Spuyt ( 1796 – 1839 ) , a Dutch medical doctor , and Antje Landskroon . Both the Spruyt and Landskroon families stood in a tradition of medical practice , and three of the four brothers Spruyt had were doctors in the Netherlands . Spruyt himself trained as a lawyer at Leiden University , but probably did not finish his studies . He went on to work as a schoolteacher in the village of Oosterwolde in the north of the Netherlands . It was here that professor U.G. Lauts recruited him for South Africa in 1851 . Lauts was one of a group of Dutchmen , interested in the development of good education in the new Boer settlements in South Africa . As such , Spruyt was one of the many Dutch immigrants that settled in the new Boer republics around the middle of the nineteenth century . Arriving in Delagoa Bay on a ship with J.A. Smellekamp as supercarga – he later became a well @-@ known figure in South Africa – and his two travel companions and fellow migrants , Hendrik van der Linden and W.P.J. Poen , he travelled across the Lebombo Mountains in an ox @-@ cart into the Transvaal . In March 1852 Spruyt was appointed schoolteacher in the town of Rustenburg . Because of disputes among the Dutchmen in the Transvaal , more specifically between Rev. Dirk van der Hoff and J.A. Smellekamp , who had now also settled there , Spruyt moved to the Orange Free State , where he established himself in Bloemfontein . = = = Civil servant in the Orange Free State = = = In Bloemfontein Spruyt worked as clerk of the Landdrost ( 1854 – 1855 ) , and in that capacity he acted as secretary of the Volksraad on two occasions ( September 1854 and February 1855 ) , also filling in as Government Secretary . On the strength of his capacities Spruyt was appointed clerk to the State President in September 1855 . Soon after , during the illness of Government Secretary Groenendaal , Spruyt again took up that position . In October 1856 he was appointed to the vacancy and succeeded J. Groenendaal as Government Secretary of the Orange Free State . Spruyt was regarded by his colleagues as an accurate civil servant , but as a lesser politician and statesman , reason that he was not appointed Acting State President when State President Boshoff went on leave in 1858 . However , Boshoff trusted Spruyt fully , and he allowed him to represent the presidency in meetings of the Volksraad on several occasions in 1861 and 1862 . Later Spruyt acted as State President during the absences of President Pretorius from Bloemfontein . Although general opinion had it that Spruyt was a man of lesser qualities , on his resignation he was praised by State President Pretorius as very loyal and accurate in his work . As civil servant , Spruyt made an impact on the nascent state apparatus of the Orange Free State . He designed the coat of arms of the state , and laid the foundation of the model state the Orange Free State was to become in later years . Having worked in secretarial functions for the State President himself ( as clerk ) , but also as a servant of parliament , the government , and the State , Spruyt left a clear mark on the early administration and its organisation . Spruyt was also sensitive to good labour relations within the state apparatus , and propagated a rise in the officials ' salaries . In this he did not succeed , however , and eventually the matter of the salaries instigated his own resignation . Spruyt felt that his salary was insufficient to live on with a family , and tendered his resignation . = = = Law agent , publisher , state secretary = = = After his resignation he established himself as law agent ( wetsagent ) in Bloemfontein , and acted as publisher of the Dutch language weekly paper De Tijd . Staatkundig Nieuws- en Advertentieblad voor den Oranje @-@ Vrijstaat ( The Times . Political Newspaper and Advertiser for the Orange Free State ) , started by H.A.L. Hamelberg as a competitor to the English language newspaper The Friend . In 1865 Spruyt was declared insolvent , and he subsequently moved back to the Transvaal . Here the government of the South African Republic appointed him State Secretary in November 1866 on the advice of State President Pretorius . This appointment lasted till 1869 . In 1870 Spruyt returned to the Orange Free State and to private law practice . He established himself in Ladybrand , a territory conquered by the Orange Free State in the last Basotho War of 1867 . His insolvency kept following him , however , and as late as 1871 some of his possessions , including a building complex in Rustenburg , were publicly sold for a minute sum of money . Efforts to regain a public position in the Orange Free State failed , and in 1888 Spruyt once more returned to the South African Republic . He was allowed to work as law agent in the lower courts , and – being well @-@ known and popular – set up a successful law practice . Until the end of his life he kept a healthy interest in the affairs of the state , especially in land cases . In the last period of his life Spruyt lived in Troyeville , Johannesburg . He died while on a visit to Natal , aged 82 . = = = Family = = = Spruyt married in Bloemfontein on 31 December 1856 with Elizabeth Emma Hanger ( 1826 – 1918 ) , originating from Peddie in the Cape Colony . The couple had five sons and five daughters , Emma , William , Gerard , Victor , Henrietta , George , Rudolf , Alicia , Elizabeth and Catherine . = = = Literature = = = Anon . ( 19 January 1968 ) . " President Spruyt of the Orange Free State " . Carletonville Herald . Muller , H.P.N. ( 1907 ) . Oude tyden in den Oranje @-@ Vrystaat . Naar Mr. H.A.L. Hamelberg 's nagelaten papieren beschreven . Leiden : E.J. Brill. pp. 383p . van der Schoor , P.F. ( 1972 ) . " Spruijt , Jan Willem Landskroon " . Suid @-@ Afrikaanse Biografiese Woordeboek 2 . Kaapstad & Johannesburg. p . 720 .
= And Then We Kiss = " And Then We Kiss " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her fourth studio album , In the Zone ( 2003 ) . It was written by Spears , Mark Taylor and Paul Barry , while production was handled by Taylor . The song did not make the final track listing of In the Zone and was later remixed by Junkie XL for inclusion on Spears ' first remix album , B in the Mix : The Remixes ( 2005 ) . It was also included in the EP released to promote the remix album , called Key Cuts from Remixed . The remix was released as the promotional single from the album in Australia and New Zealand . The original version by Taylor leaked online in September 2011 . The Junkie XL Remix of " And Then We Kiss " is an euro @-@ trance song with influences of techno and usage of dance @-@ rock guitars , synthesizers and symphonic strings . The lyrics speak about a kiss and the different sensations that a woman experiences , including trembling , crying and moaning . Junkie XL explained that he wanted to make the song a 2006 version of Depeche Mode 's " Enjoy the Silence " . The Junkie XL Remix of " And Then We Kiss " received mostly positive reviews from music critics , with some noticing its potential to be a radio or club hit . The song failed to appear on any major charts . However , it peaked at number fifteen on the US Billboard Hot Dance Airplay . The songs appears in Dance Dance Revolution Supernova 2 . = = Background = = " And Then We Kiss " was written by Spears , Mark Taylor and Paul Barry , while produced by Taylor . The song was recorded in the same sessions as " Breathe on Me " , and was originally intended for In the Zone ( 2003 ) . This version produced by Taylor features an electronica vibe reminiscent of Madonna 's Ray of Light ( 1998 ) , and contains a flamenco guitar with prominent lead vocals by Spears . " And Then We Kiss " was set to be included on a bonus disc of Britney & Kevin : Chaotic ( 2005 ) , but was left out for unknown reasons . The song was remixed by Junkie XL and released on her remix album B in the Mix : The Remixes ( 2005 ) . In the album credits , both Taylor and Junkie XL were listed as producers of the song . All instruments , including guitar , bass guitar , synths and drums , were played by Junkie XL . Audio mastering was done by Chaz Harper at Battery Mastering . In September 2005 , it was announced by Billboard that the remix would serve as the music for the ad campaign behind Spears ' fragrance , Fantasy . The Junkie XL Remix was released as promotional single from B in the Mix : The Remixes on October 31 , 2005 in Australia and New Zealand , as " And Then We Kiss " . The version of the song produced by Taylor remained unreleased for years , until a new mix of the song labeled as the original version leaked online on September 2 , 2011 . After suggestions that it may be a fake , Taylor confirmed its authenticity to Bradley Stern of Muumuse.com on September 5 , 2011 . = = Composition = = " And Then We Kiss " is four minutes and twenty @-@ eight seconds long . It is an euro @-@ trance song with influences of techno and usage of synthesizers . The song blends dance @-@ rock guitars and symphonic strings and closes with an orchestral overtone . Its lyrics talk about a kiss and the different sensations that the protagonist experiences , including trembling , crying and moaning . At the beginning she sings the lines " Lying alone / touching my skin " which suggest that the whole song may actually be a fantasy . Spears 's vocals are much less prominent than on the original version . In an interview with About.com , Junkie XL said he wanted to turn the song " into a 2006 version of Enjoy the Silence with really electronic chunky beats and nice melodic guitar lines . Besides the fact that [ Britney ] ' s singing on it , it could be a track off my album because it 's the same vibe . I 'm really happy with the end result and so are they . " = = Reception = = The Junkie XL Remix of " And Then We Kiss " received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Jennifer Vineyard of MTV noted " And Then We Kiss " had " the potential to be a radio or club hit — if Jive were actively promoting [ B in the Mix ] " . Barry Walters of Rolling Stone said the remix " brings a simpatico blend of symphonic strings and dance @-@ rock guitars " in its melody , while Spence D. of IGN noted Junkie XL makes " the remix an understated swatch of atmospheric neo @-@ goth poing and staccato rhythms . " A reviewer of Yahoo ! Shopping considered the song " dreamy " . Kurt Kirton of About.com said that the remixes of " And Then We Kiss " , " Toxic " , " Touch of My Hand " , " Someday ( I Will Understand ) " and " ... Baby One More Time " " hold their own " ; Gregg Shapiro of the Bay Area Reporter , however , said " the many flaws in Spears ' reedy , cold and mechanical voice are brought to the forefront " in the remixes . MTV writer Bradley Stern praised Junkie XL , writing , " the sublime remix found producer Junkie XL taking the ( still ) unreleased studio version of " And Then We Kiss " [ ... ] and smoothing it over into one of Britney 's most lush , mature musical moments of all time . " " And Then We Kiss " was not officially released as promotional single in the United States , therefore it was not eligible at the time to appear on Billboard 's Hot 100 . Even so , promotional vinyls were sent to radio stations , who started to play the song unofficially and it managed to garner enough airplay to appear on the Hot Dance Airplay chart of Billboard in early 2006 . It debuted at number 25 on the chart issue dated February 25 , 2006 , reaching a new position of 23 on the following issue . After five weeks on the chart , " And Then We Kiss " reached a peak of 15 , on the chart issue dated March 25 , 2006 . The song spent a total of eleven weeks on the chart , making its last appearance on the week of May 6 , 2006 . Despite being released in Australia and New Zealand , " And Then We Kiss " failed to appear on major charts of both countries . = = Track listing = = Digital download " And Then We Kiss " – 4 : 28 12 " Vinyl " And Then We Kiss " ( Junkie XL Remix ) – 4 : 28 " And Then We Kiss " ( Junkie XL Remix Instrumental ) – 4 : 28 " And Then We Kiss " ( Junkie XL Undressed Remix ) – 4 : 41 " And Then We Kiss " ( Junkie XL Undressed Remix Instrumental ) – 4 : 41 = = Credits and personnel = = Britney Spears — lead vocals , songwriting Michael Taylor — songwriting Paul Barry — songwriting Mark Taylor — producer Junkie XL — producer , remixer , all instruments Chaz Harper — audio mastering Source : = = Charts = =
= 1882 Navy Midshipmen football team = The 1882 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy in the 1882 college football season . The team was the second intercollegiate football squad to represent the United States Naval Academy , and the first since 1879 . The team was coached by player @-@ coach Vaulx Carter , and was entirely student @-@ operated . It was captained by squad member Alex Jackson . The team played just a single game , an 8 to 0 ( 8 – 0 ) shutout of Johns Hopkins , which was the school 's first ever win . The squad was entirely student operated , and was not supported by the Naval Academy 's faculty . The season would mark the beginning of eight season rivalry between the Midshipmen and Johns Hopkins . = = Prelude = = It is widely believed by football researchers that the playing of intercollegiate football began in November 1869 , when a player at Rutgers University challenged another player at the nearby College of New Jersey ( now Princeton ) . The contest more closely resembled soccer , with teams scoring by kicking the ball into the opponent 's net , and lacked a uniform rules structure . The game developed slowly ; the first rules were drafted in October 1873 , and only consisted of twelve guidelines . Even though the number of teams participating in the sport increased , the game was still effectively controlled by the College of New Jersey , who claimed eight national championships in ten years . Only Yale presented any form of challenge , claiming four national championships in the same time period . The Naval Academy 's first ever football team was fielded in 1879 . The squad was entirely student @-@ operated , receiving no official support from Naval Academy officials . The team was entirely funded by its members and their fellow students . This would continue until 1892 , when that season 's team was led by coach Ben Crosby . The 1879 team participated in just one game , which resulted in a scoreless tie . It was played against the Baltimore Athletic Club , at most likely an unused drill field on the Naval Academy campus . Navy would not field a football team in 1880 or 1881 , likely due to the lack of support . = = Schedule = = = = Season summary = = = = = Navy 8 , Johns Hopkins 0 = = = The 1882 season began when second @-@ year cadet Vaulx Carter formed a team , which he led as both a player and the coach . Alex Jackson was appointed captain of the squad . Carter scheduled a single game for the season , which was played on Thanksgiving Day against the Baltimore @-@ based Clifton Football Club . The Clifton team was made up of players from Johns Hopkins University , who were unable to play for their school due to their administrator 's negative views towards the sport . Navy 's team itself played without official permission ; the first year the team received approval was in 1885 , when , according to Morris Allison Bealle , " some of the faculty actually gave in and admitted that football might , at that , be or become an interesting diversion " . It snowed heavily before the game , to the point where players for both teams had to clear layers of snow off of the field , making large piles of snow along the sides of the playing ground . The field was 110 yards by 53 yards , with goalposts 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) apart and 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high . The first half of the game went scoreless ; the Baltimore American reported that " the visitors pushed Navy every place but over the goal line in the first half " . During play , the ball was kicked over the seawall a number of times , once going so far out it had to be retrieved by boat before play could continue . The American described the second half in detail : After ten minutes interval the ball was again put in play , this time being kicked off by the Cliftons . The rest period had apparently stiffened the Cliftons , for the Academy making a vigorous spurt got the ball thru them , and Street , following it up well , scored a touchdown for the Academy . The try at goal failed , but the ball , instead of going to the Cliftons behind the line , fell into the field and into the hands of one of the Academy team . By a quick decisive run , he again got the ball over the Cliftons goal line and scored a touchdown . Cadet George Washington Street , of Wisconsin , was identified as the first person ever to score a touchdown for the Naval Academy . The Baltimore Sun stated that William Abrose O 'Malley , of Pennsylvania , was the cadet who caught Street 's blocked kick and scored the second touchdown . The Sun also covered , in detail , the uniforms the squads wore ; Johns Hopkins sported blue , black , and white striped uniforms , while the Naval Academy wore maroon and white uniforms . Both teams also nailed strips of leather to the bottom of their shoes to help deal with slipping . = = Players and coaching staff = = = = = Players = = = The 1882 Naval Academy team was made up of eleven players at five different positions . The squad consisted of four rushers , two ends , two tackles , two guards , and a center : = = = Coaching staff = = = Vaulx Carter took on coaching duties for the 1882 team . He was the academy 's first coach ; it was not until a decade later , in 1892 , when Ben Crosby was hired as the school 's next coach . The squad also appointed an official umpire , the only time it would ever do so . Its three staff members were : = = Postseason and aftermath = = The first postseason college football game would not be played until 1902 , with the Pasadena Tournament of Roses ' establishment of the east @-@ west tournament game , later known as the Rose Bowl . The Midshipmen would not participate in their first Rose Bowl until the 1923 season , when they went 5 – 1 – 2 and tied with the Washington Huskies 14 – 14 in the match . As a result of the lack of a competition , there were no postseason games played after the 1882 season . According to statistics compiled by the National Championship Foundation , Parke Davis , and the Billingsley college football research center , Yale was declared the 1882 season champion , giving them their eighth championship overall . The Midshipmen 's win was the first in school history , and continued the team 's shutout streak . They would lose their only game in the 1883 season , ending the consecutive shutouts , and the Naval Academy would not get another shutout until the 1886 season , when they defeated Johns Hopkins 6 – 0 . The 1882 season also marked the start of an eight @-@ season long rivalry with Johns Hopkins , which Navy would win , five games to four . The team would not have another coach until the 1892 season , when Ben Crosby was hired to lead . Navy would finish the 1880s with four winning seasons , and an overall record of 14 – 12 – 2 . The squad would outscore their opponents 292 – 231 , and would finish the 19th century with an overall record of 54 – 19 – 3 .
= Aesthetics of Hate = " Aesthetics of Hate " is a song by heavy metal band Machine Head from their sixth studio album The Blackening . Written by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robert Flynn , the song is a retaliation to an article written by William Grim . Grim wrote that late guitarist Dimebag Darrell was " an ignorant , barbaric , untalented possessor of a guitar " , among other comments which angered Flynn deeply enough to write the song . It was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards . = = Background = = " Aesthetics of Hate " was written by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn . It was written as a retaliation to an article by William Grim for the web site Iconoclast . Titled " Aesthetics of Hate : R.I.P. Dimebag Abbott , & Good Riddance " , Grim wrote the article stating Darrell was " part of a generation that has confused sputum with art and involuntary reflex actions with emotion " , " an ignorant , barbaric , untalented possessor of a guitar " who looks " more simian than human " . After reading the article , Flynn was furious and wrote " Aesthetics of Hate " as a condemnation of Grim 's article , and Dimebag detractors . He wrote a message on the band 's forum expressing his friendship with Darrell and spoke about Grim : What would YOU know about love or values ? What would YOU know about giving to the world ? All that you know is teaching prejudice , and your heart is as black as the ' ignorant , filthy , and hideously ugly , heavy metal fans ' you try and paint in your twisted , fictitious ramblings . It 's because of people like YOU , that there are Nathan Gales in this world , NOT the Dimebags and metal musicians who work to unite people through music . = = Recording = = In February 2005 , Machine Head had penned a rough version of " Aesthetics of Hate " . A 13 @-@ track November 2005 demo featured the song , although it contained what Flynn described as a " totally fucking lame ' Angel of Death ' rip off . I hated it every time we played it so I was glad to see that part go ! " The band entered Sharkbite Studios , in Oakland , California on August 21 , 2006 to begin recording . Production duties were handled by Flynn with assistance from Mark Keaton , and mixing by Colin Richardson . = = Critical reception = = " Aesthetics of Hate " received positive reviews from music critics . Blabbermouth.net 's Don Kaye described the track as " literally breathtaking " and said that the song " channels its title emotion into a blazing volcano of pure speed and furious guitarwork from Flynn and Phil Demmel . " Reviewing for France 's Hard ' N Heavy magazine , Anthrax 's Scott Ian felt that the song is " a riff @-@ o @-@ rama showing off Robb Flynn and Phil Demmel 's killer guitar work . " Thom Jurek of Allmusic felt " the intense dual arpeggios between both guitarists -- Flynn and Phil Demmel on ' Aesthetics of Hate ' ( as just one example ) are among the tightest ever " . However , J.D. Considine of Blender commented that the song " cuts from screaming guitars to an ominously whispered , ' May the hands of God strike them down ' . Without oversize hooks , calls for biblical vengeance just sound silly . " " Aesthetics of Hate " received a nomination for Best Metal Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards . The ceremony took place on February 12 , 2008 , with Machine Head being beaten out by Slayer 's " Final Six " . Flynn commented on the nomination , " We are completely blown away , and honored by this . It 's incredible that the anger of this song has connected with so many people . It proves to Dimebag 's detractors the positive impact he had on his fans and fellow bands alike . " On August 8 2008 , the song was confirmed to be as part of the " Roadrunner Records " pack in Rock Band . = = Personnel = = Robb Flynn – lead vocals , guitar Dave McClain – drums Adam Duce – bass , backing vocals Phil Demmel – guitar
= Captain Munnerlyn = Captain Munnerlyn ( born April 10 , 1988 ) is an American football cornerback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at South Carolina for three years . He was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the seventh round , 216th overall of the 2009 NFL Draft . Munnerlyn played high school football at Murphy High School in Mobile , Alabama , where he was named All @-@ region three times . Following high school , he chose to play college football for the South Carolina Gamecocks after receiving scholarship offers from two other teams . As a freshman in 2006 , he played in 11 games and recorded a season high five tackles in two . In 2007 , Munnerlyn was both a nickel back and return specialist for the Gamecocks . Following the season he was named All – Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . In 2008 , he was elevated to starting cornerback while also returning kicks and punts . Against Kentucky , he returned a kickoff 84 yards and a blocked field goal 81 yards . On the second day of the 2009 NFL Draft , Munnerlyn was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the seventh round ( 216th overall ) . = = Early years = = Munnerlyn was born three months premature and at birth weighed three pounds , eight ounces . He grew up in Happy Hills , which was a crime @-@ infested part of Mobile . While living there , he attended the Josephine Allen branch of Boys & Girls Clubs of South Alabama . When he was growing up , his father was murdered and both of his brothers sold drugs . His oldest brother , Timothy , was convicted in 1996 of murder and was sentenced to life in prison . After the shooting , Munnerlyn 's mother converted to Christianity and he eventually did the same . Munnerlyn eventually said of the conversion and his mother 's prayers that he would stay out of trouble , " Without her prayers , I don 't think I could be here in the NFL right now " . = = High school career = = Munnerlyn attended Murphy High School in Mobile , Alabama , where he starred in both football and track . In football , he was a three @-@ time All @-@ region selection and participated in the Junior All – Star Game . He helped lead Murphy High to a 10 @-@ 2 record and a 6A Regional runner @-@ up finish his senior year , earning a spot on the Alabama Sports Writers Association All @-@ State team . He graduated from Murphy in 2006 . During high school , Munnerlyn was also a standout track & field sprinter . He competed in the 100 @-@ meter dash and long jump at the 2004 Junior Olympics . In 2006 , he earned a second @-@ place finish in the long jump event at the AHSAA State T & F Meet , recording a career @-@ best leap of 6 @.@ 85 meters ( 22 ft , 4 @.@ 75 in ) . He clocked personal @-@ best times of 10 @.@ 53 seconds in the 100 @-@ meter dash and 22 @.@ 39 seconds in the 200 @-@ meter dash as a senior . = = College career = = After high school , Munnerlyn was recruited by South Carolina , West Virginia and Kansas State . He chose South Carolina on January 13 , 2006 . As a freshman , Munnerlyn was not redshirted and played in 12 games . He missed one game due to an infection in his forearm . For the season , he recorded 36 tackles with his season high of five coming against Tennessee and Houston . Munnerlyn also recorded two interceptions and five pass deflections . In 2007 , as a sophomore , Munnerlyn split time at cornerback and kick returner and was called a " shut down corner " on Rivals.com. Against Vanderbilt , to whom South Carolina lost 17 – 6 , Munnerlyn returned a punt 46 yards and also forced a fumble . In the same game , South Carolina wide receiver Kenny McKinley fielded a punt and flipped it to Munnerlyn who gained eight yards . Following , the season he was named First – team All – SEC . Head coach Steve Spurrier benched Munnerlyn for the first series against Ole Miss due to Munnerlyn missing class and team weightlifting sessions . Against Kentucky , Munnerlyn returned a kickoff 84 yards before being tackled on the 16 yard line . On the next play quarterback Stephen Garcia completed a touchdown pass to Kenny McKinley . In the same game , Munnerlyn returned a blocked field goal for an 81 yard touchdown . He declared for the NFL Draft following the 2008 season . = = Professional career = = = = = Pre @-@ draft = = = = = = Carolina Panthers = = = Munnerlyn was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the seventh round ( 216th overall ) of the 2009 NFL Draft . He called being drafted by the Panthers , " exciting , because I played college ball at South Carolina , and that 's only like an hour away . It was exciting to hear my name get called . I 'm ready for it , ready to take my game to the next level . " In the 2009 preseason , he was competing with wide receiver Ryne Robinson for the punt returner job . In the Panthers second preseason game against the Miami Dolphins , Munnerlyn returned a punt 58 yards and also fumbled one but recovered it , while Robinson fumbled a punt which the Dolphins recovered . He eventually won the punt return job as well as the third cornerback job beating out C. J. Wilson and Sherrod Martin for the job by the end of September . On November 30 , Munnerlyn suffered a concussion against the New York Jets but said days later that he planned on playing in the next game despite the NFL 's changing of the concussion policy . Munnerlyn did not play the following week 's game but returned the next week against the New England Patriots . He completed the 2009 season playing in 15 games total as the Panthers finished 3rd in the NFC South with 8 wins and 8 losses . For his second season , Munnerlyn moved up to starting right cornerback after Richard Marshall was not re @-@ signed . = = = Minnesota Vikings = = = March 13 , 2014 , Munnerlyn signed a three @-@ year , $ 14 @.@ 25 million contract with the Minnesota Vikings . Munnerlyn ended his first year with the Minnesota Vikings with 60 combined tackles , one fumble recovery , 2 interceptions and 4 pass deflections . Munnerlyn got his first pick of 2015 when he intercepted Matt Ryan in week 12 during a 20 @-@ 10 win . = = Personal = = When asked why his name is Captain , Munnerlyn said , " My momma promised my grandmomma that she could name the last child . I was the boy of the family , and she named me Captain . Her great grandfather was named Captain , so I got named after my great @-@ great grandfather . My sisters and brothers have normal names . I got the odd name . In the beginning it was kind of rough . Kids used to tease me a little , but it fits my personality , because I feel like I 'm a leader . " Munnerlyn majored in criminal justice while at South Carolina . Married June 25th 2016 = = Stats = =
= Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson = " Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson " is the tenth episode of the twenty @-@ third season of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons . In the episode , Bart uploads a video on YouTube in which Homer rants about airlines ' horrible treatment of passengers . It quickly becomes popular and Homer is eventually given his own political cable news show . Homer wins support among average Americans and is chosen by the Republicans to pick their candidate for the next presidential election . He chooses Ted Nugent , but in the end , he realizes that he made the wrong decision and that everything he has said on his show is nonsense , so he admits on television that he is " full of crap " . American musician and conservative political activist Ted Nugent made his second guest appearance on The Simpsons in this episode , which makes fun of his views on hunting and gun ownership . The episode has received generally positive reception from television critics and has been particularly praised for its satire of politics and cable news commentators . During its original broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on January 8 , 2012 , " Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson " was watched by about 5 @.@ 07 million people and received a 2 @.@ 3 Nielsen rating . = = Plot = = After a series of demeaning check @-@ in procedures , the Simpsons board an Air Springfield plane for their trip to the wedding of a relative in Montana . The pilot announces that owing to an unforeseen jailbreak the trip will be delayed . He tells the travelers that because the plane is still on the ground , he will turn off the ventilation system . However , all of the ethnic passengers on @-@ board are still allowed to eat their odd @-@ smelling food , and after several hours the rest of the passengers feel sick . The pilot makes another announcement that the plane is going to taxi back to the gate and remain there for an unknown amount of time , and that the passengers cannot get off . When Homer is banned from using the bathroom , his anger boils over and he rants about the airline 's horrible treatment of its passengers . Bart records a video of Homer running amok and then escapes from the plane via the wing . He uploads it on YouTube and it quickly becomes popular . Homer is invited to speak his mind on a popular cable news show called Head Butt , on which host Nash Castor and commentator Adriatica Vel Johnson argue that he will soon be forgotten . However , Homer makes a convincing rant in which he tells the viewers that unlike television blowhards such as Nash and Adriatica , he speaks for the common man . When the show is over , the cable network executives give Homer his own television show called Gut Check with Homer Simpson , where he provides a mix of populist and conservative ideas . During one episode , he pours " gravy of freedom " over a steak shaped like America , using the gravy as a metaphor for the things that make the country great . He then encourages his viewers to " get on the boat " to protest about the bad things in society , and proceeds to place a gravy boat on his head . This wins Homer a huge base of support among average Americans , and soon the " gravy boat movement " becomes popular throughout the country . When Homer is chosen by the Republicans to pick their candidate for the next presidential election , his lack of interest in the current candidates leads him to choose Ted Nugent . He invites Nugent for a visit to the Simpsons ' home , where Lisa complains that Homer has made the wrong pick since Nugent is " out of his mind " . Later that day , Homer has a dream in which James Madison shows him how ashamed past American presidents are of Homer . When he wakes up , he tells Lisa he will not be supporting Nugent for president anymore . He then sees a brochure on her dresser with a man posing as a president and offering help with fake dreams . Homer realizes the family faked his dream to convince him not to endorse Nugent . As a result , he angrily decides to go on television and express his support for Nugent . However , when he tries to bring out his ability to cry every time he discusses anything on television , he finds he cannot bring up those emotions because he does not truly believe in what he is saying . Homer announces on television that he " is full of crap " and reconciles with Lisa . As a result , Nugent is stripped of his position as the Republican presidential candidate . The episode ends as he sings a song about what his presidency would have been like . = = Production and themes = = The episode , titled " Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson " , was written by John Frink and directed by Mark Kirkland . American musician and conservative political activist Ted Nugent guest starred in the episode as himself , providing his voice for both speaking and singing parts . His song at the end of the episode is similar to his single " Cat Scratch Fever " . According to Noisecreep 's Kenneth Partridge , the episode makes fun of Nugent 's " blatantly pro @-@ gun , pro @-@ hunting , anti @-@ everything @-@ liberals @-@ hold @-@ dear persona " . The episode features , among other things , Nugent throwing a dead elk onto the dinner table at the Simpsons ' home , as well as using some of Bart 's school friends as arrows for his bow . Nugent had previously made a minor cameo in the season nineteen episode " I Don 't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings " ( 2007 ) . In that episode , his voice is heard in a phone call urging people to vote no on a proposition that would make crossbows illegal in public schools . He comments , " If we outlaw crossbows , who 's gonna protect our children from charging elk ? " " Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson " satirizes the television industry . It parodies political television shows from cable news channels such as MSNBC , CNN , and Fox News Channel that are similar to Gut Check with Homer Simpson . In an article , Mediaite 's James Crugnale commented that Homer 's personality as he hosts his show is a reference to conservative political commentator Glenn Beck 's " over @-@ the @-@ top persona " , and wrote that " In a spot @-@ on , cheeky parody of Beck , Homer ostentatiously sobs crocodile tears as he laments a high school in Nebraska replacing football with soccer as a team sport . " Adriatica Vel Johnson , the commentator on the political show that Homer first appears on , is a parody of commentator Arianna Huffington . In addition , the episode satirizes American politics and includes several references to the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries . For example , when Homer appears on Head Butt , the news ticker features headlines such as " Gingrich looks forward to winning ... his fourth wife " , " Rick Perry mistakenly signs order to execute himself " , and " Satan tweets support for Santorum " . At one point in the episode , the character Ned Flanders comments that he supports Nugent " as long as he isn ’ t a Mormon " , which is a reference to Mitt Romney . Hayden Childs of The A.V. Club wrote in a review that Homer 's political movement " is clearly a parody of the Tea Party " , noting that " as with the teabags of the teabagger movement , people everywhere are moved to wear gravy boats on their heads [ in the episode ] . " Childs further mentioned that a follower of Homer holds a sign that references the Occupy movement , which he thought was " a token of the show ’ s desire to be an equal opportunity offender . " = = Release = = The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 8 , 2012 . It was watched by approximately 5 @.@ 07 million people during this broadcast , and in the demographic for adults aged 18 – 49 , it received a 2 @.@ 3 Nielsen rating and a five percent share . The rating was a twenty @-@ three percent decrease from the previous episode , " Holidays of Future Passed " ; however , much of " Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson " faced strong competition from the end of a highly rated National Football League playoffs game on CBS . The episode became the second highest @-@ rated broadcast in Fox 's Animation Domination lineup for the night in terms of both total viewers and adults aged 18 – 49 , finishing higher than new episodes of American Dad ! and The Cleveland Show but lower than a new Family Guy episode . Since airing , " Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson " has received generally positive reception from critics . Steve Newton of The Georgia Straight called it " one of the funniest Simpsons I 've seen in a while " , and David Crawford of Radio Times wrote that the satire " may not be subtle , but it is sharp and the jokes come tumbling one after another . " In an article about the episode , Mediaite 's James Crugnale commented that " The Simpsons ' writers have outdone themselves tonight , with this no @-@ holds @-@ barred parody of the over @-@ the @-@ top bloviating shenanigans of some cable news personalities . " Hayden Childs of The A.V. Club thought it was a " solid episode " that peaked in the middle with the satire of politics . He had mixed feelings about the first part of the episode revolving around airline travel , criticizing the fluctuating quality of the jokes . He wrote that " writer John Frink is able to draw out some moderately amusing gags among a few stinkers . " Childs further criticized Nugent 's guest appearance in the third act , noting that it " falls flat when the show cannot decide how to mock [ Nugent ] without really offending him , " and the fake dream sequence , which he described as " unfunny and sitcommy " . He concluded that " The Simpsons has done plenty of political satire over the years and still may never improve over season six ’ s ' Sideshow Bob Roberts ' . The middle section of this episode had moments that were in the same league , though " . In February 2012 , " Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson " was listed by Matt Zoller Seitz of New York magazine as one of " Nine Latter @-@ Day Simpsons Episodes That Match Up to the Early Classics " .
= Silent Hill : Homecoming = Silent Hill : Homecoming ( サイレントヒルホームカミング , Sairento Hiru Hōmukamingu ) is a survival horror video game , the sixth installment in the Silent Hill series , developed by Double Helix Games . Homecoming follows the journey of Alex Shepherd , a soldier returning from war , to his hometown of Shepherd 's Glen , where he finds the town in disarray , and his younger brother missing . As he continues on his search to find his younger brother , he discovers more about the Order , a cult , as well as the town 's history , and his own past . The game was released on September 30 , 2008 , in North America for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , and the Microsoft Windows version was released for North , Central and South America on November 6 , 2008 , exclusively through Valve Corporation 's Steam digital content delivery service . All versions were simultaneously released in Europe , including a retail Microsoft Windows version , on February 27 , 2009 . The Japanese version was cancelled . = = Gameplay = = The player assumes the role of Alex Shepherd , a Special Forces soldier who returns home from an overseas tour of duty to find that his father and younger brother are missing , and that his mother has gone into catatonia . Alex begins to search for his brother , leading him to Silent Hill after searching his hometown of Shepherd 's Glen . Overall gameplay is similar to past entries in the series . The player , as Alex , explores the various environments and locales , searching for clues to advance the plot , such as photographs , drawings and other items which are placed inside Alex 's journal , which the player may read at any time . To assist the player , Alex will turn his head towards items and clues to inform the player that the object may be picked up ; other recurring items include weapons and ammunition , which give off a glow as a visual cue to the player , and health drinks . Puzzle elements also play a part in the game , and Alex 's journal may be used to refer to photographs and other items that can help the player decipher such puzzles as keypad entries . For the first time in the series , the player may select responses when engaging in dialogue with other characters encountered in the game , which in turn may affect how the player sees the plot unfold . In addition to exploration , combat is another major element to the gameplay , and the player must fight the various monsters that appear . In contrast to the more naïve everyman protagonists of previous games , combat in Homecoming takes into account Alex 's experience as a soldier . The player is able to perform light and heavy attacks , or mix them to perform combinations , and may also perform a variety of finishing moves to ensure that the monsters are dead , a gameplay mechanic first featured in a rudimentary form in Silent Hill : Origins . Attacking enemies also leaves wounds in them that match the motion carried out by Alex in inflicting the attack . In terms of controlling Alex , the player may also perform new maneuvers such as targeting the enemy before attacking them , dodging enemy attacks , and performing counter @-@ attacks . As well as melee weapons , pistols , rifles and shotguns are available as firearms , which can be upgraded to stronger versions later in the game : firearm handling is also rendered in a more realistic manner , with Alex having to shoulder long guns and suffering aim effects like recoil . In addition to the changes in combat , and unlike previous entries in the series , the player is also able to fully control and rotate the camera as they choose ; one analog stick controls player movement , and the other controls the camera . = = Plot = = At the start of the game , the player controls Alex through a nightmare concerning his younger brother , Josh , before Alex wakes up in the cab of a truck driven by Travis Grady , the protagonist from Silent Hill : Origins , who gives him a ride to his hometown of Shepherd 's Glen . The town , named for a distant ancestor who helped found it , is covered in fog and deserted . At home , he finds his mother in a catatonic state , murmuring about his father leaving to find Josh ; promising to find Josh , Alex leaves . Alex soon discovers that many more people have gone missing in Shepherd 's Glen since he left when he finds his childhood friend Elle Holloway pinning " missing " signs to a board outside the police department . As Alex explores the town , he witnesses the separate deaths of Mayor Bartlett and Dr. Fitch by monsters in the Otherworld , both of whom have a child who is missing . Back in Shepherd 's Glen , Alex allies himself with Deputy Wheeler in the police department . Alex eventually learns that his father was involved in the secrets of the town and had left to attempt to resolve the town 's problems , but before he is able to get answers from his mother at home , he is knocked unconscious when The Order — a religious cult from Silent Hill which has been taking people from the town — kidnaps his mother . Alex , Elle , and Wheeler take a boat across Toluca Lake to find Alex 's father in Silent Hill but are intercepted by the Order . Elle and Wheeler are taken to Silent Hill 's penitentiary , where Alex attempts to rescue them . He finds his mother bound ; the player must make a decision regarding whether to kill her out of mercy or not , which will affect the outcome of the game . After rescuing Elle 's mother , Judge Holloway , and separating from Wheeler once more , Alex finds the Order 's church , where he listens to his father in the confessional ; the player may choose to forgive him , again affecting the outcome of the game . Alex later runs into his father , who reveals that Alex was never a soldier and has been in a mental hospital since " the accident " occurred . He begs forgiveness before he is killed by a monster called the Bogeyman ( Pyramid Head from Silent Hill 2 ) . Continuing to the Order 's underground facility , Alex is captured by Judge Holloway , who reveals that everything that has happened is due to a broken pact . One hundred and fifty years ago , the four founding families broke away from Silent Hill 's Order to move to Shepherd 's Glen . They were allowed to do so on the condition that once every 50 years they would sacrifice one of their children in a preordained fashion . On this occasion , while Joey Bartlett , Scarlett Fitch and Nora Holloway were successfully sacrificed by their parents , the Shepherd sacrifice failed , and as a result , the Order had been reformed to try to appease their god . Judge Holloway tries to kill Alex , who kills her in self @-@ defense . Alex rescues Elle from the facility and , after finding Wheeler injured and allowing the player to choose whether to save him — once more affecting the game 's ending — continues on alone to find Josh . Realizing he was the intended sacrifice , Alex experiences a flashback showing Josh 's true fate . When Alex was younger , he had taken Josh rowing out on the lake , where Josh showed Alex a ring , which his father had chosen to give to him instead of Alex . Out of jealousy , Alex struggled with Josh to try to take the ring , and as they fought Josh accidentally fell into the lake and drowned . His father retrieved the body and explained that Alex had " ruined it for all of us " , since he had chosen Alex , and not Josh ; unable to accept Josh 's death , Alex was then sent to the mental hospital , and with Josh instead of Alex sacrificed , the Order 's pact was broken . After fighting the final boss , the manifestation of Josh 's spirit , Alex finally has the chance to apologize and states that he never wanted Josh 's death . Alex leaves the family ring and their father 's angle @-@ head army flashlight on Josh 's body and exits the chamber . There are five endings available , which depend on the player 's actions during the game , including whether the player kills Alex 's mother , forgives Alex 's father , and saves Deputy Wheeler . These range from the single positive ending to the game — where Alex comes to terms with his past actions and reunites with Elle to leave Shepherd 's Glen — to three other endings : Alex getting drowned by his father , waking up in the hospital and receiving a shock treatment , or being turned into a Bogeyman . There is also a joke ending , where both Alex and Elle are abducted by a UFO while Wheeler witnesses . In addition to these endings , if the player collects all of Josh 's pictures or clears the game on the " hard " difficulty , a first @-@ person post @-@ credits scene is played where Alex finds Josh sitting on the bottom bunk of his bed and Josh takes a picture of Alex with a camera . = = Development = = Chief designer of Silent Hill : Homecoming , Masashi Tsuboyama , announced the game 's development in a 2004 interview with Eurogamer , in which he also debunked previous internet rumors that it was to be called Shadows of the Past . No information was initially imparted about the platform the game would appear on , other than it would be appearing on the next generation of consoles , which had yet to be released . Around two years later , an interview with composer Akira Yamaoka revealed more information ; he hinted that they had hoped to carry on " plans of the earlier Silent Hill platforms " , and that the team were creating a title with the idea of " fear in daylight " , with similar psychological roots to Silent Hill 2 . The suggestion that the story and gameplay would be more like that of the second entry in the series in the way the player is directed , and in the character 's behavior , was reaffirmed in a later interview , along with the idea of creating the game for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms . However , most of the ideas previously hinted at were not found in subsequent information releases . At E3 2007 , a new teaser trailer was displayed by Konami that revealed the title of the game to be Silent Hill V , and that the game would be released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Further to this trailer , Konami executives also revealed that the developer would not in fact be Team Silent as in previous iterations , but that , like Silent Hill : Origins , it would be developed by a Western developer , The Collective . The Collective had merged with Backbone Entertainment in 2005 to form Foundation 9 Entertainment , and Foundation 9 then merged The Collective with Shiny Entertainment to create Double Helix Games . The team had been working on the production of Harker , another survival horror title , but this was placed on indefinite hiatus during Homecoming 's production . Double Helix drew inspiration not only from past installments in the game series but also from the first Silent Hill movie adaptation ; this is most evident in the transition from the normal world to the Otherworld , whose " ripping " effect almost matches that found in the movie . Other similarities from the same source includes the reaction of nurses to light , the bug @-@ like creatures seen in the movie , and the Pyramid Head rendition , known as the " Bogeyman " in this game . Homages to previous games in the series include a reference to the long @-@ running joke of the lead character placing their hand in a toilet bowl to retrieve items . Lead designer Jason Allen described the intentions of the development team to be to maintain the depth of storytelling and atmosphere of the series whilst making combat more intuitive and less frustrating . The script , in @-@ game journal entries , and instruction manual were written by Patrick J. Doody and Chris Valenziano , based on the story and the summary of events provided by lead designer Jason Allen , lead artist Brian Horton , and lead level designer Daniel Jacobs . Despite the change in development team , Akira Yamaoka returned from past installments in the series to create both music and sound effects for the game . It was the first game in the series to use surround sound . Yamaoka wrote 70 minutes of music for the game , and insisted on working with Mary Elizabeth McGlynn to provide vocals , as fan reaction to her voice on previous Silent Hill titles has been favorable . Homecoming 's soundtrack was released on November 24 , 2008 . McGlynn provided vocals for four tracks . = = = Censorship = = = Homecoming had difficulties in passing censors in some countries before it could go on sale . The Australian classification board , the Office of Film and Literature Classification ( OFLC ) , refused to classify the game , due to " impact violence and excessive blood effects " . The objectionable scenes included various body parts being drilled into , as well as the bisection of a character by an enemy . This had the effect of banning the game for sale in the country , and representatives for publisher Atari mentioned that they would be asking Konami to tone down the violence to allow the game to receive the needed MA15 + rating for its sale to be permitted in early 2009 . The German version of the game was also postponed to 2009 for cuts to be made to pass the German censors after the uncensored version was rejected by the Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle . The game was re @-@ submitted after being altered in the same way as the Australian version and received the highest rating possible as a result ( Freigegeben ab 18 Jahren gemäß § 14 JuSchG , meaning 18 + ) . On November 19 , 2010 , the Amtsgericht Frankfurt am Main confiscated all Xbox 360 versions imported from the UK ( thus being uncensored ) for violation of § 131 StGB ( representation of violence ) , effectively banning it from sale within Germany . = = Release = = Homecoming was released in North America on September 30 , 2008 , for both PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles . The PC version , which in North America , Central America and South America is only available via the Steam content delivery network , because it was intended to launch on the same date as the console versions , but was delayed , finally becoming available on Steam on November 6 , 2008 . A European release on all platforms was intended for the same month , but the title was delayed in the region to February 2009 . In contrast to the American regions , a PC retail release on DVD was made available in Europe . = = Reception = = Homecoming 's average at Metacritic is 71 out of 100 for the PS3 version , and 70 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version . Aggregate site Game Rankings gave a 71 @.@ 96 % aggregate score for the Xbox 360 version , and a 71 @.@ 28 % for the PS3 version . As the second external developer working on a Silent Hill entry , and the first for a home console iteration , Double Helix were under scrutiny from reviewers and Silent Hill fans to see how a Western developer would handle the franchise ; many reviewers found the change in developer to be a positive move overall , while some , acknowledging faults in the final product , expressed interest in seeing further Silent Hill games from the same developer . In contrast , Zero Punctuation commented that the game was as an example of Japanese franchises being downgraded by Westernization , particularly in the different approaches taken to induce fear in the player . Praise was given to the graphics and environments , described as " fantastic " , with Shepherd 's Glen in particular being " rendered brilliantly " , and " the upgraded visuals bestow a filmic quality to everything and the world 's eerie transformations look better than ever . " Surprise was expressed at the darkness of the game , with the flashlight seemingly having less effect than in previous games , and making some markers , such as doors , hard to spot . The music , written by series regular Akira Yamaoka , and the ambient audio , were received well , being " atmospheric , moody and beautifully presented " ; combined with " an amazing score " , the audio goes " a long way toward establishing the expected Silent Hill mood " , though some concern was expressed that the music was " somewhat misplaced " and did not fit in so well . Voice acting , which has traditionally been seen as one of the series ' weaker points , was evaluated as better than the series ' usual attempts , but occasionally " flat " when more emotion was needed . The game 's plot received a largely mixed reception . While some reviewers graded it positively , describing it as " intriguing and disturbing " , it was also noted that it " isn 't particularly original , and there are no great surprises " , even though it " still makes for a very involving journey into the macabre . " Several reviewers likened the story to a subplot of the main Silent Hill mythos which , while able to " stand on its own " , " barely mentions certain characters which fairly dominate the backstory of previous SH games . " Some critics expressed disappointment at the predictability of the main twist in the story regarding Alex 's predicament , while others found it " genuinely shocking " . Croshaw 's Zero Punctuation review was generally negative , stating that while the level design , story and combat were all competent , the game had little to do with what he liked about the Silent Hill series and would have been better served as a completely different franchise .
= Laevistrombus canarium = Laevistrombus canarium ( commonly known as the dog conch or by its better @-@ known synonym , Strombus canarium ) is a species of edible sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Strombidae ( true conches ) . Known from illustrations in books dating from the late 17th century , L. canarium is an Indo @-@ Pacific species occurring from India and Sri Lanka to Melanesia , Australia and southern Japan . The shell of adult individuals is coloured from light yellowish @-@ brown to golden to grey . It has a characteristic inflated body whorl , a flared , thick outer lip and a shallow stromboid notch . The shell is valued as an ornament , and because it is heavy and compact it is also often used as a sinker for fishing nets . The external anatomy of the soft parts of this species is similar to that of other strombid snails . The animal has an elongate snout , thin eyestalks with well @-@ developed eyes and sensory tentacles , and a narrow , strong foot with a sickle @-@ shaped operculum . A molecular analysis conducted in 2006 based on DNA sequences of histone and mitochondrial genes demonstrated that Laevistrombus canarium , Doxander vittatus and Labiostrombus epidromis are closely related species . The dog conch exhibits behaviours common among Strombidae , including burrowing and a characteristic leaping form of locomotion . The former behaviour , however , involves movement sequences unique to this species . Laevistrombus canarium lives on muddy and sandy bottoms , grazing on algae and detritus . It is gonochoristic and sexually dimorphic , depending on internal fertilization for spawning . Larvae of this species spend several days as plankton , undergoing a series of transformations until they reach complete metamorphosis . The maximum life span is 2 to 2 @.@ 5 years . Predators of this snail include carnivorous gastropods such as cone snails and volutes . It is also a prey species for vertebrates including macaques , and also humans , who consume the soft parts in a wide variety of dishes . The dog conch is an economically important species in the Indo @-@ West Pacific , and several studies indicate that it may be suffering population declines due to overfishing and overexploitation . Malacologists and ecologists have recommended a reduction in its exploitation rate ; initiatives in Thailand are attempting to ensure the possibility of reproduction in young @-@ adult individuals and manage the natural populations in general . L. canarium demonstrates the imposex phenomenon , but is resistant to sterility caused by it ; therefore , it has been suggested that this species might be useful as a bioindicator for organotin pollution monitoring near Malaysian ports . = = Taxonomy = = The first published depictions of the shell of this species appeared in 1681 in the earliest book solely about sea shells , Recreatio mentis et oculi in observatione animalium testaceorum ( Refreshment of the mind and the eye in the observation of shell @-@ bearing animals ) by Italian scholar Filippo Buonanni . The species was shown in the 1742 Index Testarum Conchyliorum , quae adservantur in Museo Nicolai Gualtieri ( List of the shells of shellfish which are preserved in the museum of Niccolò Gualtieri ) by Italian physician and malacologist Niccolò Gualtieri . In both books , the morphology of an adult shell was shown from different perspectives . In 1758 , the dog conch was formally described and named Strombus canarium by Swedish naturalist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus , who originated the system of binomial nomenclature . The specific name of this taxon , canarium , is derived from the Latin canis ( dog ) . The original description given by Linnaeus in his book , Systema Naturae , is in Latin : " S. testae labro rotundato brevi retuso , spiraque laevi . " This can be translated as " Strombus with a shell having a retuse , short , rounded lip , and a smooth spire " . Linnaeus did not mention a specific locality in his original description , giving only Eastern Asia as the area in which the species is found . The taxon Laevistrombus was introduced in the literature as a subgenus of Strombus by Tetsuaki Kira ( 1955 ) in the third printing of the 1st edition of Coloured Illustrations of the Shells of Japan . It comprised two species , Strombus ( Laevistrombus ) canarium and Strombus ( L. ) isabella Lamarck , 1822 . No type specimen was designated , and Kira gave no formal description or statement of differentiation , as required by the ICZN code to validate the name . In a later version of the book , Laevistrombus was elevated to genus level , but a description was still lacking . Rüdiger Bieler and Richard Petit ( 1996 ) considered it a nomen nudum , and the authorship was transferred to Robert Tucker Abbott ( 1960 ) , who had provided a proper description and illustrations of Laevistrombus and specified a type species , Strombus canarium L. , in the first volume of his monograph Indo @-@ Pacific Mollusca . The currently accepted combination , Laevistrombus canarium , was proposed by Jack John Sepkoski Jr . ( 2002 ) , who elevated Laevistrombus to genus level based on palaeontological data . The synonyms are other binomial names that were given over time to this taxon by authors who were unaware that the specimens they were describing belonged to a species already described by Linnaeus ; in some cases , local variations in colour and form may have misled these authors into thinking they had a different species . Strombus vanicorensis is a subsequent , changed spelling of Strombus vanikorensis by one of the original authors . There is some disagreement in the literature as to whether or not this taxon and the similar @-@ looking Laevistrombus turturella are actually separate species . Leo Man In ' T Veld and Koenraad de Turck ( 1998 ) considered that L. canarium and L. turturella are distinct ( yet sympatric ) species , based mainly on the shell morphology and a radula comparison . However , when Zaidi Che Cob reviewed a number of Strombus species in 2009 , examining both shell characters and anatomical data including details of the genitalia , operculum and radula , he concluded that L. turturella was simply a morphotype , and therefore a synonym of L. canarium . Laevistrombus canarium comprises at least two known subspecies ; one is the nominate subspecies Laevistrombus canarium canarium , and the other is Laevistrombus canarium guidoi . L. canarium guidoi distinguishes itself from the other subspecies by its solid white colour , the outline of the posterior canal and a more prominent posteriorly protruding outer lip . The presence of a freely protruding lip at the posterior portion of the columella is also a distinctive character . = = Anatomy = = = = = Shell description = = = Laevistrombus canarium has a heavy shell with a rounded outline . The shell length of adult specimens is from 29 mm ( 1 @.@ 1 in ) to 71 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) . The outer surface of the shell is almost completely smooth , except for barely visible spiral lines and occasional varices on the spire . Unlike species in the genus Strombus , the stromboid notch on the outer lip is inconspicuous . When a normal adult dextral shell of this species is viewed ventrally ( with the anterior end pointing downwards ) , the stromboid notch can be observed to the right of the siphonal canal as a shallow , secondary anterior indentation in the lip . The siphonal canal itself is straight , short and ample ; the columella is smooth , without any folds . Adult specimens have a moderately flared , posteriorly protruding outer lip , which is considerably thickened and completely devoid of marginal spikes or plicae . The body whorl is roundly swollen at the shoulder , with a few anterior spiral grooves . The shell has a medium @-@ to @-@ high cone @-@ shaped spire , with at least five delicately furrowed whorls . Shell colour is variable , from golden yellow to light yellowish @-@ brown to grey . The underside of the shell is rarely dark ; more frequently it is paler than the top , or totally white . In all cases , the shell aperture is white . Mature specimens sometimes have a metallic @-@ grey or golden @-@ brown gloss on the margin of the outer lip and the callus . A zigzag network of darker lines is sometimes present on the outside of the shell . The periostracum , a layer of protein ( conchiolin ) that is the outermost part of the shell surface , is yellowish @-@ brown . It is usually thick , reticulated ( net @-@ like ) and fimbriated ( fringed ) over the suture . The corneous operculum is dark brown , and its shape is fairly typical of the family Strombidae : a slightly bent sickle , with seven to eight weak lateral serrations . = = = Soft parts = = = Female individuals of Laevistrombus canarium are generally larger ( both shell and soft parts ) than male individuals , which is also the case in other strombid gastropods such as the spider conch ( Harpago chiragra ) and queen conch ( Lobatus gigas ) . The external anatomy of the soft parts of this species is similar to that of the other members of the family : the animal has a long extensible snout and thin eyestalks ( also known as ommatophores ) , with well @-@ developed lens eyes at the tips . Each eyestalk has a small sensory tentacle branching off near the end . The large foot of the animal is narrow and strong , able to perform the leaping form of locomotion that is also found in other species of Strombidae ( such as the queen conch ) . = = Phylogeny = = In 2006 , Latiolais and colleagues proposed a cladogram ( tree of descent ) that attempts to show the phylogenetic relationships of 34 species within the family Strombidae . The authors analysed 31 species in the genus Strombus ( including Strombus canarium ) and three species in the allied genus Lambis . The cladogram was based on DNA sequences of both nuclear histone H3 and mitochondrial cytochrome @-@ c oxidase I protein @-@ coding gene regions . In this proposed phylogeny Strombus canarium , Strombus vittatus ( a synonym for Doxander vittatus ) and Strombus epidromis ( Labiostrombus epidromis ) are closely related , and appear to share a common ancestor . = = Distribution = = Laevistrombus canarium is native to the coastal waters of the Indo @-@ Pacific region . Its westernmost distribution is India , including Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu ( Gulf of Mannar , Tuticorin , Rameswaram ) and the Andamans . It occurs in Sri Lanka ( Eastern province , Trincomalee ) , Thailand , Borneo ( Brunei , Sabah ) , Indonesia ( Moluccas , Saparua ) and the Philippines ( Cebu Island , Polillo Islands , Palawan ) . It is also found further east in Melanesia , including Yos Sudarso Bay in New Guinea , Papua New Guinea , Malaita and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands , New Caledonia , Kioa Island in Fiji , and New Hebrides . The species is known to occur in Queensland , Australia and north to Vietnam , Taiwan and southern Japan . Detailed information is available about its distribution in the Straits of Johor area and some other parts of Malaysia , where it has been reported from the Tanjung Adang Shoal , Merambong Shoal , Tanjung Bin , Tanjung Surat and Pasir Gogok in the Johor Straits ; in Pulau Tinggi , Pulau Besar and Pulau Sibu , Port Dickson and Teluk Kemang in eastern Johor , and Negeri Sembilan , Pulau Pangkor , Pulau Langkawi , Cape Rachado and Kilat in the western Johor Straits . = = Behaviour = = Compared to other gastropods , Laevistrombus canarium has an unusual means of locomotion that is common only among the Strombidae . This curious series of maneuvers was originally described by American zoologist George Howard Parker in 1922 . The animal initially fixes the posterior end of the foot by thrusting the point of its sickle @-@ shaped operculum into the substrate . Then it extends its foot forward , lifting the shell and throws it ahead in a motion that has been described as " leaping " . Burrowing behaviour , in which an individual sinks itself entirely ( or partially ) into the substrate , is frequent among strombid gastropods . The burrowing behaviour of L. canarium consists of a series of movements characteristic of the species . There are three consecutive movements : first is probing , where the animal pushes the anterior portion of the foot into the substrate to gain a hold ; next is shovelling , where it pushes the substrate with its long , extensible proboscis . Retraction is the final movement , where it moves the shell along an anterior @-@ posterior axis to settle the substrate around it . Once burrowed , part of the dorsal shell is usually still visible ( although the ventral surface and the animal 's soft parts are buried ) . The escape response in gastropods — the perception of stimuli ( for example , the presence of a predator nearby ) and a subsequent escape motion — is a frequent target of behavioural studies . In gastropods the perception of environmental chemical stimuli originating , for example , from food or other organisms is possibly mediated by sensory organs such as the osphradium . In the case of L. canarium , the perception of a predator can occur through chemoreception or vision ( a well @-@ developed sense in strombid gastropods ) . The presence of a predator can significantly alter the movement pattern of L. canarium , inducing an increase in the frequency of leaps . = = Ecology = = The dog conch lives on muddy sand bottoms among algae and seagrass beds on insular and continental shores . It usually prefers major islands and continental coasts rather than the shores of small islands , although this is not an absolute rule . L. canarium prefers areas of mixed seagrasses ( with a predominance of Halophila ) , and also prefers sediment with high levels of organic matter . This conch avoids environments with a high density of Enhalus acoroides , a large seagrass native to coastal waters of the Indo @-@ Pacific . The dog conch can be found in littoral and sublittoral zones , from shallow water to a depth of 55 m ( 180 ft ) . It is normally found in large colonies , and is usually abundant wherever it occurs . During the 19th century , strombid gastropods were believed to be carnivores . This erroneous conception was based on the writings of French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck , whose classification scheme grouped strombids with carnivorous sea snails . Subsequent studies have refuted the concept , proving beyond doubt that strombid gastropods are herbivorous animals . In common with other Strombidae , Laevistrombus canarium is known to be a herbivore , feeding on algae and occasionally detritus . Many carnivorous marine gastropods are known predators of L. canarium , including the volutes Cymbiola nobilis and Melo melo and the cone snail ( Conus textile ) . The dog conch is also preyed upon by vertebrates . These include the crab @-@ eating macaque , Macaca fascicularis , an opportunistic predator that scours intertidal environments . Humans are one of the dog conch 's main predators , subjecting the species to intensive fishing and exploitation . = = = Life cycle = = = Laevistrombus canarium is gonochoristic , which means that each individual animal is distinctly male or female . The breeding season starts in late November and continues until early March . After internal fertilization the female produces and spawns a long , gelatinous tubular structure containing multiple eggs . This structure then coils itself and compacts , forming a creamy @-@ white egg mass . Each egg mass may contain 50 @,@ 000 – 70 @,@ 000 eggs ; the females usually lay them on seagrass , where they remain attached . In about 110 – 130 hours the embryo of L. canarium grows from a single cell to a veliger ( a larval form common to marine and fresh @-@ water gastropod and bivalve mollusks ) and then hatches . The hatching process takes 12 – 15 hours . After hatching , the larvae can be assigned to four distinct developmental stages throughout their short planktonic life ( based on morphological features and other characteristics ) . Usually , larvae up to 3 days old are Stage I veligers ; 4 – 8 @-@ day @-@ old larvae are Stage II ; 9 – 16 @-@ day @-@ old larvae are Stage III , and larvae from 17 days to metamorphosis are Stage IV . L. canarium larvae develop faster compared to other species in the same family , including the West Indian fighting conch ( Strombus pugilis ) and the milk conch ( Lobatus costatus ) . Larval development may be highly influenced by environmental conditions , such as temperature and the quality and availability of food . Metamorphosis in L. canarium can be recognised by loss of the larval velar lobes and the development of the typical leaping motion of juvenile true conches . A study from 2008 indicates that sexual dimorphism occurs early during this species ' ontogeny . L. canarium males reach sexual maturity at a shorter shell length when compared to females . Individuals are considered to be adult by the time the outer lip of their shell is noticeably thickened and flared ; growth to adult size takes about a year . The maximum life span of the dog conch differs between sexes ; it is estimated at 2 and 2 @.@ 5 years for females and males , respectively . = = Human uses and conservation measures = = The English common name of L. canarium is " dog conch " ; in the Malay Peninsula , the species is known by the Malay common names siput gonggong and gong @-@ gong ; siput means " snail " , and gonggong is an onomatopoetic word for a dog 's bark or howl . The flesh of the dog conch is edible . It is a staple food for locals living along the seashore , and is fished in many parts of southeast Asia . In India it has been reported that the meat of this species works well in a variety of common Indian seafood dishes : dog conch soups , cutlets , noodles , curry and chili . Despite their ornamental value , L. canarium shells are traditionally used by local fishermen as sinkers for fishing nets . Studies from 2008 to 2009 indicate that L. canarium has been overexploited and overfished in many areas ; malacologists and ecologists have recommended reducing exploitation rates to maintain its availability as a natural resource . Finding large dog @-@ conch individuals has become an increasingly difficult task in several regions where this species occurs . Initiatives in the Southern Thailand province of Phuket intend to increase depleted natural stocks of L. canarium by reintroducing cultured animals in local seagrass beds . Fishermen are encouraged not to collect younger , smaller individuals that have not yet reproduced . Imposex has recently been detected in Laevistrombus canarium . Imposex is the development of male sex organs in female animals exposed to man @-@ made organic tin compounds , such as tributyltin ( TBT ) . It has negative consequences for several species of sea snails , ranging from sterility in some individuals to the extinction of entire populations . Tin compounds are biocidal anti @-@ fouling agents mixed into paints to prevent marine encrustations on boats and ships . High concentrations of these compounds are commonly present in seawater near shipyards and docking areas , exposing nearby marine life to harmful effects . In a 2011 paper , Cob and colleagues found that imposex rates are high in dog conch populations near Malaysian ports ; however , the researchers could not detect any cases of sterility in affected females . The authors concluded that females of L. canarium often develop a penis when seawater contains organotin compounds , but the phenomenon does not cause sterility in this species . The ability of the dog conch to survive despite imposex makes this species a suitable local bioindicator for organotin pollution .
= Glacier National Park ( Canada ) = Glacier National Park is one of seven national parks in British Columbia , and is part of a system of 43 parks and park reserves across Canada . Established in 1886 , the park encompasses 1 @,@ 349 km2 ( 521 sq mi ) , and includes a portion of the Columbia Mountains . It also contains the Rogers Pass National Historic Site . The park 's history is closely tied to two primary Canadian transportation routes , the Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) , completed in 1885 , and the Trans Canada Highway , completed in 1963 . The pass in the centre of the park eluded explorers until 1881 . The railway brought with it tourism , the establishment of Glacier National Park and the construction of a popular alpine hotel . The heavy winter snows and steep , avalanche @-@ prone valleys of the park have been a major obstacle to transportation , necessitating much railway engineering and avalanche control measures . The park contains high peaks , large , active glaciers , and one of Canada 's largest cave systems . Its dense forests support populations of large mammals , birds , and alpine species . The region is noted for its heavy snowfall . The park has an extensive network of trails , three campgrounds , and four backcountry huts and cabins . Due to the major transportation routes that bisect it , Glacier National Park sees large numbers of visitors . = = History = = The Selkirk Mountains were first noted by Europeans when explorer David Thompson of the North West Company skirted around them on the Columbia River in 1811 . He named them Nelson 's Mountains , after Lord Horatio Nelson , but they were later renamed after an executive for the rival Hudson 's Bay Company , Lord Thomas Douglas Selkirk . Finding a pass through the Selkirks became a priority after construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway began . Completion of the railway was a condition of the Colony of British Columbia upon entering Canadian Confederation in 1867 . In 1865 , CPR surveyor Walter Moberly led an expedition up the Illecillewaet River ( which he named , using the Okanangan word for " swift water " ) . Despite recently discovering Eagle Pass through the nearby Monashees , Moberly failed to find a pass through the Selkirks after getting sidetracked in the Tangier Creek drainage . His party refused to explore further due to the lateness of the season , and Moberly was forced to retreat . = = = Rogers Pass = = = An expedition led by Major Albert Bowman Rogers up the Illecillewaet discovered a viable pass in 1881 . Rogers was awarded a five thousand dollar prize for locating a route through the mountains . By 1885 , the CPR had constructed a line through Rogers Pass and trains were traveling west to the Pacific for the first time in Canada . The federal government and the CPR quickly realized the tourism potential of the mountainous , heavily glaciated area . Following a trip by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his wife Agnes through the Rockies on the newly @-@ completed Trancontinental Railroad , he returned to Ottawa inspired , and led the creation of Glacier and Yoho National Parks , both established on October 10 , 1886 . They were the second and third national parks in the country , after Banff , a year earlier . = = = Glacier House = = = The grade of the railway approaching Rogers Pass was too steep to allow for dining cars on the trains , so the CPR built a hotel west of the pass in 1886 . This added to a collection of CPR @-@ owned hotels across Canada , including Mount Stephen House in Yoho National Park , built in the same year and with the same floor plan . Glacier House , located near the terminus of the Illecillewaet Glacier ( called the Great Glacier at the time ) , became a center for tourism , mountaineering , glaciology , and photography in the Selkirks . The hotel was expanded in 1905 and 1911 . It was considered one of western Canada 's premier tourist destinations at the turn of the twentieth century . The hotel attracted alpinists from around the world . Due to its elevation , climbers could be in the high alpine within hours of leaving their room . In 1899 , the CPR contracted the services of several Swiss guides to assist the less mountain @-@ savvy tourists through the high country . Throughout the Glacier House period , many first ascents were made on peaks within the park . The hotel also attracted naturalists and scientists keen to study the mountain environment . Mary Vaux Walcott and her brothers , George and William Vaux , visited the area many times , and began the first scientific studies of the Illecillewaet Glacier . = = = Mountaineering = = = Glacier House is considered " the first center of alpinism " in North America by American Alpine Club historian William Lowell Putnam . It saw an influx of European and American professional climbers in its first two decades of operation . William Spotswood Green was the first European climber to make note of the excellent climbing possibilities of peaks near the CPR line . Green and Henry Swanzy made the first recorded ascents of major peaks in the summer of 1888 , climbing Mount Bonney and Green 's Peak . Harold Topham , a British climber , made many first ascents in 1890 including Mount Fox ; he later joined with Henry Forster , and two Swiss climbers , Emil Huber and Carl Sulzer to explore the southern peaks of the park . Huber and Sulzer also claimed the prized first ascent of the dramatic Mount Sir Donald . Arthur Oliver Wheeler , a cartographer , climber , and founding member of the Alpine Club of Canada ( ACC ) , came to Glacier House in 1901 . This started a thirty @-@ year relationship with the northern Selkirks , which saw Wheeler map the region , publish large reference works on its geography , and explore much of the park 's terrain . An ACC hut near the Illecillewaet campground bears his name , as well as a peak and a pass . Professor Charles Ernest Fay , first president of the American Alpine Club , after visiting the park in the 1890s , publicized it in the club 's magazine . By the 1900s , almost all of the park 's prominent peaks had seen human tracks . = = = Connaught Tunnel and the Trans Canada = = = After its first winter in operation in 1886 , it became clear to the CPR that the heavy snows of Rogers Pass were going to be a serious challenge . Extensive snow sheds were built to shelter the rails from frequent avalanches . These wood sheds became a fire hazard in the summer months , so a separate summer track was built . In 1910 , while clearing one slide , another avalanche came down Avalanche Mountain , killing 62 men . More than half the workers killed in the slide were of Japanese descent . In all , two hundred railway employees were killed between 1886 and 1916 . In 1912 , the CPR admitted defeat and started the construction of an eight @-@ kilometer tunnel under the pass and Mount Macdonald . The Connaught Tunnel opened in 1916 . The new tunnel bypassed Glacier House 's siding , and the resulting lack of rail passengers spelled the end for the once @-@ popular hotel . It was closed in 1925 , and torn down four years later . The park saw few visitors besides campers from the Alpine Club of Canada 's summer camps for the next thirty years . Until this point , automobile travelers crossing the Columbia Mountains had to use the circuitous " Big Bend Highway " , which followed the upper reaches of the Columbia River north in a large loop . With the planned inundation of much of that valley by hydro projects outlined in the Columbia River Treaty , a new highway route was needed . In 1963 , the Trans Canada Highway was built through Rogers Pass , bringing tourists back to the park in large numbers . Parks Canada built several new campgrounds and expanded the trail system . = = Geography = = The park covers the northern part of the Selkirk Mountains , a sub @-@ range of the Columbia Mountains . It contains numerous glaciers and large , swift waterways . The park is bisected by two major transportation routes , the Trans Canada Highway and the Canadian Pacific Railway . The nearest towns are Revelstoke to the west , and Golden to the east . The only settlement in the park is the complex at the Rogers Pass summit . = = = Mountains = = = The Columbia Mountains rise from the plateaus of the Central Interior and extend eastward to the Rocky Mountain Trench . Geologically distinct from the nearby Rockies , the range is divided into four sub @-@ ranges : the Cariboos , Monashees , Selkirks , and the Purcells . Glacier encompasses a portion of the northern Selkirks and a narrow strip of the northern Purcells . The topography of the park varies between rounded mountains and ridges in the east , north , and west , and sharp , steep @-@ sided peaks in the central and southern regions . A.O. Wheeler measured many of the park 's mountains in 1901 and 1902 using a complex system of fixed points and photographs . In the early 20th century , the area was referred to as the " Canadian Alps " . Most names are from historical figures , including explorers , surveyors , mountaineers , and railway and Hudson 's Bay Company executives . = = = = Major peaks and ranges = = = = The highest point in the park is Mount Dawson , at 3 @,@ 377 metres ( 11 @,@ 079 ft ) . Peaks of the Hermit Range , the Bonney and Bostock Groups , the Van Horne Range , Purity Range , Dawson Range , and the precipitous Sir Donald Range all lie wholly or in part within the park . = = = Glaciers = = = The park has 131 glaciers over 0 @.@ 05 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 019 sq mi ) in size , covering 133 square kilometres ( 51 sq mi ) of the park . Throughout its history , North America has seen cycles of glaciation , where ice sheets advanced and retreated across the terrain . The last glacial period ended about 12 @,@ 000 years ago , before which all but the highest peaks of the park were covered in ice . The movements of these rivers of ice formed the steep @-@ sided , U @-@ shaped valleys of the park . They also rounded the lesser peaks ; ranges in the west of the park show this effect . The glaciers in the park are on whole shrinking and retreating ; they are also some of the most studied glaciers in North America . The glaciers of the park have been dramatically reduced in size in the late 20th and early 21st centuries . Precise measurements of glacial areas started with the Vaux family and A.O. Wheeler in the 1900s . Modern measurements using satellite imagery began with Simon Ommaney 's work in the 1980s . Regular inventories of the parks glaciers have been performed since , with the latest collating data up to 2011 . The most recent inventory noted a reduction of 19 @.@ 4 square kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 sq mi ) of glacial surface area from 2000 to 2011 . Due to its location near the highway and railway , the Illecillewaet Glacier is the most visited and photographed . Formerly known as the Great Glacier , it was a major tourist attraction during the Glacier House period from 1886 to 1925 . The glacier 's terminus , formerly a short walk from the Glacier House site , has retreated far up the mountainside . The névé of the glacier spreads far to the south , also spawning the Geikie Glacier . Most of the large glacial features are south of the Trans @-@ Canada corridor . Other large features include the Deville , Dawson , Asulkan , Bishops , Black , Duncan , Grand , and Avalanche . The park 's glaciers have a variety of appearances , with high altitude features smooth and uniform , cracked and riddled with crevasses on the slopes , and black with debris on the valley bottoms . In summer , many of the glaciers take on a red tint ; this is the result of a variety of snow algae known as watermelon snow . = = = Rivers = = = All watercourses in the park are part of the Columbia River drainage basin . Park rivers are swift @-@ running and glacially @-@ fed , and have helped carve out the steep valleys and canyons . They carry much silt and rocky debris with them , and often have a milky white appearance . In the summer months , these rivers have noticeable diurnal cycles ; they run high in the afternoons as the snow and ice melt is at its peak , then drop considerably with lower nighttime temperatures . The major rivers are the Illecillewaet , the Beaver , and the headwaters of the Incomappleux and Duncan Rivers . Large creeks and brooks include Mountain , Cougar ( which runs underground through the Nakimu Caves ) , and Battle . The Beaver and Illecillewaet flood occasionally ; 1983 and 2012 saw flooding damage to the highway and railway . = = Geology = = The geology of the northern Selkirks reveals the tremendous tectonic changes that have shaped the terrain of western North America . Like much of British Columbia , the region was first studied by the prolific surveyor and geologist Dr. George Mercer Dawson in 1890 . Topographical maps were first produced by A.O. Wheeler in the early 1900s , and in the 1970s , Wheeler 's grandson , Dr. John Wheeler , conducted an extensive geological survey from land and air . From Rogers Pass , layers of quartzite and slate are visible , revealing the fact that the range was part of a large , silty continental shelf 600 million years ago . 185 million years ago , successive plate movements from the west began to crumple and compress this material , driving some of it deep underground , and some into the heights of the Selkirks . Lime from coral and other organic life was compressed into limestone , which is seen in the Cougar Brook area . Veins of marble are present in the metamorphic rock of the high peaks . Although erosion and the effects of the glaciers are constantly grinding down the mountain peaks , the pressure of the underlying rock continues to drive them upward . Geologists have classed the rocks of the Columbia Mountains into groups , several of which appear in the northern Selkirks . The slates are in the Horsethief Creek and Lardeau groups , quartzite is in the Hamill group , limestone is part of the Badshot Formation , while the metamorphic rocks are classed in the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex . = = = Caves = = = The limestone strata in the park is subject to water erosion by Cougar Brook , a process that has formed the Nakimu Caves . First discovered in 1907 , and originally named the Caves of Cheops , then Deutchmann Caves , this 6 @-@ kilometer ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) long cave system is one of the largest in Canada . The limestone is broken down and softened by carbonic acid in the brook 's water . The water also contains pulverised rock from glacial processes , which serve to further etch and cut new passages in the rock . The caves contain a large concentration of a rare substance known as moonmilk - this is a suspension of calcium carbonate kept intact by bacteria . Due to its sensitive nature , and damage done to cave environments by early tourists , Parks Canada has closed the caves to the general public . Access by organized groups and experienced speleologists is allowed with a permit . = = Ecology = = Glacier National Park covers a range of habitats , from lush temperate rainforest in the western valleys , to inhospitable ice- and rock @-@ covered alpine areas , to drier fir and pine forests on the eastern boundary . Four of British Columbia 's biogeoclimatic zones are found within the park : Interior cedar / hemlock , Engelmann spruce / subalpine fir , Interior Douglas @-@ fir in the eastern extremities , and alpine tundra at high elevations . Parks Canada characterizes these zones as " rainforest , snow forest , and no forest " . Animal life in the park ranges from large mammals like caribou and grizzly bear to bird species such as Steller 's jay and the golden eagle . = = = Flora = = = The valleys on the western side of the park support dense wet forests , with a thick understory . The widest valleys , such as the Illecillewaet , contain a rare wetlands environment , featuring skunk cabbage and water hemlock . Outside of the wetlands , the lower valleys are covered by Western Red cedar , western white pine , western hemlock , Interior douglas fir , and white birch . Ground species include devil 's club , blueberries , liverwort , and fern species . At middle elevations , the subalpine zone appears . This forest has Engelmann spruce , mountain hemlock , and subalpine fir . The understory is thick here with rhododendron and berry species , as well as deep beds of moss and lichens . At higher elevations , this forest opens up to meadows and slide chutes , which are covered in a lush growth of grasses , herbaceous shrubs , and alpine wildflowers . Parks botanists and others have identified 546 species of flowering plants in the park . Late July to mid @-@ September see an impressive display of alpine blooms . The alpine meadows continue into the harsh alpine tundra zone , where poor soil , heavy snowfall , cold temperatures , and a very short growing season discourage all but the hardiest sedge grasses , heathers , and lichens . = = = Fauna = = = Glacier 's rich forests support a large wildlife population , which Parks staff monitor regularly . There are fifty @-@ three mammal species found within the park . Bears dominate the snow zone ; the berry @-@ rich avalanche slides provide an important food source for both black and grizzly species . They spend the winters in deep dens hibernating . Other predators include the wolverine , cougar , and lynx . Mountain goats are the most common ungulates in Glacier National Park ; a 1985 study counted 300 in the high peaks and valleys of the park . Caribou migrate through certain park valleys , while elk , mule and white @-@ tail deer can be found throughout . The deep snows of winter drive most ungulates out of the park into the lower elevations of the nearby Rocky Mountain Trench and Columbia valleys . Moose are seen in the park on rare occasions . Several species of squirrels are found in the lower forests , and alpine mammals include pika , hoary marmots , and martens . Glacier has 235 observed bird species , but the majority are migratory and only seen in the summer months . The 30 species who are year @-@ round residents include woodpeckers , golden eagles , owls , ravens , Steller 's jays , and golden @-@ crowned kinglets . Unpredictable explosions of pine siskins , sometimes reaching hundreds of thousands in number , will appear and stay year round , but be gone the next year . American dippers feed in the many waterfalls and cascades of the park . = = Climate = = Located within the Interior Wetbelt , precipitation is a major environmental factor in the area . The park straddles two prevalent weather systems , with warmer , wetter air from the Pacific meeting the colder , drier air of continental weather systems . The moist air is driven to higher elevations by the mass of the Columbia Mountains . The result is frequent rain and snowstorms , especially during winter months . The mean annual precipitation in subalpine areas is 1 @.@ 995 metres ( 6 ft 6 @.@ 5 in ) This contributes to the large icefields and glaciers that cover much of the park 's high elevations . Rogers Pass can receive up to 17 metres ( 56 ft ) of snow over the course of a winter . The eastern edge of the park , along the Purcells , is in the rain shadow and is relatively drier . The area can see wide variations in temperature and weather due to the extreme topography . Winter temperatures in the Selkirks are moderate compared to similar elevations in the Rockies to the east , with summer average highs reaching the high teens Celsius . = = = Avalanche control = = = Maintaining the Trans Canada Highway through the snowy Rogers Pass is a constant battle . Parks Canada works with provincial highways crews and the Canadian Armed Forces to keep the highway open as much as possible . Parks staff play both a research and prevention role by monitoring snowpack levels and predicting avalanche probability , as well as working with the Canadian Forces to trigger controlled avalanches . The Royal Canadian Horse Artillery operate 105mm Howitzer cannons , based at circular gun positions along the highway . The highway is closed to traffic , shells are fired at trigger points identified by Parks forecasters , and smaller , more controlled avalanches are started . = = Facilities = = Although the park sees over four million visitors each year , the majority are only passing through on the Trans @-@ Canada Highway . About 15 % stop to use park facilities . Of the visitors who experience the park from outside their vehicles , two @-@ thirds are from outside of Canada . There are 140 kilometers ( 87 mi ) of established hiking trails in the park . The Parks Canada administration and Rogers Pass Discovery Centre are located at Rogers Pass . The interpretive program for Glacier and Mount Revelstoke National Parks is based at the centre . It includes a theatre , an exhibit hall with railway models , natural history displays and wildlife specimens , and a bookstore . There are three campgrounds in the park . Illecillewaet is the largest , with two smaller campgrounds located at Loop Brook and Sir Donald . There are also five designated backcountry camping areas . Parks and the Alpine Club of Canada maintain four alpine huts and cabins for backcountry users . The Wheeler Hut is the oldest and largest , and is located near the Illecillewaet camping area . The Asulkan hut sits at 2 @,@ 100 metres ( 6 @,@ 900 ft ) on the Asulkan Pass , the Sapphire Col hut is a basic shelter near The Dome , and the Glacier Circle cabin in the Beaver River valley is a base for travelling in the southern areas of the park . None of the camping facilities in the park are maintained during winter months .
= Marcia Mitzman Gaven = Marcia Mitzman Gaven ( born February 28 , 1959 ) is an award @-@ winning American actress from New York . Since studying at the High School of Performing Arts and the State University of New York at Purchase , she has appeared in many musicals during her career singing in both mezzo @-@ soprano and soprano roles . Her Broadway debut came in 1979 when she played Betty Rizzo in Grease , serving as the replacement for the original actress of the role . In the 1980s she appeared in the musicals The Rocky Horror Show , Oliver ! , Zorba , Nine , Anything Goes , Chess , and Welcome to the Club , and in the operas Brigadoon , South Pacific , and Sweeney Todd . In 1992 , Gaven played the character Mrs. Walker in a new production called The Who 's Tommy at La Jolla Playhouse . The musical was a success , resulting in its move to Broadway in 1993 . Gaven was praised by critics for her performance and received a Tony Award nomination in the " Best Featured Actress in a Musical " category . She eventually had to leave The Who 's Tommy before its Broadway run ended because of an allergic reaction to a smoke effect used in the show . In 1995 , she won an Ovation Award and a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for her portrayal of Florence Vassy in Chess at Hudson Theatre . She was also awarded an Ovation Award for the role of Mother in the staging of the musical Ragtime at Shubert Theatre in 1997 . Gaven 's latest role in a musical was in a 2001 production of 1776 by UCLA 's Freud Playhouse . Since then she has appeared in concerts and fundraisers . Gaven has also made guest star appearances in numerous television shows and films , playing both live @-@ action and animated roles . She voiced several characters in the animated series The Simpsons from 1999 until 2002 , including Maude Flanders , Helen Lovejoy , Miss Hoover , and others . She was hired after Maggie Roswell departed from the show , due to a pay dispute . She has not been heard on the show since Roswell 's return in 2002 . Gaven has also lent her voice to television and radio advertisements . She is currently married to Seth Gaven owner of AV Squad , a film marketing company . = = Early life = = Gaven was born as Marcia Mitzman on February 28 , 1959 in New York City , New York . She was raised with her two siblings in the village of Hastings @-@ on @-@ Hudson , New York by their mother Patricia Mitzman , who had previously had a career in art . Newt Mitzman , their father , directed television specials and commercials for a living . Gaven went to Hackley Elementary School in Tarrytown , New York when she was young . At that time she was certain that she wanted to work in show business . As the result of a lie , she was able to study at the High School of Performing Arts even though the school was only open to inhabitants of New York City . She then became a drama major at the State University of New York at Purchase , though she did not get a degree . She said in a 1987 interview with The New York Times that " they kicked me out because I missed a major rehearsal " , and she never applied for readmission since she had already made her first appearance on Broadway in Grease by then . While at Purchase , Gaven performed in student productions such as The Taming of the Shrew and Trumpets and Drums . = = Career in theatre = = Gaven has had a prominent career in musical theatre and has appeared in many rock musicals . She told TheaterWeek in 1993 that she thinks those kinds of musicals are harder to sing in compared to standard musicals , and that " the nature of rock and roll is that it 's on the edge . It 's written to be done dangerously . You can 't be careful and do it at the same time . If you don 't do it dangerously , you run the risk of losing the impact . " During her career , Gaven has sung in both mezzo @-@ soprano and soprano roles , and has been cited for her belting . According to Alvin Klein , theatre critic for The New York Times , she " is categorically a mezzo soprano . " Gaven has also been noted for her strong voice , and was once told by a sound technician at An Evening Dinner Theater in Elmsford , New York that " We always turn off the mikes when you sing " because she did not need amplification . = = = 1979 – 1989 = = = In March 1979 , when Gaven was twenty years old , she served as the replacement actress for the character Betty Rizzo in the original Broadway production of Grease . This was her Broadway debut . In late 1980 , she was cast in the lead role of Janet in the musical The Rocky Horror Show that ran for six nights at Warner Theatre . It tells the story of a couple , Brad and Janet , who find themselves lost one night and end up in the laboratory of an alien doctor . The cast , including Gaven , was praised by critics . In 1984 , she played a Londoner in the revival of Oliver ! at Broadway and was the understudy for the major role of Nancy . That same year , in the Broadway revival of Zorba , Gaven played the role of The Widow who is eventually stoned to death by the townspeople after being held responsible for the suicide of a young boy who fell in love with her . She then portrayed the character Luisa , the wife of an Italian film director , in a production of Nine at An Evening Dinner Theater in 1985 . Gaven starred in the New York City Opera 's Broadway revival of Brigadoon , in which she played Meg Brockie , at New York State Theater in 1986 . The story is about a mysterious Scottish village that appears for only one day every hundred years , and Meg is one of the villagers . According to Sy Syna of the magazine The World & I , Gaven was " a huge crowd pleaser " in the role . She was also cast in the New York City Opera 's spring 1987 revival of South Pacific as the female lead character Nellie Forbush , a U.S. Navy nurse who works on a South Pacific island during World War II . This nine @-@ week run of South Pacific had an alternating cast and Nellie was also portrayed by Susan Bigelow . Later that year in July during the New York City Opera 's regular season , she appeared in the opera company 's Sweeney Todd as Mrs. Lovett , who makes and sells meat pies made from the victims of serial killer Sweeney Todd . In Pioneer Theatre Company 's fall 1988 production of Anything Goes , Gaven played the lead role of nightclub singer Reno Sweeney . It is set on an ocean liner on which Reno helps the character Billy Crocker win the heart of the engaged Hope Harcourt who he has fallen in love with . While reviewing the musical for the Deseret News , Joseph Walker commented that Gaven " is sensational as Reno Sweeney , the saucy , sassy hoofer @-@ with @-@ a @-@ heart @-@ of @-@ gold . She has an arresting presence and a golden voice ; the whole show always seems better when she 's on stage . " At the end of 1988 , Gaven returned to the musical Oliver ! in a Theatre Under The Stars production in Houston , starring as Nancy . A critic for the Houston Chronicle commended her performance , writing that she " acts the compassionate Nancy with warmth and spirit , and sings in a strong voice full of character . " Also in 1988 , Gaven played the part of the Russian chess player 's wife Svetlana in the short @-@ lived Broadway production of the musical Chess , for which she was praised by critics . The following year she appeared as Carol Bates in the Broadway musical Welcome to the Club . It revolves around four men who have been put in jail for not paying alimony . The musical shows why they ended up divorcing their wives , one of which is played by Gaven . Both Chess and Welcome to the Club were unsuccessful . John Simon criticized the latter musical in a New York Magazine review but praised Gaven 's performance , writing : " The cast ranges from the charmless to the hopeless [ ... ] in this mess . Only Marcia Mitzman manages to stand out from the crowd , and when she gets the right part in the right show , she 'll do just fine . " Associated Press drama critic Michael Kuchwara also wrote negatively about Welcome to the Club while giving praise to Gaven for projecting " a sympathy [ to her character ] that isn 't apparent in the book . " = = = 1990 – 1995 = = = In December 1990 , Gaven once again appeared as Nancy in a revival of Oliver ! — this time in a production at 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle , Washington . A theatre critic for the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer noted that she " has the voice to anchor anything you 'd care to name , even the 5th Avenue Theatre . 5th Avenue performers often sound as if they were speaking and singing through a football stadium public address system . But Mitzman overpowers malevolent acoustics . " After Oliver ! , she appeared as Countess Charlotte Malcolm in Ahmanson Theatre 's production of A Little Night Music that was performed from April 18 to June 30 , 1991 at James A. Doolittle Theatre in Los Angeles , California . Gaven worked at 5th Avenue Theatre again in December 1991 in the musical Here 's Love . She portrayed the divorced Doris Walker , a single @-@ working mother of a girl who doubts the existence of Santa Claus . During spring 1992 , she played the love interest of a male songwriter and his best friend in the musical The Tin Pan Man ( set in 1905 ) at La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts . Starting at the beginning of July 1992 , Gaven appeared in a new musical called The Who 's Tommy at La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego . It was based on the rock opera album Tommy by The Who . Gaven starred as Mrs. Walker , the mother of the boy Tommy who is traumatized when he sees his father murder Mrs. Walker 's new boyfriend . Tommy ultimately becomes non @-@ responsive , leading people to believe that he is deaf , mute , and blind , and his parents try to find a cure for his condition . Gaven later told TheaterWeek that she initially did not want to do the musical , since she " had no idea how this could be staged as a theatrical piece . I hoped my agents wouldn 't call me and ask me to audition . " However , they did , and she was cast as Mrs. Walker after an audition in which she sang the song " Heaven Help My Heart " that she performed in Chess , also a rock musical . The Who 's Tommy was La Jolla Playhouse 's biggest success yet and as a result its run was lengthened by several weeks . Later that year , Gaven once again played Doris in Here 's Love — this time in a Theatre Under The Stars production . In late 1992 it was announced that because of the success of The Who 's Tommy , it would be produced for Broadway and open in April 1993 . The production cost eight million dollars and it broke the box office record for the biggest non @-@ opening day with US $ 494 @,@ 897 earned on April 23 , 1993 at St. James Theatre ( where the musical opened on April 22 ) , beating Guys and Dolls ' 1992 record . Des McAnuff , who directed the musical at both La Jolla Playhouse and on Broadway , decided to bring many actors from the original cast with him despite weeks of auditions with thousands of actors trying out for the roles in front of him . The Broadway production featured some changes to the musical , such as a new song devoted to Tommy 's parents that Gaven thought " helps show their side of the story . " However , as she told The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune , the biggest difference was the increased amount of money she earned . Gaven was praised by critics for her portrayal of Mrs. Walker in the Broadway production , with one critic from The Miami Herald writing that her " alluring alto voice makes you wish Tommy 's mother had even more to sing . " It was announced on May 10 , 1993 that The Who 's Tommy had received eleven Tony Award nominations , tying with Kiss of the Spider Woman for the most nominations that year . Gaven received a nomination in the " Best Featured Actress in a Musical " category . However , as the result of an allergic reaction , she could not perform in the musical some nights . When Daryl Miller interviewed Gaven in the Los Angeles Times in 1997 , he noted that " this was one of the biggest disappointments of her life , and clouds cross her face for the first time in the conversation . She glances across the room at the Tony citation — recognizing her nomination for best featured actress in a musical — as she describes how her throat became infected due to a reaction to the oil in a haze @-@ making compound that designers pump onstage to enhance lighting effects . She missed a lot of performances , and an untold number of Tony voters missed her performance . She can 't help but wonder how that affected the outcome . " At one point , Gaven 's understudy Alice Ripley took her place for eight consecutive weeks while Gaven recovered . Gaven eventually had to leave The Who 's Tommy some months after it opened because of her allergy . She also disliked the idea of performing in one musical for more than a year . In late 1993 , she was cast in Pasadena Playhouse 's musical Sweet , Smart , Rodgers & Hart that featured music and lyrics previously written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart . It originally played from the middle of November to December 17 , 1993 , but was then extended for another run between January 6 and January 23 , 1994 . In July 1994 , Gaven played the role of the partly African @-@ American showboat actress Julie Dozier in Music Circus ' adaptation of Show Boat in California . In the spring of the following year , she reprised her part as the Countess in a production of A Little Night Music , also by Music Circus . Gaven returned to Chess in the summer of 1995 in small @-@ scale production at Hudson Theatre , this time as the lead character Florence Vassy . The story involves a romantic triangle between the two top players , an American and a Russian , in a world chess championship , and the woman Florence who manages one and falls in love with the other . Gaven received an Ovation Award ( Best Lead Actress in a Musical ) and a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award ( Best Lead Performance ) for her work in the musical . = = = 1996 – present = = = On May 21 , 1996 , Gaven and seventeen other well @-@ known musical theatre artists appeared in the show Say It With Music at Carpenter Performing Arts Center . It was staged to raise proceeds for the Musical Theatre Group , which was described by John Woolard of the Press @-@ Telegram as " a new organization formed to help rejuvenate musical theater in Southern California . " The show was made up of singing and dancing numbers that had previously appeared in different Broadway musicals . From June to September 1997 , Gaven played the role of Mother in the Los Angeles production ( pre @-@ Broadway ) of the musical Ragtime at Shubert Theatre . She received her second Ovation Award ( Best Lead Actress in a Musical ) for this performance . The musical tells the story of three ethnic groups in the United States : White Anglo @-@ Saxon Protestants , African @-@ Americans in Harlem , and European immigrants . Gaven played the mother and matriarch of the Protestant family . Ragtime director Frank Galati praised her in the Los Angeles Times for her " grace and beauty and magnificent voice " and her " extraordinarily keen intelligence — she 's a very deep reader of text , " and commented that " she seizes the stage with energy . " Many critics praised Gaven as well , though Laurie Winer of the Los Angeles Times wrote that she played Mother " valiantly but with a shade too much effort . " David Littlejohn of The Wall Street Journal cited her as " the best single performance in this production . " In May of the following year , she appeared in California Musical Theatre 's production of Triumph of Love , a musical that had previously been staged on Broadway and is set in Sparta . It ran for six days at the Community Center Theater in Sacramento , California and featured Gaven in the role of the philosopher Hesione . In 2001 , Gaven reappeared as Julie Dozier in another adaptation of Show Boat by Music Circus . Davis Enterprise critic Bev Sykes wrote positively about her voice but criticized her performance for not being credible , writing : " Marcia Mitzman Gaven gives an uneven performance as Julie , a singer of mixed race who passes for white until she 's betrayed by a spurned suitor . She is re @-@ discovered in Act 2 , having fallen into decline . Though obviously under the influence of the liquor in the bottle she carries around before and after her delivery of the song ' He 's Just My Bill , ' the song itself is performed straight , with no hint of the ravages that alcohol have taken on her body and voice . " Later that same year she played the role of Abigail Adams in a production of 1776 by UCLA 's Freud Playhouse . Gaven performed in a cabaret , called The Girly Show , at a fundraising gala for the Blank Theatre Company on August 15 , 2005 . It consisted of an all @-@ female cast singing songs by Michael John LaChiusa , with LaChiusa playing the piano . On December 15 , 2008 , celebrating the fifteenth anniversary of The Who 's Tommy , Gaven and the rest of the original Broadway cast reunited for a concert at August Wilson Theatre in New York City . This performance was a benefit for Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS , the Broadway Dreams Foundation , and the Bachmann @-@ Strauss Dystonia & Parkinson Foundation . = = Career in television and film = = Gaven has done much voice acting in her career , lending her voice to television and radio advertisements and playing animated characters in The Pink Panther ( 1993 ) , Red Planet ( 1994 ) , and Small Soldiers ( 1998 ) . Working with advertisements earned Gaven more money than playing theatre . " I can make in an hour what I make in a week doing theater , " she said in 1997 . Gaven has also made guest star appearances in live @-@ action television series such as The George Carlin Show ( 1994 ) , Ellen ( 1995 ) , Get Smart ( 1995 ) , The Drew Carey Show ( 1996 ) , Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper ( 1997 ) , Frasier ( 1998 ) , and Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1998 ) . In addition , she had a minor role in the 2002 film Moonlight Mile . When Maggie Roswell left the animated series The Simpsons in spring 1999 after a pay dispute with Fox Broadcasting Company , Gaven was hired to fill in for Roswell 's characters . These characters included Maude Flanders , Helen Lovejoy , Miss Hoover , and others . However , Maude Flanders was killed off in the 2000 episode " Alone Again , Natura @-@ Diddily " to open up new storylines for the show . Maggie Roswell returned to The Simpsons in 2002 after reaching a deal with Fox to record her lines from her home , and Gaven has not worked for the show since that year . = = Personal life = = Gaven resided in Los Angeles from 1991 to 1993 , when she had to move to New York City to act in The Who 's Tommy . However , her stay in the city was short because of the allergic reaction and she moved back to Los Angeles . While performing in musicals , Gaven had to be protective of her vocal cords and this affected her personal life . She told Miller in 1997 that " you have to give up so much of your life " , and gave the example that when " somebody coughs behind me [ at the cinema ] I immediately say to my husband , ' We may have to move . ' " She also had to avoid shouting . Gaven is currently married to Seth Gaven who owns AV Squad , a film marketing company . = = Acting credits = = = = = Theatre = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Film = = =
= George Mason = George Mason ( sometimes referred to as George Mason IV ) ( December 11 , 1725 – October 7 , 1792 ) was a Virginia planter , politician , and a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787 , one of three men who refused to sign . His writings , including substantial portions of the Fairfax Resolves of 1774 , the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 , and his Objections to this Constitution of Government ( 1787 ) in opposition to ratification of the constitution , have been a significant influence on political thought and events . The Virginia Declaration of Rights served as a basis for the United States Bill of Rights , of which he has been deemed the father . Mason was born in 1725 , most likely in present @-@ day Fairfax County , Virginia . Mason 's father died when he was young , and his mother managed the family estates until he came of age . He married in 1750 , built Gunston Hall , and lived the life of a country squire , supervising his lands , family and slaves . Mason briefly served in the House of Burgesses and involved himself in community affairs , sometimes serving with his neighbor , George Washington . As tensions between Britain and the American colonies grew , Mason came to support the colonial side , and used his knowledge and experience to help the revolutionary cause , finding ways to work around the Stamp Act of 1765 and serving in the rebel Virginia Conventions of 1775 and 1776 . Mason prepared the first draft of the Declaration of Rights in 1776 , and his words formed much of the text adopted by the final Virginia Convention . He also wrote a constitution for the state ; others who sought to have the convention adopt their ideas , like Thomas Jefferson , found Mason 's version could not be stopped . During the war , he was a member of the powerful lower house of the Virginia General Assembly , the House of Delegates , but to the irritation of Washington and others , refused to serve in the Continental Congress in Philadelphia , citing health and family commitments . Named one of his state 's delegates to the Constitutional Convention , Mason traveled to Philadelphia , his only lengthy trip outside Virginia . Many clauses in the document bear his stamp , as he was active in the convention for months before deciding he could not sign it . He cited the lack of a bill of rights most prominently in his Objections , but also wanted an immediate end to the slave trade , which he opposed , and a supermajority for navigation acts , which might force exporters of tobacco to use more expensive American ships . Although he lost there , and again at the Virginia Ratifying Convention of 1788 , his prominent fight for a bill of rights led his fellow Virginian , James Madison , to introduce one during the First Congress in 1789 , and it was ratified in 1791 , a year before Mason died . Long obscure , Mason is today recognized for his contributions to the United States , and to Virginia . = = Ancestry and early life = = George Mason 's great @-@ grandfather , George Mason I , had been a Cavalier : militarily defeated in the English Civil War , some of them came to America in the 1640s and 1650s . He had been born in 1629 at Pershore , in the English county of Worcestershire . The immigrant George Mason settled in what is now Stafford County , Virginia , having obtained land as a reward for bringing his party to the colony . His son , George Mason II ( 1660 – 1726 ) , was the first to move to what in 1742 became Fairfax County , then at the frontier between English and Native American areas . George Mason III ( 1690 – 1735 ) , served in the House of Burgesses , and like his father was county lieutenant . George Mason IV 's mother , Ann Thomson Mason , was the daughter of a former Attorney General of Virginia who had immigrated from London , and was of a Yorkshire family . The Masons lived in a colonial Virginia that had few roads , as most commerce was carried on Chesapeake Bay or through the waters of the Potomac , Rappahannock or other rivers . Most settlement took place near the rivers , through which planters could trade with the world . Thus , colonial Virginia initially developed few towns , since estates were largely self @-@ sufficient , and could get what they needed without the need to purchase locally . Even the capital , Williamsburg saw little activity when the legislature was not in session . Local politics was dominated by large landowners like the Masons . The Virginia economy rose and fell with tobacco , the main crop , which was mostly for export to Britain . Into this world was born George Mason , fourth of that name , on December 11 , 1725 . He may have been born at his father 's plantation on Dogue 's Neck ( later Mason Neck ) , but this is uncertain as his parents also lived on their lands across the Potomac in Maryland . On March 5 , 1735 , George Mason III died when his boat capsized while crossing the Potomac . His widow Ann would raise their son George ( then 9 ) and two younger siblings as co @-@ guardian with lawyer John Mercer . She selected property at Chopawamsic Creek ( today in Prince William County , Virginia ) as her dower house and there lived with her children and administered the lands that her elder son would control upon reaching his 21st birthday . In 1736 , George began his education with a Mr. Williams , hired to teach him for the price of 1 @,@ 000 pounds ( 450 kg ) of tobacco per annum . George 's studies began at his mother 's house , but the following year , he was boarded out to a Mrs. Simpson in Maryland , with Williams continuing as teacher through 1739 . By 1740 , George Mason was again at Chopawamsic , under the tutelage of a Dr. Bridges . Mason 's biographers have speculated that this was Charles Bridges , who helped develop the schools run in Britain by the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge , and who came to America in 1731 . In addition , Mason and his brother Thomson doubtlessly had the run of Mercer 's library , one of the largest in Virginia , and the conversations of Mercer and the book @-@ lovers who gathered around him were likely an education in themselves . Mercer was a brilliant man of strong opinions , who expressed his views in ways that sometimes gave offense ; Mason proved similar in brilliance of mind and ability to anger . George Mason attained his majority in 1746 , and continued to reside at Chopawamsic with his siblings and mother . = = Virginia landed gentleman = = = = = Public figure = = = The obligations and offices that came with being one of the largest local landowners descended on Mason as they had on his father and grandfather . In 1747 , he was named to the Fairfax County Court . He was elected as a vestryman for Truro Parish , and took a position among the officers of the county militia , eventually rising to the rank of colonel . In 1748 , he sought a seat in the House of Burgesses ; the process was controlled by more senior members of the court and he was not then successful ; he would win in 1758 . The county court not only heard civil and criminal cases , but decided matters such as local taxes . Membership fell to most major landowners . Mason was a justice for much of the rest of his life , though he was excluded because of nonattendance at court from 1752 to 1764 , and resigned in 1789 when continued service meant swearing to uphold a constitution he could not support . Even while a member , he often did not attend . Joseph Horrell , in a journal article on Mason 's court service , noted that he was often in poor health , and lived the furthest of any of the major estateholders from the Fairfax County courthouse , whether at its original site near today 's Tyson 's Corner or later in newly founded Alexandria . Robert Rutland , editor of Mason 's papers , considered court service a major influence on Mason 's later thinking and writing , but Horrell denied it , " if the Fairfax court provided a course for Mason 's early training , he chiefly distinguished himself by skipping classes . " Alexandria was one of the towns founded or given corporate status in the mid @-@ 18th century that Mason had interests in ; he purchased three of the original lots along King and Royal Streets and became a municipal trustee in 1754 . He also served as a trustee of Dumfries , in Prince William County , and had business interests there and in Georgetown , on the Maryland side of the Potomac ( today in the District of Columbia ) . = = = Squire of Gunston Hall = = = On April 4 , 1750 , Mason married Ann Eibeck , only child of William and Sarah Eibeck of Charles County , Maryland . The Masons and Eibecks had adjacent lands in Maryland , and had joined together in real estate transactions ; by his death in 1764 , William Eilbeck was one of the wealthiest men in Charles County . At the time of his marriage , Mason was living at Dogue 's Neck , though in which residence is uncertain . George and Ann Mason would have nine children who survived to adulthood . Ann Mason died in 1773 ; their marriage , judging by surviving accounts , was a happy one . George Mason began to build his home , Gunston Hall , likely beginning in 1755 . The exterior , typical of local buildings of that time , was probably based on architectural books sent from Britain to America for the use of local builders ; one of these craftsmen , perhaps William Waite or James Wren , constructed Gunston Hall . Mason was proud of the gardens which still surround the house . There were outbuildings , including slave quarters , a schoolhouse , and kitchens , and beyond them four large plantations , forests , and the shops and other facilities that made Gunston Hall mostly self @-@ sufficient . Mason avoided overdependence on tobacco as a source of income by leasing much of his land holdings to tenant farmers , and diversified his crops to grow wheat for export to the British West Indies as Virginia 's economy sank because of tobacco overproduction in the 1760s and 1770s . Mason was a pioneer in the Virginia wine industry , subscribing along with other Virginians such as Thomas Jefferson to Philip Mazzei 's scheme for growing wine grapes in America . Mason sought to expand his land and wealth . He greatly expanded the boundaries of Gunston Hall estate , so that it occupied all of Dogue 's Neck , which became known as Mason 's Neck . One project that Mason was involved in for most of his adult life was the Ohio Company , in which he invested in 1749 and became treasurer in 1752 — an office he held forty years until his death in 1792 . The Ohio Company had secured a royal grant for 200 @,@ 000 acres ( 81 @,@ 000 ha ) to be surveyed near the forks of the Ohio River ( today the site of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . War , revolution , and competing claims from Pennsylvania eventually defeated the Ohio Company 's plans . Although the company failed , Mason acquired considerable Western lands independently . His defense against the Pennsylvania claims , Selections from the Virginia Charters ( 1772 ) , originally intended to promote the Ohio Company 's claims , was widely applauded as a defense of the rights of Americans against royal decrees . Involvement with the Ohio Company also brought Mason into contact with many prominent Virginians , including his Fairfax County neighbor , George Washington . Mason and Washington were friends for many years until they finally broke over their differences regarding the federal constitution . Peter R. Henriques , in his journal article on their relationship , suggested that Mason cultivated the friendship more than Washington did , as Mason sent many more letters and gifts , and stayed more often at Washington 's plantation , though the last can be explained in part as Mount Vernon lay on the road from Gunston Hall to Alexandria . Henriques suggested that as Mason was older , intellectually superior , and the owner of a flourishing plantation as Washington struggled to establish Mount Vernon , it would not have been in the future president 's character to be close to Mason . Washington had a deep respect for Mason 's intellectual abilities , several times asking for his advice , and writing in 1777 when learning that Mason had taken charge of an issue before the General Assembly , " I know of no person better qualified ... than Colonel Mason , and shall be very happy to hear he has taken it in hand " . Despite his involvement in western real estate schemes , Mason saw that land was being cleared and planted with tobacco faster than the market for it could expand , meaning that its price would drop even as more and more capital was tied up in land and slaves . Thus , although a major slaveholder , he opposed the slave system in Virginia . He believed that slave importation , together with the natural population increase , would result in a huge future slave population in Virginia ; a system of leased lands , though not as profitable as slave labor , would have " little Trouble & Risque [ risk ] " . = = Political thinker ( 1758 – 1775 ) = = = = = From burgess to rebel = = = Little is known of Mason 's political views prior to the 1760s , when he came to oppose British colonial policies . In 1758 , Mason successfully ran for the House of Burgesses when George William Fairfax , holder of one of Fairfax County 's two seats , chose not to seek re @-@ election . Also elected were Mason 's brother Thomson ( for Stafford County ) , George Washington ( for Frederick County where he was stationed as commander of Virginia 's militia as the French and Indian War continued ) and Richard Henry Lee , who would work closely with Mason through their careers . When the house assembled , George Mason was initially appointed to a committee concerned with raising additional militia during that time of war . In 1759 , he was appointed to the powerful Committee on Privileges and Elections . He was also placed during the latter year on the Committee on Propositions and Grievances , which mostly considered local matters . Mason dealt with several local concerns , presenting a petition of Fairfax County planters against being assessed for a tobacco wharf at Alexandria , funds they felt should be raised through wharfage fees . He also played a major role as the Burgesses deliberated how to divide Prince William County as settlement expanded ; in March 1759 , Fauquier County was created by legislative act . In this , Mason opposed the interest of the family of Thomas , Lord Fairfax , who wanted existing counties expanded instead , including Fairfax . This difference may have contributed to Mason 's decision not to seek re @-@ election in 1761 . Mason biographer Jeff Broadwater noted that Mason 's committee assignments reflected the esteem his colleagues held him in , or at least the potential they saw . Broadwater did not find it surprising that Mason did not seek re @-@ election , as he did not attend the sessions between 1759 and 1761 . Although the British were victorious over the French in the war , King George III 's government felt that the North American colonies were not paying their way , since little direct tax revenue from the colonies was received . The Sugar Act of 1764 had its greatest effect in New England and did not cause widespread objection . The Stamp Act the following year affected all 13 colonies , as it required revenue stamps to be used on papers required in trade and in the law . When word of passage of the Stamp Act reached Williamsburg , the House of Burgesses passed the Virginia Resolves , asserting that Virginians had the same rights as if they resided in Britain , and that they could only be taxed by themselves or their elected representatives . The Resolves were mostly written by a fiery @-@ spoken new member for Louisa County , Patrick Henry . Mason slowly moved from being a peripheral figure towards the center of Virginia politics , but his published response to the Stamp Act , which he opposed , is most notable for the inclusion of his anti @-@ slavery views . George Washington or George William Fairfax , the burgesses for Fairfax County , may have asked Mason 's advice as to what steps to take in the crisis . Mason drafted an act to allow for one of the most common court action , replevin , to take place without the use of stamped paper , and sent it to George Washington , by then one of Fairfax County 's burgesses , to gain passage . This action contributed to a boycott of the stamps . With the courts and trade paralyzed , the British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 , but continued to assert the right to tax the colonies . Following the repeal , a committee of London merchants issued a public letter to Americans , warning them not to declare victory . Mason published a response in June 1766 , satirizing the British position , " We have , with infinite Difficulty & Fatigue got you excused this one Time ; do what your Papa and Mamma bid , & hasten to return your most grateful Acknowledgements for condescending to let you keep what is your own . " The Townshend Acts of 1767 were Britain 's next attempt to tax the colonies , placing duties on substances including lead and glass , and provoking calls from the northern colonies for a boycott of British goods . Virginia , more dependent on goods imported from Britain , was less enthusiastic , and , as local planters tended to receive goods at their river landings , a boycott would be difficult to enforce . In April 1769 , Washington sent a copy of a Philadelphia resolution to Mason , asking his advice on what action Virginia should take . It is unknown who adapted that text for use in Virginia ( Broadwater concluded it was Mason ) but Mason sent Washington a corrected draft on April 23 , 1769 . Washington took it to Williamsburg , but the governor , Lord Botetourt , dissolved the legislature because of the radical resolutions it were passing . The Burgesses adjourned to a nearby tavern , and there passed a non @-@ importation agreement based on Mason 's . Although the resolution was not as strong as Mason had liked — he wanted Virginia to threaten to cut off tobacco — Mason worked in the following years for non @-@ importation . The repeal of most of the Townshend duties ( excepting that on tea ) made his task more difficult . In March 1773 , his wife Ann died of illness contracted after another pregnancy . Mason was the sole parent to nine children , and his commitments made him even more reluctant to accept political office that would take him from Gunston Hall . In May 1774 , Mason was in Williamsburg on real estate business . Word had just arrived of the passage of the Intolerable Acts , as Americans dubbed the legislative response to the Boston Tea Party , and a group of lawmakers including Lee , Henry , and Jefferson asked Mason to join them in formulating a course of action . The Burgesses passed a resolution for a day of fasting and prayer to obtain divine intervention against " destruction of our Civil Rights " , but the governor , Lord Dunmore , dissolved the legislature rather than accept it . Mason may have helped write the resolution , and likely joined the members after the dissolution when they met at the Raleigh Tavern . New elections had to be held for burgess and for delegate to the convention which had been called by the rump of the dissolved House of Burgesses , and Fairfax County 's were set for July 5 , 1774 . Washington planned to run for one seat , and tried to get Mason or Bryan Fairfax to seek the other , but both men declined . Although the poll was postponed to the 14th due to poor weather , Washington met that day with other local leaders ( including , likely , Mason ) in Alexandria and selected a committee to draft a set of resolutions , which Washington hoped would " define our Constitutional Rights " . The resulting Fairfax Resolves were largely drafted by Mason . He met with the newly elected Washington on July 17 at Mount Vernon , and stayed the night ; the two men rode together to Alexandria the following day . The 24 propositions that made up the Resolves protested loyalty to the British Crown , but denied the right of Parliament to legislate for colonies that had been settled at private expense and which had received charters from the monarch . The Resolves called for a continental congress . If Americans did not receive redress by November 1 , exports , including that of tobacco , would be cut off . The freeholders of Fairfax County approved the Resolves , appointing Mason and Washington to a special committee in the emergency . According to early Virginia historian Hugh Grigsby , at Alexandria , Mason " made his first great movement on the theatre of the Revolution " . Washington took the Resolves to the Virginia Convention in Williamsburg , and although delegates made some changes , the adopted resolution closely tracks both the Fairfax Resolves , and the scheme for non @-@ exportation of tobacco Mason had proposed some years earlier . The convention elected delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia , including Lee , Washington , and Henry , and in October 1774 , Congress adopted a similar embargo . Much of Mason 's efforts in 1774 and 1775 was in organizing a militia independent of the royal government . Washington by January 1775 was drilling a small force , and he and Mason purchased gunpowder for the company . Mason wrote in favor of annual election of militia officers in words that would later echo in the Virginia Declaration of Rights , " We came equal into this world , and equals shall we go out of it . All men are by nature born equally free and independent . " Washington 's election as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress created a vacancy in Fairfax County 's delegation to the third Virginia Convention , and he wrote from Philadelphia in May 1775 , urging that it be filled . By this time , blood had been shed between colonial and Briton at the Battles of Lexington and Concord . Mason attempted to avoid election on the grounds of poor health and that he was needed to parent his motherless children . Nevertheless , he was elected and journeyed to Richmond , which , being further inland than Williamsburg , was deemed better protected from possible British attack . When the Richmond convention began in July 1775 , Mason was assigned to crucial committees , including one attempting to raise an army to protect the colony . According to Robert A. Rutland , " Sick or healthy , Mason was needed for his ability . " Mason sponsored a non @-@ exportation measure ; it was passed by a large majority , though it had to be repealed later in the session to coordinate with one passed by Maryland . Despite pressure from many delegates , Mason refused to consider election as a delegate to the Continental Congress in place of Washington when the latter became commanding general of the Continental Army , but could not avoid election to the Committee of Safety , a powerful group that took over many functions in the governmental vacuum . When Mason proffered his resignation from this committee , it was refused . = = = Declaration of Rights = = = Illness forced Mason to absent himself from the Committee of Safety for several weeks in 1775 , and he did not attend the fourth convention , held in December 1775 and January 1776 . With independence from Britain widely accepted as necessary among prominent Virginians , the fifth convention , to meet in May 1776 at Williamsburg , would need to decide how Virginia would be administered henceforth , as the royal government was dead in all but name . Accordingly , the convention was seen as so important that Richard Henry Lee arranged for his temporary recall from Congress to be a part of the convention , and Jefferson tried but failed to arrange to leave Congress as well . Other notables elected to the convention were Henry , George Wythe , and a young delegate from Orange County , James Madison . Mason was elected for Fairfax County , though with great difficulty . That convention , in May 1776 , unanimously instructed Jefferson and other Virginia delegates to Congress to seek " a clear and full Declaration of Independency " . At the same time , the convention resolved to pass a declaration of rights . Due to ill @-@ health , Mason did not arrive until May 18 , 1776 , after the vote , but was appointed to a committee led by Archibald Cary , which was to compose a declaration of rights and constitution . Mason was skeptical that the thirty @-@ person Cary Committee could collectively compose anything worthwhile , but was surprised at how quickly it moved — though his membership had a role in that speed . On May 24 , convention president Edmund Pendleton wrote to Jefferson about the committee 's deliberations , " as Colo . [ nel ] Mason seems to have the ascendancy in the great work , I have Sanguine hopes it will be framed so as to Answer it 's [ sic ] end , Prosperity to the Community and Security to Individuals " . Mason , working in a room at the Raleigh Tavern , drafted a declaration of rights and plan of government , likely to prevent frivolous plans with no chance of adoption from being put forward . Edmund Randolph later recalled that Mason 's draft " swallowed up all the rest " . The Virginia Declaration of Rights and the 1776 Constitution of Virginia were joint works , but Mason was the main author . Mason likely worked closely with Thomas Ludwell Lee ; the earliest surviving draft shows the first ten articles in Mason 's handwriting , with the other two written by Lee . The draft for the Declaration of Rights drew on Magna Carta , the English Petition of Right of 1628 , and that nation 's 1689 Bill of Rights . Mason 's first article would be paraphrased by Jefferson soon after in drafting the American Declaration of Independence . From the first article , cataloguing the rights of man , Mason derived the following articles , which make clear that the role of government is to secure and protect those rights , and if it fails to do so , the people have a right to amend or abolish it . Property could not be taken for public use without the owner 's consent , and a citizen could only be bound by a law accepted by that person or by elected representatives . If accused , a person had the right to a speedy and local trial , based on an accusation made known to him , with the right to call for evidence and witnesses in his favor . When the convention began to debate the declaration , it quickly bogged down on the first sentence of Article 1 , which conservatives feared would imply that slaves were their masters ' equals . This was resolved by the convention adding the words " when they enter into a state of society " , thus excluding slaves . Mason spoke repeatedly in the five days of debate , using oratory one hearer described as " neither flowing nor smooth , but his language was strong , his manner most impressive , and strengthened by a bit of biting cynicism when provocation made it seasonable " . The Declaration of Rights was passed by the convention on June 12 , 1776 . In later years , there was a flurry of contradictory statements from convention members ( including Mason ) about who composed which articles . Randolph credited Henry with Articles 15 and 16 , but the latter ( dealing with religious freedom ) , was written by Madison . Mason had imitated English law in drafting language requiring toleration of those of minority religions , but Madison insisted on full religious liberty , and Mason supported Madison 's amendment once made . The committee draft , likely for the most part written by Mason , received wide publicity ( the final version much less so ) and Mason 's words " all men are born equally free and independent " were later reproduced in state constitutions from Pennsylvania to Montana ; Jefferson tweaked the prose and included the sentiments in the Declaration of Independence . In 1778 , Mason wrote that the Declaration of Rights " was closely imitated by the other United States " . This was true , as seven of the original states , and Vermont , joined Virginia in promulgating a bill of rights . Four in addition specified rights that were protected , within the body of their constitutions . Feelings were so strong in Massachusetts that voters there in 1778 rejected a constitution drafted by a convention , insisting that a bill of rights had to come first . = = = Virginia constitution = = = Even before the convention approved the Declaration of Rights , Mason was busy at work on a constitution for Virginia . He was not the only one occupying himself so ; Jefferson sent several versions from Philadelphia , one of which supplied the eventual constitution 's preamble . Essex County 's Meriwether Smith may have prepared a draft , but the text is unknown . As an original writing in Mason 's hand is not known , the extent to which the final draft was written by him is uncertain . Nevertheless , William Fleming on June 22 , 1776 , sent Jefferson a copy of the draft before the Cary Committee , telling him " the inclosed [ sic ] printed plan was drawn by Colo . G. Mason and by him laid before the committee " . Mason had submitted his plan sometime between June 8 and 10 , 1776 . It named the new state the " Commonwealth of Virginia " , a name chosen pointedly by Mason to indicate that power stemmed from the people . The constitution provided for a popularly @-@ elected House of Delegates , chosen annually by men who owned or leased property , or who had fathered three or more Virginians . Most governmental power resided in the House of Delegates — the governor could not even veto a bill , and could only act as head of the state militia on the advice of his Council of State , whose members were elected by the legislature . The draft was considered by the committee , and it issued a report on June 24 , at which time Jefferson 's preamble and several amendments authored by him were included — George Wythe , who advocated for Jefferson 's draft before the committee , found discussion far enough advanced that members were only willing to yield to Jefferson on a few points . The entire convention considered the document between June 26 and 28 , and it was signed on the 29th . Richard Henry Lee wrote the day prior to the constitution 's passage by unanimous vote , " I have had the pleasure to see our new plan of Government go on well . This day will put a finishing hand to it . ' Tis very much of the democratic kind . " When the convention chose Patrick Henry as Virginia 's first post @-@ independence governor , Mason led the committee of notables sent to inform Henry of his election . There was criticism of the constitution — Edmund Randolph later wrote that the document 's faults indicated that even such a great mind as Mason 's was not immune from " oversights and negligences " : it did not have an amending process , and granted two delegates to each county regardless of population . The 1776 constitution remained in force until 1830 , when another convention replaced it . According to Henry C. Riely in his journal article on Mason , " The Virginia Constitution of 1776 , whatever may have been the question raised long afterwards as to the contribution of other great leaders , stands , on the authority of Jefferson , Madison , and Randolph — to mention only the highest authority — as his creation . " = = Wartime legislator = = Mason devoted much effort , during the American Revolutionary War , to safeguarding Fairfax County and the rivers of Virginia , since the British several times raided areas along the Potomac . Control of the rivers and of Chesapeake Bay was urgent as Virginians tried to obtain hard currency by trading tobacco to the French and other European nations . The export of tobacco , generally via the West Indies , allowed Mason and others to obtain , via France and Holland , British @-@ made items such as cloth , clothing patterns , medicines , and hardware . Mason served as a member of the House of Delegates from 1776 to 1781 , his longest continuous political service outside Fairfax County , which he represented in Richmond . The other Fairfax County seat turned over several times — Washington 's stepson Jackie Custis was elected late in the war — but Mason remained the county 's choice throughout . Nevertheless , Mason 's health often caused him to miss meetings of the legislature , or to arrive days or weeks late . Mason in 1777 was assigned to a committee to revise Virginia 's laws , with the expectation that he would take on the criminal code and land law . Mason served a few months on the committee before resigning on the ground he was not a lawyer ; most of the work fell to Jefferson ( returned from Philadelphia ) , Pendleton , and Wythe . Due to illness caused by a botched smallpox inoculation , Mason was forced to miss part of the legislature 's spring 1777 session ; in his absence delegates on May 22 elected him to the Continental Congress . Mason , who may have been angry that Lee had not been chosen , refused on the ground that he was needed at home , and did not feel he could resign from the General Assembly without permission from his constituents . Lee was elected in his place . This did not end the desire of Virginians to send Mason to the Continental Congress . In 1779 , Lee resigned from Congress , expressing the hope that Mason , Wythe , or Jefferson would replace him in Philadelphia . General Washington was frustrated at the reluctance of many talented men to serve in Congress , writing to Benjamin Harrison that the states " should compel their ablest men to attend Congress ... Where is Mason , Wythe , Jefferson , Nicholas , Pendleton , Nelson ? " The general wrote to Mason directly , Where are our men of abilities ? Why do they not come forth to serve their Country ? Let this voice my dear Sir call upon you — Jefferson & others — do not from a mistaken opinion that we are about to set down under our own Vine and our own fig tree let our heretofore noble struggle end in ignomy . In spite of Washington 's pleas , Mason remained in Virginia , plagued by illness and heavily occupied , both on the Committee of Safety and elsewhere in defending the Fairfax County area . Most of the legislation Mason introduced in the House of Delegates was war related , often aimed at raising the men or money needed by Congress for Washington 's Continental Army . The new federal and state governments , short on cash , issued paper money . By 1777 , the value of Virginia 's paper money had dropped precipitously , and Mason developed a plan to redeem the notes with a tax on real estate . Due to illness , Mason was three weeks late in arriving at Richmond , to the frustration of Washington , who had faith in Mason 's knowledge of financial affairs . The general wrote to Custis , " It is much to be wished that a remedy could be applied to the depreciation of our Currency ... I know of no person better qualified to do this than Colonel Mason " . Mason retained his interest in western affairs , hoping in vain to salvage the Ohio Company 's land grant . He , with Jefferson , were among the few delegates to be told of George Rogers Clark 's expedition to secure control of the lands north of the Ohio River . Mason and Jefferson secured legislation authorizing Governor Henry to defend against unspecified western enemies . The expedition was generally successful , and Mason received a report directly from Clark . Mason sought to remove differences between Virginia and other states , and although he felt the settlement of the boundary dispute with Pennsylvania , the Mason @-@ Dixon line ( not named for George Mason ) was unfavorable to Virginia , in 1780 he voted for it enthusiastically . Also in 1780 , Mason remarried , to Sarah Brent , from a nearby plantation , who had never been married and was 52 years old . It was a marriage of convenience , with the new bride able to take some of the burden of parenting Mason 's many children off his hands . = = Peace ( 1781 – 1786 ) = = By the signing of the 1783 Treaty of Paris , life along the Potomac had returned to normal . Among the visits between the elite that returned with peace was one by Madison to Gunston Hall in December 1783 , while returning from Congress in Philadelphia . The 1781 Articles of Confederation had tied the states in a loose bond , and Madison sought a sounder federal structure , seeking the proper balance between federal and state rights . He found Mason willing to consider a federal tax ; Madison had feared the subject might offend his host , and wrote to Jefferson of the evening 's conversation . The same month , Mason spent Christmas at Mount Vernon ( the only larger estate than his in Fairfax County ) . A fellow houseguest described Mason as " slight in figure , but not tall , and has a grand head and clear gray eyes " . Mason retained his political influence in Virginia , writing Patrick Henry , who had been elected to the House of Delegates , a letter filled with advice as that body 's 1783 session opened . Mason scuttled efforts to elect him to the House of Delegates in 1784 , writing that sending him to Richmond would be " an oppressive and unjust invasion of my personal liberty " . His refusal disappointed Jefferson , who had hoped that the likelihood that the legislature would consider land legislation would attract Mason to Richmond . The legislature nevertheless appointed Mason a commissioner to negotiate with Maryland over navigation of the Potomac . Mason spent much time on this issue , and reached agreement with Maryland delegates at the meeting in March 1785 known as the Mount Vernon Conference . Although the meeting at Washington 's home came later to be seen as a first step towards the 1787 Constitutional Convention , Mason saw it simply as efforts by two states to resolve differences between them . Mason was appointed to the Annapolis Convention of 1786 , at which representatives of all the states were welcome , but like most delegates did not attend . The sparsely @-@ attended Annapolis meeting called for a conference to consider amendments to the Articles of Confederation . To deter smuggling , Madison proposed a bill to make Norfolk the state 's only legal port of entry . Five other ports , including Alexandria , were eventually added , but the Port Act proved unpopular despite the support of Washington . Mason , an opponent of the act , accepted election to the House of Delegates in 1786 , and many believed his influence would prove decisive for the repeal effort . Due to illness , Mason did not come to Richmond during the initial session , though he sent a petition , as a private citizen , to the legislature . The Port Act survived , though additional harbors were added as legal entry points . = = Constitutional convention ( 1787 ) = = = = = Building a constitution = = = Although the Annapolis Convention saw only about a dozen delegates attend , representing only five states , it called for a meeting to be held in Philadelphia in May 1787 , to devise amendments to the Articles of Confederation which would result in a more durable constitutional arrangement . Accordingly , in December 1786 , the Virginia General Assembly elected seven men as the commonwealth 's delegation : Washington , Mason , Henry , Randolph , Madison , Wythe , and John Blair . Henry declined appointment , and his place was given to Dr. James McClurg . Randolph , who had just been elected governor , sent three notifications of election to Mason , who accepted without any quibbles . The roads were difficult because of spring flooding , and Mason was the last Virginia delegate to arrive , on May 17 , three days after the convention 's scheduled opening . But it was not until May 25 that the convention formally opened , with the arrival of at least one delegate from ten of the twelve states which sent representatives ( Rhode Island sent no one ) . The journey to Philadelphia was Mason 's first beyond Virginia and Maryland . According to Josephine T. Pacheco in her article about Mason 's role at Philadelphia , " since Virginia 's leaders regarded [ Mason ] as a wise , trustworthy man , it is not surprising that they chose him as a member of the Virginia delegation , though they must have been surprised when he accepted the appointment " . Broadwater suggested that Mason went to Philadelphia because he knew the federal congress needed additional power , and because he felt that body could act as a check on the powers of state legislatures . As the Virginians waited for the other delegates to arrive , they met each day and formulated what became known as the Virginia Plan . They also did some sightseeing , and were presented to Pennsylvania 's president , Benjamin Franklin . Within a week of arrival , Mason was bored with the social events to which the delegates were invited , " I begin to grow tired of the etiquette and nonsense so fashionable in this city " . Going into the convention , Mason wanted to see a more powerful central government than under the Articles , but not one that would threaten local interests . He feared the more numerous Northern states would dominate the union , and would impose restrictions on trade that would harm Virginia , so he sought a supermajority requirement for navigation acts As was his constant objective , he sought to preserve the liberty he and other free white males enjoyed in Virginia , guarding against the tyranny he and others had decried under British rule . He also sought a balance of powers , seeking thereby to make a durable government ; according to historian Brent Tarter , " Mason designed his home [ Gunston Hall ] so that no misplaced window or missing support might spoil the effect or threaten to bring down the roof ; he tried to design institutions of government in the same way , so that wicked or unprincipled men could not knock loose any safeguards of liberty " . Mason had hope , coming into the convention , that it would yield a result that he felt would strengthen the United States . Impressed by the quality of the delegates , Mason expected sound thinking from them , something he did not think he had often encountered in his political career . Still , he felt that the " hopes of all the Union centre [ sic ] in this Convention " , and wrote to his son George , " the revolt from Great Britain & the Formations of our new Government at that time , were nothing compared with the great Business now before us . " Mason knew few of the delegates who were not from Virginia or Maryland , but his reputation preceded him . Once delegates representing sufficient states had arrived in Philadelphia by late May , the convention held closed sessions at the Pennsylvania State House ( today , Independence Hall ) . Washington was elected the convention 's president by unanimous vote , and his tremendous personal prestige as the victorious war general helped legitimize the convention , but also caused him to abstain from debate . Mason had no such need to remain silent , and only four or five delegates spoke as frequently as he did . Though he ended up not signing the constitution , according to Broadwater , Mason won as many convention debates as he lost . In the early days of the convention , Mason supported much of the Virginia Plan , which was introduced by Randolph on May 29 . This plan would have a popularly @-@ elected lower house which would choose the members of the upper house from lists provided by the states . Most of the delegates had found the weak government under the Articles insufficient , and Randolph proposed that the new federal government should be supreme over the states . Mason agreed that the federal government should be more powerful than the states . The Virginia Plan , if implemented , would base representation in both houses of the federal legislature on population . This was unsatisfactory to the smaller states . Delaware 's delegates had been instructed to seek an equal vote for each state , and this became the New Jersey Plan , introduced by that state 's governor , William Paterson . The divisions in the convention became apparent in late June , when by a narrow vote , the convention voted that representation in the lower house be based on population , but the motion of Connecticut 's Oliver Ellsworth for each state to have an equal vote in the upper house failed on a tie . With the convention deadlocked , on July 2 , 1787 , a Grand Committee was formed , with one member from each state , to seek a way out . Mason had not taken as strong a position on the legislature as had Madison , and he was appointed to the committee ; Mason and Benjamin Franklin were the most prominent members . The committee met over the convention 's July 4 recess , and proposed what became known as the Great Compromise : a House of Representatives based on population , in which money bills must originate , and a Senate with equal representation for each state . Records do not survive of Mason 's participation in that committee , but the clause requiring money bills to start in the House most likely came from him or was the price of his support , as he had inserted such a clause in the Virginia Constitution , and he defended that clause once convention debate resumed . According to Madison 's notes , Mason urged the convention to adopt the compromise : However liable the Report [ of the Grand Committee ] might be to objections , he thought it preferable to an appeal to the world by the different sides , as had been talked of by some Gentlemen . It could not be more inconvenient to any gentleman to remain absent from his private affairs , than it was for him : but he would bury his bones in this city rather than expose his Country to the Consequences of a dissolution of the Convention without any thing being done . = = = Road to dissent = = = By mid @-@ July , as delegates began to move past the stalemate to a framework built upon the Great Compromise , Mason had considerable influence in the convention . North Carolina 's William Blount was unhappy that those from his state " were in Sentiment with Virginia who seemed to take the lead . Madison at their Head tho Randolph and Mason also great " . Mason had failed to carry his proposals that senators must own property and not be in debt to the United States , but successfully argued that the minimum age for service in Congress should be 25 , telling the convention that men younger than that were too immature . Mason was the first to propose that the national seat of government not be in a state capital lest the local legislature be too influential , voted against proposals to base representation on a state 's wealth or taxes paid , and supported regular reapportionment of the House of Representatives . On August 6 , 1787 , the convention received a tentative draft written by a Committee of Detail chaired by South Carolina 's John Rutledge ; Randolph had represented Virginia . The draft was acceptable to Mason as a basis for discussion , containing such points important to him as the requirement that money bills originate in the House and not be amendable in the Senate . Nevertheless , Mason felt the upper house was too powerful , as it had the powers to make treaties , appoint Supreme Court justices , and adjudicate territorial disputes between the states . The draft lacked provision for a council of revision , something Mason and others considered a serious lack . The convention spent several weeks in August in debating the powers of Congress . Although Mason was successful in some of his proposals , such as placing the state militias under federal regulation , and a ban on Congress passing an export tax , he lost on some that he deemed crucial . These losses included the convention deciding to allow importation of slaves to continue to at least 1800 ( later amended to 1808 ) and to allow a simple majority to pass navigation acts that might require Virginians to export their tobacco in American @-@ flagged ships , when it might be cheaper to use foreign @-@ flagged vessels . The convention also weakened the requirement that money bills begin in the House and not be subject to amendment in the Senate , eventually striking the latter clause after debate that stretched fitfully over weeks . Despite these defeats , Mason continued to work constructively to build a constitution , serving on another grand committee that considered customs duties and ports . On August 31 , 1787 , Massachusetts ' Elbridge Gerry spoke against the document as a whole , as did Luther Martin of Maryland . When Gerry moved to postpone consideration of the final document , Mason seconded him , stating , according to Madison , that " he would sooner chop off his right hand than put it to the Constitution as it now stands " Still , Mason did not rule out signing it , saying that he wanted to see how certain matters still before the convention were settled before deciding a final position , whether to sign or ask for a second convention . As the final touches were made to the constitution , Mason and Gerry held meetings in the evening to discuss strategy , bringing in delegates representing states from Connecticut to Georgia . Mason 's misgivings about the constitution were increased on September 12 , when Gerry proposed and Mason seconded that there be a committee appointed to write a bill of rights , to be part of the text of the constitution . Connecticut 's Roger Sherman noted that the state bills of rights would remain in force , to which Mason responded , " the Laws of the United States are to be paramount [ supreme ] to State Bills of Rights . " Although Massachusetts abstained in deference to Gerry , the Virginians showed no desire to conciliate Mason in their votes , as the motion failed with no states in favor and ten opposed . Also on September 12 , the Committee on Style , charged with making a polished final draft of the document , reported , and Mason began to list objections on his copy . On the 15th , as the convention continued a clause @-@ by @-@ clause consideration of the draft , Mason , Randolph and Gerry stated they would not sign the constitution . On the 17th , members of the twelve delegations then present in Philadelphia signed the constitution , except for the three men who had stated they would not . As the document was sent to the Articles of Confederation 's Congress in New York , Mason sent a copy of his objections to Richard Henry Lee , a member of the Congress . = = Ratification battle = = Broadwater noted , " given the difficulty of the task he had set for himself , his stubborn independence , and his lack , by 1787 , of any concern for his own political future , it is not surprising that he left Philadelphia at odds with the great majority of his fellow delegates " . Madison recorded that Mason , believing that the convention had given his proposals short shrift in a hurry to complete its work , began his journey back to Virginia " in an exceeding ill humor " . Mason biographer Helen Hill Miller noted that before Mason returned to Gunston Hall , he was injured in body as well as spirit , due to an accident on the road . Word of Mason 's opposition stance had reached Fairfax County even before the convention ended ; most local sentiment was in favor of the document . Washington made a statement urging ratification , but otherwise remained silent , knowing he would almost certainly be the first president . Mason sent Washington a copy of his objections , but the general believed that the only choice was ratification or disaster . The constitution was to be ratified by state conventions , with nine approvals necessary for it to come into force . In practice , opposition by large states such as New York or Virginia would make it hard for the new government to function . Mason remained a member of the House of Delegates , and in late October 1787 , the legislature called a convention for June 1788 ; in language crafted by John Marshall , it decreed that the Virginia Ratifying Convention would be allowed " free and ample discussion " . Mason was less influential in his final session in the House of Delegates because of his strong opposition to ratification , and his age ( 61 ) may also have caused him to be less effective . As smaller states ratified the constitution in late 1787 and early 1788 , there was an immense quantity of pamphlets and other written matter for and against approval . Most prominent in support were the pamphlets later collected as The Federalist , written by Madison and two New Yorkers , Alexander Hamilton and John Jay ; Mason 's objections were widely cited by opponents . Mason had begun his Objections to this Constitution of Government in Philadelphia ; in October 1787 , it was published , though without his permission . Madison complained that Mason had gone beyond the reasons for opposing he had stated in convention , but Broadwater suggested the major difference was one of tone , since the written work dismissed as useless the constitution and the proposed federal government . Nevertheless , both Lee and Mason believed that if proper amendments were made , the constitution would be a fine instrument of governance . The Objections were widely cited in opposition to ratification , and Mason was criticized for placing his own name on it , at a time when political tracts were signed , if at all , with pen names such as Junius , so that the author 's reputation would not influence the debate . Despite this , Mason 's Objections were among the most influential Anti @-@ Federalist works , and its opening line , " There is no Declaration of Rights " , likely their most effective slogan . Virginians were reluctant to believe that greatly respected figures such as Washington and Franklin would be complicit in setting up a tyrannical system . There were broad attacks on Mason ; the New Haven Gazette suggested that he had not done much for his country during the war , in marked contrast to Washington . Oliver Ellsworth blamed the Virginia opposition on the Lee family , who had long had tensions with the Washington family , and on " the madness of Mason " . Tarter , in his American National Biography article on Mason , wrote that " the rigidity of [ Mason 's ] views and his increasingly belligerent personality produced an intolerance and intemperance in his behavior that surprised and angered Madison , with whom he had worked closely at the beginning of the convention , and Washington , who privately condemned Mason 's actions during the ratification struggle . " Mason faced difficulties in being elected to the ratifying convention from Fairfax County , since most freeholders there were Federalist , and he was at odds with many in Alexandria over local politics . The statute governing elections to the convention in Richmond allowed him to seek election elsewhere , and he campaigned for a seat from Stafford County , assuring electors that he did not seek disunion , but rather reform . He spoke against the unamended constitution in strong terms ; George Nicholas , a Federalist friend of Mason , believed that Mason felt he could lead Virginia to gain concessions from the other states , and that he was embittered by the continuing attacks on him . On March 10 , 1788 , Mason finished first in the polls in Stafford County , winning one of its two seats ; he apparently was the only person elected for a constituency in which he did not live . Voter turnout was low , as many in remote areas without newspapers knew little about the constitution . The Federalists were believed to have a slight advantage in elected delegates ; Mason thought that the convention would be unlikely to ratify the document without demanding amendments . By the time the Richmond convention opened , Randolph had abandoned the Anti @-@ Federalist cause , which damaged efforts by Mason and Henry to co @-@ ordinate with their counterparts in New York . Mason moved that the convention consider the document clause by clause , which may have played into the hands of the Federalists , who feared what the outcome of an immediate vote might be , and who had more able leadership in Richmond , including Marshall and Madison . Nevertheless , Broadwater suggested that as most delegates had declared their views before the election , Mason 's motion made little difference . Henry , far more a foe of a strong federal government than was Mason , took the lead for his side in the debate . Mason spoke several times in the discussion , on topics ranging from the pardon power ( which he predicted the president would use corruptly ) to the federal judiciary , which he warned would lead to suits in the federal courts by citizens against states where they did not live . John Marshall , a future Chief Justice of the United States , downplayed the concern regarding the judiciary , but Mason would later be proved correct in the case of Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) , which led to the passage of the Eleventh Amendment . The federalists initially did not have a majority , with the balance held by undeclared delegates , mainly from western Virginia ( today 's Kentucky ) . The Anti @-@ Federalists suffered repeated blows during the convention due to the defection of Randolph and as news came other states had ratified . Mason led a group of Anti @-@ Federalists which drafted amendments : even the Federalists were open to supporting them , though the constitution 's supporters wanted the document drafted in Philadelphia ratified first . After some of the Kentuckians had declared for ratification , the convention considered a resolution to withhold ratification pending the approval of a declaration of rights . Supported by Mason but opposed by Madison , Light @-@ Horse Harry Lee , Marshall , Nicholas , Randolph and Bushrod Washington , the resolution failed , 88 — 80 . Mason then voted in the minority as Virginia ratified the constitution on June 25 , 1788 by a vote of 89 – 79 . Following the ratification vote , Mason served on a committee chaired by George Wythe , charged with compiling a final list of recommended amendments , and Mason 's draft was adopted , but for a few editorial changes . Unreconciled to the result , Mason prepared a fiery written argument , but some felt the tone too harsh and Mason agreed not to publish it . = = Final years = = Defeated at Richmond , Mason returned to Gunston Hall , where he devoted himself to family and local affairs , though still keeping up a vigorous correspondence with political leaders . He resigned from the Fairfax County Court after an act passed by the new Congress required officeholders to take an oath to support the constitution , and in 1790 declined a seat in the Senate which had been left vacant by William Grayson 's death , stating that his health would not permit him to serve , even if he had no other objection . The seat went to James Monroe , who had supported Mason 's Anti @-@ Federalist stance , and who had , in 1789 , lost to Madison for a seat in the House of Representatives . Judging by his correspondence , Mason softened his stance towards the new federal government , telling Monroe that the constitution " wisely & Properly directs " that ambassadors be confirmed by the Senate . Although Mason predicted that the amendments to be proposed to the states by the First Congress would be " Milk & Water Propositions " , he displayed " much Satisfaction " at what became the Bill of Rights ( ratified in 1791 ) and wrote that if his concerns about the federal courts and other matters were addressed , " I could cheerfully put my Hand & Heart to the new Government " . Washington , who was in 1789 elected the first president , resented Mason 's strong stances against the ratification of the constitution , and these differences destroyed their friendship . Although some sources accept that Mason dined at Mount Vernon on November 2 , 1788 , Peter R. Henriques noted that Washington 's diary states that Mr. George Mason was the guest , and as Washington , elsewhere in his diary , always referred to his former colleague at Philadelphia as Colonel Mason , the visitor was likely George Mason V , the son . Mason always wrote positively of Washington , and the president said nothing publicly , but in a letter referred to Mason as a " quondam friend " who would not recant his position on the constitution because " pride on the one hand , and want of manly candour on the other , will not I am certain let him acknowledge error in his opinions respecting it [ the federal government ] though conviction should flash on his mind as strongly as a ray of light " . Rutland suggested that the two men were alike in their intolerance of opponents and suspicion of their motives . Mason had long battled against Alexandria merchants who he felt unfairly dominated the county court , if only because they could more easily get to the courthouse . In 1789 , he drafted legislation to move the courthouse to the center of the county , though it did not pass in his lifetime . In 1798 , the legislature passed an authorizing act , and the courthouse opened in 1801 . Most of those at Gunston Hall , both family and slaves , fell ill during the summer of 1792 , experiencing chills and fever ; when those subsided , Mason caught a chest cold . When Jefferson visited Gunston Hall on October 1 , 1792 , he found Mason , long a martyr to gout , needing a crutch to walk , though still sound in mind and memory . Additional ailments , possibly pneumonia , set in . Less than a week after Jefferson 's visit , on October 7 , George Mason died at Gunston Hall , and was subsequently buried on the estate , within sight of the house he had built and of the Potomac River . Although Mason 's death attracted little notice , aside from a few mentions in local newspapers , Jefferson mourned " a great loss " . Another future president , Monroe , stated that Mason 's " patriotic virtues thro [ ugh ] the revolution will ever be remembered by the citizens of this country " . = = Views on slavery = = Mason owned many slaves . In Fairfax County , only George Washington owned more , and Mason is not known to have freed any even in his will , in which his slaves were divided among his children . The childless Washington , in his will , ordered his slaves be freed after his wife 's death , and Jefferson manumitted a few slaves , mostly of the Hemings family . According to Broadwater , " In all likelihood , Mason believed , or convinced himself , that he had no options . Mason would have done nothing that might have compromised the financial futures of his nine children . " Peter Wallenstein , in his article about how writers have interpreted Mason , argued that he could have freed some slaves without harming his children 's future , if he had wanted to . Mason 's biographers and interpreters have long differed about how to present his views on slavery @-@ related issues . A two @-@ volume biography ( 1892 ) by Kate Mason Rowland , who Broadwater noted was " a sympathetic white southerner writing during the heyday of Jim Crow " denied that Mason ( her ancestor ) was " an abolitionist in the modern sense of the term " . She noted that Mason " regretted " that there was slavery and was against the slave trade , but wanted slavery protected in the constitution . In 1919 , Robert C. Mason published a biography of his prominent ancestor and asserted that George Mason " agreed to free his own slaves and was the first known abolitionist " , refusing to sign the constitution , among other reasons because " as it stood then it did not abolish slavery or make preparation for its gradual extinction " . Rutland , writing in 1961 , asserted that in Mason 's final days , " only the coalition [ between New England and the Deep South at the Constitutional Convention ] in Philadelphia that had bargained away any hope of eliminating slavery left a residue of disgust . " Catherine Drinker Bowen , in her widely read 1966 account of the Constitutional Convention , Miracle at Philadelphia , contended that Mason believed slaves to be citizens and was " a fervent abolitionist before the word was coined " . Others took a more nuanced view . Copland and MacMaster deemed Mason 's views similar to other Virginians of his class : " Mason 's experience with slave labor made him hate slavery but his heavy investment in slave property made it difficult for him to divest himself of a system that he despised " . According to Wallenstein , " whatever his occasional rhetoric , George Mason was — if one must choose — proslavery , not antislavery . He acted in behalf of Virginia slaveholders , not Virginia slaves " . Broadwater noted , " Mason consistently voiced his disapproval of slavery . His 1787 attack on slavery echoes a similar speech to the Virginia Convention of 1776 . His conduct was another matter . " According to Wallenstein , historians and other writers " have had great difficulty coming to grips with Mason in his historical context , and they have jumbled the story in related ways , misleading each other and following each other 's errors " . Some of this is due to conflation of Mason 's views on slavery with that of his desire to ban the African slave trade , which he unquestionably opposed and fought against . His record otherwise is mixed : Virginia banned the importation of slaves from abroad in 1778 , while Mason was in the House of Delegates . In 1782 , after he had returned to Gunston Hall , it enacted legislation that allowed manumission of adult slaves young enough to support themselves ( not older than 45 ) , but a proposal , supported by Mason , to require freed slaves to leave Virginia within a year or be sold at auction , was defeated . Broadwater asserted , " Mason must have shared the fears of Jefferson and countless other whites that whites and free blacks could not live together " . The contradiction between wanting protection for slave property , while opposing the slave trade , was pointed out by delegates to the Richmond convention such as George Nicholas , a supporter of ratification . Mason stated of slavery , " it is far from being a desirable property . But it will involve us in great difficulties and infelicity to be now deprived of them . " = = Sites and remembrance = = There are sites remembering George Mason in Fairfax County . Gunston Hall , donated to the Commonwealth of Virginia by its last private owner , is now " dedicated to the study of George Mason , his home and garden , and life in 18th @-@ century Virginia " . George Mason University , with its main campus adjacent to the city of Fairfax , was formerly George Mason College of the University of Virginia from 1959 until it received its present name in 1972 . A major landmark on the Fairfax campus is a statue of George Mason by Wendy M. Ross , depicted as he presents his first draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . The George Mason Memorial Bridge , part of the 14th Street Bridge , connects Northern Virginia to Washington , D.C. The George Mason Memorial in West Potomac Park in Washington , also with a statue by Ross , was dedicated on April 9 , 2002 . Mason was honored in 1981 by the United States Postal Service with an 18 @-@ cent Great Americans series postage stamp . A bas @-@ relief of Mason appears in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives as one of 23 honoring great lawmakers . Mason 's image is located above and to the right of the Speaker 's chair ; he and Jefferson are the only Americans recognized . = = Legacy and historical view = = According to Miller , " The succession of New World constitutions of which Virginia 's , with Mason as its chief architect , was the first , declared the source of political authority to be the people ... in addition to making clear what a government was entitled to do , most of them were prefaced by a list of individual rights of the citizens ... rights whose maintenance was government 's primary reason for being . Mason wrote the first of these lists . " Diane D. Pikcunas , in her article prepared for the bicentennial of the U.S. Bill of Rights , wrote that Mason " made the declaration of rights as his personal crusade " . Tarter deemed Mason " celebrated as a champion of constitutional order and one of the fathers of the Bill of Rights " . Justice Sandra Day O 'Connor agreed , " George Mason 's greatest contribution to present day Constitutional law was his influence on our Bill of Rights " . Mason 's legacy extended overseas , doing so even in his lifetime , and though he never visited Europe , his ideals did . Lafayette 's " Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen " was written in the early days of the French Revolution under the influence of Jefferson , the U.S. Minister to France . According to historian R.R. Palmer , " there was in fact a remarkable parallel between the French Declaration and the Virginia Declaration of 1776 " . Another scholar , Richard Morris , concurred , deeming the resemblance between the two texts " too close to be coincidental " : " the Virginia statesman George Mason might well have instituted an action of plagiarism " . Donald J. Senese , in the conclusion to the collection of essays on Mason published in 1989 , noted that several factors contributed to Mason 's obscurity in the century after his death . Older than many who served at Philadelphia and came into prominence with the new federal government , Mason died soon after the constitution came into force and displayed no ambition for federal office , declining a seat in the Senate . Mason left no extensive paper trail , no autobiography like Franklin , no diary like Washington or John Adams . Washington left papers collected into 100 volumes ; for Mason , with many documents lost to fire , there are only three . Mason fought on the side that failed , both at Philadelphia and Richmond , leaving him a loser in a history written by winners — even his speeches to the Constitutional Convention descend through the pen of Madison , a supporter of ratification . After the Richmond convention , he was , according to Senese , " a prophet without honor in his own country " . The increased scrutiny of Mason which has accompanied his rise from obscurity has meant , according to Tarter , that " his role in the creation of some of the most important texts of American liberty is not as clear as it seems " . Rutland suggested that Mason showed only " belated concern over the personal rights of citizens " . Focusing on Mason 's dissent from the constitution , Miller pointed to the intersectional bargain struck over navigation acts and the slave trade , " Mason lost on both counts , and the double defeat was reflected in his attitude thereafter . " Wallenstein concluded , " the personal and economic interests of Mason 's home state took precedence over a bill of rights " . Whatever his motivations , Mason proved a forceful advocate for a bill of rights whose Objections helped accomplish his aims . Rutland noted that " from the opening phrase of his Objections to the Bill of Rights that James Madison offered in Congress two years later , the line is so direct that we can say that Mason forced Madison 's hand . Federalist supporters of the Constitution could not overcome the protest caused by Mason 's phrase ' There is no declaration of rights ' . " O 'Connor wrote that though " Mason lost his battle against ratification ... [ but ] his ideals and political activities have significantly influenced our constitutional jurisprudence . " Wallenstein felt that there is much to be learned from Mason : A provincial slaveholding tobacco planter took his turn as a revolutionary . In tune with some of the leading intellectual currents of the Western world , he played a central role in drafting a declaration of rights and the 1776 Virginia state constitution . For his own reasons , he fought against ratifying the handiwork of the 1787 Philadelphia convention ... Two centuries later , perhaps we can come to terms with his legacy — with how far we have come , how much we have gained , whether because of him or despite him , and , too , with how much we may have lost . Surely there is much of Mason that we cherish , wish to keep , and can readily celebrate .
= Wilson 's disease = Wilson 's disease , also called Wilson disease or hepatolenticular degeneration , is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which copper accumulates in tissues ; this manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease . It is treated with medication that reduces copper absorption or removes the excess copper from the body , but occasionally a liver transplant is required . The condition is due to mutations in the Wilson disease protein ( ATP7B ) gene . A single abnormal copy of the gene is present in 1 in 100 people , who do not develop any symptoms ( they are carriers ) . If a child inherits the gene from both parents , the child may develop Wilson 's disease . Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 6 and 20 years , but cases in much older people have been described . Wilson 's disease occurs in 1 to 4 per 100 @,@ 000 people . It is named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson ( 1878 – 1937 ) , the British neurologist who first described the condition in 1912 . = = Signs and symptoms = = The main sites of copper accumulation are the liver and the brain , and consequently liver disease and neuropsychiatric symptoms are the main features that lead to diagnosis . People with liver problems tend to come to medical attention earlier , generally as children or teenagers , than those with neurological and psychiatric symptoms , who tend to be in their twenties or older . Some are identified only because relatives have been diagnosed with Wilson 's disease ; many of these , when tested , turn out to have been experiencing symptoms of the condition but have not received a diagnosis . = = = Liver disease = = = Liver disease may present itself as tiredness , increased bleeding tendency or confusion ( due to hepatic encephalopathy ) and portal hypertension . The latter , a condition in which the pressure in the portal vein is markedly increased , leads to esophageal varices , blood vessels in the esophagus that may bleed in a life @-@ threatening fashion , as well as enlargement of the spleen ( splenomegaly ) and accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity ( ascites ) . On examination , signs of chronic liver disease such as spider angiomata ( small distended blood vessels , usually on the chest ) may be observed . Chronic active hepatitis has caused cirrhosis of the liver in most by the time they develop symptoms . While most people with cirrhosis have an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma ( liver cancer ) , this risk is relatively very low in Wilson 's disease . About 5 % of all people are diagnosed only when they develop fulminant acute liver failure , often in the context of a hemolytic anemia ( anemia due to the destruction of red blood cells ) . This leads to abnormalities in protein production ( identified by deranged coagulation ) and metabolism by the liver . The deranged protein metabolism leads to the accumulation of waste products such as ammonia in the bloodstream . When these irritate the brain , the person develops hepatic encephalopathy ( confusion , coma , seizures and finally life @-@ threatening swelling of the brain ) . = = = Neuropsychiatric symptoms = = = About half the people with Wilson 's disease have neurological or psychiatric symptoms . Most initially have mild cognitive deterioration and clumsiness , as well as changes in behavior . Specific neurological symptoms usually then follow , often in the form of parkinsonism ( cogwheel rigidity , bradykinesia or slowed movements and a lack of balance are the most common parkinsonian features ) with or without a typical hand tremor , masked facial expressions , slurred speech , ataxia ( lack of coordination ) or dystonia ( twisting and repetitive movements of part of the body ) . Seizures and migraine appear to be more common in Wilson 's disease . A characteristic tremor described as " wing @-@ beating tremor " is encountered in many people with Wilson 's ; this is absent at rest but can be provoked by extending the arms . Cognition can also be affected in Wilson 's disease . This comes in two , not mutually exclusive , categories : frontal lobe disorder ( may present as impulsivity , impaired judgement , promiscuity , apathy and executive dysfunction with poor planning and decision making ) and subcortical dementia ( may present as slow thinking , memory loss and executive dysfunction , without signs of aphasia , apraxia or agnosia ) . It is suggested that these cognitive involvements are related and closely linked to psychiatric manifestations of the disease . Psychiatric problems due to Wilson 's disease may include behavioral changes , depression , anxiety and psychosis . Psychiatric symptoms are commonly seen in conjunction with neurological symptoms and are rarely manifested on their own . These symptoms are often poorly defined and can sometimes be attributed to other causes . Because of this , diagnosis of Wilson 's disease is rarely made when only psychiatric symptoms are present . = = = Other organ systems = = = Medical conditions have been linked with copper accumulation in Wilson 's disease : Eyes : Kayser – Fleischer rings ( KF rings ) , a pathognomonic sign , may be visible in the cornea of the eyes , either directly or on slit lamp examination as deposits of copper in a ring around the cornea . They are due to copper deposition in Descemet 's membrane . They do not occur in all people with Wilson 's disease . Wilson 's disease is also associated with sunflower cataracts exhibited by brown or green pigmentation of the anterior and posterior lens capsule . Neither cause significant visual loss . KF rings occur in approximately 66 % of diagnosed cases ( more often in those with neurological symptoms rather than with liver problems ) . Kidneys : renal tubular acidosis ( Type 2 ) , a disorder of bicarbonate handling by the proximal tubules leads to nephrocalcinosis ( calcium accumulation in the kidneys ) , a weakening of bones ( due to calcium and phosphate loss ) , and occasionally aminoaciduria ( loss of essential amino acids needed for protein synthesis ) . Heart : cardiomyopathy ( weakness of the heart muscle ) is a rare but recognized problem in Wilson 's disease ; it may lead to heart failure ( fluid accumulation due to decreased pump function ) and cardiac arrhythmias ( episodes of irregular and / or abnormally fast or slow heart beat ) . Hormones : hypoparathyroidism ( failure of the parathyroid glands leading to low calcium levels ) , infertility , and habitual abortion . = = Genetics = = The Wilson 's disease gene ( ATP7B ) has been mapped to chromosome 13 ( 13q14.3 ) and is expressed primarily in the liver , kidney , and placenta . The gene codes for a P @-@ type ( cation transport enzyme ) ATPase that transports copper into bile and incorporates it into ceruloplasmin . Mutations can be detected in 90 % . Most ( 60 % ) are homozygous for ATP7B mutations ( two abnormal copies ) , and 30 % have only one abnormal copy . Ten percent have no detectable mutation . Although 300 mutations of ATP7B have been described , in most populations the cases of Wilson 's disease are due to a small number of mutations specific for that population . For instance , in Western populations the H1069Q mutation ( replacement of a histidine by a glutamine at position 1069 in the protein ) is present in 37 – 63 % of cases , while in China this mutation is very uncommon and R778L ( arginine to leucine at 778 ) is found more often . Relatively little is known about the relative impact of various mutations , although the H1069Q mutation seems to predict later onset and predominantly neurological problems , according to some studies . A normal variation in the PRNP gene can modify the course of the disease by delaying the age of onset and affecting the type of symptoms that develop . This gene produces prion protein , which is active in the brain and other tissues and also appears to be involved in transporting copper . A role for the ApoE gene was initially suspected but could not be confirmed . The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern . In order to inherit it , both of the parents of an individual must carry an affected gene . Most have no family history of the condition . People with only one abnormal gene are called carriers ( heterozygotes ) and may have mild , but medically insignificant , abnormalities of copper metabolism . Wilson 's disease is the most common of a group of hereditary diseases that cause copper overload in the liver . All can cause cirrhosis at a young age . The other members of the group are Indian childhood cirrhosis ( ICC ) , endemic Tyrolean infantile cirrhosis and idiopathic copper toxicosis . These are not related to ATP7B mutations : for example , ICC has been linked to mutations in the KRT8 and the KRT18 gene . = = Pathophysiology = = Copper is needed by the body for a number of functions , predominantly as a cofactor for a number of enzymes such as ceruloplasmin , cytochrome c oxidase , dopamine β @-@ hydroxylase , superoxide dismutase and tyrosinase . Copper enters the body through the digestive tract . A transporter protein on the cells of the small bowel , copper membrane transporter 1 ( CMT1 ; SLC31A1 ) , carries copper inside the cells , where some is bound to metallothionein and part is carried by ATOX1 to an organelle known as the trans @-@ Golgi network . Here , in response to rising concentrations of copper , an enzyme called ATP7A releases copper into the portal vein to the liver . Liver cells also carry the CMT1 protein , and metallothionein and ATOX1 bind it inside the cell , but here it is ATP7B that links copper to ceruloplasmin and releases it into the bloodstream , as well as removing excess copper by secreting it into bile . Both functions of ATP7B are impaired in Wilson 's disease . Copper accumulates in the liver tissue ; ceruloplasmin is still secreted , but in a form that lacks copper ( termed apoceruloplasmin ) and is rapidly degraded in the bloodstream . When the amount of copper in the liver overwhelms the proteins that normally bind it , it causes oxidative damage through a process known as Fenton chemistry ; this damage eventually leads to chronic active hepatitis , fibrosis ( deposition of connective tissue ) and cirrhosis . The liver also releases copper into the bloodstream that is not bound to ceruloplasmin . This free copper precipitates throughout the body but particularly in the kidneys , eyes and brain . In the brain , most copper is deposited in the basal ganglia , particularly in the putamen and globus pallidus ( together called the lenticular nucleus ) ; these areas normally participate in the coordination of movement as well as playing a significant role in neurocognitive processes such as the processing of stimuli and mood regulation . Damage to these areas , again by Fenton chemistry , produces the neuropsychiatric symptoms seen in Wilson 's disease . It is not clear why Wilson 's disease causes hemolysis , but various lines of evidence suggest that a high level of free ( non @-@ ceruloplasmin bound ) copper has a direct effect on either oxidation of hemoglobin , inhibition of energy @-@ supplying enzymes in the red blood cell , or direct damage to the cell membrane . = = Diagnosis = = Wilson 's disease may be suspected on the basis of any of the symptoms mentioned above , or when a close relative has been found to have Wilson 's . Most have slightly abnormal liver function tests such as a raised aspartate transaminase , alanine transaminase and bilirubin level . If the liver damage is significant , albumin may be decreased due to an inability of damaged liver cells to produce this protein ; likewise , the prothrombin time ( a test of coagulation ) may be prolonged as the liver is unable to produce proteins known as clotting factors . Alkaline phosphatase levels are relatively low in those with Wilson 's @-@ related acute liver failure . If there are neurological symptoms , magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) of the brain is usually performed ; this shows hyperintensities in the part of the brain called the basal ganglia in the T2 setting . MRI may also demonstrate the characteristic " face of the giant panda " pattern . There is no totally reliable test for Wilson 's disease , but levels of ceruloplasmin and copper in the blood , as well of the amount of copper excreted in urine during a 24 @-@ hour period , are together used to form an impression of the amount of copper in the body . The gold standard — or most ideal test — is a liver biopsy . = = = Ceruloplasmin = = = Levels of ceruloplasmin are abnormally low ( < 0 @.@ 2 g / L ) in 80 – 95 % of cases . It can , however , be present at normal levels in people with ongoing inflammation as it is an acute phase protein . Low ceruloplasmin is also found in Menkes disease and aceruloplasminemia , which are related to , but much rarer than Wilson 's disease . The combination of neurological symptoms , Kayser – Fleischer rings and a low ceruloplasmin level is considered sufficient for the diagnosis of Wilson 's disease . In many cases , however , further tests are needed . = = = Serum and urine copper = = = Serum copper is low , which may seem paradoxical given that Wilson 's disease is a disease of copper excess . However , 95 % of plasma copper is carried by cerulopasmin which is often low in Wilson 's disease . Urine copper is elevated in Wilson 's disease and is collected for 24 hours in a bottle with a copper @-@ free liner . Levels above 100 μg / 24h ( 1 @.@ 6 μmol / 24h ) confirm Wilson 's disease , and levels above 40 μg / 24h ( 0 @.@ 6 μmol / 24h ) are strongly indicative . High urine copper levels are not unique to Wilson 's disease ; they are sometimes observed in autoimmune hepatitis and in cholestasis ( any disease obstructing the flow of bile from the liver to the small bowel ) . In children , the penicillamine test may be used . A 500 mg oral dose of penicillamine is administered , and urine collected for 24 hours . If this contains more than 1600 μg ( 25 μmol ) , it is a reliable indicator of Wilson 's disease . This test has not been validated in adults . = = = Liver biopsy = = = Once other investigations have indicated Wilson 's disease , the ideal test is the removal of a small amount of liver tissue through a liver biopsy . This is assessed microscopically for the degree of steatosis and cirrhosis , and histochemistry and quantification of copper are used to measure the severity of the copper accumulation . A level of 250 μg of copper per gram of dried liver tissue confirms Wilson 's disease . Occasionally , lower levels of copper are found ; in that case , the combination of the biopsy findings with all other tests could still lead to a formal diagnosis of Wilson 's . In the earlier stages of the disease , the biopsy typically shows steatosis ( deposition of fatty material ) , increased glycogen in the nucleus , and areas of necrosis ( cell death ) . In more advanced disease , the changes observed are quite similar to those seen in autoimmune hepatitis , such as infiltration by inflammatory cells , piecemeal necrosis and fibrosis ( scar tissue ) . In advanced disease , finally , cirrhosis is the main finding . In acute liver failure , degeneration of the liver cells and collapse of the liver tissue architecture is seen , typically on a background of cirrhotic changes . Histochemical methods for detecting copper are inconsistent and unreliable , and taken alone are regarded as insufficient to establish a diagnosis . = = = Genetic testing = = = Mutation analysis of the ATP7B gene , as well as other genes linked to copper accumulation in the liver , may be performed . Once a mutation is confirmed , it is possible to screen family members for the disease as part of clinical genetics family counseling . Regional distributions of genes associated with Wilson 's disease are important to follow , as this can help clinicians design appropriate screening strategies . Since mutations of the WD gene vary between populations , research and genetic testing done in countries like the USA or United Kingdom can pose problems as they tend to have more mixed populations . = = Treatment = = = = = Dietary = = = In general , a diet low in copper @-@ containing foods is recommended with the avoidance of mushrooms , nuts , chocolate , dried fruit , liver , and shellfish . = = = Medication = = = Medical treatments are available for Wilson 's disease . Some increase the removal of copper from the body , while others prevent the absorption of copper from the diet . Generally , penicillamine is the first treatment used . This binds copper ( chelation ) and leads to excretion of copper in the urine . Hence , monitoring of the amount of copper in the urine can be done to ensure a sufficiently high dose is taken . Penicillamine is not without problems : about 20 % experience a side effect or complication of penicillamine treatment , such as drug @-@ induced lupus ( causing joint pains and a skin rash ) or myasthenia ( a nerve condition leading to muscle weakness ) . In those who presented with neurological symptoms , almost half experience a paradoxical worsening in their symptoms . While this phenomenon is observed in other treatments for Wilson 's , it is usually taken as an indication for discontinuing penicillamine and commencing second @-@ line treatment . Those intolerant to penicillamine may instead be commenced on trientine hydrochloride , which also has chelating properties . Some recommend trientine as first @-@ line treatment , but experience with penicillamine is more extensive . A further agent , under clinical investigation by Wilson Therapeutics , with known activity in Wilson 's disease is tetrathiomolybdate . This is regarded as experimental , though some studies have shown a beneficial effect . Once all results have returned to normal , zinc ( usually in the form of a zinc acetate prescription called Galzin ) may be used instead of chelators to maintain stable copper levels in the body . Zinc stimulates metallothionein , a protein in gut cells that binds copper and prevents their absorption and transport to the liver . Zinc therapy is continued unless symptoms recur or if the urinary excretion of copper increases . In rare cases where none of the oral treatments are effective , especially in severe neurological disease , dimercaprol ( British anti @-@ Lewisite ) is occasionally necessary . This treatment is injected intramuscularly ( into a muscle ) every few weeks and has unpleasant side effects such as pain . People who are asymptomatic ( for instance , those diagnosed through family screening or only as a result of abnormal test results ) are generally treated , as the copper accumulation may cause long @-@ term damage in the future . It is unclear whether these people are best treated with penicillamine or zinc acetate . = = = Physical and occupational therapies = = = Physiotherapy and occupational therapy are beneficial for patients with the neurologic form of the disease . The copper chelating treatment may take up to six months to start working , and these therapies can assist in coping with ataxia , dystonia , and tremors , as well as preventing the development of contractures that can result from dystonia . = = = Transplantation = = = Liver transplantation is an effective cure for Wilson 's disease but is used only in particular scenarios because of the risks and complications associated with the procedure . It is used mainly in people with fulminant liver failure who fail to respond to medical treatment or in those with advanced chronic liver disease . Liver transplantation is avoided in severe neuropsychiatric illness , in which its benefit has not been demonstrated . = = Prognosis = = Left untreated , Wilson 's disease tends to become progressively worse and is eventually fatal . With early detection and treatment , most of those affected can live relatively normal lives . Liver and neurologic damage that occurs prior to treatment may improve , but it is often permanent . = = History = = The disease bears the name of the British physician Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson ( 1878 – 1937 ) , a neurologist who described the condition , including the pathological changes in the brain and liver , in 1912 . Wilson 's work had been predated by , and drew on , reports from German neurologist Carl Westphal ( in 1883 ) , who termed it " pseudosclerosis " ; by the British neurologist William Gowers ( in 1888 ) ; and by Adolph Strümpell ( in 1898 ) , who noted hepatic cirrhosis . Neuropathologist John Nathaniel Cumings made the link with copper accumulation in both the liver and the brain in 1948 . The occurrence of hemolysis was noted in 1967 . Cumings , and simultaneously the New Zealand neurologist Derek Denny @-@ Brown , working in the United States , first reported effective treatment with metal chelator British anti @-@ Lewisite in 1951 . This treatment had to be injected but was one of the first therapies available in the field of neurology , a field that classically was able to observe and diagnose but had few treatments to offer . The first effective oral chelation agent , penicillamine , was discovered in 1956 by British neurologist John Walshe . In 1982 , Walshe also introduced trientine , and was the first to develop tetrathiomolybdate for clinical use . Zinc acetate therapy initially made its appearance in the Netherlands , where physicians Schouwink and Hoogenraad used it in 1961 and in the 1970s , respectively , but it was further developed later by Brewer and colleagues at the University of Michigan . The genetic basis of Wilson 's disease and linkage to ATP7B mutations was elucidated in the 1980s and 1990s by several research groups . = = Other animals = = Hereditary copper accumulation has been described in Bedlington Terriers , where it generally only affects the liver . It is due to mutations in the COMMD1 ( or MURR1 ) gene . In non @-@ Wilsonian copper accumulation states ( such as Indian childhood cirrhosis ) , no COMMD1 mutations could be detected to explain their genetic origin .
= Pather Panchali = Pather Panchali ( [ pɔt ̪ ʰer pãtʃali ] , English : Song of the Little Road ) is a 1955 Indian Bengali @-@ language drama film directed by Satyajit Ray and produced by the Government of West Bengal . It is based on Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay 's 1929 Bengali novel of the same name and is Ray 's directorial debut . It features Subir Banerjee , Kanu Banerjee , Karuna Banerjee , Uma Dasgupta and Chunibala Devi . The first film in the Apu trilogy , Pather Panchali depicts the childhood of the protagonist Apu ( Subir Banerjee ) and his elder sister Durga ( Uma Dasgupta ) and the harsh village life of their poor family . Production was interrupted because of funding problems and it took nearly three years for the film to be completed . The film was shot mainly on location , had a limited budget , featured mostly amateur actors , and was made by an inexperienced crew . The sitar player Ravi Shankar composed the film 's soundtrack and score using classical Indian ragas . Subrata Mitra was in charge of the cinematography while editing was handled by Dulal Dutta . Following its premiere on 3 May 1955 during an exhibition at New York 's Museum of Modern Art , Pather Panchali was released in Calcutta later the same year to an enthusiastic reception . A special screening was attended by the Chief Minister of West Bengal and the Prime Minister of India . Critics have praised its realism , humanity , and soul @-@ stirring quality while others have called its slow pace a drawback , and some have condemned it for romanticising poverty . Scholars have commented on the film 's lyrical quality and realism ( influenced by Italian neorealism ) , its portrayal of the poverty and small delights of daily life , and the use of what the author Darius Cooper has termed the " epiphany of wonder " , among other themes . The tale of Apu 's life is continued in the two subsequent installments of Ray 's Apu trilogy : Aparajito ( The Unvanquished , 1956 ) and Apur Sansar ( The World of Apu , 1959 ) . Pather Panchali is described as a turning point in Indian cinema , as it was among the films that pioneered the Parallel Cinema movement , which espoused authenticity and social realism . The first film from independent India to attract major international critical attention , it won India 's National Film Award for Best Feature Film in 1955 , the Best Human Document award at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival , and several other awards , establishing Ray as one of the country 's most distinguished filmmakers . It is often featured in lists of the greatest films ever made . = = Plot = = Harihar Roy ( Kanu Banerjee ) earns a meagre living as a pujari ( priest ) in Nischindipur , rural Bengal , and dreams of a better career as a poet and playwright . His wife Sarbajaya ( Karuna Banerjee ) takes care of their children , Durga ( Uma Dasgupta ) and Apu ( Subir Banerjee ) , and Harihar 's elderly cousin , Indir Thakrun ( Chunibala Devi ) . Because of their limited resources , Sarbajaya resents having to share her home with the old and helpless cripple Indir . At times , Sarbajaya 's taunts become offensive , forcing Indir to take temporary refuge in the home of another relative . Durga is fond of Indir and often gives her fruit she has stolen from a wealthy neighbour 's orchard . One day , the neighbour 's wife accuses Durga of stealing a bead necklace ( which Durga denies ) and blames Sarbajaya for encouraging her tendency to steal . As the elder sibling , Durga cares for Apu with motherly affection , but spares no opportunity to tease him . Together , they share the simple joys of life : sitting quietly under a tree , viewing pictures in a travelling vendor 's bioscope , running after the candy man who passes through the village , and watching a jatra ( folk theatre ) performed by a troupe of actors . Every evening they are delighted by the sound of a distant train 's whistle . One day , they run away from home to catch a glimpse of the train , only to discover Indir lying dead on their return . Unable to earn a good living in the village , Harihar travels to the city to seek a better job . He promises Sarbajaya that he will return with money to repair their dilapidated house . During his absence , the family sinks deeper into poverty . Sarbajaya grows increasingly lonely and bitter . One day during the monsoon season , Durga plays in the downpour for too long , catches a cold and develops a high fever . Adequate medical care being unavailable , the fever becomes worse , and on a night of incessant rain and gusty winds , she dies . Harihar returns home and starts to show Sarbajaya the merchandise he has brought from the city . Sarbajaya , who remains silent , breaks down at the feet of her husband , and Harihar cries out in grief as he discovers that he has lost his daughter . The family decide to leave their ancestral home . As they start packing , Apu finds the necklace that Durga had earlier denied having stolen ; he throws it into a pond . Apu and his parents leave the village on an ox @-@ cart . = = Cast = = Kanu Banerjee as Harihar Roy Karuna Banerjee as Sarbajaya Roy Subir Banerjee as Apurba Roy ( Apu ) Runki Banerjee as Durga Roy ( child ) Uma Dasgupta as Durga Roy ( teenager ) Chunibala Devi as Indir Thakrun , the old aunt Tulsi Chakraborty as Prasanna , school teacher = = Production = = = = = Novel and title = = = Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay 's novel Pather Panchali is a classic bildungsroman ( a type of coming @-@ of @-@ age story ) in the canon of Bengali literature . It first appeared as a serial in a Calcutta periodical in 1928 , and was published as a book the next year . The novel depicts a poor family 's struggle to survive in their rural ancestral home and the growing up of Apu , the son of the family . The later part of the novel , where Apu and his parents leave their village and settle in Benaras , formed the basis of Aparajito ( The Unvanquished , 1956 ) , the second film of the Apu trilogy . Satyajit Ray , working as a graphic designer for Signet Press , created the illustrations for a new abridged edition of the book in 1944 . At that time , Ray read the unabridged novel ; Signet 's owner D. K. Gupta told Ray that the abridged version would make a great film . The idea appealed to Ray , and around 1946 – 47 , when he considered making a film , he turned to Pather Panchali because of certain qualities that " made it a great book : its humanism , its lyricism , and its ring of truth " . The author 's widow permitted Ray to make a film based on the novel ; the agreement was in principle only , and no financial arrangement was made . The Bengali word path literally means path , and pather means " of the path " . The word panchali refers to a type of narrative folk song that used to be performed in Bengal and was the forerunner of another type of folk performance , the jatra . English translations of the Bengali title include Song of the Little Road , The Lament of the Path , Song of the Road , and Song of the Open Road . = = = Script = = = Pather Panchali did not have a script ; it was made from Ray 's drawings and notes . Ray completed the first draft of the notes during his sea voyage to and from London in 1950 . Before principal photography began , he created a storyboard dealing with details and continuity . Years later , he donated those drawings and notes to Cinémathèque Française . In Apur Panchali ( the Bengali translation of My Years with Apu : A Memoir , 1994 ) , Ray wrote that he had omitted many of the novel 's characters and that he had rearranged some of its sequences to make the narrative better as cinema . Changes include Indir 's death , which occurs early in the novel at a village shrine in the presence of adults , while in the film Apu and Durga find her corpse in the open . The scene of Apu and Durga running to catch a glimpse of the train is not in the novel , in which neither child sees the train , although they try . Durga 's fatal fever is attributed to a monsoon downpour in the film , but is unexplained in the novel . The ending of the film — the family 's departure from the village — is not the end of the novel . Ray tried to extract a simple theme from the random sequences of significant and trivial episodes of the Pather Panchali novel , while preserving what W. Andrew Robinson describes as the " loitering impression " it creates . According to Ray , " the script had to retain some of the rambling quality of the novel because that in itself contained a clue to the feel of authenticity : life in a poor Bengali village does ramble . " For Robinson , Ray 's adaptation focuses mainly on Apu and his family , while Bandopadhyay 's original featured greater detail about village life in general . = = = Casting = = = Kanu Banerjee ( who plays Harihar ) was an established Bengali film actor . Karuna Banerjee ( Sarbajaya ) was an amateur actress from the Indian People 's Theatre Association , and the wife of Ray 's friend . Uma Dasgupta , who successfully auditioned for the part of Durga , also had prior theatre experience . For the role of Apu , Ray advertised in newspapers for boys of ages five to seven . None of the candidates who auditioned fulfilled Ray 's expectations , but his wife spotted a boy in their neighbourhood , and this boy , Subir Banerjee , was cast as Apu . ( The surname of three of the main actors happened to be Banerjee , but they were not related to each other ) . The hardest role to fill was the wizened old Indir . Ray eventually found Chunibala Devi , a retired stage actress living in one of Calcutta 's red @-@ light districts , as the ideal candidate . Several minor roles were played by the villagers of Boral , where Pather Panchali was filmed . = = = Filming = = = Shooting started on 27 October 1952 . Boral , a village near Calcutta , was selected in early 1953 as the main location for principal photography , and night scenes were shot in @-@ studio . The technical team included several first @-@ timers , including Ray himself and cinematographer Subrata Mitra , who had never operated a film camera . Art director Bansi Chandragupta had professional experience , having worked with Jean Renoir on The River . Both Mitra and Chandragupta went on to establish themselves as respected professionals . Mitra had met Ray on the set of The River , where Mitra was allowed to observe the production , take photographs and make notes about lighting for personal reference . Having become friends , Mitra kept Ray informed about the production and showed his photographs . Ray was impressed enough by them to promise him an assistant 's position on Pather Panchali , and when production neared , invited him to shoot the film . As the 21 @-@ year @-@ old Mitra had no prior filmmaking experience , the choice was met with scepticism by those who knew of the production . Mitra himself later speculated that Ray was nervous about working with an established crew . Funding was a problem from the outset . No producer was willing to finance the film , as it lacked stars , songs and action scenes . On learning of Ray 's plan , one producer , Mr Bhattacharya of Kalpana Movies , contacted Bandopadhyay 's widow to request the filming rights and get the film made by Debaki Bose , a well @-@ established director . The widow declined as she had already permitted Ray to make the film . The estimated budget for the production was ₹ 70 @,@ 000 ( about US $ 14 @,@ 613 in 1955 ) . One producer , Rana Dutta , gave money to continue shooting , but had to stop after some of his films flopped . Ray thus had to borrow money to shoot enough footage to persuade prospective producers to finance the whole film . To raise funds , he continued to work as a graphic designer , pawned his life insurance policy and sold his collection of gramophone records . Production manager Anil Chowdhury convinced Ray 's wife , Bijoya , to pawn her jewels . Ray still ran out of money partway through filming , which had to be suspended for nearly a year . Thereafter shooting was done only in intermittent bursts . Ray later admitted that the delays had made him tense and that three miracles saved the film : " One , Apu 's voice did not break . Two , Durga did not grow up . Three , Indir Thakrun did not die . " Bidhan Chandra Roy , the Chief Minister of West Bengal , was requested by an influential friend of Ray 's mother to help the production . The Chief Minister obliged , and government officials saw the footage . The Home Publicity Department of the West Bengal government assessed the cost of backing the film and sanctioned a loan , given in installments , allowing Ray to finish production . The government misunderstood the nature of the film , believing it to be a documentary for rural uplift , and recorded the loan as being for " roads improvement " , a reference to the film 's title . Monroe Wheeler , head of the department of exhibitions and publications at New York 's Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) , who was in Calcutta in 1954 , heard about the project and met Ray . He considered the incomplete footage to be of very high quality and encouraged Ray to finish the film so that it could be shown at a MoMA exhibition the following year . Six months later , American director John Huston visited India for some early location scouting for The Man Who Would Be King ( eventually made in 1975 ) . Wheeler had asked Huston to check the progress of Ray 's project . Huston saw excerpts of the unfinished film and recognised " the work of a great film @-@ maker " . Because of Huston 's positive feedback , MoMA helped Ray with additional money . Including the delays and hiatuses in production , it took three years to complete the shooting of Pather Panchali . = = Influences = = The realist narrative style of Pather Panchali was influenced by Italian neorealism and the works of French director Jean Renoir . In 1949 Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River ( 1951 ) . Ray , a founding member of the Calcutta Film Society ( established in 1947 ) , helped him scout for locations in the countryside . When Ray told him about his longstanding wish to film Pather Panchali , Renoir encouraged him to proceed . In 1950 Ray was sent to London by his employer , the advertising agency D.J. Keymer , to work at their headquarters . During his six months in London , he watched about 100 films . Among these , Vittorio De Sica 's neorealist film Bicycle Thieves ( 1948 ) had a profound impact on him . In a 1982 lecture , Ray said that he had come out of the theatre determined to become a filmmaker . The film made him believe that it was possible to make realistic cinema that was shot on location with an amateur cast . The international success of Akira Kurosawa 's Rashomon ( 1950 ) and Bimal Roy 's 1953 film Do Bigha Zamin ( which was shot partly on location and was about a peasant family ) led Ray to believe that Pather Panchali would find an international audience . Ray also had more indigenous influences , such as Bengali literature and the native Indian theatrical tradition , particularly the rasa theory of classical Sanskrit drama . Darius Cooper describes the complicated doctrine of rasa as " center [ ed ] predominantly on feelings experienced not only by the characters but also conveyed in a certain artistic way to the spectator " . = = Soundtrack = = The soundtrack of the film was composed by the sitar player Ravi Shankar , who was at an early stage of his career , having debuted in 1939 . The background scores feature pieces based on several ragas of Indian classical music , played mostly on the sitar . The soundtrack , described in a 1995 issue of The Village Voice as " at once plaintive and exhilarating " , is featured in The Guardian 's 2007 list of 50 greatest film soundtracks . It has also been cited as an influence on The Beatles , specifically George Harrison . Shankar saw about half the film in a roughly edited version before composing the background score , but he was already familiar with the story . According to Robinson , when Ray met Shankar the latter hummed a tune that was folk @-@ based but had " a certain sophistication " . This tune , usually played on a bamboo flute , became the main theme for the film . The majority of the score was composed within the duration of a single night , in a session that lasted for about eleven hours . Shankar also composed two solo sitar pieces — one based on the raga Desh ( traditionally associated with rain ) , and one sombre piece based on the raga Todi . He created a piece based on the raga Patdeep , played on the tar shehnai , to accompany the scene in which Harihar learns of Durga 's death . The film 's cinematographer , Subrata Mitra , performed on the sitar for parts of the soundtrack . = = Release and reception = = Ray and his crew worked long hours on post @-@ production , managing to submit it just in time for Museum of Modern Art 's Textiles and Ornamental Arts of India exhibition of May 1955 . The film , billed as The Story of Apu and Durga , lacked subtitles . It was one of a series of six evening performances at MoMA , including the US debut of sarod player Ali Akbar Khan and the classical dancer Shanta Rao . Pather Panchali 's MoMA opening on 3 May was well received . Subsequently , the film had its domestic premiere at the annual meeting of the Advertising Club of Calcutta ; the response there was not positive , and Ray felt " extremely discouraged " . Before its theatrical release in Calcutta , Ray designed large posters , including a neon sign showing Apu and Durga running , which was strategically placed in a busy location in the city . Pather Panchali was released in a Calcutta cinema on 26 August 1955 and received a poor initial response . But because of word of mouth , the screenings started filling up within a week or two . It opened again at another cinema , where it ran for seven weeks . A delay in subtitling led to the postponement of the UK release until December 1957 . It went on to achieve great success in the US in 1958 , running for eight months at the Fifth Avenue Playhouse in New York . In India the film 's reception was enthusiastic . The Times of India wrote , " It is absurd to compare it with any other Indian cinema ... Pather Panchali is pure cinema " . Chief Minister Roy arranged a special screening in Calcutta for Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , who came out of the theatre impressed . Despite opposition from some within the governments of West Bengal and India because of its depiction of poverty , Pather Panchali was sent to the 1956 Cannes Film Festival with Nehru 's personal approval . It was screened towards the end of the festival , coinciding with a party given by the Japanese delegation , and only a small number of critics attended . Although some were initially unenthusiastic at the prospect of yet another Indian melodrama , the film critic Arturo Lanocita found " the magic horse of poetry ... invading the screen " . Pather Panchali was subsequently named Best Human Document at the festival . Lindsay Anderson commented after the Cannes screening that Pather Panchali had " the quality of ultimate unforgettable experience " . In subsequent years , critics have given positive reviews . A 1958 review in Time described Pather Panchali as " perhaps the finest piece of filmed folklore since Robert Flaherty 's Nanook of the North " . In her 1982 book 5001 Nights at the Movies , Pauline Kael wrote , " Beautiful , sometimes funny , and full of love , it brought a new vision of India to the screen " . Basil Wright considered it " a new and incontrovertible work of art " . James Berardinelli wrote in 1996 that the film " touches the souls and minds of viewers , transcending cultural and linguistic barriers " . In 2006 Philip French of The Observer called it " one of the greatest pictures ever made " . Twenty years after the release of Pather Panchali , Akira Kurosawa summarised the effect of the film as overwhelming and lauded its ability " to stir up deep passions " . The reaction was not uniformly positive . On seeing the film , François Truffaut is reported to have said , " I don 't want to see a movie of peasants eating with their hands . " Bosley Crowther , the most influential critic of The New York Times , wrote in 1958 , " Any picture as loose in structure or as listless in tempo as this one is would barely pass as a ' rough cut ' with the editors in Hollywood " , even though he praised its gradually emerging poignancy and poetic quality . The Harvard Crimson argued in 1959 that its fragmentary nature " contributes to the film 's great weakness : its general diffuseness , its inability to command sustained attention . For Pather Panchali , remarkable as it may be , is something of a chore to sit through . " Early in 1980s , Ray was criticised by Nargis Dutt , parliamentarian and former actress , for " exporting poverty " . Darius Cooper writes that while many critics celebrated the Apu trilogy " as a eulogy of third @-@ world culture , others criticized it for what they took to be its romanticization of such a culture " . = = = 1990s restoration = = = In the 1990s , Merchant Ivory Productions , with assistance from the Academy Film Archive and Sony Pictures Classics , undertook a project to restore the prints . The restored prints , along with several other Ray films , were released in select US theatres . As of May 2016 , the film has a 97 % fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on an aggregate of 39 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , " A film that requires and rewards patience in equal measure , Pather Panchali finds director Satyajit Ray delivering a classic with his debut . " Pather Panchali is available in DVD in Region 2 ( DVD region code ) PAL and Region 1 NTSC formats . Artificial Eye Entertainment is the distributor of Region 2 while Columbia Tri @-@ Star is the distributor of Region 1 format . = = = 2015 restoration = = = In 2013 , the video distribution company The Criterion Collection , in collaboration with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ’ Film Archive , began the restoration of the original negatives of the Apu trilogy , including Pather Panchali . These negatives had been severely damaged by a fire in London in 1993 , and all film cans and fragments belonging to the Ray films were sent to the Motion Picture Academy for storage , where they lay unseen for two decades . It was discovered upon reexamination that , although many parts of the films were indeed destroyed by fire or the effects of age , other parts were salvageable . The materials were shipped to a restoration laboratory in Bologna , Italy : L ’ Immagine Ritrovata . Over a thousand hours of labor by hand were expended in restoring and scanning the negatives and , in the end , about 40 percent of the Pather Panchali negative was restored . ( For those parts of the negative that were missing or unusable , duplicate negatives and fine @-@ grain masters from various commercial or archival sources were used . ) The Criterion Collection ’ s own lab then spent six months creating the digital version of all three films , at times choosing to preserve the distinctive look of the films even at the cost of retaining some imperfections . On 4 May 2015 , the restored Pather Panchali premiered at the Museum of Modern Art , a little more than 60 years to the day after the film ’ s world premiere at the same venue . Several days later , all three films opened at New York ’ s Film Forum , where they were originally scheduled to run for three weeks . Because of overwhelming public demand – with one writer commenting that " audiences can ’ t seem to get enough " – the films were held over at that theater until June 30 . The trilogy was then sent to be exhibited in many other cities throughout the U.S. and Canada . The restoration work was widely acclaimed , with commentators calling the look of the restored films " gorgeous " , " pristine " and “ incredible ” . = = Themes = = In his 1958 New York Times review , Crowther writes that Pather Panchali delicately illustrates how " poverty does not always nullify love " and how even very poor people can enjoy the little pleasures of their world . Marie Seton describes how the film intersperses the depiction of poverty and the delights and pleasures of youth . She represents the bond between Durga and Indir , and their fate , as signifying a philosophical core : that both the young and the old die . Seton writes of the film 's " lyrical " qualities , noting especially the imagery immediately before the onset of monsoon . Robinson writes about a peculiar quality of " lyrical happiness " in the film , and states that Pather Panchali is " about unsophisticated people shot through with great sophistication , and without a trace of condescension or inflated sentiment " . Darius Cooper discusses the use of different rasa in the film , observing Apu 's repeated " epiphany of wonder " , brought about not only by what the boy sees around him , but also when he uses his imagination to create another world . For Cooper , the immersive experience of the film corresponds to this epiphany of wonder . Stephen Teo uses the scene in which Apu and Durga discover railway tracks as an example of the gradual build @-@ up of epiphany and the resulting immersive experience . Sharmishtha Gooptu discusses the idea that the idyllic village life portrayed in Pather Panchali represents authentic Bengali village life , which disappeared during the upheavals of Partition in 1947 . She suggests that the film seeks to connect an idealised , pre @-@ partition past with the actual present of partitioned Bengal , and that it uses prototypes of rural Bengal to construct an image of the ideal village . In contrast to this idealism , Mitali Pati and Suranjan Ganguly point out how Ray used eye @-@ level shots , natural lighting , long takes and other techniques to achieve realism . Mainak Biswas has written that Pather Panchali comes very close to the concept of Italian neorealism , as it has several passages with no dramatic development , even though the usual realities of life , such as the changing of seasons or the passing of a day , are concretely filmed . = = Accolades = = Pather Panchali has won many national and international awards . At India 's 3rd National Film Awards in 1955 , it was named Best Feature Film and Best Bengali Feature Film . The next year , it competed for the Palme d 'Or at Cannes , where it won Best Human Document and an OCIC Award – Special Mention . More awards from film festivals across the world followed : the Vatican Award ( Rome ) , the Golden Carbao ( Manila ) , and the Diploma of Merit ( Edinburgh ) in 1956 ; the Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film ( Berlin ) , the Golden Gate for Best Director and Best Picture ( San Francisco ) in 1957 ; Best Film ( Vancouver ) , and the Critics ' Award for Best Film ( Stratford ) in 1958 . It also won several awards for best foreign @-@ language film : at the National Board of Review Awards 1958 ; at the Afro Arts Theater , New York , 1959 ; the Kinema Jumpo Award in Japan , 1966 ; and the Bodil Award in Denmark , 1969 . In 1958 it had been nominated for Best Film at the 11th British Academy Film Awards . Sight & Sound , the British Film Institute 's ( BFI ) magazine , has included Pather Panchali several times in its Critics ' Polls of the greatest @-@ ever films . In 1962 , it ranked 11th ; in 1992 , 6th ; and in 2002 , 22nd . The magazine ranked the film 42nd in its 2012 list of " Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time " . In 1998 , in a similar critics ' poll from Asian film magazine Cinemaya , Pather Panchali was ranked the second @-@ greatest film of all time . The Village Voice ranked the film at number 12 ( tied with The Godfather ) in its Top 250 " Best Films of the Century " list in 1999 , based on a poll of critics . Pather Panchali was included in various other all @-@ time lists , including Time Out 's " Centenary Top One Hundred Films " in 1995 , the San Francisco Chronicle " Hot 100 Films From the Past " in 1997 , the Rolling Stone " 100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years " in 1999 , " The New York Times Guide to the Best 1 @,@ 000 Movies Ever Made " in 2002 , the BFI Top Fifty " Must See " Children 's Films in 2005 , and BFI 's " Top 10 Indian Films " of all time . It was included in NDTV 's list of " India 's 20 greatest films " , and in 2013 in CNN @-@ IBN 's list of " 100 greatest Indian films of all time " . The Apu trilogy as a whole was included in film critic Roger Ebert 's list of " 100 Great Movies " in 2001 and in Time 's All @-@ Time 100 best movies list in 2005 . = = Legacy = = Pather Panchali was followed by two films that continued the tale of Apu 's life — Aparajito ( The Unvanquished ) in 1956 and Apur Sansar ( The World of Apu ) in 1959 . Together , the three films constitute the Apu trilogy . Aparajito portrays the adolescent Apu , his education in a rural school and a Calcutta college . Its central theme is the poignant relationship between a doting mother and her ambitious young son . Apur Sansar depicts Apu 's adult life , his reaction to his wife 's premature death , and his final bonding with his son whom he abandoned as an infant . The sequels also won many national and international awards . Ray did not initially plan to make a trilogy : he decided to make the third film only after being asked about the possibility of a trilogy at the 1957 Venice Film Festival , where Aparajito won the Golden Lion . Apur Panchali ( 2014 ) is a Bengali film directed by Kaushik Ganguly , which depicts the real @-@ life story of Subir Bannerjee , the actor who portrayed Apu in Pather Panchali . Pather Panchali was the first film made in independent India to receive major critical attention internationally , placing India on the world cinema map . It was one of the first examples of Parallel Cinema , a new tradition of Indian film @-@ making in which authenticity and social realism were key themes , breaking the rule of the Indian film establishment . Although Pather Panchali was described as a turning point in Indian cinema , some commentators preferred the view that it refined a " realist textual principle " that was already there . In 1963 Time noted that thanks to Pather Panchali , Satyajit Ray was one of the " hardy little band of inspired pioneers " of a new cinematic movement that was enjoying a good number of imitators worldwide . The film has since been considered as a " global landmark " and " among the essential moviegoing experiences " . On 2 May 2013 , commemorating Ray 's birthday , the Indian version of the search engine Google displayed a doodle featuring the train sequence . After Pather Panchali , Ray went on to make 36 more films , including feature films , documentaries and shorts . He worked on scripting , casting , scoring , cinematography , art direction and editing , as well as designing his own credit titles and publicity material . He developed a distinctive style of film @-@ making based , as was the case with Pather Panchali , on visual lyricism and strongly humanistic themes . Thus , Ray established himself as an internationally recognized auteur of cinema . = = Explanatory notes = =
= Iron Man 3 = Iron Man 3 ( stylized onscreen as Iron Man Three ) is a 2013 American superhero film featuring the Marvel Comics character Iron Man , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.1 It is the sequel to 2008 's Iron Man and 2010 's Iron Man 2 , and the seventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Shane Black directed a screenplay he co @-@ wrote with Drew Pearce , which uses concepts from the " Extremis " story arc by Warren Ellis . The film stars Robert Downey Jr . , Gwyneth Paltrow , Don Cheadle , Guy Pearce , Rebecca Hall , Stephanie Szostak , James Badge Dale , Jon Favreau , and Ben Kingsley . In Iron Man 3 , Tony Stark deals with posttraumatic stress disorder caused by the events of The Avengers , while investigating the reemergence of the Ten Rings , led by the mysterious Mandarin and comes into a conflict with old enemy ; Aldrich Killian . After the release of Iron Man 2 in May 2010 , Favreau , who served as director , decided not to return , and in February 2011 Black was hired to write and direct the film . Black and Pearce opted to make the script more character @-@ centric and focused on thriller elements . Throughout April and May 2012 , the film 's supporting cast was filled out , with Kingsley , Pearce , and Hall brought in to portray key roles . Filming began on May 23 , and lasted through December 17 , 2012 , primarily at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in Wilmington , North Carolina . Additional shooting took place at various locations around North Carolina , as well as Florida , China , and Los Angeles . The visual effects were handled by 17 companies , including Scanline VFX , Digital Domain , and Weta Digital . The film was converted to 3D in post @-@ production . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on April 14 , 2013 . It began its release on April 25 , 2013 , internationally , and debuted in the United States one week later on May 3 . The film received generally positive reviews and was commercially successful , grossing over $ 1 @.@ 2 billion worldwide , the second highest @-@ grossing film of 2013 overall , and the second @-@ highest @-@ grossing film at the domestic box office released in 2013 . It became the sixteenth film to gross over $ 1 billion and currently ranks as the 10th @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of all time , with its opening weekend ranked as the 12th @-@ highest @-@ grossing opening of all time . The film also received a nomination for Academy Award at the category of Best Visual Effects , and received another nomination for BAFTA Award at the same category . = = Plot = = Tony Stark recalls a New Years Eve party in 1999 where he meets scientist Maya Hansen , the inventor of Extremis , an experimental regenerative treatment intended to allow recovery from crippling injuries . Disabled scientist Aldrich Killian offers them a place in his company Advanced Idea Mechanics , but Stark rejects the offer , humiliating Killian . Years later , six months after the Battle of New York , Stark 's experiences during the alien invasion are giving him panic attacks . Restless , he has built several dozen Iron Man suits , creating friction with his girlfriend Pepper Potts . Meanwhile , a string of bombings by a terrorist known only as the Mandarin has left intelligence agencies bewildered by a lack of forensic evidence . Stark 's security chief Happy Hogan is badly injured in a Mandarin attack , causing Stark to issue a televised threat to the Mandarin , who responds by destroying Stark 's home with helicopter gunships . Hansen , who came to warn Stark , survives the attack along with Potts . Stark escapes in an Iron Man suit , which his artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. pilots to rural Tennessee , following a flight plan from Stark 's investigation into the Mandarin . Stark 's experimental armor lacks sufficient power to return to California , and the world believes him dead . Teaming with Harley , a precocious 10 @-@ year @-@ old boy , Stark investigates the remains of a local explosion bearing the hallmarks of a Mandarin attack . He discovers the " bombings " were triggered by soldiers subjected to Extremis , which at this stage of development caused certain subjects to explosively reject the treatment . After veterans started exploding , these explosions were falsely attributed to a terrorist plot in order to cover up Extremis 's flaws . Stark witnesses Extremis firsthand when Mandarin agents Brandt and Savin attack him . With Harley 's help , Stark traces the Mandarin to Miami and infiltrates his headquarters using improvised weapons . Inside he discovers the Mandarin is actually an English actor named Trevor Slattery , who says he is oblivious to the actions carried out in his image . Killian , who appropriated Hansen 's Extremis research as a cure for his own disability and expanded the program to include injured war veterans , reveals he is the real Mandarin , using Slattery as a cover . After capturing Stark , Killian shows him Potts ( whom he had kidnapped ) being subjected to Extremis , in order to gain Stark 's aid to fix Extremis 's flaws and thus save Potts . Killian kills Hansen when she has a change of heart and tries to stop him . Killian has manipulated American intelligence agencies regarding the Mandarin 's location , luring James Rhodes – the former War Machine , now re @-@ branded as the Iron Patriot – into a trap to steal the armor . Stark escapes and reunites with Rhodes , discovering that Killian intends to attack President Ellis aboard Air Force One . Stark saves some surviving passengers and crew but cannot stop Killian from abducting Ellis and destroying Air Force One . They trace Killian to an impounded damaged oil tanker where Killian intends to kill Ellis on live television . The vice president will become a puppet leader , following Killian 's orders in exchange for Extremis to cure his young daughter 's disability . On the platform , Stark goes to save Potts , as Rhodes saves the president . Stark summons his Iron Man suits , controlled remotely by J.A.R.V.I.S. , to provide air support . Rhodes secures the president and takes him to safety , while Stark discovers Potts has survived the Extremis procedure . However , before he can save her , a rig collapses around them and she falls to her apparent death . Stark confronts Killian and traps him in an Iron Man suit that self @-@ destructs , but fails to kill him . Potts , whose Extremis powers allowed her to survive her fall , intervenes and kills Killian . After the battle , Stark orders J.A.R.V.I.S. to remotely destroy each Iron Man suit as a sign of his devotion to Potts , while the vice president and Slattery are arrested . With Stark 's help , Potts ' Extremis effects are stabilized , and Stark undergoes surgery to remove the shrapnel embedded near his heart . He pitches his obsolete chest arc reactor into the sea , musing he will always be Iron Man . In a present day post @-@ credits scene , Stark wakes up Dr. Bruce Banner , who fell asleep listening to his story . = = Cast = = Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : A self @-@ described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with mechanical suits of armor of his own invention . Stark now struggles to come to terms with his near @-@ death experience in The Avengers , suffering from anxiety attacks . On making a third Iron Man film , Downey said , " My sense of it is that we need to leave it all on the field — whatever that means in the end . You can pick several different points of departure for that . " On following up The Avengers , Downey said they " tried to be practical , in a post @-@ Avengers world . What are his challenges now ? What are some limitations that might be placed on him ? And what sort of threat would have him , as usual , ignore those limitations ? " Screenwriter Drew Pearce compared Tony to an American James Bond for both being " heroes with a sense of danger to them , and unpredictability " even if Stark was a " free agent " instead of an authority figure like Bond . He also likened Tony to the protagonists of 1970s films such as The French Connection , where " the idiosyncrasies of the heroes is what made them exciting . " Gwyneth Paltrow as Virginia " Pepper " Potts : Stark 's girlfriend , longtime associate , and the current CEO of Stark Industries . Paltrow says of her character 's relationship to Tony , " [ She still ] adores Tony , but she absolutely gets fed up with him . He gets caught in a feedback loop . " Kevin Feige comments on Pepper 's role in the film : " The love triangle in this movie is really between Tony , Pepper and the suits . Tony , Pepper and his obsession with those suits , and the obsession with technology . " Feige also states that the film uses the character to play with the damsel in distress trope , and posits the question , " Is Pepper in danger or is Pepper the savior ? " Don Cheadle as Col. James " Rhodey " Rhodes / Iron Patriot : Stark 's best friend , the liaison between Stark Industries and the U.S. Air Force in the department of acquisitions . Rhodes operates the redesigned / upgraded War Machine armor , taking on an American flag @-@ inspired color scheme similar to the Iron Patriot armor from the comics . Feige said of Rhodes and the armor , " The notion in the movie is that a red , white and blue suit is a bold statement , and it 's meant to be . With Rhodey , he 's very much the foil to Tony 's eccentricities , and in this one you get to see this and be reminded of the trust and friendship between them in that great Shane Black buddy @-@ cop fashion . " In the film , the president asks Rhodey to take up the moniker " Iron Patriot , " and don the red , white , and blue suit , in order to be the government 's " American hero " in response to the events in The Avengers . Guy Pearce as Aldrich Killian : The creator of the Extremis virus and the founder and owner of the science and development organisation Advanced Idea Mechanics , who adopts the mantle of the Mandarin as his own . Killian develops Extremis to cure his own debilitating disability ; in addition to his regenerative healing qualities , he has superhuman strength and the ability to generate extreme heat . Prolonged exposure to Extremis also grants him the ability to breathe fire . On taking the role , Pearce said , " I feel a little more experimental in what I 'll take on these days , but I still don 't know that I would want to play the superhero myself , since I 'm playing a different kind of character in this film ... The main difference was that , when I did The Time Machine , I was pretty much in all of it , so it was a really grueling experience . Prometheus and Iron Man are really kind of cameo stuff , so the experience of shooting them ... I mean , on some level , it 's tricky because you feel like a bit of an outsider . You don 't really live the experience that you do when you 're there all day every day with everybody . But at the same time , it can be more fun sometimes because you 're just working in concentrated spurts . " Pearce described his character as a man " who came into this world with a number of physical disabilities . He 's never been able to accept those limitations though and has spent most of his life trying to overcome them in any way he can . His tenacity and blind determination in fighting for a better life are seen by some as irritating , as he often comes across as obnoxious . He just won 't accept the cards he was dealt , and being as intelligent as he is , has real drive to change and become a different person . " Shane Black specified , " Ultimately we do give you the Mandarin , the real guy , but it 's Guy Pearce in the end with the big dragon tattooed on his chest . " He elaborated , " Do they hand me a blank check and say , ' Go break something ! ' Or , ' Go violate some long @-@ standing comic book treaty that fans have supported for years ? ' No , but they 'll say : ' Let 's break something together . ' So it 's okay to come up with these crazy things , these far out ideas … and they 'll fly . It 's just that the Marvel guys have to be in the room . " Rebecca Hall as Maya Hansen : A geneticist whose work helped Killian to create Extremis . Hall said Hansen would be a " strong female character , " and described her decision to take the role , saying , " I decided to do Iron Man 3 because I 've never done the ' hurry up and wait ' movie before . Even the studio movies I 've done have been small studio movies , or indie films that we made on a wing and a prayer . I love those , but Iron Man is refreshing in a way because it 's something out of my realm of experiences . " Stéphanie Szostak as Brandt : A war veteran who becomes an assassin after her exposure to Extremis . Describing Brandt , Szostak says , " ... [ Extremis ] was a second chance at life . We talked about what you feel like and I think it almost makes you a fuller version of who you are , all your weakness and your qualities – just everything gets enhanced . I saw it as very freeing , almost you become your true @-@ self and your fantasy @-@ self all at once . " The writers originally envisioned Brandt as Killian 's main henchman , which would return throughout the movie to fight Tony , but eventually that role was reassigned to Eric Savin . James Badge Dale as Savin : Killian 's Extremis @-@ powered henchman . Dale stated that his character in the film was " loosely based on " the comic version of the character . According to Dale , " Ben Kingsley is the mouthpiece . Guy Pearce is the brain . I 'm the muscle . " Jon Favreau as Happy Hogan : Tony Stark 's former bodyguard and chauffeur , and now serves as Stark Industries head of security department . Favreau , who served as both actor and director on the previous two Iron Man films , said participating in the new film was " like [ being ] a proud grandfather who doesn 't have to change the diapers but gets to play with the baby . " Ben Kingsley as Trevor Slattery : A British actor with substance @-@ abuse problems whom Killian hired to portray the Mandarin , a terrorist persona in jammed television broadcasts , in which he is depicted as the leader of the international terrorist organization the Ten Rings . Kingsley was filming Ender 's Game when he was cast , and said that , " Quite soon I 'll be with everybody and we 'll be discussing the look and the feel and the direction of the character . It 's very early days yet , but I 'm so thrilled to be on board . " On his performance , Kingsley stated : " I wanted a voice that would disconcert a Western audience . I wanted a voice that would sound far more homegrown and familiar — a familiarity like a teacher 's voice or a preacher 's voice . The rhythms and tones of an earnest , almost benign , teacher — trying to educate people for their own good . " The Mandarin was initially set to appear in the first Iron Man film , but he was put off for a sequel as the filmmakers felt that he was " too ambitious for a first [ film ] . " On the character , Feige stated , " The Mandarin is [ Iron Man 's ] most famous foe in the comics mainly because he 's been around the longest . If you look , there 's not necessarily a definitive Mandarin storyline in the comics . So it was really about having an idea . " Shane Black explains that Ben Kingsley 's Mandarin is not Chinese in the film as he is in the comics in order to avoid the Fu Manchu stereotype : " We 're not saying he 's Chinese , we 're saying he , in fact , draws a cloak around him of Chinese symbols and dragons because it represents his obsessions with Sun Tzu in various ancient arts of warfare that he studied . " The filmmakers also cited Colonel Kurtz from Apocalypse Now as an influence for the character . The videos where the Mandarin give historical background to the attacks expressed how it emerged as the product of " a think tank of people trying to create a modern terrorist . " Thus the Mandarin " represents every terrorist in a way , " from South American insurgency tactics to the videos of Osama bin Laden . Paul Bettany reprises his role from previous films as J.A.R.V.I.S. , Stark 's AI system . Ty Simpkins portrays Harley Keener , a boy who becomes Stark 's sidekick , as part of a three @-@ picture deal with Marvel Studios . Ashley Hamilton portrays Taggart , one of the Extremis soldiers . William Sadler plays President Ellis , ( named after Warren Ellis , who wrote the " Extremis " comics arc that primary influenced the film 's story ) and Miguel Ferrer plays Vice President Rodriguez . Adam Pally plays Gary , a cameraman who helps Stark . Shaun Toub reprises his role as Yinsen from the first Iron Man film in a brief cameo , and Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a beauty pageant judge . Dale Dickey plays Mrs. Davis , mother of an Extremis subject that is framed as a terrorist . Wang Xueqi briefly plays Dr. Wu in the general release version of the film . A cut of the film produced for release exclusively in China includes additional scenes featuring Wang and an appearance by Fan Bingbing as one of his assistants . Mark Ruffalo makes an uncredited cameo appearance , reprising his role as Dr. Bruce Banner from The Avengers , in a post @-@ credits scene . Comedians Bill Maher and Joan Rivers and Fashion Police co @-@ host George Kotsiopoulos have cameo appearances as themselves on their respective real @-@ world television programs , as do newscasters Josh Elliott , Megan Henderson , Pat Kiernan , and Thomas Roberts . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Following the release of Iron Man 2 , a conflict between Paramount Pictures , which had distribution rights to certain Marvel properties , and The Walt Disney Company , Marvel Entertainment 's new corporate parent , clouded the timing and the distribution arrangement of a possible third film . On October 18 , 2010 , The Walt Disney Studios agreed to pay Paramount at least $ 115 million for the worldwide distribution rights to Iron Man 3 , with Disney , Marvel , and Paramount announcing a May 3 , 2013 release date for the film . Iron Man and Iron Man 2 director Jon Favreau said in December 2010 that he would not direct Iron Man 3 , opting to direct Magic Kingdom instead . He remained an executive producer of director Joss Whedon 's crossover film The Avengers and also served as an executive producer of Iron Man 3 . In February 2011 Shane Black entered final negotiations to direct and write the screenplay . In March it was announced that Black would have co @-@ writer Drew Pearce , who Marvel had originally hired for a Runaways script , work with him . Downey , who had previously starred in Black 's film Kiss Kiss Bang Bang , said , " Bringing in Shane Black to write and direct Iron Man 3 to me is basically the only transition from Favreau to a ' next thing ' that Favreau and the audience and Marvel and I could ever actually sign off on . " = = = = Writing = = = = Shane Black described his take on the film as not being " two men in iron suits fighting each other , " and more like a " Tom Clancy thriller , " with Iron Man fighting real @-@ world type villains . Drew Pearce added that they would avert magic and space , with Iron Man 3 being " a techno @-@ thriller set in a more real world than even The Avengers . " The duo spent some time discussing themes and images and ideas before starting the script . While writing , the focus was to avoid scenes of pure exposition , making every moment propel other narrative points forwards . Some elements from the comics were used even if in different connotations , such as making Rhodes wear Norman Osborn 's Iron Patriot armor , and naming some characters with names from unrelated people in the Marvel Universe , such as Eric Savin and Jack Taggart . The film 's plot is influenced primarily from " Extremis , " the 2005 @-@ 2006 Iron Man comics storyline written by Warren Ellis . The first two acts would remain character @-@ centric , albeit in Shane Black 's words " more hectic , frenetic , and large scale " to fulfill its sequel obligations , with the third act going for more over @-@ the @-@ top action to what Drew Pearce described as " giving a sense of opera . " The middle act was compared to Sullivan 's Travels in having Tony meeting various people on his journey , and the writers made sure to not make the characters too similar . The initial draft had Maya Hansen herself leading the villainous operation , with the Mandarin and Killian emerging as antagonists in later versions of the script . During one of the writing sessions , Pearce suggested that the Mandarin was a fake , and Black agreed by going with making him an actor , which in turn Pearce detailed as an overacting British stage performer . Black explained : " Who would be fool enough to declare that is an international terrorist ? If you 're smart , whatever regime you 're part of , you 'd put a puppet committee and remain your house . " In turn Killian would hide Slattery in " his own frat house , in kind of a drug @-@ related house arrest " to keep the secret alive . According to Black , the reveal of the actual villain being Hansen was " like Remington Steele , you think it ’ s the man but at the end , the woman has been running the whole show . " The role was eventually shifted to Killian because of objections by Marvel Entertainment executives , who were concerned with apparent merchandising losses that could come with having a female villain . The roles of several other major female characters were also made smaller in the final film compared to earlier drafts . Both the opening and the ending of the film were reworked in various ways . First it would begin with a flashback to Tony 's childhood . Then like Iron Man it would begin in medias res , with Tony crashing in Tennessee before a voiceover that would lead to how he got there , until it got changed to the final version . For the climactic tanker battle , it was originally considered that Brandt would show up in the James Bond tradition of the henchman coming back for the heroes . Instead they chose to use Killian himself , and have Pepper , whom he abused earlier , cause his downfall as a way of poetic justice . The final dialogue was originally written as " I am Tony Stark " to be a response to the first film 's ending , but eventually it changed to " I am Iron Man " to enhance the mythical qualities . = = = Pre @-@ production = = = In September 2011 , Marvel Studios reached an agreement to shoot the film primarily out of EUE / Screen Gems Studios in Wilmington , North Carolina . Michigan was also in contention to land the production , but the Michigan Film Office could not match North Carolina 's tax incentives . In April 2012 , Ben Kingsley entered into negotiations to play a villain in Iron Man 3 . The film 's fake working title was revealed to be Caged Heat , and Marvel Studios worked with the Tona B. Dahlquist Casting company to hire extras in the North Carolina area . The following week , producer Kevin Feige revealed that Iron Man 3 would begin shooting in North Carolina " in five weeks , " and said that it " is a full @-@ on Tony Stark @-@ centric movie ... very much inspired by the first half of Iron Man ... [ H ] e 's stripped of everything , he 's backed up against a wall , and he 's gotta use his intelligence to get out of it . He can 't call Thor , he can 't call Cap , he can 't call Nick Fury , and he can 't look for the Helicarrier in the sky . " A few days later , The Walt Disney Company China , Marvel Studios and DMG Entertainment announced an agreement to co @-@ produce Iron Man 3 in China . DMG partly financed , produced in China with Marvel , and handled co @-@ production matters . DMG also distributed the film in China in tandem with Disney . The next week , Guy Pearce entered into final talks to play Aldrich Killian , a character who is featured in the " Extremis " comic book story arc . Chinese star Andy Lau became involved in negotiations to join the film , as a Chinese scientist and old friend of Stark 's who comes to his aid . Lau would later turn down the role , and Wang Xueqi was cast instead . Jessica Chastain entered into discussions for a role in the film , but bowed out due to scheduling conflicts . In May , Rebecca Hall was cast in her place , and her role was described as " a scientist who plays a pivotal role in the creation of a nanotechnology , known as Extremis . " Over the next few weeks , James Badge Dale was cast as Eric Savin , Ashley Hamilton was cast as Firepower , and Favreau returned to reprise his role as Happy Hogan from the first two films . Stephanie Szostak and William Sadler were also cast in the film , with Sadler playing the President of the United States . Despite erroneous early reports that Cobie Smulders would reprise her role as Maria Hill from The Avengers in the film , Smulders wrote on her verified Twitter page that this was not so . = = = Filming = = = Filming began in Wilmington , North Carolina on May 23 , 2012 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios . Cinematographer John Toll opted to for the first time in his career work with digital cameras , as he found them more convenient for a visual effects @-@ heavy production . Toll shot the film primarily on the Arri Alexa camera . From June 4 through June 6 , 2012 , filming took place in Cary , North Carolina at the Epic Games headquarters and SAS Institute , with a large Christmas tree set up on the front lawn . A scene was also shot at the Wilmington International Airport . The Port of Wilmington served as a location for the oil tanker in the climactic battle , along with a soundstage recreation of the dock . The crumbling house itself was filmed in a hydraulic @-@ powered giubo platform that could bend and split into two pieces . All the interior footage had practical effects , including debris and explosions , with computer graphics used only to add exteriors and Iron Man 's armor . From July 19 to August 1 , 2012 , filming took place on Oak Island , North Carolina , to " film aerial drops over the Atlantic Ocean . " They were done for the scene where Iron Man rescues the people falling from the Air Force One over Miami , which were originally envisioned done with green screen effects , but were changed to using actual skydivers as second unit director Brian Smrz knew the Red Bull skydiving team . Computer graphics were only employed to add clouds , the destroyed plane and matte paintings of the Florida coastline in the background , replace a stand @-@ in with the Iron Man armor , and some digital compositing to combine different takes of the skydivers together . Filming took place in Rose Hill , North Carolina in early August 2012 , and the town 's name was incorporated into the script as the Tennessee city Stark visits . On August 14 , actress Dale Dickey said she had been cast in the film , and was currently shooting her scenes . The following day , production was halted when Downey suffered an ankle injury . During the break , Black and Pearce made more script revisions before shooting resumed by August 24 . Cast and crew began arriving in Florida on October 1 , to shoot scenes on Dania Beach and around South Florida . That same day , Downey returned to the set after his ankle injury . In early October , scenes were shot at a replica of the Malibu restaurant Neptune 's Net , and filming took place on location at the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens . Scenes were shot during the daytime inside the Miami Beach Resort at Miami Beach on October 10 and 11 . The production returned to Wilmington in mid @-@ October for additional filming . On November 1 , scenes were shot at the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens . Filming in the United States wrapped on November 7 in Wilmington . Filming began in Beijing , China on December 10 . Filming was scheduled to wrap a week later on December 17 , 2012 . The China filming did not include the main cast and crew . In January 2013 , it was reported that a film crew led by Shane Black would begin location scouting in Hyderabad , India and Bengaluru , India between January 20 and 24 . Also in January , Cheadle confirmed that reshooting was taking place in Manhattan Beach . Shooting also took place on the week of January 23 , 2013 at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . A major part of the content filmed in the reshoots regarded the Mandarin , with Drew Pearce saying that in early cuts , the character " didn 't feel real enough — there wasn 't a sense of him being [ part of ] the real world , mostly because he was just looking down a lens and threatening the world . " = = = Post @-@ production = = = Chris Townsend served as visual effects supervisor for the film , which featured over 2 @,@ 000 visual effects shots and was worked on by 17 studios , including Weta Digital , Digital Domain , Scanline VFX , Trixter , Framestore , Luma Pictures , Fuel VFX , Cantina Creative , Cinesite , The Embassy Visual Effects , Lola , Capital T , Prologue and Rise FX . Townsend said that from January 2013 through the end of filming in April , the collective crew had one day of downtime , otherwise working seven days a week and 14 to 18 hours a day . Digital Domain , Scanline VFX and Trixter each worked on separate shots featuring the Mark 42 armor , working with different digital models . The studios shared some of their files to ensure consistency between the shots . For the Mark 42 and Iron Patriot armors , Legacy Effects constructed partial suits that were worn on set . Townsend explained that " Invariably we 'd shoot a soft @-@ suit with Robert then we 'd also put tracking markers on his trousers . He would also wear lifts in his shoes or be up in a box so he 'd be the correct height — Iron Man is 6 ' 5 " . During shooting we used multiple witness cams , Canon C300s , and we had two or three running whenever there was an Iron Man or Extremis character . " The artists studied time lapse photography of decaying fruit and vegetables and actual phenomena such as the aurora borealis as reference for the effect of the glowing Extremis characters . The film 's production was delayed following Downey 's leg injury , and for certain shots they were forced to create a double for Downey . Townsend explained that " The collective VFX [ supervisors ] and unit leads ran into a room as soon as the incident happened to try to ascertain what sequences could they shoot . " Certain shots were filmed with a body double on set , and Weta Digital created a digital body double for others . A total of three hours and 15 minutes of footage were shot before editing , where it was brought down to 130 minutes ( 119 without the credits ) , marking the longest stand @-@ alone Iron Man film . Post @-@ production also had a 3D conversion and a digital remaster for the IMAX release . Todd @-@ AO mixed the sound in Dolby Atmos to enhance the immersive experience . = = Music = = In October 2012 , Brian Tyler signed on to score the film . According to Tyler , he was approached more for his " thematic " scores such as The Greatest Game Ever Played , Annapolis and Partition rather than his " modern " action scores such as The Fast and Furious films , with Kevin Feige asking a theme that was recognizable and featured those dramatic tones . To employ the " deeply thematic component with a strong melody , " the score employs mostly orchestra sounds . The main theme for Iron Man focuses on horns and trumpets , to be " both a march and anthem . " Tyler mentioned that John Williams ' work in Raiders of the Lost Ark was the first thing he thought as an influence , and the cue for the Well of Souls in Raiders influenced the Extremis motif , as Tyler felt it should enhance an spiritual side for having a " technology so advanced that nears magic . " Echoing the Mandarin 's amalgamated personality , his theme was religious music " that borrows from many cultures , " from " Monastic , Gothic , and Christian chants to music from the Middle @-@ East . " The score was recorded with the London Philharmonic Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios . Tyler is the third primary composer to score an Iron Man film , following Ramin Djawadi of Iron Man and John Debney of Iron Man 2 . Along with Tyler 's soundtrack album , Hollywood Records released a concept album inspired by the film , Heroes Fall . It features twelve original alternative rock and indie rock songs , with only one appearing in the film itself , Awolnation 's " Some Kind of Joke . " = = Release = = Iron Man 3 was distributed worldwide by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures1 with the exception of China , where it was released by DMG Entertainment , and Germany and Austria , where it was released by Tele München Group . The Chinese version of the film offers specially prepared bonus footage made exclusively for the Chinese audience . This version features a four @-@ minute longer cut of the film , with a scene showing Dr. Wu on the phone with Iron Man visible on a television screen behind him , as well as a longer scene of Dr. Wu operating on Stark . The extra material also features product placement for various Chinese products . The film 's premiere happened at Le Grand Rex in Paris , on April 14 , 2013 , with Robert Downey , Jr. and Gwyneth Paltrow in attendance . While the UK premiere of the film was originally set for April 17 , the funeral of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher taking place in that date made the event be pushed to the following day . Downey , Ben Kingsley and Rebecca Hall were present for the advance screening at London 's Odeon Leicester Square . The El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles hosted the United States premiere of Iron Man 3 on April 24 . The film opened in 46 countries through April 22 – 24 , with the United States release , in 4 @,@ 253 screens , happening one week later . Regal Cinemas , AMC Theatres and Carmike Cinemas put presale tickets on hold , two weeks before the US premiere . The cinemas were in a contract dispute with Disney , who wished to receive more of the ticket sale profit than they currently did , largely based on the projected premiere @-@ weekend intake Iron Man 3 was expected to have . Carmike was the first to come to terms with Disney . It was later reported that Cinemark Theatres had also stopped selling presale tickets , and Regal Cinemas had removed all marketing material for the film from its locations . On April 25 , 2013 , Regal , AMC and Disney ended their dispute , which allowed Regal and AMC to proceed with selling presale tickets again . IMAX screenings began on April 25 , 2013 internationally and May 3 in the United States . The film was shown in the 4DX format , featuring strobe lights , tilting seats , blowing wind and fog and odor effects in selected countries . In Japan , the technology opened its first room at the Korona World theatre in Nagoya , Japan with the release of the film . = = = Marketing = = = In July 2012 , at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , a new Iron Man armor from the movie , the Mark XLII , was on display on the convention floor , along with the Marks I @-@ VII from the first two Iron Man movies and The Avengers . A panel was held , during which Shane Black , Robert Downey , Jr . , Don Cheadle , Jon Favreau and Kevin Feige discussed making the film , and several minutes of footage from the movie were shown . The first television advertisement aired during Super Bowl XLVII on the CBS network in the United States . On March 25 , 2013 , Marvel and Disney revealed on the official Iron Man Facebook page , " Iron Man 3 : Armor Unlock , " to reveal suits Stark has made before the events of the film . In January 2013 , Marvel Comics released a two @-@ issue comic book prelude by writers Christos Gage and Will Corona Pilgrim with art by Steve Kurth and Drew Geraci . The story set between the second and third Iron Man films centers on War Machine , revealing why he was absent during the battle in New York of The Avengers . Like with the first two films , Audi again provided product placement with various vehicles . Oracle also returned from Iron Man 2 , showcasing both the Oracle Cloud and the Oracle Exadata server . Verizon FiOS and TCL 's flat panel televisions and Alcatel One Touch smartphones are also featured in the film , and the Chinese cut also shows a Zoomlion crane and Yili milk . Promotional deals were arranged with Subway and the Schwan Food Company , and tie @-@ ins included Lego sets , Hasbro action figures , and a mobile phone game by Gameloft . Disney also promoted the film at its domestic theme parks . Disneyland 's Innoventions attraction received a Stark Industries exhibit beginning April 13 , and Monorail Black of the Walt Disney World Monorail System was given an exterior Iron Man scheme . The exhibit , entitled Iron Man Tech Presented by Stark Industries , features the same armor display that was shown at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con , with the Marks I @-@ VII and the new Mark XLII . In addition , there is a simulator game , titled " Become Iron Man , " that uses Kinect @-@ like technology to allow the viewer to be encased in an animated Mark XLII armor and take part in a series of " tests , ” in which you fire repulsor rays and fly through Tony Stark 's workshop . The game is guided by J.A.R.V.I.S. , who is voiced again by Paul Bettany . The exhibit also has smaller displays that include helmets and chest pieces from the earlier films and the gauntlet and boot from an action sequence in Iron Man 3 . = = = Home media = = = Iron Man 3 was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in digital download form on September 3 , 2013 . This was followed by the film 's release on Blu @-@ ray disc , 3D Blu @-@ ray , DVD , digital copy , and on demand on September 24 , 2013 . The home video release includes a Marvel One @-@ Shot short film titled Agent Carter starring Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter from Captain America : The First Avenger . It debuted atop the DVD and Blu @-@ ray charts in the United States , and second in the rental charts behind World War Z. As of January 31 , 2014 , Iron Man 3 is the eighth best @-@ selling DVD of 2013 , earning more than $ 79 million in sales in the U.S. The film was also collected in a 13 @-@ disc box set titled " Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection " , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = Iron Man 3 grossed $ 409 million in North America and $ 806 @.@ 4 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $ 1 @.@ 2 billion . Worldwide , it is the 10th highest @-@ grossing film , the second highest @-@ grossing film of 2013 , the third @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( behind Marvel 's The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron ) , the highest @-@ grossing film of the Iron Man film series , the fifth highest @-@ grossing film distributed by Disney , and the highest @-@ grossing threequel . It achieved the sixth @-@ largest worldwide opening weekend with $ 372 @.@ 5 million . On the weekend of May 3 – 5 , 2013 , the film set a record for the largest worldwide weekend in IMAX with $ 28 @.@ 6 million . On its 23rd day in theaters , Iron Man 3 became the sixth Disney film and the 16th film overall to reach $ 1 billion . It is the first Iron Man film to gross over $ 1 billion , the second Marvel film to do so after The Avengers , and the fourth @-@ fastest film to reach the milestone . As part of the earlier distribution agreement made with Disney in 2010 , Paramount Pictures received 9 % of the box office gross generated by Iron Man 3 . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $ 391 @.@ 8 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . = = = = North America = = = = Iron Man 3 is the 18th highest @-@ grossing film , the second highest @-@ grossing 2013 film , as well as the fourth highest @-@ grossing comic @-@ book and superhero film . By the end of its opening day , Iron Man 3 made $ 68 @.@ 9 million ( including $ 15 @.@ 6 million from late Thursday shows ) , achieving the seventh highest @-@ grossing opening day . By the end of its opening weekend , the film earned $ 174 @.@ 1 million , making it the fourth @-@ highest opening weekend of all time ( behind Jurassic World , The Avengers , and Avengers : Age of Ultron ) . Of the opening @-@ weekend audience , 55 % was over 25 years old , and 61 % were males , while only 45 % of the gross originated from 3 @-@ D screenings . Opening @-@ weekend earnings from IMAX amounted to $ 16 @.@ 5 million . It topped the box office during two consecutive weekends and achieved the fifth largest second @-@ weekend gross with $ 72 @.@ 5 million . = = = = Outside North America = = = = Iron Man 3 is the 10th @-@ highest @-@ grossing film , the second highest @-@ grossing 2013 film , the second @-@ highest @-@ grossing superhero and comic @-@ book film , and the fifth @-@ highest @-@ grossing film distributed by Disney . The film earned $ 13 @.@ 2 million on its opening day ( Wednesday , April 24 , 2013 ) from 12 countries . Through Sunday , April 28 , it earned a five @-@ day opening weekend of $ 198 @.@ 4 million from 42 countries . The film 's opening @-@ weekend gross included $ 7 @.@ 1 million from IMAX venues . It set opening @-@ day records in the Philippines ( surpassed by Man of Steel ) , Taiwan , Singapore , Vietnam , Malaysia , China , Ukraine , Russia and the CIS , both single and opening day records in Thailand and South Africa , as well as a single @-@ day record in Hong Kong . It also scored the second @-@ biggest opening day in Argentina ( only behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ) . The film set opening @-@ weekend records in the Asia Pacific region , in Latin America , and in individual countries including Argentina ( first surpassed by Fast & Furious 6 , when including weekday previews ) , Ecuador , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Vietnam , Taiwan , the Philippines , Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand , South Africa , and the United Arab Emirates . It also achieved the second @-@ largest opening weekend in Mexico , Brazil , and Russia and the CIS . In India , it had the second @-@ best opening weekend for a Hollywood film after The Amazing Spider @-@ Man . IMAX opening @-@ weekend records were set in Taiwan , the Netherlands , Brazil , and the Philippines . It is the highest @-@ grossing film in Indonesia , Malaysia and Vietnam and the second highest @-@ grossing film in Singapore and the Philippines ( behind The Avengers ) . It topped the weekend box office outside North America three consecutive times . In China , where part of the production took place , the film set a midnight @-@ showings record with $ 2 @.@ 1 million , as well as single @-@ day and opening @-@ day records with $ 21 @.@ 5 million ( on its opening day ) . Through its first Sunday , the film earned an opening @-@ weekend total of $ 64 @.@ 1 million , making China 's opening the largest for the film , followed by a $ 23 @.@ 1 million opening in Russia and the CIS , and a $ 21 @.@ 2 million opening in the UK , Ireland and Malta . With total earnings reaching $ 124 million , it was the highest @-@ grossing American film in China in 2013 , and the country is the film 's highest @-@ grossing market after North America , followed by South Korea ( $ 64 @.@ 2 million ) and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $ 57 @.@ 1 million ) . = = = Critical response = = = The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 79 % approval rating with an average rating of 7 / 10 based on 286 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , " With the help of its charismatic lead , some impressive action sequences , and even a few surprises , Iron Man 3 is a witty , entertaining adventure and a strong addition to the Marvel canon . " Metacritic gave a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . In an early review by the trade magazine The Hollywood Reporter , Todd McCarthy said that , " After nearly crashing and burning on his last solo flight in 2010 , Iron Man returns refreshed and ready for action in this spirited third installment ... [ that ] benefits immeasurably from the irreverent quicksilver humor of co @-@ writer and director Shane Black . Calling the film " darker and more serious than its predecessors , " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times credited Black for " chang [ ing ] this billion @-@ dollar @-@ plus franchise 's tone for the better while keeping the same actor as Tony Stark . ... There is quite a bit of Black 's trademark attitude and humor here as well , things like a throwaway reference to the sci @-@ fi classic Westworld and a goofy character who has Tony Stark 's likeness tattooed on his forearm . Black and company throw all kinds of stuff at the audience , and though it doesn 't all work , a lot of it does and the attempt to be different and create unguessable twists is always appreciated . " Rafer Guzman of Newsday characterized Iron Man as " the anti @-@ Batman , all zip and zingers . He 's also , suddenly , rather family @-@ friendly . Some of the movie 's best moments are shared by Stark and latchkey kid Harley ( Ty Simpkins ) , who mock their budding father @-@ son relationship while acting it out . " Psychology Today concluded that the film presented an accurate portrayal of Tony Stark 's posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms . Nick De Semlyen of the UK film magazine Empire had criticisms , even while giving the film four of five stars . Finding it " a swinging caper with wit , balls , heart and exploding baubles , " he said the villainous " super @-@ soldiers who can regenerate body parts and survive astounding damage [ are ] visually interesting ... but their motivation is murky and unconvincing . " Likewise Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out New York bestowed 3 of 5 stars , saying , " Black has massively upped the verbal sparring and kept the broad inventiveness of comic @-@ book malleability in mind . ... The most wonderful of Black 's surprises harkens back to his ' 80s reputation for character revision and is simply too good to ruin here . " But , he asked , " [ W ] hy , finally , are we down at the docks — in the dark , no less — for one of those lumbering climaxes involving swinging shipping cranes ? The energy bleeds out of the film ; it 's as if the producers were scared the crowd would riot over not enough digital fakeness . " Reacting more negatively , Stephen Whitty of The Star @-@ Ledger found the film " slickly enjoyable " for the visual effects , but said , " [ T ] here 's something empty about the film . Like Tony 's suits , it 's shiny and polished . But this time , there 's nobody inside ... This movie has neither the emotionalism of the first film , nor the flashy villains of the second ... Tony 's relationship with girlfriend Pepper Potts is in inexplicable jeopardy — and then simply fixes itself . A supposedly cute kid sidekick — a true sign of authorial desperation — is introduced , and then dropped . " Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune echoed this , saying , " [ I ] n a gleefully cynical bid for a preteen audience ( a few years too young for the violence in Iron Man 3 , I 'd say ) , Stark befriends a bullied 8 @-@ year @-@ old [ sic ] ( Ty Simpkins ) who becomes his tag @-@ along and sometime savior ... Stark no longer needs to be in the Iron Man suit . He 's able to operate the thing remotely when needed . The movie 's like that too . It 's decent superhero blockbustering , but rather remote and vaguely secondhand . At this point , even with Black 's flashes of black humor , the machinery is more or less taking care of itself , offering roughly half of the genial wit and enjoyment of the first Iron Man . " = = = Accolades = = = = = Future = = = = = Possible sequel = = = In March 2013 , Black stated that Downey 's original contract with Marvel Studios , which expired after the release of Iron Man 3 , may be extended in order for the actor to appear in a second Avengers film and at least one more Iron Man film . He said : " There has been a lot of discussion about it : ' Is this the last Iron Man for Robert [ Downey , Jr . ] ? ' Something tells me that it will not be the case , and [ he ] will be seen in a fourth , or fifth . " In April 2013 , Cheadle stated that Iron Man 3 could be the final film in the series , saying , " The door is always left open in these kinds of movies especially when they do as well as they have done . I know there was talk of making sure we did this one right , and if it worked it could be the last one . There 's room for more to be done with these characters . We 're getting to a sweet spot with Tony and Rhodey , anyway . " In September 2014 , in regards to a fourth film , Downey said , " There isn 't one in the pipe ... No , there 's no plan for a fourth Iron Man . " Despite this , in April 2016 , Downey stated that he was open to reprising his role in a potential fourth Iron Man film , saying " I feel like I could do one more . " = = = Marvel One @-@ Shot = = = In February 2014 , Marvel released the One @-@ Shot film , All Hail the King , on Thor : The Dark World 's home media , featuring Kingsley reprising his role as Trevor Slattery , and continues Slattery 's story from the end of the film .
= Hipposideros besaoka = Hipposideros besaoka is an extinct bat from Madagascar in the genus Hipposideros . It is known from numerous jaws and teeth , which were collected in a cave at Anjohibe in 1996 and described as a new species in 2007 . The site where H. besaoka was found is at most 10 @,@ 000 years old ; other parts of the cave have yielded H. commersoni , a living species of Hipposideros from Madagascar , and some material that is distinct from both species . H. besaoka was larger than H. commersoni , making it the largest insectivorous bat of Madagascar , and had broader molars and a more robust lower jaw . As usual in Hipposideros , the second upper premolar is small and displaced from the toothrow , and the second lower premolar is large . = = Taxonomy and distribution = = In 1996 , a team led by biologist David Burney collected breccias containing bats and other animals from the cave of Anjohibe in northwestern Madagascar . The bats in the sample were described by Karen Samonds ( previously Irwin ) in her 2006 Ph.D. dissertation and a 2007 paper . She found several living species in addition to two extinct ones , Triaenops goodmani and Hipposideros besaoka , that she described as new . Hipposideros , the genus to which H. besaoka is assigned , contains the living species Hipposideros commersoni from Madagascar , among many others . The specific name besaoka is the Malagasy for " big chin " . The material of H. besaoka is from locality TW @-@ 10 within the cave and is about 10 @,@ 000 years old or younger . A cladistic analysis using morphological data suggests that H. besaoka is most closely related to the mainland African H. gigas and H. vittatus , previously included in H. commersoni , and somewhat more distantly to H. commersoni itself . Samonds also found Hipposideros material in other sites at Anjohibe , but did not assign it to H. besaoka . In Old SE , also at most 10 @,@ 000 years old , a single fourth upper premolar ( P4 ) was found with dimensions different from those seen in both H. commersoni and H. besaoka and lacking a cusp on the front lingual ( inner ) corner , present in both other species ; Samonds assigned this specimen to Hipposideros sp. cf . H. commersoni . In NCC @-@ 1 ( estimated 69 @,@ 600 to 86 @,@ 800 years old ) , a lower incisor and a third lower molar ( m3 ) were found ; these teeth resemble H. commersoni and are distinct from H. besaoka , so Samonds assigned them to the former species . Locality SS2 , which could not be dated , contained a few teeth and isolated jaws of Hipposideros . Some of these showed measurements distinct from both Hipposideros species , rendering the assignment of the material doubtful ; Samonds referred it to H. sp. cf . H. commersoni . = = Description = = Hipposideros besaoka is known from numerous jaw bones and isolated teeth . The material is identifiable as Hipposideros by the dental formula of 1 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 @.@ 32 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 @.@ 3 ( one incisor , one canine , two premolars , and three molars in the upper dentition on both the left and right ; two incisors , one canine , two premolars , and three molars in the lower dentition on the left and right ) ; the second upper premolar ( P2 ) is shifted out of the toothrow toward the side of the skull , so that the canine ( C1 ) and P4 touch or nearly touch ; and the second lower premolar ( p2 ) is large and has a broad , steep facet on the buccal ( outer ) side . Morphometric analysis shows that H. besaoka is significantly different from H. commersoni and falls outside the substantial variation within that species . In particular , the upper molars are broader and the mandible ( lower jaw ) is more robust . In bats , robust mandibles are often associated with a diet that includes hard objects . H. besaoka was the largest insectivorous bat of Madagascar , a position now filled by the smaller H. commersoni . = = = Jaws = = = The premaxillary bones each house a single incisor , which is located at the front tip . They end in a V shape at the front margin and in a narrow point at the back margin . Inside each premaxilla is a large opening , the anterior palatal foramen . The maxillary bone contains the other upper teeth . The mandible ranges from thin to robust and houses the lower teeth . = = = Teeth = = = The upper incisors are small and flat @-@ crowned and are weakly divided into two lobes . A single large cusp is present on C1 , with a smaller shelf at the back side . P2 is very small and P4 contains a high cusp at the front , a smaller cusp before it on the inner ( lingual ) side , and a shelf behind the high cusp . The length of P4 averages 2 @.@ 13 mm , with a standard deviation ( SD ) of 0 @.@ 104 mm , and width is 2 @.@ 52 mm with an SD of 0 @.@ 168 mm . On the first upper molar ( M1 ) , the protofossa , a basin between cusps at the front of the tooth , is closed . The second molar ( M2 ) is similar , but smaller and more squared . M3 is much smaller and has a reduced crown pattern resembling a W. The two incisors on each side of the lower jaw are small and have three cusps . The lower canine ( c1 ) has one high and narrow cusp . The second lower premolar ( p2 ) is a large tooth with a high central cusp and high crests connecting this cusp to the front and back edges . A second , smaller cusp is present in the back crest . The fourth premolar ( p4 ) also has a high central cusp ; in addition , there are smaller roots before and behind it on the lingual side . This tooth has two roots . In the first lower molar ( m1 ) , a large tooth , the cusp complex at the front ( the trigonid ) is high and the one at the back ( the talonid ) is lower . Among the cusps of the trigonid , the protoconid is highest and the metaconid and paraconid are lower and about equally high . The cingula ( shelves ) at the front and the back are low . The second molar ( m2 ) is similar and only a trifle smaller , but m3 is much smaller and has a reduced talonid . Length of m3 averages 2 @.@ 37 mm ( SD 0 @.@ 098 mm ) and width 1 @.@ 76 mm ( SD 0 @.@ 076 mm ) .
= Ski flying = Ski flying is an individual sport discipline derived from ski jumping , in which much greater distances can be achieved . It is a form of competitive Nordic skiing where athletes descend at very fast speeds along a specially built takeoff ramp using skis only ; jump from the end of it with as much power as they can generate ; then glide – or ' fly ' – as far as possible down a steeply sloped hill ; and ultimately land in a stable manner . Points are awarded for distance and stylistic merit by five judges , and events are sanctioned by the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . The rules and scoring in ski flying are mostly the same as they are in ski jumping , and events under the discipline are usually contested as part of the Ski Jumping World Cup season , but the hills ( of which there are only five , all in Europe ) are constructed to a different standard in order to enable jumps of up to two thirds longer in distance . There is also a stronger emphasis on aerodynamics and harnessing the wind , as well as an increased element of danger due to athletes flying much higher and faster than in ski jumping . From its beginnings in the 1930s , ski flying has developed its own distinct history and given rise to all of the sport 's world records . The first hill intended specifically for ski flying was built in Slovenia in 1934 , after which both Germany and Austria built their own hills in 1950 . This was followed by Norway in 1966 , the United States in 1970 , and the Czech Republic in 1980 . In the 1960s to 1980s , a friendly rivalry between the European venues saw world records being set regularly , together with evolutions in technique to fly longer distances . Ski flying remains very popular in Slovenia and Norway , where the most recent world records over the past two decades have been set in front of audiences numbering 30 @,@ 000 – 60 @,@ 000 . = = History = = = = = 1930s – 40s = = = = = = = Breaking the 100 metre barrier and the birth of ski flying = = = = The origins of ski flying can be traced directly to 15 March 1936 in Planica , Slovenia ( then a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) , when 18 @-@ year @-@ old Austrian Josef " Sepp " Bradl became the first man in history to land a ski jump of over 100 metres ( 330 ft ) . His world record jump of 101 @.@ 5 m ( 333 ft ) was set at Bloudkova velikanka ( " Bloudek giant " ) , a new hill designed and completed in 1934 by engineers Stanko Bloudek and Ivan Rožman , together with Joso Gorec . With jumps now in the triple digits , Bloudek enthused : " That was no longer ski jumping . That was ski flying ! " It was with these words that ski flying took on a life of its own . Such was the awe and disbelief at these massive jumps , the units of measurement were trivialised by the media , who suggested that the metre used in Yugoslavia was shorter than elsewhere in Europe . Bradl later spoke fondly of the jump which made him an icon in the sport : The air pushed violently against my chest ; I leaned right into it and let it carry me . I had only one wish : to fly as far as possible ! ... [ After landing the jump ] , many thousands of curious eyes looked up at the judges ' tower . I could hardly believe it when an additional ' 1' popped up on the scoreboard ! = = = = Dispute between the FIS and Planica = = = = In the early 1930s , prior to the construction of Bloudkova velikanka , the FIS had deemed ski jumping hills with a K @-@ point ( German : Konstruktionspunkt ) of 70 m ( 230 ft ) to be the absolute largest permissible . Athletes who chose to compete on hills with a K @-@ point of more than 80 m ( 260 ft ) were outright denied a licence to jump , and events allowing for distances beyond 90 m ( 300 ft ) were strongly discouraged – even denounced – on the grounds that they were unnecessarily dangerous and brought the sport into disrepute . Bloudek and his team nonetheless went ahead and flouted the rules in creating a so @-@ called " mammoth hill " specifically designed for previously unimaginable distances . Bloudkova velikanka originally had a K @-@ point of 90 m , by far the largest of any hill at the time , but was upgraded in less than two years to 106 m ( 348 ft ) in eager anticipation of the 100 + m jumps to come . In 1938 , exactly two years to the day of his milestone jump , Josef Bradl improved his world record by a wide margin to 107 m ( 351 ft ) . After a period of wrangling and increasing public interest in the novelty of this new ' extreme ' form of ski jumping , the FIS relented . In 1938 , a decision was made at the fifteenth International Ski Congress in Helsinki , Finland to allow for " experimental " hill design , thereby officially recognising ski flying as a sanctioned discipline . Despite this reluctant recognition , the FIS still frowned upon the practice of aiming predominantly for long distances over style , and to this day refuse to publish lists of world records in an official capacity . Furthermore , the rules for ski flying would not be fully established until after World War II . In 1941 , with the K @-@ point increased further to 120 m ( 390 ft ) , the world record was broken five times in Planica : it went from 108 m ( 354 ft ) to 118 m ( 387 ft ) in a single day , shared between four athletes . After World War II had passed , Fritz Tschannen matched the K @-@ point with a jump of 120 m in 1948 . This marked the last time Planica would hold the world record for almost two decades , as emerging new hills would soon provide stern competition . = = = 1950s – 60s = = = = = = = New hills across Europe = = = = A challenger to Planica arrived in 1949 with the construction of Heini @-@ Klopfer @-@ Skiflugschanze ( " Heini Klopfer ski flying hill " ) in Oberstdorf , West Germany . Designed by former ski jumper turned architect Heini Klopfer , as well as then @-@ active ski jumpers Toni Brutscher and Sepp Weiler , the hill had a K @-@ point of 120 m to match that of Bloudkova velikanka . The FIS , still wary of the rising popularity of ski flying and wanting to keep it in check , refused to sanction the construction of the hill , having previously denounced the 1947 and 1948 events in Planica . The stance of the FIS eased once again , as the inaugural event in Oberstdorf was given approval to be staged in 1950 . During this week @-@ long event , an estimated crowd of altogether 100 @,@ 000 witnessed the world record fall three times , with Dan Netzell claiming the final figure of 135 m ( 443 ft ) . Tauno Luiro eclipsed it the following year by jumping 139 m ( 456 ft ) , a world record which would stay in place for almost ten years until Jože Šlibar jumped 141 m ( 463 ft ) in 1961 . The past two decades of Planica holding a near @-@ monopoly over the world record now seemed a distant memory , as it would instead be Oberstdorf 's turn to do exactly the same . Also in 1950 , a ski flying hill was built at Kulm in Tauplitz / Bad Mitterndorf , Austria . Peter Lesser first equalled the world record there in 1962 , improving it three years later to 145 m ( 476 ft ) . Another hill entered the scene in 1966 , when Vikersundbakken ( " Vikersund hill " ) in Vikersund , Norway was rebuilt to ski flying specifications , having originally opened as a ski jumping hill in 1936 . On this newly rebuilt hill the world record was first equalled , then broken twice to end up at 154 m ( 505 ft ) in 1967 . Although hills in Norway were still at the forefront of ski jumping , their prominence in ski flying was short @-@ lived , as it would be the last time Vikersund would hold a world record until four decades later . Seeking to co @-@ operate on hill design and event organisation , the venues at Kulm , Oberstdorf and Planica formed the KOP working group in 1962 ( KOP being an abbreviation of Kulm / Oberstdorf / Planica ) . This group would go on to consult with the FIS in all aspects of ski flying , celebrating their 50th anniversary in 2012 . In 1953 , Kulm hosted the first International Ski Flying Week , which would be the premier event in ski flying until 1972 . = = = = Breaking the 150 metre barrier = = = = In 1967 , in Oberstdorf , Lars Grini became the first to reach 150 m ( 490 ft ) . Planica triumphantly reclaimed its world record in 1969 with a new hill named Velikanka bratov Gorišek ( " Giant by brothers Gorišek " ) . This was the brainchild of Slovenian brothers Janez and Vlado Gorišek , both engineers , who opted to design a new hill with a K @-@ point of 153 m ( 502 ft ) instead of enlarging the adjacent Bloudkova velikanka , which was showing signs of deterioration . Today , Janez is affectionately called the " father " of modern ski flying and a revered figure in Slovenia . Bloudkova velikanka was subsequently recategorised as a ski jumping hill . At the opening event of Velikanka bratov Gorišek , five world records were set : Bjørn Wirkola and Jiří Raška traded it among themselves four times , until Manfred Wolf ended their run with a jump of 165 m ( 541 ft ) . It can be said that competition between hill locations , all vying for world record honours , truly began at this time . The 1960s remains the decade with the highest amount of world records since the advent of ski flying , with seventeen in total being set on the hills in Oberstdorf , Planica , Kulm and Vikersund . By contrast the 1950s had the fewest with four , all being set in Oberstdorf . = = = 1970s = = = = = = = Planica vs. Oberstdorf = = = = The world record stayed in Planica for four years , during which the K @-@ point at Velikanka bratov Gorišek was upgraded to 165 m in time for the inaugural Ski Flying World Championships in 1972 , which eventually superseded International Ski Flying Week . This new event was sanctioned a year earlier by the FIS at their 28th International Ski Congress in Opatija , Croatia ( then a part of Yugoslavia ) . Much like in 1938 when the discipline received official recognition from the FIS , another milestone had been reached as ski flying was now granted its own world championship @-@ level event on par with the Ski Jumping World Championships , having spent almost four decades as a mere ' special attraction ' alongside its older and more prestigious sibling . With no world records set at the 1972 event , the organisers in Oberstdorf got to work by upgrading their hill to a K @-@ point of 175 m ( 574 ft ) for the 1973 Ski Flying World Championships . Janez Gorišek was brought in to oversee the project following Heini Klopfer 's death in 1968 . With the gauntlet laid down , the results were showcased immediately when Heinz Wossipiwo set a world record of 169 m ( 554 ft ) in Oberstdorf . Determined to claim the world record for himself , Walter Steiner – the reigning Ski Flying World Champion – jumped 175 m ( 574 ft ) and 179 m ( 587 ft ) but crashed heavily on both attempts , sustaining a concussion and a fractured rib . He would finish the event with a silver medal , behind winner Hans @-@ Georg Aschenbach . A year later in Planica , in front of a 50 @,@ 000 @-@ strong crowd , Steiner finally achieved the world record he had been striving for , landing a jump of 169 m to equal that of Wossipiwo in 1973 . Spectators were astonished and the event organisers momentarily bewildered , as Steiner had landed well beyond the markers used to indicate distance alongside the hill , which only went as far as the existing K @-@ point of 165 m . For the first time since their respective hills had been built , the competition was levelled between Oberstdorf and Planica . On the next day of the event in the latter , Steiner tried to go even further : he landed at 177 m ( 581 ft ) but fell down on what was almost flat ground , although this time he managed to walk away ( albeit on unsteady legs ) with only cuts to his face . = = = = Safety issues arise = = = = All these increasingly long distances came at a price , as illustrated by filmmaker Werner Herzog in his 1974 documentary The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner . During both the aforementioned events in Oberstdorf and Planica , several athletes including Steiner had far exceeded the limits of the hill by simply ' running out of slope ' or ' out @-@ jumping ' the hill . Jumps were much further than in the 1950s , during which the old Kongsberger technique was still in use . The results were now potentially fatal each time : athletes were coming only metres away from landing on completely flat ground , or the equivalent of falling from a multi @-@ storey building . Furthermore , only a wool cap and goggles – or no headgear at all – were worn ; an antiquated feature left unchanged from the very earliest days of ski jumping more than 150 years prior . In 1979 , at their 32nd International Ski Congress in Nice , France , the FIS mandated helmets to be worn by athletes at all ski jumping and flying events . In Herzog 's documentary , Steiner is shown to reflect with trepidation in Oberstdorf : Ski flying has reached the point where it 's beginning to present real dangers . We 've just about reached the limit , I believe , as far as speed is concerned . ... Maybe I 'd prefer to turn back [ and ] go back to flying off 150- or 130 @-@ metre hills , but it 's the thrill of flying so far that nevertheless gives me a kick . Further down the hill and pointing to a wooden marker indicating Steiner 's failed efforts , Herzog explains solemnly : This mark is , in fact , the point where ski flying starts to be inhuman . Walter Steiner was in very great danger . If he 'd flown 10 m ( 33 ft ) more , he 'd have landed down here on the flat . Just imagine , it 's like falling from a height of 110 m ( 360 ft ) onto a flat surface : to a certain death . In Planica , Herzog quoted Steiner as having said that he felt like he was in an arena with 50 @,@ 000 people waiting to see him crash . On the third day of the event , while talking to journalists after a jump , Steiner appeared jaded at the organisers ' pressure on him to set more world records at the expense of his well @-@ being : " They let me jump too far four times . That shouldn 't happen . It 's scandalous of those Yugoslav judges up there who are responsible . " The stalemate between the venues did not last long , as four world records were set in Oberstdorf within a span of four days in 1976 , bringing the official figure up to 176 m ( 577 ft ) set by Toni Innauer at the end of the event . Three years later , Planica drew level once again when Klaus Ostwald equalled the world record . Elsewhere , in the Western Hemisphere , the United States opened its own ski flying venue in 1970 : Copper Peak in Ironwood , Michigan had a K @-@ point of 145 m , therefore not designed for world record distances from the outset . It is the only ski flying hill to have been built outside of Europe . = = = 1980s = = = = = = = Harrachov joins in , Planica vs. Oberstdorf continues = = = = Planica and Oberstdorf briefly had a new challenger when the Čerťák K165 hill in Harrachov , Czech Republic ( then a part of Czechoslovakia ) was opened in 1980 . For one year , all three venues shared the world record when Armin Kogler jumped 176 m at Harrachov 's opening event . He improved this to 180 m ( 590 ft ) in 1981 , this time in Oberstdorf . Notably , at the 1980 Harrachov event , 16 @-@ year @-@ old rookie Steve Collins won all three competitions with jumps consistently close to world record figures . At the 1983 Ski Flying World Championships , Pavel Ploc brought the world record back to Harrachov ( which had since been upgraded to K185 ) by jumping 181 m ( 594 ft ) ; this remains the last time a world record was set in Harrachov . The issue of safety in ski flying became a serious talking point at the aforementioned 1983 event . In only a single day , the hill in Harrachov – a location named " Devil 's Mountain " – became notorious for causing violent accidents . Horst Bulau crashed and suffered a concussion , while Steinar Bråten and Jens Weißflog had their own crashes . Ploc also crashed heavily in 1980 and 1985 . All escaped serious injury , but it was a chilling precursor of more to come . Over the next few years , the one @-@ upmanship continued as the world record was again traded between Planica and Oberstdorf . In 1984 , Matti Nykänen jumped 182 m ( 597 ft ) twice on the same day in Oberstdorf . By improving this to 185 m ( 607 ft ) the next day , Nykänen became the first athlete since Reidar Andersen in 1935 to set three world records in the space of 24 hours . It would be the end of an era as this was the last time a world record was set in Oberstdorf ; altogether twenty were set there . In 1985 , to coincide with that year 's Ski Flying World Championships , Planica underwent another upgrade to increase the K @-@ point to 185 m . World records were again shattered as a result . Mike Holland first jumped 186 m ( 610 ft ) to become the first American world record holder since Henry Hall in 1921 . Nykänen would follow this up by landing a metre further . In the final round of that event , and in a show of dominance as he closed in on his second Ski Jumping World Cup title , Nykänen wowed the crowd with a jump of 191 m ( 627 ft ) to punctuate his title win and effectively bring the Planica – Oberstdorf rivalry to a close . Mike Holland later described his own jump : The world record jump was very smooth . It felt like I was lying on my stomach on a glass coffee table , watching a movie projected on a screen underneath the table . Although the flight was very smooth , it seemed like the movie projector was running the film faster than intended . = = = = Safety issues reach their peak = = = = The 1986 Ski Flying World Championships in Kulm highlighted the dangers of the sport in a most graphic way . In the second competition of the event , Andreas Felder equalled the world record to win the gold medal , ahead of Nykänen who won bronze . However , this was overshadowed by a series of horrific accidents which took place earlier . In treacherous crosswind conditions , Masahiro Akimoto lost control moments after takeoff , falling suddenly from a height of 9 m ( 30 ft ) onto his back . He suffered a fractured ankle in addition to chest and shoulder injuries . A few minutes later Rolf Åge Berg frighteningly lost control at the same height , at an estimated inrun speed of 112 kilometres per hour ( 70 mph ) , but was able to land safely on both skis . Immediately afterwards , Ulf Findeisen fell out of the air on his jump , crashing down head @-@ first from 9 m and flipping head over heels repeatedly along the slope , only coming to a stop several seconds later . Al Trautwig , commentating for American TV network ABC , described Findeisen as looking " like a ragdoll " after the fall . Former ski jumper Jeff Hastings , co @-@ commentating , said : " I 'm feeling a little sick to my stomach , Al ... I can 't believe this . I 've never seen ski flying like this ... So many falls . " Findeisen was barely conscious and had to be stretchered away , later going into cardiac arrest but surviving . In the next round of the competition , Berg attempted another jump but was not as fortunate this time : he fell out of the air , just as before , and crashed almost identically to Findeisen . One of Berg 's skis , which had come loose after impact and was still attached to his foot , flailed around and hit him in the face – exposed due to his goggles detaching – as he was sliding to a stop . His injuries , including concussion and a broken ACL , were career @-@ ending . At this point , Trautwig began calling into question the nature of the sport : " Jeff , we talk about the fear and why the ski flyers are scared ... I 'm really starting to ask , why we 're here and why they 're doing it . " Ski flying endured a tentative era beginning in 1987 , when Piotr Fijas set a world record of 194 m ( 636 ft ) in Planica . With height over the hills and inrun speeds at an all @-@ time high ( Pavel Ploc reached 115 @.@ 6 km / h ( 71 @.@ 8 mph ) off the table in Harrachov in 1983 ) , as well as distances approaching 200 m ( 660 ft ) , the FIS took a stance against record @-@ hunting for safety reasons . From Felder 's world record in 1986 onwards , the FIS implemented a rule in which distance points would not be awarded beyond 191 m ; the jump would still count , but no points further than that could be achieved . Per this rule , Fijas ' jump was officially scaled down to 191 m by the FIS , but the KOP group ( led by the organisers in Kulm , Oberstdorf and Planica ) independently recorded the actual figure . Neither Kulm nor Planica would hold a ski flying event for several years , leaving Oberstdorf and Vikersund to host the Ski Flying World Championships in 1988 and 1990 , respectively . At those events , world record distances and major incidents were avoided . = = = 1990s = = = = = = = New safety measures = = = = The dangers of the sport were still on full display at the 1992 Ski Flying World Championships in Harrachov , where Andreas Goldberger suffered a similar crash to the ones which occurred in Kulm in 1986 . On the first day of the event , a few seconds into his jump , dangerous wind conditions forced Goldberger to lose control at a height of around 9 m and a speed of more than 107 @.@ 4 km / h ( 66 @.@ 7 mph ) , sending him plummeting face @-@ first onto the hill below . He was taken by helicopter to a hospital , having sustained a broken arm and collarbone . František Jež also crashed , but was able to walk away with some help . The second and final day was stopped and cancelled due to worsened weather , culminating in a high @-@ speed fall on the outrun by Christof Duffner after he landed an unofficial , world record @-@ equalling jump of 194 m . Goldberger 's efforts from earlier in the event were enough to earn him a silver medal behind eventual winner Noriaki Kasai , who became the first non @-@ European Ski Flying World Champion . Goldberger was able to return to top @-@ level competition within less than a year . Protective wind nets by the side of the hill were later installed in Harrachov for 1996 to minimise the effects of crosswind , along with major reprofiling of the slope to comply with FIS safety regulations . This reprofiling – particularly at the hill 's highest point , known as the ' knoll ' – was critical in reducing the fearsome height reached by athletes after takeoff , estimated to be 15 – 18 m ( 49 – 59 ft ) in 1980 . Thanks to these modifications , athletes no longer jumped with as much height as before and no major accidents have occurred in Harrachov since 1992 . Speaking about his experience at the 1983 Ski Flying World Championships in Harrachov , Mike Holland said : Climbing over the knoll , I thought ' this is SO damned high , I shouldn 't be this high . ' Since I wasn 't ready for such height and speed , I threw out my arms at the end of the flight and let myself down 4 m ( 13 ft ) short of the world record . = = = = Technique changes : parallel to V @-@ style = = = = It was during this time that the entire sport of ski jumping underwent a significant transition in technique . Until the early 1990s nearly all athletes used the Däscher technique or parallel style , in which the skis were held close together and parallel to each other . This had been the norm since the 1950s , evolving into a modified variation in the 1980s with the skis pointed diagonally off to the side in a crude attempt to increase surface area . However , this came largely at the expense of stability and balance , akin to ' walking a tightrope ' in mid @-@ air and leaving athletes at the mercy of the elements . Akimoto , Findeisen , Berg and Goldberger 's accidents were all caused by unpredictable gusts of wind which made them lose control at the highest and fastest stage of their jumps , exacerbated by an outdated technique ill @-@ suited to the new extremes of ski flying , as well as the prevalence of older hills featuring very steep slopes . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Jan Boklöv pioneered the V @-@ style : skis were instead spread outwards in an aerodynamic " V " shape , with the athlete 's body lying much flatter between them . This created more surface area and lift , instantly enabling distances of up to ten per cent further . It also had a favourable effect of granting more stability in the air , although the peak speed was some 10 km / h ( 6 @.@ 2 mph ) slower than the parallel style . At first this new technique was looked upon unfavourably by the judges , who made it an issue to downgrade style points for those who used it . Nevertheless , within a few years , with Boklöv having won the 1988 – 89 Ski Jumping World Cup season and other athletes promptly adopting the technique , the judges ' stance quietly eased and the V @-@ style became the standard still used today . The technique itself had a transitional period of its own , going from a narrower " V " in the early 1990s – retaining some features of the parallel style – to a much wider one at the end of the decade . Some athletes ( such as Tommy Ingebrigtsen ) preferred to cross the back of the skis to exaggerate the " V " angle , while others ( such as Kazuyoshi Funaki and Jakub Janda ) leaned even more forward so that their body lay almost flat between the skis ; both variations remain in use . The V @-@ style was still not immune to failure if the air pressure under one ski was lost , but the results were much less catastrophic than with the parallel style ; the latter had resulted in more head @-@ first landings , whereas the V @-@ style saw somewhat ' safer ' landings on the back or shoulders . = = = = Breaking the 200 metre barrier = = = = In 1994 , ski flying returned to a newly independent Slovenia , where the hill in Planica had been reprofiled with the aim of allowing for jumps of more than 200 m . The FIS was strongly against this and initially threatened to cancel the event on the grounds that its regulations on hill design had been violated . Negotiations between the organisers in Planica and the FIS managed to defuse the situation , allowing that year 's Ski Flying World Championships to take place . Before the event , Espen Bredesen said : " Of course I want to be the first [ to reach 200 m ] , but I think that 210 m ( 690 ft ) or 215 m ( 705 ft ) are also possible . " With all athletes having switched to the V @-@ style , the sport was about to reach one of its biggest ever milestones . During the training round on the opening day of the event , Martin Höllwarth jumped 196 m ( 643 ft ) to edge the world record ever closer to 200 m . This was the first time a world record had been set using the V @-@ style , meaning Piotr Fijas ' was the last to use the parallel style . Andreas Goldberger then got tantalisingly close to the magic number when he landed at 202 m ( 663 ft ) but failed to maintain his balance as he squatted down and touched the snow with his hands , rendering his jump an unofficial world record . The official honours went to Toni Nieminen only a short time later , who cleanly landed a history @-@ making jump of 203 m ( 666 ft ) to claim both the world record and the achievement of being the first ever ski jumper to break the 200 m barrier . On the next day during the second training round , Christof Duffner almost had his moment of glory when he jumped 207 m ( 679 ft ) , but fell upon landing just as he had done two years earlier in Harrachov . In that same training round , Espen Bredesen claimed the world record for himself with a clean jump of 209 m ( 686 ft ) . The restrictive rule concerning jumps beyond 191 m , in place since 1986 , was subsequently abolished by the FIS . However , as the rule was still in place at the time of Nieminen and Bredesen 's jumps , their additional distances were nullified . This handed Jaroslav Sakala the Ski Flying World Championship at the end of the event , which was shortened to only a single competition round due to strong winds forcing cancellation of the other . In 2014 , Nieminen spoke about the jump that cemented his name in the history books : It was the kind of jump in which , even when arriving [ at the bottom of the hill ] in the landing position and not knowing at all what lies ahead , I remember that my legs were trembling . That 's how terrified I was . ... Overcoming your own fears is the best feeling . The nature of the sport is that one has to challenge themselves . That 's why this jump has remained a highlight of my career . = = = = Planica dominates = = = = Beginning with Fijas 's world record in 1987 , Planica enjoyed a very long period of exclusivity . Much like in the 1930s and 1940s , no other hills would come close to reclaiming the accolade for 24 years , despite nearly all receiving K @-@ point upgrades to 185 m . Only Ironwood remained unchanged at K145 , staging its last event to date in 1994 with a hill record of 158 m ( 518 ft ) shared between Werner Schuster and Mathias Wallner . Since then , the hill has served as a popular tourist attraction in which sightseers are able to access the top of the inrun via an elevator . In 2013 , following almost two decades of disuse as a sporting venue , it was announced that the hill at Copper Peak would be renovated as the world 's largest ski jumping hill , additionally capable of staging summer events . With eight years between Fijas and Höllwarth 's world records , it was the longest drought of unbroken records since that of Tauno Luiro from 1951 was broken by Jože Šlibar in 1961 . The margin between Höllwarth and Nieminen 's world records was 7 m ( 23 ft ) , the largest since Sepp Weiler and Dan Netzell in 1950 , which was 8 m ( 26 ft ) . In Planica the world record was broken a further four times in the 1990s , ending with Tommy Ingebrigtsen jumping 219 @.@ 5 m ( 720 ft ) in 1999 to send ski flying into the new millennium . = = = 2000s – present = = = Further changes in technique , equipment and hill profiles have seen the world record increase by almost 50 m ( 160 ft ) within 21 years . In 2000 , the world record in Planica was improved by 5 @.@ 5 m ( 18 ft ) , with jumps of 224 @.@ 5 m ( 737 ft ) by Thomas Hörl and 225 m ( 738 ft ) by Andreas Goldberger . The latter stood for three years until being equalled by Adam Małysz in 2003 , but his achievement was only temporary . On the same day , and in a span of the next four , Matti Hautamäki set three consecutive world records of 227 @.@ 5 m ( 746 ft ) , 228 @.@ 5 m ( 750 ft ) and 231 m ( 758 ft ) , much like Matti Nykänen had done in 1984 . When interviewed soon after the event , Hautamäki said that " The longer one stays in the air , the more fun it is . " Before the 2004 Ski Flying World Championships , the hill was renamed to Letalnica bratov Gorišek ( " Flying hill by brothers Gorišek " ) . In 2005 , Planica continued its dominance of ski flying when the world record was shattered four times on the same day . Tommy Ingebrigtsen , Bjørn Einar Romøren and Matti Hautamäki all traded records , with Romøren emerging victorious with a jump of 239 m ( 784 ft ) to claim the final figure . Some minutes after that , having already captured his second consecutive Ski Jumping World Cup title , Janne Ahonen went for broke by stretching out a jump of 240 m ( 790 ft ) but fell from a dangerous height and landed hard on flat ground ; his world record was rendered unofficial . Ahonen half @-@ jokingly said in a 2009 interview that had he not brought his jump down earlier than intended , he would have reached 250 m ( 820 ft ) , at which point " I would be a dead man . [ laughs ] " In the aftermath of the event and following numerous near @-@ flat ground landings , it became clear that ski flying had once again outgrown an older hill – which last saw an upgrade twelve years prior – and needed enlarging in the years to come . = = = = Hill renovations and breaking the 250 metre barrier = = = = In 2005 , almost immediately after the Planica event , talks were under way to upgrade the hill in Vikersund . This became a reality in mid @-@ 2010 , when the FIS announced major rule changes at the 47th International Ski Congress in Antalya , Turkey to allow for even larger ski flying hills to be constructed . Vikersund was the first to undergo renovation to increase its K @-@ point from 185 m to 195 m ( 640 ft ) , making it the largest flying hill in the world and the only one equipped for floodlit night events . Janez Gorišek , known for his expertise in ski flying hill design , was the leader of this project . The new facility was given a rousing introduction at its opening event in 2011 , when Johan Remen Evensen jumped 243 m ( 797 ft ) and 246 @.@ 5 m ( 809 ft ) , returning the world record to Vikersund for the first time since 1967 . This was a ' trial ' event staged before the 2012 Ski Flying World Championships , which went on to draw a crowd of 60 @,@ 000 . Another modification in Vikersund ( this time to K200 ) resulted in the coveted 250 m barrier being reached in 2015 , with Peter Prevc landing a clean jump right on the mark to claim another historic milestone in the sport . Prevc 's glory was short @-@ lived when Anders Fannemel broke this figure only a day later , landing a jump of 251 @.@ 5 m ( 825 ft ) to set the current world record . At the same event , prior to Fannemel 's jump , Dmitry Vassiliev crashed hard at 254 m ( 833 ft ) after exceeding the hill size boundary in an almost identical way to Janne Ahonen in Planica a decade earlier ; this gave Vassiliev unofficially the furthest distance ever reached in ski flying to date . Also in 2015 , both Kulm and Planica finished upgrading their hills from K185 to K200 . All three aforementioned hills – Planica , Kulm and Vikersund – are now equipped for jumps exceeding 240 m , as well as having improved facilities for athletes and spectators . Although the new hills are much larger than ever before , most of them feature longer and less steeply angled slopes , designed purely for the V @-@ style and with the knowledge of 80 years ' worth of world record progression . Inrun tables have also been placed further back from the knoll and flight curves made shallower in order to allow athletes to glide more efficiently along the contour of the slope . This has significantly reduced such precarious heights over the knoll as was the case in the early 1990s and prior : in that era , athletes who knew only of the parallel style would aim to jump in an upward trajectory off the table , reaching vast heights but at the expense of distance . Furthermore , rather than glide , they instead plummeted towards the slope . However , compared to Vikersund , Planica is still extremely steep in the flight phase . Anticipating a renewed world record rivalry , organisers in Vikersund have welcomed the healthy competition with Planica . Regarding the new hill in Kulm , Andreas Goldberger remarked that world records should not be expected there because of its different design and shorter hill profile . Oberstdorf is scheduled to receive an upgrade from K185 to K200 in time for the 2017 World Cup season and 2018 Ski Flying World Championships , leaving Harrachov ( K185 ) as the only hill having not been renovated since the 1990s . At the end of the 2015 World Cup season , FIS race director Walter Hofer commented that the world record had reached its limit on the newest hills , and that no further expansion to their size was expected in the near future . He also noted in 2011 that the FIS rules on hill sizes would likely remain unchanged for another decade . Despite this , Janez Gorišek is said to have made plans for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) hill in Planica , albeit put on hold until the FIS rules are again changed . Anders Fannemel has said he believes 252 m ( 827 ft ) is the limit in Vikersund , but that the world record can be broken again in Planica . = = Differences to ski jumping = = Unlike ski jumping , which can be contested in the summer on specially equipped hills , ski flying is strictly a winter sport and not part of the Winter Olympics ; no world records have therefore been set at the games . Also in contrast to ski jumping , athletes are not able to practice on ski flying hills out @-@ of @-@ season as they are used only for competition events . Among the Alpine countries , there is an unwritten gentlemen 's agreement forbidding athletes under the age of eighteen to participate in ski flying events . Rather than being considered a separate sport on its own , ski flying is essentially an offshoot of ski jumping involving larger hills and longer distances . According to former US ski jumping coach Larry Stone , " It 's the same thing , just bigger . You 're going faster and flying higher . ... Basically , it 's just a real big jump . " Today , the term " ski flying " itself has evolved to be used only for jumps in the region of 170 m ( 560 ft ) or further , with 200 – 240 m ( 660 – 790 ft ) being the competitive standard . By comparison , the longest ever distance from a ski jumping hill is 152 m ( 499 ft ) , set at Mühlenkopfschanze ( " Mühlenkopf hill " ) in Willingen , Germany . Distances of around 90 – 140 m ( 300 – 460 ft ) are the standard on most ski jumping hills . = = = Hills = = = The main difference between ski flying and ski jumping pertains to hill design , as mandated by the FIS . Historically , hills with a K @-@ point ( German : Konstruktionspunkt ) or main landing zone of more than 145 m ( 476 ft ) were classed as ski flying hills . As jumping distances increased by the decade , so did a small number of unique hills at locations seeking to outdo each other in a friendly rivalry for world record honours . Since 1980 , there have only been five of these hills in Europe and one in the US . On all modern ski flying hills the K @-@ point is set between 185 – 200 m ( 607 – 656 ft ) , with a hill size of 205 – 225 m ( 673 – 738 ft ) ; far greater than the largest ski jumping hills , which only have K @-@ points of up to 125 – 130 m ( 410 – 427 ft ) and a hill size of 140 – 145 m ( 459 – 476 ft ) . The angle of the hill in the landing zone is between 33 @.@ 2 – 35 degrees . Seven ski flying hills in total were constructed between 1934 and 1980 . Six are currently active , but only five of them as flying hills : There have been a number of proposed ski flying hills , most of which never reached the construction stage . Two were planned in Finland , in Kemijärvi and Ylitornio , but neither projects were realized after their inception in 2007 . In Norway , prior to the renovation of Vikersund , there were serious talks about constructing a new ski flying hill at Rødkleiva in Oslo . The most recent proposal has come from China , together with German architects Graft , who are in the development stages of a ski jumping and flying hill complex at the Wangtiane ski resort in the Changbai Mountains . = = = Events = = = The first Ski Flying World Championships were held in Planica in 1972 and have been staged biennially at all hills ( except Ironwood ) since 1988 . The event replaced various incarnations of International Ski Flying Week , which ran from 1953 to 1989 . Gold , silver and bronze medals are awarded after two competitions , with the total points winner receiving the title of Ski Flying World Champion . A team competition was introduced in 2004 , in which medals are also awarded . Ski flying events outside of the World Championships are a regular feature on the Ski Jumping World Cup calendar , usually taking place on two or three hills only . Because athletes almost always participate in both disciplines , points scored in ski flying also count towards the Ski Jumping World Cup standings . Since 1991 , an additional title and trophy – the Ski Flying World Cup – has been awarded at the end of each season to the overall points winner of solely ski flying competitions , even if only one was contested . In contrast to the Ski Flying World Championships , the Ski Flying World Cup is a season @-@ long contest . The former can be considered equivalent to the Ski Jumping World Championships , in that both are one @-@ off events staged during the Ski Jumping World Cup season , but are isolated from it ; therefore , points from neither are included as part of the World Cup standings . = = Rules and technique = = Ski flyers take off at speeds of 98 – 109 km / h ( 61 – 68 mph ) , flying as high as 6 – 9 m ( 20 – 30 ft ) above the hill , accelerating to around 120 – 130 km / h ( 75 – 81 mph ) before landing , and spending up to nine seconds in the air ; all these figures are considerably less in ski jumping . David Goldstrom , longtime commentator for British Eurosport , once described the appearance of ski flying as that of " flying like a bird " . = = = Event organisation = = = The FIS ' race director ' and ' jury ' are a core team of personnel in charge of the entire event . Walter Hofer has been the FIS chief race director of ski flying and ski jumping events since 1992 . Miran Tepeš , himself a former ski jumper , is the assistant race director and second @-@ in @-@ command to Hofer . Spectators at the venue watching from large screen displays , as well as viewers watching on TV , are able to see on @-@ screen graphics provided by the FIS . These graphics , which have significantly evolved in detail over the decades , display a multitude of information : an athlete 's name and nationality , their photo , bib number , traffic light status , wind speed and direction , distance jumped , personal best distance , judges ' scores , points achieved , and competition rank . = = = The inrun = = = A ski jump or ski flight begins from the ' inrun ' , a ramp structure at the top of the hill in the form of a tower or set naturally against the hill formation . Access to this area is via ski lift or on foot . The inrun is 113 – 133 @.@ 8 m ( 371 – 439 ft ) in length , inclined at an angle of 35 – 39 degrees . Since the late 1980s , when the V @-@ style began enabling jumps dangerously close to flat ground , the full length of a ski flying inrun has never been used due to safety reasons . At the bottom of the inrun – specifically the very tip or edge of the structure – is the ' table ' , which is set at a height of 2 @.@ 42 – 4 @.@ 75 m ( 7 @.@ 9 – 15 @.@ 6 ft ) above the hill surface . Contrary to popular misconception , the table is actually declined downwards instead upwards , with the angle of decline set between 10 @.@ 5 – 11 @.@ 25 degrees . = = = Pre @-@ takeoff phase = = = Near the top of the inrun , there is a ' start gate ' – a metal or wooden beam – on which an athlete sits and awaits their signal to jump via a set of traffic lights ( green , yellow and red ) . These lights are operated directly by Miran Tepeš . An athlete may enter the gate when yellow is shown . If red is shown after this point , the wind conditions will have been deemed unfavourable for a safe jump : the athlete must then carefully exit the gate as they had entered it and await another opportunity to jump . Failure to dismount the gate within ten to fifteen seconds of being shown a red light , or jumping without having been given the signal to go , will disqualify the athlete . Wind speed is measured in metres per second ( m / s ) in the form of head- , tail- and crosswind components . In ski flying there are ten separate wind sectors that are measured along the hill , with five on each side ; in ski jumping there are seven or less sectors . A hard limit , or " corridor of tolerance " , of 3 m / s ( 9 @.@ 8 ft / s ) is permitted at any time : if this is exceeded , all pending jumps are halted until the wind settles to an acceptable level . Weather conditions must be optimal in order to jump competitively and safely , therefore they are actively monitored by the jury , who continuously collaborate with the race directors in making decisions on how an event will progress . The resulting delays may last anywhere from under a minute , to many minutes depending on how variable the conditions are observed to be . The position of the start gate determines the inrun speed , creating a difference of as much as 10 km / h ( 6 @.@ 2 mph ) depending on whether the gate is set higher ( thereby lengthening the inrun ) or lower ( shortening the inrun ) ; the difference in height between individual gates is 0 @.@ 5 m ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) . Based on the jury 's decision , the gate position – of which there are several available numbers – is subject to being adjusted accordingly , including between each jump . In especially tricky conditions , athletes may sometimes be forced to enter and exit the gate multiple times before they are permitted to jump . If conditions are normal and a green light is shown , the athlete 's coach – who is situated in a coaches ' section lower down the inrun with a flag in hand – gives them the final signal to go . Once given this signal , the athlete must commit to their jump within ten seconds or else risk disqualification : they are not allowed to exit the gate from whence they came . To begin descending the inrun , they drop down from the gate to a crouching position , upon which speed is rapidly picked up within seconds via built @-@ in tracks into which the skis are slotted . This streamlined crouch minimises air resistance along the inrun , and a further effort is made to reduce friction by not allowing the skis to bump too much against the sides of the tracks . Speed is measured from the table using a speed gun . No ski poles are used , and no assistance from others ( such as a push from the gate ) is allowed . In heavy snow conditions the tracks can become clogged up , which reduces inrun speed and may cause an unpredictable descent for athletes . Event personnel standing by the sides of the inrun are often assigned to use leaf blowers to prevent the tracks from clogging up with snow . = = = Takeoff and transition phase = = = Moments before being propelled off the table , the athlete undergoes a sudden increase in g @-@ force due to the curvature – or ' compression ' – of the bottom of the inrun . They then initiate a very powerful , explosive jump that requires great leg strength . At this very instant , they adopt their own unique aerodynamic flying position in what is called the ' transition ' ; all of this taking place in only a tenth of a second . Timing is crucial and there is very little margin for error at this phase : a jump that begins too early or late off the table can mean the difference between an excellent , average or poor effort . Each athlete has their own method of generating as much inrun speed as possible , depending on such intricacies as crouch depth , hip angle , arm placement , or how far the torso is positioned over the knees . Body weight is also a factor ( see power @-@ to @-@ weight ratio ) , which has led to some athletes ' health becoming an issue over the years . The most challenging stage of the takeoff is carrying the speed from the decline of the inrun with sufficient height over the ' knoll ' , and achieving the correct trajectory down the slope . The knoll is the highest point of the hill itself , from which it begins to slope downwards ; on modern ski flying hills the table is placed considerably far back from the knoll , so as to reduce the steepness of the flight curve . A skilled athlete is able to aggressively ' snap ' into the transition so as to clear the knoll with ease , thereby allowing them to focus completely on using their specialised aerodynamic flying technique to maximise distance further down the hill . Athletes of the highest skill level can consistently compensate for any lack of inrun speed with perfect timing off the table and an excellent transition . However , there is a fine line between aggressiveness and over @-@ aggressiveness at takeoff . One of the most common mistakes made by athletes , including those at world class level , is to raise the ski tips too much during the transition : this excessive angle of attack causes the skis to act more as a spoiler than an efficient aerodynamic device , resulting in more height than distance . In a well @-@ executed jump , athletes will spend several seconds longer in the air than in ski jumping – up to five seconds more – which requires a different level of skill in order to sustain flight for a longer period , and showcases how the role of aerodynamics is magnified in ski flying . Not all athletes who excel in ski jumping are able do so in ski flying ( see the section on specialists ) . = = = Flight phase and equipment = = = Once the athlete has taken flight , characteristics similar to that of a glider come into force . Ski flyers are able to cover such tremendous distances and land safely primarily due to the skis they use , which are substantially wider and longer than their cross @-@ country or Alpine skiing counterparts . Each ski is attached securely at the front of the boot ; the heel , under which there is a wedge , is then attached to the ski using a hinged binding peg with a maximum length of 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) , allowing the athlete to spread the skis wide apart and lean forward into their preferred aerodynamic position . Much like aircraft wings , the skis are flexible to an extent , resulting in them bending significantly upon takeoff . Maintaining stability in the air is paramount : a loss of balance or pressure under the skis can lead to disaster ( see the section on accidents ) . Skilful use of headwind and thermal updrafts along various sections of the hill is used to generate additional lift , creating pressure under the oversized skis and enabling athletes to effectively ride on a ' cushion of air ' . A reasonable amount of headwind is favourable to a long jump as it has the effect of delaying the athlete 's descent back onto the hill , whereas a tailwind or no wind at all is considered highly unfavourable and tends to shorten a jump by pushing the athlete downwards towards the hill too early . In particular , the presence of a tailwind forms one of the most challenging aspects of clearing the knoll and achieving a competitive distance . Conversely , in ideal headwind conditions , an athlete can ' catch ' an updraft along the middle of the hill – which always involves some degree of luck – and use it to glide even further than normal , making for an impressive visual effect for spectators . To further aid athletes in gliding as aerodynamically as possible , they wear a one @-@ piece fabric bodysuit more similar to a wingsuit than a ski suit . This bodysuit is loose @-@ fitting and generates yet more lift , but the amount of slack is stringently regulated by the FIS so as to not allow for excessive bagginess and thereby reducing its wingsuit- , sail- or parachute @-@ like properties . In the early 2000s , bodysuits had reached exceptionally baggy proportions , resulting in humorous comparisons to flying squirrels . A ban on these baggy suits came into effect soon after , and today the level of slack for bodysuits is measured by FIS scrutineers before and after each jump : if the amount is exceeded , that athlete is disqualified due to an ' equipment violation ' . = = = Landing phase and distance measurement = = = The ultimate aim is to land on , or ideally surpass , a line marked across the hill called the ' K @-@ point ' , ' critical point ' , or ' calculation line ' . In order to attain the most points from the style judges , athletes strive for a ' Telemark ' landing : instead of landing with simply both feet together , one foot is placed clearly in front of the other ( without sliding , so as to ' cheat ' ) , both feet held no more than four ski widths ' apart , and the body held stable with a straight back and arms outstretched . This pose must be maintained until the ' outrun ' – a line at the very end of the hill , where the slope has fully flattened out – is reached . The exact placement of landing is measured between the athlete 's front and back feet . Failing to make a Telemark landing results in a loss of style points . Considerably more points are lost if a landing fails before the outrun line , such as falling over or touching the ground with any part of the body except the feet . Distance is measured from the edge of the table to the placement of landing by increments of 0 @.@ 5 m . This is done using electronic and video monitoring systems together with event personnel assigned to observe jumps by the side of the hill , known as ' distance measurers ' . If enough jumps are deemed to be too far beyond the hill size , or near the ' fall line ' ( determined by the jury ) – where the slope begins to flatten out – an immediate meeting is held between the jury and race director , which usually results in the start gate being lowered so as to check inrun speeds and therefore distances . For spectators and judges , increments of 5 m are clearly indicated by rows of fir across the hill ; a painted red line is used for the K @-@ point , and a dashed red line for the hill size . Both sides of the hill are also marked highly visible in red to indicate the ' landing zone ' , while the point beyond the hill size is marked in green on the sides . = = Scoring and judging = = = = = Distance points = = = Ski flying uses the same points system as ski jumping , but with two differences . In ski jumping , an athlete who reaches the K @-@ point receives 60 points as a base mark for distance ; in ski flying it is 120 . For every metre beyond the K @-@ point , ' bonus points ' are awarded . In ski jumping , a metre has a value of 2 points for ' normal ' hills and 1 @.@ 8 points for ' large ' hills ; in ski flying , a metre is instead worth 1 @.@ 2 points . These bonus points are then added to those received from reaching the K @-@ point . Conversely , failing to reach the K @-@ point will result in a deduction of points from the base mark to the same aforementioned values . Examples : If an athlete lands a jump of 190 m ( 620 ft ) on a ski flying hill with a K @-@ point of 185 m , they will receive 126 points : 120 for reaching the K @-@ point , plus 6 bonus points for 5 m ( 16 ft ) beyond that ( 5 × 1 @.@ 2 = 6 ) If an athlete lands a jump of 187 @.@ 5 m ( 615 ft ) on a K200 hill , they will receive 105 points : from 120 which would have been the K @-@ point , their failure to reach it by 12 @.@ 5 m ( 41 ft ) results in minus 15 distance points ( 12 @.@ 5 × 1 @.@ 2 = 15 ) = = = Style points = = = Another crucial element of scoring are ' style points ' awarded by the judges . Five representatives are selected from different countries , who are situated in an observation tower by the side of the hill . They each award points up to 20 , in increments of 0 @.@ 5 , based on stylistic merit : An athlete 's skis should be kept flat , steady and symmetrical during flight , avoiding excessive ' paddling ' or an inward cant Good balance , an efficient body position and posture should be maintained with minimal arm movement The landing should be in a Telemark manner If a Telemark landing is not made , 2 style points are deducted If a landing is made but fails before the outrun line , a maximum of 5 style points must be deducted Notably , both the highest and lowest judges ' scores are omitted to cancel out any discrepancy , giving a maximum of 60 style points . A perfect jump on a K200 hill would therefore garner a minimum of 180 points ( 120 distance points + 60 style points ) or more , depending on bonus points . However , such a scenario is only an example and not representative of the highly variable nature of the sport . Gaining one or more scores of 20 is very rare , and five is extremely rare . Generally , a good to excellent jump can be expected to receive judges ' scores of 18 to 19 @.@ 5 . While a lower score for style puts an athlete at the risk of being less competitive , this may be mitigated or even nullified if they have attained substantial bonus points for distance . = = Event details = = A ski flying event consists of several preliminary stages , culminating in a competition ( s ) to decide a winner and subsequent order . Within an event there are up to three competitions – individual , and sometimes team – all taking place on separate days . These competitions are contested somewhat differently depending on whether an event is staged as part of the Ski Flying World Championships or Ski Flying World Cup . In both events , a ' training ' round takes place on the opening day , as well as a ' trial ' round before each competition ; these non @-@ scoring rounds are essentially practice or warm @-@ up sessions , and athlete participation is optional . = = = Individual competitions = = = = = = = Ski Flying World Championships = = = = In this event there is a qualification round on the opening day , in which 40 to 70 athletes each jump once to ensure their place for the rest of the event 's two individual competitions . 40 of these places are available in the first competition ( compared to 50 in the similar Ski Jumping World Championships ) , which is narrowed down to 30 for the second competition . The order of jumps – or ' starting order ' – in the qualification round is based on the athletes ' current rank within the Ski Jumping World Cup standings in ascending order of points , with the leader ( who is assigned a distinctive yellow bib ) going last . A unique feature of the World Cup , which applies to all ski flying and ski jumping events , is that the top ten ranked athletes are in a ' pre @-@ qualified ' bracket : their place in the event is already secure , so their jump is entirely optional . The competition itself is composed of two rounds . In round one , all 40 qualified athletes complete a single jump in the aforementioned World Cup order . After points for distance and style are achieved , only the top 30 scorers from the first round proceed to the second , while the rest are eliminated from the event . In round two , the starting order is instead based solely on the points gained in the first round : the lowest scoring athlete jumps first , while the leader has the very last jump of the competition . The athlete with the most points from both rounds wins that competition . For the second competition , the starting order for round one uses the results from the first competition – no longer based on World Cup ranking – with athletes again jumping in ascending order of points . After the second ( and final ) round , the athlete with the most points accumulated from both competitions is declared the Ski Flying World Champion . = = = = Ski Flying World Cup = = = = Events under the Ski Flying World Cup have several differences to the World Championships . Much like in the Ski Jumping World Cup , there are usually one or two individual competitions ( rarely three , as was the case in both Vikersund and Planica during the 2016 season ) , with a qualification round before each one . If there are two competitions , qualification for the second one takes place on the same day . The limit of 40 places per competition still applies ( unless a cancelled ski jumping competition is rescheduled to a flying hill ) , but unlike the Ski Flying World Championships , if an athlete fails to qualify for one competition they still have the opportunity to make a fresh start and qualify for the others . Also unlike the World Championships , which uses in @-@ competition points throughout the event , the Ski Flying World Cup uses post @-@ competition points which mirror that of the Ski Jumping World Cup ( see scoring system ) . These points contribute towards both Ski Flying and Ski Jumping World Cup standings ; the former is effectively a ' mini season ' within the latter . If the very last competition of a World Cup season takes place on a ski flying hill , only 30 athletes will participate , with no elimination process after the first round . To have a chance of winning a World Cup competition , two consistently good jumps must be made . If an athlete finds themselves in an uncompetitive position after the first round , their challenge in the second round is to make up ground through distance and style points , as well as attrition . For an athlete who had a poor jump in round one , it is possible for them to climb up the order in round two with an excellent jump , and if other competitors fall by the wayside . Conversely , a high @-@ scoring athlete may lose their advantage from round one if their second jump is not up to par . = = = Cancellations = = = A common situation in ski jumping , and especially ski flying due to the magnified risks overall , arises when unfavourable weather conditions cause a competition to be cut short or cancelled completely ; it is also not uncommon for an entire event to be cancelled . Reasons include strong winds , a lack of ( or too much ) snow , and poor visibility for athletes or judges . In the case of a shortened competition , the scores from the first round – if completed – are used to determine the final result . This is called a single @-@ round competition and still counts towards both the Ski Flying and Ski Jumping World Cup . For the World Championships , if one of the two competitions is cancelled , the final result will be based on the competition that took place . = = = Team competitions = = = As in ski jumping , team competitions are often included at ski flying events . These are contested as part of the World Cup , but points instead count towards a separate Nations Cup for teams ; athletes ' individual World Cup standings are unaffected . A national team is made up of four athletes selected by their head coach . There can be upwards of eight teams from different countries , providing they are able to field a full team of four . Just like individual competitions , there are two rounds , but with a difference . Each round is divided into four rotations , in which a member of every team jumps once in the same order . Points are scored the same as they are in individual competitions ; however an athlete 's points for a jump are instead added to their team 's total tally . Teams are narrowed down to eight for the second round based on points scored , with the same four athletes jumping in their order of rotation as before . In the very last rotation , the order of teams to jump switches to that of the points tally going in ; the athlete on the leading team jumps last . The winning team is the one with the most points at the end of the competition , after which the top three final teams ( or more in the event of a tie ) participate in a podium ceremony . = = Specialists = = A number of athletes have been regarded as ski flying specialists for their ability to consistently produce very long jumps and often world records . Those who are currently active with notable ski flying achievements include : Anders Fannemel – current world record holder with 251 @.@ 5 m ; 15 jumps over 230 m ( 750 ft ) and 3 jumps over 240 m . Peter Prevc – 2016 World Champion ; first to land a jump of 250 m ; current hill record holder in Kulm and on the Planica flying hill ; 33 jumps over 230 m and 12 jumps over 240 m , both by far the most of anyone . Robert Kranjec – 2012 World Champion ; acknowledged as an expert in the discipline ; has scored 6 out of his 7 World Cup wins on ski flying hills ; 17 jumps over 230 m and 3 jumps over 240 m . Noriaki Kasai – 1992 World Champion ; current Japanese national record holder with 240 @.@ 5 m ( 789 ft ) ; 9 jumps over 230 m and 2 jumps over 240 m . Stefan Kraft – current Austrian national record holder with 246 @.@ 5 m ; 14 jumps over 230 m and 4 jumps over 240 m . Jurij Tepeš – ski flying expert with 14 jumps over 230 m and 2 jumps over 240 m . Gregor Schlierenzauer – 2008 World Champion and runner @-@ up in 2010 ; 11 jumps over 230 m and 2 jumps over 240 m . Severin Freund – 2014 World Champion ; current German national record holder with 245 m ( 804 ft ) ; 9 jumps over 230 m . Janne Ahonen – four @-@ time World Championship medallist ( silver in 1996 and 2004 ) ; first to unofficially land a jump of 240 m ; 2 jumps over 230 m . Retired athletes who excelled at ski flying : Matti Nykänen – only five @-@ time World Championship medallist ( gold in 1985 ) ; only male five @-@ time world record holder ; once described by American TV commentators as " perhaps the most talented ski flyer around " and " the best aviator out there today ; he knows how to fly . " Matti Hautamäki – four @-@ time world record holder ; current hill record holder on the Harrachov flying hill , with 214 @.@ 5 m ( 704 ft ) ; two jumps over 230 m . Martin Koch – ski flying expert with four jumps over 230 m and 2 jumps over 240 m ; scored 4 out of his 5 World Cup wins on flying hills . Johan Remen Evensen – two @-@ time world record holder ; five jumps over 230 m and 3 jumps over 240 m . Bjørn Einar Romøren – two @-@ time world record holder ; four jumps over 230 m . Tommy Ingebrigtsen – two @-@ time world record holder ; three jumps over 230 m . Walter Steiner – 1972 and 1977 World Champion ; former world record holder . Andreas Goldberger – 1996 World Champion and runner @-@ up in 1992 ; former world record holder ; first to unofficially land a jump of more than 200 m . Sven Hannawald – 2000 and 2002 World Champion , runner @-@ up in 1998 . Roar Ljøkelsøy – 2004 and 2006 World Champion ; one jump over 230 m . Mike Holland – last American ski jumper to hold a world record ; quoted as saying " Ski flying was my speciality . " = = = Women in ski flying = = = Women have also had a presence in ski flying . The women 's world record currently stands at 200 m , set in 2003 by Daniela Iraschko @-@ Stolz in Kulm . At the same location , in 1997 , Eva Ganster set an unprecedented six world records for women ( an amount since unmatched by any woman or man ) in a span of five days , bringing her tally to a final figure of 167 m ( 548 ft ) . Despite these successes , women have yet to participate in ski flying at World Cup level . The first ever Ski Jumping World Cup season for women was held in 2011 / 12 , but as of yet no ski flying events have been sanctioned . Sarah Hendrickson and Sara Takanashi , both women 's World Cup champions , have expressed a desire to try ski flying . = = Slovenian presence = = Ever since its inception in 1936 , ski flying has centred around Slovenia . The first ever recorded jumps of over 100 and 200 m , together with a total of 41 world records , have been set on two different hills in the Alpine valley of Planica : Bloudkova velikanka , which has since been re @-@ established as a ski jumping large hill , and its successor Letalnica bratov Gorišek , dubbed the " monster hill " . Since 1997 , with very few exceptions , the Ski Jumping World Cup has traditionally held its season finale in Planica . This takes place usually on Letalnica , but is occasionally moved to Bloudkova ( most recently in 2014 , during renovation at Letalnica ) . Slovenian athletes have also been highly successful in Planica , albeit only recently . They have held a near @-@ lockout on the top spot since 2012 , when Robert Kranjec won the individual competition . In 2013 , Slovenia won the team competition with Kranjec , Jurij Tepeš , Peter Prevc and Andraž Pograjc ; Tepeš also won the individual competition . The Slovenian team repeated their victory in 2015 with Kranjec , Tepeš , Prevc and Anže Semenič , much to the delight of 30 @,@ 000 fans ; Prevc and Tepeš won the individual competitions , each gaining a highly rare five scores of 20 from the judges . Slovenian success continued in the 2016 event , with Kranjec winning one competition and Prevc two . The four @-@ day event drew a total of 110 @,@ 000 spectators . = = Accidents = = Due to the extreme speeds and heights involved , coupled with potentially hazardous and unpredictable wind conditions , ski flying has long had a reputation for being highly dangerous . It has been described as an extreme sport , and in terms such as " simply insane " and the " gnarlier , even more dangerous , faceplant @-@ ridden cousin " of ski jumping . Indeed , many serious accidents ( known as " falls " or " crashes " ) have occurred throughout its history on almost every hill : = = = Flat @-@ ground landings = = = As jumps have increased in distance , occasionally the absolute hill limit – named the ' fall line ' – is exceeded . This is known as " landing on the flat " or " out @-@ jumping the hill " , which occurs when an athlete jumps too far beyond the safety of the slope and lands on flat ground : = = Television coverage = = As of 2015 : Austria : ORF Finland : MTV3 Germany : ZDF Norway : NRK Poland : TVP Slovenia : RTV Slovenija UK : British Eurosport US : ABC ( 1970s – 80s ) = = In other media = = From 1970 to 1998 , Vinko Bogataj 's crash in Oberstdorf was featured prominently on the opening montage of ABC 's Wide World of Sports in the United States The career of Walter Steiner was documented in the 1974 film , The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner , by filmmaker Werner Herzog = = Gallery = =
= Wendi Richter = Wendi Richter ( born September 6 , 1961 ) is a retired American professional wrestler . She began her professional wrestling career in companies such as the National Wrestling Alliance , where she teamed with Joyce Grable , with whom she held the NWA Women 's World Tag Team Championship twice . In the 1980s , she joined the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . She held the WWF Women 's Championship twice and feuded with The Fabulous Moolah over the title . She was also involved in a storyline with singer Cyndi Lauper called the " Rock ' n ' Wrestling Connection . " Richter , however , left the WWF after losing the championship in controversial fashion . She then worked in the World Wrestling Council and American Wrestling Association , where she held both companies ' women 's titles . = = Professional wrestling career = = = = = Training ( 1979 @-@ 1983 ) = = = Wendi Richter was trained at The Fabulous Moolah 's Lillian Ellison School of Professional Wrestling by Lelani Kai , Judy Martin and Joyce Grable and made her professional debut in 1979 . In early 1982 , Richter tag teamed with Moolah against Velvet McIntyre and Princess Victoria for three matches for the World Wide Wrestling Federation . Richter was later paired with Joyce Grable , with whom she also trained for six weeks , to form a tag team called The Texas Cowgirls . In late 1982 , they wrestled in a series of matches in Canada 's Stampede Wrestling against Velvet McIntyre and Judy Martin . She continued her feud with McIntyre in Bill Watts ' Mid @-@ South Wrestling Association , where she was defeated twice . Richter and Grable continued their rivalry with McIntyre and Martin into April 1983 in Verne Gagne 's American Wrestling Association . In May , the team reformed in Stampede Wrestling in matches against McIntyre and Penny Mitchell . The team also won the NWA Women 's World Tag Team Championship twice . = = = World Wrestling Federation = = = = = = = Rock ' n ' Wrestling = = = = Richter returned stateside signing with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in late 1983 . In April 1984 , Richter teamed with Peggy Lee for a series of matches with old rivals Velvet McIntyre and Princess Victoria . WWF owner Vince McMahon brought in Cyndi Lauper for a feud with Lou Albano ( who had appeared as Lauper 's dad in her Girls Just Want to Have Fun music video ) . As a result , in a match , Albano seconded WWF Women 's Champion Fabulous Moolah , while Lauper was in the corner of Wendi Richter . Richter defeated Moolah at MTV 's The Brawl to End it All for the Women 's Championship on July 23 , 1984 , with Richter lifting her own shoulder off the canvas during a double @-@ pinfall situation while Moolah 's shoulders remained down . With the win , she ended what was billed as the longest championship reign in professional wrestling history ( Moolah 's 28 @-@ year reign as recognized by the WWF ; in reality she had lost the title several times between 1956 and 1978 , and Richter 's win had in reality only ended a nearly seven @-@ year reign by Moolah as champion ) . The broadcast of the women 's match earned MTV its largest ratings in history up to that point . This match was also the beginning of the " Rock ' n ' Wrestling Connection " , an era that combined both music and professional wrestling . Richter faced Moolah 's protégé , Leilani Kai , who defeated Richter for the title , in early 1985 at The War to Settle the Score . She regained the title at the first WrestleMania one month later . While wrestling for the WWF , Richter referred to herself as " 150 pounds of twisted steel and sex appeal " . Richter was also animated for a CBS Saturday morning cartoon , Hulk Hogan 's Rock ' n ' Wrestling . In addition , she appeared in Lauper 's music video for " She Bop " . = = = = The Original Screwjob = = = = In 1985 , after losing and then regaining the title from rival Leilani Kai at the inaugural WrestleMania , Richter was scheduled to defend her women 's title at Madison Square Garden on November 25 of that same year against a mysterious masked opponent known only as The Spider . During the match , The Spider broke from the pre @-@ scripted events and pinned Richter 's shoulders to the mat . The referee — who was in on the plan — delivered a swift three count , despite Richter kicking out after a count of one . Richter ignored the bell and continued to attack the Spider , unmasking the new champion to reveal that it was The Fabulous Moolah in disguise . It was reported that the plan to rid Richter of the title was concocted by WWF Chairman Vince McMahon , who brought in Moolah after Richter refused to sign a new contract with the WWF . Richter , however , claims she was still under her original five @-@ year contract , but that she regularly had disagreements with McMahon about her compensation . She also claims that when she arrived at the arena that day , she was surprised to find Moolah backstage , as she never showed up to events at which she was not scheduled to wrestle . After the match , an infuriated Richter left the arena in her wrestling gear , took a cab to the airport , and booked herself on a flight out of New York . Afterward , she never spoke to Moolah again . = = = Independent circuit ( 1987 @-@ 2005 ) = = = Upon leaving the WWF , Richter wrestled in Puerto Rico , Japan , and throughout the United States in independent promotions . In Puerto Rico 's World Wrestling Council , she traded the WWC Women 's Championship with Monster Ripper , holding the belt twice : once in May 1987 and once in July 1987 . Richter surfaced in the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) in 1987 to challenge champion Madusa Miceli for the AWA Women 's Championship , winning the title in December 1988 . On December 13 , 1988 , she participated in a mixed tag team match at SuperClash III with partners The Top Guns ( Ricky Rice and Derrick Dukes ) against Badd Company ( Paul Diamond and Pat Tanaka ) and Madusa Miceli . Richter 's team won the match when she pinned Miceli . On January 29 , 2005 , Richter appeared at WrestleReunion in an eight @-@ woman tag team match ( teaming with Bambi , Malia Hosaka , and Jenny Taylor wrestling against Sherri Martel , Peggy Lee Leather , Krissy Vaine , and Amber O 'Neal . In August of that same year , Richter appeared at the second WrestleReunion event , WrestleReunion 2 , in a six @-@ person tag team match . = = = Life after wrestling and WWE Hall of Fame ( 2005 @-@ present ) = = = In the years after her retirement , Richter was uninvolved with wrestling . In a 2005 shoot interview , she expressed disgust towards the portrayal of women in the WWE product , and was still hurt over her WWF exit . In 2010 , Richter was offered induction in the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2010 , which she accepted . She was inducted by Roddy Piper . In contrast of her shoot interviews , her speech spoke fondly of her wrestling career and how the WWE Divas thanked her for her influence . Richter 's speech ended joyfully , exclaiming " Girls Just Wanna Have Fun ! " On the June 16 , 2012 episode of Raw , Richter appeared in a in @-@ ring segment along with Cyndi Lauper , Roddy Piper and then @-@ Diva 's Champion Layla as part of the " 1000th episode " buildup . Piper expressed his gratitude to Richter and Lauper for their " Rock ' N Wrestling " angle and presented Lauper with a gold record , with which she eventually hit Heath Slater , who at the time had a gimmick of insulting veteran Superstars before getting his comeuppance . = = Personal life = = Wendi Richter grew up in Dallas , Texas , and before she entered the world of professional wrestling , she worked on her family 's ranch and took part in rodeo competitions . She attended Bossier High School , where she participated in volleyball , track , and cross @-@ country . She later majored in computer programming at Dallas 's Draughon 's Business College . In the 1980s , she moved to Crystal River , Florida . After leaving the business , Richter worked as a real estate agent . She also returned to school for 13 years , earning a degree in physical therapy and a Master 's degree in occupational therapy . Aside from therapy , Richter competes in dog shows , including the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . She was once married to Hugo Savinovich , an announcer for the WWF . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves Sitout DDT Signature moves Powerbomb Swinging arm wrench facebuster Managers Cyndi Lauper Entrance music " Girls Just Want to Have Fun " by Cyndi Lauper " She Bop " by Cyndi Lauper = = Championships and accomplishments = = American Wrestling Association AWA Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) Cauliflower Alley Club Other honoree ( 1993 ) National Wrestling Alliance NWA Women 's World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) - with Joyce Grable National Wrestling Federation NWF Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2012 World Wrestling Council WWC Women 's Championship ( 2 times ) World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment WWF Women 's Championship ( 2 times ) WWE Hall of Fame ( Class of 2010 ) Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards Worst Match of the Year ( 1984 ) vs. The Fabulous Moolah on July 23
= James Crumley ( footballer ) = James Brymer Crumley ( 17 July 1890 – 1981 ) , also known as Jamie , Jim or Jimmy Crumley , was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper . A native of Dundee , Crumley began his football career with Junior club Harp , from where he moved into the senior ranks , spending the 1911 – 12 Scottish League season with Dundee Hibernian . He played in America for two seasons , then returned to Scotland where he kept goal for Central League team Arbroath before serving with the Royal Engineers during the First World War . He resumed his football career with a brief return to Dundee Hibs , then moved south of the border to play for Swansea Town , initially in the Southern League and then for three seasons in the English Football League . This was followed by a year with Bristol City , two seasons with Darlington , whom he helped gain promotion to the Second Division , and three years with Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic where he finished his career . = = Personal life = = Crumley was born in Dundee in 1890 , the son of William Ferguson Crumley , a tinsmith . His older brother , Bob Crumley , also played professionally as a goalkeeper , and was in the Dundee team that won the 1910 Scottish Cup Final , defeating Clyde after two replays . The passenger list when he sailed for America in 1912 listed his occupation as that of blacksmith . During the First World War , Crumley joined the Royal Engineers . By mid @-@ 1915 , he was a section corporal stationed near Dundee , and he went to reach the rank of sergeant and served in France . He was twice mentioned in despatches , and was wounded and affected by shell shock . He married Eva Caroline Camamile at All Saints ' Church , Winthorpe , Nottinghamshire , in 1921 . In 1932 , while working as traffic manager for a lorry firm , Crumley suffered head injuries when the lorry he was travelling in struck a stationary vehicle ; his two colleagues were killed . At the time , he was living in the Kensington district of London . His death at the age of 90 was registered in the second quarter of 1981 in the Merton registration district , which covers the London Borough of Merton . = = Football career = = = = = Early career = = = Crumley joined Dundee Hibernian from Junior club Harp in September 1911 . The Courier thought the club had " done a good stroke of business " in recruiting " without doubt one of the finest goalkeepers in the district " . He went straight into the team for the Second Division visit to Albion Rovers on 16 September , and missed only one match between then and the end of the season . He did not re @-@ sign for the new season , because he intended to go to America to play football , but before he left in October , he appeared for Vale of Atholl in the Qualifying Cup . While in America he was reported to have played for a variety of clubs , including Paterson Rangers , IRT Strollers , for whom he appeared on the losing side in the ( New York ) Metropolitan League Cup , and New York Celtic . He was selected in goal for the New York State Amateur League representative eleven to face the National Association Football League on New Year 's Day 1914 ; his team lost 3 – 1 . In June of that year , he returned to Scotland on the SS California . The liner ran aground off the coast of Ireland with more than a thousand passengers aboard , all of whom had to be transferred to other vessels to complete their crossing . Bob Crumley had captained Central League club Arbroath in the 1913 – 14 season , but when his work restricted his availability , he recommended the club try his brother instead . Crumley " worthily upheld his reputation " , appearing in 31 of the 32 matches played in all competitions . During the First World War , Crumley played for his regimental team , and for English clubs Nottingham Forest and Swindon Town , when his military duties allowed . = = = Post @-@ war career = = = Dundee Hibs had retained his registration ever since he left the club in 1912 , and he resumed playing for them in March 1919 . He signed on again for the 1919 – 20 Eastern League season , and his performances attracted attention from clubs outside Scotland . On 20 December 1919 , he signed for Swansea Town , then a Southern League club , for a fee reported to be over £ 200 . Crumley himself received a share of the fee as well as wages of £ 6 a week , and the Dundee People 's Journal wished him well : " A cheery personality in the pavilion and out of it , James Crumley deserves the best , for he 's a tip @-@ top player , and a ' sport ' in victory and defeat alike . " He went straight into the first team for the Christmas fixtures against Bristol Rovers ; although Swansea conceded three goals in the away match , the Cambrian Daily Leader stated that " one could not improve on Crumley as a goalie . " The following March , he was selected to keep goal for a Southern League Welsh XI against their English counterparts . Swansea were elected to the Football League in 1920 , when a new Third Division was formed from the majority of the previous season 's Southern League First Division clubs . Crumley played early in the season , but did not keep his place . A year later , the Sunday Post suggested he had " improved wonderfully since the opening of last season " , but although he remained with Swansea until 1923 , he played mainly for the reserve team . Crumley joined Bristol City , newly promoted to the Second Division for 1923 – 24 , as a backup to Frank Vallis . By 13 October , with Bristol City already bottom of the table and both Vallis and Robert Goddard already tried in goal , Crumley made his debut in a 1 – 1 draw with Southampton . According to the Western Daily Press , he had nothing to do , so " we [ had ] yet to learn ... how good he is when asked to meet League requirements " . He kept his place for the next match , a 1 – 0 defeat to Fulham , in which he exhibited a tendency to rush off his line when he should not , but that was his last appearance in the League side . = = = Later career = = = When Andy Greig was released by Third Division North club Darlington in June 1924 for financial reasons , Crumley signed as his replacement ; his brother had kept goal for the club when they played in the North @-@ Eastern League before the war . Crumley was ever @-@ present as Darlington won the division and consequent promotion to the Second Division . Although the record @-@ breaking goalscoring of Davie Brown attracted most attention , Crumley 's contribution to his club 's success was generally appreciated . A profile in the Derby Daily Telegraph at the start of the new season described him as " not as tall as some goalkeepers , but his sense of anticipation is highly developed , while his judgment is good , hands safe , and his clearances pronounced . " Performances such as that in a draw with Chelsea in October 1925 , when " practically every report of the match , in which two goals were divided , declared Crumley as one of the best on the field " , led to speculation about his possible selection for the Scotland national team , yet two weeks after the Chelsea match , after 55 consecutive first @-@ team appearances , he was dropped to the reserves in favour of John Maughan . The two shared goalkeeping duties for the remainder of the season , Crumley making 24 league appearances . He was not included on Darlington 's retained list , and signed for Third Division South club Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic . Crumley began his Bournemouth career as reserve , but was in the first team by mid @-@ September . According to the Daily Express , it was due to Crumley 's " heroic efforts " that Coventry City 's score was restricted to six , but in October , he scored an own goal in a draw with Merthyr Town and then fumbled a cross to gift Exeter City a goal . He and Jock Robson each made 42 appearances in league matches over their first two seasons , after which Crumley was retained for 1928 – 29 but used mainly as backup for Peter McSevich . Crumley retired at the end of that season , having made 147 appearances over a nine @-@ year career in the English Football League .
= Maryland Route 213 = Maryland Route 213 ( MD 213 ) is a 68 @.@ 25 @-@ mile ( 109 @.@ 84 km ) state highway located on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the United States . The route runs from MD 662 in Wye Mills , Queen Anne 's County north to the Pennsylvania border in Cecil County , where it continues into that state as Pennsylvania Route 841 ( PA 841 ) . The route , which is a two @-@ lane undivided highway its entire length , passes through mostly rural areas as well as the communities of Centreville , Chestertown , Galena , Cecilton , Chesapeake City , and Elkton . MD 213 intersects many routes including U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) near Wye Mills , US 301 near Centreville , and US 40 in Elkton . It crosses over the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal in Chesapeake City on the Chesapeake City Bridge . MD 213 is designated by the state as the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway between the southern terminus and Chesapeake City with the portion north of MD 18 in Centreville a National Scenic Byway . In addition , the route is also considered part of the Atlantic to Appalachians Scenic Byway between Chesapeake City and MD 273 in Fair Hill . The route was initially designated as US 213 in 1926 when the U.S. Highway System was established , running from Ocean City west and north to US 40 in Elkton . The highway was rerouted to cross the Nanticoke River in Vienna by 1933 , with the former route between Mardela Springs and Eldorado becoming a part of MD 313 and the alignment between Eldorado and Rhodesdale becoming part of MD 14 . US 213 was rerouted to use the Emerson C. Harrington Bridge over the Choptank River in Cambridge in 1939 ; the former alignment between Vienna and Easton became MD 331 . Meanwhile , the road between Elkton and the Pennsylvania border became MD 280 . US 213 was moved to a bypass of Easton and straight alignment between Easton and Wye Mills in 1948 . A year later , the southern terminus was cut back to US 50 in Wye Mills , with an extended US 50 replacing US 213 between Wye Mills and Ocean City . In 1971 , US 213 and MD 280 were decommissioned and replaced with MD 213 . = = Route description = = MD 213 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial within the town of Elkton . = = = Queen Anne 's County = = = MD 213 begins at an intersection with MD 662 ( Wye Mills Road ) in Wye Mills , Queen Anne 's County , heading to the north on College Drive , a two @-@ lane undivided road . From the southern terminus , MD 213 is designated by the state as the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway . The road heads into rural farmland , passing Chesapeake College on the left before intersecting US 50 ( Ocean Gateway ) . Past this intersection , MD 213 continues north on Centreville Road , passing more farms as well as some residences . The route continues into a mix of woods and farmland before intersecting the northern terminus of MD 309 ( Starr Road ) . A short distance later , the route interchanges with US 301 ( Blue Star Memorial Highway ) . Past the US 301 interchange , MD 213 continues through more rural areas before entering Centreville , where it passes some residential and commercial areas . It intersects MD 18 ( 4H Park Road ) . At this intersection , MD 213 becomes a part of the National Scenic Byway portion of the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway . Past MD 18 , the route continues into residential areas , eventually splitting into a one @-@ way pair with northbound MD 213 following Commerce Street and southbound MD 213 following Liberty Street . This pairing continues past residences before heading into the downtown area , where the road intersects MD 304 ( Water Street ) . Westbound MD 304 secretly joins northbound MD 213 for a concurrency that lasts until Broadway , where it continues to the west . MD 213 leaves downtown Centreville past MD 304 . The one @-@ way pair ends and the route continues north on two @-@ lane undivided Liberty Street , passing by residences and some businesses . At the end of the one @-@ way pair , the route sees an average of 12 @,@ 912 vehicles daily . It intersects the western terminus of MD 305 ( Hope Road ) , and passes by more residences before becoming Church Hill Road , which heads north into a mix of woods and farms with some housing developments . It angles to the northeast and then north through more rural areas , consisting mostly of farm fields with some wooded areas and occasional residences . MD 213 continues in a northeast direction before reaching Church Hill . Upon reaching Church Hill , the route intersects MD 19A ( South Main Street ) , which loops to the east of MD 213 to head into the town . Meanwhile , MD 213 bypasses Church Hill to the west , running through woodland , and intersects the western terminus of MD 300 ( Sudlersville Road ) . The route heads back into farmland and intersects MD 19 ( North Main Street ) , leaving the Church Hill area . MD 213 continues north through a mix of woods and farms . From here , the route turns northwest through more farmland before it passes some residences and businesses near the intersection with the western terminus of MD 544 ( Mcginnis Road ) . Past the MD 544 intersection , the road continues through rural areas , but residences and businesses start to increase . MD 213 passes through Kingstown before crossing the Chester River on a drawbridge . = = = Kent County = = = Upon crossing the Chester River , MD 213 enters Chestertown in Kent County , where the route heads northwest on Maple Avenue through residential areas . It intersects MD 289 ( Cross Street ) in the downtown area and turns north onto Washington Avenue at the intersection with Spring Avenue . Washington Avenue carries MD 213 north through residential neighborhoods and passes by Washington College . Past the college , the route continues past businesses and intersects MD 291 ( Morgnec Road ) . Past this intersection , MD 213 continues through residential and commercial areas . The road leaves Chestertown and becomes Augustine Herman Highway , which is named for Czech surveyor Augustine Herman . The road heads into farmland with residences along the west side of the road . MD 213 intersects MD 297 ( Worton Road ) and heads past more farm fields . The road turns northeast and intersects MD 561 ( Hassenger ’ s Corner Road ) . It continues through more rural areas , consisting mostly of farms with some wooded areas before reaching Kennedyville , where MD 213 passes residences . In Kennedyville , the road crosses over the Chestertown Branch of the Northern Line of the Maryland & Delaware Railroad . Upon leaving Kennedyville , MD 213 continues back into agricultural areas . The route makes a turn to the east , with an old bypassed segment remaining as unsigned MD 855 . MD 213 intersects MD 298 ( Browntown Road ) and resumes northeast and east again . It intersects unsigned MD 449 ( Shallcross Wharf Road ) , which connects to MD 444 ( Kentmore Park Road ) , which MD 213 intersects a short distance later . From here , the route continues east and northeast through more farmland before heading into a mix of farms and woods . The route enters Galena , where it becomes Cross Street . In the center of town , MD 213 meets MD 290 and MD 313 at the intersection with Main Street . Here , MD 290 and MD 313 continue south on Main Street , MD 290 continues east on Cross Street , and MD 213 makes a left turn to head north on Main Street . Main Street passes residences before leaving Galena , where the road becomes Augustine Herman Highway again . The road continues through a mix of farms and woods before reaching Georgetown , where the route passes some homes before crossing the Sassafras River on a drawbridge near a marina . = = = Cecil County = = = MD 213 enters Cecil County upon crossing the Sassafras River , where it continues north through wooded and agricultural areas with some residences . The route enters Cecilton , where it becomes Bohemia Avenue . In Cecilton , MD 213 passes residences and intersects MD 282 ( Main Street ) in the center of town . Upon leaving Cecilton , the name of the road becomes Augustine Herman Highway again . MD 213 passes through farmland , with intermittent woods and rural residences , before crossing over the Bohemia River . Past the Bohemia River , the road turns northeast through more rural areas before intersecting the western terminus of MD 310 ( Cayots Corner Road ) . Past MD 310 , the route continues through farms and woods with some residences and businesses before heading into the Chesapeake City area , where residences increase along the road . Upon reaching Chesapeake City , MD 213 features an interchange with MD 537 , which provides access to the southern portion of Chesapeake City as well as to MD 286 and MD 342 . In Chesapeake City , the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway ends and MD 213 continues north as a part of the Atlantic to Appalachians Scenic Byway which crosses the state of Maryland . Past this interchange , MD 213 passes over the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal on the Chesapeake City Bridge . Upon crossing the canal , the road intersects MD 285 ( Lock Street ) , which provides access to the northern portion of Chesapeake City . Past MD 285 , the route resumes through a mix of woodland and farmland , with residential areas increasing along the road . It approaches the Elkton area and heads through residential areas . MD 213 enters Elkton at the intersection with US 40 ( Pulaski Highway ) . Past this intersection , the route heads northwest on Bridge Street , passing through commercial areas . The route intersects Main Street , which continues east of MD 213 as a one @-@ way street eastbound . Past Main Street , the road continues north and passes over Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor before intersecting MD 545 ( Elkton Boulevard ) . MD 213 continues past commercial areas to the west and residential areas to the east before its intersection with MD 279 ( Elkton Road / Newark Avenue ) . Past the MD 279 intersection , the route leaves Elkton and becomes Singerly Road , which continues past residences . MD 213 enters a mix of woods and farms and passes over Interstate 95 ( John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway ) and CSX 's Philadelphia Subdivision within a short distance of each other . It continues through a mix of farms and residences before the road reaches the Leeds roundabout with Leeds Road . Past the roundabout , the route resumes north , intersecting MD 273 ( Telegraph Road ) in Fair Hill west of the Fair Hill Training Center , where the Atlantic to Appalachians Scenic Byway leaves MD 213 and heads west along MD 273 . From here , MD 213 continues northwest and west as Lewisville Road through a mix of rural areas and residences before ending at the Pennsylvania border . Here , the road continues north as PA 841 into Lewisville , intersecting the southern terminus of PA 472 just north of the state line . = = History = = In 1911 , what would become US 213 was completed as a state highway between Hebron and Riverton via Mardela Springs , Easton and Longwoods , Centerville and Church Hill , and in the Chestertown area , while the present road between Elkton and Singerly was also built as a state highway . The portion of roads between Riverton and Sharptown , Brookview and Hurlock , Church Hill and southeast of Chestertown , northeast of Chestertown and northeast of Kennedyville , and Chesapeake City and Elkton were under contract to be built as state roads . At this time , a state highway was proposed along the segments between Ocean City and Berlin , Salisbury and Hebron , Sharptown and Brookview , Hurlock and Easton , Longwoods and Centreville , northeast of Kennedyville and Chesapeake City , and Elkton and Fair Hill . By 1915 , the entire length of road between Ocean City and Elkton was completed as a state highway . The state highway between Singerly and south of Fair Hill was finished by 1923 . The state highway was finished to Fair Hill by 1927 . With the creation of the U.S. Highway System on November 11 , 1926 , US 213 was designated to run from the Atlantic Ocean in Ocean City west and north to US 40 in Elkton . The route headed west from Ocean City through Berlin and Salisbury ( where it intersected its parent route US 13 ) , before it turned northwest to Mardela Springs . Here , US 213 turned to the north and ran to Eldorado , where it continued northwest through Hurlock and Preston to Easton . From Easton , the route continued north to Wye Mills and followed the present alignment of MD 213 to Elkton . A new Dover Bridge over the Choptank River east of Easton , replacing a bridge built in the 19th century , was completed in 1932 . By 1933 , US 213 was rerouted to cross the Nanticoke River at Vienna instead of at Sharptown . The route headed west from Mardela Springs to Vienna , where it turned north to Rhodesdale . The former alignment of US 213 became a southern extension of MD 313 between Mardela Springs and Eldorado and an eastern extension of MD 14 between Rhodesdale and Eldorado . In 1939 , US 213 was realigned to cross the Choptank River at Cambridge on the Emerson C. Harrington Bridge that opened in 1935 . The route replaced MD 344 between Vienna and Mount Holly , ran concurrent with MD 16 between Mount Holly and Cambridge , and turned north across the river to continue to Easton . The former routing of US 213 between Vienna and Easton became MD 331 . Also , US 213 was relocated to a new alignment to the north between West Ocean City and Ocean City . In 1939 , the road between US 40 and the northern terminus of US 213 in Elkton and the Pennsylvania border north of Fair Hill was designated MD 280 . The portion of MD 280 between Fair Hill and the Pennsylvania border was built as a state highway by 1933 . On July 28 , 1942 , the vertical lift bridge carrying US 213 over the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal , built in 1927 , was destroyed when the tanker Franz Klasen struck it . The destroyed bridge was replaced by the current Chesapeake City Bridge , which opened in 1949 . The approaches to the original bridge are now designated as MD 537 and a western extension of MD 285 . A portion of US 213 south of Easton was moved to a straight alignment by 1946 ; the former routing became MD 565 . By 1946 , work was underway for a bypass to the east of Easton along with a straight alignment between Easton and Wye Mills . US 213 was moved to this new alignment in 1948 , with the former alignment on Washington Street in Easton becoming an extended MD 333 in the southern part of the city and an extended MD 33 in the northern part the city , while MD 662 was designated on the original alignment between Easton and Wye Mills . In 1949 , the southern terminus of US 213 was cut back to US 50 in Wye Mills , with the former route between Wye Mills and Ocean City becoming an extension of US 50 from Annapolis over the newly completed Chesapeake Bay Bridge . The former routing of US 213 between Wye Mills and Ocean City is now US 50 between Wye Mills and Vienna , Old Route 50 through Vienna , US 50 between Vienna and Salisbury , US 50 Bus. through Salisbury , MD 346 between Salisbury and east of Berlin , and US 50 between east of Berlin and Ocean City . On December 3 , 1971 , the American Association of State Highway Officials approved the elimination of the US 213 designation . US 213 along with MD 280 were replaced by MD 213 , which ran from MD 662 in Wye Mills north to the Pennsylvania border north of Fair Hill . In 1994 , the at @-@ grade intersection with US 301 was replaced with an interchange . = = Junction list = = = = Auxiliary route = = MD 213A runs along the ramp from MD 537D to southbound MD 213 in Chesapeake City , Cecil County . The route is 0 @.@ 05 mi ( 0 @.@ 080 km ) long .
= Smilodon = Smilodon / ˈsmaɪlədɒn / , is an extinct genus of machairodont felid . It is perhaps one of the most famous prehistoric mammals , and the best known saber @-@ toothed cat . Although commonly known as the saber @-@ toothed tiger , it was not closely related to the tiger or other modern cats . Smilodon lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch ( 2 @.@ 5 mya – 10 @,@ 000 years ago ) . The genus was named in 1842 , based on fossils from Brazil . Three species are recognized today : S. gracilis , S. fatalis and S. populator . The two latter species were probably descended from S. gracilis , which itself probably evolved from Megantereon . The largest collection of Smilodon fossils has been obtained from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles , California . Overall , Smilodon was more robustly built than any extant cat , with particularly well @-@ developed forelimbs and exceptionally long upper canines . Its jaw had a bigger gape than that of modern cats and its upper canines were slender and fragile , being adapted for precision killing . S. gracilis was the smallest species at 55 to 100 kg ( 120 to 220 lb ) in weight . S. fatalis had a weight of 160 to 280 kg ( 350 to 620 lb ) and height of 100 cm ( 39 in ) . Both of these species are mainly known from North America , but remains from South America have also been attributed to them . S. populator from South America is perhaps the largest known felid at 220 to 400 kg ( 490 to 880 lb ) in weight and 120 cm ( 47 in ) in height . The coat pattern of Smilodon is unknown , but it has been artistically restored with plain or spotted patterns . In North America , Smilodon hunted large herbivores such as bison and camels and it remained successful even when encountering new prey species in South America . Smilodon is thought to have killed its prey by holding it still with its forelimbs and biting it , but it is unclear in what manner the bite itself was delivered . Scientists debate whether Smilodon had a social or a solitary lifestyle ; analysis of modern predator behavior as well as of Smilodon 's fossil remains could be construed to lend support to either view . Smilodon probably lived in closed habitats such as forests and bush , which would have provided cover for ambushing prey . Smilodon died out at the same time that most North and South American megafauna disappeared , about 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Its reliance on large animals has been proposed as the cause of its extinction , along with climate change and competition with other species , but the exact cause is unknown . = = Taxonomy = = During the 1830s , Danish naturalist Peter Wilhelm Lund and his assistants collected fossils in the calcareous caves near the small town of Lagoa Santa , Minas Gerais , Brazil . Among the thousands of fossils found , he recognized a few isolated cheek teeth as belonging to a hyena , which he named Hyaena neogaea in 1839 . After more material was found ( including canine teeth and foot bones ) , Lund concluded the fossils instead belonged to a distinct genus of felid , though transitional to the hyenas . He stated it would have matched the largest modern predators in size , and was more robust than any modern cat . Lund originally wanted to name the new genus Hyænodon , but realizing this had recently become preoccupied by another prehistoric predator , he instead named it Smilodon populator in 1842 . He explained the Ancient Greek meaning of Smilodon as σμίλη ( smilē ) , a scalpel or two @-@ edged knife , and ὀδoύς ( odoús ) , tooth . This has also been translated as " tooth shaped like double @-@ edged knife " . He explained the species name populator as " the destroyer " , which has also been translated as " he who brings devastation " . By 1846 , Lund had acquired nearly every part of the skeleton ( from different individuals ) , and more specimens were found in neighboring countries by other collectors in the following years . Though some later authors used Lund 's original species name neogaea instead of populator , it is now considered an invalid nomen nudum ( " naked name " ) , as it was not accompanied with a proper description and no type specimens were designated . Some South American specimens have been referred to other genera , subgenera , species , and subspecies , such as Smilodontidion riggii , Smilodon ( Prosmilodon ) ensenadensis , and S. bonaeriensis , but these are now thought to be junior synonyms of S. populator . Fossils of Smilodon were discovered in North America from the second half of the 19th century onwards . In 1869 , American paleontologist Joseph Leidy described a maxilla fragment with a molar , which had been discovered in a petroleum bed in Hardin County , Texas . He referred the specimen to the genus Felis ( which was then used for most cats , extant as well as extinct ) but found it distinct enough to be part of its own subgenus , as F. ( Trucifelis ) fatalis . The species name means " fate " or " destiny " , but it is thought Leidy intended it to mean " fatal " . In an 1880 article about extinct American cats , American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope pointed out that the F. fatalis molar was identical to that of Smilodon , and he proposed the new combination S. fatalis . Most North American finds were scanty until excavations began in the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles , where hundreds of individuals of S. fatalis have been found since 1875 . S. fatalis has junior synonyms such as S. mercerii , S. floridanus , and S. californicus . American paleontologist Annalisa Berta considered the holotype of S. fatalis too incomplete to be an adequate type specimen , and the species has at times been proposed to be a junior synonym of S. populator . Swedish paleontologists Björn Kurtén and Lars Werdelin supported the distinctness of the two species in 1990 . In his 1880 article about extinct cats , Cope also named a third species of Smilodon , S. gracilis . The species was based on a partial canine , which had been obtained in a cave near the Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania . Cope found the canine to be distinct from that of the other Smilodon species due to its smaller size and more compressed base . Its specific name refers to the species ' lighter build . This species is known from fewer and less complete remains than the other members of the genus . S. gracilis has at times been considered part of genera such as Megantereon and Ischyrosmilus . S. populator , S. fatalis and S. gracilis are currently considered the only valid species of Smilodon , and features used to define most of their junior synonyms have been dismissed as variation between individuals of the same species ( intraspecific variation ) . One of the most famous of prehistoric mammals , Smilodon has often been featured in popular media and is the state fossil of California . = = = Evolution = = = Long the most completely known saber @-@ toothed cat , Smilodon is still one of the best @-@ known members of the group , to the point where the two concepts have been confused . The term " saber @-@ tooth " refers to an ecomorph consisting of various groups of extinct predatory synapsids ( mammals and close relatives ) , which convergently evolved extremely long maxillary canines , as well as adaptations to the skull and skeleton related to their use . This includes members of Gorgonopsia , Thylacosmilidae , Machaeroidinae ( e.g. Machaeroides ) , Nimravidae , Barbourofelidae , and Machairodontinae . Within the family Felidae ( true cats ) , members of the subfamily Machairodontinae are referred to as saber @-@ toothed cats , and this group is itself divided into three tribes : Metailurini ( false saber @-@ tooths ) , Homotherini ( scimitar @-@ toothed cats ) , and Smilodontini ( dirk @-@ toothed cats ) , to which Smilodon belongs . Members of Smilodontini are defined by their long slender canines with fine to no serrations , whereas Homotherini are typified by shorter , broad , and more flattened canines , with coarser serrations . Members of Metailurini were less specialized and had shorter , less flattened canines , and are not recognized as members of Machairodontinae by some researchers . The earliest felids are known from the Oligocene of Europe , such as Proailurus , and the earliest one with saber @-@ tooth features is the Miocene genus Pseudaelurus . The skull and mandible morphology of the earliest saber @-@ toothed cats was similar to that of the modern clouded leopards ( Neofelis ) . The lineage further adapted to the precision killing of large animals by developing elongated canine teeth and wider gapes , in the process sacrificing high bite force . As their canines became longer , the bodies of the cats became more robust for immobilizing prey . In derived smilodontins and homotherins , the lumbar region of the spine and the tail became shortened , as did the hind limbs . The earliest species of Smilodon is S. gracilis , which existed from 2 @.@ 5 million to 500 @,@ 000 years ago ( early Blancan to Irvingtonian ages ) and was the successor in North America of Megantereon , from which it probably evolved . Megantereon itself had entered North America from Eurasia during the Pliocene , along with Homotherium . S. gracilis reached the northern regions of South America in the Early Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange . The younger Smilodon species are probably derived from S. gracilis . S. fatalis existed 1 @.@ 6 million – 10 @,@ 000 years ago ( late Irvingtonian to Rancholabrean ages ) , and replaced S. gracilis in North America . S. populator existed 1 million – 10 @,@ 000 years ago ( Ensenadan to Lujanian ages ) ; it occurred in the eastern parts of South America . Despite the colloquial name " saber @-@ toothed tiger " , Smilodon is not closely related to the modern tiger ( which belongs in the subfamily Pantherinae ) , or any other extant felid . An 1992 ancient DNA analysis suggested that Smilodon should be grouped with modern cats ( subfamilies Felinae and Pantherinae ) . However , a 2005 study found that Smilodon belonged to a separate lineage . A study published in 2006 confirmed this , showing that the Machairodontinae diverged early from the ancestors of modern cats and were not closely related to any living species . The following cladogram based on fossils and DNA analysis shows the placement of Smilodon among extinct and extant felids , after Rincón and colleagues , 2011 : = = Description = = Smilodon was around the size of modern big cats , but was more robustly built . It had a reduced lumbar region , high scapula , short tail , and broad limbs with relatively short feet . Smilodon is most famous for its relatively long canine teeth , which are the longest found in the saber @-@ toothed cats , at about 28 cm ( 11 in ) long in the largest species , S. populator . The canines were slender and had fine serrations on the front and back side . The skull was robustly proportioned and the muzzle was short and broad . The cheek bones ( zygomata ) were deep and widely arched , the sagittal crest was prominent , and the frontal region was slightly convex . The mandible had a flange on each side of the front . The upper incisors were large , sharp , and slanted forwards . There was a diastema ( gap ) between the incisors and molars of the mandible . The lower incisors were broad , recurved , and placed in a straight line across . The p3 premolar tooth of the mandible was present in most early specimens , but lost in later specimens ; it was only present in 6 % of the La Brea sample . There is some dispute over whether Smilodon was sexually dimorphic . Some studies of S. fatalis fossils have found little difference between the sexes . Conversely , a 2012 study found that , while fossils of S. fatalis show less variation in size among individuals than modern Panthera , they do appear to show the same difference between the sexes in some traits . S. gracilis was the smallest species , estimated at 55 to 100 kg ( 120 to 220 lb ) in weight , about the size of a jaguar . It was similar to its predecessor Megantereon of the same size , but its dentition and skull were more advanced , approaching S. fatalis . S. fatalis was intermediate in size between S. gracilis and S. populator . It ranged from 160 to 280 kg ( 350 to 620 lb ) . and reached a shoulder height of 100 cm ( 39 in ) and body length of 175 cm ( 69 in ) . It was similar to a lion in dimensions , but was more robust and muscular , and therefore had a larger body mass . Its skull was also similar to that of Megantereon , though more massive and with larger canines . S. populator was perhaps the largest known felid , with a body mass range of 220 to 400 kg ( 490 to 880 lb ) , and one estimate suggesting up to 470 kg ( 1 @,@ 040 lb ) . It stood at a shoulder height of 120 cm ( 47 in ) . Compared to S. fatalis , S. populator was more robust and had a more elongated and narrow skull with a straighter upper profile , higher positioned nasal bones , a more vertical occiput , more massive metapodials and slightly longer forelimbs relative to hindlimbs . Large tracks from Argentina ( for which the ichnotaxon name Smilodonichium has been proposed ) have been attributed to S. populator , and measure 17 @.@ 6 cm ( 6 @.@ 9 in ) cm by 19 @.@ 2 cm ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) cm . This is larger than tracks of the Bengal tiger , to which the footprints have been compared . Traditionally , saber @-@ toothed cats have been artistically restored with external features similar to those of extant felids , by artists such as Charles R. Knight in collaboration with various paleontologists in the early 20th century . In 1969 , paleontologist G. J. Miller instead proposed that Smilodon would have looked very different from a typical cat and similar to a bulldog , with a lower lip line ( to allow its mouth to open wide without tearing the facial tissues ) , a more retracted nose and lower @-@ placed ears . Paleoartist Mauricio Antón and coauthors disputed this in 1998 and maintained that the facial features of Smilodon were overall not very different from those of other cats . Antón noted that modern animals like the hippopotamus are able to achieve a wide gap without tearing tissue by the moderate folding of the orbicularis oris muscle , and such a muscle configuration exists in modern large felids . Antón stated that extant phylogenetic bracketing ( where the features of the closest extant relatives of a fossil taxon are used as reference ) is the most reliable way of restoring the life @-@ appearance of prehistoric animals , and the cat @-@ like Smilodon restorations by Knight are therefore still accurate . Smilodon and other saber @-@ toothed cats have been reconstructed with both plain @-@ colored coats and with spotted patterns ( which appears to be the ancestral condition for feliforms ) , both of which are considered possible . Studies of modern cat species have found that species that live in the open tend to have uniform coats while those that live in more vegetated habitats have more markings . However , exceptions to both cases exist . Some coat features , such as the manes of male lions or the stripes of the tiger , are too unusual to predict from fossils . = = Paleobiology = = = = = Predatory behavior = = = An apex predator , Smilodon primarily hunted large mammals . Isotopes preserved in the bones of S. fatalis in the La Brea Tar Pits reveal that ruminants like bison ( Bison antiquus , which was much larger than the modern American bison ) and camels ( Camelops ) were most commonly taken by the cats there . In addition , isotopes preserved in the tooth enamel of S. gracilis specimens from Florida show that this species fed on the peccary Platygonus and the llama @-@ like Hemiauchenia . Isotopic studies of dire wolf ( Canis dirus ) and American lion ( Panthera leo atrox ) bones show an overlap with S. fatalis in prey , which suggests that they were competitors . The availability of prey in the Rancho La Brea area was likely comparable to modern East Africa . As Smilodon migrated to South America , its diet changed ; bison were absent , the horses and proboscideans were different , and native ungulates such as toxodonts and litopterns were completely unfamiliar , yet S. populator thrived as well there as its relatives in North America . The differences between the North and South American species may be due to the difference in prey between the two continents . Smilodon probably avoided eating bone and would have left enough food for scavengers . Smilodon itself may have scavenged dire wolf kills . It has been suggested that Smilodon was a scavenger that mainly used its canines for display to assert dominance over carcasses , but this theory is not supported today and no modern terrestrial mammals are pure scavengers . The brain of Smilodon had sulcal patterns similar to modern cats , which suggests an increased complexity of the regions that control the sense of hearing , sight , and coordination of the limbs . Felid saber @-@ tooths in general had relatively small eyes that were not as forward @-@ facing as those of modern cats , which have good binocular vision to help them move in trees . Smilodon was likely an ambush predator that concealed itself in dense vegetation . The heel bone of Smilodon was fairly long , which suggests it was a good jumper . Its well @-@ developed flexor and extensor muscles in its forearms probably enabled it to pull down , and securely hold down , large prey . Analysis of the cross @-@ sections of S. fatalis humeri indicated that they were strengthened by cortical thickening to such an extent that they would have been able to sustain greater loading than those of extant big cats , or of the extinct American lion . However , the thickening of S. fatalis femurs was within the range of extant felids . Its canines were fragile and could not have bitten into bone ; due to the risk of breaking , these cats had to subdue and restrain their prey with their powerful forelimbs before they could use their canine teeth , and likely used quick slashing or stabbing bites rather than the slow , suffocating bites typically used by modern cats . Debate continues as to how Smilodon killed its prey . Traditionally , the most popular theory is that the cat delivered a deep stabbing bite or open @-@ jawed stabbing thrust to the throat , generally cutting through the jugular vein and / or the trachea and thus killing the prey very quickly . Another hypothesis suggests that Smilodon targeted the belly of its prey . This is disputed , however , as the curvature of their prey 's belly would likely have prevented the cat from getting a good bite or stab . In regard to how Smilodon delivered its bite , the " canine shear @-@ bite " hypothesis has been favored , where flexion of the neck and rotation of the skull assisted in biting the prey , but this may be mechanically impossible . The mandibular flanges may have helped resist bending forces when the mandible was pulled against the hide of a prey . The protruding incisors were arranged in an arch , and were used to hold the prey still and stabilize it while the canine bite was delivered . The contact surface between the canine crown and the gum was enlarged , which helped stabilize the tooth and helped the cat sense when the tooth had penetrated to its maximum extent . Since saber @-@ toothed cats generally had a relatively large infraorbital foramen ( opening ) in the skull , which housed nerves associated with the whiskers , it has been suggested the improved senses would have helped the cats ' precision when biting outside their field of vision , and thereby prevent breakage of the canines . The blade @-@ like carnassial teeth were used to cut skin to access the meat , and the reduced molars suggest that they were less adapted for crushing bones than modern cats . As the food of modern cats enters the mouth through the side while cutting with the carnassials , not the front between the canines , the animals do not need to gape widely , so the canines of Smilodon would likewise not have been a hindrance when feeding . Despite being more powerfully built than other large cats , Smilodon had a weaker bite . Modern big cats have more pronounced zygomatic arches , while these were smaller in Smilodon , which restricted the thickness and therefore power of the temporalis muscles and thus reduced Smilodon 's bite force . Analysis of its narrow jaws indicates that it could produce a bite only a third as strong as that of a lion . There seems to be a general rule that the saber @-@ toothed cats with the largest canines had proportionally weaker bites . However , analyses of canine bending strength ( the ability of the canine teeth to resist bending forces without breaking ) and bite forces indicate that the saber @-@ toothed cats ' teeth were stronger relative to the bite force than those of modern big cats . In addition , Smilodon 's gape could have reached almost 120 degrees , while that of the modern lion reaches 65 degrees . This made the gape wide enough to allow Smilodon to grasp large prey despite the long canines . = = = Natural traps = = = Many Smilodon specimens have been excavated from asphalt seeps that acted as natural carnivore traps . Animals were accidentally trapped in the seeps and became bait for predators that came to scavenge , but these were then trapped themselves . The best @-@ known of such traps are at La Brea in Los Angeles , which have produced the largest sample of saber @-@ toothed cat fossils in the world . The sediments of the pits there were accumulated 40 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 years ago , in the Late Pleistocene . Though the trapped animals were buried quickly , predators often managed to remove limb bones from them , but they were themselves often trapped and then scavenged by other predators ; 90 % of the excavated bones belonged to predators . The Talara Tar Seeps in Peru represent a similar scenario , and have also produced fossils of Smilodon . Unlike in La Brea , many of the bones were broken or show signs of weathering . This may have been because the layers were shallower , so the thrashing of trapped animals damaged the bones of previously trapped animals . Many of the carnivores at Talara were juveniles , possibly indicating that inexperienced and less fit animals had a greater chance of being trapped . Though Lund thought accumulations of Smilodon and herbivore fossils in the Lagoa Santa Caves were due to the cats using the caves as dens , these are probably the result of animals dying on the surface , and water currents subsequently dragging their bones to the floor of the cave , but some individuals may also have died after becoming lost in the caves . = = = Social life = = = Scientists debate whether Smilodon was social . One study of African predators found that social predators like lions and spotted hyenas respond more to the distress calls of prey than solitary species . Since S. fatalis fossils are common at the La Brea Tar Pits , and were likely attracted by the distress calls of stuck prey , this could mean that this species was social as well . One critical study claims that the study neglects other factors , such as body mass ( heavier animals are more likely to get stuck than lighter ones ) , intelligence ( some social animals , like the American lion , may have avoided the tar because they were better able to recognize the hazard ) , lack of visual and olfactory lures , the type of audio lure , and the length of the distress calls ( the actual distress calls of the trapped prey animals would have lasted longer than the calls used in the study ) . The author of that study ponders what predators would have responded if the recordings were played in India , where the otherwise solitary tigers are known to aggregate around a single carcass . The authors of the original study responded that though effects of the calls in the tar pits and the playback experiments would not be identical , this would not be enough to overturn their conclusions . In addition , they stated that weight and intelligence would not likely affect the results as lighter carnivores are far more numerous than heavy herbivores and the social ( and seemingly intelligent ) dire wolf is also found in the pits . Another argument for sociality is based on the healed injuries in several Smilodon fossils , which would suggest that the animals needed others to provide it food . This argument has been questioned , as cats can recover quickly from even severe bone damage and an injured Smilodon could survive if it had access to water . The brain of Smilodon was relatively small compared to other cat species . Some researchers have argued that Smilodon 's brain would have been too small for it to have been a social animal . However , an analysis of brain size in living big cats found no correlation between brain size and sociality . Another argument against Smilodon being social is that being an ambush hunter in closed habitat would likely have made group @-@ living unnecessary , as in most modern cats . Yet it has also been proposed that being the largest predator in an environment comparable to the savanna of Africa , Smilodon may have had a social structure similar to modern lions , which possibly live in groups primarily to defend optimal territory from other lions ( lions are the only social big cats today ) . Whether Smilodon was sexually dimorphic has implications for its reproductive behavior . Based on their conclusions that Smilodon fatalis had no sexual dimorphism , Van Valenburgh and Sacco ( 2002 ) suggested that , if the cats were social , they would likely have lived in monogamous pairs ( along with offspring ) with no intense competition among males for females . Likewise , Meachen @-@ Samuels and Binder ( 2010 ) concluded that aggression between males was less pronounced in S. fatalis than in the American lion . However , Christiansen and Harris ( 2012 ) found that , as S. fatalis did exhibit some sexual dimorphism , there would have been evolutionary selection for competition between males . The structure of the hyoid bones suggest that Smilodon communicated by roaring , like modern big cats . = = = Development = = = Smilodon started developing its adult saber @-@ teeth when the animal turned one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years of age , shortly after the completion of the eruption of the cat 's baby teeth . Both baby and adult canines would be present side by side in the mouth for an 11 @-@ month period , and the muscles used in making the powerful bite were developed at about one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years old as well , eight months earlier than in a modern lion . After Smilodon turned 20 months of age , the infant teeth were shed while the adult canines grew in , a process that continued until the cats reached 3 years of age , later than for modern species of big cat . Juvenile and adolescent Smilodon specimens are extremely rare at Rancho La Brea , where the study was performed , indicating that they remained hidden or at denning sites during hunts , and depended on parental care while their canines were developing . The teeth of S. fatalis reached their full size in 18 months at a growth rate of 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) per month . = = = Paleopathology = = = Several Smilodon fossils show signs of ankylosing spondylitis , hyperostosis and trauma ; some also had arthritis , which gave them fused vertebrae . One study of 1 @,@ 000 Smilodon skulls found that 30 % of them had eroded parietal bones , which is where the largest jaw muscles attach . They also showed signs of microfractures , and the weakening and thinning of bones possibly caused by mechanical stress from the constant need to make stabbing motions with the canines . Bony growths where the deltoid muscle inserted in the humerus is a common pathology for a La Brea specimen , which was probably due to repeated strain when Smilodon attempted to pull down prey with its forelimbs . Sternum injuries are also common , probably due to collision with prey . Some bones also show evidence of having been bitten by other Smilodon , with one skull showing an unhealed wound from a canine , seemingly fatal , and a scapula from the same site that had been pierced by a canine . = = Distribution and habitat = = Smilodon lived during the Pleistocene epoch ( 2 @.@ 5 mya – 10 @,@ 000 years ago ) , and was perhaps the most recent of the saber @-@ toothed cats . Smilodon probably lived in a closed habitat such as forest or bush . Fossils of the genus have been found throughout the Americas . In North America , the varied habitat supported other saber @-@ toothed cats in addition to Smilodon , such as Homotherium and Xenosmilus ; the habitat here varied from subtropical forests and savannah in the south , to treeless mammoth steppes in the north . Smilodon inhabited the temperate latitudes of North America , where the mosaic vegetation of woods , shrubs , and grasses in the southwest supported large herbivores such as horses , bison , antelope , deer , camels , mammoths , mastodons , and ground sloths . Other large carnivores include dire wolves and the American lion . Smilodon gracilis entered South America during the early to middle Pleistocene , where it probably gave rise to S. populator , which lived in the eastern part of the continent . S. fatalis also entered western South America in the late Pleistocene . The American interchange resulted in a mix of native and invasive species sharing the prairies and woodlands in South America ; North American herbivores included proboscideans , horses , camelids and deer , South American herbivores included toxodonts , litopterns , ground sloths , and glyptodonts . Native metatherian predators ( including the saber @-@ toothed thylacosmilids ) had gone extinct by the Pliocene , and were replaced by North American carnivores such as canids , bears , and large cats . S. populator was very successful here , while Homotherium never became widespread . The extinction of the thylacosmilids has been attributed to competition with Smilodon , but this is probably incorrect , as they seem to have disappeared before the arrival of the large cats . The phorusrhacid " terror birds " may have dominated the large predator niche in South America until Smilodon arrived . In South America , S. populator preferred large prey from open habitats such as grassland and plains , based on evidence gathered from isotope ratios that determined the animal 's diet . In this way , the South American Smilodon species was probably similar to the modern lion . S. populator probably competed with the canid Protocyon there , but not with the jaguar , which fed primarily on smaller prey . = = Extinction = = Along with most of the Pleistocene megafauna , Smilodon became extinct 10 @,@ 000 years ago in the Quaternary extinction event . Its extinction has been linked to the decline and extinction of large herbivores , which were replaced by smaller and more agile ones like deer . Hence , Smilodon could have been too specialized at hunting large prey and may have been unable to adapt . However , a 2012 study of Smilodon tooth wear found no evidence that they were limited by food resources . Other explanations include climate change and competition with humans ( which entered the Americas around the time Smilodon disappeared ) , or a combination of several factors , all of which apply to the general Pleistocene extinction event , rather than specifically to the extinction of the saber @-@ toothed cats . Some early writers theorized that the last saber @-@ toothed cats , Smilodon and Homotherium , became extinct through competition with the faster and more generalized felids that replaced them . It was even proposed that the saber @-@ toothed predators were inferior to modern cats , as the ever @-@ growing canines were thought to inhibit their owners from feeding properly . Yet fast felids such as the American lion and the American cheetah also became extinct during the Late Pleistocene . The fact that saber @-@ teeth evolved many times in unrelated lineages also attests to the success of this feature .
= Andy Hessenthaler = Andrew " Andy " Hessenthaler ( born 17 August 1965 in Dartford , Kent ) is an English football manager and former player . He began his career in non @-@ league football and did not turn professional until he joined Watford at the age of 26 . In 1996 , Hessenthaler joined Gillingham and spent the next ten years at the club as player and later player @-@ manager , managing the club to its highest ever finish in the English football league system and becoming regarded as a legend of the Kent club . After leaving Gillingham , he had a short spell at Barnet before joining Dover Athletic in 2007 . In his two seasons in charge he led the club to successive championships , of Isthmian League Division One South and the Isthmian League Premier Division . After three years at Dover , he became manager at Gillingham for the second time , but his contract was terminated at the end of the 2011 – 12 season . He returned to the club as assistant manager in 2014 , before taking on a similar role at Leyton Orient the following year . In 2016 , he was appointed manager of the club . = = Career = = = = = Non @-@ league career = = = As a teenager , Hessenthaler played for the youth team of his local club Dartford . He later joined Fawkham @-@ based amateur team Corinthian , but Charlton Athletic took him on in 1983 on a non @-@ contract trial basis . He failed to secure a contract with the club , however , and returned to playing on a part @-@ time basis while working as a builder . In 1986 , he was spotted by Dartford manager Peter Taylor while playing in a Kent Senior Cup match . Hessenthaler signed for his hometown club on a wage of £ 40 per week , the first regular income he had ever received for playing . Hessenthaler spent four years at the club , during which time Dartford reached the semi @-@ finals of the FA Trophy on two occasions and finished twice as runners @-@ up in the Southern League . In 1990 , he was called up to the England National Game XI , the national team for semi @-@ professional players . Later that year , he moved on to Redbridge Forest , where he spent one season and helped the team win the Isthmian League championship . = = = Watford = = = On the recommendation of Peter Taylor , who was by now assistant manager of Watford , Hessenthaler was signed by the Hertfordshire club for a transfer fee of £ 65 @,@ 000 at the beginning of the 1991 – 92 season . He opted to make the move even though becoming a full @-@ time professional player would mean taking a drop in earnings compared to what he was making combining semi @-@ professional football with building work . His professional debut was against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park on 17 September 1991 , and , despite having made a move of four divisions up the English football league system , he immediately established himself as a regular at Vicarage Road , making 35 Football League appearances in his first season . In five seasons with the Hornets , he made 217 appearances in total , scoring 14 goals , and also served as the team 's captain . Watford fans voted Hessenthaler as runner @-@ up for the club 's Player of the Season award in four consecutive seasons between 1991 and 1995 , and fondly remember him for his workrate and all @-@ round ability . He was one of the club veterans selected to represent Watford in the 2006 London Masters football event , where he was named " Player of the Tournament " . = = = Gillingham = = = At the end of the 1995 – 96 season , shortly after Watford 's relegation from the First Division , Hessenthaler signed for Gillingham for £ 235 @,@ 000 , a record fee at the time for the club . He quickly became a key player at Priestfield Stadium . In the 1998 – 99 season , he returned to his best form , and he played in the Gills ' first ever match at Wembley Stadium . This match was the final of the play @-@ offs against Manchester City , which Gillingham lost after a penalty shoot @-@ out . Shortly afterwards , Gillingham manager Tony Pulis , who had signed Hessenthaler , was dismissed from his post . He was replaced by Peter Taylor , who appointed Hessenthaler as player @-@ coach . In his first season in this new role , he was once again a regular in the Gillingham team , making a total of 47 appearances as the club recorded its highest position to date in the English football league system and best ever run in the FA Cup . Although the cup run came to an end with a 5 – 0 defeat at the hands of Chelsea of the Premier League , Hessenthaler 's high @-@ energy performance prompted Chelsea chairman Ken Bates to joke that he had been keen to sign the player until he discovered to his surprise that he was 35 years old ( although Hessenthaler was in fact only 34 at the time ) . Gillingham once again qualified for the play @-@ off final , with Hessenthaler making his second appearance at Wembley as the Gills beat Wigan Athletic 3 – 2 after extra time to secure promotion to the Football League First Division for the first time in the club 's history . = = = Player @-@ management = = = Immediately after guiding Gillingham to promotion , Peter Taylor left to manage Leicester City , and Hessenthaler was appointed player @-@ manager . In his first season in charge , he guided the club to a thirteenth @-@ place finish while continuing to play regularly . A serious leg injury sustained in an FA Cup match against A.F.C. Bournemouth in January 2001 kept him out for the remainder of the season but did not prevent him being selected for the Football League 's Team of the Season . Despite many of the club 's rivals having greater budgets available with which to sign and pay players , the team finished the 2001 – 02 season in twelfth place and the following season in eleventh place in the First Division , Gillingham 's best ever finish in over seventy seasons in the Football League . During the 2003 – 04 season , however , the Gills ' fortunes declined , and the team only avoided relegation on goal difference after holding Stoke City to a draw in the last match of the season . As the team continued to struggle at the start of the following season , club owner Paul Scally reiterated his confidence in Hessenthaler but brought in former Swindon Town and Wycombe Wanderers manager John Gorman to assist him . The following month , with no significant improvement in the team 's fortunes , Hessenthaler tendered his resignation . He remained at the club as a player but was rarely selected for the team , and in January 2005 , he went on loan to Hull City , where he was reunited once again with Peter Taylor . He made ten appearances for Hull , who gained promotion to the Football League Championship ( the new name for what had been previously been called the First Division ) , while Gillingham were relegated from the same division . He returned to the Gillingham team at the start of the 2005 – 06 season and made a further 17 appearances , the final one in a 3 – 0 home win against Port Vale on 10 December 2005 . At forty years and four months of age , he was the oldest player ever to represent the club . He rounded out his Gillingham career by returning to Priestfield Stadium for a testimonial match in July 2006 . He is widely regarded as a club legend by Gillingham fans , who in 2005 voted him the team 's best ever player in a local radio poll , and he was also named Gillingham 's greatest ever player by the Professional Footballers ' Association in November 2007 . = = = Subsequent career = = = On 19 January 2006 , Hessenthaler signed for League Two strugglers Barnet on a short @-@ term contract until the end of the season . Although he considered retiring at the end of the season , he was persuaded by manager Paul Fairclough to sign a new contract for a further year . In October 2006 , he was named in the League Two team of the week , but at the end of the 2006 – 07 season , Barnet announced that his contract would not be renewed . Shortly after his departure from Barnet , Hessenthaler was appointed manager of Dover Athletic of the Isthmian League First Division South . In his first season in charge , he played regularly , making over 30 appearances as he led the team to the championship of the division and promotion to the Isthmian League Premier Division . The following season he led the team to a second consecutive championship as Dover won the Isthmian League Premier Division title to gain promotion to Conference South . In the 2009 – 10 season , Dover reached the play @-@ offs for promotion to the Conference National , but lost at the semi @-@ final stage to Woking . Hessenthaler , at the age of 44 , announced his retirement as a player after the match . On 20 May 2010 , Hessenthaler resigned as Dover manager , and the following day , he became the manager of Gillingham , who had just been relegated to Football League Two , for the second time . His contract was terminated at the end of the 2011 – 12 season after the Gills narrowly missed out on the play @-@ offs for promotion to League One , although he was offered a seat on the board of directors and a " football development role " . He left the position of director of football at Gillingham in 2013 with a view to returning to management . In July 2014 he returned to Gillingham as assistant manager under manager Peter Taylor , and was appointed joint caretaker manager , along with Darren Hare , Steve Lovell and Mark Patterson , following the sacking of Taylor on 31 December 2014 . At the end of the 2014 – 15 season , Hessenthaler left the club to become assistant manager at Leyton Orient . In April 2016 , he was promoted to the position of manager when player @-@ manager Kevin Nolan was stripped of his managerial responsibilities . = = Managerial statistics = = As of 7 May 2016 ‡ : As part of a temporary management team along with Darren Hare , Steve Lovell and Mark Patterson . = = Personal life = = Hessenthaler 's mother died in 1991 , shortly before his first professional match . His father was an aspiring footballer and was at one time on the books of Arsenal , but never played professionally . He is married to Nikki and has a daughter , Jasmine , and a son , Jake , who is a professional footballer and made his debut for Gillingham in December 2013 . His brother @-@ in @-@ law , Darren Hare , is the youth team manager at Gillingham . He is the director of a sports and social club in Gillingham . In February 2012 , former player Mark McCammon began action against Gillingham at an employment tribunal alleging racial discrimination . During the tribunal McCammon claimed that Hessenthaler lost his temper with him after McCammon had accused him of being " racially intolerant " . The tribunal found that the club had indeed racially discriminated against McCammon .
= Yeardley Smith = Yeardley Smith ( / ˈjɑːrdliː / ; born Martha Maria Yeardley Smith ; July 3 , 1964 ) is an American actress , voice actress , writer , author , comedian , and painter . She is best known for her long @-@ running role as Lisa Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons . She was born in Paris and moved with her family to Washington , DC , in 1966 . As a child , Smith was often teased because of her voice . She became a professional actress in 1982 after graduating from drama school and moved to New York City in 1984 , where she appeared in the Broadway production of Tom Stoppard 's The Real Thing . She made her film debut in 1985 's Heaven Help Us , followed by roles in The Legend of Billie Jean and Maximum Overdrive . She moved to Los Angeles in 1986 and received a recurring role in the television series Brothers . In 1987 , she auditioned for a role in a series of animated shorts about the Simpson family on The Tracey Ullman Show . Smith intended to audition for the role of Bart Simpson , but the casting director felt her voice was too high , so she was assigned the role of Lisa , instead . She voiced Lisa for three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show , and in 1989 , the shorts were spun off into their own half @-@ hour show , The Simpsons . For her work as the character , Smith received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance in 1992 . Alongside The Simpsons , Smith appeared in the sitcom Herman 's Head as Louise , and had recurring appearances as Marlene on Dharma & Greg and Penny in two episodes of Dead Like Me . She has appeared in several films , including City Slickers , Just Write , Toys and As Good as It Gets . In 2004 , Smith performed her own off @-@ Broadway one @-@ woman show entitled More at the Union Square Theatre in New York City . Aside from The Simpsons , Smith has recorded few voice @-@ over parts , only commercials and the film We 're Back ! A Dinosaur 's Story . Smith starred in and served as executive producer for the independent romantic comedy Waiting For Ophelia , which had its world premiere at the Phoenix Film Festival in April 2009 . Smith was married to actor Christopher Grove from 1990 to 1992 and Daniel Erickson from 2002 to 2008 . She enjoys writing and painting . During the first season of Herman 's Head , Smith taught herself to paint by copying other artists . She released a children 's book titled I , Lorelei in 2009 and her story " The Race " was included in the book Just Humor Me . = = Early life = = Smith was born Martha Maria Yeardley Smith on July 3 , 1964 , in Paris . Her father , Joseph Smith , worked for United Press International in Paris and moved to Washington , DC , in 1966 , where he became The Washington Post 's first official obituary editor . Her mother , Martha Mayor , was a paper conservator for the Freer and Sackler Galleries at the Smithsonian Institution . Smith 's parents later divorced . Smith labeled her family " upper crust and reserved " . As a child , Smith was often teased because of her unusual voice . Smith has stated : " I 've sounded pretty much the same way since I was six . Maybe [ my voice is ] a little deeper now . " She made her acting debut in a sixth @-@ grade play . = = Career = = = = = Early career = = = Smith became a professional actress in 1982 after graduating from drama school . After appearances in a number of school plays , she joined the local Arena Stage theater group on an apprenticeship , featuring in their production of Peter Pan . She went on to star in several other plays in Washington . She moved to New York City in 1984 and appeared in the Broadway production of Tom Stoppard 's play The Real Thing alongside Jeremy Irons and Glenn Close . Smith 's first film role came in Heaven Help Us ( 1985 ) . She then played Putter in The Legend of Billie Jean ( also 1985 ) . The film was a box office bomb and critically panned , although Smith " thought it would be the movie that launched my career . And then it was out at the box office about 10 days before it died . " When filming was over , she rejoined The Real Thing before being out of work for six months . Smith worried her career was over . However , the following year , she played Connie in Stephen King 's Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) , noting it was " truly a dreadful film , but I had a great part in it . " Smith moved to Los Angeles in 1986 on the " semi @-@ promise " of a part in a TV film . After the audition , the role was given to another actress . Smith realized " that people don 't mean what they say . It 's not malicious . They just don 't realize how much impact they have on an impressionable actor – and all actors are impressionable . " From then on , she decided to " just sort of build a wall around myself , " to cope with the disappointment of not getting a part . In Los Angeles , Smith appeared in theatrical productions of Living on Salvation Street , for which she was paid $ 14 for each performance , Boys and Girls / Men and Women , and How the Other Half Loves , and played the recurring role of Louella Waters on the Showtime series Brothers . She appeared in the films The Legend of Billie Jean and Ginger Ale Afternoon ( 1989 ) as " trailer @-@ park girls " . She later spoke of her regrets of appearing in the latter in her one @-@ woman show More . = = = The Simpsons = = = Smith 's longest @-@ running role is voicing Lisa Simpson on The Simpsons . She has voiced Lisa since 1987 , beginning with The Simpsons shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show . Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Lisa 's brother Bart , but casting director Bonita Pietila thought her voice was too high . Smith later recalled " I always sounded too much like a girl , I read two lines as Bart and they said , ' Thanks for coming ! ' " Smith was given the role of Lisa , instead . She denies rumors that she almost turned down the role , though admits she had never planned a career in voice @-@ over work . Pietila stated that , having seen her in Living on Salvation Street , Smith was always her preferred choice . Smith lifts her voice up slightly to perform the role . Lisa is the only regular character voiced by Smith , although in some earlier episodes , she provided some of Maggie 's squeaks and occasional speaking parts . Smith has only voiced characters other than Lisa on very rare occasions , with those characters usually being some derivative of Lisa , such as Lisa Bella in " Last Tap Dance in Springfield " and Lisa , Jr. in " Missionary : Impossible " ( both from season 11 in 2000 ) . Smith spends two days a week recording the show . Until 1998 , Smith was paid $ 30 @,@ 000 per episode . During a pay dispute in 1998 , Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors , going as far as preparing to cast new voices . However , the dispute was soon resolved and she received $ 125 @,@ 000 per episode until 2004 , when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $ 360 @,@ 000 an episode . The issue was resolved a month later , and Smith earned $ 250 @,@ 000 per episode . After salary renegotiations in 2008 , the voice actors received about $ 400 @,@ 000 per episode . Three years later , with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut , Smith and the other cast members accepted a 25 % pay cut , down to just over $ 300 @,@ 000 per episode . Despite her world @-@ famous role , Smith is rarely recognized in public , which she does not mind , saying , " it 's wonderful to be in the midst of all this hype about the show , and people enjoying the show so much , and to be totally a fly on the wall ; people never recognise me solely from my voice . " In a 2009 interview with The Guardian , she commented : " It 's the best job ever . I have nothing but gratitude for the amount of freedom The Simpsons has bought me in my life . " Smith received a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 , but felt it was not worth anything , saying " there 's part of me that feels it wasn 't even a real Emmy . " The Emmy for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance is a Creative Arts and not handed out during the primetime telecast and , prior to 2009 , was a juried award without nominations . However , Smith says " if I had to be associated with one character in fiction , I will always be thrilled that it was Lisa Simpson . " The show 's creator Matt Groening has called Smith very similar to Lisa : " Yeardley has strong moral views about her character . There are lines that are written for Lisa that Yeardley reads and says , ' No , I wouldn 't say that . ' " Writer Jay Kogen praised her performance on the show , particularly in the episode " Lisa 's Substitute " , as able " to move past comedy to something really strong and serious and dramatic . " = = = Further career = = = From 1991 to 1994 , alongside The Simpsons , Smith was one of the lead cast members in the sitcom Herman 's Head as Louise . Her other television roles include recurring appearances as Marlene on Dharma & Greg , and Penny in two episodes of Dead Like Me . Smith has also appeared in Phil of the Future and Teen Angel . Her one @-@ scene role as pregnant checkout girl Nancy in 1991 's City Slickers earned her " more attention than all [ her ] previous roles combined , " and taught her " that it 's far better to have small parts in big movies that everyone sees . " In 1997 , she appeared as Lulu the palm reader in the independent film Just Write . Her other roles include parts in Barry Levinson 's Toys and James L. Brooks ' As Good as It Gets . Brooks , who is also executive producer of The Simpsons , had cast Smith in his 1994 film I 'll Do Anything ( in one of the film 's musical numbers ) , but her part was cut . Aside from The Simpsons , Smith has recorded few voice @-@ over parts , only commercials and the film We 're Back ! A Dinosaur 's Story . She " had a voice @-@ over agent for about two years , and I used to go out [ on auditions ] all the time , but it never really came to anything . Everybody said , ' Oh Yeardley , you 'll clean up , ' and that was definitely not the case . " In 2004 , Smith performed her own off @-@ Broadway one @-@ woman show entitled More at the Union Square Theatre in New York City . Directed by Judith Ivey , the play is about her mixed feelings over the success of The Simpsons , her parents , her relationships , and her struggles with bulimia . The New York Times critic Margo Jefferson called it an " appealing if overlong show " , adding that " The career narrative needed shortening . This would involve some editing and revising but wouldn 't taint the best parts of More . It is refreshing to hear a celebrity talk cleanly about being fame @-@ driven and about not getting the degree or the kind of fame you craved . It 's fun to watch a skilled actress use her craft to the full . " She would later perform the play for three weeks in Los Angeles the following year . Smith starred in and served as executive producer for the independent romantic comedy Waiting for Ophelia , which was released in 2009 . She funded the film , which was written by Adam Carl and based on a stage play he wrote in 2003 . She said : " I loved it . I never get to play parts like that . I always play the friend of a friend , never the lead . And the script surprised me . " Carl stated it was very unlikely she would recoup her money , but Smith decided she " believe [ d ] in this project , and my expectations have already been fulfilled by making the movie " , and added : " You can support art even if it 's not going to make a zillion dollars . " It premiered on April 4 , 2009 at the Phoenix Film Festival . In 2011 , Smith starred as Ms. Miller in the movie The Chaperone alongside Triple H and Ariel Winter . In June 2016 , the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando gay nightclub shooting ; in the video , Smith and others told the stories of the people killed there . = = Personal life = = Smith married English @-@ Canadian actor Christopher Grove in 1990 . They were divorced in 1992 , citing irreconcilable differences . She married Daniel Erickson in 2002 ; the marriage lasted for six years and Smith filed for divorce on May 21 , 2008 , citing once again irreconcilable differences . In a 1997 interview with The Daily Targum , Smith stated " I am shy , but I have an extroverted persona which I can draw on when I need to , " and that she is a " private " actress . In 2009 , she commented , " People have said to me that I 'm unassuming . It 's true , I 'm the worst celebrity ever . But I 'm trying to become better . " Smith had bulimia since she was a teenager . She noted " It would make me high , I would feel endorphins and this great sense of victory . " Smith enjoys writing and painting . During the first season of Herman 's Head , Smith taught herself to paint by copying other artists . The book Just Humor Me includes a story , " The Race " , written by Smith . She has written a children 's book , I , Lorelei , which was published by HarperCollins in February 2009 . In 2011 , Smith launched a women 's shoe line called Marchez Vous . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Video games = = = = = = Music videos = = = = = = Theme park = = =

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